["L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 10 - L\u00e0 Ph\u00f3 x\u00e3 \u1ee7y: th\u00e2n nh\u00e2n l\u0129nh 2.000 \u0111 \u0110D; - L\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh, Ph\u00f3 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb: th\u00e2n nh\u00e2n l\u0129nh 1.500 \u0111 \u0110D; - L\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng tu\u1ea7n, Th\u1ee7 qu\u1ef9, H\u1ed9 l\u1ea1i: th\u00e2n nh\u00e2n l\u0129nh 1.000 \u0111 \u0110D. 2.Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng. - B\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eb9 th\u00e0nh c\u1ed1 t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1eddng 1\/2 s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n n\u00f3i tr\u00ean; - B\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eb9 ph\u1ea3i nghi vi\u1ec7c 3 th\u00e1ng tr\u1edf l\u00ean, s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 1\/4 s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean; - B\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng xo\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eb1m \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c ng\u1ea1ch trung1. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn c\u00f2n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c x\u00e3 c\u1eaft c\u1eed thanh ni\u00ean trai tr\u00e1ng trong l\u00e0ng tham gia m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c sau: 1. An ninh: X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u0169ng binh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn, d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 cho c\u00e1c Ban h\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh, gi\u1eef tr\u1ecb an trong t\u1ed5ng, l\u00e0m h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. C\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u0169ng binh kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0: \u1edf Ki\u1ebfn An g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u1ea3o an \u0111o\u00e0n, \u1edf Ninh B\u00ecnh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 D\u00e2n qu\u00e2n t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7, \u1edd Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ban b\u1ea3o an... Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u0169ng b\u1ecb ta ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng thanh ni\u00ean b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n. Do \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ed1 h\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u0169ng m\u1ed7i t\u1ed5ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb 10 \u0111\u1ebfn 15 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Hom n\u1eefa v\u0169 kh\u00ed trang b\u1ecb thi\u1ec3u, tinh th\u1ea7n h\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u0169ng l\u1eebng ch\u1eebng, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y l\u1ec7; chi tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 t\u1ecf ra hung h\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1 ta. 2. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c: Ch\u1ecdn trong s\u1ed1 thanh ni\u00ean \u1edf x\u00e3 l\u1ea5y ra t\u1eeb 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n h\u1ecdc v\u1ee5 trong x\u00e3. 1. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u1ee7y ban kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh Li\u00ean khu Vi\u1ec7t B\u1eafc g\u1eedi H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng t\u1ed1i cao v\u00e0 B\u1ed9 N\u1ed9i v\u1ee5 s\u1ed1 546\/PA4-01 ng\u00e0y 16-6-1950. Trung t\u00e2m L\u01b0u tr\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c gia III, ph\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee7 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng, H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 s\u1ed1 954. 350","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Bi\u1ebfn h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch.. 3. Y t\u00e9: Ch\u1ecdn trong s\u1ed1 thanh ni\u00ean \u1edd x\u00e3 l\u1ea5y 1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, g\u1eedi v\u00e0o c\u01a1 quan y t\u1ebf hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch c\u1ea5p c\u1ee9u th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p ph\u00e1t thu\u1ed1c. Sau khi h\u1ecdc xong, v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t thu\u1ed1c. 4. C\u1ee9u t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: Ch\u1ecdn 1 thanh ni\u00ean trong x\u00e3 s\u1ed1t s\u1eafng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u00e0nh, m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5p trong x\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c vui ch\u01a1i hay l\u1ea1c quy\u00ean. 5. Giao th\u00f4ng vi\u00ean: L\u1ea5y 1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5ng d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m giao th\u00f4ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 l\u00ean c\u1ea5p t\u1ed5ng v\u00e0 bang hay qu\u1eadn. 6. Th\u00f4ng tin tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n: Ch\u1ecdn 1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5ng d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m th\u00f4ng tin vi\u00ean c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111i s\u00e1t qu\u00e0n ch\u00fang, c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3, c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi \u1eebong l\u00e0ng; t\u1ed3 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ta. Trong khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i c\u1ea5p x\u00e3, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u01b0: 1. Nam gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ebf: - \u0110o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 thanh ni\u00ean g\u1ed3m thanh ni\u00ean t\u1eeb 16 \u0111\u1ebfn 35 tu\u1ed5i; - \u0110o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 trung ni\u00ean g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb 36 \u0111\u1ebfn 55 tu\u1ed5i; - \u0110o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5 l\u00e3o g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb 56 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf l\u00ean. 2. N \u1eef g i\u1edb i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ebf: - \u0110o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 thanh n\u1eef g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef t\u1eeb 16 \u0111\u1ebfn 30 tu\u1ed5i; - \u0110o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef t\u1eeb 31 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf l\u00ean. Song song v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u1edf c\u1ea5p x\u00e3, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ea5p t\u1ed5ng. M\u1ed7i t\u1ed5ng g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 T\u1ed5ng \u1ee7y, T\u1ed5ng tu\u1ea7n do c\u00e1c x\u00e3 b\u1ea7u l\u00ean. Gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 1 Th\u01b0 k\u00fd v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 1 Th\u01b0 k\u00fd k\u1ebf to\u00e1n lo vi\u1ec7c s\u1ed5 s\u00e1ch thu chi v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 c\u1ea5p h\u1eb1ng 351","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 10 th\u00e1ng cho T\u1ed5ng d\u0169ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 1 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ban b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, 1 Ph\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng ban v\u00e0 4 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t vi\u00ean b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh T\u1ed5ng \u1ee7y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c trong t\u1ed5ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n cho T\u1ed5ng \u1ee7y v\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng tu\u1ea7n. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c nh\u1eb1m c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p. Ch\u00fang cho qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00f9ng s\u1ee5c b\u1eaft b\u1edb, \u00e9p thanh ni\u00ean \u0111i l\u00ednh cho Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao uy t\u00edn cho B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i ta v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t, g\u00e2y s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd, m\u1ea5t \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft trong nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i nh\u01b0: - \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt th\u00e2n M\u1ef9 do L\u00ea Th\u1eafng, Nguy\u1ec5n T\u00f4n Ho\u00e0n, Phan Huy Qu\u00e1t \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u; - Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng do V\u0169 H\u1ed3ng Khanh \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u; - Ph\u1ee5c Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh do N\u00f4ng Qu\u1ed1c Long \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u; - Vi\u1ec7t \u0111o\u00e0n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 lu\u00f4n m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn; - D\u00e2n ch\u00fang Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh \u1edf B\u1eafc B\u1ed9, Trung B\u1ed9. \u1ede v\u00f9ng t\u1ef1 do, ch\u00fang l\u1ea5y t\u00ean l\u00e0 \\\"Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o\\\" \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 b\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eeba b\u1ecbp d\u00e2n ch\u00fang; - Vi\u1ec7t Nam chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng H\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i \u0110o\u00e0n do V\u0169 \u0110\u00ecnh Huy\u00ean l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh, Nguy\u1ec5n Kim Chi l\u00e0m B\u00ed th\u01b0; - \u00c1i h\u1eefu v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c quan l\u1ea1i; - Vi\u1ec7t Nam qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea3ng (Vi\u1ec7t H\u01b0ng) do Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u; - D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea3ng do Ho\u00e0ng V\u0103n C\u01a1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp; 352","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Bi\u1ebfn h\u1eadu phutmg c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch.. - \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t qu\u1ed1c gia li\u00ean minh l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e2n M\u1ef9, li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3, \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t duy t\u00e2n, Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng minh H\u1ed9i; - Vi\u1ec7t v\u00f5 \u0110o\u00e0n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u00e1ng 3-1950. Ngo\u00e0i ra, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c Th\u1ed5 ty, Lang \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0: H\u00e0 Giang, L\u00e0o Cai, Y\u00ean B\u00e1i, S\u01a1n La, Lai Ch\u00e2u, mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y Thanh H\u00f3a, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng du Ngh\u1ec7 An, mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tinh \u1edf T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean. \u1eda m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed3 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ph\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ecdc l\u00ean nh\u01b0: \\\"\u1ee7 y ban kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng\\\" \u1edf Y\u00ean L\u1ea1c, \\\"\u1eedy ban kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh\\\" gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7u \u1edf Th\u1ee7y Nguy\u00ean, \\\"\u0110o\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c gia thanh ni\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Nam\\\" \u1edf l\u00e0ng Xu\u00e2n H\u00f2a (B\u1eafc Ninh), \\\"T\u1ee9 gia li\u00ean b\u00e1o\\\" \u1edf Kim \u0110\u1ed9ng (H\u01b0ng Y\u00ean)... Nh\u00ecn chung, nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng y\u1ebfu \u1edbt, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm b\u1ecb tan r\u00e3. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, sau th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng l\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t B\u1eafc Thu - \u0110\u00f4ng n\u0103m 1947, th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u1eeb \\\"\u0111\u00e1nh nhanh th\u1eafng nhanh\\\" sang \\\"\u0111\u00e1nh k\u00e9o d\u00e0i\\\" th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \\\"D\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t\\\", \\\"L\u1ea5y chi\u1ebfn tranh nu\u00f4i chi\u1ebfn tranh\\\". Trong v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng, th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 s\u1ee9c nh\u00e0o n\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn th\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u1edf c\u1ea5p Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1i n\u00e1t, v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u1eefng \u00e2m mun v\u00e0 toan t\u00ednh \u0111en t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p. 353","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 10 2. Kinh t\u1ebf trong v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng 2.1. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u00e9 c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1946, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kinh t\u1ebf cho \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ea5t vi\u1ec3n v\u00f4ng do xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, thi\u1ebfu c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \\\"K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a v\u00e0 trang b\u1ecb l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng\\\" (Plan de Modemisation et d' Equipement de L'Indochine) do k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 Bourgoin, m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch B o u r g o in N\u0103m 1948 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Bourgoin m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 1,5 ti \u0111 \u0110D, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong v\u00f2ng 10 n\u0103m, t\u00ednh t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1946, v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng sau chi\u1ebfn tranh, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edd Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. S\u1ef1 vi\u1ec3n v\u00f4ng, thi\u1ebfu th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 ngay trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 5 n\u0103m l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Bourgoin (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1946-1950). Do \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kinh t\u1ebf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng, l\u00e2m s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u, n\u00ean lu\u00f4n trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 trang b\u1ecb l\u1ea1i cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Bourgoin cho r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00e2ng cao gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nhu c\u1ea7u ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3 n\u00e2ng cao m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao h\u01a1n, b\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n h\u01a1n. Mu\u1ed1n v\u1eady, ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng hai ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p then ch\u1ed1t l\u00e0 c\u01a1 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Bourgoin \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 tr\u00f9 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n kinh ph\u00ed kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 trang b\u1ecb l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh kinh t\u1ebf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng trong 5 n\u0103m (t\u1eeb 1946-1950) l\u00e0: 354","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Bi\u1ebfn h\u1eadu phir\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch.. B\u1ea3ng 1: D\u1ef1 tr\u00f9 kinh ph\u00ed trang b\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh kinh t\u1ebf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0ong (1946-1950)1 \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb: tri\u1ec7u USD n\u0103m \u1ec9 939 C\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh 5 n\u0103m l\u1ea7n th\u1eed nh\u1ea5t (1946-1950) Trang b\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng: - T\u00e1i thi\u1ebft 267,00 - Hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a 284,600 N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p: 90,840 - T\u00e1i thi\u1ebft 473,071 - Hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a 50,975 Khai kho\u00e1ng: 56,590 - T\u00e1i thi\u1ebft - Hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a 12,060 103,332 N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng: - T\u00e1i thi\u1ebft 125,000 - Hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a 107,000 C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p: 5,000 - T\u00e1i thi\u1ebft 98,895 - Hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a 550,875 Trang b\u1ecb thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb cho l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: 1.123,488 - T\u00e1i thi\u1ebft 1.674,363 - Hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a Tong so: - T\u00e1i thi\u1ebft - Hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a Quy\u1ebft to\u00e1n 1. Ngu\u1ed3n: Paul Bemard, Niveau de vie de L\u00e9conomic Indochinoise et mise en place du plan de modemisc\u01b0ion, Archives d'Outre - Mer, p. 27. D\u1ea7n theo \u0110\u1eb7ng Phong, L\u1ecbchs\u1eedk\u1ee9ih t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam 1945-2000, t\u1eadp I: 1945-1954. Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2002, tr. 466,467. 355","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 10 K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Bourgoin c\u0169ng t\u00ednh t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n qua c\u00e1c chi ti\u00eau \u0111\u1eb7t ra, nghe th\u00ec r\u1ea5t hay, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: m\u1ee9c ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n l\u00e0 250gram ch\u1ea5t b\u1ed9t\/ng\u00e0y, 2kg \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\/th\u00e1ng, 4-5 l\u00edt r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn\/th\u00e1ng, 20 chai s\u1eefa\/th\u00e1ng cho tr\u1ebb em d\u01b0\u1edbi 5 tu\u1ed5i. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau v\u1ec1 b\u01a1, phom\u00e1t, xe \u0111\u1ea1p, xe \u00f4 t\u00f41. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u1ee9ang b\u1ecb l\u1ea1i kinh t\u1ebf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i b\u1eddi ngu\u1ed3n ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch chung c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00e1 eo h\u1eb9p so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 m\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 tr\u00f9. Chi t\u00ednh ri\u00eang ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch chung cho \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m 1946 l\u00e0 249 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u0103m 1947 l\u00e0 883 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u0103m 1948 l\u00e0 1.249,9 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u0103m 1949 l\u00e0 1.788 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng2. Trong khi d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Bougoin ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeb d\u1ee5ng s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n cho 5 n\u0103m l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (1946-1950) l\u00e0 1.879 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng (t\u00ednh theo gi\u00e1 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 1947 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi 25.498 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng)3, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 g\u1ea5p 49 l\u1ea7n ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 1947, g\u1ea5p 35 l\u1ea7n ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 1948 v\u00e0 g\u1ea5p 24 l\u1ea7n ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 19494. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1949, s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c chi l\u00e0 1.241,3 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u01b0a b\u1eb1ng 1\/20 c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 tr\u00f9 cho 5 n\u0103m l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch. N\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u1ea3 d\u1ef1 tr\u00f9 chi ti\u00eau cho n\u0103m t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh (1949-1950) l\u00e0 1.481,2 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng (coi nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c chi) th\u00ec c\u0169ng m\u1edbi chi \u0111\u1ea1t 1\/10 m\u1ee9c d\u1ef1 tr\u00f9 c\u1ee7a k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch5. 1. Rapport de M. Guillanton, Affaires \u00e9conomiques, p. 57. 2. Vi\u1ec7n Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc, Kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i (1945-1954). Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1966, tr. 423. 3. Vi\u1ec7n Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc, 45 n\u0103m kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam (1945-1990), Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1990, tr. 399. 4. \u0110\u1eb7ng Phong, L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam 1945-2000, t\u1eadp I: 1945-1954, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2002, tr. 468. 5. Vi\u1ec7n Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc, Kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m \u0111\u1ebfn... S\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n, tr. 423. 356","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Bi\u1ebfn h\u1eadu phinmg c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch.. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n sang chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \\\"\u0111\u00e1nh k\u00e9o d\u00e0i\\\" \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb l\u00e2m v\u00e0o m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa t\u1eadp trung v\u1edbi ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o th\u1ebf l\u00fang t\u00fang, b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng. S\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o theo s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tin v\u00e0o vai tr\u00f2 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. B\u1ee9c tranh \u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng l\u1edbn chuy\u1ec3n r\u00fat v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u1eeb \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng sang l\u00e0m \u0103n \u1edd ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 Latinh: C\u00f4ng ty gi\u1ea5y \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, C\u00f4ng ty kinh doanh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o v\u00e9t c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00f9n v\u1ed1n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty kh\u00e1c \u1edf Senegal, C\u00f4ng ty l\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 di\u00eam \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00f9n tr\u00ean 30 tri\u1ec7u ph\u01a1r\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 mua c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ty l\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 di\u00eam ch\u00e2u Phi. Ngay c\u1ea3 Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 chi ph\u1ed1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf - t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u1edd \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1948 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edf th\u00eam chi nh\u00e1nh t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Trung \u0110\u00f4ng. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 9-1950, t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 v\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 chi c\u00f2n 1\/8 s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee9ng phi\u1ebfu. Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ecba \u1ed1c \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng chuy\u1ec3n 95% v\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 7\/8 s\u1ed1 v\u1ed1n sang \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u1edd ch\u00e2u Phi'. Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p hy v\u1ecdng tr\u00fat m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00ean ngu\u1ed3n ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, huy \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kinh t\u1ebf t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng khai th\u00e1c, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, b\u00f3p n\u1eb7n n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00f9ng du k\u00edch, kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a cho kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf trong v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 1. Vi\u1ec7n Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc, Kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m \u0111\u1ebfn... S\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn, tr. 424-425. 357","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 10 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t c\u1ee7a ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3. Chi ri\u00eang ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch chi cho Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1946-1950 \u0111\u00e3 \u1eb5m \u1ee9\u1ecdn ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 2.586,1 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 44 t\u1ef7 \u00edranc. Ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i d\u00e0nh 1\/3 \u0111\u1ec3 chi ti\u00eau cho cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh hao ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Chi ph\u00ed cho cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u0103ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c: n\u0103m 1946 l\u00e0 101,8 t\u1ef7 \u00edranc, n\u0103m 1947 l\u00e0 131,3 t\u1ef7 franc, n\u0103m 1948 l\u00e0 136,3 t\u1ef7 franc, n\u0103m 1949 l\u00e0 177,3 t\u1ef7 franc, n\u0103m 1950 l\u00e0 258,3 t\u1ef7 franc'. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1950, Ph\u00e1p t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh theo \u0111u\u1ed5i cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u1edd \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 M\u1ef9, c\u1ea7u c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 \\\"vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3\\\" c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c. 2.2. Th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng kinh t\u1ebf trong v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng B\u1ee9c tranh v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u1eebong v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1m. S\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa thu v\u00e0 chi, nh\u1eadp si\u00eau nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n xu\u1ea5t si\u00eau, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh ki\u1ec7t qu\u1ec7, l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng, gi\u00e1 sinh ho\u1ea1t l\u00ean cao \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. a. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p S\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u01b0\u00ean chi\u00e9n tru\u1eddng \u0111a bu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ecf c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khu m\u1ecf quan tr\u1ecdng. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, do t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn tranh, n\u00ean m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p tuy r\u1ea5t th\u00e8m thu\u1ed3ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m b\u1ecf v\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0u t\u01b0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, Ph\u00e1p chi c\u00f2n duy tr\u00ec khu v\u1ef1c m\u1ecf than H\u00f2n Gai, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y xi m\u0103ng H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y d\u1ec7t Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n - n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 x\u01b0\u1edfng c\u01a1 kh\u00ed s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 1. Theo b\u00e1o Le Monde ng\u00e0y 21-7-1954. 358","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Bi\u1ebfn h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch.. nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0: nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y bia, ru\u1ee3u, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1, n\u01b0\u1edbc, thu\u1ed9c da, th\u1ee7y tinh Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng, g\u1ea1ch ng\u00f3i \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng... Tuy nhi\u00ean s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p. Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu: - Ng\u00e0nh khai th\u00e1c than: l\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan t\u00e2m. Khai th\u00e1c than t\u1eadp trung c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf khu m\u1ecf H\u00f2n Gai, v\u00ec t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1948, c\u00e1c m\u1ecf than T\u00e2n Thanh (Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean - Li\u00ean khu I), Minh Khai (Tuy\u00ean Quang - Li\u00ean khu X), Quy\u1ebft Th\u1eafng (Ninh B\u00ecnh - Li\u00ean khu III), Khe B\u1ed1 (Ngh\u1ec7 An - Li\u00ean khu IV), \u0110\u1ed3i Hoa (H\u00e0 Nam - Li\u00ean khu III) \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1ed9c khu v\u1ef1c do Vi\u1ec7t Minh qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. T\u1ea1i khu m\u1ecf H\u00f2n Gai, b\u1ecdn ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u than. Ch\u00fang quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edd nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y l\u00e0 9 gi\u1edd\/ng\u00e0y, l\u00e0m \u1edf t\u1ea7ng h\u1ea7m t\u1eeb 7 gi\u1edd s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn 15 gi\u1edd chi\u1ec1u, l\u00e0m \u1edd h\u1ea7m l\u00f2 t\u1eeb 6 gi\u1edd s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn 18 gi\u1edd chi\u1ec1u. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p, ch\u00ec t\u1eeb 2,5 \u0111\u1ebfn 9 \u0111 \u0110D v\u00e0 t\u1eeb l,4kg \u0111\u1ebfn 2kg g\u1ea1o\/ng\u00e0y1. \u0110i\u1ec1u ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n khai th\u00e1c, v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat, nh\u01b0ng khai th\u00e1c than trong Iih\u1eefng n\u0103m t\u1eeb 1947 \u0111\u00e9n 1950, m\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1eabn t\u0103ng lcn. \u0110 i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u1edf c\u00e1c h\u1ea7m m\u1ecf. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng than \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ty than mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p qua t\u1eebng n\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea nh\u01b0 sau: 1. Bi\u00ean b\u00e0n H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7c khu \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u1ed9 H\u1ed3ng Gay ng\u00e0y 31-3 v\u00e0 1 \u25a04\/4\/1949. C\u1ee5c L\u01b0u tr\u1eef V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng, ph\u00f4ng Li\u00ean khu \u1ee7y Vi\u1ec7t B\u1eafc, \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n s\u1ed1 195. 359","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 10 B\u1ea3ng 2: S\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng than \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ly than mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc' N\u0103m S\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng B\u00e1n Xuit kh\u1ea9u (ngh\u00ecn t\u1ea5n) (ngh\u00ecn t\u1ea5n) (t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n tr\u1ec9m) 1938 1.604 1.619 67 1946 237 342 38 1947 246 225 25 1948 329 304 16 1949 352 345 19 1950 446 385 12 So s\u00e1nh m\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t than trung b\u00ecnh trong 1 th\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u0103m, n\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y m\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1938 l\u00e0 194.583 t\u1ea5n = 100% th\u00ec n\u0103m 1946 l\u00e0 24.308 t\u1ea5n (12,5%), n\u0103m 1947 l\u00e0 20.659 t\u1ea5n (9%), n\u0103m 1948 l\u00e0 27.661 t\u1ea5n (14,2%), n\u0103m 1949 l\u00e0 30.000 t\u1ea5n (15,5%). Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Bourgoin ph\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t 3.600.000 t\u1ea5n than H\u00f2n Gai m\u1ed7i n\u0103m, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 30.000 t\u1ea5n m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t than t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1946-1949 m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng chi \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi 10% k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat m\u1ea1nh, tr\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00f3 30.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u0103m 1949 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 14.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi2. - Ng\u00e0nh xi m\u0103ng: Do y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 chi\u1ebfn tranh, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u00e2n bay, b\u1ebfn c\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1, c\u1ea7u c\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ed3n b\u1ed1t t\u0103ng l\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u, n\u00ean m\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t xi m\u0103ng t\u0103ng. N\u0103m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cao nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1t 320.000 t\u1ea5n. Theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Bourgoin ph\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t 200.000 t\u1ea5n 1. Ngu\u1ed3n: La Piastre et le \u1ef7usil. Hugues Tertrais. Le Cout de la guerre d'Indochine 1945-1954. Minist\u00e8re de 1'\u00e9conomie, des \u00ed\u00ednances et de 1'industrie, Paris, 2002, p. 378. 2. T\u0129nh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf Ph\u00e1p \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Trung t\u00e2m L\u01b0u tr\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c gia III, ph\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee7 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng, H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 s\u1ed1 1689. 360","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Bi\u1ebfn h\u1eadu phinmg c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch.. m\u1ed7i n\u0103m, t\u00f3c 17.000 t\u1ea5n m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng. N\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y m\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1938 l\u00e0 22.200 t\u1ea5n m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng b\u1eb1ng 100%, th\u00ec n\u0103m 1947 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 3.200 t\u1ea5n m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng (14,4%), th\u00e1ng 8-1948 \u0111\u1ea1t 10.300 t\u1ea5n (46,4%), th\u00e1ng 4-1949 \u0111\u1ea1t 10.200 t\u1ea5n (45,9%), th\u00e1ng 8-1949 \u0111\u1ea1t 9.300 tan (40,9%)'. - C\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c: M\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f9a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 ng\u00e0nh s\u1ee3i n\u0103m 1938 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t 708 t\u1ea5n s\u1ee3i\/th\u00e1ng, n\u0103m 1947 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t 6 t\u1ea5n s\u1ee3i\/th\u00e1ng. Ri\u00eang nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ee3i Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh n\u0103m 1948 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hom 1.000 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t 7.000 th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ea3i v\u00e0 400 chi\u1ebfc ch\u0103n m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y2. Do s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kinh doanh k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, n\u0103m 1949, t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n m\u00e1y m\u00f3c sang \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u1edf Campuchia. N\u0103m 1949, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y bia s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1ee9c n\u0103m 1938. C\u00f2n nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y da Th\u1ee5y Khu\u00ea s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng 50% c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, x\u01b0\u1edfng T\u1ea9y v\u1ea3i Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng (Blanchisserie d'Extr\u00eame - Orient) chi x\u1eed l\u00fd 50% s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u1ea3i v\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u00eam 1 t\u1ea5n x\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng3. M\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t r\u01b0\u1ee3u, c\u1ed3n kh\u00f4ng t\u0103ng, trong n\u0103m 1938, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t 1.830hl r\u01b0\u1ee3u, n\u0103m 1947 c\u00f2n 413hl, n\u0103m 1948 v\u00e0 1949 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t r\u01b0\u1ee3u kh\u00f4ng t\u0103ng. N\u0103m 1938, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ed3n \u00e9ther \u0111\u1ea1t 500hl, n\u0103m 1949 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t \u00edt4. - Ti\u1ec3u th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p: Trong khi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ed9p b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat lli\u00ec nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ti\u1ec3u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 x\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf 1. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf Ph\u00e1p \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Trung t\u00e2m L\u01b0u tr\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c gia III, ph\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee7 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng, H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 s\u1ed1 1689. 2. C\u00f4ng v\u0103n c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Kinh t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Ban \u0111i\u1ec1u tra kinh t\u1ebf Li\u00ean khu III v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh Li\u00ean khu III n\u0103m 1948. Trung t\u00e2m Lun tr\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c gia III, ph\u00f4ng Ph\u00f9 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng, H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 s\u1ed1 1725. 3. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u1ee7y ban l\u00e2m th\u1eddi kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u00e0i Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb 3-7 \u0111\u1ebfn 12-8-1953. Ph\u1ee7 Th\u1ee7 hi\u1ebfn B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, tr. 123. 4. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf Ph\u00e1p \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Trung t\u00e2m L\u01b0u tr\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c gia III, ph\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee7 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng, H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 s\u1ed1 1689. 361","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 10 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t g\u1ed7, gi\u1ea5y, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u1ef1a, d\u1ec7t, ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0: d\u1ec7t C\u1ef1 Doanh, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eafm V\u1ea1n V\u00e2n, h\u00e3ng gi\u00e0y d\u00e9p Sita, h\u00e3ng gi\u00e0y v\u1ea3i Lan Sinh, d\u1ec7t l\u1ee5a T\u00e2n Ch\u00e2u, d\u1ec7t l\u1ee5a - \u0111\u0169i La Kh\u00ea, Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh, g\u1ed1m B\u00e1t Tr\u00e0ng, \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 \u1edf c\u1ea3 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ee9ong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc (nh\u01b0 Th\u00e1i Lan, Singapore, H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng...). B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 s\u1edd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m nh\u01b0: nhu\u1ed9m T\u00f4 Ch\u00e2u, d\u00e9p cao su Con H\u1ed5, x\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng H\u1ee3p H\u01b0ng... Tuy nhi\u00ean, do \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn tranh, thi\u1ebfu nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng, thi\u1ebfu v\u1ed1n, nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u khan hi\u1ebfm, giao th\u00f4ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng b\u1ecb chia c\u1eaft, n\u00ean ti\u1ec3u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf b\u00e9, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea7m ch\u1eebng, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3, thi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. Do \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ec3u th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eeba m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb s\u00fat k\u00e9m ngay, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 M\u1ef9 cho Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c \u00e9p c\u1ea1nh tranh r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngh\u1ec1 b\u1ecb mai m\u1ed9t, kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n c\u00f2n cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 s\u1edd c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0: x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng S\u1edf th\u1ee7y \u0111i\u1ed9n \u0110a Nhim, tu b\u1ed5 S\u1edf th\u1ee7y \u0111i\u1ec7n Ankrouet, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng S\u1edf mu\u1ed1i \u1edf C\u00e0 N\u00e1; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e3ng bu\u00f4n c\u0169 nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng: Desours Cabaud, Denis Freres, Randon, Optorg, Fiard, Morin, Asiatic, Shell, Soccony, Chamer, De Mon\u00edreid... Nh\u00ecn chung, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1eadm, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec1 ra. \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m, gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 sinh ho\u1ea1t t\u0103ng cao \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. b. N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u00e9m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 th\u00f2i gian kh\u00e1c nhau. Ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t 362","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Bi\u1ebfn h\u1eadu phir\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch.. b\u1ecf hoang nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, thi\u1ebfu tr\u00e2u b\u00f2, v\u1ed1n, gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edd Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u0103m 1948 cho th\u1ea5y: B\u1ea3ng 3: s\u1ed5 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u0103m \u1ec89481 X\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 g\u00ec chung ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1ea7n trung b\u00ecnh B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 (ha) tr\u0103m Trung B\u1ed9 (ha) tr\u00ean lha Nam B\u1ed9 13.743.500 8 ru\u1ed9ng 14.760.800 1.180.000 5 C\u1ed9ng 6.474.300 700.000 34 6,78 - 14,67 2.258.160 4 - 7,74 34.978.600 12 4.198.160 2 - 6,65 \u1ede \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Nam Trung B\u1ed9, th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p ra s\u1ee9c thu gom th\u00f3c l\u00faa, c\u00e0n qu\u00e9t \u0111\u1ed1t ph\u00e1, c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng nh\u1eb1m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f3c g\u1ea1o cho kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn. \u1ede Nam B\u1ed9. c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p d\u1ef1a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu tr\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng 104.000 h\u00e9c ta cao su \u1edd Th\u1ee7 D\u1ea7u M\u1ed9t, Bi\u00ean H\u00f2a, Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh, B\u00e0 R\u1ecba, T\u00e2y Ninh v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 20.000 h\u00e9c ta ru\u1ed9ng l\u00faa t\u1eadp trung \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p M\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 H\u1eadu Giang. Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c cao su v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1edbp l\u00faa g\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 mua s\u1eafm v\u0169 kh\u00ed th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 \\\"l\u1ea5y chi\u1ebfn tranh nu\u00f4i chi\u1ebfn tranh\\\" h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c th\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t s\u00fat k\u00e9m l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n b\u1ecb th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean cho l\u00ednh v\u1ec1 l\u00e0ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1, c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c, l\u00e0ir. cho n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n lo s\u1ee3 kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng, hoa m\u00e0u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1. Ngu\u1ed3n: S\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea ni\u00ean gi\u00e1m v\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec3n, c\u00f4ng th\u1ed1 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1m c\u1ea5p ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u0103m \u00ec 948. Trung t\u00e2m L\u01b0u tr\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c gia III, ph\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee7 Th\u00f9 t\u01b0\u1edbng, H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 s\u1ed1 1333. 