Chiasemoi.com_tai-sao-cac-quoc-gia-that-bai

["S\u1ef0 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N \u0110\u1ea2O NG\u01af\u1ee2C \u25cf 265 \u1ee6y ban: N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, l\u00e0m sao \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c anh ta l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c? Albu: \u0110\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf anh ta, r\u1ed3i \u2026 \u1ee6y ban: R\u1ed3i \u00f4ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p kaffir n\u1eafm gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng h\u1eafn ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u cho anh ta? Albu: H\u1eafn ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn. C\u1ea3 hai m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n da tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi B\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea5t B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba n\u0103m 1913. B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt, ti\u00ean li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Lewis v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u00e9p, \u0111\u00e3 chia Nam Phi th\u00e0nh hai ph\u1ea7n, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ngh\u00e8o. Tr\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 th\u1ef1c ra s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt. N\u00f3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng 87 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho kho\u1ea3ng 20 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. Ph\u1ea7n 13 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi ch\u00e2u. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1edfi v\u00ec d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi ch\u00e2u trong c\u00e1c mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt 1913 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng v\u0169 \u0111\u00e0i cho s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Apartheid Nam Phi, v\u1edbi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 da tr\u1eafng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 da \u0111en b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3 hai. B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, bao g\u1ed3m Transkei v\u00e0 Ciskei, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cc\u00e1c X\u1ee9 s\u1edf Phi ch\u00e2u.\u201d Mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c Bantustan, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Apartheid \u1edf Nam Phi, v\u00ec n\u00f3 cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi ch\u00e2u c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y m\u00e0 l\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bantu \u0111\u00e3 di c\u01b0 t\u1eeb \u0110\u00f4ng Nigeria sang kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. H\u1ecd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u2013 v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 \u00edt h\u01a1n \u2013 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u00c2u ch\u00e2u. B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 16 (trang sau) cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00e0m tr\u00f2 c\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi ch\u00e2u theo \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111ai 1913 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt k\u1ebf v\u1ecb n\u00f3 n\u0103m 1936. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng ghi l\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb 1970 v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1","266 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u00e9p kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa \u1edf Zimbabwe, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 13. Ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt 1913 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n d\u1ef1 tr\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0129nh canh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t da \u0111en kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c canh t\u00e1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t do ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng s\u1edf h\u1eefu trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch t\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec1n l\u00e0m thu\u00ea. Nh\u01b0 b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, \u201cT\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ng\u1eebng, trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, m\u1ecdi giao d\u1ecbch d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec theo b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chung ph\u1ea7n gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t hay th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t. T\u1ea5t c\u00e1c c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1edbi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5. Mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba b\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt, hay b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eb7c \u00e2n canh t\u00e1c m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u2026 Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec cho quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a anh ta \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t.\u201d","S\u1ef0 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N \u0110\u1ea2O NG\u01af\u1ee2C \u25cf 267 \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u0103m Nam Phi trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1950 v\u00e0 1960, khi m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Arthur Lewis \u0111ang truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1, s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c X\u1ee9 s\u1edf v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u00c2u ch\u00e2u da tr\u1eafng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e1i m\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u00e9p n\u00f3i v\u1ec1. Ph\u1ea7n \u00c2u ch\u00e2u c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c X\u1ee9 s\u1edf \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u00e8o, n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu; lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng sinh l\u1ee3i; ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Phi l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu mu\u00f4n th\u1ee7a. Tr\u1eeb chuy\u1ec7n n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u00e9p \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean hay kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u00c2u ch\u00e2u. \u0110\u00fang v\u1eady, c\u00e1c X\u1ee9 s\u1edf \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Phi ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c m\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t do ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. Sau 1913 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb d\u1ed3n ch\u1eadt n\u00edch v\u00e0o c\u00e1c X\u1ee9 s\u1edf, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ebfm sinh k\u1ebf trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf da tr\u1eafng, cung \u1ee9ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ebb m\u1ea1t. Khi c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 m\u00e0 x\u1ea3y ra trong n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1ecf c\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i canh t\u00e1c v\u1edbi cu\u1ed1c \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd c\u00f3 canh t\u00e1c ch\u00fat n\u00e0o. Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ebb m\u1ea1t, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c X\u1ee9 s\u1edf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o. \u0110\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ecb h\u00e1 h\u1ee7y. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u1ea3y ra c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i theo chi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb cai tr\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y trong suy t\u00e0n, th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ebb m\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t. Cho n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong n\u0103m 1951, khi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch Bantu. Ngay t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1940, G. Findlay \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra \u0111\u00fang v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: \u0110\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t canh b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ebb m\u1ea1t ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 g\u00e2y gi\u1ed1ng r\u1ebb m\u1ea1t,","268 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi ch\u00e2u v\u1edbi ph\u00ed t\u1ed5n c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Phi ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng h\u00f3a h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u1ec3 cung \u1ee9ng cho n\u00f3. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c X\u1ee9 S\u1edf sau Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111ai B\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 n\u0103m 1913. Transkei v\u00e0 Ciskei \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2m v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 sa s\u00fat kinh t\u1ebf k\u00e9o d\u00e0i. C\u00e1c h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty khai m\u1ecf v\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp b\u1edfi s\u1eed gia Francis Wilson cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 sa s\u00fat n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Nam Phi. Ti\u1ebfp sau B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111ai B\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 m\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 r\u1edbt 30 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m gi\u1eefa 1911 v\u00e0 1921. Trong n\u0103m 1961, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Nam Phi, c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 12 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m so v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u01a1ng trong n\u0103m 1911. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y Nam Phi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0ng ngay c\u1ea3 trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi ch\u00e2u da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0103n th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u00c2u ch\u00e2u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t doanh nghi\u1ec7p, hay \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p? Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. Kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi ch\u00e2u n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n hay b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t doanh nghi\u1ec7p trong ph\u1ea7n \u00c2u ch\u00e2u c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u2013 chi\u1ebfm 87 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Apartheid c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi ch\u00e2u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p lao \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ebb m\u1ea1t cho c\u00e1c m\u1ecf v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p do ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng s\u1edf h\u1eefu. Ngay t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1904 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ed7 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf khai m\u1ecf. Kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi ch\u00e2u n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng m\u00e1y h\u1ed7n h\u1ed1ng, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai m\u1ecf l\u1ed9 thi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee3 r\u00e8n, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m n\u1ed3i h\u01a1i, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eeda \u1ed1ng l\u00f3t sau c\u00f9ng, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m khu\u00f4n \u1ed1ng l\u00f3t, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 n\u1ec1 \u2026 v\u00e0 danh s\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn th\u1ee3 m\u00e1y gia c\u00f4ng g\u1ed7. B\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00fa duy nh\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi ch\u00e2u b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0o trong khu v\u1ef1c khai m\u1ecf. \u0110\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u201cv\u1ea1ch m\u00e0u\u201d n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, m\u1ed9t trong nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Nam Phi. V\u1ea1ch m\u00e0u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf trong n\u0103m 1926, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1980.","S\u1ef0 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N \u0110\u1ea2O NG\u01af\u1ee2C \u25cf 269 Kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi ch\u00e2u da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c; nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam Phi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc da \u0111en v\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u1ea3n l\u00f2ng s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1950, khi, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Hendrik Verwoerd, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Apartheid m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn 1994, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Bantu. Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u1ea1c m\u00f3ng heo b\u1edfi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Verwoerd trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u n\u0103m 1954: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bantu ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a anh ta trong m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o cho anh ta trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u tr\u00ean m\u1ee9c c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u2026 V\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00edch g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi anh ta \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p thu v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u trong khi anh ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea5p thu v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, lo\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong b\u00e0i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Verwoerd l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u00e9p c\u1ee7a Lewis. \u1ede Nam Phi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u00e9p \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u1ede Nam Phi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n tr\u01a1n tru n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o t\u1eeb khu v\u1ef1c l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu sang khu v\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i khi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 da tr\u1eafng ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 b\u1eb1ng tr\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n da \u0111en kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng. \u1ede Nam Phi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng t\u1eeb khu v\u1ef1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Lewis \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh. Th\u1ef1c ra, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng cao, sao cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n da tr\u1eafng c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao. \u1ede Nam Phi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi ch\u00e2u da \u0111en qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u201cs\u1eadp b\u1eaby\u201d trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, \u1edf c\u00e1c X\u1ee9 s\u1edf. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1i thi\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c X\u1ee9 s\u1edf \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf da tr\u1eafng.","270 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean n\u00e0o r\u1eb1ng lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 Nam Phi da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, do d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng Nam Phi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 b\u00e1n ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u1eddi tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0ng h\u01a1n 80 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Nam Phi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y ra b\u00ean l\u1ec1 v\u00e0 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb kh\u1ecfi tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1ng mong m\u1ecfi. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh doanh, c\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0, hay c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c; nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u b\u1eb1ng b\u00f2n r\u00fat t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam Phi da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 chia s\u1ebb m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y \u00c2u, trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam Phi da \u0111en h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e0u h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara. S\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n thu t\u1eeb v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f2n t\u0103ng. V\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1970, tuy v\u1eady, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1eebng t\u0103ng. V\u00e0 l\u1ea1i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean g\u00ec r\u1eb1ng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c khai th\u00e1c. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 trong n\u0103m 1994, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Nam Phi \u0111\u00e3 trao m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed v\u00e0o ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 da tr\u1eafng. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Nam Phi n\u0103m 1910, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 Afrikaner c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Orange Free v\u00e0 Transvaal \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c t\u01b0\u1eddng minh, ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 tham gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Natal v\u00e0 Khu Cape \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. Hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Natal v\u00e0 Khu Cape \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef trong n\u0103m 1910, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1930, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1eddng minh \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i t\u1ea1i Nam Phi. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u00e9p c\u1ee7a Nam Phi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft th\u00fac trong n\u0103m 1994. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u00fd do m\u00e0 Sir Arthur Lewis \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1. \u0110\u00e3","S\u1ef0 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N \u0110\u1ea2O NG\u01af\u1ee2C \u25cf 271 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u1ea1ch m\u00e0u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c X\u1ee9 s\u1edf. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam Phi da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng chia s\u1ebb c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. Sau cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Soweto n\u0103m 1976, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u01a1n v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Apartheid. Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 trao quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u00e9p c\u1ee7a Nam Phi theo c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng Nam Phi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra n\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft. S\u1ef0 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N B\u1eca \u0110\u1ea2O NG\u01af\u1ee2C S\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u1edfi v\u00ec trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn v\u00e0 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u00e0 n\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i, trong khi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m v\u1eady. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd hay b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp trung. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t, hay n\u00f3i nh\u1eb9 \u0111i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1, b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh c\u00f9ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u cho s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u00c2u ch\u00e2u: s\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u00c2u ch\u00e2u. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u00ednh sinh l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, hay d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t t\u1eeb c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00ean, nh\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o Caribe, n\u01a1i, ti\u1ebfp theo s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n c\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 Phi ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh-qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea3o Banda, \u1edf Aceh, hay \u1edf Burma (Myanmar) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3","272 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p \u00c2u ch\u00e2u. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, hay \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eadm \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i gia t\u0103ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c gia v\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n H\u00e0 Lan. C\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 hy v\u1ecdng n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea3o Banda b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. M\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh-qu\u1ed1c \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 r\u00fat lui kh\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng do ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan m\u00e0 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh g\u00e2y ra. \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u h\u00e0ng d\u1ec7t l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m. V\u1ea3i in hoa v\u00e0 v\u1ea3i muslin \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00c2u ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng ch\u00e2u Phi. \u0110\u1ea1i l\u00fd ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 mang ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea3o Anh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n Anh. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1600, hai n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n H\u00e0 Lan, C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n Anh \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eed thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u1edf Goa, Chittagong, v\u00e0 Bombay, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u1edf Pondicherry, Chv\u00e0ernagore, Yanam, v\u00e0 Karaikal. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f2n t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n cho C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c vua Stuart ban cho v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c sau 1688, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf trong h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp k\u1ef7. S\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc (trang 199-200), b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng d\u1ec7t \u1edf Anh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng xui khi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i c\u1ea5m nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u v\u1ea3i in hoa, m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng sinh l\u1ee3i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Robert Clive, C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. V\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Mughal \u1edf Delhi. C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u1edf Bengal b\u00ean mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn Plassey n\u0103m 1757 v\u00e0 Buxar n\u0103m 1764. C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb Mughal c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. S\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 co l\u1ea1i \u1ed3 \u1ea1t c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh d\u1ec7t \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, v\u00ec, r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng","S\u1ef0 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N \u0110\u1ea2O NG\u01af\u1ee2C \u25cf 273 c\u00f2n th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng n\u00e0y \u1edf Anh. S\u1ef1 co l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi tho\u00e1i-\u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb h\u00f3a v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 gia t\u0103ng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u sau, thay cho s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng d\u1ec7t, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 mua ch\u00fang t\u1eeb Anh v\u00e0 tr\u1ed3ng thu\u1ed1c phi\u1ec7n cho C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1n \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c. S\u1ef1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 qua \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi, cho d\u00f9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u00edt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Phi ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1n c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u. Khi xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0 trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Phi, m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c dai d\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n. Trong v\u00e0i ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Phi m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, nh\u01b0 Nam Phi, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ebb m\u1ea1t cho c\u00e1c m\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c trang tr\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam Phi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u00e9p, ng\u0103n 80 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m d\u00e2n c\u01b0 kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, canh t\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n kinh doanh. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00ec sao c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 c\u0169ng bao g\u1ecdn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u1ea1o ra, s\u1ef1 ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba hay th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.","10. S\u1ef0 TRUY\u1ec0N B\u00c1 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG VINH D\u1ef0 GI\u1eeeA NH\u1eeeNG K\u1eba C\u1eaeP N\u01af\u1edaC ANH TH\u1ebe K\u1ef6 TH\u1ee8 M\u01af\u1edcI T\u00c1M \u2013 hay th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng h\u01a1n, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh sau s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t 1708 c\u1ee7a Anh, x\u1ee9 Wales v\u00e0 Scotland \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n: xa m\u1eb7t c\u00e1ch l\u00f2ng, hay ch\u00ed \u00edt kh\u1ecfi r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0y nhi\u1ec1u [ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n] \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t trong \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc Chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n, c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi sang c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9. Sau 1783, H\u1ee3p ch\u1ee7ng Qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hoan ngh\u00eanh c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n Anh, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch Anh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm x\u1ee9 s\u1edf kh\u00e1c cho h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00e2y Phi. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00ed h\u1eadu, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1t r\u00e9t v\u00e0 s\u1ed1t v\u00e0ng, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch n\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eedi ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng.\u201d S\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 Australia. V\u00f9ng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 \u0111i bi\u1ec3n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i Thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng James Cook. Ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng T\u01b0 n\u0103m 1770, Cook \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eadp b\u1ebfn \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u1ecbnh nh\u1ecf tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 V\u1ecbnh Botany (Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng t\u00f4n vinh c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i phong ph\u00fa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean h\u1ecdc \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh. Kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u00f4n h\u00f2a, v\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 xa con m\u1eaft v\u00e0 xa t\u00e2m tr\u00ed (xa m\u1eb7t c\u00e1ch l\u00f2ng) \u1edf m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i g\u1ed3m m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u nh\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn V\u1ecbnh Botany trong th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang n\u0103m 1788 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a Thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Arthur Phillip. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 Ng\u00e0y Australia, h\u1ecd","S\u1ef0 TRUY\u1ec0N B\u00c1 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG \u25cf 275 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng tr\u1ea1i \u1edf V\u0169ng Sydney, tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Sydney hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba m\u1edbi l\u00e0 New South Wales. Tr\u00ean boong m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u, chi\u1ebfc Alexander, do Duncan Sinclair l\u00e0m thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n, Henry v\u00e0 Susannah Cable. Susannah \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c minh v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i \u0103n tr\u1ed9m v\u00e0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tuy\u00ean \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh. B\u1ea3n \u00e1n n\u00e0y mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n n\u0103m v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0y \u0111i c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. Trong l\u00fac \u1ea5y, \u1edf Nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 Norwich Castle, Susannah \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00f2ng Henry, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea1n t\u00f9. Trong n\u0103m 1787 c\u00f4 b\u1ecb ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0y sang thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba t\u00f9 m\u1edbi \u1edf Australia v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9i t\u00e0u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng Henry \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y Susannah v\u00e0 Henry \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con trai nh\u1ecf, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Henry. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1ecb ly t\u00e1n. Susannah \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u t\u00f9 th\u1ea3 neo tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng Thames, nh\u01b0ng tin t\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ed9 ra v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n g\u00e2y \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn tai m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c, Lady Cadogan. Lady Cadogan \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ee5 gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 Cable. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1edf c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Henry nh\u1ecf sang Australia. Lady Cadogan c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00a320 \u0111\u1ec3 mua h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a cho h\u1ecd, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u1edf Australia. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc Alexander, nh\u01b0ng khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn V\u1ecbnh Botany, ki\u1ec7n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, hay ch\u00ed \u00edt \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i Thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Sinclair \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn. Nh\u00e0 Cable \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec? Kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u, theo lu\u1eadt Anh. Cho d\u00f9 trong n\u0103m 1787, Anh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m, t\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra cho c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n g\u00ec. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n. H\u1ecd ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai \u1edf t\u00f2a \u00e1n. Th\u1ef1c ra, h\u1ecd th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u1edf t\u00f2a \u00e1n. Sinclair \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y c\u1eafp ki\u1ec7n h\u00e0ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kho\u00e1c l\u00e1c r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb nh\u00e0 Cable ki\u1ec7n. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fang theo lu\u1eadt Anh. V\u00e0 \u1edf Anh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf Australia. M\u1ed9t tr\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t ra cho David Collins, lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 c\u00f4ng t\u1ed1 (judge advocate) \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 sau: X\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng Henry Cable v\u00e0 v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng ta, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a n\u01a1i n\u00e0y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ecd r\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec7n h\u00e0ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng t\u00e0u Alexander ch\u1edf Thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Duncan Sinclair, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00e1c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gom g\u00f3p v\u00e0 mua v\u1edbi ph\u00ed t\u1ed5n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb","276 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I thi\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a Henry Cable \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi \u1edf tr\u00ean, v\u1ee3 v\u00e0 con \u00f4ng. Nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ra cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec7n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i t\u1edbi \u1edf tr\u00ean t\u1eeb Thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e0u Alexander b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111ang n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i c\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 (ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb) m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a ki\u1ec7n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i t\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a v\u00e0i cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 h\u01a1n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u1edf tr\u00ean t\u00e0u Alexander \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi \u1edf tr\u00ean, Thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb r\u1ea5t c\u1ea9u th\u1ea3 trong vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00f9ng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean. Henry v\u00e0 Susannah, v\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u00fd tr\u00e1t v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e1nh \u201cd\u1ea5u ch\u00e9o\u201d c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f9ng. C\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u201cnh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a n\u01a1i n\u00e0y\u201d mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb g\u1ea1ch \u0111i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu Henry Cable v\u00e0 v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n, th\u00ec v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hy v\u1ecdng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng g\u1ecdi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 m\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ea5y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 h\u01a1i qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Quan t\u00f2a Collins \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111i. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. Collins \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp phi\u00ean t\u00f2a, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9i th\u1ea9m \u0111o\u00e0n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh. Sinclair \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7u ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f2a. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Collins \u0111\u00e3 \u00edt nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c, v\u00e0 b\u1ed9i th\u1ea9m \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed \u0111\u1ebfn Australia \u0111\u1ec3 canh gi\u1eef c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng Cable, nh\u00e0 Cable \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng. Sinclair \u0111\u00e3 tranh c\u00e3i kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi l\u00fd do r\u1eb1ng v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng Cable \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m. Nh\u01b0ng l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean \u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m b\u1ea3ng. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft n\u00e0y Quan t\u00f2a Collins \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadt Anh; \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qua n\u00f3. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t x\u1eed \u1edf Australia. V\u1ee5 h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1i ngang th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u1edf Anh. M\u1ed9t t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c minh v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i \u0103n c\u1eafp b\u00e1nh m\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 hai xu (pence). V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00f2a \u00e1n, v\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p s\u1edf h\u1eefu b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec. Australia \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Anh, v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 lu\u1eadt Anh. V\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u Australia kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Anh v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba t\u00f9 New South Wales ban \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi canh gi\u1eef h\u1ecd, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 l\u00ednh. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00edt \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ef1 do\u201d \u1edf Australia cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c","S\u1ef0 TRUY\u1ec0N B\u00c1 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG \u25cf 277 n\u0103m 1820, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0y t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1eebng \u1edf New South Wales trong n\u0103m 1840, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn 1868 \u1edf T\u00e2y Australia. C\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u201cc\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c,\u201d v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean kh\u00e1c cho lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi canh gi\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi canh \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m h\u1ecd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 C\u00f4ng ty Virginia \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf Jamestown, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c si\u00eang n\u0103ng hay l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb qu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng roi hay b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0y \u0111i \u0110\u1ea3o Norfolk, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi ba d\u1eb7m vu\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m c\u00e1ch Australia h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n d\u1eb7m v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng trong Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0y \u0111i l\u1eabn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eb1ng roi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o cho h\u1ecd c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch. \u0110\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi canh gi\u1eef. T\u00f9 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd hay s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf Australia \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aboriginal, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u v\u00e0o th\u1eddi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp New South Wales. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c kh\u1eafp m\u1ed9t l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf New South Wales \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 cho vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t h\u1ecd. \u0110\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn M\u1ef9 Latin n\u00e0o \u1edf Australia. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi canh gi\u1eef nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 lao v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u1edf b\u00ean Anh. C\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian th\u00eam, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u00e1n c\u00e1i h\u1ecd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi canh gi\u1eef c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n. S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi canh gi\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a cho c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n. M\u00f3n h\u00e0ng b\u00e9o b\u1edf nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u rum. New South Wales v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Anh kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c, do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u0103m 1806 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh William Bligh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u0103m 1789, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u H.M.S. Bounty, trong cu\u1ed9c \u201cN\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n tr\u00ean t\u00e0u Bounty\u201d n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. Bligh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t, m\u1ed9t n\u00e9t c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n. Cung c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n rum. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c, l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1u qu\u00e2n","278 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I nh\u00e2n, John Macarthur. C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9c Phi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n Rum, l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn Bligh b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb phi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1, l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ean t\u00e0u Bounty. Macarthur \u0111\u00e3 sai nh\u1ed1t Bligh l\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch Anh sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eed nhi\u1ec1u l\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n. Macarthur \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0y v\u1ec1 Anh. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bao l\u00e2u sau \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 quay l\u1ea1i Australia \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 l\u1edbn trong c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1eabn kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. G\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c Phi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n Rum \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Macarthur, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn Australia nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh trong nh\u00f3m t\u00e0u th\u1ee9 hai c\u1eadp b\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1790. N\u0103m 1796 \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i ng\u0169 r\u1eddi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o kinh doanh. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 con c\u1eebu \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n trong ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i c\u1eebu v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u len. B\u00ean trong n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba t\u1eeb Sydney l\u00e0 d\u00e3y n\u00fai Blue Mountains, m\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u0103ng qua trong n\u0103m 1813, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 ra nh\u1eefng d\u1ea3i m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf tho\u00e1ng r\u1ed9ng \u1edf s\u01b0\u1eddn b\u00ean kia. \u0110\u00e3 l\u00e0 thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u1eebu. Macarthur ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u nh\u1ea5t Australia, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00f4ng tr\u00f9m c\u1eebu b\u1ea1n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng K\u1ebb Chi\u1ebfm \u0110\u1ea5t (Squatter), v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd cho c\u1eebu \u0103n c\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh s\u1edf h\u1eefu. Nh\u01b0ng l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi ti\u1ebft nh\u1ecf. Nh\u1eefng K\u1ebb Chi\u1ebfm \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi elite c\u1ee7a Australia, hay, th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng h\u01a1n, Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t (Squattocracy). Ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t, New South Wales \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng ch\u00fat n\u00e0o v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u hay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Nam M\u1ef9. \u0110\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 nh\u01b0 \u1edf \u00c1o-Hungary v\u00e0 Nga, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t nh\u01b0 \u1edf Mexico v\u00e0 Peru. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, New South Wales \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ed1ng Jamestown, Virginia, theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch: gi\u1edbi elite cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf mang t\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u1edf \u00c1o-Hungary, Nga, Mexico, v\u00e0 Peru. C\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng duy nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd l\u00e0m. Kh\u00f4ng bao l\u00e2u sau c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 thu\u00ea c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd h\u01a1n, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \u0111\u1ea5t sau khi m\u00e3n h\u1ea1n t\u00f9, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, ngay c\u1ea3 Henry Cable m\u00f9 ch\u1eef n\u1eefa. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1798 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ramping Horse, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 mua m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc","S\u1ef0 TRUY\u1ec0N B\u00c1 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG \u25cf 279 t\u00e0u v\u00e0 lao v\u00e0o bu\u00f4n da ch\u00f3 bi\u1ec3n. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1809 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u00edt nh\u1ea5t ch\u00edn trang tr\u1ea1i r\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng 470 m\u1eabu v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u1edf Sydney. Xung \u0111\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfp theo \u1edf New South Wales \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa elite v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd. Elite, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi canh gi\u1eef tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c binh l\u00ednh nh\u01b0 Macarthur, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ef1 do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh b\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t trong ng\u00e0nh len. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn \u1edf trong tay elite, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y, mu\u1ed1n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9i th\u1ea9m \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed. Elite \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ee9 n\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y. M\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp ch\u1ee9ng th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 h\u01a1n hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1, th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i C\u00f4ng ty Virginia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp b\u1edfi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u1edf Maryland v\u00e0 Carolina. \u1ede New South Wales, c\u00e1c vai c\u1ee7a Lord Baltimore v\u00e0 Sir Anthony Ashley-Cooper \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng b\u1edfi Macarthur v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng K\u1ebb Chi\u1ebfm \u0110\u1ea5t. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea1i \u1edf b\u00ean elite, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 Macarthur v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng K\u1ebb Chi\u1ebfm \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eed John Bigge \u0111\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1819 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban \u0111i\u1ec1u tra v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Bigge \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb s\u1ed1c b\u1edfi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean b\u1edfi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t bao g\u1ed3m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba t\u00f9 n\u00e0y. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3: c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cho c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n n\u1eefa, s\u1ef1 x\u00e1 t\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t ph\u1ea3i kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. Bigge \u0111\u00e3 coi nh\u1eefng K\u1ebb Chi\u1ebfm \u0110\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Australia v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh dung m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n do h\u1ecd th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra. Trong l\u00fac Bigge \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed v\u1eb7n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3, c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 con trai v\u00e0 con g\u00e1i h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n h\u01a1n. Quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra, l\u1ea1i h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 s\u1ebd bao h\u00e0m h\u1ecd trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngang","280 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5. C\u00e1c c\u1ef1u t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c con trai v\u00e0 con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 v\u0103n s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i, nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m, v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o William Wentworth. Wentworth \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua n\u00fai Blue Mountains, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng cho nh\u1eefng K\u1ebb Chi\u1ebfm \u0110\u1ea5t; m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c n\u00fai n\u00e0y v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean \u00f4ng. S\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1edfi v\u00ec cha \u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y sang Australia \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 x\u00e9t x\u1eed v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. V\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0y, Wentworth \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u, s\u1ef1 x\u00e9t x\u1eed b\u1edfi b\u1ed9i th\u1ea9m \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y sang New South Wales. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o, t\u1edd Australian, m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf \u0111i h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng l\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n. Macarthur \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch Wentworth v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch c\u00e1i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 xem x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Wentworth, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 sau: \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n treo c\u1ed5 t\u1eeb khi h\u1eafn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u00f2n l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u1eb1ng sau xe b\u00f2 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i London ch\u1ee7 qu\u00e1n Do Th\u00e1i m\u1edbi b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e1 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0y v\u00ec bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u00f2n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y con trai c\u1ee7a hai t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o \u2013 b\u1ecb n\u1ee3 n\u1ea7n ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 phi\u00eau l\u01b0u m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 v\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng ra g\u00ec m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb l\u1ea1 v\u1eeba th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y trong m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec7m \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c","S\u1ef0 TRUY\u1ec0N B\u00c1 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG \u25cf 281 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea5y con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a hai t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 g\u00e1i \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u1ed1ng tambourine. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Macarthur v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng K\u1ebb Chi\u1ebfm \u0110\u1ea5t, tuy v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1eb7n tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u \u1edf Australia. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f2i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u1eaft. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn 1823 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh cai tr\u1ecb New South Wales. Trong n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng K\u1ebb Chi\u1ebfm \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 elite kh\u00f4ng-t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n, Macarthur l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i. N\u0103m 1831 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c Richard Bourke \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e1p l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n ng\u1ed3i trong b\u1ed9i th\u1ea9m \u0111o\u00e0n. C\u00e1c c\u1ef1u t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ra nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ef1 do c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n ng\u1eebng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb Anh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y l\u01b0\u01a1ng xu\u1ed1ng. Nh\u1eefng K\u1ebb Chi\u1ebfm \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 th\u00edch l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5p, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 thua. Trong n\u0103m 1840 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0y sang New South Wales \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1eebng, v\u00e0 trong n\u0103m 1842 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra v\u1edbi hai-ph\u1ea7n- ba c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u (s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh). C\u00e1c c\u1ef1u t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tranh c\u1eed v\u00e0o ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3. V\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1850, Australia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ec1n \u0111i b\u1ea7u cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. C\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa m\u1ee9c m\u00e0 William Wentworth \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh dung. Th\u1ef1c ra, v\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf ph\u00eda c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 kh\u0103ng kh\u0103ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng L\u1eadp ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u. Nh\u01b0ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ed1ng Macarthur tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, Wentworth \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1eebng tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n. Trong n\u0103m 1856 bang Victoria, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft ra t\u1eeb New South Wales n\u0103m 1851, v\u00e0 bang Tasmania \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu k\u00edn b\u00ed m\u1eadt hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb7n vi\u1ec7c mua phi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c. Ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn g\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 b\u00ed m\u1eadt trong b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u1edf c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed l\u00e0 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu Australian. Ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf Sydney, New South Wales, \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u1edf Jamestown, Virginia, 181 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf Jamestown","282 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n. Trong c\u1ea3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba khai th\u00e1c. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd nh\u01b0 v\u00e0ng hay b\u1ea1c, hay \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf. Vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1780, v\u00e0 New South Wales \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 sinh l\u1eddi. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng. C\u1ea3 C\u00f4ng ty Virginia v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ef1 do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn New South Wales \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c, t\u1eeb t\u1eeb t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u1edbi \u00edt \u0111\u1ea5u tranh h\u01a1n \u1edf New South Wales so v\u1edbi \u1edf Virginia, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u01b0u toan ti\u1ebfp sau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. AUSTRALIA, GI\u1ed0NG HOA K\u1ef2, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m so v\u1edbi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Anh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i. C\u00f9ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m rung chuy\u1ec3n n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh trong N\u1ed9i Chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 hay Australia b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u2013 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u00e0o, v\u00e0, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh, Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Anh. \u1ede n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1m s\u00e2u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf n\u00f3. \u1ede Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Australia, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Lord Baltimore \u1edf Maryland v\u00e0 John Macarthur \u1edf New South Wales \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mong m\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 k\u00ecm k\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh l\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ra qu\u1ea3. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Australia \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p lan nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y v\u00e0 ch\u00fang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba nh\u01b0 Canada v\u00e0 New Zealand noi theo. \u0110\u00e3 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u1edf Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ngang qua ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn T\u00e2y \u00c2u. H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a","S\u1ef0 TRUY\u1ec0N B\u00c1 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG \u25cf 283 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m \u1edf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft T\u00e2y \u00c2u, C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf. PH\u00c1 V\u1ee0 C\u00c1C R\u00c0O C\u1ea2N: C\u00c1CH M\u1ea0NG PH\u00c1P Trong ba th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1789, Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh ba m\u1ea3ng, th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p (estate). C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c (gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c) t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1eb3ng C\u1ea5p Th\u1ee9 Nh\u1ea5t, gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng l\u1eef \u0110\u1eb3ng C\u1ea5p Th\u1ee9 Hai, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0110\u1eb3ng C\u1ea5p Th\u1ee9 Ba. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 hai \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. Gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 t\u0103ng l\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf, trong khi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 mang t\u00ednh khai th\u00e1c tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn. Th\u1ef1c ra, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n thu\u1ebf, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00e1c d\u1ea3i l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00ean c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng l\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng xa hoa, trong khi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0110\u1eb3ng C\u1ea5p Th\u1ee9 Ba s\u1ed1ng trong s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n kinh kh\u1ee7ng. C\u00e1c lu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 t\u0103ng l\u1eef, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng trao cho h\u1ecd quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Ph\u00e1p th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe. S\u1ef1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra thu nh\u1eadp t\u1ed1t cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 n\u00e0y hay kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi. C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ancien r\u00e9gime (ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169) \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 ki\u00eau h\u00e3nh v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. S\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 m\u1edbi s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dung th\u1ee9. N\u1ebfu cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f2n t\u1ed3i h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ef1c \u0111oan nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4, m\u00e0 g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 thu\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c ch\u00faa phong ki\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00e3 suy t\u00e0n l\u00e2u \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1","284 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I t\u00ednh di \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 cho qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. T\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn. Ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m n\u0103m 1789, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i L\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p b\u1eb1ng ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb m\u1ed9t hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t n\u00f3i r\u00f5: Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng phong ki\u1ebfn. N\u00f3 ra s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh r\u1eb1ng, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 thu\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n, c\u1ea3 phong ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba t\u00f4, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong hay t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 th\u1ef1c hay c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd b\u1ecb x\u00f3a b\u1ecf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o. R\u1ed3i \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c: C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1n t\u00e0i, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, trong n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf b\u1ecb x\u00f3a b\u1ecf v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n. Thu\u1ebf s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu t\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, theo c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 trong c\u00f9ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c. C\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 b\u1edfi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ngay c\u1ea3 cho s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a n\u0103m n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, trong m\u1ed9t c\u00fa \u0111\u1ed9t k\u00edch, C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng phong ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi giao \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 thu\u1ebf m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e3i b\u1ecf to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 mi\u1ec5n thu\u1ebf c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 t\u0103ng l\u1eef. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed5i v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u1ea5y, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t, m\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u00f5: T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 hay ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbc cao n\u00e0o, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn tu s\u0129, d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, hay qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1; v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec1 n\u00e0o s\u1ebd ng\u1ee5 \u00fd b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m n\u00e0o. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 trong kinh doanh, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c sau ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m. R\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e3i b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 thu c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng l\u1eef th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a b\u1ecf c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc, c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nghi\u1ec1n n\u00e1t.","S\u1ef0 TRUY\u1ec0N B\u00c1 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG \u25cf 285 C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u00e2n ch\u01a1i b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng h\u01a1n trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1p chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf. Nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp theo c\u00e1c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y \u0111i kh\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp theo b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m trong n\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1870, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p lo\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1edd n\u00f3, m\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb s\u1eadp b\u1eaby v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u nh\u01b0 \u00c1o-Hungary v\u00e0 Nga. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng 1789? R\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t trong c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 d\u00e0i, ngay c\u1ea3 gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng Anh \u0111ang c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a nhanh ch\u00f3ng. V\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0, nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u m\u01b0u toan c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f3a ra th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n trong thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u1edf Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u so v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung trong n\u0103m 1789. Nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n \u1edf Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0n d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e3 \u01b0u \u00e1i cho c\u00e1c \u0110\u1eb3ng C\u1ea5p Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 Th\u1ee9 hai t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i so v\u1edbi \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 m\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 trao cho h\u1ecd c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n vis-\u00e0-vis (so v\u1edbi) Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Louis XIV, Vua M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e3 cai tr\u1ecb Ph\u00e1p trong n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i t\u01b0 n\u0103m, gi\u1eefa 1661 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac \u00f4ng ch\u1ebft n\u0103m 1715, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i trong n\u0103m 1643, v\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf l\u1edbn h\u01a1n m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 tham v\u1ea5n c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng Nh\u00e2n S\u0129, g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t do Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn mang t\u00ednh tham v\u1ea5n, H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng","286 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c nh\u1eb9 l\u00ean quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, Louis XIV \u0111\u00e3 cai tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng. D\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u00f4ng, Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u2013 th\u00ed d\u1ee5, qua tham gia v\u00e0o th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Louis, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f4ng coi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng khai th\u00e1c. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang cho c\u00e1c \u0110\u1eb3ng C\u1ea5p Th\u1ee9 Nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 Th\u1ee9 Hai. Louis XIV c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thu\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5p t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh cho c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng, s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i xa hoa c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang nh\u00e0 Vua. S\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf ngay c\u1ea3 gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t l\u00ean c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n thu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Louis XVI l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n trong n\u0103m 1774, tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i kh\u00f3a tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i kh\u00f3a, v\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh B\u1ea3y N\u0103m v\u1edbi Anh gi\u1eefa 1756 v\u00e0 1763, trong \u0111\u00f3 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t Canada, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch ho\u00e0ng gia b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u1ee3 v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf; gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3; Jacques Necker, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng sau c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng; v\u00e0 Charles Alexandre de Calonne. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng ai th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Calonne, nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c Louis XVI \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng Nh\u00e2n S\u0129. Nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 theo c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 Charles I \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Anh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd chi tr\u1ea3 cho m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scottish khi \u00f4ng tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp n\u00f3 n\u0103m 1640. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ra s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n, Estates-General, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Estates-General \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng Nh\u00e2n S\u0129. Trong khi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c sau bao g\u1ed3m gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn b\u1edfi Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c l\u1edbn, th\u00ec t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 ba \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp l\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong n\u0103m 1614. Khi Estates-General t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp n\u0103m 1789 \u1edf Versailles, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00ec Estate (\u0110\u1eb3ng C\u1ea5p) Th\u1ee9 Ba \u0111\u00e3","S\u1ef0 TRUY\u1ec0N B\u00c1 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG \u25cf 287 coi \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u h\u01a1n trong Estates-General, m\u00e0 gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 t\u0103ng l\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i. Cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp k\u1ebft th\u00fac ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng N\u0103m, 1789, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft n\u00e0o, tr\u1eeb quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, l\u00e0m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Estate Th\u1ee9 Ba, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh doanh, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, v\u00ec th\u1ebf h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f2i th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i h\u01a1n trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n h\u01a1n n\u00f3i chung. S\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m cho b\u1ea1o d\u1ea1n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i L\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng B\u1ea3y. Trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf Paris, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00e1p l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 xung quanh Louis XVI \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u00f4ng sa th\u1ea3i Necker, b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u01a1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfm Bastille ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng B\u1ea3y, 1789. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y tr\u1edf \u0111i, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1eef d\u1ed9i. Necker \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Marquis de Lafayette \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch V\u1ec7 binh Qu\u1ed1c gia Paris. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd h\u01a1n vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfm Bastille \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i L\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn, m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m, 1789, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi, x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a phong ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Estate th\u1ee9 Nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 Hai. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u00e8 ph\u00e1i h\u00f3a \u1edf b\u00ean trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m xung \u0111\u1ed9t nhau v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u00f9 m\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00ean c\u00f3. B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i (club) \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 H\u1ed9i Jacobin [Club] c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn, m\u00e0 mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u00e1c qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn \u2013 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00e9migr\u00e9s (nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi di t\u1ea3n). Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u0169ng c\u1ed5 v\u0169 nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t giao v\u1edbi Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, ho\u1eb7c t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh hay v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, nh\u01b0 \u00c1o, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu Marie Antoinette v\u00e0 n\u01a1i h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u00e9migr\u00e9s \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed1n sang. V\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda s\u1eafp x\u1ea3y ra ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong hai n\u0103m qua, s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ed9. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i L\u1eadp","288 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I Hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn, 1791, bi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 hay thu\u1ebf phong ki\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t m\u1ecdi h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i. Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e0 vua b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00edt vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0, th\u1ef1c ra, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngay c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edfi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u1ed5 ra n\u0103m 1792 gi\u1eefa Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u201cli\u00ean minh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean,\u201d do \u00c1o d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u. Chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang (c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sans-culottes, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra nh\u01b0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u1ea7n \u1ed1ng t\u00fam \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i,\u201d b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1eb7c ki\u1ec3u qu\u1ea7n \u0111ang m\u1ed1t khi \u0111\u00f3). K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 Kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a phe Jacobin do Robespierre v\u00e0 Saint- Just l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1o tung ra sau vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft Louis XVI v\u00e0 Marie Antoinette. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n Brissot, Danton, v\u00e0 Desmoulins. Nh\u01b0ng Kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng m\u1ea5y ch\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng B\u1ea3y n\u0103m 1794 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u1eed h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Robespierre v\u00e0 Saint-Just. Ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ed1c ch\u00ednh (Directory) h\u01a1i k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, gi\u1eefa 1795 v\u00e0 1799, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung h\u01a1n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed5ng t\u00e0i (Consulate) ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Ducos, Siey\u00e8s, v\u00e0 Napoleon Bonaparte. Ngay d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ed1c ch\u00ednh, v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ebb Napoleon Bonaparte \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng r\u1ed3i v\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 t\u0103ng l\u00ean sau 1799. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed5ng t\u00e0i ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Napoleon. C\u00e1c n\u0103m gi\u1eefa 1799 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Napoleon, 1815, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng t\u1ea1i Austerlitz, Jena-Auerstadt, v\u00e0 Wagram, b\u1eaft ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba qu\u1ef3 g\u1ed1i. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p Napoleon \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ngang m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. S\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Napoleon sau th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u0103m 1815 c\u0169ng mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n","S\u1ef0 TRUY\u1ec0N B\u00c1 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG \u25cf 289 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Louis XVII. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m. C\u00e1c l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1o ra b\u1edfi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng 1789 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi, cho d\u00f9 ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u n\u01a1i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u sang, s\u1ebd tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn. XU\u1ea4T KH\u1ea8U C\u00c1CH M\u1ea0NG Tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1789, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do th\u00e1i kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u1ede th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0110\u1ee9c Frankfurt, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft b\u1edfi c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t quy ch\u1ebf t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5. \u0110\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u0103m tr\u0103m gia \u0111\u00ecnh Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf Frankfurt, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t khu nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y t\u01b0\u1eddng bao quanh c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, Judengasse, ghetto (khu ri\u00eang cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi) Do Th\u00e1i. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 r\u1eddi ghetto v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam, v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y Ch\u1ee7 nh\u1eadt, hay trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u00e0y h\u1ed9i Christian n\u00e0o. Judengasse \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u00f3 d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 d\u1eb7m nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n m\u01b0\u1eddi hai b\u1ed9 (3,66 m) v\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i r\u1ed9ng \u00edt h\u01a1n m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed9. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u00ean mi\u00ean. M\u1ed7i n\u0103m, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t hai gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o ghetto, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t m\u01b0\u1eddi hai c\u1eb7p Do Th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 n\u1ebfu c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ean tu\u1ed5i hai m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 canh t\u00e1c ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i; h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1ec1 v\u0169 kh\u00ed, gia v\u1ecb, r\u01b0\u1ee3u, hay ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn 1726 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i mang c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, hai v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n v\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng che m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 s\u1ecdc cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf th\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Khi C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p n\u1ed5 ra, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 kinh doanh tr\u1ebb th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, Mayer Amschel Rothschild, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i Judengasse \u1edf Frankfurt. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1780, Rothschild \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00fac, kim lo\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ed5 \u1edf Frankfurt. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u1ed1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1,","290 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 m\u1edf m\u1ed9t doanh nghi\u1ec7p b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ghetto hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed s\u1ed1ng \u1edf ngo\u00e0i ghetto. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1eafp thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u n\u1eefa. N\u0103m 1791 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n Do Th\u00e1i Ph\u00e1p. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng Rhineland (v\u00f9ng s\u00f4ng Rhine) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c. \u1ede Frankfurt t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 t\u00e2m. N\u0103m 1796 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 oanh t\u1ea1c Frankfurt, ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda Judengasse trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3. Kho\u1ea3ng hai ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf v\u00f4 gia c\u01b0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n ra ngo\u00e0i ghetto. Nh\u00e0 Rothschild \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ghetto, v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c quy ch\u1ebf ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n h\u1ecd kh\u1ecfi tinh th\u1ea7n kinh doanh kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1edbp l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i kinh doanh m\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng cung \u1ee9ng ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u00c1o, vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u00e0m. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, Rothschild \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e0u nh\u1ea5t Frankfurt v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 kinh doanh c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn l\u00e2u r\u1ed3i. S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn 1811; n\u00f3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi Karl von Dalberg, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Frankfurt trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c n\u0103m 1806 c\u1ee7a Napoleon. Mayer Amschel \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o con trai m\u00ecnh, \u201cCon b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n.\u201d Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00ec s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Vienna n\u0103m 1815, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1eadu-Napoleonic. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n quay l\u1ea1i ghetto \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 Rothschild. Mayer Amschel v\u00e0 con trai \u00f4ng ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chi nh\u00e1nh \u1edf Frankfurt, London, Paris, Naples, v\u00e0 Vienna. \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f4 l\u1eadp. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i Napoleon \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, v\u00e0 trong h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0n d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5, trao quy\u1ec1n cho c\u00e1c vua, c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed, v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a phong ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y h\u01a1n \u1edf b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. \u1ede \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Ph\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n Hungary c\u1ee7a \u00c1o-Hungary, c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3","S\u1ef0 TRUY\u1ec0N B\u00c1 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG \u25cf 291 b\u1ecb g\u1eafn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t. \u1ede ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t r\u1ed3i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ee3 c\u00e1c ch\u00faa phong ki\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ph\u00ed l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa, thu\u1ebf, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u1edf ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 Nassau-Usingen, c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu 230 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p, thu\u1ebf, v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau. Thu\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 sau khi m\u1ed9t s\u00fac v\u1eadt b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft th\u1ecbt, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thu\u1ebf s\u00e1t sinh (blood tithe); \u0111\u00e3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 thu\u1ebf ong v\u00e0 thu\u1ebf s\u00e1p ong. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua hay b\u00e1n, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng ph\u00ed cho ch\u00faa. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u0169ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01a1i n\u00e0y h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u1edf Ph\u00e1p. \u1ede c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Cologne v\u00e0 Aachen mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c, vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c m\u00e1y k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i v\u00e0 d\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n. Nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, t\u1eeb Berne \u1edf Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn Florence \u1edf Italy, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb v\u00e0i gia \u0111\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0, sau \u0111\u00f3, Napoleon \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng sang c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai phong ki\u1ebfn, x\u00f3a b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc lu\u1eadt \u2013 quan ni\u1ec7m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn k\u1ef9 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfp theo. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y kh\u00edch l\u1ec7.","292 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, nhi\u1ec1u c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c xung quanh \u00c1o n\u0103m 1792 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Ph\u00e1p, b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t Vua Louis XVI, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec1n n\u00e1t C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p. S\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n thay th\u1ebf t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0a ra chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd mau ch\u00f3ng tan r\u00e3. Nh\u01b0ng sau v\u00e0i th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea3i kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c. Nh\u01b0ng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu: ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch t\u00f2ng qu\u00e2n h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m 1793, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch t\u00f2ng qu\u00e2n h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0a ra chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n l\u1edbn v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea1t \u01b0u th\u1ebf t\u1ed1i cao ngay c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u00e0i n\u0103ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Napoleon xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ban l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t con m\u1eaft h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec7m h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u00c1o. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p nhanh ch\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfm H\u00e0 lan thu\u1ed9c \u00c1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c T\u1ec9nh H\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t, v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 B\u1ec9 v\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan ng\u00e0y nay. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay. \u1ede c\u1ea3 ba n\u01a1i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd su\u1ed1t c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1790. \u0110\u1ee9c ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tranh gi\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00f3ng b\u1ecfng. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o 1795, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng Rhineland, ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c n\u1eb1m b\u00ean b\u1edd tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a S\u00f4ng Rhine. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Basel. Gi\u1eefa 1795 v\u00e0 1802, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef Rhineland, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c. Trong n\u0103m 1802 Rhineland \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o Ph\u00e1p. Italy \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh trong n\u1eeda th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1790, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1o nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ee7. Savoy b\u1ecb s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1792, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ebf t\u1eafc cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Napoleon v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng T\u01b0 1796. Trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch l\u1edbn tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1797, Napoleon \u0111\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 B\u1eafc Italy, tr\u1eeb Venice, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1o chi\u1ebfm. Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Campo Formio, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1o trong th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi 1797, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t Chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Minh Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a do Ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u1edf B\u1eafc Italy. Tuy v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi","S\u1ef0 TRUY\u1ec0N B\u00c1 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG \u25cf 293 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u00ean Italy ngay c\u1ea3 sau hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm C\u00e1c L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng (Papal State) v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Roman th\u00e1ng Ba 1798. Th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang 1799, Naples b\u1ecb chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Parthenopean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Venice, m\u00e0 v\u1eabn thu\u1ed9c \u00c1o, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Italy ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Savoy, hay th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Cisalpine, Ligurian, Roman, v\u00e0 Parthenopean. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u00eam s\u1ef1 t\u1edbi lui trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Li\u00ean Minh Th\u1ee9 Hai, gi\u1eefa 1798 v\u00e0 1801, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1eabn gi\u1eef s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p mau ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ee5c, x\u00f3a b\u1ecf c\u00e1c v\u1ebft t\u00edch c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai phong ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc lu\u1eadt. Gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng l\u1eef b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb b\u1ecb ti\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb hay n\u00f3i nh\u1eb9 \u0111i l\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u00e0m y\u1ebfu \u0111i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf H\u00e0 Lan thu\u1ed9c \u00c1o ngay sau cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1795 v\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c T\u1ec9nh H\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t, n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Batavia, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u1edf Ph\u00e1p. \u1ede Th\u1ee5y S\u1ef9 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u00faa phong ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n phong ki\u1ebfn b\u1ecb x\u00f3a b\u1ecf, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf v\u00e0 sung c\u00f4ng. C\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y hay h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c, b\u1edfi Napoleon. Napoleon \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ee5c. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u00e3 d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c elite \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng hay \u0111\u1eb7t gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch, nh\u01b0 trong th\u1eddi gian ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ng\u1eafn T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 Ba Lan. Nh\u01b0ng Napoleon c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t mong mu\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. Quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a lu\u1eadt La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc lu\u1eadt v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 B\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadt [Code] Napoleon. Napoleon \u0111\u00e3 coi b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 di s\u1ea3n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00f3 \u1edf m\u1ecdi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1edfi C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Napoleon \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u1ede m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i, nh\u01b0 \u1edf Hanover, \u0110\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c elite c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Napoleon v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1i","294 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a phong ki\u1ebfn, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tri\u1ec7t ph\u00e1 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n hay \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u00e0m y\u1ebfu \u0111i. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, ngay c\u1ea3 sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecf \u0111i, trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Code Napoleon v\u1eabn c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c. X\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u \u0111au kh\u1ed5 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh (\u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ebf). Trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 phong ki\u1ebfn; quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i; s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n; s\u1ef1 k\u00ecm k\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng l\u1eef \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb; v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ancien r\u00e9gime (ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169), m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng ngang b\u1eb1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a b\u00e9n r\u1ec5 \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i n\u00e0y. V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n nhanh trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, trong khi nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i nh\u01b0 \u00c1o-Hungary v\u00e0 Nga, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng chinh ph\u1ee5c, hay Ba Lan v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha, n\u01a1i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, nh\u00ecn chung \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7. T\u00ccM KI\u1ebeM T\u00cdNH HI\u1ec6N \u0110\u1ea0I V\u00e0o m\u00f9a thu 1867, \u014ckubo Toshimichi, m\u1ed9t c\u1eadn th\u1ea7n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba phong ki\u1ebfn Satsuma, Nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3n, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i t\u1eeb th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Edo, Tokyo b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c Yamaguchi. Ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba Ch\u014dsh\u016b. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 Edo, v\u00e0 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 shogun, nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. V\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u014ckubo Toshimichi \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba Tosa v\u00e0 Aki r\u1ed3i. M\u1ed9t khi c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Ch\u014dsh\u016b h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd, m\u1ed9t Li\u00ean minh Satcho b\u00ed m\u1eadt h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Trong n\u0103m 1868 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1eeb 1600 b\u1edfi gia \u0111\u00ecnh Tokugawa, m\u00e0 k\u1ebb cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7u shogun (ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 huy) trong n\u0103m 1603. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb cho ra ngo\u00e0i l\u1ec1 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng vai tr\u00f2 nghi th\u1ee9c thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay. C\u00e1c sogun Tokugawa \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ch\u00faa phong ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 cai tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 thu thu\u1ebf c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang l\u00e0 Satsuma, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi gia","S\u1ef0 TRUY\u1ec0N B\u00c1 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG \u25cf 295 \u0111\u00ecnh Shimazu. C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u00e1c samurai n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u00c2u ch\u00e2u trung c\u1ed5, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t, nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c su\u1ea5t thu\u1ebf cao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Shogun \u0111\u00e3 cai tr\u00ec t\u1eeb Edo, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c, v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u00e8o. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a shogun \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi nh\u00e0 Tokugawa \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1600, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u1ede mi\u1ec1n nam, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba Satsuma \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn kh\u00e1 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp qua c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea3o Ry\u016bky\u016b. Ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u1edf th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Satsuma, Kagoshima, n\u01a1i \u014ckubo Toshimichi \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra n\u0103m 1830. V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 con trai m\u1ed9t samurai, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t samurai. T\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra t\u1eeb s\u1edbm b\u1edfi Shimazu Nariakira, l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a Satsuma, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ea5t nh\u1eafc \u00f4ng trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y quan li\u00eau. V\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, Shimazu Nariakira \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra r\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u00f9ng qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh Satsuma \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 shogun. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, x\u00f3a b\u1ecf c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf phong ki\u1ebfn c\u0169 k\u1ef9, v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch m\u1edbi sinh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb k\u1ebft li\u1ec5u s\u1edbm b\u1edfi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u0103m 1858. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb \u00f4ng, Shimazu Hisamitsu, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, ch\u00ed \u00edt l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u. \u014ckubo Toshimichi b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c r\u1eb1ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u1ea7n l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 shogun phong ki\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Shimazu Hisamitsu. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3i gh\u00e9m n\u00f3 trong s\u1ef1 ph\u1eabn u\u1ea5t cao \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea9y ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf ra ngo\u00e0i l\u1ec1. Th\u1ecfa \u01b0\u1edbc \u014ckubo Toshimichi \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd r\u1ed3i v\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba Tosa kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u201cm\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hai qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hai ch\u1ee7; ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u1ee7y th\u00e1c cho m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb.\u201d Nh\u01b0ng \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cho ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Tosa, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00fd th\u1ecfa \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 Sakamoto Ry\u016bma. Khi Satsuma v\u00e0 Ch\u014dsh\u016b \u0111\u00e3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, Sakamoto Ry\u016bma \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh shogun m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u00e1m \u0111i\u1ec3m, th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c \u00f4ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec1u 1 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \u201cquy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho Tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u00ecnh Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi Tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u00ecnh,\u201d n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u 2, 3, 4, v\u00e0 5 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1:","296 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I 2. Hai c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u00fd ki\u1ebfn chung. 3. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa, c\u00e1c qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n n\u00f3i chung ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u1ee7y vi\u00ean h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf. 4. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo c\u00e1c quy ch\u1ebf th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u1ea1n ra tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u00fd ki\u1ebfn chung. 5. Lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn. Shogun Yoshinobu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang, 1868, Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n (Meiji Restoration) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1; Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf K\u014dmei v\u00e0, m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng sau, sau khi K\u014dmei ch\u1ebft, con trai \u00f4ng Meiji \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Satsuma v\u00e0 Ch\u014dsh\u016b b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm Edo v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ky\u014dto, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee3 nh\u00e0 Tokugawas s\u1ebd th\u1eed l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u00e1i l\u1eadp ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 shogun. \u014ckubo Toshimichi \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n nh\u00e0 Tokugawas b\u1ecb nghi\u1ec1n n\u00e1t v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf b\u00e3i b\u1ecf l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba Tokugawa v\u00e0 sung c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang c\u1ef1u shogun Yoshinobu \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Satsuma v\u00e0 Ch\u014dsh\u016b, v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5 ra; n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra \u00e1c li\u1ec7t cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f9a h\u00e8, khi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng nh\u00e0 Tokugawa b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i. Ti\u1ebfp sau Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. N\u0103m 1869 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf, v\u00e0 ba tr\u0103m th\u00e1i \u1ea5p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh. Thu thu\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc quan li\u00eau hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc phong ki\u1ebfn c\u0169. N\u0103m 1869 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 di c\u01b0 n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf. T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp samurai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e3i b\u1ecf, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n. C\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ngh\u1ec1 g\u00ec. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u00ednh l\u00edu s\u00e2u v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng. Tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, trong n\u0103m 1869 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp tuy\u1ebfn t\u00e0u th\u1ee7y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1eefa Tokyo v\u00e0 Osaka v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u1eefa Tokyo v\u00e0 Yokohama. N\u00f3","S\u1ef0 TRUY\u1ec0N B\u00c1 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG \u25cf 297 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c, v\u00e0 \u014ckubo Toshimichi, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f4ng coi ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. L\u00e3nh ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba Satsuma \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o trong vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y cho g\u1ed1m, s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c, v\u00e0 s\u1ee3i b\u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u m\u00e1y m\u00f3c c\u1ee7a Anh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra x\u01b0\u1edfng k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i b\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n trong n\u0103m 1861. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng hai x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1890 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1 ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh v\u0103n, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, Diet, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho ph\u00e9p Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1eeb C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1. GI\u1eeeA TH\u1ebe K\u1ef6 TH\u1ee8 M\u01af\u1edcI CH\u00cdN c\u1ea3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ngh\u00e8o, ti\u1ec1u t\u1ee5y d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf v\u1ebb nghi ng\u1edd s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau gi\u1eefa Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u2013 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 shogun Tokugawa c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5m ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u2013 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd. Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf quan li\u00eau t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c l\u00ean quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta, m\u00e0 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u1eeb 1850 \u0111\u1ebfn 1864, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 mi\u1ec1n nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 b\u1edfi N\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh, trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c trong xung \u0111\u1ed9t hay qua ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf h\u00f3a. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 shogun \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eb9p ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf sang b\u00ean l\u1ec1, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Tokugawa \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba nh\u01b0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba Satsumas \u0111\u00e3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i nh\u00e2n danh ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p, m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Anh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3","298 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I b\u1ecb s\u1ec9 nh\u1ee5c b\u1edfi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Anh trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Thu\u1ed1c Phi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, gi\u1eefa 1839 v\u00e0 1842, v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc qu\u00e1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt khi c\u00e1c t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3, do Commodore Matthew Perry ch\u1ec9 huy, \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o V\u1ecbnh Edo trong n\u0103m 1853. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u1edf \u0111\u1eb1ng sau k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Shimazu Nariakira \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 shogun v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n. C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba Satsuma \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf \u2013 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd th\u1eadm ch\u00ed s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng shogun \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y b\u1edfi v\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eafn v\u1edbi t\u1eadp hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, shogun \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ban \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra ch\u1ec9 trong n\u0103m 1911. Thay cho c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed c\u00e2n s\u1ee9c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u v\u0169 kh\u00ed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ban \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y, m\u1ed7i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn, v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y k\u1ecbch t\u00ednh khi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t do C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1o ra. Trong khi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh, th\u00ec \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed5i sang h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Mao trong n\u0103m 1949. G\u1ed0C R\u1ec4 C\u1ee6A S\u1ef0 B\u1ea4T B\u00ccNH \u0110\u1eb2NG TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 ba ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 v\u00ec sao m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, trong khi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng hay, th\u1ef1c ra, \u0111\u00e3 ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c cho ph\u00e9p th\u1eadm ch\u00ed s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. Li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a hay kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t","S\u1ef0 TRUY\u1ec0N B\u00c1 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG \u25cf 299 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Hoa K\u1ef3, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang Anh, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ed3i ki\u1ec3u ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m. N\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea3o Anh, v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u sau v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua Anh v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Australia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i theo m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m, cho d\u00f9 h\u01a1i mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n v\u00e0 h\u01a1i \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1edf Anh v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. M\u1ed9t khi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, Australia \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf. Australia v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, hay s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady \u1edf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u00c2u ch\u00e2u kh\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf Australia v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3. Thi\u1ebfu c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba hay t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf Australia v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c, cho d\u00f9 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u gian kh\u1ed5 cho c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. \u1ede Molucca nh\u01b0 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1, \u1edf v\u00f9ng Caribe, v\u00e0 Nam M\u1ef9, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00edt c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u1eafng trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u1ede nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, hay \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c n\u00e0o m\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, nh\u1eb1m c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, tr\u1ea3i t\u1eeb gia v\u1ecb, m\u00eda \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 v\u00e0ng. Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u00edt c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng. T\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong c\u00e1c n\u01a1i n\u00e0y h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1eddng minh b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111ang \u0111\u00e2m ch\u1ed3i n\u00e0o hay c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01a1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u1edf trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i. S\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng trong ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 c\u0169ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf Australia v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3. Khi C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf Anh l\u1ea5y t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m, th\u00ec h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c m\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n thu nh\u1eadp ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai hay t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c","300 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edd c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n tham gia h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c cao. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y \u0111i ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb thua t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb thua ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00ec qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u1edf Anh v\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u ch\u00e2u. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u, khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 chia s\u1ebb nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn Anh trong thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u, \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman, v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. H\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 C\u00e1i Ch\u1ebft \u0110en hay s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t do c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc th\u00eam s\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t t\u1eebng lu\u00f4n hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia \u00c2u ch\u00e2u. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1789. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u1edf Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf nhanh. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n th\u1ebf. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng. N\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, m\u00e0 \u1edf B\u1ec9, H\u00e0 Lan, Th\u1ee5y S\u0129, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Italy. Xa h\u01a1n sang ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng sau C\u00e1i Ch\u1ebft \u0110en, khi, thay cho s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng. \u00c1o-Hungary, Nga, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu th\u1eadm ch\u00ed th\u00eam v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 Nh\u1ea5t. \u1ede n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c b\u1eadt nh\u01b0 \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00fang \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, n\u01a1i s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp Minh-Thanh \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc cam k\u1ebft x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch v\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1. N\u1ebfu Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, th\u00ec Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3 \u1ee9ng theo c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 T\u00e2y \u00c2u. H\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng,","S\u1ef0 TRUY\u1ec0N B\u00c1 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG \u25cf 301 l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba Satsuma, Ch\u014dsh\u016b, Tosa, v\u00e0 Aki. C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 shogun, t\u1ea1o ra Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf. Ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c b\u1eadt \u1edf Ethiopia c\u00f4 l\u1eadp. \u1ede n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, ch\u00ednh c\u00f9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf Anh trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 si\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y v\u00e0 trung ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c khai th\u00e1c th\u00f4ng qua bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch khai th\u00e1c \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn tr\u1edf \u0111i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. G\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y. V\u1edbi v\u00e0i ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m v\u1eady.","11. V\u00d2NG THI\u1ec6N B\u1ed8 LU\u1eacT \u0110EN L\u00c2U \u0110\u00c0I WINDSOR, n\u1eb1m \u0111\u00fang t\u00e2y London, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng dinh th\u1ef1 ho\u00e0ng gia l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m, l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t r\u1eebng l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1ea7y nai, m\u1eb7c \u0111\u00f9 c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n m\u1ea5y ng\u00e0y nay. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e1c r\u1eebng trong n\u0103m 1722, Baptist Nunn, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb k\u1eb9t v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t xung \u0111\u1ed9t hung t\u1ee3n. Ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng S\u00e1u, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ghi ch\u00e9p, Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb m\u1eb7t \u0111en \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eafn v\u1ec1 ph\u00ed t\u00f4i 3 l\u1ea7n 2 vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n v\u00e0o c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 ph\u00f2ng t\u00f4i v\u00e0 [t\u00f4i] \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd tr\u1ea3 ch\u00fang 5 guinea t\u1ea1i Crowthorne v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 30. M\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c trong nh\u1eadt k\u00fd c\u1ee7a Nunn ghi, \u201cM\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean m\u1edbi. \u0110\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i trang v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i.