["V\u00d2NG THI\u1ec6N \u25cf 315 Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n n\u00e0o cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u2013 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri b\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0o qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y gi\u00e0u hay ngh\u00e8o. Tr\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia l\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, hay c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, khi ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u0103m lo cho c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed b\u1eb1ng nhau, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00f9ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00f9ng s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu, thay cho vi\u1ec7c cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed nh\u1ecf l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed l\u1edbn. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i t\u1eebng n\u0103m, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 mua chu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda, v\u00ec m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb mua chu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n trong b\u1ea3y n\u0103m (th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u1edbi phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u), kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ec1n n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua chu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed (d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t) trong m\u1ed7i m\u01b0\u1eddi hai th\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfp sau; v\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 cho m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 coi th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. B\u1eb1ng \u201cphi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u,\u201d h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu k\u00edn b\u00ed m\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu ng\u1ecf, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c mua chu\u1ed9c phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu. Phong tr\u00e0o Chartist \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cho nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u00eam. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 phong tr\u00e0o Chartist \u0111\u00e3 tan r\u00e3 sau 1848, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp b\u1edfi Li\u00ean Minh C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch Qu\u1ed1c gia (National Reform Union), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1864, v\u00e0 Li\u00ean \u0110o\u00e0n C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch (Reform League), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1865. Th\u00e1ng B\u1ea3y 1866, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n l\u1edbn \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u1edf Hyde Park \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. \u00c1p l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 sinh l\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u0110\u1ea1o Lu\u1eadt C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch Th\u1ee9 Hai n\u0103m 1867, trong \u0111\u00f3 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1eed tri \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu giai c\u1ea5p lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111a s\u1ed1 trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u00f4","316 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I th\u1ecb. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu k\u00edn b\u00ed m\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed th\u1ed1i n\u00e1t nh\u01b0 \u201cth\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3i\u201d (v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 mua phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u trong trao \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i b\u1ea7u nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3i, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n, th\u1ee9c \u0103n, hay r\u01b0\u1ee3u). To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1eed tri l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa b\u1edfi B\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadt C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch Th\u1ee9 Ba n\u0103m 1884, khi 60 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. Ti\u1ebfp theo Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n Th\u1ee9 Nh\u1ea5t, B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n n\u0103m 1918 \u0111\u00e3 trao quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng tr\u00ean tu\u1ed5i hai m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 tr\u00ean tu\u1ed5i ba m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf hay k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed theo c\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng trong n\u0103m 1928. C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 1918 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t quid pro quo (s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i) gi\u1eefa ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Nga. Song song v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 Nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 b\u00e3i b\u1ecf Lu\u1eadt Ng\u00f4 n\u0103m 1846. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7, Lu\u1eadt Ng\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5m nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u th\u00f3c l\u00faa v\u00e0 ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c, gi\u1eef gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang cao v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn b\u00e9o b\u1edf cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 l\u1edbn. C\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 m\u1edbi t\u1eeb Manchester v\u00e0 Birmingham \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n ng\u00f4 r\u1ebb v\u00e0 v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5p. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i l\u1edbn. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1eed tri v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb x\u1ea3y ra trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp theo b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u00eam. N\u0103m 1871 th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Gladstone, ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea3ng T\u1ef1 do (Liberal), \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng v\u1ee5 cho s\u1ef1 xem x\u00e9t c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang, bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eafc d\u1ee5ng (meritocracy), v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Tudor. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Liberal v\u00e0 Tory trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00e1c B\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadt Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u (Masters v\u00e0 Servants Acts), m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m t\u00ednh di \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf, l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1906\u20131914, \u0110\u1ea3ng T\u1ef1 do (Liberal Party), d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a H. H. Asquith","V\u00d2NG THI\u1ec6N \u25cf 317 v\u00e0 David Lloyd George, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p, l\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0u do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 tr\u1ea3, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, v\u00e0 cam k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf t\u00e1i ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00e0i kh\u00f3a n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n thu\u1ebf v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i trong ba th\u1eadp ni\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i trong ba th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thu\u1ebf c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u201cl\u0169y ti\u1ebfn\u201d h\u01a1n, sao cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 h\u01a1n ch\u1ecbu g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng thu\u1ebf n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n. Trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu cho elite, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i, hay \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o tr\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc ph\u00ed, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn h\u01a1n cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n; Lu\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u0103m 1870 \u0111\u00e3 giao cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 cung \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed n\u0103m 1891. Tu\u1ed5i r\u1eddi nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng (school-leaving age) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf tu\u1ed5i m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t trong n\u0103m 1893. N\u0103m 1899 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng l\u00ean m\u01b0\u1eddi hai, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho con c\u00e1i c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh neo \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb m\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u1ed5i nh\u1eadp h\u1ecdc, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1ng th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng 40 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m trong n\u0103m 1870, \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 100 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m n\u0103m 1900. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, B\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u0103m 1902 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c cho c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng grammar school (trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng), m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trung h\u1ecdc \u1edf Anh. Th\u1ef1c ra, th\u00ed d\u1ee5 Anh, m\u1ed9t minh h\u1ecda v\u1ec1 v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m, cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u201cv\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb t\u1eeb.\u201d Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao quy\u1ec1n. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 c\u0169ng t\u1eeb t\u1eeb t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t. M\u1ed7i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa, \u0111\u00f4i khi nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 m\u1ed7i b\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1nh c\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1m l\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb, l\u00e0m cho kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1i m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00e1c elite \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c vua Stuart. \u0110\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u00edt c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u00e0y s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng d\u1ed1c to\u00e0n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u01a1n r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho t\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi trong lo\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb t\u1eeb n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi elite n\u00f3 \u00edt \u0111e d\u1ecda h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9","318 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed7i b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 nh\u1ecf, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1ecf, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eed th\u00e1ch l\u1edbn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m sao Lu\u1eadt Ng\u00f4 b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 xung \u0111\u1ed9t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1846 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadt C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 Nh\u1ea5t. Tuy v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 trong n\u0103m 1832 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1eed tri, vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u1ed1i n\u00e1t, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c b\u00e3i b\u1ecf Lu\u1eadt Ng\u00f4 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00ean b\u00e0n ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1, th\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 b\u00e3i b\u1ecf Lu\u1eadt Ng\u00f4 ch\u1ec9 n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e1o ng\u00f2i n\u1ed5 xung \u0111\u1ed9t. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb t\u1eeb c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb7n vi\u1ec7c li\u1ec1u m\u1ea1ng lao v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 d\u1eef d\u1ed9i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ebf ch\u1ed7 cho c\u00e1i b\u1ecb th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau. \u0110\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p, khi th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 quay l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 hai l\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Ph\u00e1p Th\u1ee9 Ba v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1870. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Nga, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c mong m\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Nga, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 hung b\u1ea1o, kh\u00e1t m\u00e1u, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3i b\u1ea1i h\u01a1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang thi\u1ebfu ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c khai th\u00e1c. Ch\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean n\u1ed5i l\u00ean t\u1eeb C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb t\u1eeb l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 thi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng mong mu\u1ed1n, \u1edf Anh. Nh\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn Anh b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 Edmund Burke, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ed1ng C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft trong n\u0103m 1790, \u201cV\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai n\u00ean li\u1ec1u m\u1ea1ng ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chung c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i theo b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0o t\u1eeb bao \u0111\u1eddi nay, hay d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3 l\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft m\u00ecnh.\u201d Burke \u0111\u00e3 sai v\u1ec1 b\u1ee9c tranh l\u1edbn. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf t\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i th\u1ed1i n\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, m\u00e0 kh\u1eafp ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn T\u00e2y \u00c2u. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Burke \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Anh, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u trong n\u0103m 1688 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ecbp ba th\u1eadp ni\u00ean sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Burke, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u1eeb t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n h\u01a1n.","V\u00d2NG THI\u1ec6N \u25cf 319 L\u00c0M V\u1ee0 TAN C\u00c1C TRUST C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u1edf Virginia, Maryland, v\u00e0 Carolinas trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba (trang 19-28). C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edfi Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Nh\u01b0ng Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. H\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 \u1edf Anh, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n. V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n \u2013 th\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng qua c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadt Trang \u1ea4p (Homestead Act) trong n\u0103m 1862 (trang 37), m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ea5t bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y cho c\u00e1c elite ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 \u1edf Anh, c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a N\u1ed9i Chi\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee3t t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n l\u1edbn k\u1ebfch x\u00f9. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m cho b\u1ea1o d\u1ea1n b\u1edfi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c Robber Baron (Tr\u00f9m K\u1ebb C\u01b0\u1edbp) b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n kinh doanh c\u1ee9ng c\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ng\u0103n tr\u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ea1nh tranh ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng n\u00e0o tham gia v\u00e0o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng hay ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kinh doanh tr\u00ean quan h\u1ec7 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u00e9t ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 Cornelius Vanderbilt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, \u201cT\u00f4i quan t\u00e2m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn Lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p? T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u01b0?\u201d M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 John D. Rockefeller, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng C\u00f4ng ty Standard Oil n\u0103m 1870. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 \u1edf Cleveland v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n h\u00f3a giao th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 v\u00e0 b\u00e1n l\u1ebb d\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m d\u1ea7u. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1882 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 \u2013 theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t trust. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1890 Standard Oil \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t 88 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m d\u1ea7u tinh ch\u1ebf ch\u1ea3y \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u00e0 Rockefeller \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ef7 ph\u00fa \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong n\u0103m 1916. C\u00e1c","320 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I tranh bi\u1ebfm h\u1ecda \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi v\u1ebd Standard Oil nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c qu\u1ea5n c\u00e1c v\u00f2i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 quanh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ea7u m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Capitol Hill, t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, n\u1eefa. H\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 c\u0169ng kh\u00e9t ti\u1ebfng th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 John Pierpont Morgan, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n (conglomerate) ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng J.P. Morgan, m\u00e0 mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n, sau nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp trong h\u00e0ng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh JPMorgan Chase. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Andrew Carnegie, Morgan \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp C\u00f4ng ty Th\u00e9p Hoa K\u1ef3 (U.S. Steel Company) n\u0103m 1901, c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f3a h\u01a1n 1 t\u1ef7 $ v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ty th\u00e9p l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, b\u1ecf xa c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty kh\u00e1c. Trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1890, c\u00e1c trust l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed5i l\u00ean g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u1edf m\u1ecdi khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u01a1n 70 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c trust n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m t\u00ean c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u gia \u0111\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0 Du Pont, Eastman Kodak, v\u00e0 International Harvester. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, Hoa K\u1ef3, ch\u00ed \u00edt mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2y Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh h\u01a1n c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Mi\u1ec1n Nam. Nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh nh\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i t\u0103ng l\u00ean nhanh ch\u00f3ng. