Chiasemoi.com_tai-sao-cac-quoc-gia-that-bai

["V\u00d2NG LU\u1ea8N QU\u1ea8N \u25cf 365 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t. C\u00e1c v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, l\u00e0m cho t\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea3 ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi t\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9, c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y th\u00eam \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 14. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i nhanh. Ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i \u00e2m, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c r\u00e8n \u0111\u00fac c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o ra c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho s\u1ef1 dai d\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Guatemala, n\u01a1i c\u00f9ng elite \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, r\u1ed3i \u1edf Guatemala \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, trong h\u01a1n b\u1ed1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7; c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u cho elite, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00f9ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean trong s\u1ef1 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Hoa K\u1ef3, tr\u1eeb r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i nhanh r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n khi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n mi\u1ec1n nam Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb sau s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong N\u1ed9i Chi\u1ebfn. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u00f3a b\u1ecf, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng N\u1ed9i Chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a elite \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n hay c\u01a1 s\u1edf kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t chi\u00eau b\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f9ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau: s\u1ef1 d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n. D\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec elite ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00fang v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb ch\u00fang v\u1eabn b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng duy nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng tho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i \u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda b\u1eb1ng th\u00ed d\u1ee5 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Sierra Leone v\u00e0 Ethiopia. Trong m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc Robert Michels c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra nh\u01b0 quy lu\u1eadt s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf, s\u1ef1 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t","366 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I nh\u00f3m m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c c\u00f9ng t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i \u1ea5y. Logic c\u1ee7a ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n, v\u1ec1 sau nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u: c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c t\u1ea1o ra \u00edt r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c l\u00ean vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, cho n\u00ean v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc; v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, quy lu\u1eadt s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy lu\u1eadt th\u1eadt, theo ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng v\u1ebd ra m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi, nh\u01b0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh hay Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n minh h\u1ecda. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t trong c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 trao quy\u1ec1n cho m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh r\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m, \u0111a nguy\u00ean h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh r\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111a nguy\u00ean c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. \u1ece Sierra Leone v\u00e0 Ethiopia, quy lu\u1eadt s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n l\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c khai th\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u0169ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u1ea3 phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u1edf Sierra Leone l\u1eabn cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh Derg \u1edf Ethiopia \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng li\u00ean minh r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c sao cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh khai th\u00e1c. C\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u00f2n t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1edfi th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh-qu\u1ed1c Maya \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5. Khi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c khi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfp theo, m\u00e0 s\u1ebd th\u1eadm ch\u00ed khai th\u00e1c h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u0169ng g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 li\u00ean mi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y r\u1ed3i","V\u00d2NG LU\u1ea8N QU\u1ea8N \u25cf 367 g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sa s\u00fat th\u00e0nh t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nghi\u1ec1n n\u00e1t m\u1ecdi hy v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfp theo s\u1ebd minh h\u1ecda.","13. V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I NG\u00c0Y NAY L\u00c0M TH\u1ebe N\u00c0O \u0110\u1ec2 TR\u00daNG X\u1ed4 S\u1ed0 \u1ede ZIMBABWE TH\u00c1NG GI\u00caNG 2000 t\u1ea1i Harare, Zimbabwe. Fallot Chawawa vi\u00ean ch\u1ee7 Nghi l\u1ec5 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m r\u00fat v\u00e9 tr\u00fang th\u01b0\u1edfng cho x\u1ed5 s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, C\u00f4ng ty Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Zimbabwe (Banking Corporation \u2013 Zimbank). X\u1ed5 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eefa n\u0103m ng\u00e0n Zimbabwe dollar ho\u1eb7c h\u01a1n trong t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai 1999. Khi Chawawa r\u00fat v\u00e9 ra, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eb7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i v\u00ec s\u1eedng s\u1ed1t. Nh\u01b0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng khai c\u1ee7a Zimbank di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t, \u201cV\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 Nghi l\u1ec5 Fallot Chawawa \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tin v\u00e0o m\u1eaft m\u00ecnh khi chi\u1ebfc v\u00e9 r\u00fat tr\u00fang th\u01b0\u1edfng Z$100.000 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n cho \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y t\u00ean Qu\u00fd Ng\u00e0i RG Mugabe vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3.\u201d T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Robert Mugabe, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 cai tr\u1ecb Zimbabwe b\u1eb1ng tr\u0103m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ngh\u00ecn k\u1ebf, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi b\u00e0n tay s\u1eaft, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1980, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00fang x\u1ed5 s\u1ed1, c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n dollar Zimbabwe, kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m l\u1ea7n thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Zimbank \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00d4ng Mugabe \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi may m\u1eafn l\u00e0m sao! Ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ti\u1ec1n. Mugabe th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edbi t\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1edfng cho m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 200 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m. V\u00e9 x\u1ed5 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o th\u00eam v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Zimbabwe. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tham nh\u0169ng, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u1edf Zimbabwe. S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng Mugabe \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed tr\u00fang th\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ed5 s\u1ed1 n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng ta mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng ta c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u1edf Zimbabwe, v\u00e0 cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn tho\u00e1ng qua v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y.","V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I NG\u00c0Y NAY \u25cf 369 L\u00fd do ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t v\u00ec sao c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c. Zimbabwe d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Mugabe minh h\u1ecda m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf Zimbabwe l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2008, thu nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Zimbabwe \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda c\u1ee7a m\u1ee9c n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 khi n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1980. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea7y k\u1ecbch t\u00ednh, th\u1ef1c ra n\u00f3 ch\u01b0a b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e2u t\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Zimbabwe. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1eebng cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0o. Trong 2008\u20132009 s\u1ef1 x\u1ea5u \u0111i trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch t\u1ea3 kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb 10 th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang, 2010, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 98.741 ca \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u00e0 4.293 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft, l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 d\u1ecbch t\u1ea3 g\u00e2y ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi h\u01a1n m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong l\u00fac \u1ea5y, th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2009, V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng Li\u00ean H\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 \u0110i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 94 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m. G\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf Zimbabwe, nh\u01b0 cho ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy nguy\u00ean v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. N\u0103m 1890 C\u00f4ng ty Anh Nam Phi (British South Africa Company) c\u1ee7a Cecil Rhodes \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i vi\u1ec5n chinh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0o v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ndebele, \u1edf Matabeleland, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng v\u00e0o Mashonaland \u1edf b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh. V\u0169 kh\u00ed \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi ch\u00e2u, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1901 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Nam Rhodesia, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo Rhodes, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp trong v\u00f9ng m\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 Zimbabwe. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ty Anh Nam Phi, Rhodes \u0111\u00e3 li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 qua th\u0103m d\u00f2 v\u00e0 khai m\u1ecf c\u00e1c kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt qu\u00fd. Nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5t canh t\u00e1c r\u1ea5t m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 di c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4n t\u00ednh ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea5t. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1923 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ty Anh Nam Phi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh ban cho h\u1ecd ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb. C\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Nam Phi ch\u1eebng m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea5t B\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 n\u0103m 1913 (trang 265-266) \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u00e9p \u1edf Nam Phi. Rhodesia \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Nam Phi g\u00e2y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc apartheid c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau 1923.","370 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I Khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u00c2u ch\u00e2u s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1950 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1960, elite da tr\u1eafng \u1edf Rhodesia, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi Ian Smith, chi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 l\u1ebd 5 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kh\u1ecfi Anh trong n\u0103m 1965. \u00cdt ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Rhodesia, v\u00e0 Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c chi\u1ebfn tranh du k\u00edch t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng Mozambique v\u00e0 Zambia. \u00c1p l\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi hai nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh, ZANU (Zimbabwe African National Union \u2013 Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c gia Phi ch\u00e2u Zimbabwe) c\u1ee7a Mugabe v\u00e0 ZAPU (Zimbabwe African People\u2019s Union - Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Phi ch\u00e2u Zimbabwe), do Joshua Nkomo l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb da tr\u1eafng. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Zimbabwe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra n\u0103m 1980. Sau \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, Mugabe \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hung d\u1eef hay \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft n\u1ea1p h\u1ecd v\u00e0o. C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e1 x\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Matabeleland, v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t trung t\u00e2m \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho ZAPU, n\u01a1i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft trong \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1980. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1987 ZAPU \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi ZANU \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ZANU-PF, v\u00e0 Joshua Nkomo \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y ra b\u00ean l\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Mugabe \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, bi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng (\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng), b\u00e3i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c danh s\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea7u c\u1eed da tr\u1eafng m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, trong n\u0103m 1990, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1ecfi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trong c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng de facto (tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf) do Mugabe \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u. V\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, Mugabe \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 da tr\u1eafng. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t quy ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng marketing n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c. Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m trao cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ZANU-PF. Quy ch\u1ebf ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c elite ZANU-PF b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp doanh nh\u00e2n Phi ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c elite. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf Ghana trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1960","V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I NG\u00c0Y NAY \u25cf 371 \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ec9a mai, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp doanh nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf da tr\u1eafng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p r\u1ea5t sinh l\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 nguy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Mugabe tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n \u01b0a. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 Qu\u1ef9 Ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u trong n\u0103m 1991 sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i kh\u00f3a nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. S\u1ef1 x\u1ea5u \u0111i c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh t\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nghi\u00eam t\u00fac \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c-\u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ZANU-PF: Phong tr\u00e0o Thay \u0111\u1ed5i D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 (Movement for Democratic Change \u2013 MDC). C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i 1995 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f2n xa m\u1edbi mang t\u00ednh c\u1ea1nh tranh. ZANU-PF \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 81 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u v\u00e0 118 trong s\u1ed1 120 gh\u1ebf. N\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp. Cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng trong n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo quy t\u1eafc v\u00e0 gian l\u1eadn. Mugabe \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng 93 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0ng hai \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Abel Muzorewa v\u00e0 Ndabaningi Sithole, \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c v\u00e0 gian l\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Sau 2000, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 tham nh\u0169ng n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 k\u00ecm k\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a ZANU-PF \u0111\u00e3 y\u1ebfu \u0111i. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 49 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 63 gh\u1ebf. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb tranh gi\u00e0nh b\u1edfi MDC, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi gh\u1ebf \u1edf th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4, Harare. Trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 2002, Mugabe \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 v\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 56 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u. C\u1ea3 hai l\u1ea7n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra theo c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ZANU-PF b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi gian l\u1eadn b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a Mugabe \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tan v\u1ee1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p l\u1eabn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 mua s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng to\u00e0n l\u1ef1c l\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 da tr\u1eafng. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u trong n\u0103m 2000, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee3t r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i c\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y trong chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c elite ZANU-PF. T\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n","372 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I do Mugabe v\u00e0 ZANU-PF g\u00e2y ra \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Khi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, vi\u1ec7c duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111i in ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 mua s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn si\u00eau l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t. Trong th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang 2009, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng rand c\u1ee7a Nam Phi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng dollar Zimbabwe \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn kh\u1ecfi l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng gi\u1ea5y v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. C\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Zimbabwe sau 1980 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1- Sahara t\u1eeb khi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Zimbabwe \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c khai th\u00e1c trong n\u0103m 1980. Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean r\u01b0\u1ee1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n. Trong khi \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m ch\u00fat n\u00e0o. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat; ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u1eabn mang t\u00ednh khai th\u00e1c, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 thay cho Ian Smith v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh khai th\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 Robert Mugabe v\u00e0 c\u00e1c elite ZANU-PF nh\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00fai h\u1ecd. Theo th\u1eddi gian c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edfi n\u00ean th\u1eadm ch\u00ed khai th\u00e1c h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 thu nh\u1eadp \u1edf Zimbabwe \u0111\u00e3 suy s\u1ee5p. S\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf Zimbabwe l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a quy lu\u1eadt s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf \u2013 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ian Smith \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, tham nh\u0169ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p c\u1ee7a Robert Mugabe. Vi\u1ec7c tr\u00fang x\u1ed5 s\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Mugabe trong n\u0103m 2000 khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ch\u00f3p \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ea3ng b\u0103ng r\u1ea5t tham nh\u0169ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I ng\u00e0y nay b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u1ea7n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1eaft ch\u1eb7t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 khai th\u00e1c. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c nhau, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u1edf g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. Trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y \u1edf Argentina, Colombia, v\u00e0 Ai C\u1eadp, s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 sung s\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c hay \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 lo\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp n\u00e0o m\u00e0 \u0111e d\u1ecda h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c elite kinh t\u1ebf. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, nh\u01b0 \u1edf Zimbabwe v\u00e0 Sierra Leone, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn ti\u1ebfp sau, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y kh\u00f4ng","V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I NG\u00c0Y NAY \u25cf 373 ch\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 m\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u2013 nh\u01b0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Angola, Cameroon, Chad, C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Congo, Haiti, Liberia, Nepal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, v\u00e0 Zimbabwe minh h\u1ecda \u2013 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 d\u1eddi ch\u1ed7 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch, l\u00e0m cho nhi\u1ec1u trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y nay ngh\u00e8o h\u01a1n h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1960. M\u1ed8T CU\u1ed8C TH\u1eacP T\u1ef0 CHINH C\u1ee6A TR\u1eba CON? Ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng Ba, 1991, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u0169 trang d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Foday Sankoh \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb Liberia v\u00e0o Sierra Leone v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng Kailahun \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam. Sankoh, m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1 s\u0129 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Sierra Leone, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ed1ng giam sau khi tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh ch\u1ebft non ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Siaka Stevens n\u0103m 1971. Sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3 ra, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn Libya, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1i hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i Libya \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e1 Qaddafi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Phi ch\u00e2u. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p Charles Taylor, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u00e2m m\u01b0u l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u1edf Liberia. Khi Taylor x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n Liberia v\u00e0o \u0111\u00eam Gi\u00e1ng sinh 1989, Sankoh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Taylor, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Liberia v\u00e0 Burkinabe (c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Burkina Faso), m\u00e0 Sankoh \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n Sierra Leone. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 RUF, Revolutionary United Front (M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng), v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 APC tham nh\u0169ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, Siaka Stevens v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng H\u1ed9i nghi To\u00e0n d\u00e2n, APC, c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf Sierra Leone, h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 Mugabe v\u00e0 ZANU-PF \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u1edf Zimbabwe. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1985, khi Stevens b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh ung th\u01b0, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a Joseph Momoh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u00f4ng ta, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111ang s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. Stevens, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 m\u1ec9a mai, \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00edch tr\u00edch d\u1eabn c\u00e1ch ng\u00f4n \u201cCon b\u00f2 \u0103n \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00f3 b\u1ecb c\u1ed9t.\u201d v\u00e0 n\u01a1i Stevens m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd Momoh \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ed3i nh\u00e9t. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng kh\u00fac, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc b\u1ecb tan r\u00e3. C\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i ph\u00e1t truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1eebng trong n\u0103m 1987, khi m\u00e1y ph\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00f4ng tin b\u00e1n \u0111i, v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1989 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1p radio chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u radio \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Freetown \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t thanh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4. M\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o \u1edf th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Freetown trong n\u0103m 1995 nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb r\u1ea5t th\u1eadt:","374 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Momoh \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1eebng tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed C\u00e1c Th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh T\u1ed1i cao. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, \u201cnh\u1eefng k\u1ebb n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n\u201d v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb Liberia. NPRC, \u201cnh\u1eefng k\u1ebb n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n\u201d v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u201csobel\u201d [binh l\u00ednh (soldier) tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n (rebel)] t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n m\u00e0 ta ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i khi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. Ch\u1eb3ng ai trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng. S\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Momoh, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1o ra b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c c\u1ef1c \u0111oan d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Stevens, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ch\u1eb7n RUF v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi trong n\u0103m 1991. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3. Stevens \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i r\u1ed3i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 lo qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 \u00f4ng. Khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 v\u0169 trang \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. H\u1ecd th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cCon \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7,\u201d m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tr\u00edch d\u1eabn t\u1eeb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c da \u0111en Frantz Fanon: \u201cT\u1eeb s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1i t\u0103m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, m\u1ed7i th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ra s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i n\u00f3.\u201d \u0110o\u1ea1n \u201cCh\u00fang ta Chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u V\u00ec C\u00e1i g\u00ec?\u201d b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u: Ch\u00fang ta ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta ch\u00e1n ng\u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m c\u00e1c n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u cho s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t danh gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1ng xu\u1ed1ng ch\u00fang ta trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0ng, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn ch\u1edd cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 h\u1eb9n h\u00f2 c\u1ee7a h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u2013 n\u01a1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng. Ch\u00fang ta cam k\u1ebft v\u1edbi h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng cam k\u1ebft cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 Ch\u00faa\/Allah s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecf r\u01a1i ch\u00fang ta trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t Sierra Leone m\u1edbi. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Sankoh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a RUF \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi tr\u00e1ch m\u00f3c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ch\u1ecbu \u0111au kh\u1ed5 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a APC \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 gia nh\u1eadp phong tr\u00e0o l\u00fac ban","V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I NG\u00c0Y NAY \u25cf 375 \u0111\u1ea7u, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tu\u1ed9t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. \u201cS\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng\u201d c\u1ee7a RUF \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5, nh\u01b0 trong l\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean t\u1eeb Geoma, \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam Sierra Leone: H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i \u2026 H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft h\u1ecd, hai trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 cha h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e0y \u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a l\u00ednh v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n trong nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1eafn, ch\u1eb3ng v\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5p binh l\u00ednh. C\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft \u2013 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn ai \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh m\u1edbi. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn n\u00f3i h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u1ecfi APC. Sau m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecdn ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft, ch\u1ec9 b\u1eafn v\u00e0o d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. Trong n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0o, m\u00e0 RUF \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ti\u00eau tan. Sankoh \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau, \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n tham gia RUF. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n sang tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 tr\u1ebb em. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. N\u1ebfu n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Sierra Leone \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em. Cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e3 m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t th\u00eam v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u00e0n s\u00e1t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c c\u01b0\u1ee1ng hi\u1ebfp h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t v\u00e0 c\u1eaft c\u1ee5t tay v\u00e0 tai. Khi RUF ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t kinh t\u1ebf. \u0110\u00e3 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng khai m\u1ecf kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u01a1i h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u00e9p k\u00e9o b\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00e0o khai m\u1ecf kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. RUF \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea1m nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n \u00e1c, t\u00e0n s\u00e1t, v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0m th\u1ebf. S\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o ai l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh v\u00e0 ai l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n. K\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian chi\u1ebfn tranh h\u1ebft th\u00fac trong n\u0103m 2001, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y. Ng\u00e0y nay, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn Koidu, m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng, b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c d\u00e3y nh\u00e0 ch\u00e1y l\u1ed7 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea7y l\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea1n.","376 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1991 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf Sierra Leone \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. H\u00e3y ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i nh\u00e0 Vua Shyaam \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bushong (trang 133-136): \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eaft ch\u1eb7t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u ra m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ea1o ra. Nh\u01b0ng ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung trong tay \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n so v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, hay c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7c trung cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Lele \u1edf b\u00ean ph\u00eda kia c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng Kasai. S\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia Phi ch\u00e2u trong c\u00e1c th\u1eadp ni\u00ean g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1edfi v\u00ec qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Sierra Leone trong n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m, t\u1eeb 1991 \u0111\u1ebfn 2001, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa b\u1ecb l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t x\u1ea5u xa v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang hay v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, m\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, m\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0o tay c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng r\u1ed1i ren, xung \u0111\u1ed9t, v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c c\u0169ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i t\u1eeb t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ecf b\u00ea \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Sierra Leone. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t v\u00e0 b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng h\u00f3a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi, ch\u00e2u \u00c1, v\u00e0 Nam M\u1ef9. Charles Taylor \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u1edf Sierra Leone trong khi \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t man r\u1ee3 \u1edf Liberia, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. H\u00ecnh m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c suy s\u1ee5p th\u00e0nh n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi; th\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u1edf Angola, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Congo, Mozambique, C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Congo, Somalia, Sudan, v\u00e0 Uganda. S\u1ef1 khai th\u00e1c m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho xung \u0111\u1ed9t, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng xung \u0111\u1ed9t m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh-qu\u1ed1c Maya \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Cho n\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa v\u00ec sao c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd","V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I NG\u00c0Y NAY \u25cf 377 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c. AI L\u00c0 NH\u00c0 N\u01af\u1edaC? C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Zimbabwe, Somalia, v\u00e0 Sierra Leone, cho d\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00e1 c\u1ef1c \u0111oan. C\u00f3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 Latin kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i? C\u00f3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u01a1 tr\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00fang x\u1ed5 s\u1ed1? \u1ede Colombia, c\u00e1c d\u00e3y N\u00fai Andean t\u1eeb t\u1eeb h\u00f2a v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eafc v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean l\u1edbn ven bi\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi Bi\u1ec3n Caribe. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Colombia g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 tierra caliente, \u201cv\u00f9ng n\u00f3ng,\u201d nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Andean c\u1ee7a tierra fria, \u201cv\u00f9ng l\u1ea1nh.\u201d Trong n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m v\u1eeba qua, Colombia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y vui l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Sau m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t trong n\u0103m 1958, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, cho d\u00f9 cho \u0111\u1ebfn 1974 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc lu\u00e2n phi\u00ean quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa hai \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, B\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 T\u1ef1 do. Tuy nhi\u00ean, hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Qu\u1ed1c gia, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Colombia ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00e1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Tuy nhi\u00ean trong khi Colombia c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u00f2a x\u00e9t x\u1eed, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n, v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u1edf Colombia l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u1edf Sierra Leone, n\u01a1i nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn d\u00f9 sao \u0111i n\u1eefa v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. S\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1950 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn trong ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 La Violencia, hay \u201cB\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c.\u201d T\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e3y c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m","378 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I n\u1ed5i d\u1eady, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y tai h\u1ecda cho v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, b\u1eaft c\u00f3c v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh c\u1ea3 hai kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1ea5u n\u00e0y \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n Colombia, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 kho\u1ea3n vacuna, ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 ti\u00eam ch\u1ee7ng,\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ti\u00eam ch\u1ee7ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft hay b\u1ecb b\u1eaft c\u00f3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng cho nh\u00f3m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 v\u0169 trang. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m v\u0169 trang \u1edf Colombia \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Trong n\u0103m 1981 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m du k\u00edch c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh \u1edf Colombia, Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC \u2013 C\u00e1c L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng V\u0169 trang C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Colombia) \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft c\u00f3c m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 trang tr\u1ea1i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u01a1 s\u1eefa, Jesus Casta\u00f1o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Amalfi \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00f3ng trong ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t Antioquia. FARC \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f2i m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n chu\u1ed9c l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 7.500 $, m\u1ed9t gia t\u00e0i nh\u1ecf \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n Colombia. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf ch\u1ea5p trang tr\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng d\u1eabu sao \u0111i n\u1eefa x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a cha h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, b\u1ecb x\u00edch v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y. \u0110\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ba con trai c\u1ee7a Casta\u00f1o, Carlos, Fidel, v\u00e0 Vicente. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m n\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, Los Tangueros, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00f9ng b\u1eaft c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean FARC v\u00e0 b\u00e1o th\u00f9 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y. Ba anh em \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ecfi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m n\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Colombia \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00ec b\u00e0n tay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c du k\u00edch c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u00e1nh h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp. C\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c du k\u00edch, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u0169ng d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ma t\u00fay, t\u1ed1ng ti\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 b\u1eaft c\u00f3c v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1997 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a anh em nh\u00e0 Casta\u00f1o, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c gia cho c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC\u2013C\u00e1c L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Colombia). AUC \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng n\u00f3ng, t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t C\u00f3rdoba, Sucre, Magdalena, v\u00e0 C\u00e9sar. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2001 AUC \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn ba m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 v\u0169 trang \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 t\u00f9y \u00fd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i kh\u00e1c nhau. \u1ede C\u00f3rdoba, [Kh\u1ed1i] Bloque Catatumbo n\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Salvatore Mancuso l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. Khi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u0103ng l\u00ean, AUC \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00ednh l\u00edu v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. C\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia \u0111\u00e3 ve v\u00e3n","V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I NG\u00c0Y NAY \u25cf 379 nhau. Nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a AUC \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt t\u1ea1i th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Santa F\u00e9 de Ralito \u1edf C\u00f3rdoba. M\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n chung, m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc, k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u201cth\u00e0nh l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a AUC, nh\u01b0 \u201cJorge 40\u201d (bi\u1ec7t danh cho Rodrigo Tovar Pupo), Adolfo Paz (m\u1ed9t nom de guerre [b\u00ed danh trong chi\u1ebfn tranh] cho Diego Fernando \u201cDon Berna\u201d Murillo), v\u00e0 Diego Vecino (t\u00ean th\u1eadt: Edwar Cobo T\u00e9llez), c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 qu\u1ed1c gia William Montes v\u00e0 Miguel de la Espriella. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y AUC \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Colombia, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 2002 cho H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb San Onofre, \u1edf Sucre, cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Cadena (\u201cxi\u1ec1ng x\u00edch\u201d) s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 sau: Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe t\u1ea3i do Cadena ph\u00e1i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i quanh c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn, corregimientos v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n San Onofre t\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n l\u00ean xe. Theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u2026 cho c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed 2002 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1edf \u0111\u1ebfn corregimiento Plan Parejo \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y m\u1eb7t c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea7u cho trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i: Jairo Merlano cho Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n Muriel Benito Rebollo cho H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n. Cadena \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n v\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc t\u00fai, l\u1ea5y ra hai t\u00ean v\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng s\u1ebd gi\u1ebft h\u1ecd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean n\u1ebfu Muriel kh\u00f4ng tr\u00fang c\u1eed. S\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3: m\u1ed7i \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u00e0n phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Sucre. Kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a San Onofre \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Santa F\u00e9 de Ralito. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba c\u00e1c h\u1ea1 ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong n\u0103m 2002 l\u00e0 nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 n\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 20 (trang sau), m\u00e0 v\u1ebd c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Colombia d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, cho th\u1ea5y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Salvatore Mancuso \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n theo c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 sau: 35 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u1ee7a H\u1ea1 Vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c bang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m T\u1ef1-B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, trong c\u00e1c bang \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu thu\u1ebf, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3","380 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai mu\u1ed1n tham gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3.","V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I NG\u00c0Y NAY \u25cf 381 Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a quy m\u00f4 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng. S\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a AUC \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec7n y\u00ean b\u00ecnh. Nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i FARC, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 d\u1eddi ch\u1ed7 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Theo Trung t\u00e2m Theo d\u00f5i D\u1eddi ch\u1ed7 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre \u2013 IDMC) c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n Na Uy, trong \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2010 kho\u1ea3ng 10 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Colombia, g\u1ea7n 4,5 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda trong n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba. C\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, nh\u01b0 Mancuso \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, tr\u1eeb r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n thu\u1ebf m\u00e0 h\u1ecd thu \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t cho t\u00fai ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Mart\u00edn Llanos (t\u00ean th\u1eadt l\u00e0: H\u00e9ctor Germ\u00e1n Buitrago) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb Tauramena, Aguazul, Man\u00ed, Villanueva, Monterrey, v\u00e0 Sabanalarga, trong h\u1ea1t Casanare mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng Colombia, li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc sau \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 theo l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a \u201cc\u00e1c N\u00f4ng d\u00e2n N\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Casanare\u201d: 9) Chuy\u1ec3n 50 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c N\u00f4ng d\u00e2n N\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Casanare qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. 10) 10 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb [ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n cho c\u00e1c N\u00f4ng d\u00e2n N\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Casanare]. 11) S\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp do c\u00e1c N\u00f4ng d\u00e2n N\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Casanare tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp. 12) S\u1ef1 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c N\u00f4ng d\u00e2n N\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Casanare trong m\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf. 13) S\u1ef1 gia nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp b\u1edfi c\u00e1c N\u00f4ng d\u00e2n N\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Casanare. 14) S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta\/b\u00e0 ta. Casanare kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t ngh\u00e8o. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao nh\u1ea5t trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khu h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Colombia, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u1ecf d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, \u0111\u00fang lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thu h\u00fat c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Th\u1ef1c ra, m\u1ed9t khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1","382 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Mancuso \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb 25 tri\u1ec7u $. Nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ecb c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t \u1edf Colombia cao \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c 10 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. Colombia kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i s\u1eafp s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u00f2n xa m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 an ninh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Bogot\u00e1 v\u00e0 Barranquilla, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y n\u01a1i n\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p \u00edt d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 n\u00e0o. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 Mancuso, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1 t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a v\u1ed1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng kinh doanh kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p; t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf l\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c khai th\u00e1c, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0m sao m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh gi\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 duy tr\u00ec trong h\u00e0ng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t logic ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n. B\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng sinh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng sinh n\u1ed5i l\u00ean b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia khai th\u00e1c t\u00ednh v\u00f4 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n ngo\u1ea1i vi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, trong khi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m n\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u1ef1 tung t\u1ef1 t\u00e1c. H\u00ecnh m\u1eabu n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 2000. Trong n\u0103m 2002 \u00c1lvaro Uribe \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. Uribe \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 chung v\u1edbi anh em nh\u00e0 Casta\u00f1o: b\u1ed1 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb FARC gi\u1ebft. Uribe \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch b\u00e1c b\u1ecf c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eed h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi FARC. Trong n\u0103m 2002 ph\u1ea7n phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 cao h\u01a1n 3 \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. Trong n\u0103m 2006, khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i, ph\u1ea7n phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 cao h\u01a1n 11 \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. N\u1ebfu Mancuso v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u cho H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf trong b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khoan dung \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0 Jairo Angarita, ph\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Salvatore Mancuso v\u00e0 c\u1ef1u l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o","V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I NG\u00c0Y NAY \u25cf 383 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i Sin\u00fa v\u00e0 San Jorge c\u1ee7a AUC, \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn 2005, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho \u201cvi\u1ec7c b\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3.\u201d M\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u0129 s\u0129 v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 n\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu cho c\u00e1i Uribe \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 cho \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i trong n\u0103m 2006, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a l\u1ea7n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, trong n\u0103m 2002. \u0110\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Uribe \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c khoan dung m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ng\u0169. S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ng\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u1eeda qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Colombia v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Colombia, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i. \u1ede Colombia nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n theo th\u1eddi gian. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 khai th\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng trong c\u00e1c d\u1ea3i l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf Colombia. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n: c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf Colombia kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c l\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n h\u1ecd tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn ng\u1ea7m hay t\u01b0\u1eddng minh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u00e1c \u00f4n. EL CORRALITO Argentina \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf trong s\u1ef1 o \u00e9p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2001. Trong ba n\u0103m, thu nh\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng, th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn sau n\u0103m 1989 b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Carlos Menem, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eb7n si\u00eau l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. N\u0103m 1991 Menem \u0111\u00e3 neo \u0111\u1ed3ng peso Argentina v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed3ng USD. Theo lu\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t peso \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t dollar. \u0110\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 t\u1ef7 gi\u00e1 h\u1ed1i \u0111o\u00e1i. H\u1ebft","384 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I chuy\u1ec7n. \u1eea, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nghi\u00eam lu\u1eadt, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n m\u1edf t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng USD. Dollar \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Buenos Aires v\u00e0 r\u00fat t\u1eeb c\u00e1c m\u00e1y r\u00fat ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t trong kh\u1eafp th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u Argentina r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eaft v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i r\u1ea5t r\u1ebb. C\u00e1c h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ecf gi\u1ecdt d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i; h\u00e0ng nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o. C\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 cho ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111i vay. M\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Khi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u lo v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng peso, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1eb7t nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n dollar t\u1ea1i ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng. R\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c, n\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 x\u00e9 to\u1ea1c lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3ng peso, th\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1ebd an to\u00e0n v\u1edbi t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n dollar, \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng? H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed3ng peso. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1c quan v\u1ec1 dollar c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai, 2001, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng t\u1ea5t c\u00e1c c\u00e1c t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong ch\u00edn m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u00e0y. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p r\u00fat h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 250 pesos, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb 250 $; r\u1ed3i 300 pesos. Nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 cho ph\u00e9p r\u00fat t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n peso. \u0110\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p r\u00fat ti\u1ec1n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n dollar c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, tr\u1eeb phi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ec1n dollar sang peso. \u0110\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng ai mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Argentina \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 El Corralito, \u201cB\u00e3i Qu\u00e2y Nh\u1ecf\u201d: nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eedi ti\u1ec1n b\u1ecb bao v\u00e2y v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u00e3i qu\u00e2y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng con b\u00f2, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 gi\u00e1 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 thay cho m\u1ed9t peso \u0103n m\u1ed9t dollar, ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n peso cho m\u1ed9t dollar. \u0110\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n dollar. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n dollar \u1edf ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng sang peso, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 gi\u00e1 h\u1ed1i \u0111o\u00e1i c\u0169 m\u1ed9t-\u0103n- m\u1ed9t. Ai \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m 1.000 $ \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 250 $. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t ba ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc, Argentina l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec1u g\u00e2y b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i. \u0110\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u Argentina, Simon Kuznets nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc: \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 Argentina. Kuznets \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady b\u1edfi v\u00ec, v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 Nh\u1ea5t, Argentina \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 sa s\u00fat \u0111\u1ec1u","V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I NG\u00c0Y NAY \u25cf 385 \u0111\u1eb7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u kh\u00e1c \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0 B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, r\u1ed3i trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1970 v\u00e0 1980 \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 suy s\u1ee5p tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. Tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, th\u00e0nh t\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Argentina l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 g\u00e2y b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c l\u00fd do cho s\u1ef1 sa s\u00fat c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn qua l\u0103ng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c. \u0110\u00fang l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1914, Argentina \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c. Argentina sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t elite h\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1edfi xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u th\u1ecbt b\u00f2, da s\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ee3t t\u0103ng b\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng n\u00e0y. Gi\u1ed1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9o theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi n\u00e0o. V\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 Nh\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia t\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n v\u0169 trang \u0111\u00e3 xui khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c elite Argentina th\u1eed m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c huy \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 trong n\u0103m 1930 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Gi\u1eefa khi \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 1983, Argentina \u0111\u00e3 giao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00f9i v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1970 v\u1edbi \u00edt nh\u1ea5t ch\u00edn ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. H\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u00f9 \u0111\u00e0y v\u00e0 b\u1ecb tra t\u1ea5n. Trong c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u2013 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f2n xa m\u1edbi bao g\u1ed3m. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi Per\u00f3n n\u1ed5i l\u00ean trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1940, Argentina d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb do \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, Partido Justicialista \u2013 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u00f4ng l\u00fd, th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng Per\u00f3nist. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Per\u00f3nist \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng mua phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u, ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3, v\u00e0 tham nh\u0169ng, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Theo m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111a nguy\u00ean. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung cao \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea3ng Per\u00f3nist, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi \u00edt r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1i n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m, ch\u00ed \u00edt trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00f3 kh\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc (trang 329-332),","386 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I n\u1ebfu T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 nguy hi\u1ec3m h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u cho T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao. Trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1940, Per\u00f3n \u0111\u00e3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng phong tr\u00e0o lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Khi n\u00f3 b\u1ecb l\u00e0m y\u1ebfu \u0111i b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1970 v\u00e0 1980, \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n chuy\u1ec3n sang mua phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i thu nh\u1eadp cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 h\u1ecd, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u00e2n ch\u01a1i b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. Khi T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Menem \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 c\u1ea3n \u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1990, \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn th\u1ebf; \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3. Nh\u01b0 El Corralito cho th\u1ea5y, cho d\u00f9 Argentina c\u00f3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n b\u1ea7u l\u00ean, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t. C\u00f3 \u00edt s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c elite ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Argentina, v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean. C\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho Kuznets, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m Buenos Aires, l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Lima, Guatemala City, hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed Mexico City. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9, v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac huy ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean trong Belle Epoch (Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 T\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p), trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf Buenos Aires b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Argentina. Menem, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb Buenos Aires. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra \u1edf Anillaco, trong t\u1ec9nh La Rioja, \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00fai xa ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc Buenos Aires, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ba nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c t\u1ec9nh. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha chinh ph\u1ee5c ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Argentina \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u1edf xa c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Inca v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac (xem B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 1 \u1edf trang 17). Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c encomienda \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nu\u00f4i tr\u1ed3ng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y gi\u1ed1ng la cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai m\u1ecf \u1edf Potos\u00ed v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc. Th\u1ef1c ra, La Rioja \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ed1ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng Potos\u00ed \u1edf Peru v\u00e0 Bolivia h\u01a1n l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng Buenos Aires. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn, La Rioja \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra vi\u00ean t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh kh\u00e9t ti\u1ebfng Facundo Quiroga, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 cai tr\u1ecb v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch coi th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o Buenos Aires. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Argentina l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba, nh\u01b0 La Rioja, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t th\u1ebf n\u00e0o","V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I NG\u00c0Y NAY \u25cf 387 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi Buenos Aires. C\u00e1c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ng\u1eebng b\u1eafn: c\u00e1c vi\u00ean t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a La Rioja \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 cho Buenos Aires \u0111\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh sao cho n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n. \u0110\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c elite Buenos Aires t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u201cn\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba.\u201d Cho n\u00ean tho\u1ea1t ti\u00ean Argentina c\u00f3 v\u1ebb r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c Peru hay Bolivia, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eady m\u1ed9t khi b\u1ea1n b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 sang tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Buenos Aires. R\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c s\u1edf th\u00edch v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5y v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Argentina l\u00e0 l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 Latin khai th\u00e1c kh\u00e1c. R\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m hay c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh \u1edf M\u1ef9 Latin. \u1ede Colombia, c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed qu\u1ed1c gia. \u1ede Venezuela ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u01b0 \u1edf Argentina, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Hugo Ch\u00e1vez t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111u\u1ed5i h\u1ecd kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda c\u00e1c t\u1edd b\u00e1o m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i x\u00e3 lu\u1eadn n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch, v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n. Trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec \u00f4ng ta l\u00e0m, Ch\u00e1vez h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 \u00edt b\u1ecb ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi Sir Robert Walpole \u1edf Anh trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1720, khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i John Huntridge theo B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt \u0110en (trang 302-308). Huntridge \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed3i h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf Venezuela hay Argentina ng\u00e0y nay. Trong khi s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1edf M\u1ef9 Latin v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb elite, v\u00e0 trong t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng (rhetoric) v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f3 th\u1eed ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ed \u00edt kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a elite, c\u00e1c g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1m ch\u1eafc v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 khai th\u00e1c theo hai ngh\u0129a. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng dai d\u1eb3ng trong h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 khai th\u00e1c l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ef1c \u0111oan. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Argentinia l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 \u1ea5u tr\u0129 v\u00e0 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng Juan Per\u00f3n hay c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia Per\u00f3nist g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 Menem hay nh\u00e0 Kirchner l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u00edch k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, hay r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Venezuela th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong Ch\u00e1vez. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Argentinia v\u00e0 Venezuela nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p cho h\u1ecd c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u1ecd kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c elite \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Venezuela ng\u00e0y nay \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e1vez cho d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi tham nh\u0169ng","388 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I v\u00e0 l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed theo c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Argentinia \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Per\u00f3n trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1940 v\u00e0 1970. Th\u1ee9 hai, l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i l\u00e0m cho ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi, v\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady cho, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u01b0 Per\u00f3n v\u00e0 Ch\u00e1vez, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng mong m\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Per\u00f3n, Ch\u00e1vez, v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng t\u00e1 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u1edf M\u1ef9 Latin ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a quy lu\u1eadt s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i t\u00ean g\u1ee3i \u00fd, g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a quy lu\u1eadt s\u1eaft n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 do elite ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u1eb1m \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi. CH\u00cdNH TH\u1ec2 CHUY\u00caN CH\u1ebe M\u1edaI Trong th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ed9t 2009, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 l\u00fd do cho nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u1ede Ph\u00e1p trong th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang 1960, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed3ng franc m\u1edbi m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng 100 \u0111\u1ed3ng franc hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng franc c\u0169 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u1eabn ghi gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n c\u0169 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i sang \u0111\u1ed3ng franc m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb t\u1eeb. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng franc c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1eebng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecbnh trong th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang 2002, khi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed3ng euro. C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean nh\u00ecn gi\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p trong n\u0103m 1960, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ecf b\u1edbt hai s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n. M\u1ed9t t\u1edd m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m won, \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t won m\u1edbi. C\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in m\u1edbi tinh, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh trong m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i hai n\u0103m, nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. R\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00fa ch\u1ed9p: ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n 100.000 won, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1edbi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00e0y l\u00ean 500.000. M\u1ed9t tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n won \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 40 $ theo gi\u00e1 ngo\u1ea1i h\u1ed1i ch\u1ee3 \u0111en. B\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00fa \u0111\u00e1nh, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e9t s\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ri\u00eang t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean; ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c bao nhi\u00eau, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u1edbn h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Argentina \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t trong n\u0103m 2002. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u1edf B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee3 \u0111en, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee3 \u0111en s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 d\u00ednh l\u00edu","V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I NG\u00c0Y NAY \u25cf 389 \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u trao \u0111\u1ed5i ngo\u1ea1i h\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n Trung Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u giao d\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3ng won. C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 gi\u00e0u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111e d\u1ecda ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9. Gi\u1eef cho h\u1ecd ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee3 \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u1edf B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean c\u0169ng gi\u1eef c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng won b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f3 \u00edt ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u1edf Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u00f3i, n\u00f3 coi c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u, elite B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1 th\u00edch nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra cho h\u1ecd. L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5, Kim Jong-Il, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed cao b\u1ea3y t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7y bar, m\u00e1y karaoke, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t r\u1ea1p chi\u1ebfu phim nh\u1ecf. T\u1ea7ng tr\u1ec7t c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ec3 b\u01a1i kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u1ea1o s\u00f3ng, n\u01a1i Kim th\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u00e1n l\u01b0\u1edbt s\u00f3ng v\u1eeba v\u1eb7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t motor nh\u1ecf. Khi trong n\u0103m 2006 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn l\u00ean B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u00fang ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u01a1i n\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u0111au. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u h\u01a1n s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c h\u00e0ng xa x\u1ec9 sang B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thuy\u1ec1n bu\u1ed3m nh\u1eb9, xe scooter n\u01b0\u1edbc, xe \u0111ua, xe motor, m\u00e1y ch\u01a1i DVD, v\u00e0 m\u00e1y thu h\u00ecnh l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 29 inch. S\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c kh\u0103n qu\u00e0ng c\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng l\u1ee5a, b\u00fat m\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ri\u00eang, \u0111\u1ed3 da th\u00fa, hay h\u00e0nh l\u00fd da thu\u1ed9c. \u0110\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Kim v\u00e0 c\u00e1c elite \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m. M\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng ty Ph\u00e1p Hennessy \u0111\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a Kim cho r\u01b0\u1ee3u cognac tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cao \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c 800.000 $ m\u1ed9t n\u0103m. L\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u nhi\u1ec1u trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i: ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. T\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Marx \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o h\u01a1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. Lenin v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb Marx, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Bolshevik n\u0103m 1917 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u00f3. S\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Lenin v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi elite m\u1edbi, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd, \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Bolshevik. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 thanh tr\u1eebng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu","390 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I t\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng-c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ea3m k\u1ecbch th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn: \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1edbi N\u1ed9i Chi\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Stalin v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c thanh tr\u1eebng qu\u00e1 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Nga \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e3 man, \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c \u2013 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u1edf Cambodia trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1970 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Khmer \u0110\u1ecf, \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 \u1edf B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean. Trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i t\u00e0n \u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. V\u01b0\u1ee3t xa h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00e9m gi\u1ebft, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u0103m gh\u00e9t c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 thay cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Soviet, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1ng cho\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7. C\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Mao, \u1edf Cambodia d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Khmer \u0110\u1ecf, v\u00e0 \u1edf B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c, t\u1eadp trung m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o tay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c n\u00e0o l\u00ean vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau l\u00ean k\u1ebf sinh nhai c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c t\u1ea1i Zimbabwe v\u00e0 Sierra Leone. VUA B\u00d4NG B\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 45 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a Uzbekistan, l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y x\u00e1c l\u1eadp s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0o l\u00fac tan r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 trong n\u0103m 1991. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Soviet t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ed3ng b\u00f4ng \u1edf Uzbekistan \u0111\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a 2.048 n\u00f4ng trang do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1edf h\u1eefu. C\u00e1c n\u00f4ng trang n\u00e0y b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u1ea1i sau 1991. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u","V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I NG\u00c0Y NAY \u25cf 391 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. B\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Uzbekistan, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay duy nh\u1ea5t, cho t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, Ismail Karimov. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c quy ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n bao nhi\u00eau. B\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi cho thu ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u1ea5y ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. Kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111i tr\u1ed3ng b\u00f4ng v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3, cho n\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd tr\u1ed3ng. M\u1ed7i n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 35 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho b\u00f4ng. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1edbi v\u1edbi m\u00e1y m\u00f3c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. V\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, kho\u1ea3ng 40 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 thu ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u00e1y thu ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p. Sau n\u0103m 1991, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch m\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Karimov \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra cho c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng mua v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1c m\u00e1y \u1ea5y. Nh\u1eadn ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, Karimov \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 ra m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p, th\u1ef1c ra, m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn r\u1ebb h\u01a1n c\u00e1c m\u00e1y thu ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p: tr\u1ebb em h\u1ecdc sinh. B\u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00edn v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 thu ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn, v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi gian tr\u1ebb em quay l\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc. Karimov ban l\u1ec7nh cho c\u00e1c th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e2n c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n m\u1ee9c thu ho\u1ea1ch b\u00f4ng cho c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng v\u1edbi 2,7 tri\u1ec7u h\u1ecdc sinh (s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 2006). C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, thay cho l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Gulnaz, m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a hai trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb n\u00e0y, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra: V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i n\u0103m h\u1ecdc, kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn, c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e3n h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed \u0111i h\u00e1i b\u00f4ng. Kh\u00f4ng ai h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 huynh. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u1ec9 cu\u1ed1i tu\u1ea7n [trong m\u00f9a thu ho\u1ea1ch]. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb v\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fd do g\u00ec m\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u00e0, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 l\u0103ng m\u1ea1 b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9. H\u1ecd ph\u00e2n m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb, t\u1eeb 20 \u0111\u1ebfn 60 kg m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y th\u00ec bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng h\u00f4m sau n\u00f3 b\u1ecb qu\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3 l\u1edbp. V\u1ee5 thu ho\u1ea1ch k\u00e9o d\u00e0i hai th\u00e1ng. Nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n \u0111\u1ee7 may m\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c trang tr\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i b\u1ed9 hay \u0111i xe bus \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. C\u00e1c","392 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I tr\u1ebb em \u1edf xa hay t\u1eeb c\u00e1c khu \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ee7 trong c\u00e1c l\u00e1n hay c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kho v\u1edbi m\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u00e0 s\u00fac v\u1eadt. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7 sinh hay c\u00e1c b\u1ebfp \u0103n. Tr\u1ebb em ph\u1ea3i mang th\u1ee9c \u0103n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho b\u1eefa tr\u01b0a. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c elite ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Karimov, \u00f4ng vua de facto (th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1) c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u00f4ng \u1edf Uzbekistan. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n cho lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0. Trong n\u0103m 2006, khi gi\u00e1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a b\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kho\u1ea3ng $1,40 (U.S.) m\u1ed9t kilo, tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 kho\u1ea3ng $0,03 cho h\u1ea1n m\u1ee9c h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i kilo. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd 75 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c thu ho\u1ea1ch b\u00f4ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd do tr\u1ebb em h\u00e1i. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0m c\u1ecf, nh\u1ed5 c\u1ecf, v\u00e0 c\u1ea5y. L\u00e0m sao m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f4ng n\u1ed7i n\u00e0y? Uzbekistan, gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Soviet kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh sau s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Nh\u01b0 trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Soviet, tuy v\u1eady \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n ra. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Karimov, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n Li\u00ean X\u00f4 c\u0169, leo l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9c b\u00ed th\u01b0 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t Uzbekistan v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m may m\u1eafn c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 1989, \u0111\u00fang khi B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Berlin s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, \u0111\u00e3 xoay x\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng an ninh, trong th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai n\u0103m 1991 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Uzbekistan. Sau khi n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p th\u1eb3ng tay phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u1edf trong nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 hay s\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n b\u00e1o ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do \u1edf Uzbekistan, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p. \u0110\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005, khi c\u00f3 l\u1ebd 750, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh b\u1ecb c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i \u1edf Andijon. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng an ninh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Karimov \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cho n\u0103m n\u0103m, th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i cho m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 m\u1edbi d\u00e0i b\u1ea3y n\u0103m trong n\u0103m 2000, v\u1edbi 91,2 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u. \u0110\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea7u cho Karimov! Trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed l\u1ea1i n\u0103m 2007, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 gian l\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng v\u1edbi 88 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u1edf Uzbekistan gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed m\u00e0","V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I NG\u00c0Y NAY \u25cf 393 Joseph Stalin \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong th\u1eddi v\u00e0ng son c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4. L\u1ea7n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 1937 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a tin m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng b\u1edfi ph\u00f3ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1edd New York Times Harold Denny, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb t\u1edd S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, Pravda, t\u1edd b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00fd truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ed9n nh\u1ecbp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed Soviet: Chu\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1eeda \u0111\u00eam. Ng\u00e0y m\u01b0\u1eddi hai th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai, ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1ea7u Soviet T\u1ed1i cao, \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u1eafp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh trong ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trang nghi\u00eam. Gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng ch\u0103m ch\u00fa chung v\u00e0 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng, ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ki\u1ec3m phi\u1ebfu \u2013 ki\u1ec3m tra xem theo danh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau c\u1eed tri v\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u2013 v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 100 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m. 100 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m! Cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u00e0o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o cho \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 100 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng? C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch h\u1ed3i h\u1ed9p ki\u1ec3m tra d\u1ea5u ni\u00eam phong tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u00f9ng. R\u1ed3i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u1ee7y ban ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c d\u1ea5u ni\u00eam phong c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f3c. C\u00e1c h\u00f2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf. Y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t vi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd ng\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0 nghi\u00eam trang. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 l\u00fac m\u1edf c\u00e1c phong b\u00ec. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1ea5y k\u00e9o. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m phi\u1ebfu c\u00f3 c\u00e1c s\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng. Phong b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c con m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed5 d\u1ed3n v\u00e0o n\u00f3. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch l\u1ea5y ra hai mi\u1ebfng gi\u1ea5y nh\u1ecf \u2013 mi\u1ebfng tr\u1eafng [cho m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean cho Soviet Li\u00ean bang] v\u00e0 mi\u1ebfng m\u00e0u xanh [cho m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Soviet D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c] \u2013 v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u1edbng to v\u00e0 r\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ch, \u201c\u0110\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed Stalin.\u201d L\u1eadp t\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 nghi\u00eam trang b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea3y c\u1eabng l\u00ean v\u00e0 hoan h\u00f4 vui s\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t cho l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed b\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng phi\u1ebfu k\u00edn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Stalinist \u2013 m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p.","394 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I T\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e2u t\u00f3m t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng h\u1ed3i h\u1ed9p xung quanh c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Karimov, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 gi\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a Stalin khi \u0111i t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ee7a Stalin v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a si\u00eau hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Karimov, Uzbekistan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf r\u1ea5t khai th\u00e1c. V\u00e0 n\u00f3 ngh\u00e8o. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n ba d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 s\u1ed1ng trong ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 1.000 $. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u. Theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 100 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m \u2026 ph\u1ea3i, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd tr\u1eeb trong th\u1eddi v\u1ee5 h\u00e1i b\u00f4ng. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t cao, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169ng c\u1ea5m s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t Internet. Trong khi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i cent cho m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y h\u00e1i b\u00f4ng, gia \u0111\u00ecnh Karimov v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh sau 1989 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c elite kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Uzbekistan, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i. C\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi con g\u00e1i Karimov, c\u00f4 Gulnora, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd k\u1ebf v\u1ecb cha m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. Trong m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng minh b\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 b\u00ed m\u1eadt, ch\u1eb3ng ai bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh Karimov ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u00e0 h\u1ecd ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau ti\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty Hoa K\u1ef3 Interspan mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Uzbek trong hai th\u1eadp ni\u00ean v\u1eeba qua. B\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u00f9a v\u1ee5 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p duy nh\u1ea5t; c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho tr\u1ed3ng ch\u00e8, v\u00e0 Interspan \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm h\u01a1n 30 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i. Gulnora \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0nh ch\u00e8 tr\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Interspan b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0 b\u1ecb tra t\u1ea5n. \u0110\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m 2006 c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat \u0111i. C\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nhanh c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh Karimov, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 chi\u1ebfm 67 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u0103ng 2 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m so v\u1edbi v\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Uzbekistan theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t di t\u00edch t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qu\u00ean. M\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec1u t\u1ee5y d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh h\u1ea9u xung quanh h\u1ecd, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c \u2013 th\u1ef1c ra, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb em. Tr\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 [di t\u00edch]. Ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u1ee7a mi\u1ebfng kh\u1ea3m (mosaic) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3","V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I NG\u00c0Y NAY \u25cf 395 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc n\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u00e9t chung v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Soviet tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, tr\u1ea3i t\u1eeb Armenia v\u00e0 Azerbaijan \u0111\u1ebfn Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, v\u00e0 Turkmenistan, v\u00e0 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ch\u00fang ta r\u1eb1ng ngay c\u1ea3 trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed1t, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kho\u00e1c m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng khai th\u00e1c t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o v\u00f4 li\u00eam s\u1ec9. GI\u1eee S\u00c2N CH\u01a0I NGHI\u00caNG C\u00e1c n\u0103m 1990 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp. T\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong n\u0103m 1954, Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u1eeda-x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. Nhi\u1ec1u khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Qua c\u00e1c n\u0103m, t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c, c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf, v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00fam nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh doanh li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c (National Democratic Party \u2013 NDP), \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp b\u1edfi T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Anwar Sadat trong n\u0103m 1978. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh doanh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng d\u00ednh l\u00edu v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng d\u00ednh l\u00edu v\u1edbi h\u1ecd d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Hosni Mubarak. Mubarak, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng trong n\u0103m 1981 ti\u1ebfp sau v\u1ee5 \u00e1m s\u00e1t Anwar Sadat, \u0111\u00e3 cai tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi NDP cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c b\u1edfi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i th\u00e1ng Hai 2011, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn trong L\u1eddi N\u00f3i \u0110\u1ea7u (trang 1). C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh doanh l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Rasheed Mohamed Rasheed, c\u1ef1u Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Unilever AMET (Africa, Middle East, v\u00e0 Turkey \u2013 ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch ch\u00e2u Phi, Trung \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 k\u1ef3), \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p; Mohamed Zoheir Wahid Garana, \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ty L\u1eef h\u00e0nh Garana, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng du l\u1ecbch; Amin Ahmed Mohamed Osman Abaza, nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ty Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i B\u00f4ng s\u00f4ng Nile, c\u00f4ng ty xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u b\u00f4ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.","396 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I Trong nhi\u1ec1u khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c gia nh\u1eadp th\u00f4ng qua quy ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, s\u1eaft v\u00e0 th\u00e9p, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4 t\u00f4, r\u01b0\u1ee3u bia, v\u00e0 xi m\u0103ng. M\u1ed7i khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t t\u1eadp trung v\u1edbi c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n gia nh\u1eadp cao b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. C\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9, nh\u01b0 Ahmed Ezz (s\u1eaft v\u00e0 th\u00e9p), gia \u0111\u00ecnh Sawiris (truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng), v\u00e0 Mohamed Nosseir (\u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng) \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n vay l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf ch\u1ea5p. Ahmed Ezz \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Ezz Steel, c\u00f4ng ty l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong ngh\u00e0nh th\u00e9p c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t 70 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m th\u00e9p c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean cao c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a NDP, ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban Ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Gamal Mubarak, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng con trai c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Mubarak. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1990 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kinh t\u1ebf gia \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. C\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1edf h\u1eefu. T\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a \u1edf Mexico (trang 38-40), thay cho l\u00e0m t\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1edf h\u1eefu th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n do t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n s\u1edf h\u1eefu, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u cho c\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 Carlos Slim. Ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00f9ng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp. C\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp, sao cho n\u00f3 \u01b0u \u00e1i cho elite kinh doanh gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 \u2013 hay \u201cnh\u1eefng con c\u00e1 voi,\u201d nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u00e0o l\u00fac t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1 voi n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 Ahmed Zayat, \u1edf c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a T\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n Luxor Group. N\u0103m 1996 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a c\u00f4ng ty Al Ahram beverages (ABC), m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t bia \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u00e1 h\u1ecfi mua \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t consortium c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ty T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh Ai C\u1eadp, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Farid Saad, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ty v\u1ed1n m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp n\u0103m 1995. Consortium \u0111\u00e3 bao g\u1ed3m Fouad Sultan, c\u1ef1u b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng du l\u1ecbch, Mohamed Nosseir, v\u00e0 Mohamed Ragab, m\u1ed9t doanh nh\u00e2n elite kh\u00e1c. Nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ed1t. \u0110\u01a1n \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3","V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I NG\u00c0Y NAY \u25cf 397 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb 400 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3ng Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f3a ra l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p. Zayat \u0111\u00e3 quen bi\u1ebft t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 mua ABC, cho n\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 ra m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o ki\u1ec3u Carlos Slim. C\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ABC \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean Trung t\u00e2m Giao d\u1ecbch Ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n London, v\u00e0 Luxor Group \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 74,9 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 68,5 b\u1ea3ng Ai C\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu. Ba th\u00e1ng sau c\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch l\u00e0m \u0111\u00f4i, v\u00e0 Luxor Group \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u00e1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 52,5 b\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3i r\u00f2ng 36 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m, m\u00e0 v\u1edbi n\u00f3 Zayat \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho vi\u1ec7c mua ABC v\u1edbi 231 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfp theo. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, ABC \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn h\u00e0ng n\u0103m kho\u1ea3ng 41,3 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3ng Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t 93 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3ng Ai C\u1eadp. \u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3. Trong n\u0103m 1999 ABC m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1eeb bia sang r\u01b0\u1ee3u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch mua l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n r\u01b0\u1ee3u qu\u1ed1c gia Gianaclis \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a. Gianaclis \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u1eddi, n\u00e9p m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb1ng sau thu\u1ebf nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u 3.000 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p l\u00ean r\u01b0\u1ee3u nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 bi\u00ean l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn 70 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m tr\u00ean doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n. Trong n\u0103m 2002 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i thay ch\u1ee7 l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa khi Zayat b\u00e1n ABC cho Heineken l\u1ea5y 1,3 t\u1ef7 b\u1ea3ng Ai C\u1eadp. M\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn 563 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m trong n\u0103m n\u0103m. Mohamed Nosseir \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u1edf b\u00ean thua. Trong n\u0103m 1993 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 mua C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f3ng chai El Nasr (Bottling Company) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng chai v\u00e0 b\u00e1n Coca-Cola \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp. C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Nosseir v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng khu v\u1ef1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng khi \u0111\u00f3, Atef Ebeid, \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c mua v\u1edbi \u00edt c\u1ea1nh tranh. Nosseir sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1n c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y sau hai n\u0103m l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n ba l\u1ea7n gi\u00e1 mua. M\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i trong cu\u1ed1i c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1990 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00e9o khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfu phim nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. L\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u01a1n ch\u00e0o mua v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c r\u1ea1p chi\u1ebfu phim \u2013 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh Sawiris. Ai C\u1eadp ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ngh\u00e8o \u2013 kh\u00f4ng ngh\u00e8o nh\u01b0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf ph\u00eda nam, \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ngh\u00e8o n\u01a1i kho\u1ea3ng 40 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi \u00edt h\u01a1n hai dollar m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y. Th\u1eadt m\u1ec9a mai, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc (trang 61-61), trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ban \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng theo s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a kinh t\u1ebf d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Muhammad Ali, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng","398 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ecb s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Anh. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Anh m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1edfi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i sau n\u0103m 1954. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00edt c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i kinh t\u1ebf, trong khi elite m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Mubarak \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho con trai Gamal \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf \u00f4ng. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb k\u1ebft li\u1ec5u s\u1edbm ch\u1ec9 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2011 khi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 n\u00e1o lo\u1ea1n lan r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 M\u00f9a Xu\u00e2n Arab. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 khi Nasser l\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh bao g\u1ed3m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Vua Farouk \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 bao g\u1ed3m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Mubarak, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf tr\u1edf n\u00ean khai th\u00e1c h\u01a1n, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 M\u00f9a Xu\u00e2n Arab \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp m\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u1edf Tunisia. Ba th\u1eadp ni\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng Tunisia d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u quay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c khi T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ben Ali v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y gi\u1eef c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n ch\u00fang b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang ng\u00e0y nay \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi, \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01a1i nh\u01b0 Zimbabwe v\u00e0 Sierra Leone; \u1edf Nam M\u1ef9, trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 Colombia v\u00e0 Argentina; \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1, trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 Uzbekistan; v\u00e0 \u1edf Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 Ai C\u1eadp. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u00f4n \u0111\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1","V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I NG\u00c0Y NAY \u25cf 399 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Anh; s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, T\u00e2y Ban Nha, v\u00e0 Nga. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00e1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang c\u00f9ng chia s\u1ebb l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c. Trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi elite nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i cho tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c elite v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng h\u00f3a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u2013 cho d\u00f9 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c nhau. \u1ede Zimbabwe, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, elite g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Robert Mugabe v\u00e0 l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a ZANU-PF, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u0169i nh\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1970. \u1ede B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 b\u00e8 l\u0169 quanh Kim Jong-Il v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n. \u1ede Uzbekistan \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Islam Karimov, gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh h\u1ea9u th\u1eddi-Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 h\u1ecd cai qu\u1ea3n, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, b\u1edfi v\u00ec B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, n\u00f3 l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Mugabe \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eddi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0o Zimbabwe trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1980 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1edf Matabeleland, m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf Zimbabwe. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1ch \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, Mugabe \u0111\u00e3 che \u0111\u1eady s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, cho d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t l\u00fac \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y ra m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1nh h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p hi\u1ebfn. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, Colombia \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p cho vi\u1ec7c chia s\u1ebb quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng T\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 B\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 theo sau s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kh\u1ecfi T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c elite l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c nhau. T\u1ea1i Uzbekistan, Karimov \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft c\u00f3c c\u00e1c t\u00e0n d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Soviet, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 cho \u00f4ng ta m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft c\u00e1c elite kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 kh\u00e1c. T\u1ea1i Colombia, s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu","400 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c elite b\u1ecb ch\u1eafp v\u00e1 r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u2013 th\u1ef1c ra, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f4i khi h\u1ecd gi\u1ebft l\u1eabn nhau. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p c\u00e1c elite v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eaft ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a elite m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra ch\u00fang. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f4i khi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t m\u00e0 h\u1ecd g\u00e2y ra d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0 \u1edf Sierra Leone. \u0110\u00fang nh\u01b0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c elite v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c elite d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean c\u0169ng th\u1ebf. \u1ede B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb b\u1ed9 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n: s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng trang v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh. \u1ede Ai C\u1eadp, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 gi\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng khai th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn do \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e1 Nasser t\u1ea1o ra sau n\u0103m 1952. Nasser \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Li\u00ean X\u00f4 trong chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh, t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, nh\u01b0 K\u00eanh \u0111\u00e0o Suez do Anh s\u1edf h\u1eefu, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u00e0nh s\u1edf h\u1eefu nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Tuy v\u1eady, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1950 v\u00e0 1960 \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1edf B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1940. \u0110\u00e3 d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf theo ki\u1ec3u c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n Nh\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m s\u0129 quan qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. Khi Ai C\u1eadp thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u00ean trong chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00e2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1ec5, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c, cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb ch\u1ec9 huy t\u1eadp trung sang ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u00e1nh h\u1ea9u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khai th\u00e1c. D\u00f9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u00e0nh t\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp so v\u1edbi B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t khai th\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ng\u1ed9t ng\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i xoa d\u1ecbu d\u00e2n c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 theo c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ngay c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u00e1nh h\u1ea9u c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, ch\u00ed \u00edt gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u01b0u \u00e1i, m\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng \u1edf B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean.","V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I NG\u00c0Y NAY \u25cf 401 M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 l\u00fd th\u00fa, c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u1edf trong b\u1ee9c tranh l\u1edbn, m\u00e0 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 r\u1eb1ng trong m\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda elite. C\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 khai th\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 quan tr\u1ecdng cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng. T\u1ea1i Argentina, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi \u1edf Colombia. Ch\u00ed \u00edt nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u1edf Argentina. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3, thu nh\u1eadp tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf Argentina g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i thu nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Colombia. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c elite so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf Zimbabwe v\u00e0 Sierra Leone, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, Zimbabwe v\u00e0 Sierra Leone ngh\u00e8o h\u01a1n Argentina v\u00e0 Colombia r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. V\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n c\u0169ng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0 \u1edf Sierra Leone v\u00e0 Zimbabwe, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch bao g\u1ed3m cho quy t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u1ed3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, trong khi ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf. C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u1edf Sierra Leone t\u1eeb khi n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t trong n\u0103m 2002 minh h\u1ecda m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y. N\u0103m 2007 trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u0169 c\u1ee7a Siaka Stevens, APC, \u0111\u00e3 quay l\u1ea1i n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eafng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, Ernest Bai Koroma, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi n\u00e0o v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 APC c\u0169, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3. Hai trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c con trai c\u1ee7a Stevens, Bockarie v\u00e0 Jengo, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c. Theo m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n d\u1ec5 thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Colombia. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng theo th\u1eddi gian b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn elite ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia cho ph\u00e9p n\u00f3 l\u00e0m v\u1eady, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n n\u00e0y kh\u1ecfi bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. \u1ede Sierra Leone, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t khai th\u00e1c h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, n\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3","402 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ecbu \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadt \u0111i l\u1eadt l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 nhau: nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 v\u1eabn thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf l\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c. Trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, ch\u00ed \u00edt t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn. M\u1ed7i n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb s\u1eadp b\u1eaby trong m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n. \u1ede Colombia v\u00e0 Argentina, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 trong c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba T\u00e2y Ban Nha (trang 9-19). Zimbabwe v\u00e0 Sierra Leone \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 trong c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn. \u1ede Sierra Leone, do thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 da tr\u1eafng, c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c mang t\u00ednh khai th\u00e1c th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00fang. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n d\u00e0i m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau b\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tai \u00e1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. T\u1ea1i Zimbabwe, ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec C\u00f4ng ty Nam Phi Anh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u00e9p. Uzbekistan \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0, gi\u1ed1ng Ai C\u1eadp, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u00e1nh h\u1ea9u. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 sa ho\u00e0ng, l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa theo m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o quy lu\u1eadt s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf. V\u00ec c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong h\u01a1n 250 n\u0103m v\u1eeba qua, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng. Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 \u0111i bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. V\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi. Ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc trong c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, hay s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c li\u00ean minh r\u1ed9ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n, hay \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n. H\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i Sierra Leone, C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang n\u0103m 1688 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u1edf Sierra Leone. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf James II theo sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 Oliver Cromwell \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng sau N\u1ed9i","V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I NG\u00c0Y NAY \u25cf 403 Chi\u1ebfn Anh. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh r\u1ed3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho quy lu\u1eadt s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf \u00edt c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong n\u0103m 1688. V\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 may m\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf b\u00ean c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i James II. Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfp theo, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c th\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho c\u00e1i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed sau m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c.","14. PH\u00c1 V\u1ee0 KHU\u00d4N \u0110\u00daC BA TH\u1ee6 L\u0128NH PHI CH\u00c2U NG\u00c0Y 6 TH\u00c1NG CH\u00cdN, 1895, t\u1ea7u bi\u1ec3n ch\u1edf kh\u00e1ch Tantallon Castle \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o b\u1ebfn \u1edf Plymouth mi\u1ec1n duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i ph\u00eda nam n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. Ba th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh Phi ch\u00e2u, Khama c\u1ee7a Ngwato, Bathoen c\u1ee7a Ngwaketse, v\u00e0 Sebele c\u1ee7a Kwena, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean b\u1edd v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y chuy\u1ebfn xe l\u1eeda t\u1ed1c h\u00e0nh 8 gi\u1edd 10 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn Ga Paddington, London. Ba th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn Anh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5: \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 n\u0103m nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Tswana kh\u00e1c kh\u1ecfi Cecil Rhodes. Ngwato, Ngwaketse, v\u00e0 Kwena \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ba trong s\u1ed1 t\u00e1m nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Tswana t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 Bechuanaland, m\u00e0 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Botswana sau \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong n\u0103m 1966. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn. Trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1840, David Livingstone nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o Scot n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i kh\u1eafp Bechuanaland v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o Vua Sechele c\u1ee7a Kwena sang Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o (Christianity). B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Kinh Th\u00e1nh sang m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Phi ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Setswana, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a Tswana. N\u0103m 1885 Anh \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Bechuanaland l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u1ee9 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tswana \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp, v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 cho h\u1ecd kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n th\u00eam c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Boer, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1edbi t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c Di c\u01b0 L\u1edbn (Great Trek) trong n\u0103m 1835, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c di c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Boer v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Anh. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi","PH\u00c1 V\u1ee0 KHU\u00d4N \u0110\u00daC \u25cf 405 Anh, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eb7n c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00eam b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Boer (trang 260-261) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00f9ng t\u00e2y nam ch\u00e2u Phi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi Namibia ng\u00e0y nay. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a quy m\u00f4 r\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 b\u00f5 c\u00f4ng. Cao \u1ee7y Rey \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh n\u0103m 1885 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: \u201cCh\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch n\u00e0o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Molope [x\u1ee9 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 Bechuanaland], tr\u1eeb nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba; v\u00ec th\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 B\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi b\u1ecdn gi\u1eb7c c\u01b0\u1edbp hay b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, l\u00e0m c\u00e0ng \u00edt theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n hay khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t.\u201d Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tswana t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong n\u0103m 1889 khi c\u00f4ng ty Nam Phi Anh c\u1ee7a Cecil Rhodes \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean ph\u00eda b\u1eafc t\u1eeb Nam Phi, c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111o\u1ea1t c\u00e1c d\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1edbn m\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh B\u1eafc v\u00e0 Nam Rhodesia, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 Zambia v\u00e0 Zimbabwe. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1895, n\u0103m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m c\u1ee7a ba th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ebfn London, Rhodes \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 t\u00e2y nam c\u1ee7a Rhodesia, Bechuanaland. C\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 tai h\u1ecda v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang r\u01a1i v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Rhodes. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i Rhodes v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi \u00f4ng ta theo b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1i \u00edt t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n trong hai c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u: m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp b\u1edfi Rhodes. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o London, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn London \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eed thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Victoria v\u00e0 Joseph Chamberlain, b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba khi \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Bechuanaland v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u00f3 kh\u1ecfi Rhodes. Ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn, 1895, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1edbi Chamberlain. Sebele n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn Bathoen, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng Khama. Chamberlain \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Anh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c kh\u1ecfi Rhodes. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t tua n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u1ed1ng khua chi\u00eang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u0103m v\u00e0 n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Windsor v\u00e0 Reading, g\u1ea7n London; t\u1ea1i Southampton \u1edf duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i ph\u00eda nam; v\u00e0 \u1edf Leicester v\u00e0 Birmingham, t\u1ea1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Chamberlain, v\u00f9ng Trung du. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i l\u00ean mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p","406 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I \u0111\u1ebfn Yorkshire, Sheffield, Leeds, Halifax, v\u00e0 Bradford; h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 sang mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn Bristol v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn Manchester v\u00e0 Liverpool. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf Nam Phi, Cecil Rhodes \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho c\u00e1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c B\u1ed1 r\u00e1p Jameson th\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1c, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u0169 trang v\u00e0o C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Boer c\u1ee7a Transvaal, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a Chamberlain. C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho Chamberlain th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh ng\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ebfu kh\u00e1c \u0111i. Ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ed9t, h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i g\u1eb7p \u00f4ng \u1edf London. C\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch: Chamberlain: T\u00f4i s\u1ebd n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u2026 B\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u00e3y nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u2026 Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n cho \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u01a1n. Khama: T\u00f4i n\u00f3i, r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu \u00d4ng Chamberlain s\u1ebd \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5t, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng. Chamberlain: R\u1ed3i h\u00e3y b\u1ea3o \u00f4ng r\u1eb3ng t\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u0111\u00ednh th\u00e2n sai ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft v\u1edbi con m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f4i s\u1ebd ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u00f4i s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea5y \u1edf m\u1ee9c m\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 n\u1ebfu c\u00e1i t\u00f4i l\u1ea5y c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Khama: T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft s\u1ebd \u0111i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o [t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u]. Chamberlain: N\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111i qua l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u01b0ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e0o l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. Khama: T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u00f4i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi t\u00f4i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. Chamberlain: T\u00f4i s\u1ebd b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau, Edward Fairfield, t\u1ea1i V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a Chamberlain chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n: M\u1ed7i trong ba th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh, Khama, Sebele v\u00e0 Bathoen, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 b\u00ean trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 che ch\u1edf c\u1ee7a N\u1eef Ho\u00e0ng.","PH\u00c1 V\u1ee0 KHU\u00d4N \u0110\u00daC \u25cf 407 N\u1eef Ho\u00e0ng s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t quan ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh s\u1ebd cai tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a Rhodes v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecb s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n kh\u00e9o c\u1ee7a ba th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh Phi ch\u00e2u l\u00e0m cho th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, than, \u201cT\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1edfi ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 \u0103n n\u00f3i gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i.\u201d C\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 h\u1ecd b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi Rhodes v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a Anh. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Tswana \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 bao h\u00e0m c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng, theo c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Phi ch\u00e2u h\u1ea1- Sahara, c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng m\u1edbi sinh, th\u00f4 s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean. H\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 Magna Carta \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf l\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Anh, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tswana, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 kgotla, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 tham gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh. Nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Nam Phi Isaac Schapera m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 kgotla \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 sau: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh trong kgotla (\u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng) c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u2026 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u2026 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u00e3i nhau gi\u1eefa th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh v\u00e0 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf m\u1edbi, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi, ban h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh m\u1edbi b\u1edfi th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u2026 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf c\u00e1c \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh. V\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n n\u00f3i chung, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, \u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac, v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u00edt khi s\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i c\u00f4ng khai v\u00e0 th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn. V\u01b0\u1ee3t xa h\u01a1n kgotla, ch\u1ee9c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh Tswana \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t m\u00e0 m\u1edf ra cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng n\u00e0o ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u00e0i n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c. Nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc John Comaroff \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u chi ti\u1ebft l\u1ecbch","408 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I s\u1eed ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Tswana kh\u00e1c, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Rolong. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ec1 b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tswana \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee9c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba k\u1ebf ra sao, trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb x\u1ea5u v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng tr\u00fang ch\u1ee9c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u, nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u00f3a sao cho \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ea1nh tranh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u1ecf ra l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tswana \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2u t\u00f3m \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u00e9t tho\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn: kgosi ke kgosi ka morafe, \u201cVua l\u00e0 vua b\u1edfi \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n.\u201d C\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh Tswana \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi Anh v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd sau chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn London. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u1edf Bechuanaland, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh trong c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c l\u00fd do nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00c1o-Hungary v\u00e0 Nga \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cho Bechuanaland ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o n\u00f3 c\u00f2n d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Quett Masire, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1980 \u0111\u1ebfn 1998 c\u1ee7a Botswana \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00ec sao. Masire \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kinh doanh trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1950; \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi cho vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa mi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u1edf Vryburg Milling, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u00f3ng \u1edf b\u00ean kia bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi b\u00ean Nam Phi. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edfng ga xe l\u1eeda t\u1ea1i Lobatse \u1edf Bechuanaland v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi thu\u00ea hai toa xe \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn Vryburg. Tr\u01b0\u1edfng ga \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i. R\u1ed3i \u00f4ng nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n da tr\u1eafng can thi\u1ec7p. Tr\u01b0\u1edfng ga mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00e0o gi\u00e1 cho Masire cao g\u1ea5p b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n gi\u00e1 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng. Masire \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, \u201c\u0110\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt c\u1ea5m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi ch\u00e2u s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00f4 th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n hay c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf Bechuanaland.