363","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 10 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, n\u00ean thu ho\u1ea1ch k\u00e9m. Chi t\u00ednh ri\u00eang trong 31 ph\u1ee7, huy\u1ec7n v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng, H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh, Ki\u1ebfn An, Qu\u1ea3ng Y\u00ean, Gia L\u00e2m s\u1ed1 ru\u1ed9ng c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y n\u0103m 1949 l\u00e0 22.000 m\u1eabu. Trung b\u00ecnh m\u1ed7i m\u1eabu chi g\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1.000-1.lOOkg th\u00f3c. So v\u1edbi n\u0103m 1945 s\u1ed1 ru\u1ed9ng c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y l\u00e0 49.000 h\u00e9c ta. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n b\u1ecb c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u00e2u b\u1ec7nh ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i hoa m\u00e0u, b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch tr\u00e2u b\u00f2 l\u00e0m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Ri\u00eang \u1edd Nam B\u1ed9, l\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f9a. Theo b\u00e1o Bulletin Economique ng\u00e0y 18-12-1950 th\u00ec s\u1ed1 g\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Nam B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Cao Mi\u00ean d\u00f9ng cho n\u0103m 1950 c\u00f2n th\u1eeba 300.000 t\u1ea5n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 g\u1ea1o xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn tranh. - Ng\u00e0nh cao su: l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u1edd \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn tuy\u1ebfn ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cao su \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ngang d\u1ecdc \u1edf mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng Nam B\u1ed9, n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n c\u00e1c s\u1edf v\u1edbi nhau, ho\u1eb7c n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng cao su v\u1edbi S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf t\u1eeb Campuchia v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i c\u00e0 ph\u00ea, ch\u00e8 t\u1eeb Cao nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng H\u1ea1 L\u00e0o v\u1ec1 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch tr\u1ed3ng cao su \u1edd Nam B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Nam Trung B\u1ed9 b\u1ecb thu h\u1eb9p r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u do ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a ta th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1948, Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trang l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng hcm. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 6- 1948, ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y 29.200 h\u00e9c ta cao su. Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1949 ta ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y, \u0111\u1eadp v\u1ee1 40.000 b\u00e1t \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u1ee7 cao su, ch\u1eb7t 174.000 c\u00e2y cao su1. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ta \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y cho Ph\u00e1p thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i hom 60 tri\u1ec7u \u0111 \u0110D2. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u1ee9\u1ed3ng cao su b\u1ecb thu h\u1eb9p. s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n 1. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ec3 Ph\u00e1p \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Trung t\u00e2m L\u01b0u tr\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c gia m , ph\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee7 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng, H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 s\u1ed1 1689. 2. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Nam B\u1ed9, S\u1edf N\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh Li\u00ean khu Vi\u1ec7t B\u1eafc, Li\u00ean khu rv v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u0103m 1948, 1949. Trung t\u00e2m L\u01b0u tr\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c gia III, ph\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee7 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng, H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 s\u1ed1 1848. 364","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Bi\u1ebfn h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch.. c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. N\u0103m 1946 c\u00f3 80.000 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1948 chi c\u00f2n 28.000 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n cao su li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp b\u1ecb ta ph\u00e1, Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u00ednh g\u00e1c \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n cao su l\u00ean t\u1edbi 6.000 l\u00ednh. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u00fang c\u00f2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \\\"m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn ph\u00f2ng Nh\u00ec\\\" trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f2 la tin t\u1ee9c, d\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt \\\"qu\u00e9t b\u00ean trong\\\" v\u00e0 c\u00e0n qu\u00e9t xung quanh \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u0103ng th\u00eam s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n cao su, Ph\u00e1p d\u00f9ng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \\\"L\u1ea5y g\u1ea1o d\u1ee5 phu\\\", ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 t\u00f3c \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u00e9p d\u00e2n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, v\u00e0o tr\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea1o m\u1ee7 cao su trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n. Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edd tr\u1ed3ng cao su quan tr\u1ecdng, n\u00ean di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0ng d\u1ea7n l\u00ean t\u1eeb 20.000 m\u1eabu n\u0103m 1947 l\u00ean 35.000 m\u1eabu n\u0103m 1948 v\u00e0 40.000 m\u1eabu n\u0103m 1949, g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n trong 5 tinh l\u00e0: B\u00e0 R\u1ecba (1 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n), Bi\u00ean H\u00f2a (17 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n), Th\u1ee7 D\u1ea7u M\u1ed9t (11 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n), T\u00e2y Ninh (4 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n), Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh (4 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n)1. Ch\u00fang d\u00f9ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u00e0i. C\u00e1c tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3n b\u1ed1t (h\u01a1n 70 c\u00e1i) c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh l\u0169y ki\u00ean c\u1ed1. B\u1ed9 chi huy qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng ngay trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 IRCI (Th\u1ee7 D\u1ea7u M\u1ed9t), An L\u1ed9c (Bi\u00ean H\u00f2a), B\u00ecnh \u0110a (B\u00e0 R\u1ecba) v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng c\u1ea3 xe t\u0103ng, thi\u1ebft gi\u00e1p, \u00f4 t\u00f4, c\u00f3 khi c\u1ea3 m\u00e1y bay \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng, tu\u1ea7n ti\u1ec5u b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 r\u1eebng cao su. M\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd l\u00e0 trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n khai th\u00e1c r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch tr\u1ed3ng cao su gi\u1ea3m, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3m m\u00e0 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao su l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng l\u00ean. N\u0103m 1938 \u0111\u1ea1t 70.000 t\u1ea5n, n\u0103m 1946 r\u00fat xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 20.000 t\u1ea5n, n\u0103m 1947 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 32.000 t\u1ea5n, n\u0103m 1948 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 44.000 t\u1ea5n, n\u0103m 1949 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 35.000 t\u1ea5n, n\u0103m 1950 l\u1ea1i 1. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u0103m \u1ec9 949 c\u00f9a Khu n\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh Vi\u1ec7t B\u1eafc, Li\u00ean khu \u1ec9ll v\u00e0 canh n\u00f4ng Nam B\u1ed9. Trung t\u00e2m L\u01b0u tr\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c gia III, ph\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee7 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng, H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 s\u1ed1 1849. 365","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 10 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 41.000 t\u1ea5n1. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y chi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t t\u00e0n \u00e1c, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p m\u1ecdi th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n cao su \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eaft c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n. - C\u00e0 ph\u00ea: Khu v\u1ef1c tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u1edf Nam B\u1ed9 c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t \u00edt, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft di\u1ec7n t\u00edch tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea thu\u1ed9c khu v\u1ef1c do Vi\u1ec7t Minh ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u1edf T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean n\u1eb1m trong v\u00f9ng do Ph\u00e1p qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. - Khai th\u00e1c l\u00e2m s\u1ea3n: Nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf khai th\u00e1c l\u00e2m s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u1edf mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y (H\u00e3ng NSEFO c\u1ee7a A. Emery khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7i, than c\u1ee7i \u1edf R\u1ea1ch Gi\u00e1, C\u00e0 Mau) \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tan r\u00e3. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ta ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y, chi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ghe, ch\u00e0i d\u00f9ng cho vi\u1ec7c ch\u1edf th\u00f3c l\u00faa. Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch phong t\u1ecfa n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng do V\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c \u0111o\u00e0n Khu IX v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee7y l\u00f4i chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n N\u0103m C\u0103n, C\u00e1i N\u01b0\u1edbc (Ng\u1ecdc Hi\u1ec3n)... \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf khai th\u00e1c l\u00e2m s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u1edf C\u00e0 Mau, ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a Hoa ki\u1ec1u kinh doanh v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p \u1edf N\u0103m C\u0103n, T\u00e2n An \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00f2n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng Nam B\u1ed9, do ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n cao su v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i, n\u00ean ch\u00fang ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 h\u00e3ng FSB \u1edf Tr\u1ea3ng Bom (Bi\u00ean H\u00f2a) s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng 4.000 th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e2y lo\u1ea1i 1 v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i 2 \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p cho h\u00e3ng m\u00e1y c\u01b0a \u1edf T\u00e2n Mai. Ngo\u00e0i ra ch\u00fang c\u00f2n khai th\u00e1c l\u00e2m s\u1ea3n \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh Bi\u00ean H\u00f2a, B\u00e0 R\u1ecba, Th\u1ee7 D\u1ea7u M\u1ed9t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c. - M\u00eda \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng-. Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf tr\u1ed3ng m\u00eda v\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 5.000 m\u1eabu v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Hi\u1ec7p H\u00f2a (Ch\u1ee3 L\u1edbn). N\u0103m 1949 chi tr\u1ed3ng 1.400 m\u1eabu, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2.200 t\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1eafng. C\u01a1 s\u1edf \u1eeb\u1ed3ng m\u00eda \u1edf T\u00e2y Ninh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u. - L\u00faa: l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i quan tr\u1ecdng th\u1ee9 hai \u1edf Nam B\u1ed9 sau cao su, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n l\u00faa t\u1eadp trung \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Trung v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 200.000 m\u1eabu. \u1ede mi\u1ec1n Trung Nam B\u1ed9, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n l\u00faa 1. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf Ph\u00e1p \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Trung t\u00e2m L\u01b0u tr\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c gia III, ph\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee7 Th\u00f9 t\u01b0\u1edbng, H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 s\u1ed1 1689. 366","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Bi\u1ebfn h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch.. quan tr\u1ecdng n\u1eb1m trong ph\u1ea1m vi \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p M\u01b0\u1eddi. \u1ede M\u1ef9 Tho, t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 chung c\u00f3 7.688 m\u1eabu 90 s\u00e0o 98 th\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00e3 khai th\u00e1c 3.091 m\u1eabu 74 s\u00e0o 20 th\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f2n b\u1ecf hoang 4.577 m\u1eabu 16 s\u00e0o 78 th\u01b0\u1edbc1. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 470.000 gi\u1ea1 l\u00faa2v\u1ee5 m\u00f9a 1947-1948, nhung chi thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 250.000 gi\u1ea1 l\u00faa v\u00ec b\u1ecb ta gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n; v\u1ee5 m\u00f9a 1948-1949 chi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 62.000 gi\u1ea1 l\u00faa. \u0110\u1ebfn v\u1ee5 m\u00f9a 1949-1950, qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n v\u00e0 m\u1edd r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 1.500 gia \u0111\u00ecnh theo \u0111\u1ea1o Cao \u0110\u00e0i, 70 gia \u0111\u00ecnh Kh\u01a1me v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh D\u00e2n - x\u00e33kh\u00e1c ch\u1ecbu nghe l\u1eddi l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. Ngo\u00e0i ra, t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch Ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n nh\u1ecf n\u1eb1m r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c \u1edf c \u1ea7 n Th\u01a1, R\u1ea1ch Gi\u00e1, B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau, Long Ch\u00e2u H\u1eadu nh\u01b0: \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n Mallein (R\u1ea1ch Gi\u00e1), Evraid (B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau), Abalain (Long \u0110i\u1ec1n - B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau), Ramanathachettier (1.120 m\u1eabu - \u1edf C\u1ea7n Th\u01a1), Alagappachettier (2.812 m\u1eabu - \u1edf c \u1ea7 n Th\u01a1), R. p. Collot (352 m\u1eabu - \u1edf Long Ch\u00e2u H\u1eadu). \u1ede mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tinh mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng Nam B\u1ed9, qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p cho l\u00ednh \u0111i g\u1eb7t, x\u00fac l\u00faa c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c thu mua th\u00f3c l\u00faa, c\u00f3 n\u01a1i mua v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 r\u1ea5t cao, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh phong t\u1ecfa l\u00faa \u1edf mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y, ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i 6 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y xay c\u1ee7a ta \u1edf R\u1ea1ch Gi\u00e1, phong t\u1ecfa \u1edf H\u1eadu Giang, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng tu\u1ea7n ph\u00f2ng \u1edf c\u1eeda bi\u1ec3n C\u00e0 Mau, h\u00f2ng ng&n c\u1ea3n m i\u1ec3n T\u00e2y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf g\u1ea1o cho mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang d\u1ec5 b\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c v\u00e0 thu mua l\u00faa. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i, c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y cho ta m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c tinh Sa \u0110\u00e9c, M \u1ef9 Tho, Long Ch\u00e2u Ti\u1ec1n, Long Ch\u00e2u H\u1eadu b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 15.522.000\u0111 \u0110D, 1. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf Ph\u00e1p \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Trung t\u00e2m L\u01b0u tr\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c gia III, ph\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee7 Th\u00f9 t\u01b0\u1edbng, H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 s\u1ed1 1689. 2. 1 gi\u1ea1 = 20kg. 3. D\u00e2n - x\u00e3: t\u00f3c \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i li\u00ean minh gi\u1eefa Vi\u1ec7t Nam qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 H\u00f2a H\u1ea3o. \\\"D\u00e2n - x\u00e3\\\" r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c sau khi Hu\u1ef3nh Ph\u00fa s\u1ed5 v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n S\u00e2m b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft. 367","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 10 c\u00e1c tinh mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 19.500.000d \u0110D, 6 tinh mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y m\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 5.564.000\u0111 \u0110D (kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 30 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng do v\u1ee5 ch\u00e1y r\u1eebng \u1edf B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau)1 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00faa b\u00e1n ra m\u00e0 ta kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u1ede Trung B\u1ed9, qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c thu thu\u1ebf, c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung l\u00faa. H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1eadp trung l\u00faa v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1edbp l\u00faa v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf Ninh Thu\u1eadn t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1947 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf c\u00e1c tinh c\u1ef1c Nam Trung B\u1ed9 r\u1ed3i ra \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, khi l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean th\u00ec bi\u1ebfn ra h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1eadp trung l\u00faa v\u1ec1 l\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng l\u00faa. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung l\u00faa, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00faa kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn. N\u0103m 1949, Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a m\u1ea5t 6.000 t\u1ea5n, n\u0103m 1950 m\u1ea5t 80% m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng. B\u00ecnh Thu\u1eadn v\u1ee5 m\u00f9a th\u00e1ng 3-1950 m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft, Qu\u1ea3ng Nam m\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n 300 t\u1ea5n... \u1ede B\u1eafc B\u1ed9, qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ta t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng gi\u00e1p ranh, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1, l\u00e0m cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. \u0110\u1ed3ng l\u00faa b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ph\u00e1, tr\u00e2u b\u00f2, l\u1ee3n g\u00e0 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00ea \u0111i\u1ec1u, m\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e1ng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c. Nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p c\u1ea5m kh\u00f4ng cho d\u00e2n \u0111i g\u1eb7t, \u0111i c\u1ea5y, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i c\u1ea5y, \u0111i g\u1eb7t v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 c\u00e0n qu\u00e9t, c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1. C\u00f2n \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp Ban t\u1ec1, gan \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, ho\u1eb7c \u0111a ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 mua chu\u1ed9c, d\u1ee5 d\u1ed7 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, ch\u00fang cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kh\u00e1 t\u1ef1 do. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u00e0n qu\u00e9t, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea5m g\u1eb7t, c\u1ea5m c\u1ea5y, c\u00f3 n\u01a1i Ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n c\u1eed c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan canh n\u00f4ng, th\u00fa y xu\u1ed1ng gi\u00fap n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i \u1edf B\u1eafc B\u1ed9, khi gi\u00e1p h\u1ea1t thi\u1ebfu g\u1ea1o \u0103n, Ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n chuy\u1ec3n g\u1ea1o t\u1eeb Nam B\u1ed9 ra H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng th\u00f4ng qua h\u00e3ng A.E.F.T. gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n mua v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean ch\u1edd, r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tinh. 1. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u0103m 1950 c\u1ee7a UBKCHC mi\u1ec1n Nam Trung B\u1ed9. Trung t\u00e2m L\u01b0u tr\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c gia III, ph\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee7 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng, H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 s\u1ed1 187. 368","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Bi\u1ebfn h\u1eadu phutmg c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch.. Song song v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n cho l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n, m\u1edf th\u00eam c\u00e1c ch\u1ee3, cho s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a xa xi ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 tung h\u00e0ng ngo\u1ea1i h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng th\u00f4n qu\u00ea. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, v\u1eabn ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng bao v\u00e2y kinh t\u1ebf ta, c\u1ea5m kh\u00f4ng cho mang ra v\u00f9ng t\u1ef1 do nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 h\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho nhu c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0: thu\u1ed1c ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh, thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang, d\u1ea7u h\u1ecfa, \u0111\u00e8n pin, mu\u1ed1i, v\u1ea3i, v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng ph\u1ea9m, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch d\u00e2n \u0111em n\u00f4ng s\u00e0n, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0o b\u00e1n trong v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng. Nh\u00ecn chung, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng t\u0103ng, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. c. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p Th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p trong v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng do th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i vi\u1ec5n chinh Ph\u00e1p tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n m\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, th\u00e2n M\u1ef9 n\u1eafm \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n kh\u00e1c. Ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1ecb Ph\u00e1p r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong khung \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eb5n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfm th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o thu\u1ebf quan. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a Ph\u00e1p nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3ng v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 thu\u1ebf quan th\u00f4ng qua Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u00e0y 20-6-1948 v\u00e0 Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u00e0y 18-6-1950 c\u1ee7a Cao \u1ee7y Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1946, nh\u01b0ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng l\u00ean g\u1ea5p b\u1ed9i l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1n c\u00e2n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nh\u1eadp si\u00eau tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n. Nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 g\u1ea1o, than, cao su... \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat. M\u1ee9c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn tranh. T\u00ednh ra trong 6 th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1949, \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea3ng 226.600 t\u1ea5n h\u00e0ng tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 613.300.000\u0111 \u0110D v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3ng 228.600 t\u1ea5n h\u00e0ng tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 1.623.700.000\u0111 \u0110D, h\u1ee5t m\u1ea5t 1.013.400.000\u0111 \u0110D. Vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t c\u00e0ng g\u1ea1o m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng 40.483.600\u0111 \u0110D so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 1948 m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 37.737.000\u0111 \u0110D. Xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea3ng xi m\u0103ng trong 6 th\u00e1ng 369","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 10 \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1949 b\u1ecb s\u00fat k\u00e9m 50%; than \u0111\u00e1 gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat 15% so v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3 n\u0103m 1948. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3ng trong 6 th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1948 l\u00e0 175.600 t\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 6 \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1949 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 30%. \u0110\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 t\u0103ng 300%, h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 t\u0103ng 60%, h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p t\u0103ng 30%'. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 tinh h\u00ecnh xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1946 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1950: B\u1ea3ng 4: B\u1ea3ng c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1n c\u00e2n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Dirvng2 \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u00faih: tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng Xu\u1ec9t Nh\u1eadp C\u00e1n c\u00e2n I C\u00e1n c\u00e2n II N\u0103m kh\u1ea9u (Ti (ranc) kh\u1ea9u 1946 310 690 380 6,5 1947 967 466 -501 -8,5 1948 2.360 1.172 - 1.188 -20,2 1949 3.931 1.146 - 2.785 -47,3 1950 4.540 1.637 -2.903 -49,4 S\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp b\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. N\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eab ph\u1ea3i d\u00e0nh 1\/3 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 chi ti\u00eau v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u0111ang \u1ed5m y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, bu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh. M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 tranh th\u1ee7 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7c l\u1ee3i do nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a \\\"vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3\\\" M\u1ef9 nhu: h\u00e0ng vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf, ti gi\u00e1 h\u1ed1i \u0111o\u00e1i gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed3ng franc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng 1. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Nha C\u00f4ng an t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 10-1949 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 3-1950. Trang t\u00e2m L\u01b0u tr\u1eefQu\u1ed1c gia m ph\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee7 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng, H\u1ed9p 59, H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 s\u1ed1 921. 2. Ngu\u1ed3n: La piastre et leJ'usil, le Cout de la guerre d'lndochine 1945-1954. Huges Tertrais. Minist\u00e8re de L'\u00e9conomie, des \u00edinances et de L'industrie, Parts, 2002, p. 309. 370","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. B i\u1ebfn h \u1ead u p h u tm g c\u1ee7 a \u0111 \u1ecbc h .. \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9, c\u01a1 quan \\\"vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3\\\" c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1, n\u00e2ng gi\u00e1 h\u00e0ng vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 l\u00ean cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 ph\u1ea3i g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf t\u00f9y theo kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 giao cho Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n mua, nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u, n\u1eeda ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0 M\u1ef9 c\u1ea7n1. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 tung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 cao v\u00e0o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 v\u00e0 v\u01a1 v\u00e9t t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ee5c l\u1ee3i cho m\u00ecnh. Ngu\u1ed3n h\u00e0ng nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 M\u1ef9, h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c chi\u1ebfm t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t \u00edt V\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u h\u00e0ng nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u n\u0103m 1948: t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 1.478.285.000\u0111 \u0110D (62,7%), t\u1eeb M\u1ef9 tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 298.340.000\u0111 \u0110D (12,6%), t\u1eeb Trung Hoa tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 106.95l.OOO\u0111 \u0110D (4,5%), t\u1eeb Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 63.249.000\u0111 \u0110D (2,6%), t\u1eeb Th\u00e1i Lan tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 63.362.000\u0111 \u0110D (2\/7%), t\u1eeb Anh tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 60.192.000\u0111 \u0110D (1,8%), t\u1eeb In\u0111\u00f4n\u00eaxia tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 43.047.000\u0111 \u0110D (1,7%)2. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c, H\u00e0 Lan, \u0110an M\u1ea1ch, Na Uy... nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam. N\u0103m 1949, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t h\u00e0ng h\u1ecfa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0: b\u01a1, s\u1eefa, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, gi\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Lan, \u0110an M\u1ea1ch; m\u00e1y kh\u00e2u, m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh, s\u1eaft, th\u00e9p, t\u00f4n, h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t, c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c; gi\u1ea5y, v\u1ea3i, c\u00e1 h\u1ed9p, \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Na Uy, Ba Lan, \u00c1o. T\u1eeb gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1947 \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1948, nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e3ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m \u0103n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0: Descourt-Cabaud, Poinsard Veyret, Chaffanjon, Dumarest, Bourgoin Meiffie, Rondon, Michaud, LUCIA, Alsace, Alein Macca... \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n l\u1edbn chuy\u00ean kinh doanh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng nh\u01b0: T\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n gi\u1ea5y (Syndicat de Papeteries), T\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m s\u1eefa (Syndicat des importateurs de produits Laiter), T\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n 1. Theo kho\u1ea3n 1 Hi\u1ec7p ngh\u1ecb ng\u00e0y 23-12-1950 gi\u1eefa Ph\u00e1p k\u00fd v\u1edbi Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn Vi\u1ec7t Nam - Cao Mi\u00ean - L\u00e0o. 2. Theo: H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng kinh t\u1ebf tu\u1ea7n b\u00e1o, s\u1ed1 5, n\u0103m 1949. 371","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 10 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc (Syndicat des produits chimiques), T\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n B\u00e1ch h\u00f3a (Syndicat des D\u00e9taillants). Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u0103ng nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n Hoa ki\u1ec1u nh\u01b0: ANPO nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u t\u1ea1p ph\u1ea9m (r\u01b0\u1ee3u, \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ed9p, x\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng th\u01a1m...), h\u00e3ng Bainier chuy\u00ean nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3ng \u00f4t\u00f4 v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 t\u00f9ng; c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng kinh doanh t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 Kavaram \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n; c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng kinh doanh t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c \u00c2m v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Minh \u1edf ph\u1ed1 Tr\u00e0ng Ti\u1ec1n, V\u0169 V\u0103n An \u1edf ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0ng B\u00e0i, Mai V\u0103n H\u00e0m, Ho\u00e0ng Kim Quy \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. N\u0103m 1949 c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u nh\u01b0: Nam H\u01b0ng, Vi\u1ec7t Hoa... Trong \u0111\u00f3, t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n Hoa - \u1ea4n n\u1eafm g\u1ea7n h\u1ebft ngu\u1ed3n h\u00e0ng nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, b\u00e1ch h\u00f3a, giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i, nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u, c\u01a1 kim kh\u00ed, \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m. Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 h\u00e0ng ngo\u1ea1i nh\u1eadp. H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n - Ch\u1ee3 L\u1edbn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m, n\u01a1i trung chuy\u1ec3n, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc B\u1ed9, Trung B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Nam B\u1ed9. T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i (Ph\u00e1p, Hoa, \u00c2n) tuy c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf kinh doanh \u00edt h\u01a1n t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o, chi ph\u1ed1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u01a1 s\u1edd kinh doanh th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p. N\u0103m 1949, s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 s\u1edd \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf m\u00f4n b\u00e0i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng l\u00e0 6.533 c\u01a1 s\u1edf, \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n - Ch\u1ee3 L\u1edbn l\u00e0 11.489 c\u01a1 s\u1edf; c\u00f2n c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf m\u00f4n b\u00e0i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i - H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng l\u00e0 622 c\u01a1 s\u1edf, \u1edd S\u00e0i G\u00f2n - Ch\u1ee3 L\u1edbn l\u00e0 1.979 c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i - H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng l\u00e0 1.794 c\u01a1 s\u1edf, \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n - Ch\u1ee3 L\u1edbn l\u00e0 12.492 c\u01a1 s\u1edf1. H\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u00ednh, c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu 1. Armuaire Statistique du Vietnam, n\u0103m 1953, tr. 107. 372","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. B i\u1ebfn h \u1ead u p h \u01b0 \u01a1 n g c \u1ee7 a \u0111 \u1ecbc h .. l\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n n\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edd r\u1ed9ng ra c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, ch\u1ee3 m\u1ecdc l\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u hom. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ec3u th\u01b0\u01a1ng tham gia ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ch\u1ee3, c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ed9n nh\u1ecbp \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c gi\u00e1p ranh gi\u1eefa v\u00f9ng t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu, g\u1eafn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kinh doanh nh\u01b0 g\u1ea1o, mu\u1ed1i, ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1t, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, trong \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ea1o l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t. Mu\u1ed1i do th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p n\u1eafm \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. Mu\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh ven bi\u1ec3n mi\u1ec1n Trung th\u00f4ng qua Nha th\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh cung c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1i do th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i b\u00e1n \u1edd c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf th\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh 500\u0111 \u0110D\/t\u1ea5n. Ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng than c\u1ee7i, \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n d\u00f9ng c\u1ee7i v\u00e0 rom r\u1ea1. Ngo\u00e0i ba m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng ch\u00ednh g\u1eafn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a trong v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 t\u1ef7 gi\u00e1, m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p (Xem b\u1ea3ng 5, tr. 372). Nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3, t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 gi\u1eefa s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n trong v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng (k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng cao c\u1ea5p) \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, phong ph\u00fa h\u01a1n, s\u1ee9c mua \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 chi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp gi\u1ea7u c\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u1eabn h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5, lu\u00f4n ch\u1eadt v\u1eadt lo \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ecdi v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1eaft \u0111\u1ecf, gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t t\u0103ng cao. 373","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 10 B\u1ea3ng 5: Gi\u00e1 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a1 \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb: \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng Gi\u00e1 b\u00e1n l\u1ebb \u0110om H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m vi 1948 1949 1950 1948 1949 1950 Th\u1ecbt b\u00f2 (steack) kg 45 45 47 25 25 26 Th\u1ecbt l\u1ee3n (vai) kg 50 50 42 30 30 32 G\u00e0 kg 52,5 35 34 30 25,8 28 V\u1ecbt 32 26,6 29,2 24 24,2 26 C\u00e1 qu\u1ea3 kg 42,5 33,3 31,4 23,2 15,4 18,4 S\u1eefa \u0111\u1eb7c kg 6 7,5 8,4 4,5 6,37 5,75 h\u1ed9p 1,9 1,5 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,5 2,5 12 6 10 7 5,1 Tr\u1ee9ng g\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 5,78 10,4 8,2 12 4,9 4,8 10 7 5 3,5 3,8 4 \u0110\u1eadu xanh kg 16 25 30,4 12,9 20 28,1 Khoai t\u00e2y kg 58 25 20 22,4 26,5 26,5 Chu\u1ed1i ti\u00eau n\u1ea3i 5,2 4,4 3,41 3,0 3,4 2,5 19,5 12 17,6 17 18 18 C\u00e0 ph\u00ea kg 29 20 17,8 21 19 18 Ch\u00e8 kg 8,5 13 12,4 6,06 8,6 8,5 G\u1ea1o m\u00f9a kg 6,66 7,3 12,4 5,4 6,4 5,8 N\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eafm l\u00edt 0,55 0,55 1 0,25 0,25 0,25 55 5 1,8 2,25 2,25 D\u1ea7u \u0103n l\u00edt 15 13 9 10 08 10,08 928 82,5 85 83,8 76,5 98 95 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00e1ng kg 2,25 2,4 3,01 1,316 1,786 2,337 B\u00e1nh m\u1ef3 kg 22 265 0,74 1,67 1,73 N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1 kg 12 10 8,5 8 8,5 10 Bia chai 0,8 0,5 0,5 1,15 0,9 0,89 R\u01b0\u1ee3u vang \u0111\u1ecf l\u00edt Cognac \\\"Martell\\\" chai \u0110i\u1ec7n kw\/h N\u01b0\u1edbc m3 X\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng kg Than kg C\u1ee7i kg 1. Annuaire Stalistique de 1'lndochine 1949, 1950 (s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m). D\u1ea7n theo \u0110\u1eb7ng Phong, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed kinh t\u1ec3... S\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn, tr. 507-508. 374","Ch\u01b0omg V. B i\u1ebfn h \u1ead u p h \u01b0 \u01a1 n g c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch .. Nh\u00ecn chung, th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p trong v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1 s\u1ea7m u\u1ea5t \u1edd c\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ea7m u\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 chi l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i, th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t v\u1eabn thi\u1ebfu c\u01a1 s\u1edd v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, b\u1edfi n\u00f3 chi d\u1ef1a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n h\u00e0ng nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. d. Giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i Giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i gi\u1eef v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf trong v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1948, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tuy\u1ebfn giao th\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00f4 t\u00f4 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u0103ng l\u00ean r\u1ea5t nhanh. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 31-12- 1948, ri\u00eang \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 830 xe kh\u00e1ch, 50 xe t\u1ea3i, 850 xe t\u00e0i nh\u00f2. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng t\u1ef1 do th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00f4 t\u00f4 n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n trao \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u0111i b\u1ed9, g\u1ed3ng g\u00e1nh ho\u1eb7c d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u1eadn t\u00e0i th\u00f4 s\u01a1 nh\u01b0 xe \u0111\u1ea1p th\u1ed3, \u0111\u00f2... Trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 xe \u0111\u1ea1p (gi\u00e1 1 chi\u1ebfc xe \u0111\u1ea1p Peugeot l\u00e0 l.OOO\u0111 \u0110D), ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 x\u00edch l\u00f4 v\u00e0 xe \u0111i\u1ec7n. Gi\u00e1 v\u00e9 xe \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb B\u1edd H\u1ed3 - Ch\u1ee3 M\u01a1 (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i) l\u00e0 l\u0111 \u0110D\/v\u00e9, theo th\u1eddi gi\u00e1 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eaft. Gi\u00e1 v\u00e9 xe kh\u00e1ch H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i - H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng l\u00e0 20-50\u0111 \u0110D\/v\u00e9. Xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 ch\u1edb h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u ch\u1ea1y kh\u00e1 t\u00e1p n\u1eadp \u1eeb\u00ean tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y. Do t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i ti\u00eau th\u1ed5 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ta khi b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 chi\u1ebfn tranh, n\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 trong v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng b\u1ecb co h\u1eb9p v\u00e0 b\u1ecb chia c\u1eaft \u1edd kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. N\u0103m 1950, Ph\u00e1p chi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 8.861km trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 24.414km \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 l\u00e0 1.11 lkm, Trung B\u1ed9 l\u00e0 1.664km, v\u00f9ng Cao nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 2.268km v\u00e0 Nam B\u1ed9 l\u00e0 3.818km'. 1. Annuaire Statistique de rindochine, 1950, tr. 144. 