Chiasemoi.com_tai-sao-cac-quoc-gia-that-bai

["T\u1ea0O RA TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG V\u00c0 NGH\u00c8O KH\u00d3 \u25cf 83 th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. V\u00cc SAO KH\u00d4NG LU\u00d4N LU\u00d4N CH\u1eccN S\u1ef0 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG? C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf, m\u00e0 r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf. Ho\u1eb7c ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i khi ch\u00fang c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u2013 l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu cho s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c l\u00fd do cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u v\u00ec sao ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m m\u00e0 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf, trong khi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra lo\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, m\u1ecdi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh c\u00e0ng gi\u00e0u c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t? H\u00e3y quay l\u1ea1i V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Kongo m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 cho c\u00e1i t\u00ean cho m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba B\u1ec9 n\u0103m 1960. V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, Congo \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua s\u1ef1 sa s\u00fat kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 gia t\u0103ng d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Joseph Mobutu gi\u1eefa 1965 v\u00e0 1997. S\u1ef1 sa s\u00fat n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c sau khi Mobutu b\u1ecb Laurent Kabila l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5. Mobutu \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u1ecb b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0ng Mobutu v\u00e0 elite quanh \u00f4ng ta, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 Les Grosses L\u00e9gumes (c\u00e1c Quan to), \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3. Mobutu \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i \u1edf qu\u00ea n\u01a1i \u00f4ng sinh, Gbadolite, \u1edf mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u00e2n bay \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e1y bay ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c si\u00eau thanh Concord h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh, m\u00e1y bay m\u00e0 \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u00ea t\u1eeb H\u00e3ng H\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng Ph\u00e1p, Air France, cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u1ede ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 mua c\u00e1c l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i v\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00e1c d\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Brussells, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 B\u1ec9.","84 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho Mobutu \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Congo h\u01a1n l\u00e0 kho\u00e9t s\u00e2u s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd? N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 Mobutu \u0111\u00e3 xoay x\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00ecnh, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n h\u01a1n, mua m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y bay Concord thay cho thu\u00ea m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n? \u0110\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch cho ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u00e1i ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i thu nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0, s\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tranh c\u00e3i v\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 ai c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf, do c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i, t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eafng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb thua. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 r\u00f5 trong C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trong s\u1ee9c h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, giao th\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng d\u1ec7t. Cho d\u00f9 c\u01a1 kh\u00ed h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 thu nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t hay s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec3n c\u1eadn; ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00fang h\u01a1n, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc, c\u00f3 logic ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 lu\u00f4n \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1i m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i Joseph Schumpeter \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Ch\u00fang thay c\u00e1i c\u0169 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i m\u1edbi. C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c m\u1edbi thu h\u00fat ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u0169. C\u00e1c h\u00e3ng m\u1edbi l\u1ea5y m\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00e1y m\u00f3c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o, t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thua c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u1eafng tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng. S\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m \u1edf g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u00c2u ch\u00e2u cho m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. V\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a","T\u1ea0O RA TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG V\u00c0 NGH\u00c8O KH\u00d3 \u25cf 85 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 elite truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, m\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n thu nh\u1eadp ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho v\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n tham gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y \u0111i c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m ti\u1ec1n thu\u00ea [t\u00f4] \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c elite n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh doanh v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia m\u1edbi l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thua thi\u1ec7t kinh t\u1ebf r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng do c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb h\u00f3a v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb thua v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf; h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb r\u1ee7i ro tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb thua v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, m\u1ea5t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00ean quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. V\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda, c\u00e1c elite n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i gh\u00ea g\u1edbm ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thua duy nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. C\u00e1c th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ch\u00e2n tay c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi h\u00f3a, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3, n\u00e1o lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y m\u00e1y m\u00f3c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd coi l\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m sinh k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c Luddite, m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. John Key, nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf Anh c\u1ee7a \u201cchi\u1ebfc thoi bay\u201d trong n\u0103m 1733, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi h\u00f3a d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i, nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u00e1c Luddite \u0111\u1ed1t trong n\u0103m 1753. James Hargreaves, nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u201cspinning jenny-m\u00e1y k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i c\u01a1 kh\u00ed\u201d, m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n b\u1ed5 sung mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong xe s\u1ee3i, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u00edt hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c elite r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. C\u00e1c Luddite \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u2013 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c \u2013 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea5t. \u1ede Anh, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn b\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Luddite, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, tuy th\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e2m l\u1eb7ng. \u1ede c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u00c1o-Hung v\u00e0 Nga, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a","86 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7n. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u00c1o-Hung v\u00e0 Nga b\u1ecb \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1ec7. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ee5t l\u1ea1i sau c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u00c2u ch\u00e2u kh\u00e1c, n\u01a1i t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn. B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 r\u00f5: c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng. T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00e1y m\u00f3c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u1eafn v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean ch\u1ec9 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb thua kinh t\u1ebf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb thua ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb x\u00f3i m\u00f2n. S\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c khan hi\u1ebfm, thu nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, chuy\u1ec3n sang s\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf, m\u00e0 s\u1ebd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ai s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb ch\u00fang. Khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t xung \u0111\u1ed9t, nh\u1eefng mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng, trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecd th\u00edch. Ai l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eafng, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf s\u1ebd \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1ec7. Logic c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c v\u00ec sao k\u1ebb h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft mu\u1ed1n d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng kinh t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng sang s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Trong m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 elite c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecd \u01b0a th\u00edch. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng h\u1ecd quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang \u0111a nguy\u00ean h\u01a1n? Nh\u00ecn chung l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng, v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 pha lo\u00e3ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, l\u00e0m cho kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eb5n c\u1ee7a xung \u0111\u1ed9t. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hy v\u1ecdng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i bu\u1ed9c elite t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111a nguy\u00ean h\u01a1n.","T\u1ea0O RA TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG V\u00c0 NGH\u00c8O KH\u00d3 \u25cf 87 Theo c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111a nguy\u00ean h\u01a1n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u00e0o h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp trung h\u01a1n trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a n\u00e0o. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u1edf Somalia, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp trung c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn cho th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y gi\u00e0u h\u01a1n. C\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y? R\u00e0o c\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh cho s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i: b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c, nh\u00f3m hay ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia n\u00e0o th\u1eed t\u1eadp trung quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng s\u1ebd t\u1eadp trung quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o tay c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y ch\u1eafc g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 gi\u1eadn d\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c, nh\u00f3m, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd l\u00e0 k\u1ebb thua v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. Thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eb7n hay ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c, v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m nh\u1ee5t ch\u00ed nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a. S\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ec9 khi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u1ede Somalia, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00ean b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng. S\u1ef0 TH\u1ed0NG KH\u1ed4 \u0110\u1eb0NG \u0110\u1eb4NG C\u1ee6A CONGO C\u00f3 \u00edt th\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, hay phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00ec sao th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf l\u1ea1i hi\u1ebfm hoi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch dai d\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eady d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c minh h\u1ecda s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1eadn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 Congo. C\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan \u0111\u1ebfn Congo v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cs\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 kh\u1ed1n c\u00f9ng\u201d \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4 s\u01a1 theo c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u00c2u ch\u00e2u, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kongo \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft, b\u00e1nh xe, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 c\u00e0y. L\u00fd do cho s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Kongo \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n khi h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang, l\u00e0 r\u00f5 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. \u0110\u00e3 l\u00e0 do b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Kongo \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 vua \u1edf Mbanza, S\u00e3o Salvador sau n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng xa th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t elite","88 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c. S\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp elite n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 xung quanh S\u00e3o Salvador v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c thu\u1ebf t\u1eeb ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng b\u1edfi elite \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u tr\u00ean b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n; m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu m\u1ed7i khi m\u0169 c\u1ee7a vua r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Kongo l\u1ebd ra \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u2013 th\u00ed d\u1ee5, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch mua c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfc c\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng b\u00f5 c\u00f4ng, v\u00ec m\u1ecdi s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00eam m\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd b\u1ecb vua v\u00e0 elite c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t. Thay cho \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 b\u00e1n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kongo \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ra xa th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng; h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 ra c\u00e0ng xa \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t, nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi t\u1ea7m v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. S\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Kongo v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c m\u00e0 ch\u1eb7n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Kongo \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p r\u1ea5t \u00edt d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n an to\u00e0n hay lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cho t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng bao g\u1ed3m n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn ngh\u1ec1 hay vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu cho m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1edf ra cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eafn v\u1edbi \u00f4ng ta. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 elite nhanh ch\u00f3ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef sau khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u01b0a ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o, nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft cho tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n c\u01b0. Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u00f9 \u201cngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 kh\u1ed1n c\u00f9ng\u201d \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Kongo c\u00f3 logic ri\u00eang ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang: ch\u00fang l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, r\u1ea5t gi\u00e0u. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u, vua Kongo v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a xa x\u1ec9 \u00c2u ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u v\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. G\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Kongo b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.","T\u1ea0O RA TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG V\u00c0 NGH\u00c8O KH\u00d3 \u25cf 89 \u0110\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ch\u1eb7n nh\u00e0 vua kh\u1ecfi l\u1ea5y t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n hay th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n hay t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an to\u00e0n. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Kongo \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, khi\u1ebfn cho vua v\u00e0 elite v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Kongo t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n s\u1eafc n\u00e9t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m n\u01a1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c, b\u1ecb ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Kongo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed b\u1edfi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. Nh\u00e0 vua c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c n\u0103m ng\u00e0n qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y, m\u00e0 n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t l\u00e0 n\u0103m tr\u0103m l\u00ednh ng\u1ef1 l\u00e2m \u2013 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh kh\u1ee7ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ec sao nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c l\u1ea1i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c h\u00e1o h\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u00c2u ch\u00e2u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. \u0110\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1eadp n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch cho vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Kongo n\u00f3i chung th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 elite \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n n\u00e0y. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0m cho elite th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb thua v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 m\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 mang l\u1ea1i cho h\u1ecd. Th\u1ee9 hai, c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 n\u1ebfu quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 elite b\u1ecb c\u1eaft x\u00e9n. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu nh\u00e0 vua ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u1ec9 huy n\u0103m tr\u0103m ng\u1ef1 l\u00e2m qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, ai tin m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e3i b\u1ecf? C\u00e1i g\u00ec ch\u1eb7n nh\u00e0 vua kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng sau \u0111\u00f3? B\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb sao cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, trao cho h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 thu\u1ebf hay v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i c\u00e1c ng\u1ef1 l\u00e2m qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m. Nh\u01b0ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1ng nghi r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 elite l\u00e0 cao trong danh s\u00e1ch \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd [c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n]. Trong k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0m cho nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb thua v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u0103m tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng cho vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u v\u00ec sao nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Congo hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1eabn ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb \u00c2u ch\u00e2u trong khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Congo v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u201ctranh gi\u00e0nh ch\u00e2u Phi\u201d v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn","90 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 x\u00e1 h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf Kongo. Ngo\u00e0i ra, n\u00f3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf trao quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i cho s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ed1 \u00edt b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n B\u1ec9, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Vua Leopold II. Khi Congo tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1960, c\u00f9ng h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch, v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Congo \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c cao \u0111\u1ed9. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f2n t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3, Congo, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb Kinshasa, \u0111\u00e3 \u00edt ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Mobutu \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u cho m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cho c\u00e1c c\u00e1nh h\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u2013 th\u00ed d\u1ee5, qua ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Zaire h\u00f3a n\u0103m 1973, m\u00e0 d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch kinh t\u1ebf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u2013 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a v\u1edbi \u00edt quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i k\u00eau g\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Katanga v\u00e0 Kasai ly khai trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1960. S\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng m\u00e0 Congo chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara. C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Congo hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1eabn ngh\u00e8o b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1eabn thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, hay s\u1ef1 ngu d\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n hay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i gi\u1eef Congo ngh\u00e8o, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i sau t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y b\u1edfi v\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1eb9p trong tay c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t elite nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00edt khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n an to\u00e0n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 s\u1ebd c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, hay \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf. \u0110\u00fang h\u01a1n, l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c thu nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp trung, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0 \u1edf ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t","T\u1ea0O RA TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG V\u00c0 NGH\u00c8O KH\u00d3 \u25cf 91 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 m\u01b0u toan ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Kongo, v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a Congo, minh h\u1ecda m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng cho vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf ra sao v\u00e0, th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 quy m\u00f4 cho t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng minh h\u1ecda m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng sinh gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf trao quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u cho s\u1ed1 \u00edt g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i cho s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng. T\u0102NG TR\u01af\u1edeNG D\u01af\u1edaI C\u00c1C TH\u1ec2 CH\u1ebe CH\u00cdNH TR\u1eca KHAI TH\u00c1C Congo ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n. Tuy v\u1eady, trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1ef1 c\u1ef1c \u0111oan nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a elite, v\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra \u00edt ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c. Lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1eafn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m, trong khi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eb1ng nhau. C\u00f3 hai c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng b\u1ed5 sung cho nhau m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, cho d\u00f9 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi elite c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t cao m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. M\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea3o v\u00f9ng Caribe gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n, s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00ean m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng qua ng\u00e0y. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft do suy dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ec7t s\u1ee9c. \u1ede Barbados, Cuba, Haiti, v\u00e0 Jamaica trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m, m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 nh\u1ecf, elite \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n, \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Trong khi \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0o, quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a elite \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 k\u1ef9. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u00e3 man \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n c\u01b0, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01a1i gi\u00e0u nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 b\u00e1n","92 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 khi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n sang c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n thu nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a elite \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n. M\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4 t\u1eeb K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch N\u0103m N\u0103m l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t trong n\u0103m 1928 cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1970. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 mang t\u00ednh khai th\u00e1c cao \u0111\u1ed9, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf nhanh b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, n\u01a1i ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, sang c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, cho d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Nhi\u1ec1u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c s\u1ebd l\u1ea3ng tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9, m\u00e0 elite t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, thay \u0111\u1ed5i qua c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a elite \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 an to\u00e0n n\u00ean h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u01b0\u1edbc h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m khi h\u1ecd kh\u00e1 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111e d\u1ecda quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 kh\u00e1c, t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ban cho m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00e1 bao g\u1ed3m, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eb7n l\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 hai m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a Nam H\u00e0n d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi T\u01b0\u1edbng Park l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5. Park l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n qua m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh n\u0103m 1961, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m v\u1eady trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd b\u1edfi Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u01a1i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Park l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee7 an to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m v\u1eady m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u2013 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, Nam H\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c theo h\u01b0\u1edbng sang c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1980. S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 do m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1.","T\u1ea0O RA TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG V\u00c0 NGH\u00c8O KH\u00d3 \u25cf 93 V\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1970, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf \u1edf Nam H\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ee7 bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c l\u00fd do c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c \u2013 elite kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00edt \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd hay c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. S\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 thu nh\u1eadp \u1edf Nam H\u00e0n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng elite c\u00f3 \u00edt \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ee3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda t\u1eeb B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p l\u00e2u. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c \u00e1m s\u00e1t T\u01b0\u1edbng Park trong n\u0103m 1979 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp theo b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi Chun Doo-hwan, ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a Chun, Roh Tae-woo, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111a nguy\u00ean sau n\u0103m 1992. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0o thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng Soviet \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee5t h\u01a1i ki\u1ec7t s\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u suy s\u1ee5p trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1980 v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i tan v\u1ee1 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1990. T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf Trung Qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n nay c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m chung v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 Nam H\u00e0n. Trong khi c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 trong khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch trong khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 im h\u01a1i l\u1eb7ng ti\u1ebfng h\u01a1n. Ngay c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m trong quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u1ed1n v\u00e0 s\u1ebd m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u2013 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh, ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n k\u1ebfch x\u00f9. Nh\u01b0 \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4 trong th\u1eddi ho\u00e0ng kim c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1edbi \u00edt d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m. S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n xa m\u1edbi mang t\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u0169ng g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i theo ki\u1ec3u Nam H\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u00edt c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3. \u0110\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a cho c\u1ea3 hai c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eadp trung ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec elite \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n \u1edf Barbados, Cuba, Haiti, v\u00e0 Jamaica \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c t\u00edch s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm ch\u1eb7t quy\u1ec1n","94 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, th\u00ec c\u00e1c elite qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Nam H\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee7 an to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 ra c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 v\u1eabn t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1m l\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. V\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u00ec nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4 hay \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t cao. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n chia ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c v\u00ec th\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara, s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t ngay c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. Cho d\u00f9 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef v\u1eefng, v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra lo\u1ea1i t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Khi c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u mang t\u00ednh khai th\u00e1c, c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh, nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu. Khi \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u1eebng l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4 trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1970. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Soviet \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf nhanh, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00edt thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed5 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u1ed3 \u1ea1t v\u00e0o qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u01b0\u1edbc Hoa K\u1ef3 trong cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 tr\u00ean di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t. Ngo\u00e0i ra, nh\u1eefng s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp, m\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, do b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, l\u00e0 mong manh \u2013 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 hay b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c g\u00e2y ra. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t xu h\u01b0\u1edbng chung cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong tay c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t elite h\u1eb9p. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5n \u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u01a1n elite n\u00e0y v\u00e0 n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, nh\u01b0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Maya s\u1ebd minh h\u1ecda, s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m","T\u1ea0O RA TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG V\u00c0 NGH\u00c8O KH\u00d3 \u25cf 95 so\u00e1t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc to\u00e0n n\u0103ng l\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u00e2m \u1ec9, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, khi n\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 tan v\u1ee1 v\u00e0 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed9t ng\u1ee5 \u00fd c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0, cho d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eadp trung nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p tr\u00e0n lan, coi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng dai d\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 thi\u00eang li\u00eang nh\u01b0 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf M\u1ef9 Latin v\u00e0 Nam \u00c1. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, khi s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng \u1edf n\u01a1i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh bao g\u1ed3m, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u1edf Nam H\u00e0n, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i hi\u1ec3m nguy r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf tr\u1edf n\u00ean khai th\u00e1c h\u01a1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u1eebng l\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ea1nh tranh, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong chi\u1ebfc b\u00e1nh, hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n c\u1eafp v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n ch\u00ednh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf, tr\u1eeb phi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb khai th\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bao g\u1ed3m.","4. NH\u1eeeNG KH\u00c1C BI\u1ec6T NH\u1ece V\u00c0 C\u00c1C B\u01af\u1edaC NGO\u1eb6T: S\u1ee8C N\u1eb6NG C\u1ee6A L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI DO D\u1ecaCH H\u1ea0CH G\u00c2Y RA TRONG N\u0102M 1346 D\u1ecaCH H\u1ea0CH, C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0110en, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ea3ng Tana \u1edf c\u1eeda S\u00f4ng \u0110\u00f4ng \u1edf Bi\u1ec3n \u0110en. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u1edfi b\u1ecd ch\u00e9t s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean chu\u1ed9t, b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecdc theo Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng T\u01a1 l\u1ee5a, m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i huy\u1ebft m\u1ea1ch xuy\u00ean \u00c1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u1edd c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n x\u1ee9 Genoa, chu\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e3 mau ch\u00f3ng l\u00e0m cho b\u1ecd ch\u00e9t v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch lan t\u1eeb Tana ra to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u 1347, d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn Constantinople. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n 1348, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 lan xuy\u00ean qua Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Phi v\u00e0 l\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t h\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfc \u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a Italia. B\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 tri\u1ec7t h\u1ea1 kho\u1ea3ng n\u1eeda d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 v\u00f9ng n\u00e0o m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e9t qua. Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Ilalia Giovanni Boccaccio \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Florence c\u1ee7a Italia. Mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n \u00f4ng nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i: \u0110\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u00e0o t\u1edbi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t v\u00e0 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u \u2026 b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tai h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 g\u00e2y khi\u1ebfp s\u1ee3. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, n\u01a1i n\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai h\u1ed9c m\u00e1u m\u0169i th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1m hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ch \u1edf b\u1eb9n hay \u1edf n\u00e1ch, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00f9 qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ee9ng trong khi","NH\u1eeeNG KH\u00c1C BI\u1ec6T NH\u1ece V\u00c0 C\u00c1C B\u01af\u1edaC NGO\u1eb6T \u25cf 97 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc kho\u1ea3ng ch\u1eebng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 t\u00e1o b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u2026 Mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh thay \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c v\u1ebft \u0111en v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ebft th\u00e2m t\u00edm tr\u00ean tay, \u0111\u00f9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 h\u1ecd \u2026 Ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y \u2026 T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a y h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 \u00edch v\u00e0 v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u \u2026 V\u00e0 trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft x\u1ea3y ra trong v\u00f2ng ba ng\u00e0y k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta m\u00f4 t\u1ea3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch \u0111ang \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t vong s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn. V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m n\u0103m 1348, Vua Edward III \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0110\u1ee9c T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c Cantenbury \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 cho c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc trong nh\u00e0 th\u1edd nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1i s\u1eafp gi\u00e1ng xu\u1ed1ng h\u1ecd. Ralph \u1edf th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Shrewsbury, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c gi\u00e1o x\u1ee9 Bath, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft cho c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c: Ch\u00faa to\u00e0n n\u0103ng d\u00f9ng s\u1ea5m, s\u00e9t [sic], v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i ph\u00f3ng t\u1eeb ngai v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y \u0111au kh\u1ed5 cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i. Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u1eeb khi b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch tai h\u1ecda t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng, r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng lo ng\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng, tr\u1eeb phi ch\u00fang ta c\u00e2u nguy\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng, m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3i c\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0o v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 gi\u00e1ng xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ti\u00eau h\u1ee7y s\u1ea1ch c\u01b0 d\u00e2n. V\u00ec th\u1ebf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa trong l\u00fac th\u00fa t\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i th\u00e1nh v\u1ecbnh. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u00edch l\u1ee3i g\u00ec. D\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 mau ch\u00f3ng ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Anh. C\u00e1c th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng to l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f3a \u0111i\u00ean. Boccaccio \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng, \u201cm\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sai \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh xa tai h\u1ecda kinh kh\u1ee7ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 u\u1ed1ng t\u00fay l\u00fay, th\u1ecfa s\u1ee9c t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, \u0111i v\u00f2ng quanh ca h\u00e1t v\u00e0 vui ch\u01a1i h\u1ed9i h\u00e8, chi\u1ec1u theo m\u1ecdi ham mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, nh\u00fan vai coi khinh c\u00e1i quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 \u0111\u00f9a l\u1edbn \u2026 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00ec sao c\u00e1c b\u00e0, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u00edt trong s\u1ea1ch h\u01a1n trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ti\u1ebfp sau.\u201d Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00ean c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u00c2u ch\u00e2u trung c\u1ed5.","98 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I V\u00e0o l\u00fac chuy\u1ec3n giao th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 phong ki\u1ebfn, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u1ed5i l\u00ean \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u sau s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc gi\u1eefa nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00faa (lord) b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00f4ng, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f9ng. Nh\u00e0 vua s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u00faa ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n ph\u1ea1t v\u00e0 thu\u1ebf. C\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u201cn\u00f4 l\u1ec7\u201d c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng n\u00f4, b\u1ecb g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n, b\u1ed9i th\u1ea9m \u0111o\u00e0n, v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t. \u0110\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mang t\u00ednh khai th\u00e1c h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c cao, v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ch\u1ea3y t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n l\u00ean ph\u00eda tr\u00ean cho \u00edt ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ea5t. S\u1ef1 khan hi\u1ebfm lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng do d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch g\u00e2y ra \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m rung chuy\u1ec3n n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 phong ki\u1ebfn. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f2i thay \u0111\u1ed5i. T\u1ea1i Eynsham Abbey, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f2i gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n ph\u1ea1t v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n, v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u201cV\u00e0o th\u1eddi ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c hay b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch, x\u1ea3y ra n\u0103m 1349, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u00ea c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong th\u00e1i \u1ea5p, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ecf \u0111i tr\u1eeb phi Th\u1ea7y Nicolas x\u1ee9 Upton, cha tr\u01b0\u1edfng tu vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a trang \u1ea5p khi \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn m\u1edbi v\u1edbi h\u1ecd\u201d. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m. Vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea3y ra t\u1ea1i Eynsham \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i. C\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi lao d\u1ecbch b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. L\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u0103ng l\u00ean. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y v\u00e0, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1351, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt [v\u1ec1 Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi] Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng (Statute of Laborers), m\u00e0 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng: B\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft trong d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1, th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khan hi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb, kh\u00f4ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 tr\u1eeb phi h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 \u2026 Ch\u00fang ta, xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t thi\u1ebfu th\u1ee3 c\u00e0y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00e2n tay nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, g\u00e2y ra, \u0111\u00e3 \u2026 th\u1ea5y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh: r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh ch\u00fang ta \u2026 s\u1ebd bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm anh ta; v\u00e0 anh ta","NH\u1eeeNG KH\u00c1C BI\u1ec6T NH\u1ece V\u00c0 C\u00c1C B\u01af\u1edaC NGO\u1eb6T \u25cf 99 s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea5y [ti\u1ec1n] c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ee5c, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p hay l\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0, \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i anh ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, \u0111\u00e3 quen \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 trong n\u0103m th\u1ee9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh [Vua Edward III l\u00ean ng\u00f4i v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 25-1-1327, cho n\u00ean s\u1ef1 d\u1eabn chi\u1ebfu \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1347] ho\u1eb7c n\u0103m hay s\u00e1u n\u0103m b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00e1i Ch\u1ebft \u0110en. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0m cho elite Anh lo l\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 d\u1ee5 d\u1ed7\u201d, m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n khan hi\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft giam tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t cho vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf \u0111i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7: V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t th\u1ee3 g\u1eb7t hay th\u1ee3 c\u1eaft, ho\u1eb7c th\u1ee3 kh\u00e1c hay \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb, d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb hay \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai, m\u00e0 r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 cho ph\u00e9p hay l\u00fd do h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t t\u1ed1ng giam, v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i ra \u2026 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u2026 tr\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ee5c, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 hay l\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c theo l\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn. N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng sau C\u00e1i Ch\u1ebft \u0110en \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c. Trong n\u0103m 1381, Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a N\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u1ed5 ra, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i d\u1eady, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Wat Tyler, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn London. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 Tyler b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00e1c c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 thi h\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1eefa. D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng phong ki\u1ebfn teo d\u1ea7n \u0111i, m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed5i l\u00ean \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean. D\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u00c2u. C\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111ang v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhau. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng khan hi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f2i c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t logic tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u00cdt ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng cao h\u01a1n trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng bao g\u1ed3m. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 th\u1ecb","100 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. \u1ede n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trong \u0110\u1ea1o Lu\u1eadt Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n. \u0110\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ebf \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u. Sau d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch, c\u00e1c ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ea5t \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ea5t T\u00e2y \u00c2u r\u1ed3i. C\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n v\u00e0 th\u01b0a d\u00e2n h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 thay v\u00ec tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 sau n\u0103m 1500, khi T\u00e2y \u00c2u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u nh\u01b0 l\u00faa m\u1ef3, l\u00faa m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 gia s\u00fac. T\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u l\u00faa m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0o Amsterdam \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng Elbe, Vistula, v\u00e0 Order. Ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u, n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh b\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Lan \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 v\u1edbi \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u. Khi c\u1ea7u T\u00e2y \u00c2u t\u0103ng, c\u00e1c ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ea5t \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 si\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t th\u00eam s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng cung. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 N\u00f4ng n\u00f4 Th\u1ee9 hai, kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc h\u01a1n d\u1ea1ng g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u Th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5. C\u00e1c ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng thu\u1ebf m\u00e0 h\u1ecd thu tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u00ea c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. T\u1ea1i Korczyn, Ba Lan, m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng trong n\u0103m 1533. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1600 g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng. Trong n\u0103m 1500, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf Macklenberg, \u1edf mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1550 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1600 ba ng\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n. Con c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng cho ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ea5t trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. T\u1ea1i Hungary, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1514, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng trong m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1550, m\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean hai ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ba ng\u00e0y. C\u00e1c n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm 90 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong n\u0103m 1346 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00edt s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa T\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1600 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1c nhau ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. \u1ede T\u00e2y \u00c2u, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n ph\u00ed, ph\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh phong ki\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ang h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh. T\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 v\u1eady,","NH\u1eeeNG KH\u00c1C BI\u1ec6T NH\u1ece V\u00c0 C\u00c1C B\u01af\u1edaC NGO\u1eb6T \u25cf 101 nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c nu\u00f4i tr\u1ed3ng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 [s\u1ef1 r\u1ebd theo c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau] th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf: \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u c\u00e1c ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat; h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ed9p l\u1ea1i h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u01a1n. Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y gi\u1eefa T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 phong ki\u1ebfn b\u1ecb C\u00e1i Ch\u1ebft \u0110en l\u00e0m lung lay. C\u00e1i Ch\u1ebft \u0110en l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t [critical juncture], m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1edbn hay s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng kinh t\u1ebf hay ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con dao hai l\u01b0\u1ee1i m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 r\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t trong qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 chu tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, nh\u01b0 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. Ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 N\u00f4ng n\u00f4 Th\u1ee9 hai \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ebf n\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n nay v\u00e0 v\u00ec sao m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m trong khi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng. T\u1ea0O RA C\u00c1C TH\u1ec2 CH\u1ebe BAO G\u1ed2M N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia khi n\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 sang t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 theo sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf","102 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, mang t\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y s\u00e2u s\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn m\u00e0, \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t d\u1eef d\u1ed9i khi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, tranh gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 th\u1eed t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf theo s\u1ef1 \u01b0a th\u00edch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 hai s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh: N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Anh gi\u1eefa 1642 v\u00e0 1651, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang 1688. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cho Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb cho ph\u1ea7n bao qu\u00e1t ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111a nguy\u00ean, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1edf n\u00ean bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n. C\u1ea3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 phong ki\u1ebfn trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf Anh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. C\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n b\u00f3p ngh\u1eb9t. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 thao t\u00fang h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai b\u1ecb k\u1eb9t v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n m\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 r\u1ee7i ro \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch cho \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf c\u1ea5p quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n cho c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra k\u00edch th\u00edch l\u1edbn cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. N\u00f3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1. Ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadt Anh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 n\u0103ng n\u1ed5 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng","NH\u1eeeNG KH\u00c1C BI\u1ec6T NH\u1ece V\u00c0 C\u00c1C B\u01af\u1edaC NGO\u1eb6T \u25cf 103 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u1ee1 b\u1ecf c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 c\u0169ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Anh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u00f3a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu, n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1, k\u00eanh r\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f3a ra l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh khai th\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch t\u1ee5 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u1ecfi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, do vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t v\u00f4 nh\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i sinh l\u1eddi cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. Ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 \u0111\u00fang t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh kinh doanh. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao, ch\u00ed \u00edt theo c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi cho c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 James Watt (ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc), Richard Trevithick (ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e1y xe l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean), Richard Arkwright (nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra m\u00e1y xe s\u1ee3i), v\u00e0 Insambard Kingdom Brunel (nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0u h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i kinh t\u1ebf do c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ea1o ra, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01a1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 l\u1eddi. N\u0103m 1775, ngay sau khi \u00f4ng gia h\u1ea1n b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 L\u1eeda\u201d, James Watt \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft cho cha m\u00ecnh:","104 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I Cha k\u00ednh m\u1ebfn, Sau m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 Ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng con \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u Lu\u1eadt do Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ban h\u00e0nh trao quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 L\u1eeda m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a con cho con v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee6y quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con, tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh & c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n trong hai m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m n\u0103m t\u1edbi, m\u00e0 con hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t \u00edch l\u1ee3i cho con, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang. L\u00e1 th\u01b0 n\u00e0y ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 hai th\u1ee9. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, Watt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh, b\u1edfi \u201cc\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3\u201d \u1edf V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Anh. Th\u1ee9 hai, n\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ra sao \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u1eddi th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m m\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t ch\u00fang, l\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m n\u00e0y b\u1edfi v\u00ec hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u01b0\u1edbc tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp theo \u2013 qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 \u2013 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1eadp t\u1edbi c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang. Trong khi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y \u00c2u nh\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 hai. C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n d\u1eabn t\u1edbi C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang \u0111\u00e3 r\u00e8n \u0111\u00fac m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n l\u00ean quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a li\u00ean minh n\u00e0y. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111a nguy\u00ean, m\u00e0 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t cho C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t.","NH\u1eeeNG KH\u00c1C BI\u1ec6T NH\u1ece V\u00c0 C\u00c1C B\u01af\u1edaC NGO\u1eb6T \u25cf 105 NH\u1eeeNG KH\u00c1C BI\u1ec6T NH\u1ece M\u00c0 L\u00c0 QUAN TR\u1eccNG B\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7y k\u1ecbch t\u00ednh v\u1edbi C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Anh b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0m theo c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Arkwright v\u00e0 Watt, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m theo, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u h\u1ecd s\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 hay s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u00e0o n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt r\u1ed3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf xung quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u? C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Anh \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean l\u1edbn h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1688, so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u1edf Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta quay l\u1ea1i theo th\u1eddi gian m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m, \u0111\u1ebfn 1588, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t co l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec. C\u1ea3 ba n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n: Elizabeth I \u1edf Anh, Philip II \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha, v\u00e0 Henry II \u1edf Ph\u00e1p. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 dang chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u2013 nh\u01b0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u1edf Anh, Cortes \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha, v\u00e0 Estates- General \u1edf Ph\u00e1p \u2013 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f2i nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n h\u01a1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c nhau. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Anh v\u00e0 Cortes c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 thu\u1ebf, c\u00f2n Estates-General th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. \u1ede T\u00e2y Ban Nha vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u00edt quan tr\u1ecdng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec sau 1492 Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf M\u1ef9 [ch\u00e2u] m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn t\u1eeb v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. T\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1c. Elizabeth I \u0111\u00e3 \u00edt \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, cho n\u00ean b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7u xin Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ebf h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f2i nh\u1eefng nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Elizabeth \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t xung \u0111\u1ed9t m\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u1eafng t\u1eeb t\u1eeb. \u1ede T\u00e2y Ban Nha, Cortes l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 thua trong m\u1ed9t xung \u0111\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1ecf, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra n\u0103m 1492 v\u00e0 Vasco da Gama \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i v\u00f2ng quanh M\u0169i H\u1ea3o V\u1ecdng, \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng ni\u1ec1m nam ch\u00e2u Phi, n\u0103m 1498, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn sau 1600 th\u00ec m\u1ed9t","106 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I s\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u1ea3y ra. N\u0103m 1585 vi\u1ec7c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Anh \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i Roanoke, trong ch\u1ed7 n\u01a1i b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 B\u1eafc Carolina. N\u0103m 1600, C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. N\u0103m 1602 C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n H\u00e0 Lan ra \u0111\u1eddi. N\u0103m 1607 C\u00f4ng ty Virginia th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Jamestown. V\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1620 v\u00f9ng Caribe b\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a, v\u1edbi Barbados b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm n\u0103m 1627. Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng qua \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u1eadp ra th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Quebec n\u0103m 1608 nh\u01b0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi, m\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 Canada. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Anh so v\u1edbi T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u1ea5y. Elizabeth v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. C\u00e1c n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u00c2u ch\u00e2u kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. V\u00ec th\u1ebf trong khi \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i xuy\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m l\u1edbn c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u1edbi \u00edt m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha hay \u1edf Ph\u00e1p. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n Anh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ef1c b\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong N\u1ed9i Chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang. Nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i. C\u00e1c vua Ph\u00e1p, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi Fronde [N\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n] gi\u1eefa 1648 v\u00e0 1652. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf s\u1ebd th\u1eafng b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i gi\u00e0u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng h\u01a1n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p. C\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Anh, Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y minh h\u1ecda t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng qua l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t [critical junctures]. Trong th\u1eddi gian b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1edbn hay s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hay kinh t\u1ebf trong m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia duy nh\u1ea5t, th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng n\u0103m 1976, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t ch\u1ec9 cho Trung Hoa C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n. Tuy v\u1eady, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, theo c\u00e1ch m\u00e0, th\u00ed d\u1ee5, s\u1ef1 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 phi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u.","NH\u1eeeNG KH\u00c1C BI\u1ec6T NH\u1ece V\u00c0 C\u00c1C B\u01af\u1edaC NGO\u1eb6T \u25cf 107 Nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n kinh kh\u1ee7ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb t\u1eeb, do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1eadn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang trao cho nhau. S\u1ef1 dai d\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n, Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn m\u00e0 s\u1ebd l\u1ea5y \u0111i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf hay quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t khi m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t x\u1ea3y ra, nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ecf m\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ban \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e0 ch\u00fang kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf \u1edf Anh, Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. C\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ea3y sinh do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i xuy\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edf ra cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u. Cho d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u1ecf l\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf l\u1edbn h\u01a1n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu c\u00f2n kh\u00e1c nhau h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u00fac nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Trong khi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf gi\u1eefa Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1ecf trong n\u0103m 1588, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf gi\u1eefa T\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. \u1ede T\u00e2y \u00c2u, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 Anh, Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn (Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, Estates- General, v\u00e0 Cortes). C\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4. \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u khi \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ba Lan-Lithuania, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p elite \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Szlachta, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c h\u1ecd th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u ch\u1ecdn vua. \u0110\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0 \u1edf Ph\u00e1p d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Vua M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, Louis XIV, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t elite, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u0169ng v\u1eady. Szlachta \u0111\u00e3 cai tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u1edbi \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o d\u00e2n c\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i kinh t\u1ebf. Xa h\u01a1n sang ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, Peter \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Nga \u0111\u00e3 c\u0169ng \u0111ang c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi Louis XIV \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 8 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa T\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u xem li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4","108 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I hay kh\u00f4ng trong n\u0103m 1800. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4 m\u00e0u s\u1eabm v\u1eabn c\u00f2n, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0u s\u00e1ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u s\u1eabm, T\u00e2y \u00c2u s\u00e1ng. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eady so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc, tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n khi C\u00e1i Ch\u1ebft \u0110en t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1346. \u0110\u00e3 [ch\u1ec9] c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u. N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0 Hungary th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t gia t\u1ed9c, nh\u00e0 Angevin. C\u00e1c kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n n\u1ed5i l\u00ean sau C\u00e1i Ch\u1ebft \u0110en, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n gi\u1eefa T\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y, m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m, v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn.","NH\u1eeeNG KH\u00c1C BI\u1ec6T NH\u1ece V\u00c0 C\u00c1C B\u01af\u1edaC NGO\u1eb6T \u25cf 109 Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3? V\u00ec sao \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi T\u00e2y \u00c2u trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n? V\u00ec sao s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u1edf Anh l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha? Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfp theo, ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u00edt ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang ngay c\u1ea3 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u0103n b\u1eaft-h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t nh\u01b0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c San c\u1ee7a Botswana hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng canh t\u00e1c ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. Kh\u00f4ng hai x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ra c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf; ch\u00fang c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng phong t\u1ee5c ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 chia m\u1ed9t con th\u00fa b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft hay c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0, s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ngay t\u1eeb s\u1edbm, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu xung \u0111\u1ed9t kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, hay c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecf, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang t\u00edch t\u1ee5, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tr\u00f4i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf (institutional drift). H\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 hai qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4 l\u1eadp s\u1ebd t\u1eeb t\u1eeb tr\u00f4i xa nhau trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t di truy\u1ec1n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean t\u00edch t\u1ee5, hai x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng nhau c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ch\u1ea7m ch\u1eadm tr\u00f4i xa nhau v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t di truy\u1ec1n, tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u00edch t\u1ee5; qua h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u00f4i khi quan tr\u1ecdng. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t do tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf g\u00e2y ra tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kinh t\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t. C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 phong ph\u00fa v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf xung quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng qua l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u2013 \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u2013 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u0111e m\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai","110 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e8n. C\u00e1i Ch\u1ebft \u0110en v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sau 1600 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 hai b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t l\u1edbn cho c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c \u00c2u ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ban \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 l\u1edbn. B\u1edfi v\u00ec trong n\u0103m 1346 \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u, C\u00e1i Ch\u1ebft \u0110en \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a phong ki\u1ebfn \u1edf ph\u00eda T\u00e2y v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 N\u00f4ng N\u00f4 Th\u1ee9 hai \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng. B\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y, m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m, v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y kh\u00e1c nhau c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. B\u1edfi v\u00ec trong n\u0103m 1600 s\u1ef1 k\u00ecm k\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n \u1edf Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u1edbi v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, trong khi l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha. CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG T\u00d9Y THU\u1ed8C C\u1ee6A L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh b\u1edfi s\u1ee9c n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 thi v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, tuy v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf trong c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecbch nhau s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m n\u00e0o s\u1ebd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c li\u00ean minh h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0o s\u1ebd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho h\u1ecd. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc trong chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m tranh nhau \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111a nguy\u00ean h\u01a1n trong C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang n\u0103m 1688, m\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00f3 m\u1eb7c cho c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. Chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m th\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng lay chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng l\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia gi\u00e0u l\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh b\u1ea1o l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f2n xa m\u1edbi hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh s\u1ebd c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ec3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng Caribe v\u00e0 B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, hay \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u","NH\u1eeeNG KH\u00c1C BI\u1ec6T NH\u1ece V\u00c0 C\u00c1C B\u01af\u1edaC NGO\u1eb6T \u25cf 111 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eady c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i b\u00e9o b\u1edf v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. Elizabeth I \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Tudor tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Anh \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u00e0u c\u01b0\u1edbp bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0u th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9i t\u00e0u T\u00e2y Ban Nha r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Tuy nhi\u00ean l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat c\u00e1c t\u00e0u c\u01b0\u1edbp bi\u1ec3n n\u00e0y, th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u0103m 1588 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o H\u00e0 Lan thu\u1ed9c T\u00e2y Ban Nha, m\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y Ban Nha Philip I \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eed m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i t\u00e0u h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u1ed9i Armada, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Medina Sidonia ch\u1ec9 huy. \u0110\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn b\u1ecb t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha s\u1ebd ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 Elizabeth I, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o Anh. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra. Th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft x\u1ea5u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c sai l\u1ea7m chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Sidonia, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch v\u00e0o ph\u00fat ch\u00f3t sau khi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 huy c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m h\u01a1n b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho Armada T\u00e2y Ban Nha m\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed9i t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh theo c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ngang b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u00edt c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1ea3y ra n\u00e0y cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, th\u00ec c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n m\u00e0 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebb ra c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111a nguy\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh sau-1688 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 9 cho th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eafm t\u00e0u T\u00e2y Ban Nha khi Armada b\u1ecb r\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111u\u1ed5i ngay quanh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o Anh. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, trong n\u0103m 1588 ch\u1eb3ng ai \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng may m\u1eafn c\u1ee7a Anh. \u00cdt ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t n\u00e0o s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng hay \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1eaby c\u00e1c th\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn thay th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa kh\u00e1c, theo m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c Robert Michels \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e1n cho c\u00e1i t\u00ean quy lu\u1eadt s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf, m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba trong c\u00e1c","112 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I th\u1eadp ni\u00ean sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi L\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 Hai \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t cho nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1- Sahara v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 sau \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u1ea5y ra m\u1ed9t trang t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Robert Michels v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u1eb9p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, d\u1ee1 b\u1ecf c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u00edt \u1ecfi m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra cho \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf. \u0110\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, v\u00e0i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 Botswana (xem trang 404-414), m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf. C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng xa kh\u1ecfi ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m, d\u1eabu cho c\u00f3 v\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0","NH\u1eeeNG KH\u00c1C BI\u1ec6T NH\u1ece V\u00c0 C\u00c1C B\u01af\u1edaC NGO\u1eb6T \u25cf 113 tr\u1edf n\u00ean khai th\u00e1c h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb t\u1eeb b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t \u2013 v\u00e0 li\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra hay kh\u00f4ng, l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, l\u1ea1i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c. C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Venice, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e0i quan tr\u1ecdng theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m trong th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5. Nh\u01b0ng trong khi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0 v\u1eady d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang n\u0103m 1688, th\u00ec \u1edf Venice cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t elite h\u1eb9p m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n h\u00f3a c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i kinh t\u1ebf l\u1eabn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. HI\u1ec2U \u0110\u1ecaA H\u00ccNH \u0110\u1ecaA TH\u1ebe S\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111i c\u00e1c g\u1ee3n s\u00f3ng l\u0103n t\u0103n quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Anh ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 lan ra kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, th\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m v\u1eady m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng. S\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi theo c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 C\u00e1i Ch\u1ebft \u0110en \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u, v\u00e0 theo c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf Anh v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1c nhau \u2013 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i theo th\u1eddi gian b\u1edfi c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n nay t\u1ea1i v\u00ec c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u1ea3y sinh v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh [\u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ebf] xung quanh ch\u00fang ta. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u201cthu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0\u201d \u00c2u ch\u00e2u nh\u01b0 Australia, Canada, v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3, d\u1eabu cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eeba h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh khi C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1, m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Jamestown n\u0103m 1607 v\u00e0 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0110\u1ed9c L\u1eadp v\u00e0","114 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I ban h\u00e0nh Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3, chia s\u1ebb nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u1edf Anh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp trung v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111a nguy\u00ean. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 lan nhanh sang c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. T\u00e2y \u00c2u, tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u01b0 nhau, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Anh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i [c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y \u00c2u], m\u00e0 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Anh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf Ph\u00e1p. Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u00c2u ch\u00e2u, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebb ra m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m trong C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y \u00c2u h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Anh, trong khi \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 th\u00eam. Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i theo c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nhau. Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a \u00c2u ch\u00e2u chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Canada c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean \u1edf M\u1ef9 Latin, m\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha chinh ph\u1ee5c \u1edf M\u1ef9 Latin \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu ngh\u00e8o. Argentina v\u00e0 Chile, tuy v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng kh\u1ea5m kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c trong v\u00f9ng. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba hay s\u1ef1 phong ph\u00fa kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u201cb\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean\u201d trong l\u00fac nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Aztec, Mya, v\u00e0 Inca. Kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean v\u00f9ng ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Argentina l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng t\u00e2y b\u1eafc, ph\u1ea7n duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Argentina \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba T\u00e2y Ban Nha. S\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o dai d\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00e1c di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi mita Potos\u00ed \u1edf Bolivia v\u00e0 Peru (trang 16-18). Ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u00edt c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i do C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1o ra. Su\u1ed1t ch\u00ed \u00edt m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m qua, ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c \u1ed5 nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu sau ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u01a1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t mu\u1ed9n v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t m\u1ecfng manh. N\u01a1i ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ch\u00fang ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0 Kongo v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. Ch\u00e2u Phi chia s\u1ebb qu\u1ef9","NH\u1eeeNG KH\u00c1C BI\u1ec6T NH\u1ece V\u00c0 C\u00c1C B\u01af\u1edaC NGO\u1eb6T \u25cf 115 \u0111\u1ea1o thi\u1ebfu nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp trung n\u00e0y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 Afghanistan, Haiti, v\u00e0 Nepal, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 nh\u1ecf v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, Afghanistan, Haiti, v\u00e0 Nepal c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u00e9t chung v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1- Sahara, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf Phi ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ra sao th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i minh h\u1ecda qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf b\u1ecb ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c tai \u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 xuy\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi cho V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Kongo khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Kongo, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng. Ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf Kongo \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f3a ph\u00e9p th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1eaft h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 b\u00e1n h\u1ecd cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a xa x\u1ec9 cho elite Kongo. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ban \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1eefa n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0 Kongo \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng trong khi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111a nguy\u00ean ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 hy v\u1ecdng n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u1edf Kongo. \u1ede ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u00e2u Phi c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu kh\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n; trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Phi ch\u00e2u ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c. B\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ra ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi c\u00f2n khai th\u00e1c h\u01a1n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1807, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u00c2u ch\u00e2u ti\u1ebfp sau kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi n\u1ea3y sinh \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n nam v\u00e0 t\u00e2y ch\u00e2u Phi, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng","116 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng ngay c\u1ea3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 Congo, Madagascar, Namibia, v\u00e0 Tanzania, c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u01a1i s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c, x\u00e2u x\u00e9 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 l\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00edt c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00f2n t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1960 cho ch\u00e2u Phi m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Phi ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng thay v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t cho nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u1edf c\u1eeda cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 khai th\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n. Nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu kh\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0ng tuy nhi\u00ean l\u1ea1i thi\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch t\u1eadp trung n\u00e0o tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a lan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u Phi b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c. Botswana l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y (trang 404-416), trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn, Vua Khama, \u00f4ng n\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Botswana khi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, Seretse Khama, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u00f4ng. H\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng minh c\u1ee7a Khama v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. S\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng qua l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t, m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kh\u1ecfi \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Botswana. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u1ecf m\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ec3 xem c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e9n r\u1ec5 s\u00e2u. Trong khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n, s\u1ef1 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u1edf Anh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1. Seretse Khama, theo h\u1ecdc \u1edf Anh trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1940, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00f2ng Ruth Williams, m\u1ed9t","NH\u1eeeNG KH\u00c1C BI\u1ec6T NH\u1ece V\u00c0 C\u00c1C B\u01af\u1edaC NGO\u1eb6T \u25cf 117 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da tr\u1eafng. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c apartheid \u1edf Nam Phi \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh c\u1ea5m \u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi x\u1ee9 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Bechuanaland (m\u00e0 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi Cao \u1ee6y Nam Phi), v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Khi \u00f4ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m v\u1eady v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1m l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 c\u1ea3i bi\u00ean ch\u00fang cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Khama \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi phi th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn t\u00e2m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c \u00f4ng. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Phi ch\u00e2u kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c may m\u1eafn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. C\u1ea3 hai th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u1edf Botswana v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o h\u01a1n l\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ed5 hay b\u1ecb l\u00e0m cho m\u00e9o m\u00f3 nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi. TRONG TH\u1ebe K\u1ef6 TH\u1ee8 M\u01af\u1edcI CH\u00cdN, ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c m\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi hay \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb7n con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u1edf ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u00e2u \u00c1. \u1ede Trung Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hay \u0111\u00e3 y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00ednh l\u00edu s\u00e2u v\u00e0o th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ngo\u1ea3nh m\u1eb7t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0o l\u00fac nh\u1ea7m th\u1eddi, khi c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf nh\u00e0 Minh \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m r\u1eb1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i t\u0103ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i ch\u1eafc s\u1ebd \u0111e d\u1ecda s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u1ede \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, s\u1ef1 tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng caste (\u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p) k\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 phong ki\u1ebfn \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trung c\u1ed5. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t cho m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb Mughal. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau trong Th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5. C\u00e1c h\u1ecd Anglo-Saxon hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 Baker, Cooper, v\u00e0 Smith l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ngh\u1ec1 k\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n. C\u00e1c baker l\u00e0m b\u00e1nh m\u1ef3, cooper \u0111\u00f3ng th\u00f9ng, smith r\u00e8n kim lo\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ngh\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edf c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 t\u00ean ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n ngh\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia","118 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n kh\u1eafp \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf Mughal \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n \u00edt th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n h\u01a1n cho c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a v\u00ec \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh. Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u, nh\u01b0ng sau khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh Thu\u1ed1c Phi\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa 1839 v\u00e0 1842, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa gi\u1eefa 1856 v\u00e0 1860, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i k\u00fd m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c th\u1ecfa \u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ee5c nh\u00e3 v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u \u00c2u ch\u00e2u x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp. V\u00ec Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u00e2u \u00c1, tr\u1eeb Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ee5t l\u1ea1i sau khi T\u00e2y \u00c2u ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u. TI\u1ebeN TR\u00ccNH ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch ra trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa l\u1ea1i minh h\u1ecda s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf do tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf g\u00e2y ra. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, gi\u1ed1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf. Nh\u00e0 Tokugawa \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1600 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 cai tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng phong ki\u1ebfn m\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y khi b\u1ed1n t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3, do Matthew C. Perry ch\u1ec9 huy, \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o V\u1ecbnh Edo v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng S\u00e1u 1853, \u0111\u00f2i nh\u1eefng nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 m\u00e0 Anh nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh Thu\u1ed1c phi\u1ec7n. Nh\u01b0ng b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 g\u1ea7n nhau v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t xa nhau r\u1ed3i. Trong khi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Tokugawa \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh khai th\u00e1c, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng mong manh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba phong ki\u1ebfn l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c. Cho d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u00f2a d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba phong ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u1ea1ch ra m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 kh\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y, v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 nh\u1ecf so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t t\u00e1ch Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n kh\u1ecfi T\u00e2y \u00c2u, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o","NH\u1eeeNG KH\u00c1C BI\u1ec6T NH\u1ece V\u00c0 C\u00c1C B\u01af\u1edaC NGO\u1eb6T \u25cf 119 ra b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u00e0 M\u1ef9. Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh sau c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh Thu\u1ed1c Phi\u1ec7n, trong khi s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb Tokugawa \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, Minh tr\u1ecb Duy t\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 10. Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Nh\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, trong khi Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1ch ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ra sao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c do c\u00e1c t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ebf xung quanh ch\u00fang ta: nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 sang t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh. Nam H\u00e0n, \u0110\u00e0i Loan, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf cao d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y tai n\u1ea1n sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 Hai th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i. \u1ede m\u1ed7i trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn sau nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u2013 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt. Logic c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i. Theo c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00e2m ng\u00f2i cho s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf nhanh, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 quay ngo\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh, nh\u01b0 \u1edf Argentina hay Li\u00ean X\u00f4, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed3i k\u1ebft li\u1ec5u. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 tranh gi\u00e0nh n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 khai th\u00e1c, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9, hay b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n l\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Soviet \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00e0y th\u1ebf n\u00e0o s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfp theo. N\u1ebeU C\u00c1C TH\u1ec2 CH\u1ebe ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 Latin h\u01a1n n\u0103m tr\u0103m n\u0103m v\u1eeba qua \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh b\u1edfi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba T\u00e2y Ban Nha, th\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a","120 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I Trung \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh b\u1edfi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Ottoman. N\u0103m 1453 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Sultan Mehmet II \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm Constatinople, bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng Balkan v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3. Trong n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u, s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 lan ra kh\u1eafp Trung \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Phi. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1566, khi Sultan S\u00fcleyman I, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 Ng\u00e0i Tr\u00e1ng L\u1ec7, ch\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i t\u1eeb Tunesia \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng, sang Ai C\u1eadp, su\u1ed1t l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn Mecca \u1edf B\u00e1n \u0110\u1ea3o Arab, v\u00e0 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 Iraq hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, v\u1edbi sultan c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh v\u1edbi v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng chia quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u1edbi ai. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u00e3 mang t\u00ednh khai th\u00e1c cao. \u0110\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb chi\u1ebfn tranh, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n thu ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb Trung \u0110\u00f4ng theo c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb v\u00f9ng trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u1edf Anatolia [ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i] hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i M\u1ef9 Latin. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bedouin v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c kh\u00e1c trong B\u00e1n \u0110\u1ea3o Arab. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn Trung \u0110\u00f4ng m\u00e0 c\u0169ng thi\u1ebfu n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 thu thu\u1ebf. Cho n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u201cgiao\u201d cho c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, b\u00e1n quy\u1ec1n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 thu thu\u1ebf theo b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao quy\u1ec1n thu thu\u1ebf n\u00e0y, n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n thu\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh. Thu\u1ebf su\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Trung \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t cao, thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ebfn hai ph\u1ea7n ba s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n l\u00e0m ra. Ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n thu\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n thu\u1ebf gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i cho m\u00ecnh. B\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00f2n xa m\u1edbi an to\u00e0n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 \u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbp khi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 v\u0169 trang tranh nhau ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u1ede Palestin, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 kinh kh\u1ee7ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u, c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n l\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00fai cao, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 cho h\u1ecd s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n ch\u1ed1ng b\u1ecdn c\u01b0\u1edbp. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt ng\u1ed9t ng\u1ea1t h\u01a1n. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i hay c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n.","NH\u1eeeNG KH\u00c1C BI\u1ec6T NH\u1ece V\u00c0 C\u00c1C B\u01af\u1edaC NGO\u1eb6T \u25cf 121 H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0, trong th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Trung \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c. V\u00f9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf. V\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1840, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u2013 th\u00ed d\u1ee5, b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c giao cho n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n thu thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 Nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ng\u0103n tr\u1edf b\u1edfi n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 lo ng\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m elite r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd thua v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Trong khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m t\u0103ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec mong mu\u1ed1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf. Ti\u1ebfp sau s\u1ef1 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a Ottoman l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a \u00c2u ch\u00e2u sau 1918. Khi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u00c2u ch\u00e2u ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1- Sahara \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef v\u1eefng, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c elite \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, nh\u01b0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Jordan, c\u00e1c elite n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u0169ng x\u1ea3y ra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung \u0110\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea7u ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ngh\u00e8o \u1edf M\u1ef9 Latin. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u00e2y b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng (immiserizing forces) nh\u01b0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u00e0i h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Trong th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Trung \u0110\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u00ec th\u1ebf ng\u00e0y nay n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ngh\u00e8o nh\u01b0 ch\u00e2u Phi, nh\u01b0ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u1eabn s\u1ed1ng trong ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3. \u20f0\u20f0 \u20f0\u20f0 \u20f0\u20f0 CH\u00daNG TA \u0110\u00c3 TH\u1ea4Y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng h\u1eefu \u00edch cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ebf [t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh] xung quanh ch\u00fang ta. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng cho c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi: s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 lan ra T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u00c2u ch\u00e2u; s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n","122 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I k\u1ef3 dai d\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9; s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 Trung \u0110\u00f4ng; s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u00c2u; v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1ec7 sang t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00fa th\u00fac t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn r\u1ea5t chi ti\u1ebft l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ra sao v\u00e0 minh h\u1ecda ph\u1ea1m vi r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. C\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y tr\u1ea3i t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0110\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e1 M\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh, ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, hay b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf theo h\u01b0\u1edbng bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o v\u00e0 v\u00ec sao c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd xem c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u00e2y: \u2022 C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m n\u1ed5i l\u00ean th\u1ebf n\u00e0o t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng qua l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf Anh t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. \u2022 B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1edd v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn may m\u1eafn c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. \u2022 C\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edf ra. \u2022 B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ee5c. \u2022 B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t xu h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01a1i C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng lan t\u1edbi v\u1eabn t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u00e8o.","NH\u1eeeNG KH\u00c1C BI\u1ec6T NH\u1ece V\u00c0 C\u00c1C B\u01af\u1edaC NGO\u1eb6T \u25cf 123 \u2022 V\u00ec sao C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng lan ra hay kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc s\u1ebd lan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u01a1i xung quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf theo h\u01b0\u1edbng bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, hay \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 Hoa K\u1ef3 ho\u1eb7c Autralia, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp thu h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 lan t\u1ecfa c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh su\u00f4n s\u1ebb, v\u00e0 d\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c, \u0111\u00f4i khi b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00f4i khi nh\u1edd con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng s\u1ebd th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ng\u00e0y nay b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 ra sao b\u1edfi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o b\u1edfi c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1eabn c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00fam l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e1c khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac, c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng kim c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n.","5. \u201cT\u00d4I \u0110\u00c3 TH\u1ea4Y T\u01af\u01a0NG LAI, V\u00c0 N\u00d3 HO\u1ea0T \u0110\u1ed8NG\u201d: T\u0102NG TR\u01af\u1edeNG D\u01af\u1edaI C\u00c1C TH\u1ec2 CH\u1ebe KHAI TH\u00c1C T\u00d4I \u0110\u00c3 TH\u1ea4Y T\u01af\u01a0NG LAI Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu trong gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng su\u1ed1t c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd x\u1ea3y ra? Hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, theo ch\u00ednh logic c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i sao cho n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfm quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 trong s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp trung c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc, v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u00edch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng do c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m sinh ra. Quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n. Qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t minh h\u1ecda sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc cung c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 ra sao. CHI\u1ebeN TRANH TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p nhau t\u1ea1i Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Versailles, b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Paris, \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. N\u1ed5i b\u1eadt gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 Woodrow Wilson, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3. D\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9","T\u00d4I \u0110\u00c3 TH\u1ea4Y T\u01af\u01a0NG LAI, V\u00c0 N\u00d3 HO\u1ea0T \u0110\u1ed8NG \u25cf 125 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n n\u00e0o t\u1eeb Nga. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Nga ho\u00e0ng c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bolshevik l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi 1917. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra \u00e1c li\u1ec7t khi \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1eefa qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ecf (H\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n, Bolshevik) v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n Tr\u1eafng (B\u1ea1ch v\u1ec7). Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec5n chinh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bolshevik. M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n do nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao tr\u1ebb, William Bullitt, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o k\u1ef3 c\u1ef1u Lincoln Steffens \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed \u0111i Moscow \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p Lenin v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 hi\u1ec3u \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bolshevik v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. Steffens \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb \u0111\u1eadp ph\u00e1 th\u00e1nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o hay b\u1edbi m\u00f3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec l\u00ean \u00e1n nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i x\u1ea5u xa c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf Nga v\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m cho ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1ng tin v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch. Ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb t\u1eeb Lenin v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn g\u00ec cho h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi Li\u00ean X\u00f4 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra. Steffens \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1i \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Soviet. \u201cN\u01b0\u1edbc Nga Soviet,\u201d \u00f4ng nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i trong t\u1ef1 truy\u1ec7n 1931 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u201cl\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u xa nh\u01b0 ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a, s\u1ef1 h\u1ed1i l\u1ed9, \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec trong v\u00e0i th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb\u201d. Khi Steffens tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb chuy\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ngo\u1ea1i giao, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i th\u0103m b\u1ea1n c\u0169 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc Jo Davidson v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng \u0111ang n\u1eb7n m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 Bernard Baruch. \u201cTh\u1ebf \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf b\u00ean Nga,\u201d Baruch nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t. Sefens tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, \u201ct\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 sang t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.\u201d V\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch ng\u00f4n n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed: \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.\u201d Ngay cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1980, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn th\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tin r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Theo m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3, hay ch\u00ed \u00edt n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian. Lenin ch\u1ebft n\u0103m 1924, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1927 Joseph Stalin \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 k\u00ecm k\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 thanh tr\u1eebng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee3t v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea5t","126 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp sinh l\u1ef1c cho \u1ee6y ban K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, Gosplan, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1921. Gosplan \u0111\u00e3 so\u1ea1n ra K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch-N\u0103m n\u0103m l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t cho giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1928 \u0111\u1ebfn 1933. T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf ki\u1ec3u Stalin l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1eb1ng m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thu\u1ebf su\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t cao. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thu\u1ebf hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, n\u00ean thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 Stalin \u0111\u00e3 \u201ct\u1eadp th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a\u201d n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00f9a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u00f4n qu\u00ea v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng trang t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 do \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a Stalin d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea7u ra n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 tai h\u1ecda. C\u00e1c n\u00f4ng trang t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c si\u00eang n\u0103ng, cho n\u00ean s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t sa s\u00fat nhanh. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0m ra b\u1ecb b\u00f2n r\u00fat \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd s\u00e1u tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i, trong khi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111i Siberia trong t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c. C\u1ea3 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra l\u1eabn c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng trang t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf theo ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 c\u00f3. Nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c cho tai h\u1ecda v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh. L\u00fd do cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u. Cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Khi thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hay m\u1ed9t elite h\u1eb9p ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u00fang s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0ng trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cao h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c hay m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4, m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng, d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c t\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u1edf c\u00e1c h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o Caribe nh\u01b0 Barbados, Cuba, Haiti, v\u00e0 Jamaica \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp cao t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c cho s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c to\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng \u201chi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3\u201d, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3","T\u00d4I \u0110\u00c3 TH\u1ea4Y T\u01af\u01a0NG LAI, V\u00c0 N\u00d3 HO\u1ea0T \u0110\u1ed8NG \u25cf 127 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0o hay s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o n\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4, v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf v\u00f9ng Caribe. T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m cho d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u00eam b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu so v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3, cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n l\u1ee3i l\u1edbn b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c cho khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, cho d\u00f9 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1928 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga s\u1ed1ng \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4 s\u01a1, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00edt khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 sinh l\u1ee3i. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n d\u01b0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a phong ki\u1ebfn Nga \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00f3a b\u1ecf tr\u01b0\u1edbc Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 Nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng kinh t\u1ebf kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 l\u1ea1i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y t\u1eeb n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p sang c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a Stalinist l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u00e3 man \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e1o, m\u1edf kh\u00f3a cho ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng n\u00e0y. B\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh, Stalin \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t k\u00e9m n\u00e0y sang c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, n\u01a1i h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sinh l\u1eddi h\u01a1n, cho d\u00f9 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 so v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, gi\u1eefa 1928 v\u00e0 1960 thu nh\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng 6 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c nhanh nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. S\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf nhanh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng t\u00edch t\u1ee5 v\u1ed1n qua t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u1edbi. S\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 Lincoln Steffens. \u0110\u00e3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn C\u1ee5c T\u00ecnh b\u00e1o Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh Li\u00ean X\u00f4, nh\u01b0 Nikita Khrushchev, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 kho\u00e1c l\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e9t ti\u1ebfng trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y trong n\u0103m 1956 r\u1eb1ng \u201cch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd ch\u00f4n c\u00e1c anh [ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y]\u201d, \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i 1977, m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Anh \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ki\u1ec3u Soviet l\u00e0 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf, t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u1ecb tha. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n gi\u00e0 nua t\u1ed3i t\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 \u1edf vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c","128 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t trong kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i Nobel Kinh t\u1ebf Paul Samuelson, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4. Trong l\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n 1961, Samuelson \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng thu nh\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n Soviet s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u1ee3t thu nh\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o 1984, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1994. Trong l\u1ea7n t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n 1980 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, d\u1eabu cho hai th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ecb l\u00f9i th\u00e0nh 2002 v\u00e0 2012. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Stalin v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Soviet k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf nhanh, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf theo c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. V\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1970, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ng\u1eebng. B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00ec hai l\u00fd do: s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a elite. Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed9t khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 cho c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u00ec c\u00f2n \u00edt l\u1ee3i l\u1ed9c kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh. Sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Soviet v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadt ch\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ed3i ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 th\u00eam n\u00e0o. L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Soviet \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn lao trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ch\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, Laika, v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, Yuri Gagarin, v\u00e0o v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi AK-47 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Gosplan \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n, ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00f3a t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Soviet. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u0103m n\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1edfi Gosplan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Soviet \u00edt li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u0103m n\u0103m, m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 so\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Stalin v\u00e0 B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn nh\u00e3n \u201cd\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o\u201d hay \u201cs\u01a1 b\u1ed9\u201d. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 duy nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn nh\u00e3n \u201ccu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng\u201d \u2013 l\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1eb9 n\u0103m 1939 \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi nay. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Stalin \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i trong n\u0103m 1937 r\u1eb1ng \u201cch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb quan li\u00eau m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch. Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. H\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 ra ch\u1ec9 sau khi r\u00e1p k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0o v\u1edbi nhau.\u201d Stalin \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n","T\u00d4I \u0110\u00c3 TH\u1ea4Y T\u01af\u01a0NG LAI, V\u00c0 N\u00d3 HO\u1ea0T \u0110\u1ed8NG \u25cf 129 t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m trung th\u00e0nh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi \u00f4ng v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng trung th\u00e0nh. V\u1ec1 Gosplan, vai tr\u00f2 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin cho Stalin \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. N\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 h\u00f3a ra l\u00e0 t\u1ed3i, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1eafn. T\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh m\u1ecdi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. M\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n coi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 nghi\u00eam t\u00fac, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n mu\u1ed1n g\u00ec, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u0103m 1937. Khi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n khai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 ch\u00fang cho th\u1ea5y d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng 162 tri\u1ec7u, th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n con s\u1ed1 180 tri\u1ec7u m\u00e0 Stalin \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n con s\u1ed1 168 tri\u1ec7u m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Stalin \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 n\u0103m 1934. T\u1ed5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u0103m 1937 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb 1926, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfp sau c\u00e1c n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c thanh tr\u1eebng h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1930. Con s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Stalin \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 sai b\u1eaft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0y h\u1ecd \u0111i Siberia hay b\u1eafn h\u1ecd. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 ra l\u1ec7nh ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1939. L\u1ea7n n\u00e0y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang; h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 171 tri\u1ec7u. Stalin \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Soviet, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 \u00edt khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c si\u00eang n\u0103ng. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m v\u1eady \u2013 th\u00ed d\u1ee5, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u01b0\u1edbng cung \u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u01a1i n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5t xu\u1ed1ng \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ngay t\u1eeb 1931 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea1o ra \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a\u201d nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n \u201cngh\u1ec1 l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng\u201d, v\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi gian ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o. Th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00e0m b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ra sao. \u0110i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t h\u00e3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00f3a t\u1eadp trung ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. T\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1930, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u ra \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau. C\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1 cao \u2013 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c 37 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m l\u01b0\u01a1ng cho ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd hay k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 cao c\u1ea5p. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch","130 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I (disincentive) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, l\u1ea5y \u0111i ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi, g\u00e2y r\u1ee7i ro v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, v\u00ec c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u201c\u0111\u1ea9y l\u00ean n\u1ea5c cao h\u01a1n.\u201d \u0110\u1ea1t d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c [c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c] \u0111\u00e3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng. S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng c\u0169ng khi\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, trong khi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ecbu hy sinh h\u00f4m nay nh\u1eb1m c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y mai. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi, th\u00ec ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00f3a t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t khi thay th\u1ebf cho c\u00e1i m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m Adam Smith \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cb\u00e0n tay v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh\u201d c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Khi [ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau] k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5n th\u00e9p t\u1ea5m, t\u1ea5m th\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m qu\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch th\u00e9p t\u1ea5m, c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m qu\u00e1 m\u1ecfng. Khi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e8n ch\u00f9m treo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5n, ch\u00fang n\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 treo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean tr\u1ea7n nh\u00e0. V\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1940, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Li\u00ean X\u00f4, cho d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi say m\u00ea ch\u00fang \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, [nh\u01b0ng] \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft k\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch tai \u00e1c n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Soviet \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng \u0111\u1ec3 sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 th\u01b0\u1edfng. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t \u201c\u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn\u201d nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi hay c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 \u00edt li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n cho \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi r\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ch trong n\u0103m 1946. Ngay t\u1eeb 1918, nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi n\u00ean nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n cho \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1956, khi quy","T\u00d4I \u0110\u00c3 TH\u1ea4Y T\u01af\u01a0NG LAI, V\u00c0 N\u00d3 HO\u1ea0T \u0110\u1ed8NG \u25cf 131 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 v\u1edbi n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. Tuy v\u1eady, v\u00ec n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch kinh t\u1ebf \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7y nhi\u1ec1u trang v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch tai \u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y g\u00e2y ra. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, b\u1edfi v\u00ec quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ef9 th\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1edfi h\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e3ng, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hay ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi n\u00e0o m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng che m\u1edd c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f2n n\u1eb1m trong tay \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t, ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng hay kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng. Ngay t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c c\u1ee7 c\u00e0 r\u1ed1t m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00e2y g\u1eady n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c c\u00e2y g\u1eady b\u1ef1, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i n\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n. N\u0103ng su\u1ea5t trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c vi ph\u1ea1m h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 l\u1ea9n tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c. Th\u00e1ng S\u00e1u 1940, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 20 ph\u00fat v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 vi ph\u1ea1m h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c ph\u1ea1t s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 c\u1eaft 25 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m l\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi v\u1edbi t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t g\u00e2y kinh ng\u1ea1c. Gi\u1eefa 1940 v\u00e0 1955, 36 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, 15 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf t\u00f9 v\u00e0 250.000 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1eafn. Trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u0103m n\u00e0o, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 1 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn b\u1ecb t\u00f9 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi ph\u1ea1m lao \u0111\u1ed9ng; \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn 2,5 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 Stalin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c gulag [tr\u1ea1i c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o lao \u0111\u1ed9ng] \u1edf Siberia. D\u1eabu sao, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n ai \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng hay b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111e d\u1ecda b\u1eafn b\u1ecf h\u1ecd. S\u1ef1 \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c gi\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf Barbados hay Jamaica, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u00f9 cho s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00f3a t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng","132 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Nh\u01b0ng k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf ki\u1ec3u Soviet. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb cai tr\u1ecb Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd l\u00e0m nguy hi\u1ec3m cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady, khi Mikhail Gorbachev \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c sau 1987, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 tan t\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi n\u00f3, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. LI\u00caN X\u00d4 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh ngay c\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bolshevik \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp trung h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c sang c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, kinh nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0nh vai n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt cho s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. S\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n x\u1eb9p xu\u1ed1ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00f3ng t\u00e0n, ki\u1ec3u t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y v\u1eabn minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00edch th\u00edch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf ra sao. Su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00ean c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u2013 cho d\u00f9 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i khai th\u00e1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. Th\u1ef1c ra, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m ngo\u1eb7t l\u1edbn trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 khai th\u00e1c. Trong ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u1ebd th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c. Sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0110\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 M\u1edbi, s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng sang n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, m\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t cho nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c minh h\u1ecda, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh- qu\u1ed1c Maya, s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ra sao kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u0169ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 \u1ea9u \u0111\u1ea3"]