\u201d X\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng, c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh, v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Tswana, \u0111\u00e3 may m\u1eafn. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p m\u1ecdi kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 th\u00f4n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Rhodes. V\u00ec Bechuanaland \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra ki\u1ec3u v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf Sierra Leone (trang 335-","PH\u00c1 V\u1ee0 KHU\u00d4N \u0110\u00daC \u25cf 409 344). H\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n \u1edf n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Nam Phi m\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ebb m\u1ea1t cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khai m\u1ecf hay ch\u1ee7 trang tr\u1ea1i da tr\u1eafng. C\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t cho h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3 di\u1ec5n ra c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n quan tr\u1ecdng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 9, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara, h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf Nam M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 nam \u00c1, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp hay s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tswana thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 Rhodes \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ea5y, tuy v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 may r\u1ee7i m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng. L\u1ea7n n\u1eefa n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng qua l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Tswana, v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t do ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra. Ba th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 may m\u1eafn c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn London, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n, so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c kh\u00e1c \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara, nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Tswana \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fat \u00edt ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o l\u00fac k\u1ebft th\u00fac th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Botswana, cho ph\u00e9p n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. V\u00e0o l\u00fac Bechuanaland tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1966 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean Botswana, th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng may m\u1eafn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh Sebele, Bathoen, v\u00e0 Khama \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 l\u00e2u trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m \u1edf gi\u1eefa, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u00edt \u1edf Bechuanaland. V\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, Botswana \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi; n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng m\u01b0\u1eddi hai kilomet \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3i b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, hai m\u01b0\u01a1i hai c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ea5p hai. V\u00e0 t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb bao v\u00e2y b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 da tr\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Nam Phi, Namibia, v\u00e0 Rhodesia, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Phi ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf trong danh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eafc c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng trong hai m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo, Botswana \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ng\u00e0y nay Botswana c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara, v\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00f9ng m\u1ee9c","410 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 Estonia v\u00e0 Hungary, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia M\u1ef9 Latin th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0 Costa Rica. Botswana \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m sau \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n v\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd tr\u1ea3i qua n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn hay s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh kinh t\u1ebf v\u0129 m\u00f4, v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n l\u00e0, Botswana \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111a nguy\u00ean, v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m, trong khi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Phi ch\u00e2u kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i? \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t, l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a Botswana. Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara \u2013 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, Sierra Leone v\u00e0 Zimbabwe \u2013 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i b\u1ecb b\u1ecf l\u1ee1, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i-t\u1ea1o c\u00f9ng ki\u1ec3u c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. C\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp di\u1ec5n ra r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c \u1edf Botswana, l\u1eabn n\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1i n\u1ec1n do c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Tswana t\u1ea1o ra. V\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y, Botswana th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang. N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nhanh ch\u00f3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Tudor v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 Magna Carta v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 ch\u00ed \u00edt \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mong m\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean. Botswana c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u0111a nguy\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n. N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh r\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c nh\u1ecf (gentry) c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi nghi\u00eam. Botswana \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 li\u00ean minh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c an to\u00e0n, c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh Tswana, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c elite nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, gia s\u00fac. Cho d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 chung c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, gia s\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Tswana, v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c elite \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi nghi\u00eam. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f3a ra r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh n\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi","PH\u00c1 V\u1ee0 KHU\u00d4N \u0110\u00daC \u25cf 411 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a ra r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c \u1edf Botswana, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng may nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 Seretse Khama, hay Quett Masire, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tranh \u0111ua trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 sau \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m. V\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tswana \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf coi l\u00e0 linh thi\u00eang ch\u1ee9c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tswana t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00ec c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng. S\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb Anh \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng. Bechuanaland \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1eeb Mafeking, \u1edf Nam Phi, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 trong th\u1eddi gian qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1960 th\u00ec c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Gaborone m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea1ch ra. Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1edbi \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00f3a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean ch\u00fang; khi Gaborone \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, c\u00e1c kgotla m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi n\u00f3. \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1. Cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng cho \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Botswana (BDP), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1960 b\u1edfi Quett Masire v\u00e0 Seretse Khama. Khama \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a Vua Khama III; t\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Seretse, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u201c\u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t m\u00e0 k\u1ebft d\u00ednh v\u1edbi nhau.\u201d N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. Khama \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh th\u1eeba k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ngwato, v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh Tswana v\u00e0 c\u00e1c elite \u0111\u00e3 gia nh\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Botswana. Botswana \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng marketing, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y. BDP \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng trong n\u0103m 1967, \u1ee6y Ban Th\u1ecbt Botswana. Nh\u01b0ng thay cho vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 tr\u1ea1i nu\u00f4i s\u00fac v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu s\u00fac v\u1eadt, \u1ee6y Ban Th\u1ecbt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 ch\u00ednh trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i gia s\u00fac; n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1ec7nh l\u1edf m\u1ed3m long m\u00f3ng v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf Botswana \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u th\u1ecbt, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t khi kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra. Vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u1edf Botswana c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Phi ch\u00e2u kh\u00e1c. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh Tswana \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed","412 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n th\u0103m d\u00f2 kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n \u1edf Bechuanaland b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i hay \u0111\u00e1 qu\u00fd, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u1ea5y kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t Ngwato, qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Seretse Khama. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1, Khama \u0111\u00e3 x\u00fai gi\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt sao cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c gia, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u1edbn \u1edf Botswana. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o th\u00eam s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00ec c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n thu kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. \u1ede Sierra Leone v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia Phi ch\u00e2u h\u1ea1-Sahara kh\u00e1c, kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5p nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u cho xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e3n Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1eabm M\u00e1u v\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t do c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u1ede Botswana, c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n thu kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd cho l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Seretse Khama \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Ch\u1ee9c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh n\u0103m 1965 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p th\u00f4ng qua tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o Lu\u1eadt s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i lu\u1eadt Ch\u1ee9c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh n\u0103m 1970 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u00f4n th\u1edd quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u00e3i b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ee9c n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, th\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfng Setswana v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Ng\u00e0y nay Botswana tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1eafp v\u00e1 s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef nh\u01b0 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia Phi ch\u00e2u kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfng Anh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c duy nh\u1ea5t, ti\u1ebfng Setswana, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u h\u00f3a xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c nhau b\u00ean trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. T\u1ed5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1946, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u1edf Botswana. Trong khu b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba Ngwato, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ch\u1ec9 20 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m d\u00e2n c\u01b0 t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ngwato thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft; m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Tswana kh\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00e3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m kh\u00f4ng-Tswana m\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Setswana. T\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb","PH\u00c1 V\u1ee0 KHU\u00d4N \u0110\u00daC \u25cf 413 bi\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec7u \u0111i b\u1edfi c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 sau \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Tswana theo c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Welsh, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec7u b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Botswana \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m c\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. T\u1eeb khi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ed5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u1edf Botswana \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c n\u1eefa, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u1edf Botswana m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tswana. Botswana \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc sau \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp b\u1edfi v\u00ec Seretse Khama, Quett Masire, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Botswana \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Botswana \u0111i l\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m. Khi c\u00e1c m\u1ecf kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1970, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u00e0i kh\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n thu n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c hay l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. Theo m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu quen thu\u1ed9c t\u1eeb v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 11, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m. Botswana \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp h\u1eadu thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, v\u00e0 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Botswana v\u00e0 c\u00e1c elite truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Khama, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eed t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i hay d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u cho ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd v\u1edbi c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3. \u0110\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara, Botswana \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 r\u1ed3i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111a nguy\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c elite kinh t\u1ebf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n an to\u00e0n. Kh\u00f4ng \u00edt quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n l\u00e0, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 \u01b0u \u00e1i Botswana. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c may b\u1edfi v\u00ec Seretse Khama v\u00e0 Quett Masire \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Siaka Stevens v\u00e0 Robert Mugabe. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c si\u00eang n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tswana. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u01a1n r\u1eb1ng Botswana s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m, trong khi","414 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng th\u1eed \u0111i, hay \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. K\u1ebeT TH\u00daC S\u1ef0 B\u00d3C L\u1ed8T \u1ede MI\u1ec0N NAM \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai, 1955. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Montgomery, Alabama, l\u1ec7nh b\u1eaft ghi th\u1eddi gian x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 6 gi\u1edd 06 ph\u00fat chi\u1ec1u. James Blake, m\u1ed9t l\u00e1i xe bus, \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t, v\u00e0 Officers Day v\u00e0 Mixon \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ghi trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd: Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh xe bus n\u00f3i [xe] \u00f4ng ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da m\u00e0u ng\u1ed3i \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng c\u1ee7a xe bus, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n quay v\u1ec1 [khu v\u1ef1c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en]. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u2026 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00f4 ta. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh xe bus \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1t cho c\u00f4 ta. Rosa Parks (cf) b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i theo kho\u1ea3n 11 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6 c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Montgomery. Rosa Parks \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i ng\u1ed3i \u1edf m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a xe bus Cleveland Avenue \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng, m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt Jim Crow c\u1ee7a Alabama. Parks \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t m\u01b0\u1eddi dollar ngo\u00e0i ph\u00ed t\u00f2a \u00e1n b\u1ed1n dollar. Rosa Parks \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai. C\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 th\u01b0 k\u00fd r\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a chi h\u1ed9i Montgomery c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c gia cho s\u1ef1 Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Da M\u00e0u (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, NAACP), m\u00e0 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u00f2i thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam Hoa K\u1ef3. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, phong tr\u00e0o T\u1ea9y chay xe Bus Montgomery, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n b\u1edfi Martin Luther King, Jr. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai, King v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea9y chay xe bus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p, thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 xe bus n\u00e0o \u1edf Montgomery. Cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea9y chay \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn 20 th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai, 1956. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m trong quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c xe bus \u1edf Alabama v\u00e0 Montgomery l\u00e0 vi hi\u1ebfn. Cu\u1ed9c T\u1ea9y chay xe Bus Montgomery \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t trong phong tr\u00e0o c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Hoa K\u1ef3. Phong tr\u00e0o n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac \u1edf mi\u1ec1n"]