375","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 10 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn tranh, to\u00e0n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 2.900km \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft1, khi chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 (n\u0103m 1946), tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft xuy\u00ean \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng chi c\u00f2n 677km ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00ec b\u1ecb ta ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. V\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng \u00f4 t\u00f4 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 chi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n ng\u1eafn l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu. Xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 m\u00e0 chi ch\u1ea1y t\u1eebng tuy\u1ebfn ng\u1eafn nh\u01b0 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i - Ph\u1ee7 L\u00fd - Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i - L\u1ea1ng Giang, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i - V\u0129nh Y\u00ean - Ph\u00fac Y\u00ean, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i - Ph\u00e1t Di\u1ec7m. S\u00e0i G\u00f2n - Bi\u00ean H\u00f2a, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n - M\u1ef9 Tho - c \u1ea7 n Th\u01a1 - R\u1ea1ch Gi\u00e1, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n - \u0110\u00e0 L\u1ea1t... Ng\u00e0y 1-7-1948, xe l\u1eeba b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ea1y tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb ga H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i - V\u0103n \u0110i\u1ec3n. Tuy\u1ebfn H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i - L\u00e0o Cai, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i - L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n m\u1edbi chi ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn Y\u00ean Vi\u00ean. \u1ede Nam B\u1ed9, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tuy\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n - M\u1ef9 Tho, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n - L\u1ed9c Ninh... Giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u1edf B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i - Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh, H\u01b0ng Y\u00ean, Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i - Ninh Giang, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i - H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng nh\u01b0ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1950 m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Tr\u00ean c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng t\u1ea7u ch\u1edd h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ca n\u00f4 v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u thuy\u1ec1n, b\u00e8 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n ch\u1edd kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn s\u00f4ng ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed7 \u1edf c\u00e1c b\u1ebfn l\u1ebb. \u1ede Nam B\u1ed9, do h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u00eanh r\u1ea1ch ch\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecbt n\u00ean giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y r\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, s\u1ef1 \u0111i l\u1ea1i, v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng ghe, thuy\u1ec1n r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tinh \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long. Giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 tuy\u1ebfn H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng - S\u00e0i G\u00f2n do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p kinh doanh v\u00e0 gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t chi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0u ch\u1ea1y ven bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n ng\u1eafn nh\u01b0: H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng - H\u00f2n Gai, H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng - C\u1ea9m Ph\u1ea3, Hu\u1ebf - Quy Nh\u01a1n, Quy Nh\u01a1n - Nha Trang, Hu\u1ebf - \u0110\u00e0 N\u0103ng - Nha Trang - Quy Nh\u01a1n, Nha Trang - V\u0169ng T\u00e0u, R\u1ea1ch Gi\u00e1 - Ph\u00fa Qu\u1ed1c. 1. T\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 3-1936, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xe l\u1eeda H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i - S\u00e0i G\u00f2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng xong v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. 376","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Bi\u1ebfn h \u1ead u p h u tm g c\u1ee7 a \u0111 \u1ecbc h .. N\u0103m 1950, t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3ng nh\u01b0 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n c\u00f3 62 l\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u00e0u, s\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea3i r\u00f2ng 163.000 t\u1ea5n c\u1eadp c\u1ea3ng, c\u00f3 16 l\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u00e0u, s\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea3i r\u00f2ng 158.000 t\u1ea5n xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3ng; t\u1ea1i H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 H\u1ea1 Long c\u00f3 23 l\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u00e0u, s\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i r\u00f2ng 45,7 t\u1ea5n c\u1eadp c\u00e0ng, c\u00f3 23 l\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u1ea7u, s\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea3i r\u00f2ng 44,200 t\u1ea5n xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3ng; t\u1ea1i H\u00f2n Gai v\u00e0 c\u1ea9m Ph\u1ea3 c\u00f3 15 l\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u00e0u, s\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea3i 23,2000 t\u1ea5n c\u1eadp c\u1ea3ng, c\u00f3 15 l\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u00e0u, s\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea3i r\u00f2ng 23,1000 t\u1ea5n xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3ng1. v \u1ec1 h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn tranh \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111i l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y bay gi\u1eefa Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng. Nhi\u1ec1u tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edd th\u00eam2. H\u1eb1ng tu\u1ea7n c\u00f3 hai chuy\u1ebfn m\u00e1y bay h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng bay t\u1eeb \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng sang Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 7-5-1948, s\u00e2n bay Gia L\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bay trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng bay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t sau khi chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u1ed5 ra l\u00e0 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i - H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng - H\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ea3ng (b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 10-5-1948). Air France c\u00f3 th\u00eam tuy\u1ebfn S\u00e0i G\u00f2n - Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i (2 chuy\u1ebfn\/tu\u1ea7n), S\u00e0i G\u00f2n - H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng (1 chuy\u1ebfn\/tu\u1ea7n), H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i - C\u00f4n Minh (1 chuy\u1ebfn\/th\u00e1ng). T\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 1-10-1949, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bay H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i - S\u00e0i G\u00f2n - Pari \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. C\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4ng h\u01a1n. Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, n\u0103m 1947 c\u00f3 3.749 chuy\u1ebfn bay, n\u0103m 1948 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 13.961 chuy\u1ebfn (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 688 chuy\u1ebfn bay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf). N\u0103m 1949, s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch tr\u00ean c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn Paris, Calcutta, Bangkok, Singapore, H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng) l\u00e0 10.289 h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 12.656 h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch \u0111i. s \u1ed1 kh\u00e1ch bay n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169ng t\u1ea3ng l\u00ean 132.741 h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch, so v\u1edbi 103.983 h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch 1. Vi\u1ec7t Nam kinh t\u1ebf t\u1eadp san, th\u00e1ng 9-1953, tr. 420. 2. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1938, ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1edf th\u00eam c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i - C\u00f4n Minh, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i - S\u00e0i G\u00f2n - H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i - L\u00e0o - S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. 377","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 10 n\u0103m 19481. Gi\u00e1 v\u00e9 m\u00e1y bay Dacota \u0111i t\u1eeb S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u0111\u1ebfn H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u0169ng chi kho\u1ea3ng 5.500\u0111 \u0110D, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00e1 1 t\u1ea5n g\u1ea1o. N\u0103m 1950, t\u00ednh \u1edf c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u00e2n bay T\u00e2n S\u01a1n Nh\u1ea5t, \u0110\u00e0 L\u1ea1t, Nha Trang, \u0110\u00e0 N\u0103ng, S\u00f3c Tr\u0103ng, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, Phan Thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay t\u1edbi Campuchia, L\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 1.289 l\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00e1y bay c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh bay \u0111i, ch\u1edf 12.426 h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0 952 t\u1ea5n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, c\u00f3 1.289 l\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00e1y bay c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh bay v\u1ec1, ch\u1edf 12.131 h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0 1.539 t\u1ea5n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a2. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed5 s\u00e2n bay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa, n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e1y bay h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y c\u0169ng t\u0103ng th\u00eam s\u1ed1 chuy\u1ebfn bay. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng: Air France, Aigle Ajur, Autex, C.I.C.E., Cosaca (bay tuy\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf), S.I.T.A. (bay tuy\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba).3 e. Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng - T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh - Thu\u1ebf Ngay t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 31-1-1875, Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng4. T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p n\u1eafm v\u00e0 chi \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch - t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh - thu\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn s\u1ed5 thu ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o thu\u1ebf quan \u0111\u00e1nh v\u1ea3o h\u00e0ng nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n tr\u1ef1 c\u00e1p, tr\u00edch qu\u1ef9 d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef. Do \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t l\u00e0 k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u1ee9ng cho kho b\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 chi ti\u00eau cho 1. \u0110\u1eb7ng Phong, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed kinh t\u00e9... S\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn, tr. 494. 2. Vi\u1ec7t Nam kinh t\u1ebf t\u1eadp san, 9-1953, tr. 420. 3. H\u00e3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ng\u00e0y 8-6-1951 v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 v\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 18 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng (306 tri\u1ec7u F) \u0111i v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. 4. Ng\u00e0y 31-1-1875, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p ban h\u00e0nh s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 giao cho Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea5y b\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ee7 d\u1ee5ng chung cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam, L\u00e1o, Cao Mi\u00ean. \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1ea1c \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng (\u0111 \u0110D), ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Pias\u1eebe. 378","Ch\u01b0cmg V. Bi\u1ebfn h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch.. ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 chi s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1 sinh ho\u1ea1t t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u1eebong th\u00f2i k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 sau: B\u1ea3ng 6: Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u1ee9ng cho kho b\u1ea1c' N\u0103m Kh\u1ed1i lir\u1ee3ng Ti\u1ec1n \u1ee9ng Ch\u00ec s\u1ed1 gi\u1ed5 sinh ho\u1ea1t ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh cho kho bfc th\u00e1ng 3-1946 = 100 1946 (ngh\u00ecn \u0111 \u0110D) (ngh\u00ecn \u0111 \u0110D) 1947 123 1948 3.181,3 1.976,2 194 1949 2.936 3.507 262 1950 3.486,8 3.429 323 3.843,1 3.574 331 4.755,6 4.578,4 S\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh \u1ee9ng cho kho b\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n x\u1ea5p xi nhau, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng cho chi ti\u00eau ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch. Chi s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1 sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u0169ng t\u0103ng nhanh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u0103ng nhanh h\u01a1n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh. Theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Cao \u1ee7y ph\u1ee7, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1949-1950, Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ec1n m\u1edbi cho \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 37 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 chi d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cho c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, chi ph\u00ed cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i vi\u1ec5n chinh v\u00e0 chi v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t - Cao Mi\u00ean - L\u00e0o. s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh ra qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 c\u1ea3 s\u1ed1 Qu\u1ef9 d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng (Fond de Reserve de L'Indochine) m\u00e0 Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1eedi cho 3 x\u1ee9 \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 2.662 tri\u1ec7u 1. Ngu\u1ed3n: Vi\u1ec7n Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc, Kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m \u0111\u1ebfn..., S\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn, tr. 444. 379","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 10 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng gi\u1eef \u1edf Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Ph\u00e1p (Banque de France) n\u0103m 19391. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea1c \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea5t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u1edf c\u1ea3 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 2-1950, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n giao quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh cho Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh mua \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea1c \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng: \u0111\u01b0a ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3ng franc v\u00e0 giao l\u1ea1i cho Vi\u1ec7n Ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 Vi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea1c \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qua S\u1edf H\u1ed1i \u0111o\u00e1i \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng (O\u1ec4Bce Indochinois de Changes, vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft l\u00e0 O.I.C.). C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 gi\u00e1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed3ng franc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea1c \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh si\u00eau l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean phong tr\u00e0o bu\u00f4n ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm l\u1eddi. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u0111 \u0110D = 7-8,5 franc, trong khi gi\u00e1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c h\u1ed1i \u0111o\u00e1i quy \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u0111 \u0110D = 17 \u00edranc. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01a1 bu\u00f4n ti\u1ec1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ee9c ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch gi\u1eefa ti gi\u00e1 h\u1ed1i \u0111o\u00e1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi ti gi\u00e1 h\u1ed1i \u0111o\u00e1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00edranc k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 sang c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f3n l\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, n\u00e2ng t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed5 v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb 349 tri\u1ec7u franc n\u0103m 1946 l\u00ean 502 tri\u1ec7u franc n\u0103m 1950. Kh\u00f4ng chi mang l\u1ee3i cho Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn cao \u0111\u00e3 l\u00f4i k\u00e9o h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e1, ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh doanh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01a1 bu\u00f4n b\u1ea1c, chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ec1n. T\u1eeb Tham m\u01b0u tr\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Revers, Cao \u1ee7y Pignon, T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng Laurent v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e1, s\u0129 quan, binh l\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c phi v\u1ee5 bu\u00f4n ti\u1ec1n. Trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e1 Ballon \u1edf t\u00e0u Pasteur, \u0110\u1ea1i \u00fay Cousson, c\u1ef1u Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Li\u00eam ph\u00f3ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng Amoux, Sohwocrer, Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00f4ng ty Cin\u00e9-thstres \u1edd \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. 1. T\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 to ch\u1ee9c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 thu\u1ebf kh\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ng\u1ee5y v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ta trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1949-1953. Trung t\u00e2m L\u01b0u tr\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c gia III, ph\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee7 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng, H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 s\u1ed1 966. 380","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Bi\u1ebfn h\u1eadu phinmg c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch.. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb bu\u00f4n ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfm l\u1eddi c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \\\"tai to m\u1eb7t l\u1edbn\\\" ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i. Trong b\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f2ng H\u1ed1i \u0111o\u00e1i \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec trong s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng sang Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3: - B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u1ee3: 176.500.000 franc; - Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng: 62.600.000 \u00edranc; - Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung K\u1ef3: 76.000.000 \u00edranc; - Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Nam K\u1ef3: 6.700.000 franc; - V\u00e0i nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb: 60.300.000 franc; - V\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng Didelot: 44.700.000 franc. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh phi ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00f3i chung, kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u00f3i ri\u00eang b\u1ecb suy y\u1ebfu, b\u1ecb l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t, gi\u00e1 sinh ho\u1ea1t t\u0103ng cao, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Song song v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7, th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng vi\u1ec7c thu thu\u1ebf. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 thu\u1ebf tr\u1ef1c thu v\u00e0 thu\u1ebf gi\u00e1n thu v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec. Ngo\u00e0i ra, ch\u00fang c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf m\u1edbi h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1. - Thu\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1n th\u1ed5: T\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 1-1-1949, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn thi h\u00e0nh N gh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i thu\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1n th\u1ed5. Theo \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa chia th\u00e0nh 5 h\u1ea1ng: ru\u1ed9ng h\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed7i n\u0103m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb 800kg th\u00f3c tr\u1edd l\u00ean n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf lO\u0111 \u0110D\/m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ebfn ru\u1ed9ng h\u1ea1ng n\u0103m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed7i n\u0103m d\u01b0\u1edbi 250kg th\u00f3c ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf 3\u0111 \u0110D\/m\u1eabu. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ed3ng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 tr\u1ed3ng thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1, thu\u1ed1c l\u00e0o, ng\u00f4, khoai, s\u1eafn, ao b\u00e8o... \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c thu\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p r\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ea5t h\u1ea1ng n\u0103m (kh\u00f4ng \u1eed\u1ed3ng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c) v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p 0,1 O\u0111 \u0110D m\u1eabu1. 1. T\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 thu\u1ebf kh\u00f3a c\u00f9a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ng\u1ee5y v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 c\u00f9a ta trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1949-1953. Trung t\u00e2m L\u01b0u tr\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c gia III, ph\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee7 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng, H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 s\u1ed1 966. 