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111a nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 trao quy\u1ec1n r\u1ed3i cho m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3ng r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. C\u00e1c n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Tr\u00f9m \u0102n C\u01b0\u1edbp, hay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra phong tr\u00e0o D\u00e2n t\u00fay v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 phong tr\u00e0o Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. Phong tr\u00e0o D\u00e2n t\u00fay \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf v\u00f9ng Trung T\u00e2y t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1860 tr\u1edf \u0111i. Nghi\u1ec7p \u0110o\u00e0n N\u00f4ng D\u00e2n (National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c Granger, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1867 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u huy \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n kinh doanh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t. Trong n\u0103m 1873 v\u00e0 1874, c\u00e1c Granger \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p bang mi\u1ec1n trung t\u00e2y, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m trong s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n D\u00e2n n\u0103m 1892, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 8,5 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng trong b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1892. Trong hai l\u1ea7n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ti\u1ebfp theo, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi D\u00e2n T\u00fay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 \u0111\u1eb1ng sau hai phong tr\u00e0o D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng b\u1edfi William Jennings Bryan, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u1edf c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c trust b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5","V\u00d2NG THI\u1ec6N \u25cf 321 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 Rockefeller v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Tr\u00f9m K\u1ebb C\u01b0\u1edbp kh\u00e1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00ean ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia. C\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ch\u1ea7m ch\u1eadm \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i l\u00ean l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n. Lu\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o Lu\u1eadt Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c bang n\u0103m 1887, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra \u1ee6y ban Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c Bang v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a quy ch\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft li\u00ean bang c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadt Sherman, m\u00e0 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft ch\u1ed1ng trust c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c trust c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Tr\u00f9m K\u1ebb C\u01b0\u1edbp. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c trust \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn sau b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng cam k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Tr\u00f9m K\u1ebb C\u01b0\u1edbp: Theodore Roosevelt, 1901\u20131909; William Taft, 1909\u20131913; v\u00e0 Woodrow Wilson, 1913\u20131921. M\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eb1ng sau quy ch\u1ebf ch\u1ed1ng trust v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t quy ch\u1ebf li\u00ean bang v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. C\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ban \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi c\u00e1c bang ri\u00eang l\u1ebb trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1870 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i ch\u00edn ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb m\u00e0 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c trust \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi cho Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ban h\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Sherman \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c bang n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p N\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, Li\u00ean minh N\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, H\u1ed9i L\u1ee3i \u00edch H\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a N\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, v\u00e0 C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 B\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 Ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i. C\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 trong ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. T\u1eeb tro t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi D\u00e2n t\u00fay, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 suy s\u1ee5p nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng sau khi d\u00f9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi [thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng] D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Phong tr\u00e0o Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 qu\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i xung quanh nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Teddy Roosevelt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ph\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a William McKinley v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng ti\u1ebfp sau v\u1ee5 \u00e1m s\u00e1t McKinley n\u0103m 1901. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00ean n\u1eafm ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea7m qu\u1ed1c gia, Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a New York v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c si\u00eang n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf tham nh\u0169ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u201cgu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.\u201d Trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cho Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c trust. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 t\u00e0i kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh doanh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi,","322 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng \u2026 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u2026 s\u1ef1 tin ch\u1eafc r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c trust theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i chung. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb tinh th\u1ea7n ghen t\u1ef5 hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e0nh \u01b0u th\u1ebf th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u00f4ng minh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111ang thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1ed1n trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 l\u1edbn lao l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft khi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 l\u1edbn lao ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m. N\u00f3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 tin ch\u1eafc ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung ph\u1ea3i, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd; v\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i s\u1ef1 tin ch\u1eafc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang. \u00d4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c: \u201cC\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kinh doanh kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i \u00e1c x\u1ea3o tr\u00e1 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i \u00e1c v\u0169 l\u1ef1c.\u201d K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, qu\u1ed1c gia c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kinh doanh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c bang, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bang trong b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00fang n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng ty nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 hay xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan li\u00ean bang v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty l\u1edbn v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tu ch\u00ednh Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1902 Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Sherman \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 C\u00f4ng ty Ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc (Northern Securities Company), \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a J.P. Morgan, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Du Pont, C\u00f4ng ty Thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ty Standard Oil. Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c Bang v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Hepburn n\u0103m 1906, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y Ban Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c Bang, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho ph\u00e9p n\u00f3 thanh tra c\u00e1c t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft v\u00e0","V\u00d2NG THI\u1ec6N \u25cf 323 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 sang c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u1edbi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb Roosevelt, William Taft, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi t\u1ed1 c\u00e1c trust th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n si\u00eang n\u0103ng h\u01a1n, \u0111i\u1ec3m cao c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 C\u00f4ng ty Standard Oil trong n\u0103m 1911. Taft c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0a ra thu\u1ebf thu nh\u1eadp li\u00ean bang, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n Tu ch\u00ednh [Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p] l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 M\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u trong n\u0103m 1913. Th\u1eddi c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea7u Woodrow Wilson n\u0103m 1912. Wilson \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u0103m 1913 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, cu\u1ed1n The New Freedom (Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do m\u1edbi), \u201cN\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng, \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u1edf c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 huy ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd s\u1edf h\u1eefu n\u00f3.\u201d Wilson \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Clayton Ch\u1ed1ng Trust n\u0103m 1914, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Sherman, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra \u1ee6y ban Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Li\u00ean bang (Federal Trade Commission), m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 thi h\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Clayton. Ngo\u00e0i ra, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban Pujo, do ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 Louisiana l\u00e0 Arsene Pujo l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u1ec1 \u201ctrust ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7,\u201d s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0nh t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, Wilson \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb t\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft khu v\u1ef1c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. Trong n\u0103m 1913 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Ban Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng D\u1ef1 tr\u1eef Li\u00ean bang (Federal Reserve Board), m\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n trong khu v\u1ef1c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. S\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Tr\u00f9m K\u1ebb C\u01b0\u1edbp v\u00e0 c\u00e1c trust \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1ed3i \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. C\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 b\u1edfi v\u00e0i h\u00e3ng, \u0111\u1eb7t ra gi\u00e1 c\u1eaft c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi. C\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1eb7c cho ch\u00fang t\u1ef1 xoay x\u1edf, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1eebng l\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi k\u1ebb h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra s\u00e2n ch\u01a1i b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i kinh t\u1ebf cho \u0111a s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. \u0110\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n tr\u00e0n lan, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u1edfi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a elite, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c trust \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u0169ng minh h\u1ecda r\u1eb1ng khi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m, ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c b\u00f9 ch\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng ra xa c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng m\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh","324 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1m hoa, trong khi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u0111i tr\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. Ph\u00e1 tan trust \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf Mexico (trang 38-40), minh h\u1ecda kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n. Trong khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o \u1edf Mexico h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Carlos Slim, c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Sherman v\u00e0 Clayton \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c trust, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cartel, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m Hoa K\u1ef3 trong n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do trong trao quy\u1ec1n cho c\u00e1c m\u1ea3ng r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n. N\u0103m 1906 Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb muckraker (ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e0o ph\u00e2n, k\u1ebb hay b\u1edbi m\u00f3c), d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi c\u00e1i c\u00e0o ph\u00e2n trong Pilgrim\u2019s Progress (Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng) c\u1ee7a Bunyan, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1i \u00f4ng coi nh\u01b0 ngh\u1ec1 b\u00e1o x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp. T\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1m v\u00e0o v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng h\u00f3a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Tr\u00f9m K\u1ebb C\u01b0\u1edbp c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1i n\u00e1t trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 li\u00ean bang. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay b\u1edbi m\u00f3c n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 Ida Tarbell, m\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u0103m 1904 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0, cu\u1ed1n History of the Standard Oil Company (L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ty Standard Oil), \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 then ch\u1ed1t trong l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Rockefeller v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch kinh doanh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m trong ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 Standard Oil n\u0103m 1911. M\u1ed9t muckraker ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 v\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Louis Brandeis, ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Wilson b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao. Brandeis \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 b\u00ea b\u1ed1i t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, cu\u1ed1n Other People\u2019s Money and How Bankers Use It (Ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Ch\u1ee7 Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng N\u00f3 Ra sao), v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ee6y ban Pujo. \u00d4ng tr\u00f9m b\u00e1o ch\u00ed William Randolph Hearst c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay b\u1edbi m\u00f3c. Vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng cho \u0111\u0103ng t\u1eebng k\u1ef3 trong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed The Cosmopolitan c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong n\u0103m 1906 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a David Graham Phillips, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cS\u1ef1 L\u00e0m Ph\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n \u2013 The Treason of the Senate,\u201d \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea7u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ban h\u00e0nh Tu ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9 M\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3 trong n\u0103m 1913.","V\u00d2NG THI\u1ec6N \u25cf 325 C\u00e1c muckraker \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong xui khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c trust. C\u00e1c Tr\u00f9m K\u1ebb C\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111\u00e3 c\u0103m th\u00f9 c\u00e1c muckraker, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb v\u00e0 b\u1ecbt mi\u1ec7ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay b\u1edbi m\u00f3c. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n b\u00e1o ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n b\u00e1o ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t, l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m cho c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u01a1n r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111e d\u1ecda ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 b\u1ecb kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do [b\u00e1o ch\u00ed] nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c, d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, hay d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i, m\u00e0 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp nghi\u00eam t\u00fac. Th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 b\u00e1o ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y, c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Tr\u00f9m K\u1ebb C\u01b0\u1edbp v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c huy \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c trust c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. CH\u1eccN NG\u01af\u1edcI V\u00c0O T\u00d2A \u00c1N Franklin D. Roosevelt, \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 em con ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a Teddy Roosevelt, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1932 gi\u1eefa cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i Suy tho\u00e1i. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u1ee7y th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y tham v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i Suy tho\u00e1i. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ec5 nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1933, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7p, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb n\u00e9m v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5. S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5t h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb Suy tho\u00e1i n\u1ed5 ra n\u0103m 1929, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u00e0 Roosevelt ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn chung nh\u01b0 New Deal (Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Kinh t\u1ebf M\u1edbi). Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, v\u1edbi 57 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u1edf c\u1ea3 H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p New Deal. Tuy v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau ra c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u1edf T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao, n\u01a1i s\u1ef1 \u1ee7y th\u00e1c c\u1eed tri c\u1ee7a Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng. M\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a New Deal \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c gia. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Roosevelt v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tin r\u1eb1ng ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, trao cho","326 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp Public Works Administration (C\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh C\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng), m\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 ga xe l\u1eeda \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1ee9 Ba M\u01b0\u01a1i \u1edf Philadelphia, c\u1ea7u Triborough, \u0110\u1eadp Grand Coulee, v\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Overseas n\u1ed1i Key West, Florida, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng S\u00e1u, 1933, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Tuy v\u1eady, ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n. Ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng N\u0103m, 1935, T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 vi hi\u1ebfn. Ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trang nghi\u00eam, \u201cNh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0ng \u2026 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra hay m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p.\u201d Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn, Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (Social Security Act), m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0o Hoa K\u1ef3: l\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0u khi v\u1ec1 h\u01b0u, tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 con ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p t\u00e0n t\u1eadt. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Quan h\u1ec7 Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Qu\u1ed1c gia (National Labor Relations Act), m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u00eam c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n, tham gia th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u1edf T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao. Khi nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y \u0111ang \u0111i qua ng\u00e0nh t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i trong n\u0103m 1936 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u1ee7y th\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 61 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 y\u00eau m\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n l\u00ean cao k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c, Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 cho T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao l\u00e0m tr\u1eadt b\u00e1nh xe nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c Bu\u1ed5i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n (Fireside Chat) th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n thanh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tr\u00ean radio ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng Ba, 1937. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng trong nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat \u00edt. \u00d4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c: L\u00e0m t\u00f4i nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f3 trong th\u00e1ng Ba, b\u1ed1n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, khi t\u00f4i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u00e1o c\u00e1o radio \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i cho b\u1ea1n. Khi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang","V\u00d2NG THI\u1ec6N \u25cf 327 \u1edf gi\u1eefa cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u qu\u1ed1c gia giao to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n n\u1eafm gi\u1eef, dollar l\u1ea5y dollar, cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i h\u00f4m nay ch\u1ee9ng minh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fang th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Nh\u01b0ng khi, g\u1ea7n hai n\u0103m mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p hi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 b\u1edfi n\u0103m-tr\u00ean-b\u1ed1n phi\u1ebfu. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u0103ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u00f4 v\u1ecdng. Qu\u1ea3 v\u1eady, b\u1ed1n th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e2n th\u1ecbt \u0111\u00e3 thi\u00eang li\u00eang h\u01a1n c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. Hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb r\u1ee7i ro. Roosevelt ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c: Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c M\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 tam m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 sao cho ru\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0y. Ba con ng\u1ef1a, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, l\u00e0 ba nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u2013 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n. Hai trong ba con ng\u1ef1a, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p, \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m k\u00e9o ng\u00e0y nay; con th\u1ee9 ba th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. Roosevelt sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng trao cho T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p hi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 n\u00e0y cho m\u00ecnh trong n\u0103m 1803. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, Th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n Bushrod Washington \u0111\u00e3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao ph\u1ea3i \u201cgi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 [c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt] cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi s\u1ef1 vi ph\u1ea1m Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec n\u1eefa.\u201d Roosevelt sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i: Trong b\u1ed1n n\u0103m qua quy t\u1eafc l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 trao cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf t\u1ed3n nghi h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb v\u1ee9t \u0111i. T\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, m\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch. Roosevelt cho r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u1ee7y th\u00e1c c\u1eed tri \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng \u201csau khi c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 h\u1ee3p hi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u2026 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp m\u00e1u m\u1edbi v\u00e0o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.\u201d \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1","328 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I s\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 t\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n cao tu\u1ed5i \u2013 m\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u01b0\u1ee3t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. R\u1ed3i \u00f4ng ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ngh\u1ec9 h\u01b0u b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u1edf tu\u1ed5i b\u1ea3y m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1u th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n m\u1edbi. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 D\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i ng\u00e0nh T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i New Deal t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang cho c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m d\u00f2 d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng 40 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch. Louis Brandeis b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Brandeis \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Roosevelt, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u01b0u toan c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1 s\u1ee9c. \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0ng H\u1ea1 ngh\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7n \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Roosevelt. Roosevelt sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed v\u1edbi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n. D\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eedi cho \u1ee6y ban T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n, m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t h\u00f2a, thu h\u00fat nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00f2ng h\u1ecdp Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, cho r\u1eb1ng d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cs\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, v\u00f4 \u00edch v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean l\u00fd hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u2026 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 hay s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec7n minh.\u201d Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu 70 tr\u00ean 20 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eedi n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i cho \u1ee7y ban \u0111\u1ec3 so\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i. T\u1ea5t c\u00e1c c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u201cch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o t\u00f2a \u00e1n\u201d \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft. Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1edfi T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao. Cho d\u00f9 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Roosevelt v\u1eabn b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Quan h\u1ec7 Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u00f2a tuy\u00ean l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p hi\u1ebfn. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a hai \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc chung t\u1eeb t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 tr\u1ec7ch l\u1edbn kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u0169ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u01b0u toan \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang. \u0110\u00e3 l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho t\u00f2a \u00e1n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p New Deal s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t. Nh\u01b0ng theo c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 c\u00e1c elite Anh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb s\u1ebd g\u00e2y nguy hi\u1ec3m cho c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eadt","V\u00d2NG THI\u1ec6N \u25cf 329 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u00e1c h\u1ea1 ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u1ecd kh\u1ecfi T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m t\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111a nguy\u00ean. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd Roosevelt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfp theo r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cai tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Hoa K\u1ef3. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng qua \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u00f3 Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111ang c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi Suy tho\u00e1i. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. Nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7u kh\u00f3 tin? \u0110\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Peru v\u00e0 Venezuela trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1990. C\u00e1c T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Fujimori v\u00e0 Ch\u00e1vez \u0111\u00e3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7y th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. S\u1ef1 lo s\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c-tr\u01a1n tu\u1ed9t n\u00e0y b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chia s\u1ebb quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111a nguy\u00ean ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb7n Walpole kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n Anh trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1720, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb7n Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o t\u00f2a \u00e1n c\u1ee7a Roosevelt. Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n. Nh\u01b0ng logic n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n di\u1ec5n ra, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y \u1edf Rome v\u00e0 Venice. M\u1ed9t minh h\u1ecda kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c so s\u00e1nh m\u01b0u toan th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Roosevelt \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o T\u00f2a \u00e1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u1edf Argentina, n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf. Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1853 c\u1ee7a Argentina \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao Hoa K\u1ef3. M\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u0103m 1887 \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p t\u00f2a \u00e1n Argentine \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m c\u00f9ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao Hoa K\u1ef3 trong quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 h\u1ee3p hi\u1ebfn hay kh\u00f4ng. V\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m \u1edf Argentina, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c khai th\u00e1c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 trao quy\u1ec1n cho c\u00e1c m\u1ea3ng r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean \u1edf","330 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I Argentina. Nh\u01b0 \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, vai tr\u00f2 hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u1edf Argentina. N\u0103m 1946 Juan Domingo Per\u00f3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Argentina. Per\u00f3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 n\u0103m 1943, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00f4ng ta l\u00e0m b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng li\u00ean minh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u00e0 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu cho n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Per\u00f3n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u00f4ng trong H\u1ea1 Vi\u1ec7n (Chamber of Deputies) \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn t\u1ed9i b\u1ed1n trong n\u0103m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n. S\u1ef1 bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i nh\u1eafm ch\u1ed1ng T\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u. M\u1ed9t c\u1edb bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch vi hi\u1ebfn t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a hai ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 n\u0103m 1930 v\u00e0 1943 \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 m\u1ec9a mai, v\u00ec Per\u00f3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 then ch\u1ed1t trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh sau. C\u00e1c l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 t\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5, h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 t\u00f2a \u00e1n Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea7u Per\u00f3n l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, T\u00f2a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng quan h\u1ec7 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Per\u00f3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 vi hi\u1ebfn. H\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch b\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u0103m 1936, Per\u00f3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m h\u1ec7t th\u1ebf trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u0103m 1946. Ch\u00edn th\u00e1ng sau khi kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn t\u1ed9i, H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i ba th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n, th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c r\u1ed3i. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb. Per\u00f3n sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m b\u1ed1n th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n m\u1edbi. Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n T\u00f2a \u00e1n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t Per\u00f3n kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf, v\u1eabn nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u1edf Argentina \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. C\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p hi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i Ricardo Balb\u00edn, l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Per\u00f3n, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ea5p Ti\u1ebfn, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng Per\u00f3n. Per\u00f3n tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 cai tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i. V\u00ec Per\u00f3n \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho T\u00f2a \u00e1n, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chu\u1ea9n \u1edf Argentina cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Cho n\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c l\u00ean quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e1nh h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Per\u00f3n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1c trong n\u0103m 1955, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp theo b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1. C\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c","V\u00d2NG THI\u1ec6N \u25cf 331 th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao \u1edf Argentina \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Trong n\u0103m 1990 Argentina cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u2013 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ti\u1ebfp sau b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00e1c. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u1ee9ng x\u1eed kh\u00e1c m\u1ea5y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 khi \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 Carlos Sa\u00fal Menem c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Per\u00f3nist. C\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m sau s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp sang n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u0103m 1983 b\u1edfi T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ea5p Ti\u1ebfn Ra\u00fal Alfons\u00edn. V\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do g\u00ec cho Menem \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m t\u00f2a \u00e1n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1eddi gian d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, Menem \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng r\u1ed3i. \u00d4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, th\u1eed khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch (hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111e d\u1ecda) c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng cho Th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n Carlos Fayt m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb qu\u1edf tr\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 Fayt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng g\u1eedi cho \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Law and Ethics (Lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc), v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ghi ch\u00fa \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eb7ng \u201cC\u1ea9n th\u1eadn t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n n\u00e0y\u201d. Kh\u00f4ng nao n\u00fang, trong v\u00f2ng ba th\u00e1ng t\u1eeb khi nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c, Menem \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n ki\u1ebfn nghi m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng T\u00f2a \u00e1n t\u1eeb n\u0103m l\u00ean ch\u00edn th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. M\u1ed9t l\u00fd l\u1ebd h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng n\u0103m 1937: t\u00f2a \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1 s\u1ee9c. Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111i qua Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p Menem b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m b\u1ed1n th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n m\u1edbi. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Menem ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c-tr\u01a1n tu\u1ed9t m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. Sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i, Menem \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Argentina m\u00e0 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c phe c\u00e1nh b\u00ean trong \u0110\u1ea3ng Per\u00f3nist c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. T\u1eeb khi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, Argentina \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y tai h\u1ecda cho M\u1ef9 Latin. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb s\u1eadp b\u1eaby trong m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn. V\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng nh\u00f3m n\u00e0o mu\u1ed1n hay d\u00e1m l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c","332 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c, v\u00ec s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 kh\u00f3. M\u1ed9t T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c m\u1ea3ng r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea9y lui c\u00e1c m\u01b0u toan \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fang \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf Argentina. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 vui l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n T\u00f2a \u00e1n cho d\u00f9 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y nguy hi\u1ec3m cho v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t l\u00fd do l\u00e0, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c r\u1ee7i ro. PH\u1ea2N H\u1ed2I D\u01af\u01a0NG V\u00c0 C\u00c1C V\u00d2NG THI\u1ec6N C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c elite c\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c elite hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m n\u1ed5i l\u00ean trong c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t, nh\u01b0 trong C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang \u1edf Anh hay s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Jamestown \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, khi m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 l\u00e0m y\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c elite, l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch cho vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111a nguy\u00ean. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a xung \u0111\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, v\u00e0 cho d\u00f9 nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf trong v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u00e0m cho c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u01a1n r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. V\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng qua nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, logic c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111a nguy\u00ean l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i, m\u1ed9t phe ph\u00e1i b\u00ean trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0 Franklin Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra khi \u00f4ng th\u1eed lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u00ean quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1edfi T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 Sir Robert Walpole \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra khi \u00f4ng th\u1eed th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch qua loa \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0110en. Trong c\u1ea3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung th\u00eam quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o tay m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m h\u1eb9p s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb","V\u00d2NG THI\u1ec6N \u25cf 333 \u0111a nguy\u00ean, v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u01b0u toan nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i l\u01b0u gi\u1eef linh thi\u00eang quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb, nguy\u00ean l\u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ngang b\u1eb1ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t, l\u1ea1i ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. C\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb m\u1edf c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda cho s\u1ef1 tham gia l\u1edbn h\u01a1n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc lu\u1eadt m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Anh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn, m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. Th\u1ee9 hai, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c qu\u00e1 x\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u00ed \u00edt trong ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n, b\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ee7 bao g\u1ed3m \u1edf Anh v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m, elite \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00edt \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng b\u00e1m l\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0, th\u1ef1c ra, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3 \u00edt \u0111e d\u1ecda gi\u1edbi elite v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1edf c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u00c1o-Hungary hay Nga, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, n\u01a1i mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi cho s\u1ef1 bao g\u1ed3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn h\u01a1n trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p b\u1edfi v\u00ec gi\u1edbi elite \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t v\u00ec s\u1ef1 chia s\u1ebb quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n b\u00e1o ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u01a1m hoa k\u1ebft tr\u00e1i, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n b\u00e1o ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do th\u01b0\u1eddng cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m, nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m trong ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i, khi","334 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Tr\u00f9m K\u1ebb C\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111\u00e3 \u0111e d\u1ecda b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n-hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t xu h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u1edf c\u1ea3 Anh v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3. \u0110\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfp theo, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh ngang th\u1ebf theo h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u2013 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n.","12. V\u00d2NG LU\u1ea8N QU\u1ea8N KH\u00d4NG TH\u1ec2 \u0110I XE L\u1eecA \u0110\u1ebeN BO N\u1eeeA TO\u00c0N B\u1ed8 QU\u1ed0C GIA t\u00e2y Phi Sierra Leone \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Anh trong n\u0103m 1896. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4, Freetown, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m ban \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng cho c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng. Nh\u01b0ng khi Freetown tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Anh, n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba Sierra Leone \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c nh\u1ecf Phi ch\u00e2u. T\u1eeb t\u1eeb, trong n\u1eeda sau c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb Phi ch\u00e2u. Ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m, 1896, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 trao cho h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7u m\u1edbi, th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh t\u1ed1i cao. \u1ede mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng Sierra Leone, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, trong qu\u1eadn khai m\u1ecf kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, qu\u1eadn Kono, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p Suluku, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 vua chi\u1ebfn binh h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh. Vua Suluku \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh Th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh T\u1ed1i cao Suluku, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a Sandor \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c vua nh\u01b0 Suluku \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. Khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed thu thu\u1ebf l\u1ec1u \u2013 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n thu\u1ebf n\u0103m shilling ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu t\u1eeb m\u1ed7i nh\u00e0 \u2013 trong th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang 1898, c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 N\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n Thu\u1ebf L\u1ec1u (Hut Tax Rebellion). N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf mi\u1ec1n","336 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I b\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u01a1n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf Mendeland, b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi nh\u00f3m s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c Mende. N\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n Thu\u1ebf L\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 mau ch\u00f3ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba Sierra Leone. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft t\u1eeb Freetown v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u trong th\u00e1ng Ba 1896, v\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn Songo Town th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai 1898, gi\u1eefa cu\u1ed9c N\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n Thu\u1ebf L\u1ec1u. C\u00e1c b\u00e1o qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Anh t\u1eeb 1904 \u0111\u00e3 ghi r\u1eb1ng: Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Sierra Leone cu\u1ed9c Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba n\u1ed5 ra trong th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang 1898 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m ng\u1eebng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 l\u00e0m tan r\u00e3 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat v\u1ec1 Freetown \u2026 Rotifunk, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft c\u00e1ch Freetown 55 d\u1eb7m, v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trong tay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n. Th\u1ef1c ra, Rotifunk \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u1edf tr\u00ean tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh trong n\u0103m 1894. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i sau khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ee5 b\u1ea1o lo\u1ea1n, cho n\u00ean thay v\u00ec \u0111i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda nam, qua Rotifunk v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn Bo, v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t Mende (Mendeland). Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nhanh \u0111\u1ebfn Mendeland, trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng g\u00e2y h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n \u1edf n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5. Khi Sierra Leone tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1961, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 trao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cho Sir Milton Margai v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Sierra Leone (Sierra Leone People\u2019s Party \u2013 SLPP), m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Mendeland, v\u00e0 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng. Ti\u1ebfp theo Sir Milton \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 em \u00f4ng, Sir Albert Margai, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u0103m 1964. N\u0103m 1967 SLPP \u0111\u00e3 thua s\u00edt sao m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed tranh gi\u00e0nh n\u00f3ng b\u1ecfng tr\u01b0\u1edbc phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp, \u0110\u1ea3ng H\u1ed9i nghi To\u00e0n d\u00e2n (All People\u2019s Congress Party \u2013 APC), do Siaka Stevens l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. Stevens \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Limba, t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc, v\u00e0 APC \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Limba, Temne, v\u00e0 Loko. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda nam ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u1ec3 cai tr\u1ecb Sierra Leone, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1967 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf, chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc: c\u00e0 ph\u00ea, cocoa, v\u00e0 kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1c n\u00f4ng","V\u00d2NG LU\u1ea8N QU\u1ea8N \u25cf 337 d\u00e2n tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea v\u00e0 cocoa \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mende, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Mendeland ra th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Mendeland \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c b\u1ea7u cho Albert Margai trong b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 1967. Stevens \u0111\u00e3 quan t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1m ch\u1eafc l\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a Mendeland. L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec t\u1ed1t cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mende l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t cho SLPP, v\u00e0 x\u1ea5u cho Stevens. Cho n\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1eebng tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111\u1ebfn Mendeland. R\u1ed3i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1n t\u1ed1ng b\u00e1n th\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, khi b\u1ea1n l\u00e1i xe ra kh\u1ecfi Freetown sang ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, b\u1ea1n \u0111i qua c\u00e1c ga \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t Hastings v\u00e0 Waterloo. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00e0u h\u1ecfa \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn Bo n\u1eefa. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Stevens \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tai h\u1ecda cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Sierra Leone. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Phi ch\u00e2u sau \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, khi s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf, Stevens ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i. Ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u00e0u h\u1ecfa \u0111\u1ebfn Bo n\u1eefa, b\u1edfi v\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng Sa ho\u00e0ng Nicholas I, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft s\u1ebd mang c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ebfn Nga, Stevens \u0111\u00e3 tin \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft s\u1ebd t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Gi\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c khi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee3 c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng hy sinh s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Stevens tho\u1ea1t nh\u00ecn t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb Anh v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Stevens m\u00e0 minh h\u1ecda logic c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n. Stevens \u0111\u00e3 cai tr\u1ecb Sierra Leone b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong n\u0103m 1985 kh\u00f4ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u01b0a th\u00edch b\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec sau 1967 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i hung b\u1ea1o, gi\u1ebft v\u00e0 qu\u1ea5y r\u1ed1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a SLPP. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng trong n\u0103m 1971, v\u00e0 sau 1978, Sierra Leone \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, APC c\u1ee7a Stevens. Stevens nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, cho d\u00f9 v\u1edbi c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 l\u00e0m b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cai tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Sierra Leone, nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Phi ch\u00e2u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u1ea1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh t\u1ed1i cao, h\u1ecd thu thu\u1ebf, th\u1ef1c thi c\u00f4ng l\u00fd,","338 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I v\u00e0 gi\u1eef tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n tr\u1ed3ng cocoa v\u00e0 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u00f4 l\u1eadp h\u1ecd, m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng marketing \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1edfi s\u1edf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u1eef d\u1ed9i theo th\u1eddi gian. Gi\u00e1 cocoa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cao m\u1ed9t n\u0103m v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p trong n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo. Thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng theo. L\u00fd l\u1ebd bi\u1ec7n minh cho h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng marketing \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0, h\u1ecd, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, s\u1ebd h\u1ea5p thu nh\u1eefng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1. Khi gi\u00e1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi cao, h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1edf Sierra Leone \u00edt h\u01a1n gi\u00e1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng khi gi\u00e1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ea5p, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd. Tuy v\u1eady, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Marketing S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m Sierra Leone \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1949. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n thu nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 cho c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u00edt h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat c\u1ea3 trong n\u0103m thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i l\u1eabn trong n\u0103m b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i. S\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n n\u00e0y khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n chi ti\u00eau chung v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh. Ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u \u00edt h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u00edt h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng marketing nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng c\u00e1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n t\u1ed3i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara ng\u1eebng l\u1ea1i sau \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng marketing \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n s\u1ebd ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng marketing \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ed3i h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1960, c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n tr\u1ed3ng c\u1ecd l\u1ea5y nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 56 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m gi\u00e1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng marketing; n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n cocoa, 48 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m; v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea, 49 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian Stevens r\u1eddi ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 trong n\u0103m 1985, vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p \u00f4ng ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Joseph Momoh, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 37, 19, v\u00e0 27 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m. D\u1eabu \u0111\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb, n\u00f3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Stevens, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c 10 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, 90 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Stevens t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 hay gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 cho nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh h\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 mua s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 c\u0169ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh t\u1ed1i cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh,","V\u00d2NG LU\u1ea8N QU\u1ea8N \u25cf 339 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u201cgia t\u1ed9c cai tr\u1ecb\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. N\u00e9t nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gia t\u1ed9c cai tr\u1ecb trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n theo th\u1eddi gian, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00f3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh elite m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn. C\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng theo c\u00e1ch d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. M\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch B\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh t\u1ed1i cao ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00e1c th\u1ec9 l\u0129nh l\u00e0ng, hay c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch Anh, \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ai s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh t\u1ed1i cao. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh dung r\u1eb1ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e3i b\u1ecf hay ch\u00ed \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch sau khi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng marketing, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i g\u00ec. Ng\u00e0y nay c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh t\u1ed1i cao v\u1eabn ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m thu thu\u1ebf. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 thu\u1ebf l\u1ec1u n\u1eefa, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 g\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, thu\u1ebf th\u00e2n. Trong n\u0103m 2005 Nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch B\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u1edf Sandor \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh t\u1ed1i cao m\u1edbi. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean t\u1eeb gia t\u1ed9c cai tr\u1ecb Fasuluku, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 gia t\u1ed9c cai tr\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ra \u1ee9ng c\u1eed. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 Sheku Fasuluku, ch\u00fat c\u1ee7a Vua Suluku. \u1ee8ng x\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng marketing v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00ec sao n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ea1i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p \u1edf Sierra Leone v\u00e0 \u1edf ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara. Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Robert Bates trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1980 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u00ec sao n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng sinh l\u1eddi \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi cho d\u00f9 theo s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng li\u00ean quan g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd hay c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2 m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00fang h\u01a1n, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng marketing \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch n\u00e0o cho c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n, hay b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t. L\u00fd do m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng marketing \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c khi\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t canh kh\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n, l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n th\u00eam c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0. \u1ede Sierra Leone, c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh t\u1ed1i cao kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cung c\u1ea5p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 thu thu\u1ebf, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00f4ng coi \u0111\u1ea5t.\u201d M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t; r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 ai canh t\u00e1c \u1edf","340 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I \u0111\u00e2u. C\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 an to\u00e0n n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u1eeb c\u00f9ng gia t\u1ed9c cai tr\u1ecb. \u0110\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua hay b\u00e1n hay d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf ch\u1ea5p cho m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n vay, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n sinh ra \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00f9ng do th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh cai tr\u1ecb, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng l\u00e2u n\u0103m n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea, cocoa, hay c\u1ecd v\u00ec s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n x\u00e1c l\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u201cde facto \u2013 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf\u201d. S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u1edf Sierra Leone v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 Australia, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda b\u1edfi c\u00e1ch t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra \u1edf Kono \u1edf mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng Sierra Leone th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang 1930. Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed3i t\u00edch, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng \u1edf trong c\u00e1c m\u1ecf s\u00e2u. Cho n\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 khai m\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3i \u1edf c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u201ckim c\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7,\u201d b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang cho ph\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0o khai m\u1ecf, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i bao g\u1ed3m ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ebf \u1edf Sierra Leone. Vui v\u1ebb b\u1ecf qua b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3i kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9, g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 Sierra Leone Selection Trust, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f3 cho De Beers, c\u00f4ng ty Nam Phi khai kho\u00e1ng kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. N\u0103m 1936 De Beers c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1edbn h\u01a1n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf Sierra Leone. Ngay c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u1ee7a kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed3i t\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t. V\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1950, L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u1ea5n \u00e1t b\u1edfi h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai m\u1ecf kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u00e0 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Trong n\u0103m 1955 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu khai th\u00e1c kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0o c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p ngo\u00e0i Sierra Leone Selection Trust, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y v\u1eabn n\u1eafm c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng gi\u00e0u [kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng] nh\u1ea5t \u1edf c\u00e1c Khu khai th\u00e1c Yengema, Koidu v\u00e0 Tongo. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ed3i h\u01a1n sau khi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Trong n\u0103m 1970 Siaka Stevens tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 qu\u1ed1c h\u1eefu h\u00f3a Sierra Leone Selection Trust, t\u1ea1o ra C\u00f4ng ty tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n Khai m\u1ecf Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ed1c gia [National Diamond Mining Company (Sierra Leone) Limited], trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Stevens, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 51 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m ph\u1ea7n h\u00f9n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Stevens \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e2u t\u00f3m vi\u1ec7c khai m\u1ecf kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. T\u1ea1i Australia th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn, v\u00e0ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra n\u0103m 1851 \u1edf New South Wales v\u00e0 bang Victoria m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0","V\u00d2NG LU\u1ea8N QU\u1ea8N \u25cf 341 c\u00e1i thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Gi\u1ed1ng kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf Sierra Leone, v\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng b\u1ed3i t\u00edch, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u1ec1 khai th\u00e1c n\u00f3 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1, nh\u01b0 James Macarthur, con trai c\u1ee7a John Macarthur, nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng K\u1ebb Chi\u1ebfm \u0110\u1ea5t (Squatter) m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc (trang 276- 2820, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i r\u00e0o quanh c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng khai m\u1ecf v\u00e0 b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n [khai th\u00e1c]. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n Australian c\u1ee7a Sierra Leone Selection Trust. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf Australia \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng khai m\u1ecf. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng, v\u00e0 thay cho vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch Australia \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n ph\u00ed khai m\u1ecf h\u00e0ng n\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o v\u00e0ng. Ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0o, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Australia, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf Victoria. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 b\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng phi\u1ebfu k\u00edn b\u00ed m\u1eadt. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u1ed3i hai t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tai h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi: vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 xuy\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf Phi ch\u00e2u theo h\u01b0\u1edbng khai th\u00e1c, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Phi ch\u00e2u m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c \u1edf Sierra Leone. T\u1ea1i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp trung m\u1ea1nh trong n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c nh\u1ecf, \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng l\u1eabn nhau, \u0111\u1ed9t k\u00edch nhau li\u00ean mi\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1eaft gi\u1eef \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nhau. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1edbi c\u00f3 l\u1ebd 50 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u1edf Sierra Leone, nh\u01b0 \u1edf Nam Phi. V\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng n\u00e0o c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi ch\u00e2u. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf khai m\u1ecf c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Johannesburg \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng, ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Phi ch\u00e2u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c trang tr\u1ea1i da tr\u1eafng, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng khai th\u00e1c r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a Nam Phi Apartheid. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 trang tr\u1ea1i cocoa v\u00e0 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea c\u1ee7a Sierra Leone \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1eabn \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng","342 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I marketing. Sierra Leone c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111au kh\u1ed5 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp. Trong nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Phi n\u01a1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch Anh \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u1edf \u0111\u00f4ng Nigeria nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Igbo \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p h\u1ecd trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh, c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p. \u1ede Sierra Leone, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh t\u1ed1i cao n\u0103m 1896, s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh t\u1ed1i cao, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a Sierra Leone. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n t\u1ea7ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u2013 c\u00e1c gia t\u1ed9c cai tr\u1ecb \u2013 n\u01a1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 gia t\u1ed9c n\u00e0o. M\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ec5 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi, ch\u1ecbu \u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 h\u1ecd \u1edf Freetown hay \u1edf Anh, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00edt tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd cai tr\u1ecb. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 vui v\u1ebb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf theo c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, th\u00ed d\u1ee5, b\u1eb1ng thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c h\u01a1n. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, gia \u0111\u00ecnh Margai, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p hai th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho Sierra Leone \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n \u1edf v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba H\u1ea1 Banta b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh trong cu\u1ed9c N\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n Thu\u1ebf L\u1ec1u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u0111ang tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, Nyama. Nyama \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u1ebf tru\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Margais tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef v\u1ecb tr\u00ed cho \u0111\u1ebfn 2010. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c gi\u1eefa Sierra Leone thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 Sierra Leone \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng marketing v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 h\u1eadu thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0m th\u1ebf, t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n cao h\u01a1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cai tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh t\u1ed1i cao. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ti\u1ebfp sau s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y; \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n n\u1eefa. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khai m\u1ecf Phi ch\u00e2u. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 sau \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m y th\u1ebf. \u0110\u00fang l\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 cai tr\u1ecb Mendeland, c\u00f2n Siaka Stevens th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin c\u1eady","V\u00d2NG LU\u1ea8N QU\u1ea8N \u25cf 343 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn Mendeland n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n n\u1ea3y sinh. Stevens, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Nh\u01b0 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia Phi ch\u00e2u kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i m\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Stevens. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m n\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb n\u1eeda v\u0169 trang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi \u00f4ng ta, v\u00e0 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c s\u1ef1 suy s\u1ee5p c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00edt \u1ecfi m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf Sierra Leone. Thay cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb An ninh N\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba (Internal Security Unit), ISU, m\u00e0 d\u00e2n Sierra Leone ch\u1ecbu \u0111au kh\u1ed5 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 \u201cI Shoot U \u2013 Tao B\u1eafn M\u00e0y.\u201d R\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn S\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n An ninh \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t (Special Security Division), SSD, m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 \u201cSiaka Stevens\u2019s Dogs \u2013 Nh\u1eefng con Ch\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Siaka Stevens.\u201d Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ch\u00ednh m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ba m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u00ednh, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi \u0110\u1ea1i \u00fay Valentine Strasser, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea5t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 APC kh\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng T\u01b0, 1992. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, hay s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u1ee7a Sierra Leone \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u k\u1ef9 nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Anh \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia Phi ch\u00e2u sau \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t vui v\u1ebb n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y g\u1eady ch\u1ec9 huy cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd. H\u00ecnh m\u1eabu \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ed hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng hy v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 cho Ghana, Kenya, Zambia, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc Phi ch\u00e2u sau \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i theo m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n b\u1edfi v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n \u2013 ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i b\u1ea1i h\u01a1n v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gia tr\u00f4i qua. Trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng marketing v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec. C\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u00fd do t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean cho v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c d\u1eabn d\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, m\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i (t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u00ea c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ec3 mua chu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gian l\u1eadn c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed nh\u1eb1m \u1edf l\u1ea1i n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ecdi l\u1ee3i \u00edch trong b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1i n\u1ec1n cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trong c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 kinh t\u1ebf.","344 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Li\u1ec7u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 g\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed3i b\u1ea1i hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1ng tranh c\u00e3i, nh\u01b0ng Lord Acton \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00fang khi \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i g\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed3i b\u1ea1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1eb1ng ngay c\u1ea3 khi Franklin Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf b\u1edfi c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c do T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n d\u1eb9p c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c l\u00ean quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean. D\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c, c\u00f3 \u00edt s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, d\u1eabu n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ecb b\u00f3p m\u00e9o v\u00e0 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (sociopathic) \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Trong n\u0103m 1980 Sam Bangura, th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng trung \u01b0\u01a1ng Sierra Leone, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Siaka Stevens l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch hoang to\u00e0ng. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft v\u00e0 b\u1ecb qu\u0103ng t\u1eeb t\u1ea7ng tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng trung \u01b0\u01a1ng xu\u1ed1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean th\u00edch h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Siaka Stevens. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra tuy\u1ebfn ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 n\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00f2n m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa cho v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n l\u00e0, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng thu nh\u1eadp l\u1edbn, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. B\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebb ra, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 nh\u1eb1m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh-qu\u1ed1c Maya v\u00e0 \u1edf Rome C\u1ed5 x\u01b0a. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc Phi ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, \u0111\u00e3 gieo h\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Anh v\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c l\u00ean vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, hay \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u cho m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. \u1ede Angola, Burundi, Chad, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Congo, Ethiopia, Liberia, Mozambique, Nigeria, C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Congo Brazzaville, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, v\u00e0 Uganda, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u1edf Sierra Leone, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfp theo, nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c","V\u00d2NG LU\u1ea8N QU\u1ea8N \u25cf 345 cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e2u s\u00e1nh k\u1ecbp \u2013 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1eea ENCOMIENDA \u0110\u1ebeN S\u1ef0 CHI\u1ebeM \u0110O\u1ea0T \u0110\u1ea4T Ng\u00e0y 14-1-1993, Ramiro De Le\u00f3n Carpio \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Guatemala. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m Richard Aitkenhead Castillo l\u00e0m b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, v\u00e0 Ricardo Castillo Sinibaldi l\u00e0m b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u1ea3 ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 chung: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ee5c T\u00e2y Ban Nha nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn Guatemala v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u. T\u1ed5 ti\u00ean r\u1ea1ng r\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a De Le\u00f3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 Juan De Le\u00f3n Cardona, trong khi nh\u00e0 Castillo c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi Bernal D\u00edaz del Castillo, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 chinh ph\u1ee5c Mexico. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cho Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s, D\u00edaz del Castillo \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c Santiago de los Caballeros, m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Antigua \u1edf Guatemala. C\u1ea3 Castillo v\u00e0 De Le\u00f3n \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 Pedro de Alvarado. Nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc Guatemala Marta Casa\u00fas Arz\u00fa \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m l\u00f5i g\u1ed3m hai m\u01b0\u01a1i d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd \u1edf Guatemala m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u00f4ng qua h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi hai m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1u d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd kh\u00e1c \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u00f3m l\u00f5i. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf Guatemala t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1531. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u1eadm ch\u00ed r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi elite n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm h\u01a1n 1 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m d\u00e2n c\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1990. \u1ede Sierra Leone v\u00e0 \u1edf ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara, v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o sau \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. \u1ede Guatemala, nh\u01b0 \u1edf ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn Trung M\u1ef9, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n, tr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n: nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m t\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c elite n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.","346 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I V\u00e0o th\u1eddi chinh ph\u1ee5c, Guatemala \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng hai tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya. B\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. \u0110\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1920 th\u00ec to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 m\u1edbi quay v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c trong \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf T\u00e2y Ban Nha, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c encomienda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ee5c. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a Mexico v\u00e0 Peru, encomienda \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 repartimiento, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 mandamiento \u1edf Guatemala. Elite, g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n h\u00f3a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Consulado de Comercio. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u1edf Guatemala \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf tr\u00ean n\u00fai cao v\u00e0 xa b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n. Chi ph\u00ed giao th\u00f4ng cao \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn trong tay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c khu ru\u1ed9ng chung l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ejido. Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n trong ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 v\u1eady, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00fang nh\u01b0 \u1edf Mexico, elite Guatemala \u0111\u00e3 xem x\u00e9t Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Cadiz (trang 28- 32) v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c elite Mexico \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m. Ti\u1ebfp sau m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn v\u1edbi Mexico v\u00e0 Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Trung M\u1ef9, elite thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 cai tr\u1ecb Guatemala d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Rafael Carrera t\u1eeb 1839 \u0111\u1ebfn 1871. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y c\u00e1c h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 elite b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Ngay c\u1ea3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Consulado \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i sau \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ho\u00e0ng gia, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 vui v\u1ebb ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh b\u1edfi elite \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 \u1edf Mexico; h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Kh\u00e1 m\u1ec9a mai, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y Consulado \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, trong th\u00e2m t\u00e2m Consulado \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0","V\u00d2NG LU\u1ea8N QU\u1ea8N \u25cf 347 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf \u00c1o-Hungary, Nga, v\u00e0 Sierra Leone, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111e d\u1ecda v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf, thay cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ea1i. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3ng \u1edf b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Suchitep\u00e9quez, ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf b\u00ean b\u1edd Caribe, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Consulado ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. Consulado \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u1edf b\u00ean Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i ra d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u cho h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 cao nguy\u00ean Mazatenango v\u00e0 Quezaltenango, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a n\u00e0y l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Consulado. C\u00f9ng logic \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1, n\u01a1i, l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, Consulado \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u1ea1nh tranh hay c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u00c1p l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y Guatemala v\u00e0 Quezaltenango, \u1edf v\u00f9ng Los Altos. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1eefa Los Altos v\u00e0 b\u1edd Suchitep\u00e9quez \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi Consulado, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n \u1edf th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a elite, Guatemala \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1eafc trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea1c th\u1eddi gian (cu\u1ed9n th\u1eddi gian) v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn, khi ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn Guatemala. Chi ph\u00ed giao th\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m do nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 t\u00e0u h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0u th\u1ee7y nhanh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, thu nh\u1eadp t\u0103ng l\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0 B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 Guatemala \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9t ch\u00e0m v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m son, c\u1ea3 hai l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed1c nhu\u1ed9m t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cho xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u, nh\u01b0ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i sinh l\u1eddi h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e0 ph\u00ea. Guatemala c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e0 ph\u00ea, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u lan ra \u2013 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 n\u00e0o t\u1eeb Consulado. Khi gi\u00e1 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm, v\u00e0 elite Guatemala \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e0 ph\u00ea. Trong n\u0103m 1871 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i Carrera cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Liberal (nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a T\u1ef1 do), theo phong tr\u00e0o r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi","348 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I c\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a khai ph\u00f3ng (ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do-liberalism) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian. Nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do (libertarianism), v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c \u1edf Guatemala. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi Miguel Garc\u00eda Granados, v\u00e0 sau 1873 b\u1edfi Justo Rufino Barrios, c\u00e1c Liberal Guatemala, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 do ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng. Nh\u00ecn chung, v\u1eabn c\u0169ng c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c c\u00e0 ph\u00ea. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf Consulado n\u0103m 1871, nh\u01b0ng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. S\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u00e0 ph\u00ea. S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c trang tr\u1ea1i c\u00e0 ph\u00ea, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Liberal \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t chung hay \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tranh c\u00e3i gay g\u1eaft, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf Guatemala, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng elite \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng. Gi\u1eefa 1871 v\u00e0 1883 g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u m\u1eabu (acre) \u0111\u1ea5t, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t chung c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o tay elite, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c khu \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh cho elite truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng hay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Liberal sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 l\u1edbn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u1ecfng theo v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau. Trong th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ed9t 1876, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Barrios \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Guatemala l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc ta c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay h\u1ecd v\u1eabn \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i phong tr\u00e0o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u00e1c \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i cho m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 cho n\u1ec1n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u:","V\u00d2NG LU\u1ea8N QU\u1ea8N \u25cf 349 1. T\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Indian thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 fincas [trang tr\u1ea1i] \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i hay m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m. Repartimiento, vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf sau \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng v\u1ec1 quy m\u00f4 v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf h\u00f3a trong n\u0103m 1877 b\u1edfi S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh 177, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 cho \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng cho m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m ng\u00e0y l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u1edf trong c\u00f9ng h\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 cho ba m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u00e0y n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 mu\u1ed1n v\u1eady. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c tr\u1eeb phi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf t\u1eeb s\u1ed5 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd r\u1eb1ng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i mang m\u1ed9t s\u1ed5 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t libreta, m\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho ai v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3 n\u00e0o. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb n\u1ee3 c\u00e1c \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1eafc n\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 r\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 cho ph\u00e9p. S\u1eafc l\u00eanh 177 c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n tr\u00e1nh b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0o repartimiento \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang m\u1eafc n\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ecb s\u1eadp b\u1eaby. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y ra, v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 lu\u1eadt lang thang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua sao cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u1ecb b\u1eaft \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o repartimiento hay c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c, hay b\u1ecb \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m trong m\u1ed9t trang tr\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0 \u1edf Nam Phi th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea5t sau n\u0103m 1871 \u0111\u00e3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u1edf m\u1ee9c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i qua ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9, \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5p. Repartimiento \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1920; h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng libreta v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 lo\u1ea1t lu\u1eadt lang thang \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn 1945, khi Guatemala tr\u1ea3i qua s\u1ef1 n\u1edf r\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i. \u0110\u00fang nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1871, elite Guatemala \u0111\u00e3 cai tr\u1ecb qua nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m v\u1eady sau khi \u0111\u1ee3t h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh b\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t v\u1ec1 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh. Jorge Ubico, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa 1931 v\u00e0 1944, \u0111\u00e3 cai tr\u1ecb d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t. Ubico \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1931 kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u1ee7 xu\u1ea9n ng\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 ra \u1ee9ng c\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u00f4ng. Gi\u1ed1ng Consulado, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n y vi\u1ec7c","350 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I l\u00e0m c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a elite. V\u00ec th\u1ebf \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00ec c\u00f9ng l\u00fd do m\u00e0 Francis I \u1edf \u00c1o-Hungary v\u00e0 Nicholas I \u1edf Nga \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng: c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i. Trong m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc hoang t\u01b0\u1edfng, Ubico \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5m vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 obreros (c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n), sindicatos (c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng), v\u00e0 huelgas (c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng). B\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf t\u00f9 v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u1eeb n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3. Cho d\u00f9 Ubico \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh, elite \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eadt gi\u00e2y. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean trong n\u0103m 1944, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh. S\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng S\u00e1u, 311 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb gi\u1edbi elite, \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd Memorial de los 311, m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 ng\u1ecf l\u00ean \u00e1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9. Ubico \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng B\u1ea3y. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ti\u1ebfp sau \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong n\u0103m 1945, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh n\u0103m 1954, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Guatemala \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea1i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u00f3a ch\u1ec9 sau 1986. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chinh ph\u1ee5c T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec sao h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb xa \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi M\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 h\u1ecd d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, encomienda \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea1ch ra \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 s\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng trong b\u1ed1n tr\u0103n n\u0103m n\u1eefa. Th\u1ef1c ra, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf h\u1ecd d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 su\u1ed1t d\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng: b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n. D\u1ea1ng khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf l\u1eabn b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a elite \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng. \u1ede Guatemala encomienda, repartimiento, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n h\u00f3a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu thua libreta v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5p v\u1edbi \u00edt gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng n\u00e0o. \u1ede Guatemala, nh\u01b0 \u1edf ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn Trung M\u1ef9, theo m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u1ea1i cung c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng elite.","V\u00d2NG LU\u1ea8N QU\u1ea8N \u25cf 351 T\u1eea C\u1ea2NH N\u00d4 L\u1ec6 \u0110\u1ebeN JIM CROW \u1ede Guatemala, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng gi\u1edbi elite n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ang thay \u0111\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1edfi elite \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ee3t h\u01b0ng ph\u00e1t c\u00e0 ph\u00ea. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 cho \u0111\u1ebfn N\u1ed9i Chi\u1ebfn. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi elite mi\u1ec1n nam, c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. C\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf; qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00edt quy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 ngh\u00e8o h\u01a1n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn. Mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebfu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u00edt v\u00e0o h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf. Trong n\u0103m 1860 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u00edt h\u01a1n s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Pennsylvania, New York, hay Massachusetts. Ch\u1ec9 9 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, so v\u1edbi 35 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc. M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, s\u1ed1 d\u1eb7m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray chia cho di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t) \u1edf c\u00e1c bang mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 cao h\u01a1n ba l\u1ea7n \u1edf c\u00e1c bang mi\u1ec1n Nam. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i k\u00eanh r\u1ea1ch c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1.","352 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 18 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd b\u1eb1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn Hoa K\u1ef3 trong n\u0103m 1840. R\u00f5 r\u00e0nh r\u00e0nh t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed9i \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1eadn, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, d\u1ecdc S\u00f4ng Mississippi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 95 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. R\u1ed3i B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 19 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong ng\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c trong n\u0103m 1880. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng cao \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e2u theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt gi\u1eefa mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n Nam. Trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc, h\u01a1n 10 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong ng\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i \u1edf ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung cao n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 zero. Mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u00f3a: t\u1eeb 1837 \u0111\u1ebfn 1859, s\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p h\u00e0ng n\u0103m cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00f4 v\u00e0 l\u00faa m\u1ef3 trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng; \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u0103m cho c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam, b\u00f4ng. \u0110\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o n\u00e0o r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1edbm b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o. Nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfp theo s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t","V\u00d2NG LU\u1ea8N QU\u1ea8N \u25cf 353 b\u1ea1i trong N\u1ed9i Chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u l\u01b0\u1ee1i l\u00ea. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u0111i b\u1ea7u. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n nam th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m, v\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam l\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1edbi th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i Jim Crow h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam. C\u1ee5m t\u1eeb Jim Crow, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 t\u1eeb \u201cJump Jim Crow,\u201d m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ca m\u00faa tr\u00e0o ph\u00fang \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng h\u00f3a trang, b\u00f4i \u201cm\u1eb7t \u0111en,\u201d bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 cung b\u1eadc c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam sau n\u0103m 1865. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn dai d\u1eb3ng trong g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u1eefa, cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, phong tr\u00e0o c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Trong khi \u1ea5y, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb kh\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p. Ng\u00e0nh n\u00f4ng","354 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I nghi\u1ec7p ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5p, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed3i v\u1eabn \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 thu nh\u1eadp mi\u1ec1n nam \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m th\u00eam t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i so v\u1edbi thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3. V\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3. L\u00fd do c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ec7n qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, cho d\u00f9 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u00f3a b\u1ecf v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ecfng manh. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n mi\u1ec1n nam \u0111\u00e3 thua chi\u1ebfn tranh, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eafng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t. Trong chi\u1ebfn tranh, khi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e3i b\u1ecf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee9a cho m\u1ed7i n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con la, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong th\u1eddi gian c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a T\u01b0\u1edbng William T. Sherman. Nh\u01b0ng n\u0103m 1865, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Andrew Johnson \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u1ed3i c\u00e1c m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Sherman, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c chia l\u1ea1i ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hy v\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd x\u1ea3y ra. Trong m\u1ed9t tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, Ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 George Washington Julian \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u00ean tri, \u201cM\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ecfng c\u00f3 \u00edch g\u00ec \u2026 n\u1ebfu c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3?\u201d \u0110\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u201cs\u1ef1 chu\u1ed9c l\u1ea1i\u201d c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u0169 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a elite mi\u1ec1n nam c\u0169 s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t. Nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc Jonathan Wiener \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a elite ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n \u1edf n\u0103m qu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Black Belt (V\u00e0nh \u0111ai \u0110en), c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u00f4ng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, \u1edf nam Alabama. L\u1ea7n theo d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1eeb s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u t\u1ed5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t $10.000 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng trong s\u1ed1 236 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a elite ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n trong n\u0103m 1850, th\u00ec 101 v\u1eabn \u0111\u00e3 duy tr\u00ec v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong n\u0103m 1870. L\u00fd th\u00fa l\u00e0, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc N\u1ed9i Chi\u1ebfn; trong s\u1ed1 236 gia \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 1850, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 110 gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp k\u1ef7. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong s\u1ed1 25 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ru\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong n\u0103m 1870, c\u00f3 18 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n (72 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m) \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf trong c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh elite n\u0103m 1860; 16 \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf trong nh\u00f3m elite n\u0103m 1850. Trong khi h\u01a1n 600.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft trong N\u1ed9i Chi\u1ebfn, c\u00e1c elite ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u00edt th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong. Lu\u1eadt, do c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n, \u0111\u00e3 mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cho m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef. Khi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef","V\u00d2NG LU\u1ea8N QU\u1ea8N \u25cf 355 g\u00ecn n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n mi\u1ec1n nam, th\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c con trai c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ed3i r\u1ed3i tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh lang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng tham gia chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n. Sau khi chi\u1ebfn tranh k\u1ebft th\u00fac, c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n elite ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u00f3a b\u1ecf, b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 dai d\u1eb3ng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n v\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ebb. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c k\u00eanh phong ph\u00fa kh\u00e1c nhau, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3, d\u00f9ng l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi W.E.B. Du Bois, mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201c\u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t doanh tr\u1ea1i l\u00ednh v\u0169 trang \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111e d\u1ecda ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en.\u201d Trong n\u0103m 1865 c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p bang Alabama \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt Ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en (Black Code), m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p lao \u0111\u1ed9ng da \u0111en. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh 177 \u1edf Guatemala, B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt Ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en c\u1ee7a Alabama \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt lang thang v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u201cs\u1ef1 d\u1ee5 d\u1ed7\u201d nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00e2n tay. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf t\u00ednh di \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u1ea1nh tranh trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n mi\u1ec1n nam s\u1ebd v\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady. Ti\u1ebfp sau N\u1ed9i Chi\u1ebfn, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb 1865 \u0111\u1ebfn 1877. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1eadt l\u00f9i mang t\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb elite mi\u1ec1n nam d\u01b0\u1edbi chi\u00eau b\u00e0i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chu\u1ed9c l\u1ea1i, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 chu\u1ed9c l\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169. Trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1877, Rutherford Hayes \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 mi\u1ec1n nam trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1eed tri (electoral college). \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u n\u00e0y, v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ea7u t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1ea1o ra. C\u00e1c phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea7u t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea7u ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1eed tri nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1eed tri. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1eed tri, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n nam \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f2i binh l\u00ednh Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y t\u1ef1 lo li\u1ec7u. Hayes \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n nam, Hayes \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat binh l\u00ednh. R\u1ed3i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 sau 1877 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a elite ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc N\u1ed9i Chi\u1ebfn. S\u1ef1 chu\u1ed9c l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u00e3 d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c","356 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf th\u00e2n m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m tra bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft cho vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n c\u01b0 da tr\u1eafng ngh\u00e8o. C\u00e1c m\u01b0u toan n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay elite ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n. C\u00e1c lu\u1eadt Jim Crow \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 k\u00e9m. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, Alabama \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong n\u0103m 1901 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. Th\u1eadt s\u1ed1c, ngay c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y nay \u0110o\u1ea1n 256 c\u1ee7a hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Alabama, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi n\u1eefa, v\u1eabn tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: Ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng; ph\u00e2n chia qu\u1ef9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng; t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc cho tr\u1ebb em da tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em da m\u00e0u. C\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp bang v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em gi\u1eefa b\u1ea3y tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed1t tu\u1ed5i. Qu\u1ef9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia cho nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1eadn (county) theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 tr\u1ebb em \u0111i h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia cho c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n (district) hay c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a qu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 chu c\u1ea5p, c\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t, cho c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdc d\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng nhau \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn hay th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p cho tr\u1ebb em da tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em da m\u00e0u, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ebb em n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p h\u1ecdc \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecf \u0110o\u1ea1n 256 kh\u1ecfi hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00edt sao trong c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p bang trong n\u0103m 2004. S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt lang thang nh\u01b0 B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Da \u0111en c\u1ee7a Alabama, hay c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt Jim Crow kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Ku Klux Klan, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u1edfi elite, \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn mi\u1ec1n Nam sau N\u1ed9i Chi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i apartheid th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en v\u00e0 da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u01b0 \u1edf Nam Phi, c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t d\u00e2n c\u01b0 da \u0111en v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.","V\u00d2NG LU\u1ea8N QU\u1ea8N \u25cf 357 C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia mi\u1ec1n nam \u1edf Washington c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u1eabn c\u00f2n. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n hay c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng li\u00ean bang n\u00e0o, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a elite mi\u1ec1n nam \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng da \u0111en, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, v\u1eabn \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00e2n tay v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c k\u00e9o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con la h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u00edt h\u01a1n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong n\u0103m 1900, 13,5 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 mi\u1ec1n Nam s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, so v\u1edbi 60 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc. X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam Hoa K\u1ef3, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a elite s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u1ec1n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5p, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u1ea5p, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng l\u00e2u v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ec9 sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 Hai v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 sau phong tr\u00e0o c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 sau khi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y ch\u1ebft \u0111i trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1950 v\u00e0 1960 th\u00ec mi\u1ec1n Nam m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 nhanh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. Mi\u1ec1n Nam Hoa K\u1ef3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i nhanh c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n: nh\u01b0 \u1edf Guatemala, elite \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n mi\u1ec1n nam \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m t\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Guatemala, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 sau th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong N\u1ed9i Chi\u1ebfn, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, h\u1ee3p hi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 tham gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9t da m\u1ed9t con m\u00e8o: ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o elite ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n c\u00f2n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c khu r\u1ed9ng m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf Jim Crow thay cho th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f9ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch. V\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f3a ra l\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Abraham Lincoln, \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129. V\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u1ea1i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf mua quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Khi b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con la \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tr\u00ean b\u00e0n ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a elite ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n mi\u1ec1n nam v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1edd \u0111i. V\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng","358 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n c\u01b0 da \u0111en c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhau. QUY LU\u1eacT S\u1eaeT C\u1ee6A CH\u00cdNH TH\u1ec2 \u0110\u1ea6U S\u1ece Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Solomonic \u1edf Ethiopia \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 trong n\u0103m 1974. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi Derg, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m Marxist s\u0129 quan qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 Derg h\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1ea1nh trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 sai ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Haile Selassie b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e2n trong t\u1ea1i Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n L\u1edbn, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Menelik II x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn. B\u00ean ngo\u00e0i cung \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c s\u1eafc ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn, c\u00fai ch\u00e0o v\u00e0 th\u1eed m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c bu\u1ed5i ch\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft tri\u1ec1u \u1edf Ph\u00f2ng Ti\u1ebfp ki\u1ebfn, ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean ngai v\u00e0ng. (Selassie \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ecf con; cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00e2n \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1ee7ng l\u1eb3ng trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean quan \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t mang g\u1ed1i \u0111i c\u00f9ng \u00f4ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u \u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc g\u1ed1i th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n \u00f4ng. Vi\u00ean quan n\u00e0y gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t kho n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i hai chi\u1ebfc g\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng.) Selassie \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp c\u1ef1c \u0111oan c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ban s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu trung th\u00e0nh. \u0110\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u1edf Ethiopia d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Solomonic. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u Derg \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb 108 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a S\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ee9 Ba \u1edf t\u1ec9nh Harar \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu t\u00e1 Mengistu Haile Mariam. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng S\u00e1u, 1974, c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan Derg \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 mau ch\u00f3ng b\u1eaft c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed xem n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra bao nhi\u00eau s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. Khi h\u1ecd tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ef1 tin h\u01a1n r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Selassie l\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng, h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, b\u1eaft gi\u1eef \u00f4ng ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn. R\u1ed3i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. Nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft nhanh ch\u00f3ng. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai, Derg \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng Ethiopia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Selassie ch\u1ebft, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft, ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m, 1975. Trong n\u0103m 1975 Derg \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u1ed1c h\u1eefu h\u00f3a t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng","V\u00d2NG LU\u1ea8N QU\u1ea8N \u25cf 359 th\u00f4n v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n. \u1ee8ng x\u1eed ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e2m ng\u00f2i cho s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Ethiopia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e1p l\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng nhau trong th\u1eddi gian m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u00c2u ch\u00e2u trong cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Menelik II, ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng tr\u1eadn Adowa, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y (trang 237). C\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ed3m Eritrea v\u00e0 Tigray \u1edf mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc v\u00e0 Ogaden \u1edf mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Derg \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean \u1edf Eritrea v\u00e0 Tigray, trong khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Somali \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n Ogaden n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Somali. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Derg \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tan r\u00e3 v\u00e0 t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c phe ph\u00e1i. Thi\u1ebfu t\u00e1 Mengistu h\u00f3a ra \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng minh nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd. V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa-1977 \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 tu\u00f4n \u1ed3 \u1ea1t v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 binh l\u00ednh t\u1eeb Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 Cuba v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ed9t n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3. Trong n\u0103m 1978 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 s\u1ef1 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 Haile Selassie. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y Mengistu \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Derg. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u01a1i \u1edf, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng cai tr\u1ecb Ethiopia, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n L\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Selassie, b\u1ecb b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb khi n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 b\u1ecb x\u00f3a b\u1ecf. T\u1ea1i bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc gh\u1ebf b\u00e0nh m\u1ea1 v\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i cu\u1ed9c duy\u1ec7t binh, h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf th\u1eddi x\u01b0a. Nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u1edf Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n L\u1edbn, v\u1edbi Mengistu ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean ngai v\u00e0ng c\u0169 c\u1ee7a Haile Selassie. Mengistu \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u so s\u00e1nh m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Tewodros, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Solomonic trong gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 suy s\u1ee5p. M\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Dawit Wolde Giorgis, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i trong h\u1ed3i k\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u00e1c b\u1ecf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e1i xe, hay m\u1eb7c com l\u00ea n\u1eefa; ca v\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i \u00e1c. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec m\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho b\u1ea1n tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1 gi\u1ea3 hay t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec m\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat sung t\u00fac hay tinh vi, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb khinh b\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u0169. R\u1ed3i, kho\u1ea3ng 1978, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i. D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1 thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 may \u00c2u ch\u00e2u gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ee5c cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c","360 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I c\u1ea5p cao c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t: nh\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, xe t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, whiskey, champagne, th\u1ee9c \u0103n ngon nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. Giorgis c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 nghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng Mengistu \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ra sao m\u1ed9t khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t: Mengistu th\u1eadt l\u1ed9 ra: th\u00edch b\u00e1o th\u00f9, t\u00e0n \u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n \u2026 Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 quen n\u00f3i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng ta v\u1edbi tay \u0111\u00fat trong t\u00fai qu\u1ea7n, c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ee9ng nghi\u00eam c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1edd, k\u00ednh c\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Trong x\u01b0ng h\u00f4 v\u1edbi \u00f4ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 lu\u00f4n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1ea1ng th\u00e2n m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u201canh,\u201d ante; b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n sang d\u1ea1ng \u201canh\u201d h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n, ersiwo. \u00d4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, sang tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n trong Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Menelik \u2026 \u00d4ng ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c xe c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u2026 Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng; b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf m\u1edbi. H\u00ecnh m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa Haile Selassie v\u00e0 Mengistu, hay gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Anh c\u1ee7a Sierra Leone v\u00e0 Siaka Stevens, l\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ef1c \u0111oan v\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c l\u1ea1, n\u00ean x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ed3i \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4, nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c Robert Michels \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf (iron law of oligarchy). Logic b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ra c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc, l\u00e0, Michels l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 khi c\u00f9ng nh\u00f3m n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 khi khi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. C\u00e1i Michels \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a Karl Marx r\u1eb1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 \u2013 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5n bi k\u1ecbch, l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai nh\u01b0 tr\u00f2 h\u1ec1. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0, nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Phi sau \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o c\u00f9ng dinh th\u1ef1, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 thao t\u00fang c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf; m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 h\u1ec1 r\u1eb1ng Stevens ch\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ki\u00ean","V\u00d2NG LU\u1ea8N QU\u1ea8N \u25cf 361 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mende, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t; r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ta d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 trao quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba; r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ta v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf theo c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch, t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng marketing v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. \u0110\u00e3 qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 h\u1ec1, m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 h\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt r\u1ea5t bu\u1ed3n, r\u1eb1ng Laurent Kabila, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i Mobutu v\u1edbi l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 tham nh\u0169ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p g\u00e2y ngh\u1eb9t th\u1edf v\u00e0 g\u00e2y b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng h\u00f3a \u1edf Zaire c\u1ee7a Mobutu, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 tham nh\u0169ng h\u1ec7t th\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n tai h\u1ea1i h\u01a1n. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 tr\u00f2 h\u1ec1 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t t\u1ec7 s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n Mobutu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp tay b\u1edfi Dominique Sakombi Inongo, b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a Mobutu tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Mobutu b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eadp theo h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ef1 do Congo c\u1ee7a Vua Leopold. \u0110\u00e3 qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 h\u1ec1 r\u1eb1ng s\u0129 quan Marxist Mengistu b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i, coi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 Haile Selassie v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf kh\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 h\u1ec1, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 bi th\u1ea3m h\u01a1n th\u1ea3m k\u1ecbch ban \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng hy v\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tan v\u1ee1. Stevens v\u00e0 Kabila, gi\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i. Mengistu v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Derg \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 cho c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a Ethiopia. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng trong m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng r\u1ea5t b\u1ecb b\u00f3p m\u00e9o. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i \u1edf t\u1ec9nh Wollo trong n\u0103m 1973 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u00f3 Haile Selassie \u0111\u00e3 th\u1edd \u01a1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng m\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 th\u1edd \u01a1 \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. Selassie ch\u00ed \u00edt \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 th\u1edd \u01a1. Mengistu thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 coi n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u00f4i h\u00e0i v\u00e0 bi k\u1ecbch, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ethiopia v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a quy lu\u1eadt s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf, m\u1eb7t c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n, l\u00e0, c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 m\u1edbi l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a thay \u0111\u1ed5i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 mang l\u1ea1i v\u1eabn th\u1ebf. \u1ede m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, quy lu\u1eadt s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t logic r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1","362 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I dai d\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 \u1edf Guatemala. C\u00f9ng c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chi ph\u1ed1i n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n mi\u1ec1n nam Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb sau N\u1ed9i Chi\u1ebfn, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1eef v\u00e0 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i. Nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n danh s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o ra c\u00f9ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9, l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, r\u1eb1ng v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n l\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n n\u00f3 tho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 v\u1ebb. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u00f3a ra l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a hai thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 qua. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01a1n, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a Napoleon Bonaparte, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o ra ancien r\u00e9gime. Ba nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c t\u1ea1o thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n ti\u1ebfp sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang v\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh doanh m\u1edbi mu\u1ed1n th\u00e1o s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i; nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c li\u00ean minh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c m\u00e0 s\u1ebd l\u1ea1i r\u00ecnh b\u1eaft h\u1ecd l\u00e0m m\u1ed3i. Th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 li\u00ean minh r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong c\u1ea3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m h\u1eb9p hay m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch h\u1eb9p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c nh\u1ecf (gentry), v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang th\u1ebf v\u1edbi C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p. Nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 ba li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Trong c\u1ea3 hai n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c quay l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn Magna Carta \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Nh\u00e2n s\u0129 \u1edf Ph\u00e1p. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u1ea3 hai cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m y\u1ebfu \u0111i r\u1ed3i s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, hay mong mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf. Ch\u1eb3ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m d\u1ec5 cho","V\u00d2NG LU\u1ea8N QU\u1ea8N \u25cf 363 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb hay m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m h\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n. Trong h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m h\u1eb9p d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Robespierre v\u00e0 Saint-Just \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 tai \u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m tr\u1ec7ch \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf l\u00ean quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb. Trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n hay c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh doanh m\u1edbi v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c li\u00ean minh r\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u1edf Sierra Leone, Ethiopia, v\u00e0 Congo, v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u00edt c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh. \u0110\u00e3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng hay l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0o m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Phi, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1, nh\u01b0 \u1edf Botswana, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t qua th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u00edt n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Sierra Leone, v\u00e0 trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c ch\u00fang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0m sa \u0111\u1ecda. C\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fang th\u1ebf trong c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Anh kh\u00e1c \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi, nh\u01b0 Kenya v\u00e0 Nigeria. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ethiopia chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf. \u1ede Congo, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ho\u1ea1n b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb B\u1ec9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Mobutu. Trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh doanh, hay c\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Th\u1ef1c ra, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y tinh th\u1ea7n kinh doanh kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p hay doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i ch\u00fat n\u00e0o. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp Phi ch\u00e2u h\u1eadu thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u2013 tr\u1eeb \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n n\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd l\u00e0","364 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I con m\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n. Nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch n\u00e0y c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0 Stevens, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n h\u00f3a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m l\u1ed9 ra c\u00e1i t\u1ed3i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. \u0110\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n. PH\u1ea2N H\u1ed2I \u00c2M V\u00c0 C\u00c1C V\u00d2NG LU\u1ea8N QU\u1ea8N C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e0u l\u00e0 gi\u00e0u ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong ba tr\u0103m n\u0103m qua. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n. Cho d\u00f9 bao g\u1ed3m ch\u1ec9 theo m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi m\u1ecfng manh, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1eeb t\u1eeb l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang n\u0103m 1688. C\u00f2n xa m\u1edbi th\u1ebf. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu, n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111a nguy\u00ean. M\u1ed9t khi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 linh thi\u00eang, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t xu h\u01b0\u1edbng cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf tr\u1edf n\u00ean bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n theo th\u1eddi gian, cho d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng v\u1eefng v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t tr\u1eafc. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y, n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n: c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u01a1n. D\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o tay m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n cho m\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng, m\u1edbi ph\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eed n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eabn nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t, n\u00f3i chung ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 l\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh ch\u1ee9ng minh. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t khi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m n\u00e0y \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c"]
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