\u201d Ai \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201cK\u1ebb M\u1eb7t \u0110en [Black]\u201d b\u00ed \u1ea9n n\u00e0y g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng \u0111e d\u1ecda, b\u1eafn v\u00e0o ph\u00eda Nunn, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i ti\u1ec1n? C\u00e1c Black \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u00f4i \u0111en m\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 che gi\u1ea5u di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng ngang mi\u1ec1n nam n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, gi\u1ebft v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u00e0n t\u1eadt nai v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00fa v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1ng r\u01a1m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho th\u00f3c, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 c\u00e1. Theo b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i. Vi\u1ec7c s\u0103n (s\u0103n tr\u1ed9m) b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p nai \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u1edf h\u1eefu b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra t\u1eeb l\u00e2u. Trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1640, trong N\u1ed9i Chi\u1ebfn, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 nai \u1edf L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Windsor \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft. Sau s\u1ef1 Kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c n\u0103m","V\u00d2NG THI\u1ec6N \u25cf 303 1660, khi Charles II l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, nai \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i l\u1ea1i \u1edf c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c Black \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 s\u0103n tr\u1ed9m nai \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n; ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i. V\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch g\u00ec? M\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng (building block) c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang n\u0103m 1688 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111a nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. Ch\u1eb3ng ai trong gi\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n, nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c nh\u1ecf, hay qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi William x\u1ee9 Orange v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Hanoverian, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebf v\u1ecb N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Anne n\u0103m 1714, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Stuart \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c su\u1ed1t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m. Sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a James II n\u0103m 1701, con trai \u00f4ng, James Francis Edward Stuart, \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f2i [k\u1ebf v\u1ecb] Gi\u00e0,\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p ng\u00f4i Vua Anh b\u1edfi Ph\u00e1p, T\u00e2y Ban Nha, gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Stuart \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0 Scotland, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c Jacobite. N\u0103m 1708 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f2i Gi\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i ngai v\u00e0ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a binh l\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Trong c\u00e1c th\u1eadp ni\u00ean ti\u1ebfp sau \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n Jacobite, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c l\u1edbn trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1715 v\u00e0 1719. Trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1745\u201346, con trai c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f2i Gi\u00e0, Charles Edward Stuart, \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f2i Tr\u1ebb,\u201d \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i ngai v\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Anh \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Whig, m\u00e0 nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y (trang 210-211), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1670 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh \u1edf \u0111\u1eb1ng sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Whig \u0111\u00e3 chi ph\u1ed1i Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i t\u1eeb 1714 \u0111\u1ebfn 1760. M\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u1edbi ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 (s\u0103n) l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 mi\u1ebfng b\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c c\u00e1c vua Stuart, nh\u01b0ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f2n xa m\u1edbi tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u1ea1nh tranh \u1edf Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ea3ng Tory m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea3ng Whig, l\u1eabn b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o nh\u1eb1m c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf m\u1edbi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quay l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Stuart. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111a nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean t\u1eeb C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 n\u00f3i chung, ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao quy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 b\u00f4i \u0111en m\u1eb7t-","304 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I blacking\u201d \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Whig \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a William Cadogan, m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh K\u1ebf v\u1ecb T\u00e2y Ban Nha gi\u1eefa 1701 v\u00e0 1714 v\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n Jacobite, minh h\u1ecda lo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Whig m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u00f4i \u0111en m\u1eb7t. George I \u0111\u00e3 phong Cadogan l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t nam t\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1716 v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1718. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ea9m (Regency Council of Lords Justices), m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed5ng ch\u1ec9 huy. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 mua m\u1ed9t b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u1edbn kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n m\u1eabu (acre) t\u1ea1i Caversham, kho\u1ea3ng hai m\u01b0\u01a1i d\u1eb7m ph\u00eda t\u00e2y Windsor. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1eddn trang tr\u00ed c\u00f4ng phu v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u1eddn nai 240-m\u1eabu. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf xung quanh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u0103n s\u00fac v\u1eadt v\u00e0 thu gom than b\u00f9n v\u00e0 c\u1ee7i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf. Cadogan \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eefng K\u1ebb M\u1eb7t \u0110en. Ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang, 1722, v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa trong th\u00e1ng B\u1ea3y, v\u01b0\u1eddn nai \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng K\u1ebb M\u1eb7t \u0110en (Black) c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u0169 trang. Cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u con nai. B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Cadogan \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c. B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u00e1c Black t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng Whig \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y y\u00ean. Th\u00e1ng N\u0103m 1723, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0110en (Black Act), \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1ed9i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng treo c\u1ed5. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0110en \u0111\u00e3 quy l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c mang v\u0169 kh\u00ed m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c b\u00f4i \u0111en m\u1eb7t. Lu\u1eadt th\u1ef1c ra kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho t\u1ed9i b\u00f4i \u0111en m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng treo c\u1ed5. C\u00e1c elite Whig \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c thi lu\u1eadt v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kho\u00e1i tr\u00e1. Baptist Nunn \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin (k\u1ebb ch\u1ec9 \u0111i\u1ec3m) \u1edf R\u1eebng Windsor \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c Black. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft. S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c treo c\u1ed5 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i. R\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c, \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0110en \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh r\u1ed3i, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Whig \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Black \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Whig h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed Sir Robert Walpole, b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng, r\u1ed3i th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u2013 v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng Cadogan, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh","V\u00d2NG THI\u1ec6N \u25cf 305 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ea9m \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00ednh l\u00edu v\u00e0o. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch trong V\u01b0\u1eddn Richmond \u1edf t\u00e2y nam London, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Charles I t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng. V\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u0103n s\u00fac v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ec3 s\u0103n th\u1ecf r\u1eebng v\u00e0 th\u1ecf, v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfm c\u1ee7i. Nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1 l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c cho s\u00fac v\u1eadt \u0103n c\u1ecf v\u00e0 s\u0103n th\u00fa \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Walpole \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 con \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u01b0\u1eddn. V\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0y, v\u01b0\u1eddn \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng, m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eaby ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t. Walpole \u0111\u00e3 th\u00edch s\u0103n nai, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ngh\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i Houghton, b\u00ean trong v\u01b0\u1eddn. S\u1ef1 h\u1eadn th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Black \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng mau ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2m ng\u00f2i. Ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ed9t, 1724, m\u1ed9t c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u01b0\u1eddn, John Huntridge, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1nh c\u1eafp nai v\u00e0 x\u00fai b\u1ea9y c\u00e1c Black quen bi\u1ebft, c\u1ea3 hai t\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng treo c\u1ed5. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u1edfi t\u1ed1 Huntridge \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1edfi H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ea9m, m\u00e0 Walpole v\u00e0 Cadogan \u0111\u00e3 chi ph\u1ed1i. Walpole \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i xa \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00f4i ra b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Huntridge t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin, Richard Blackburn. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn b\u1ecf t\u00fai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ebf. Sau m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean x\u1eed k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u00e1m hay ch\u00edn ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3, b\u1ed9i th\u1ea9m \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c minh v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Huntridge v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec l\u00fd do th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng theo quy t\u1eafc v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c Black hay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 may m\u1eafn nh\u01b0 Huntridge. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tha b\u1ed5ng hay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb treo c\u1ed5 hay b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0y sang thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba t\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn khi \u0111\u00f3, B\u1eafc M\u1ef9; lu\u1eadt th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean s\u00e1ch lu\u1eadt cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf n\u0103m 1824. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Huntridge l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd. B\u1ed9i th\u1ea9m \u0111o\u00e0n h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi Walpole. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y n\u1eefa, n\u01a1i T\u00f2a Ph\u00f2ng Ng\u00f4i Sao (Court of Star Chamber) \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Stuart v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p c\u00f4ng khai ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c vua \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua th\u00edch. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Whig c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb (rule of law), nguy\u00ean l\u00fd r\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc hay m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ai \u1edf tr\u00ean ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt.","306 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I C\u00c1C S\u1ef0 KI\u1ec6N bao quanh B\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadt \u0110en cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n \u1edf Anh v\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh, c\u00e1c elite \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi n\u00f3 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee9c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd h\u00ecnh dung. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0, ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb (rule of law) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 cai tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt (rule by law). Cho d\u00f9 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Whig \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc, \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft c\u00e1c tr\u1edf l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c th\u00eam b\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb. Lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n, m\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu x\u1ea3y ra t\u1eeb n\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp r\u1ed3i, cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u201cthi\u00eang li\u00eang\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c elite. Ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c elite l\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng-elite nh\u01b0 nhau \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 thi h\u00e0nh n\u00f3. Ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1 khi b\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 trong vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. V\u00ec sao lu\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ngang nhau cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi? N\u1ebfu nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, th\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u00ec l\u00e0 tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i ngay th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vua v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady, ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed5i d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111a nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c li\u00ean minh r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng xem x\u00e9t nh\u1ea5t khi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i trong c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i quanh b\u00e0n, m\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m, Anh \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00e1 \u0111a nguy\u00ean, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c elite c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng Whig nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0u gi\u1eef trong quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb, lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf s\u1ebd r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec sao c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Whigs v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 l\u1ea1i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? V\u00ec sao h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p B\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadt \u0110en v\u00e0 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n khi c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111i theo c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd th\u00edch? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang \u2013 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n (virtuous circle). Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7, C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi elite b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf","V\u00d2NG THI\u1ec6N \u25cf 307 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh r\u1ed9ng bao g\u1ed3m gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c nh\u1ecf (gentry), c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng Whig v\u00e0 Tory. S\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111a nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y. Ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. V\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u b\u00ean ng\u1ed3i c\u1ea1nh b\u00e0n chia s\u1ebb quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t b\u00ean n\u00e0o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00edch l\u0169y qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf quan ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c l\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a logic c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra b\u1edfi li\u00ean minh r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf Stuart. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb, k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c vua kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n thi\u00eang li\u00eang n\u00e0o, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd l\u1ebd ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf Stuart. Nh\u01b0 s\u1eed gia Anh E. P. Thompson di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t, trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c vua Stuart: c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c phi th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u2026 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfu h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p cai tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 m\u00e0 t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb, theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a nghi\u00eam t\u00fac, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn mu\u1ed1n hay kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a rhetoric (t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng) c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd; h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u01a1i c\u00e1c tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c theo c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc m\u00e0 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i b\u1ecb v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf. V\u1ee9t b\u1ecf tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i s\u1ebd l\u00e0m h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp con c\u1ee7a li\u00ean minh r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ch\u1ecbu r\u1ee7i ro c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 quay l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Stuart. Theo c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Thompson, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i kh\u1ecfi t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y lu\u1eadt \u0111i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n ho\u00e0ng gia \u2026 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ed3 \u1ea1t quay l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 trong ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd [c\u00e1c qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng] \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn cho s\u1ef1","308 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I t\u1ef1-b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Lu\u1eadt, trong c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t m\u00e0 \u2026 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n m\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n: n\u1ebfu lu\u1eadt \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay nh\u00f3m n\u00e0o, kh\u00f4ng ngay c\u1ea3 Cadogan hay Walpole, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 leo l\u00ean tr\u00ean lu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eabn \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng. CH\u00daNG TA \u0110\u00c3 TH\u1ea4Y c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m n\u1ed5i l\u00ean th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec sao ch\u00fang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng theo th\u1eddi gian? L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadt \u0110en v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh n\u00f3 minh h\u1ecda v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u01b0u toan l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n ch\u00fang v\u00e0, th\u1ef1c ra, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. Logic c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia mang t\u00ednh \u0111a nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch linh thi\u00eang trong ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp con \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c n\u00e0o, cho d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0 Huntridge, \u0111e d\u1ecda ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c elite x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng chung c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 n\u1eefa? V\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian ti\u1ebfp theo n\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9, c\u00e1i g\u00ec s\u1ebd ng\u0103n Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c kh\u1ecfi l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh doanh, v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u1edf gi\u1eefa? Th\u1ef1c ra, th\u1eddi gian ti\u1ebfp theo n\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean b\u1ecb s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a li\u00ean minh r\u1ed9ng. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu r\u1ee7i ro n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd, th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Anh. V\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t khi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb","V\u00d2NG THI\u1ec6N \u25cf 309 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi cho th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham gia l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. V\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n n\u1ea3y sinh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb logic v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y r\u1ed3i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng h\u01a1n, trao quy\u1ec1n cho m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3ng r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho s\u00e2n ch\u01a1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f2n b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u00e1i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c. C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 quan tr\u1ecdng trong s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u1edf v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng (media) \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh, l\u00e0m cho d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y. L\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1eebng ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t b\u00e1o ch\u00ed sau n\u0103m 1688. B\u00e1o ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 trong trao quy\u1ec1n cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 trong s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y. Trong khi v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t xu h\u01b0\u1edbng cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9, n\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u1ea3 \u1edf v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh v\u00e0 \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c. N\u0103m 1745 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f2i Tr\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn Derby, ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1ch London m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m d\u1eb7m, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e8n \u0111\u00fac trong C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u00e1o r\u1eddi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c T\u00e0n s\u00e1t Peterloo (trang 207) \u1edf Manchester n\u0103m 1819, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n ti\u1ebfp sau, c\u00e1c elite ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Anh \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf th\u00eam h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat lui kh\u1ecfi b\u1edd v\u1ef1c. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng. V\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1edd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 c\u0169ng","310 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m Anh v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n theo th\u1eddi gian. S\u1ef0 TI\u1ebeN TRI\u1ec2N CH\u1eacM CH\u1ea0P C\u1ee6A D\u00c2N CH\u1ee6 S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi B\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadt \u0110en \u0111\u00e3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Anh b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n h\u01a1n h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n v\u00e0 trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh lang. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed; nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng; v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i. V\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ed3i m\u00e0 c\u0169ng m\u1edf c\u1eeda cho s\u1ef1 bao g\u1ed3m l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. C\u01a1 may \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i elite Anh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 k\u00ecm k\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00ean quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. Gi\u1edbi elite n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n b\u1eb1ng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua v\u00e0 m\u1edf c\u1eeda cho s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 trao quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 cho m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 nh\u1ecf. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. V\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m d\u1eabn t\u1edbi 1831, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ba th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 n\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i gia t\u0103ng \u1edf Anh, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng kinh t\u1ebf gia t\u0103ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u00f2i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n Luddite trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1811\u20131816, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi v\u00e0o m\u00e0 h\u1ecd tin s\u1ebd l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp b\u1edfi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f2i c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1eddng minh, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c N\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n Spa Fields n\u0103m 1816 \u1edf London v\u00e0 v\u1ee5 Th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t Peterloo n\u0103m 1819 \u1edf Manchester. Trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c N\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n Swing n\u0103m 1830, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi v\u00e0o. Trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf Paris, C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e1ng B\u1ea3y 1830 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5 ra. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c elite \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n \u0111ang l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00f4i, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e1o ng\u00f2i n\u1ed5 n\u00e1o lo\u1ea1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y lui m\u1ed9t","V\u00d2NG THI\u1ec6N \u25cf 311 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed 1831 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 duy nh\u1ea5t: c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3ng Whig, g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau Sir Robert Walpole, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. Nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng nh\u1ecf v\u1ec1 c\u1eed tri. Ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu, cho d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 cho \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ean ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3ng Whig \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, Earl Grey, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng. Earl Grey \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn \u2013 c\u00f2n xa m\u1edbi v\u1eady. \u00d4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3ng Whig \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1n hay b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n chia s\u1ebb quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Anh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi elite ban cho. N\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y b\u1edfi qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao quy\u1ec1n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh trong v\u00e0i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea1o d\u1ea1n h\u01a1n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb do C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang th\u00e1o ra. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi v\u00ec gi\u1edbi elite \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, d\u1eabu cho d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ecb b\u1edbt \u0111i m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat. Earl Grey, trong b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t r\u00f5: Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i t\u1eebng n\u0103m, quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu, nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n t\u00f4i. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t nh\u1eefng hy v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u2026 Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u2026 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu v\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n s\u1ef1 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i quanh chi\u1ebfc b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u k\u1ef9 b\u1edfi phong tr\u00e0o Chartist, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00f2i quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t sau 1838, l\u1ea5y t\u00ean phong tr\u00e0o t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n Charter, Hi\u1ebfn Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n (People\u2019s Charter), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee3i l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi Magna Carta. J. R. Stephens, m\u1ed9t chartist, \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t r\u00f5 v\u00ec sao quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, v\u00e0 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n:","312 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t \u2026 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 dao v\u00e0 n\u0129a, l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00e1nh m\u1ef3 v\u00e0 ph\u00f3 m\u00e1t \u2026 b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t \u00fd t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o cho\u00e0ng t\u1eed t\u1ebf tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng m\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u0169 t\u1ed1t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i m\u00e1i t\u01b0\u01a1m t\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 che nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t b\u1eefa \u0103n t\u1ed1i ngon tr\u00ean b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Stephens \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u k\u1ef9 r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 trao quy\u1ec1n cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Anh th\u00eam n\u1eefa v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o cho\u00e0ng, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i m\u0169, m\u1ed9t m\u00e1i nh\u00e0, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eefa \u0103n t\u1eed t\u1ebf cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, Earl Grey \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 trong b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng qua B\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadt C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Th\u1ee9 Nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 trong th\u00e1o ng\u00f2i n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 b\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e0i l\u1edbn n\u00e0o theo h\u01b0\u1edbng quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch 1832 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, ch\u1ec9 t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i quy\u1ec1n b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu t\u1eeb 8 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m l\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng 16 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng (t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 2 \u0111\u1ebfn 4 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1). H\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1ed1i n\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 trao s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 Manchester, Leeds, v\u00e0 Sheffield. Nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. V\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi th\u00eam v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 n\u00e1o lo\u1ea1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00eam n\u1eefa. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i, c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u00eam s\u1ebd k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp. V\u00ec sao c\u00e1c elite Anh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi? V\u00ec sao Earl Grey \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u2013 qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng? V\u00ec sao h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u \u00edt h\u01a1n trong hai c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u, c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o? Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ee5c T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u1edf Nam M\u1ef9, c\u00e1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00c1o-Hungary v\u00e0 Nga \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean ti\u1ebfp theo khi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u1edf v\u00f9ng Caribe v\u00e0 \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9: s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eb9p nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra r\u1ed3i \u1edf v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi elite v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ea3 thi. Nh\u01b0 E. P. Thompson \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft:","V\u00d2NG THI\u1ec6N \u25cf 313 Khi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1790\u20131832 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 g\u00e2y ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecf qua ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb, ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u00e1c k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u h\u1ee3p hi\u1ebfn tinh vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf rhetoric (t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng) c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd v\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c; ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecd ch\u1ecbu ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u2026 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp t\u1ec5nh theo h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, thay cho vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m tan self-image (h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh) c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i 150 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p hi\u1ebfn, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. Di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho elite Anh kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 t\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb trong th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1o Lu\u1eadt \u0110en c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd l\u1ea3ng xa s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p v\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c, m\u00e0 s\u1ebd l\u1ea1i g\u00e2y r\u1ee7i ro cho s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p trong s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 th\u1eed th\u1ef1c thi B\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadt \u0110en \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m y\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh doanh, v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p trong n\u0103m 1832 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Th\u1ef1c ra, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f2i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft k\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Anh trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ed1i tu t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u th\u1eadt r\u00f5. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Hampden Club, theo t\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Charles I v\u1ec1 thu\u1ebf ti\u1ec1n t\u00e0u th\u1ee7y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf Stuart, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7. C\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m, \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n, s\u1ef1 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf Anh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1831. Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t c\u00fa ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch","314 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c elite ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u00f3a l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t gia t\u00e0i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0, d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u00edt t\u1eadp trung h\u01a1n. \u1ede \u00c1o- Hungary v\u00e0 \u1edf Nga, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 8, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t do c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u1edf Anh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn, nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m, c\u00e1i b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u00e3 \u00edt h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u: \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u00edt s\u1ef1 \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 \u00edt c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n tham gia. B\u00e1m l\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u00edt c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi elite Anh. Logic c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ea3 thi, l\u1ea1i b\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang trao quy\u1ec1n cho c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u00e2n ch\u01a1i ngang b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1n, ngay c\u1ea3 khi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi elite nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e8 b\u1eb9p nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, hay ch\u00ed \u00edt m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u1ea5y. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ee7a Anh \u0111\u00e3 c\u0169ng g\u00e2y ra C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p r\u1ed3i, v\u00e0 Anh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb h\u00f3a \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, t\u1eadp trung, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n hay c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c. V\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i cho Anh B\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadt C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Th\u1ee9 Nh\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1832. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u. V\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, b\u1edfi v\u00ec trong n\u0103m 1832 elite \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1i h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u01a1n. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1edfi phong tr\u00e0o Chartist, m\u00e0 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n n\u0103m 1838 \u0111\u00e3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u M\u1ed9t l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u00f3 tu\u1ed5i t\u1eeb hai m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed1t, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111ang ch\u1ecbu h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t v\u00ec ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i. S\u1ef1 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu k\u00edn. \u2013 \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu trong thi h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh."]