381","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 10 - Thu\u1ebf c\u01b0 tr\u00fa: v\u1eabn gi\u1eef m\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1949. Ri\u00eang thu\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o Hoa ki\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nam gi\u1edbi tu\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 18 \u0111\u1ebfn 60 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng 150 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1ebf ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 25 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1ebf ph\u1ee5 m\u1ed7i n\u0103m cho Qu\u1ef9 l\u00fd s\u01b0 h\u1ed9i. - Thu\u1ebf n\u01b0\u1edbc: K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 1-7-1948, m\u1ed7i th\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ed1i n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb 1,50 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean 2 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng: Tr\u1eeb ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 binh l\u00ednh, c\u00f2n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai trong n\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb 21 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ebfn 60 tu\u1ed5i d\u00f9 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf n\u01b0\u1edbc theo Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 189\/MA ng\u00e0y 24-5-1949. - Thu\u1ebf h\u1eb1ng th\u1ea3ng: T\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 25-1-1950, \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n, h\u00e0ng c\u01a1m, ti\u1ec7m khi\u00eau v\u0169, ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e0, gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng 100 \u0111\u1ed3ng\/th\u00e1ng. - Thu\u1ebf m\u00f4n b\u00e0i: c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf theo c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c sau: C\u1eeda h\u00e0ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n to, \u0111\u1ea1i k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7, c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, c\u00f4ng ty cho vay \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf m\u00f4n b\u00e0i 20.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng; K\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 b\u1eadc trung \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf m\u00f4n b\u00e0i 10.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng; C\u1eeda h\u00e0ng b\u00e1n s\u1eaft, k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 nh\u1ecf, ngh\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf m\u00f4n b\u00e0i 3.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng; C\u1eeda h\u00e0ng b\u00e1n l\u1ebb \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf m\u00f4n b\u00e0i 2.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng; Ti\u1ec3u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng v\u1eb7t \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf m\u00f4n b\u00e0i 500 \u0111\u1ed3ng. - Thu\u1ebf ch\u1ee9ng th\u01b0\\\". Theo Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u00e0y 19-11-1950 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c n\u1ed9p ti\u00e8n l\u1ed9 ph\u00ed. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Sao tr\u00edch l\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng v\u0103n: 3 \u0111\u1ed3ng; Ch\u1ee9ng th\u01b0 thu\u1ed9c h\u1ea1nh ki\u1ec3m: 2 \u0111\u1ed3ng; V\u0103n t\u1ef1 kh\u1ebf \u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00fac th\u01b0 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n: 5 \u0111\u1ed3ng; Th\u1ecb th\u1ef1c ch\u1eef k\u00fd gi\u1ea5y khai sinh, khai t\u1eed, gi\u00e1 th\u00fa: 3 \u0111\u1ed3ng. - Thu\u1ebf th\u1ed5 tr\u1ea1ch: Ng\u00e0y 8-8-1949, Th\u1ee7 hi\u1ebfn B\u1eafc ph\u1ea7n ra Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf th\u1ed5 tr\u1ea1ch chia ra th\u00e0nh 35 h\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 sau: H\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 10 c\u00f3 thu\u1ebf m\u00f4n b\u00e0i t\u1eeb 10.000 \u0111\u1ebfn 60.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00ec n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf th\u1ed5 tr\u1ea1ch 6%; H\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb 11 \u0111\u1ebfn 23 c\u00f3 thu\u1ebf m\u00f4n b\u00e0i t\u1eeb 1.300 \u0111\u1ebfn 9.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00ec n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf th\u1ed5 tr\u1ea1ch 5%; H\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb 24 \u0111\u1ebfn 29 c\u00f3 thu\u1ebf m\u00f4n b\u00e0i 382","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Bi\u1ebfn h\u1eadu phutmg c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch.. t\u1eeb 500 \u0111\u1ebfn 1.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00ec n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf th\u1ed5 tr\u1ea1ch 4%; H\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb 30 \u0111\u1ebfn 35 c\u00f3 thu\u1ebf m\u00f4n b\u00e0i t\u1eeb 200 \u0111\u1ebfn 450 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00ec n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf th\u1ed5 tr\u1ea1ch 3%. - Thu\u1ebf b\u01b0u ph\u00ed: T\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 1-2-1949, th\u01b0 g\u1eedi trong \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb7ng 20g \u0111\u00f3ng 1 \u0111\u1ed3ng, 20-50g \u0111\u00f3ng 1,8 \u0111\u1ed3ng, 50-100g \u0111\u00f3ng 2,4 \u0111\u1ed3ng, 100-300g \u0111\u00f3ng 3,6 \u0111\u1ed3ng, 300-500g \u0111\u00f3ng 4,8 \u0111\u1ed3ng, 500-1.000g \u0111\u00f3ng 7,2 \u0111\u1ed3ng, l-l,5 k g \u0111\u00f3ng 9,6 \u0111\u1ed3ng, l,5-2kg \u0111\u00f3ng 12 \u0111\u1ed3ng. - Thu\u1ebf ch\u1ee3-, c\u00f3 3 m\u1ee9c l\u00e0 100 \u0111\u1ed3ng, 60 \u0111\u1ed3ng, 30 \u0111\u1ed3ng\/th\u00e1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i n\u1ed9p 5 \u0111\u1ed3ng, 3 \u0111\u1ed3ng, 1 \u0111\u1ed3ng. - Thu\u1ebf s\u00e1t sinh: Theo Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u00e0y 30-11-1948, m\u1ed9t con b\u00f2 n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf s\u00e1t sinh 80 \u0111\u1ed3ng, m\u1ed9t con c\u1eebu n\u1ed9p 30 \u0111\u1ed3ng, m\u1ed9t con l\u1ee3n n\u1ed9p 40 \u0111\u1ed3ng. - Thu\u1ebf xe: Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u00e0y 10-6-1949 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh: M\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng xe v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng 100 \u0111\u1ed3ng, xe v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i cho thu\u00ea \u0111\u00f3ng 25 \u0111\u1ed3ng, xe x\u00edch l\u00f4 (cyclo) \u0111\u00f3ng 150 \u0111\u1ed3ng\/n\u0103m, xe k\u00e9o \u0111\u00f3ng 110 \u0111\u1ed3ng\/n\u0103m, xe ng\u1ef1a \u0111\u00f3ng 150 \u0111\u1ed3ng\/n\u0103m. - Thu\u1ebf xa xi: Theo s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh ng\u00e0y 29-11-1948 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c r\u1ea1p du h\u00fd, ti\u1ec7m nh\u1ea3y, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf kinh doanh vui ch\u01a1i gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed b\u1eb1ng 30% gi\u00e1 v\u00e9. - Thu\u1ebf m \u1ea1t ch\u01b0\u1ee3c: \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ti\u1ec7m \u0103n, m\u00f5i b\u1ed9 m\u1ea1t ch\u01b0\u1ef1e \u0111\u00f3ng 150 \u0111\u1ed3ng\/th\u00e1ng. - Thu\u1ebf th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ee5 t\u1ed5ng so: C\u0169ng theo s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh ng\u00e0y 29-11-1949 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu 1% \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0103n d\u01b0\u1edbi 50 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu 10% \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0103n tr\u00ean 50 \u0111\u1ed3ng. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0ng rong ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng 25 \u0111\u1ed3ng trong 3 th\u00e1ng n\u1ebfu t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 1.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng\/th\u00e1ng; ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng 75 \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u1ebfu t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 3.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng\/th\u00e1ng; ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng 100 \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u1ebfu t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 4.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng\/th\u00e1ng. 383","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 10 - Thu\u1ebf l\u1ea5y r\u00e1c v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed7 r\u00e1c th\u1ea3i: \u0111\u00f3ng b\u1eb1ng 2% gi\u00e1 ti\u1ec1n cho thu\u00ea nh\u00e0. - Thu\u1ebf nh\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh (W.c.): Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng 60 \u0111\u1ed3ng. - Thu\u1ebf gi\u1eef c\u00e1c s\u00fac v\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea1c l\u01b0u kho: \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o s\u00fac v\u1eadt, xe c\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt b\u1ecb b\u1eaft gi\u1eef: Tr\u00e2u b\u00f2 \u0111\u00f3ng 17 \u0111\u1ed3ng\/ng\u00e0y; d\u00ea, c\u1eebu \u0111\u00f3ng 3 \u0111\u1ed3ng\/ng\u00e0y; ch\u00f3, m\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3ng 4 \u0111\u1ed3ng\/ng\u00e0y; xe k\u00e9o \u0111\u00f3ng 6 \u0111\u1ed3ng\/ng\u00e0y, \u00f4t\u00f4 du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u00f3ng 20 \u0111\u1ed3ng\/ng\u00e0y; \u00f4 t\u00f4 kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3ng 40 \u0111\u1ed3ng\/ng\u00e0y. - Thu\u1ebf t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ea9m: \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, n\u1ebfu thu\u1ebf m\u00f4n b\u00e0i: T\u1eeb 100 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ebfn 499 \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng th\u00eam 150% ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 thu\u1ebf; T\u1eeb 500 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ebfn 999 \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng th\u00eam 300% th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ee5; T\u1eeb 1.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ebfn 1.999 \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng th\u00eam 450% th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ee5; T\u1eeb 2.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u1edf l\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng th\u00eam 600% th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ee5. - Thu\u1ebf quan c\u1ea3ng: \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua h\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu 1\/10 gi\u00e1 h\u00e0ng c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi thu\u1ebf quan. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: gi\u00e1 h\u00e0ng l\u00e0 1.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng, thu\u1ebf quan l\u00e0 250 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00ec thu\u1ebf quan c\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 (1.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng + 250 \u0111\u1ed3ng): 10 = 125 \u0111\u1ed3ng1. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch thu\u1ebf kh\u00f3a n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c c\u00f9a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u sau \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed5 gi\u00e1 sinh ho\u1ea1t minh ch\u1ee9ng cho \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. 1. T\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 thu\u1ebf kh\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ng\u1ee5y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 c\u00f9a ta trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1949-1953. Trung t\u00e2m L\u01b0u tr\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c gia III, ph\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee7 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u00f3ng, H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 s\u1ed1 966. 384","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Bi\u1ebfn h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch.. B\u1ea3ng 7: Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1 sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1947-19481 (L\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1 sinh ho\u1ea1t n\u0103m 1939 = 100) 1939 12-1947 12-1948 1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u 100 - Th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m - Ti\u1ec1n thu\u00ea nh\u00e0 11.744 12.890 - May m\u1eb7c - Linh tinh 1.097 1.122 - S\u1ed1 trung b\u00ecnh 6.413 5.858 4.380 5.287 8.606 9.263 2. Th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t 100 - Th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m - Ti\u1ec1n thu\u00ea nh\u00e0 10.529 12.767 - May m\u1eb7c - Linh tinh 2.890 2.500 - S\u1ed1 trung b\u00ecnh 11.034 10.307 7.872 9.343 9.980 11.540 Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu t\u00ednh trung b\u00ecnh so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 1939, gi\u00e1 sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1948 \u0111\u1eaft g\u1ea5p 92 l\u00e0n (\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t trung l\u01b0u) v\u00e0 hom 115 l\u1ea7n (\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t). Trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n b\u1ecb Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00e0ng c\u01a1 c\u1ef1c h\u01a1n. Khi Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e0n qu\u00e9t, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea3n c\u01b0, nh\u01b0ng khi h\u1ed3i c\u01b0 v\u1ec1 l\u00e0ng c\u0169 th\u00ec nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ph\u00e1, tr\u00e2u b\u00f2 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft, ru\u1ed9ng v\u01b0\u1eddn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u0103m s\u00f3c. \u0110\u1ed1i 1. Tr\u00edch b\u00e1o \\\"Le Song\\\" ng\u00e0y 11-2-1949. Trung t\u00e2m L\u01b0u tr\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c gia III, ph\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee7 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng, H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 s\u1ed1 2002. 385","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 10 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, b\u1ea5t tr\u1eafc tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p. Nh\u00ecn chung \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng do Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n do lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda b\u1eddi qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1, b\u1eaft b\u1edb, c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb b\u1ecdn t\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng xoay s\u1edf, \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n, b\u00f3p n\u1eb7n thu\u1ebf kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e2ng n\u1ed9p cho Ph\u00e1p. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 tay sai, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u1eady \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c phong ph\u00fa, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u00f4ng khai, ho\u1eb7c b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ea5t gi\u1ea5u th\u00f3c l\u00faa, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00f9ng t\u1ef1 do \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch thu\u1ebf kh\u00f3a, t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u00e2m m\u01b0u \\\"d\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t\\\", \\\"l\u1ea5y chi\u1ebfn tranh nu\u00f4i chi\u1ebfn tranh\\\" h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c th\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p. 3. V\u0103n h\u00f3a - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng 3.1. V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a trong v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung \u1edd c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1edbn, c\u00f2n \u1edd nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, n\u01a1i xa trung t\u00e2m, c\u00e1c h\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i tr\u1edd l\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c t\u1ec7 n\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u1edd b\u1ea1c, r\u01b0\u1ee3u ch\u00e8, nghi\u1ec7n h\u00fat tr\u00e0n lan kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u00ea t\u00edn d\u1ecb \u0111oan, l\u01b0u manh c\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dung t\u00fang ho\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh. Nhi\u1ec1u thanh, thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean chi ham m\u00ea \u0103n ch\u01a1i h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1c, kh\u00f4ng suy ngh\u0129 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c. \u1ede c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn ra s\u1ee9c tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n cho \\\"nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9\\\", \\\"v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9\\\", g\u00e2y t\u00e2m l\u00fd \\\"ph\u1ee5c M\u1ef9, th\u00e2n M\u1ef9, s\u1ee3 M\u1ef9\\\". C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0103n ch\u01a1i tr\u1ee5y l\u1ea1c m\u1ecdc l\u00ean nh\u01b0 n\u1ea5m. Chi trong m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i hay S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 5-6 ti\u1ec7m nh\u1ea3y, ti\u1ec7m h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c phi\u1ec7n... thu h\u00fat thanh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u01a1i b\u1eddi su\u1ed1t ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t hai m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u0103n h\u1ecfa th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ch\u1ed7: m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t m\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i h\u1ee3p thi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c qu\u00e1n com b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1t g\u1ea1o, ph\u00e1t v\u1ea3i 386","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Bi\u1ebfn h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch.. cho d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecf v\u1ebb quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a; m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c t\u1ec7 n\u1ea1n c\u1edd b\u1ea1c, r\u01b0\u1ee3u ch\u00e8, h\u00fat x\u00e1ch, m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi cho ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u00e1ch v\u1edf, tranh \u1ea3nh, chi\u1ebfu phim \u0111\u1ed3i tr\u1ee5y, l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n, g\u00e2y t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0103n ch\u01a1i h\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee5 trong nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong thanh, thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean. N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p mang n\u1eb7ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch, l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, ph\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o, phim \u1ea3nh khi\u00eau d\u00e2m, \u0111\u1ed3i b\u1ea1i nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea9y thanh ni\u00ean v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0103n chori, sa ng\u00e3, qu\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh nh\u01b0 T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed s\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 (Vivre d\u2019abord), C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c (Sensation) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c phim \\\"Tho\u00e1t y v\u0169\\\", \\\"\u0110\u00eam \u1edf Bal\u00ea\\\"... M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang c\u00f2n tung c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o, phim \u1ea3nh vu kh\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed1n T\u00f4i ch\u1ecdn t\u1ef1 do, phim B\u1ee9c m\u00e0n s\u1eaft... C\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00f4ng tin Ph\u00e1p, M\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edd ra \u1edd S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y tranh \u1ea3nh, tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n ch\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1948 \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1949, nh\u00ecn chung c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a trong v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng di\u1ec5n ra ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. C\u00e1c r\u1ea1p h\u00e1t \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u0169ng chi bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c v\u1edf c\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u01a1ng, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng t\u00edch tu\u1ed3ng c\u1ed5. Th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn xem c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 g\u00e1nh h\u00e1t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0: Kim Chung, Chu\u00f4ng V\u00e0ng \u1edd H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Gi\u00f3 Nam \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. C\u00e1c r\u1ea1p chi\u1ebfu phim \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn chi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng phim c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfu t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110 \u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u1ea1p Majestic, Eden, \u0110\u1ea1i Nam \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i; Eden, M\u1ea1\u1ecbestic, H\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1o, Casino \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u v\u00e0 phim \u1ea3nh. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c, l\u1eddi ca v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ea7y ch\u1ea5t \u1ee7y m\u1ecb nh\u00e0m ru ng\u1ee7 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, g\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 b\u1ebf t\u1eafc trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean. Ng\u00e0y 30-11-1948, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn cho th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp S\u1edf Th\u00f4ng tin Tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t theo Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 909-TTP-ND. \u0110\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u00e1o ch\u00ed xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y, h\u1eb1ng tu\u1ea7n hay xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o t\u1eebng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh; ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng in \u1ea5n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c 387","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 10 v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng tin tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t (tr\u1eeb H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i do B\u1ed9 Th\u00f4ng tin \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n). \u1ede Trung K\u1ef3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp S\u1edf Th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 Tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n Trung K\u1ef3. \u1ede Nam K\u1ef3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Nha Th\u00f4ng tin Nam Vi\u1ec7t. T\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1949 v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1950, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a - ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt trong v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i so v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, d\u00e2n h\u1ed3i c\u01b0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f4ng, n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n xung quanh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, th\u1ecb x\u00e3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed5 x\u00f4 v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u00ecm vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, do \u0111\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u0169ng t\u00e0ng l\u00ean. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, t\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 \\\"vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3\\\" M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u00e0ng \\\"vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3\\\" M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \\\"l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9\\\", \\\"v\u0103n h\u00f3a M\u1ef9\\\" theo ch\u00e2n v\u00e0o \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u k\u00edch th\u00edch nhu c\u1ea7u h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng xa xi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn. Trong s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n h\u1ed3i c\u01b0 v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 m\u1edbi tr\u1edd v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn. H\u1ecd \u0111em theo nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u00e2m h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00e0o h\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. C\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n ca m\u00faa nh\u1ea1c, c\u00e1c s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n nh\u1eefng v\u1edd di\u1ec5n tu\u1ed3ng, ch\u00e8o, c\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u01a1ng; b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1edf k\u1ecbch m\u1edbi m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c trong v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn. Nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0: T\u1ea1 T\u1eeb c\u1ee7a T\u00f4 V\u0169, B\u00ean c\u1ea7u Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 Ti\u1ebfng h\u00e1t s\u00f4ng L\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Duy, Ti\u1ebfng chu\u00f4ng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Kho\u00e1t, Ti\u1ebfng tr\u1ed1ng H\u1ea1 H\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng Nhu Mai, V\u0169 Nh\u01b0 T\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Huy T\u01b0\u1edfng, M\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam Li\u00eau Trai c\u1ee7a V\u0169 Ho\u00e0ng Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn xem. Vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n s\u00e1ch, b\u00e1o ch\u00ed th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y k\u00e9m do s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t b\u00e1o ch\u00ed r\u1ea5t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 19-5-1950, Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n H\u1eefu ban h\u00e0nh Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 81\/SC t\u00e1i l\u1eadp ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t b\u00e1o ch\u00ed. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng t\u1edd b\u00e1o nh\u01b0: \\\"Tin \u0110i\u1ec3n\\\", \\\"V\u0103n H\u00f3a\\\", \\\"Ki\u1ebfn Thi\u1ebft\\\", \\\"Vi\u1ec7t B\u00e1o\\\", \\\"T\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t\\\", \\\"\u00c1nh S\u00e1ng\\\", \\\"S\u00e0i G\u00f2n m\u1edbi\\\", th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u1edd b\u00e1o ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 t\u1edd Lendemains, Justice, Sud v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn, l\u00ean \u00e1n 388","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Bi\u1ebfn h\u1eadu phinmg c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch.. chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n thi gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u1eefng t\u1edd b\u00e1o c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng khai, chi nh\u1eefng t\u1edd b\u00e1o ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. S\u00e1ch th\u00f2i k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft, truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. C\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch c\u0169 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n. \u1ede th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua s\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfng Anh, ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Anh b\u00e1n r\u1ea5t ch\u1ea1y. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm mua. \u1ede c\u00e1c tinh c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o ri\u00eang nh\u01b0 t\u1edd Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh tu\u1ea7n b\u00e1o, n\u0103m 1950 \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh S\u01a1n Nam, \u1edd B\u00f9i Chu c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ra t\u1edd \\\"Th\u1eddi M\u1edbi\\\". S\u00e1ch b\u00e1o t\u1eeb H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n - Ch\u1ee3 L\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tinh ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u1ec9 l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh trong n\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y khi \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. N\u1ed9i dung c\u0169ng v\u1eabn chi l\u00e0 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n cho Ph\u00e1p, M\u1ef9, xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, n\u00f3i x\u1ea5u Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn, tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n g\u00e2y thanh th\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng cho B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i, xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, g\u00e2y m\u1ea5t l\u00f2ng tin c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn. 3.2. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1948-1949, ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p d\u00e0nh cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n, n\u0103m 1949 l\u00e0 115.576.000d \u0110D, n\u0103m 1950 t\u0103ng l\u00ean l\u00e0 177.951.000\u0111 \u0110D. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng do Ph\u00e1p tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n k\u1ec3 t\u00f2 sau khi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng do ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edd r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam. N\u0103m h\u1ecdc 1948-1949, Ph\u00e1p cho th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp 3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0: Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y - D\u01b0\u1ee3c (Facult\u00e9 M\u00e9decine - Odontologie), tr\u01b0\u1eddng Lu\u1eadt (Facult\u00e9 Droit), Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Khoa h\u1ecdc (Facult\u00e9 Science), trong \u0111\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y - D\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 150 sinh vi\u00ean theo h\u1ecdc. Trong n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 1949-1950, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng chi\u1ebfn tranh, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1ea1 s\u0129 quan \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Y\u00ean v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u0129 quan \u1edf Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh. 389","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 10 H\u1ecdc sinh c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thanh ni\u00ean do b\u1ecb b\u1eaft \u0111i l\u00ednh hay b\u1ecb b\u1eaft trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e0n qu\u00e9t c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, chi c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n theo h\u1ecdc. N\u0103m h\u1ecdc 1949-1950, B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edf th\u00eam c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng: \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc V\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, Cao \u0111\u1eb3ng S\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m, Ban Sinh - L\u00fd - H\u00f3a, tr\u01b0\u1eddng Qu\u1ed1c gia M\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 K\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7. H\u1ecdc sinh mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng T\u00fa t\u00e0i Ph\u00e1p. Ri\u00eang tr\u01b0\u1eddng Qu\u1ed1c gia K\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt chi nh\u1eadn h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng T\u00fa t\u00e0i ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t hay trung h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb c\u1ea5p. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng K\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn h\u1ecdc sinh t\u1eeb 15 \u0111\u1ebfn 22 tu\u1ed5i v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 qua l\u1edbp Nh\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc. Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5p ph\u00e1t h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. N\u0103m h\u1ecdc 1949-1950, B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5p h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng cho 29 sinh vi\u00ean \u0111i du h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, Th\u1ee5y S\u1ef9 v\u00e0 5 su\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng cho sinh vi\u00ean theo h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam1. Cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 12-1949, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5p 103 su\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng 120\u0111 \u0110D\/th\u00e1ng v\u00e0 205 su\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng 60\u0111 \u0110D\/th\u00e1ng cho h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ea5p 1.216 su\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng 30\u0111 \u0110D\/th\u00e1ng cho h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t. Ngo\u00e0i ra, S\u1edd h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f2n c\u1ea5p 125 su\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng hay tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p m\u1ee9c 400\u0111 \u0110D\/su\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 ngoan h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 th\u1ee5c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n l\u00e0 50.000\u0111 \u0110D cho sinh vi\u00ean c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p 50.000\u0111 \u0110D cho H\u1ed9i b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 du h\u1ecdc sinh m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1edd H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u1ea5p 50.000\u0111 \u0110D cho S\u1edf H\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t mua h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t cho h\u1ecdc sinh ngh\u00e8o tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, h\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ecdc, 1. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u00f9a \u1ee7y ban kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng Chu V\u0103n An. Trung t\u00e2m L\u01b0u tr\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c gia III, ph\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee7 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng, H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 s\u1ed1 979. 390","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Bi\u1ebfn h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch.. s\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ea5p t\u1ed1c, trang ni\u00ean gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u00f3i chung v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc sinh v\u1eabn r\u1ea5t \u00edt. N\u0103m h\u1ecdc 1948-1949 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 1.046 sinh vi\u00ean c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 cao \u0111\u1eb3ng. N\u0103m h\u1ecdc 1949-1950 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 1.117 sinh vi\u00ean. S\u1ed1 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 gi\u1ecfi, c\u00f3 danh ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 Hu\u1ef3nh T\u1ea5n Ph\u00e1t, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0110inh V\u0103n Th\u1eafng, Ph\u1ea1m Kim L\u01b0\u01a1ng, Tr\u1ea7n Kim Quan, \u0110\u1ed7 H\u1eefu \u0110\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1edf ra v\u00f9ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tham gia kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Ng\u00e0y 29-12-1949, B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i k\u00fd s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1 96\/GD \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c b\u1eadc h\u1ecdc \u1edd Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Trong n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 1949-1950, B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c (v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng) m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edbi, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Phan Huy Qu\u00e1t\\\" (mang t\u00ean c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3). Theo ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edbi, b\u1eadc trung h\u1ecdc quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc 7 n\u0103m r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi thi t\u00fa t\u00e0i. Trong 4 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 2 ban l\u00e0: Ban A (c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n) v\u00e0 ban B (sinh ng\u1eef). T\u1eeb \u0110\u1ec7 tam \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ec7 t\u1ee9 ni\u00ean c\u00f3 3 ban l\u00e0: ban khoa h\u1ecdc, ban sinh ng\u1eef, ban c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m chuy\u00ean ng\u1eef, Ph\u00e1p v\u0103n l\u00e0 sinh ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n d\u1ea1y th\u00eam Anh v\u0103n trong su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 7 n\u0103m. C\u00e1c m\u00f4n To\u00e1n, L\u00fd, H\u00f3a, ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00e1c c\u0103n b\u00e0n v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu, c\u00f2n ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc. M\u00f4n L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecba d\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean l\u00e0 hai m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng. T\u1eeb n\u0103m th\u1ee9 ba, h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc m\u00f4n L\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edbi c\u0169ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ee9c d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c. M\u00f4n Lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n h\u1ecdc trong 4 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u, m\u00f4n Th\u1ec3 thao c\u00f3 th\u00eam c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i luy\u1ec7n v\u00f5 b\u1ecb cho h\u1ecdc sinh. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u00ean d\u1ea1y nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, b\u1ecf h\u1eb3n 391","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 10 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n: Ch\u00ednh t\u1ea3, Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed (L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam), \u0110\u1ee9c d\u1ee5c, T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1, C\u00e1ch tr\u00ed, Ng\u1eef v\u1ef1ng, V\u1ec7 sinh, \u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd, V\u1ebd... H\u1ecdc 4 n\u0103m th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng S\u01a1 h\u1ecdc b\u1ed3 t\u00fac, sau \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc sinh trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng h\u01a1n. N\u0103m 1949-1950 c\u00f3 264.011 h\u1ecdc sinh tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 52.081 h\u1ecdc sinh tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc sinh trung h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 316.092 h\u1ecdc sinh1. N\u1ebfu c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n th\u00ec \u1edf B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 c\u1ee9 1.000 d\u00e2n th\u00ec c\u00f3 18 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i h\u1ecdc, \u1edd Nam B\u1ed9 c\u00f3 52 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i h\u1ecdc. Trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 h\u1ecdc sinh \u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb cao h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. S\u1edf d\u0129 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: ri\u00eang \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f3 10 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng v\u1eeba trung h\u1ecdc v\u1eeba ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, kho\u1ea3ng 50 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 th\u1ee5c v\u1eeba trung h\u1ecdc v\u1eeba ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 10.000 h\u1ecdc sinh v\u00e0 200 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean. L\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 2.000\u0111 \u0110D\/th\u00e1ng, m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u00f3.OOO\u0111 \u0110D\/th\u00e1ng2. D\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1eadc trung h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o. Trong n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 1949-1950, B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c gia Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn \u0111\u00e3 cho m\u1edd m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ed9n gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 30 h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean. C\u00e1c n\u1eef sinh t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbp hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 tr\u00ed v\u00e0o ng\u1ea1ch gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi m\u1edf 2 l\u1edbp m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n cho gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o, m\u1ed7i l\u1edbp nh\u1eadn 20 \u1eef\u1ebb em t\u1eeb 4 \u0111\u1ebfn 5 tu\u1ed5i. C\u0169ng trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 16-1-1950 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 16-6- 1950, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i c\u00f2n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1edbp hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean D\u00e2n hu\u1ea5n v\u1ee5. L\u1edbp c\u00f3 60 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo h\u1ecdc. T\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng d\u00e2n hu\u1ea5n v\u1ee5. D\u00e2n hu\u1ea5n v\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Th\u00f4ng tin tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn. 1. Annuaire Statistique de \u01b0lndochine, p. 81. 2. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a T\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u00f4ng an v\u1ee5 s\u1ed1 122\/NCB3 ng\u00e0y 1-4-1951. Trung t\u00e2m L\u01b0u tr\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c gia III, ph\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee7 Th\u00f9 t\u01b0\u1edbng, H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 s\u1ed1 979. 392","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Bi\u1ebfn h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch.. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean v\u00e0 g\u00e2y \u00fd th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, trong n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 1949-1950, B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c gia Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7t ra 2 ng\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi l\u00e0 S\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ea5p t\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Trang ni\u00ean gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0m cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc, bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c l\u1edbp D\u00e2n hu\u1ea5n v\u1ee5, S\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ea5p t\u1ed1c, Trang ni\u00ean gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1ee7 y ban v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef. T\u00f2a Tinh tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111i h\u1ecdc, h\u1ea1n trong 6 th\u00e1ng ai c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc, bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft. H\u1ebft h\u1ea1n 6 th\u00e1ng, \u1ee7 y ban v\u0103n h\u00f3a ki\u1ec3m tra, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c 3 l\u1ea7n v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111i h\u1ecdc th\u00ec s\u1ebd b\u1ecb thu gi\u1ea5y c\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u0169ng ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i ch\u1ee3 mua b\u00e1n. M\u1ed7i \u1ee7 y ban v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 6 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, g\u1ed3m 1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ban, 1 ph\u00f3 ban, 1 th\u01b0 k\u00fd, 1 th\u1ee7 qu\u1ef9 v\u00e0 2 \u1ee7y vi\u00ean. C\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc theo ki\u1ec3u tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap cho m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ngh\u00e8o bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc, bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft. C\u0169ng nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp n\u00e0y, ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f9a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ta v\u00e0 b\u1eaft h\u1ecd d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc theo ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o khoa c\u1ee7a ta \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1n m\u00f9 ch\u1eef v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n trong v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng. Nh\u00ecn chung ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o trong v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t c\u1eadp. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc sinh theo h\u1ecdc, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n. 3.3. Y t\u1ec3 C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c y t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng \u1eefong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m t\u1eeb 1948-1950 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, song kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1eefa 393","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 10 th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. Nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1m, ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh cho s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f4ng l\u00ean \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o l\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n chinh Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 binh l\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9, Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n chi ph\u00ed cho c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1. N\u0103m 1949, t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed cho nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb y t\u1ebf \u1edf B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 l\u00e0 17.087.000\u0111 \u0110D, \u1edd Trung B\u1ed9 chi cho y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u t\u1ebf l\u00e0 17.722.000\u0111 \u0110D, \u1edf Nam B\u1ed9 l\u00e0 346.023.000\u0111 \u0110D, trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0ng tinh v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u1edd Nam B\u1ed9 chi cho y t\u1ebf l\u00e0 35.404.000\u0111 \u0110D, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1950 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 45.675.000\u0111 \u0110D trong t\u1ed5ng ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Nam B\u1ed9 l\u00e0 648.261.OOO\u0111 \u0110D1. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan y t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u0103m sau t\u0103ng h\u01a1n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, tuy nhi\u00ean v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, c\u00f2n v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. N\u0103m 1949, Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng 16 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n, 20 ph\u00f2ng y t\u1ebf, 143 tr\u1ea1m x\u00e1, 28 nh\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n, 31 nh\u00e0 h\u1ed9 sinh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, 79 nh\u00e0 h\u1ed9 sinh li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan v\u1ec7 sinh, 33 nh\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng 1 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec5m, 1 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh hoa li\u1ec5u, 2 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n lao, 2 nh\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh phong, 1 vi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n, 3 tr\u1ea1i phong tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n. N\u0103m 1950, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan y t\u1ebf t\u00e0ng l\u00ean g\u1ed3m 19 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n, 26 ph\u00f2ng y t\u1ebf, 200 b\u1ec7nh x\u00e1, 37 nh\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n, 96 nh\u00e0 h\u1ed9 sinh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, 89 nh\u00e0 h\u1ed9 sinh li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan v\u1ec7 sinh, 1 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh ung th\u01b0, 4 nh\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh hoa li\u1ec5u, 2 nh\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1eefa m\u1ea5t, 2 nh\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh lao, 5 nh\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh phong, 8 vi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u00e3o, 13 tr\u1ea1i tr\u1ebb m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i, 1 tr\u1ea1i phong g\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3n, 5 tr\u1ea1i phong tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n2. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh c\u0169ng \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, th\u1ecb x\u00e3 l\u1edbn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c t\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi 1. Annuaire Statistique de \u01b0indochine, 1950, tr. 223,225. 2. Annuaire Statistique de \u01b0indochine, 1950, \u1eeb. 45. 394","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Bi\u1ebfn h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch.. l\u00e0 qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm, nh\u01b0: Penycilyne, Aspirin, Quinine... C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf kh\u00e1m, ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng, t\u01b0 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb nh\u0169ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb y t\u1ebf t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c v\u1ec7 sinh ph\u00f2ng b\u1ec7nh, tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n cho l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng \u0103n \u1edf s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd, gi\u1eef v\u1ec7 sinh chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1eebong nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i y t\u1ebf ph\u00f2ng d\u1ecbch t\u1ecfa \u0111i kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, th\u1ecb x\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 phun thu\u1ed1c di\u1ec7t mu\u1ed7i, di\u1ec7t ru\u1ed3i, di\u1ec7t chu\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng b\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1t r\u00e9t, t\u1ea3 l\u1ef5, d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch, th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0n, ch\u1ee7ng \u0111\u1eadu v\u00e0 ti\u00eam ph\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ti\u00eam ch\u1ee7ng, v\u1ec7 sinh ph\u00f2ng b\u1ec7nh c\u0169ng chi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edd nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn, c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 v\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i xung quanh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, th\u1ecb x\u00e3 l\u1edbn. Hom n\u1eefa, c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c v\u1ec7 sinh ph\u00f2ng b\u1ec7nh nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fac, nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i chi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t chi\u1ebfu l\u1ec7, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng s\u00e2u v\u00f9ng xa, do \u0111\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng cao, kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u1ed5 d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh. \u1ede m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u1ec7nh hoa li\u1ec5u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh do v\u1ec7 sinh k\u00e9m, t\u1ec7 n\u1ea1n g\u00e1i m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Ngo\u00e0i ra l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1t r\u00e9t, t\u1ea3, th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0n c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edd nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. \u1ede nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng y t\u1ebf h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n thi\u1ebfu ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 v\u1ec7 sinh, ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh, c\u01a1 s\u1edf y t\u1ebf, d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 y t\u1ebf qu\u00e1 \u00edt, qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, thu\u1ed1c men kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 cho nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng xa x\u00f4i, khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n tr\u00f4ng ch\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u00fang v\u00e1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng thu\u1ed1c nam, l\u00e1 c\u00e2y c\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u1ea1m x\u00e1, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 y t\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0i ba l\u00e0ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1m x\u00e1, m\u1ed9t y t\u00e1, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 h\u1ed9 sinh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 m\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ebb v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb y t\u1ebf h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh y t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n trong v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan y t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ed5i vi\u1ec7c v\u1ec7 sinh, ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i c\u1eeb y t\u00e1, y s\u0129, b\u00e1c s\u0129 mang theo thu\u1ed1c men, 395","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 10 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh nguy hi\u1ec3m. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u1edf Nam B\u1ed9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e1c s\u0129, d\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0129 gi\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn, r\u1eddi b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed5ng sung s\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ec3 ra b\u01b0ng bi\u1ec1n tham gia kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng kham kh\u1ed5, nguy hi\u1ec3m, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed5ng hi\u1ebfn t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c cho cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 khi b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7n m\u00f2 v\u00e0o t\u1eadn v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n h\u1eadu c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ed1ng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a - gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 y t\u1ebf trong v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu th\u00e2u t\u00f3m m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ee9ong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, th\u1ecb x\u00e3, kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ong nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u1edd c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai xa x\u00f4i. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 y t\u1ebf ch\u00ec ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch cai tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 quan t\u00e2m ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a tinh th\u1ea7n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. ra. HO\u1ea0T \u0110\u1ed8NG QU\u00c2N s \u1ef1 C\u1ee6A QU\u00c2N \u0110\u1ed8I PH\u00c1P, CU\u1ed8C \u0110\u1ea4U TRANH C\u1ee6A QU\u00c2N V\u00c0 D\u00c2N TA L\u00c0M TH\u00c1T B\u1ea0I CH\u00cdNH S\u00c1CH \\\"D\u00d9NG NG\u01af\u1edcI VI\u1ec6T \u0110\u00c1NH NG\u01af\u1edcI VI\u1ec6T\u201d, \\\"L\u1ea4Y CHI\u1ebeN TRANH NU\u00d4I CHI\u1ebeN TRANH\\\" C\u1ee6A TH\u1ef1C D\u00c2N PH\u00c1P 1. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p Sau th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t B\u1eafc Thu - \u0110\u00f4ng n\u0103m 1947, qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u00e2m v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf. Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u01a1ng 7.000 binh l\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1948 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec5n chinh Ph\u00e1p c\u00e0ng di\u00eam thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. Theo t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan Tham m\u01b0u Ph\u00e1p, qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p c\u1ecf 68 ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n b\u1ed9 binh v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7t k\u00edch (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 38 ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n 396","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Bi\u1ebfn h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch.. ng\u1ee5y), 5 c\u1ee5m ph\u00e1o binh, 25 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i trinh s\u00e1t, 2 chi \u0111\u1ed9i xe l\u1ed9i n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb xe t\u0103ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 25 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00e2n (c\u1ee1 ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n)1. Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh s\u1ebd k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1edbm k\u1ebft th\u00fac. Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eadp trung l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng, x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn m\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i tay sai; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ra s\u1ee9c c\u00e0n qu\u00e9t, c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c v\u01a1 v\u00e9t kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c. L\u00f4 c\u1ed1t Ph\u00e1p trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a De Latour Ngu\u1ed3n: Stanley L Kutler. Encyclopedia of the Vietnam war, p. 132. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1nh s\u00e2u v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n c\u1ee7a ta, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng, kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng B\u1eafc B\u1ed9, tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ven bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 Nam Trung B\u1ed9. 1. B\u1ed9 T\u1ed5ng tham m\u01b0u, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed B\u1ed9 T\u1ed5ng tham m\u01b0u trong kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p (1945-1954), xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1991, \u1eeb. 234. 397","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 10 Ch\u00fang cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3n b\u1ed1t, th\u00e1p canh, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3n b\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. Khi v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1edd r\u1ed9ng ra; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ta b\u1ecb thu h\u1eb9p l\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. \u1ede Nam B\u1ed9, khi De Latour thay Nyo1 l\u00e0m T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh qu\u00e2n vi\u1ec5n chinh Ph\u00e1p \u1edf Nam \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00e1p canh (Tour de garde) cao t\u1eeb 5 \u0111\u1ebfn 6 m\u00e9t, x\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch ho\u1eb7c tre, g\u1ed7. M\u1ed7i th\u00e1p canh c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 1 ti\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed9i l\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3ng gi\u1eef, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a 1 s\u0129 quan ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1 s\u0129 quan Ph\u00e1p. N\u0103m 1948, \u1edf Nam B\u1ed9 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 2.000 th\u00e1p canh. Tr\u00ean c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 2km l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 1 th\u00e1p canh. \u1ede B\u1eafc B\u1ed9, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3n b\u1ed1t m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edd th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ecf, v\u1edbi s\u1ed5 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4ng h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb 1 trung \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ebfn 1 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00f3 h\u1ecfa l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3ng gi\u1eef \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed l\u00ednh \u00c2u - Phi. C\u00e1c c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1o binh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, khi c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee9u vi\u1ec7n t\u1edbi \u1ee9ng chi\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1948, \u1edd Cao - B\u1eafc - L\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 68 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1948 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0ng l\u00ean 79 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng t\u1eeb 2.500 qu\u00e2n l\u00ean 6.900 qu\u00e2n. \u1ede v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y B\u1eafc, \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc, Ph\u00e1p cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00eam 100 c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec3m. \u1ede Li\u00ean khu III, Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00eam 53 c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec3m, s\u1ed1 qu\u00e2n chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng t\u1eeb 12.000 qu\u00e2n t\u0103ng l\u00ean 25.000 qu\u00e2n. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3n b\u1ed1t, th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng tuy\u1ec3n l\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 canh g\u00e1c, tu\u1ea7n ph\u00f2ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng x\u00e3. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u0169ng, c\u00f3 n\u01a1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u00ednh D\u00f5ng, Th\u00e2n binh, B\u1ea3o an binh, l\u00ednh B\u1ea3o ho\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c l\u00ednh Qu\u1ed1c gia. M\u1ed3i khi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f9ng n\u00e0o l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ngay vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft l\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c vi\u1ec7c canh g\u00e1c, d\u00f2 x\u00e9t, tu\u1ea7n tra gi\u1eef l\u00e0ng x\u00e3. M\u1ed7i l\u00e0ng c\u00f3 t\u1eeb 5 \u0111\u1ebfn 10 h\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u0169ng, s\u1ed1 h\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n 1. De Latour thay Nyo l\u00e0m T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh qu\u00e2n vi\u1ec5n chinh Ph\u00e1p \u1edf Nam \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 7-1947 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 10-1949. 398","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Bi\u1ebfn h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch.. ng\u1eafn ng\u00e0y \u1edf trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n binh c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. H\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u0169ng nh\u1eadn l\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1eb1ng th\u00e1ng t\u1eeb qu\u1ef9 l\u00e0ng x\u00e3. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, H\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1c c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y l\u1eabn \u0111\u00eam, c\u00f2n l\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 g\u00e1c ban ng\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 g\u00e1c chung th\u00ec h\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1c \u1edf v\u00f2ng ngo\u00e0i. C\u00f3 n\u01a1i s\u1ee3 h\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u0169ng b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n, Ph\u00e1p x\u00edch ch\u00e2n h\u1ecd trong v\u1ecdng g\u00e1c. Trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n c\u00e0n qu\u00e9t, qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p b\u1eaft l\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c, c\u00f3 khi l\u00e0m c\u1ea3 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch. L\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a l\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3ng trong c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00f9a Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 noi do qu\u1ef9 l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 tr\u00e0, c\u00f3 n\u01a1i do Ph\u00e1p tr\u1ea3, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb 180 \u0111\u1ebfn 210 \u0111\u1ed3ng\/th\u00e1ng. \u0110\u1ebb c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n nu\u00f4i binh l\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, Ph\u00e1p b\u1eaft h\u1ed9i t\u1ec1 thu thu\u1ebf ng\u1ee5y binh, nam gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb 18 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf l\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng 20 \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng1. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1949, qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1, do \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u0103ng m\u1ecfng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh du k\u00edch c\u1ee7a ta \u0111ang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a Yves Gras, cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1948 s\u1ed1 qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 120.000 qu\u00e2n, cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1949 l\u00e0 140.000 qu\u00e2n2. Trong t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9ng, Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng Revers, T\u1ed5ng tham m\u01b0u tr\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f9ng 6 ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p sang \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00ecnh hinh (t\u00f2 ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 5 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1949). Sau khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e1 \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p, Revers \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Revers\\\". Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft Revers ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt \\\"kh\u00f3a then c\u1eeda\\\", kh\u00f3a ch\u1eb7t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi 1. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u00f9a UBKCHC Li\u00ean khu \u1ec9 v\u1ec1 1000 ng\u00e0y kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn t\u1eeb 19-12- 1946 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 5-1948. C\u1ee5c L\u01b0u tr\u1eef Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng, ph\u00f4ng Li\u00ean khu \u1ee7y Vi\u1ec7t B\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Khu \u1ee7y ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n, \u0110om v\u1ecb b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n s\u1ed1 74. 2. Yves Gras, Histoire de la Guerre d'Indochine, Ed. Plon, Paris, 1979, p. 314-318. 399"]
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