Chiasemoi.com_tai-sao-cac-quoc-gia-that-bai

["\u0110I\u1ec2M NGO\u1eb6T \u25cf 183 bi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0103n m\u00e0y.\u201d B\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i, Lee chuy\u1ec3n sang Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eed v\u1eadn may c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u1edf \u0111\u00f3; khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng quay v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u James I (1603-1625), vua k\u1ebf v\u1ecb Elizabeth, c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf, James I c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i, v\u00ec c\u00f9ng l\u00fd do nh\u01b0 Elizabeth. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi h\u00f3a s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t d\u1ec7t kim s\u1ebd g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. N\u00f3 s\u1ebd n\u00e9m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, g\u00e2y ra th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 \u0111e d\u1ecda quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ho\u00e0ng gia. M\u00e1y d\u1ec7t kim \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. PH\u1ea2N \u1ee8NG \u0110\u1ed0I V\u1edaI s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a Lee minh h\u1ecda \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 l\u00fd do ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00ec sao \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e1 M\u1edbi v\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng k\u00e9o theo vi\u1ec7c thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1i c\u0169 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Cho t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c th\u1ee9, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00fang s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 Lee. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ebd \u0111e d\u1ecda sinh k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u0169, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111an tay m\u00e0 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p b\u1edfi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Lee. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y d\u1ec7t kim c\u1ee7a Lee c\u0169ng \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 lo l\u1eafng cho s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y d\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Lee \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i d\u1eabn Elizabeth I v\u00e0 James I \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng; m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb thua ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u2013 n\u1ed7i lo ng\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf sa th\u1ea3i s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111e d\u1ecda quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Luddite (trang 85-86), th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1edbt l\u1edd s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111an b\u1eb1ng tay. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edbi elite, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n gh\u00ea g\u1edbm h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u1edbi v\u00e0o, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u1eed ch\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi n\u00e0y v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o h\u1ecd g\u00e2y ra th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i","184 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c elite h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. C\u00f3 l\u00fac ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 ra trong hai ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi ch\u00fang ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 bao g\u1ed3m, nh\u01b0 \u1edf Venice v\u00e0 Rome. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. S\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, v\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1edfi v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u1edbi, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t do mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 khai th\u00e1c g\u00e2y ra, ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 bao g\u1ed3m m\u1edbi sinh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t, nh\u01b0 \u1edf Venice. \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u00e0ng Netufian \u1edf Abu Hureyra c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c m\u1ea5y v\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n La M\u00e3 C\u1ed5 xua. \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 gi\u1ed1ng tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u01b0 d\u00e2n trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t thu nh\u1eadp, trong n\u0103m 301 SCN, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Diocletian \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh Ch\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1 T\u1ed1i \u0111a, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Diocletian \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng khi s\u1eed gia kinh t\u1ebf Robert Allen s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u1edf Italy th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y. Xa h\u01a1n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eafc, \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u0103ng l\u00ean, v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111ang thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y. XUNG \u0110\u1ed8T CH\u00cdNH TR\u1eca LU\u00d4N LU\u00d4N HI\u1ec6N DI\u1ec6N Xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e0n kh\u1eafp trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, xung \u0111\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ebf n\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 C\u1ed5 x\u01b0a v\u00e0 Venice, n\u01a1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho c\u00e1c elite, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 b\u00e1m gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Anh c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1eaby xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c phe nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c elite v\u00e0 c\u00e1c","\u0110I\u1ec2M NGO\u1eb6T \u25cf 185 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, tuy v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm n\u00f3. Trong n\u0103m 1215, c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp elite d\u01b0\u1edbi vua, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Vua John v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft nh\u00e0 vua k\u00fd Magna Carta (\u201cHi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d) \u1edf Runnymede (xem B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 9, trang 112). V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua. Quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 vua ph\u1ea3i tham v\u1ea5n c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf. \u0110i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n l\u00f4i th\u00f4i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1ed1 61, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5, \u201cc\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd ch\u1ecdn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m nam t\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o thu\u1ed9c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0o h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 ban v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.\u201d V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 vua th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu nh\u00e0 vua kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00ec hai m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m nam t\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfm c\u00e1c l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u201c... cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi, theo ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng.\u201d Vua John \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch Magna Carta, v\u00e0 ngay sau khi c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng b\u00e3i b\u1ecf n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Magna Carta \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n. N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i ch\u1eadp ch\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean. Xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf th\u00eam b\u1edfi Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong n\u0103m 1265. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i D\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf Rome hay c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c phong ki\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u1edbc (knight) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p vi\u1ec7c g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c elite, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Anh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hai \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho c\u00e1c elite g\u1eafn b\u00f3 th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c nh\u1ecf d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u201cgentry \u2013 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c nh\u1ecf\u201d, m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 di \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 trao quy\u1ec1n cho m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u2013 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ee9 hai, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong N\u1ed9i Chi\u1ebfn Anh v\u00e0 trong C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang.","186 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I D\u1eabu c\u00f3 Magna Carta v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, tuy v\u1eady, xung \u0111\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ai l\u00e0 vua. Xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa-elite n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u1edbi Chi\u1ebfn tranh Hoa H\u1ed3ng, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh ch\u1ea5p tay \u0111\u00f4i d\u00e0i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c D\u00f2ng h\u1ecd Lancaster v\u00e0 York, hai d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vua. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd Lancaster, m\u00e0 \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean l\u00e0m vua c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, Henry Tudor, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Henry VII trong n\u0103m 1485. Hai qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 qua l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u0103ng l\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 Tudor. Sau 1485 Henry VII \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0169 kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, th\u1ef1c ra, phi qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 h\u1ecd v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u1ed3 \u1ea1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trung \u01b0\u01a1ng. Con trai \u00f4ng, Henry VIII, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qua b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Thomas Comwell, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1530, Comwell \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc quan li\u00eau m\u1edbi sinh. Thay cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed9i tr\u1ee3 ri\u00eang cho nh\u00e0 vua, n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c Henry VIII t\u1eeb b\u1ecf Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o (Catholic) La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 Gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n c\u00e1c Tu vi\u1ec7n,\u201d m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 Henry VIII \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. Vi\u1ec7c d\u1ee1 b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp trung h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1edfi Henry VII v\u00e0 Henry VIII kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, khi nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec1n n\u00e1t c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ea5y qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3. Tuy v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi sinh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean, nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Tudor. Khi c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c elite kh\u00e1c nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb s\u1ebd ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u1eadp trung h\u01a1n v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eb7n l\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ra sao. Trong n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1edbi s\u00e1u, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf d\u1ef1 \u00e1n Tudor \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh","\u0110I\u1ec2M NGO\u1eb6T \u25cf 187 tr\u1ecb, m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean, tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng xung \u0111\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c elite ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Cu\u1ed9c Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a N\u00f4ng d\u00e2n (trang 99) n\u0103m 1381 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t, m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 elite Anh b\u1ecb rung chuy\u1ec3n b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 vua sang c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng t\u1eeb gi\u1edbi elite sang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh r\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111a nguy\u00ean. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Tudor k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c. Trong n\u0103m 1603 Elizabeth I, con g\u00e1i Henry VIII ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean ngai v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1553, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con, c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Tudor b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 Stuart. Vua Stuart \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t, James I, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1eadp trung h\u01a1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111ang ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111a nguy\u00ean. Trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Lee, m\u00e0 trong d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n h\u01a1n. Trong n\u0103m 1601, m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00ean trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm, \u201ckh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00e1nh m\u1ef3 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u01b0?\u201d V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1621 s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y tr\u0103m. Nh\u01b0 s\u1eed gia Anh Christopher Hill di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 \u2026 c\u00f3 k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u01b0\u1edfi \u1ea5m b\u1eb1ng than \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n (\u1edf Ireland b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7i g\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n), ch\u00e1y trong l\u00f2 s\u01b0\u1edfi l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng s\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n \u2026 \u00d4ng ta t\u1eafm b\u1eb1ng x\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed3 c\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n. \u00d4ng ta m\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u0103ng ten \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, v\u1ea3i lanh \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, da thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n. Qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef b\u1eb1ng d\u00e2y l\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, c\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n","188 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I v\u00e0 ghim \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhu\u1ed9m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c thu\u1ed1c nhu\u1ed9m \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n. \u00d4ng ta \u0103n b\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 l\u00fd chua \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, c\u00e1 tr\u00edch \u0111\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, c\u00e1 h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 t\u00f4m h\u00f9m \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n. Th\u1ee9c \u0103n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam gia v\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng mu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, h\u1ed3 ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, d\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n \u2026 \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng b\u00fat \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ecdc (qua c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, v\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n) c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch in \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0111\u00e3 cho c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng. Ch\u00fang c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, m\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf. C\u1ea3 James I v\u00e0 con \u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb \u00f4ng, Charles I \u0111\u00e3 khao kh\u00e1t t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, gi\u1ea3m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi elite \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u00f3 t\u00ednh khai th\u00e1c h\u01a1n. Xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa James I v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1620. Trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u1eabn b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o Anh. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a thu nh\u1eadp cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ban c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 vua. Kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 gia nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. Trong n\u0103m 1623, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 ghi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5m James t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba m\u1edbi. \u00d4ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, tuy v\u1eady, v\u00ec quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n, qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf hay n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 vua tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp. Th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean sau Magna Carta \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 vua ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdp v\u1edbi Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n cho c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n thu\u1ebf m\u1edbi. Charles \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i n\u0103m 1625, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp sau 1629, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a James I \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc h\u01a1n. \u00d4ng ta \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c cho vay b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i cho \u00f4ng ta","\u0110I\u1ec2M NGO\u1eb6T \u25cf 189 \u201cvay\u201d ti\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00f3n vay v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tr\u1ea3 n\u1ee3. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 b\u00e1n c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho \u00f4ng: c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 thu nhi\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n ph\u1ea1t v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n th\u00f9 lao, kho\u1ea3n l\u00f4i th\u00f4i nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cti\u1ec1n t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n\u201d \u2013 trong n\u0103m 1634 \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t ven bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng kho\u1ea3n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Ho\u00e0ng gia, v\u00e0 trong n\u0103m 1635, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng vi\u1ec7c thu ra c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba. Ti\u1ec1n t\u00e0u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu m\u1ed7i n\u0103m cho \u0111\u1ebfn 1640. H\u00e0nh vi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Charles \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 o\u00e1n gi\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong n\u0103m 1640 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi Scotland v\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng ra tr\u1eadn, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 xin nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ebf h\u01a1n. C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Ng\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdp ch\u1ec9 ba tu\u1ea7n. C\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn London \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 thu\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed5 l\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eddi ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Charles g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf ch\u00fang. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scot \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng Charles \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Newcastle. Charles \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scot \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i tham gia. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y xui khi\u1ebfn Charles tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp c\u00e1i khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i D\u00e0i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u1ecdp cho \u0111\u1ebfn 1648, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n ngay c\u1ea3 khi Charles \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00f3 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf. Trong n\u0103m 1642 N\u1ed9i Chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5 ra gi\u1eefa Charles v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, cho d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u00ecnh m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf; nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1. C\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 trong kinh t\u1ebf. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n b\u00e9o b\u1edf. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n gi\u00e0u v\u00e0 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh \u1edf Shrewsbury v\u00e0 Onswestry \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n London. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Charles I. \u1ede ph\u00eda b\u00ean kia, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p luy\u1ec7n kim \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh xung quanh Birmingham b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi","190 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 b\u1ea3y n\u0103m h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. Trong N\u1ed9i Chi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ra g\u01b0\u01a1m v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n cho ph\u00eda Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i \u1edf h\u1ea1t Lancashire \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u201cV\u1ea3i v\u00f3c M\u1edbi\u201d, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a v\u1ea3i nh\u1eb9, tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1640. V\u00f9ng n\u01a1i vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c v\u1ea3i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Lancashire \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 phe Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Oliver Cromwell, c\u00e1c Ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea7u Tr\u00f2n g\u1ecdi theo ki\u1ec3u m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f3c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u1ea3o ho\u00e0ng \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c K\u1ef5 s\u0129. Charles \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u00e9t x\u1eed v\u00e0 b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft trong n\u0103m 1649. S\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, tuy v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Olivier Cromwell. Ti\u1ebfp sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Cromwell, n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i trong n\u0103m 1660 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea5t trong n\u0103m 1649. Con trai c\u1ee7a Charles, Charles II, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f9ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edfi em trai \u00f4ng James II, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i sau khi Charles ch\u1ebft trong n\u0103m 1685. Trong n\u0103m 1688, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a James \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn n\u1eefa. L\u1ea7n n\u00e0y Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u01a1n. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eddi Statholder (ph\u00f3 V\u01b0\u01a1ng, Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c) H\u00e0 Lan, William x\u1ee9 Orange, v\u00e0 v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng, Mary, con g\u00e1i theo gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i Kh\u00e1ng c\u00e1ch (Protestant) c\u1ee7a James, \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf James. William mang m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 y\u00eau s\u00e1ch ngai v\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ec3 cai tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn do Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng. Hai th\u00e1ng sau s\u1ef1 c\u1eadp b\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a William \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o Anh t\u1ea1i Brixham \u1edf Devon (xem B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 9, trang 112), qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a James \u0111\u00e3 tan r\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n sang Ph\u00e1p. C\u00c1CH M\u1ea0NG VINH QUANG Sau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 William \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1edfi \u201cTuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n\u201d c\u1ee7a William \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef th\u00eam trong Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c Quy\u1ec1n (Declaration","\u0110I\u1ec2M NGO\u1eb6T \u25cf 191 of Rights), do Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i so\u1ea1n ra trong th\u00e1ng Hai n\u0103m 1689. Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc h\u1ebft cho William nghe trong c\u00f9ng phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp n\u01a1i \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n. Theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c Quy\u1ec1n sau khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e3 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, tuy v\u1eady, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 k\u1ebf v\u1ecb ngai v\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m v\u1eady theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ec7ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang khi \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf \u00f4ng ta b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd \u01b0a th\u00edch h\u01a1n, th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa? Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c Quy\u1ec1n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 lu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a thu\u1ebf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. Ngo\u00e0i ra, n\u00f3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u01b0ng thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. S\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 l\u1ebbn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1ed1 8, m\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1, \u201cvi\u1ec7c b\u1ea7u c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do,\u201d nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 \u201ct\u1ef1 do\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. C\u00f2n m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u 13, m\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c [h\u1ecdp] th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. V\u00ec khi n\u00e0o v\u00e0 li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c [h\u1ecdp] Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tranh c\u00e3i trong su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u trong \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u00fd do c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh v\u0103n m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u00f5. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi. Trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Charles II, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Ba n\u0103m m\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n trong m\u1ed7i ba n\u0103m. Nh\u01b0ng Charles \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1edbt l\u1edd n\u00f3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi n\u00f3. Sau 1688, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1eed \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m v\u1edbi h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd sau khi Vua John k\u00fd Magna Carta. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m v\u1eady b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m th\u1ebf. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n cho Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i sau 1688. Ngay c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc hay lu\u1eadt l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, William \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1eebng can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u201cc\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n\u201d tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu nh\u1eadp thu\u1ebf quan su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh \u2013 khi n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0 Scotland th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1707. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf \u0111i, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m","192 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t to l\u1edbn, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua nh\u00e0 Stuart. V\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 quan tr\u1ecdng trong th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n. Nh\u00e0 Stuart \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n; b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef g\u00ecn. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, khi nh\u00e0 Stuart ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 chi ti\u00eau ti\u1ec1n th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n thu\u1ebf l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c chi ti\u00eau, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 vui l\u00f2ng t\u0103ng thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ec1n cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00edch. \u0110\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n, m\u00e0 s\u1ebd b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111a nguy\u00ean \u0111ang n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Anh b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 khi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1ecb nh\u00e0 vua l\u00e8o l\u00e1i. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh c\u00f2n xa m\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n. Gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00edt h\u01a1n 2 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u01a1i C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra, Birmingham, Leeds, Manchaster, v\u00e0 Sheffield, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c. T\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m l\u00e0, quy\u1ec1n b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, \u1edf c\u00e1c \u201ch\u1ea1t-county\u201d, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, c\u00e1c \u201cth\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u2013 borough\u201d, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi elite nh\u1ecf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu hay \u1ee9ng c\u1eed v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5. Trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Birmingham, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u01b0\u1eddi ba th\u1ecb d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u201cc\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c n\u00e1t,\u201d m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu nh\u01b0ng \u201c\u0111\u00e3 m\u1ee5c n\u00e1t h\u1ebft,\u201d ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi v\u00ec d\u00e2n c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i theo th\u1eddi gian hay, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Dunwich \u1edf b\u1edd \u0111\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ea1t l\u1edf b\u1edd. Trong m\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c n\u00e1t n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1ecf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u ra hai th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. Sarum c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu, Dunwich ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u1ea7u hai th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i.","\u0110I\u1ec2M NGO\u1eb6T \u25cf 193 Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf. Quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 cho s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u1edbi Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m. R\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eafng nghe. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 trao quy\u1ec1n cho m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh sau 1688. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb cu\u1ed1ng c\u1ed3ng cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 xa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ed3i trong hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. V\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n minh h\u1ecda \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng trong n\u0103m 1623 v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng trong N\u1ed9i Chi\u1ebfn Anh. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i D\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Charles II v\u00e0 James II \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng ty Ho\u00e0ng gia Phi ch\u00e2u, Royal African Company, RAC, m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Charles II ban h\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1660. C\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 Phi ch\u00e2u b\u00e9o b\u1edf, v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 James em c\u1ee7a Charles, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh James II. Sau 1688 c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. James \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u201cnh\u1eefng k\u1ebb xen ngang,\u201d c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed mua n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf T\u00e2y ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 b\u00e1n ch\u00fang \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u1eddi, v\u00e0 RAC \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c, v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh qua \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do. N\u0103m 1689 RAC \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb xen ngang, m\u1ed9t Nightingale (Chim S\u01a1n ca). Nightingale ki\u1ec7n RAC \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh \u00c1n Holt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a RAC l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n ho\u00e0ng gia. Holt \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3","194 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1ec9 b\u1edfi lu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i do Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u00e0m. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf Holt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a RAC, v\u00e0o tay c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1688 James II \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n n\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Sau 1688 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1c. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m g\u00ec v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn nghi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u bay t\u1edbi t\u1ea5p. M\u1ed9t tr\u0103m ba m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb xen ngang \u0111\u00f2i t\u1ef1 do th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u RAC \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hy v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e1nh ngang s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u00f2i c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb xen ngang \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong \u0111\u1ecbnh khung s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p, m\u00e0 c\u1ee7a l\u1ecdi \u00edch qu\u1ed1c gia, m\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, ch\u1ec9 5 trong s\u1ed1 135 ki\u1ebfn nghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd b\u1edfi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n xen ngang, v\u00e0 73 trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb xen ngang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i London, \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi 8 cho RAC. T\u1eeb c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, n\u01a1i vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u, ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb xen ngang thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 27 ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb, RAC \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 11. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb xen ngang \u0111\u00e3 thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eef k\u00fd h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u cho c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 8.000 so v\u1edbi 2.500 cho RAC. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n cho \u0111\u1ebfn 1698, khi \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a RAC b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u1edbi n\u00e0y cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i nhanh nh\u1ea1y m\u1edbi sau 1688, c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i then ch\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n b\u1ecb x\u00f3i m\u00f2n d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Stuart \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf n\u00f3. Lo\u1ea1i \u201cthu\u1ebf n\u1ec1n l\u00f2 s\u01b0\u1edfi\u201d \u2013 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n thu\u1ebf h\u00e0ng n\u0103m cho m\u1ed7i l\u00f2 s\u01b0\u1edfi hay c\u00e1i l\u00f2, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gay g\u1eaft \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf n\u0103m 1689, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau khi William v\u00e0 Mary l\u00ean ng\u00f4i. Thay cho \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf n\u1ec1n l\u00f2 s\u01b0\u1edfi Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea5t. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng thu\u1ebf kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c m\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. C\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh sinh l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh d\u1ec7t len \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi","\u0110I\u1ec2M NGO\u1eb6T \u25cf 195 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i James \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c m\u1edbi n\u1ea3y sinh n\u00e0y. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t, cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. M\u1ed9t \u01b0u ti\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ng\u00e0nh t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eaft ch\u1eb7t b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Anh qu\u1ed1c (Bank of England) n\u0103m 1694, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n qu\u1ef9 cho c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang. Vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Bank of England \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u1ed9t \u201cc\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh\u201d s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m, c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n vay \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf ch\u1ea5p c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. S\u1ed5 s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf, C. Hoare\u2019s & Co. \u1edf London, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n t\u1eeb giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1702-1724, minh h\u1ecda \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 cho c\u00e1c qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u00faa vay, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 hai ph\u1ea7n ba c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi vay l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Hoare trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t John Smith, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh trung b\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng cho vay \u00a32.600 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1715-1719. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Anh, bi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh \u0111a nguy\u00ean h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. C\u00f2n m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan tr\u1ecdng n\u1eefa v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean t\u1eeb C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang: Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 Tudor kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng. \u0110\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean, hay nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, hay nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 chi ti\u00eau ti\u1ec1n cho nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c nhau; m\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean theo m\u1ecdi h\u01b0\u1edbng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa l\u1ea1i minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean: Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1688 b\u1edfi v\u00ec Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u00f3. Sau 1688 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c.","196 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n chi mau ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c 10 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u1ee7a thu nh\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c gia. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ee1 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf thu\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn thu\u1ebf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu tr\u00ean s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch d\u00e0i c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ra l\u1edbn h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y ng\u00e0y nay \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf Colombia, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t quy m\u00f4 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1980. Trong nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara \u2013 th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u1edf Sierra Leone \u2013 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngay c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y nay c\u0169ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng x\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u00f3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong [b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y c\u1ee7a] n\u00f3. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh quay l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y (trang 186), c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc theo h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t b\u1edfi Henry VII v\u00e0 Henry VIII. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn c\u00f2n xa h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 s\u1ebd n\u1ed5i l\u00ean sau 1688. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 thu thu\u1ebf. Sau 1688 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng thu nh\u1eadp th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda t\u1ed1t b\u1edfi b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd thu\u1ebf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u1eeb 1.211 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 1690 l\u00ean 4.800 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1780. C\u00e1c thanh tra thu\u1ebf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng \u1edf kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t thanh tra \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e1nh m\u00ec, bia, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu thu\u1ebf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda b\u1edfi s\u1eed gia John Brewer ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1i d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng thanh tra thu\u1ebf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Thanh tra George Cowperthwaite. Gi\u1eefa 12 th\u00e1ng S\u00e1u v\u00e0 5 th\u00e1ng B\u1ea3y n\u0103m 1710, Thanh tra Cowperthwaite \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i 290 d\u1eb7m trong qu\u1eadn Richmond \u1edf Yorkshire. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn 263 nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, 71 nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n l\u00faa m\u1ea1ch (malt), 20 nh\u00e0 b\u00e1n n\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 \u1ee7 r\u01b0\u1ee3u bia th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng.","\u0110I\u1ec2M NGO\u1eb6T \u25cf 197 Trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh 81 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a 9 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean thu\u1ebf v\u1ee5 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho \u00f4ng ta. T\u00e1m n\u0103m sau ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u0169ng si\u00eang n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u1edf qu\u1eadn Wakefield, trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Yorkshire. \u1ede Wakefield \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i trung b\u00ecnh h\u01a1n m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn d\u1eb7m m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1u ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n, th\u01b0\u1eddng thanh tra b\u1ed1n hay n\u0103m c\u01a1 s\u1edf. Trong ng\u00e0y ngh\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ng\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 nh\u1eadt, \u00f4ng so\u1ea1n s\u1ed5 s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thu\u1ebf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u1eef h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 r\u1ea5t tinh vi. C\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c gi\u1eef ba lo\u1ea1i s\u1ed5 s\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 trong s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi nhau, v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o n\u00e0o v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ed5 s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 vi ph\u1ea1m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa m\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n nay, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 trong n\u0103m 1710. C\u0169ng quan tr\u1ecdng, sau 1688 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1a nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u00edt h\u01a1n v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00c1CH M\u1ea0NG C\u00d4NG NGHI\u1ec6P C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb trong m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Anh. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n l\u1edbn trong giao th\u00f4ng, luy\u1ec7n kim, v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0ng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1ea3i s\u1ee3i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng d\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c n\u00e0y. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1o ra b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang. \u0110\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a b\u1ecf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1640, hay v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nhau, hay v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. M\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu trong \u201cc\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng giao th\u00f4ng,\u201d l\u00f3t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o k\u00eanh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1, v\u00e0o c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi","198 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn, \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u1ed3 \u1ea1t sau n\u0103m 1688. Nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u00e0y, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed giao th\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c di\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft cho C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1688, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf b\u1edfi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 vua Stuart. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh sau 1688 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi v\u1ee5 s\u00f4ng Salwerpe, \u1edf Worcestershire, n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. N\u0103m 1662 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m cho t\u00e0u b\u00e8 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng Salwerpe, v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh Baldwyn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u00a36.000 cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n thu ph\u00ed t\u00e0u b\u00e8 \u0111i l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng. N\u0103m 1693 m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra cho Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n quy\u1ec1n thu ph\u00ed t\u00e0u b\u00e8 cho B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Shrewsbury v\u00e0 Lord Coventry. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c b\u1edfi Sir Timothy Baldwyn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i l\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i cho r\u1eb1ng d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t cha \u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n ph\u00ed m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu. Baldwyn \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u201c\u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y \u0111i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y.\u201d S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Stuart th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Baldwyn \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd, \u201cl\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y \u0111i quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o, gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.\u201d Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Baldwyn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef v\u1eefng. C\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u sau 1688, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang an to\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111a nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb. Ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y r\u1eb1ng sau 1688 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111a nguy\u00ean h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u00e2n ch\u01a1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng b\u00ean trong n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. \u0110\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng giao th\u00f4ng v\u00e0, n\u00f3i chung, cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai m\u00e0 x\u1ea3y ra trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn 1688 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1p l\u00fd r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1edf h\u1eefu b\u1edfi Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phong ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nhi\u1ec1u mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e8 n\u1eb7ng b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u1ed3ng ch\u00e9o nhau. Nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef trong c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng (equitable","\u0110I\u1ec2M NGO\u1eb6T \u25cf 199 estate), m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ebf ch\u1ea5p, cho thu\u00ea, hay b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ea5t chung \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i to l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea5t theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng mong mu\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u1edbi Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n trong h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. S\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng d\u1ec7t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n gia nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n. Nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gia t\u0103ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hoan ngh\u00eanh. Tuy v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111a nguy\u00ean \u2013 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho, \u0111\u00e3 trao quy\u1ec1n cho, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eafng nghe m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3ng r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n gia nh\u1eadp n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u00f3p ngh\u1eb9t c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c hay s\u1ebd g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0 Serrata \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u1edf Venice (trang 155-156). C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c len h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh mau ch\u00f3ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. Trong n\u0103m 1688 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o Anh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng d\u1ec7t t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, v\u1ea3i in hoa v\u00e0 v\u1ea3i muslin, m\u00e0 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u00e0ng d\u1ec7t nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u. C\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 l\u1ee5a nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c. V\u1ea3i in hoa v\u00e0 l\u1ee5a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp b\u1edfi C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n, m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1688 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ban cho v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u \u00c1. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec nh\u1edd c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u00fat l\u00f3t l\u1edbn cho James II. Sau 1688 c\u00f4ng ty \u1edf v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ebf d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 mau ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u00e1c li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n hy v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u1edf Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n, trong khi c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb cho Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i vay ti\u1ec1n. C\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u00e3 thua v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng d\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea1nh tranh h\u01a1n trong bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng","200 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I d\u1ec7t r\u1ebb ti\u1ec1n (v\u1ea3i in hoa) b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u1ea1nh tranh m\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u r\u1ebb n\u00e0y. T\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng d\u1ec7t len, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1ea3i b\u00f4ng \u0111ang tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf l\u1eabn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Ng\u00e0nh len \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00ecnh ngay t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1660. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u201cLu\u1eadt \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh Chi ti\u00eau,\u201d m\u00e0, gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5m vi\u1ec7c m\u1eb7c hay d\u00f9ng v\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u00e1ng h\u01a1n. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 lobby Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt trong n\u0103m 1666 v\u00e0 1678 m\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn cho l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 ai \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 v\u1ea3i li\u1ec7m n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c v\u1ea3i li\u1ec7m b\u1eb1ng len. C\u1ea3 hai bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng len v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t Anh \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u h\u00e0ng d\u1ec7t \u00c1 ch\u00e2u. Chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i sau 1688. Gi\u1eefa 1696 v\u00e0 1698, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c len t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 d\u1ec7t l\u1ee5a t\u1eeb London, Canterbury v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng ty Levant \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u l\u1ee5a t\u1eeb Levant, cho d\u00f9 h\u1ecd m\u1edbi m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb l\u1ee5a \u00c1 ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t niche (th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o) cho l\u1ee5a t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman. Li\u00ean minh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt l\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c m\u1eb7c v\u1ea3i b\u00f4ng v\u00e0 l\u1ee5a \u00c1 ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 nhu\u1ed9m v\u00e0 in hoa v\u1ea3i \u00c1 ch\u00e2u \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. \u0110\u00e1p l\u1ea1i, trong n\u0103m 1701, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua \u201cm\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt cho vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0o l\u00e0m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n, b\u1eb1ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y.\u201d T\u1eeb th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn 1701, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ra s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh: \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u1ee5a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ed3 bengal v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u, pha v\u1edbi l\u1ee5a l\u00e0m t\u1eeb c\u1ecf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1edf Ba T\u01b0, Trung Qu\u1ed1c, hay \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1ea3i in hoa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in, nhu\u1ed9m, hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhu\u1ed9m m\u00e0u \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hay s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7c.\u201d B\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ee5a v\u00e0 v\u1ea3i in hoa \u00c1 ch\u00e2u \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u sang ch\u00e2u \u00c2u hay sang n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t sang c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, v\u1ea3i in hoa tr\u01a1n, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in hoa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp v\u1ec1 v\u00e0 in hoa t\u1ea1i Anh, v\u00e0 v\u1ea3i muslin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m. Sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh d\u00e0i, c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1ea3i len n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba coi ch\u00fang, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecbt b\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt V\u1ea3i","\u0110I\u1ec2M NGO\u1eb6T \u25cf 201 in hoa n\u0103m 1721: \u201cSau 25-12-1722, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, m\u1eb7c \u1edf V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh, trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o hay b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng n\u00e0o, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 v\u1ea3i hoa n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in, v\u1ebd, nhu\u1ed9m m\u00e0u hay nhu\u1ed9m.\u201d M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3 len Anh, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ec7t b\u00f4ng v\u00e0 lanh n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh len: s\u1ee3i b\u00f4ng v\u00e0 lanh pha v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra lo\u1ea1i v\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u1ea3i fustian (b\u00f4ng th\u00f4). Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh \u00c1 ch\u00e2u, ng\u00e0nh len b\u00e2y gi\u1edd quay sang \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ed3 lanh. Lanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ra ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf Scotland v\u00e0 Ireland, m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 cho m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh Anh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f2i lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng Anh. Tuy v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t len. C\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1ea3i fustian t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111ang n\u1ea3y n\u1edf \u1edf Manchester, Lancaster, v\u00e0 Liverpool. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111a nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00e0y b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u1edf Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu v\u00e0, quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, g\u1eedi \u0111\u01a1n ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o v\u00e0 bay t\u1edbi t\u1ea5p, c\u00f3p nh\u1eb7t ch\u1eef k\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 hay ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nh\u00f3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch m\u1edbi v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ng\u00e0nh len. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Manchaster n\u0103m 1736 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u201cm\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee3i lanh v\u00e0 s\u1ee3i b\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3 len \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m qua, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in v\u00e0 v\u1ebd hoa \u1edf b\u00ean trong V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh n\u00e0y.\u201d R\u1ed3i n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u201ckh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec trong \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt [n\u0103m 1721] \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia h\u1ea1n hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5m vi\u1ec7c m\u1eb7c hay s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong y ph\u1ee5c, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ed9i tr\u1ee3, \u0111\u1ed3 n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t hay \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00e1c, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee3i lanh v\u00e0 s\u1ee3i b\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3 len, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 in hay v\u1ebd v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u00e0u hay c\u00e1c m\u00e0u n\u00e0o b\u00ean trong V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh.\u201d \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Manchaster \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i quan tr\u1ecdng cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o b\u00f4ng m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n gia nh\u1eadp m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111a nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p. Th\u1ee9 hai, trong n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp theo, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ea3i b\u00f4ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m trong C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y.","202 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I Sau 1688, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u00e2n ch\u01a1i b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m nghi\u00eang n\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt V\u1ea3i in hoa m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt H\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua n\u0103m 1651, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang v\u1eabn c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i trong hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n h\u00f3a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u2013 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 b\u1edfi khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0, [h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a] th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Anh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1edf tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00e0u b\u00e8 Anh. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c t\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i ch\u1edf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ebfn Anh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Anh l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, c\u0169ng b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1edf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn Anh. L\u1ee3i th\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o Anh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u01a1n n\u1eefa s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c sinh l\u1eddi n\u00e0y. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1760 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u2013 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u1edbi, h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e0i kh\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 hung h\u0103ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng. Sau th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u1edf r\u1ed9 hoa c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi x\u1ea3y ra tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n. M\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i trong s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a James Watt trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1760. \u0110\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Watt \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t cho h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc sao cho cylinder m\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a piston c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef n\u00f3ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, thay cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i \u0111i. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh l\u1ef1c h\u1eefu \u00edch, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u201cm\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh\u201d c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y bao","\u0110I\u1ec2M NGO\u1eb6T \u25cf 203 g\u1ed3m c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf Anh Thomas Newcomen v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Dionysius Papin, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf Ph\u00e1p. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Papin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1eefa v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c. Papin \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho m\u1ed9t \u201cm\u00e1y ti\u00eau h\u00f3a h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d trong n\u0103m 1679, v\u00e0 trong n\u0103m 1690 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng m\u00e1y n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u00f3 piston. Trong n\u0103m 1705, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u00f4 s\u01a1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u00e0u h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Papin khi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Marburg, \u1edf bang Kessel c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00e2m h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc cho chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u d\u1ecdc theo s\u00f4ng Fulda \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00f4ng Weser. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n n\u00e0o \u0111i tuy\u1ebfn n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i d\u1eebng \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 M\u00fcnden. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y tr\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng Fulda v\u00e0 Weser \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ec1n. Papin h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i. B\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Gottfried Leibnitz, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft cho Tuy\u1ec3n h\u1ea7u Kassel, th\u1ee7 hi\u1ebfn bang, m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 cho Papin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201c\u2026 \u0111i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb qu\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec5u \u2026\u201d qua Kassel. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Leibnitz \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ed9c l\u1ed1c r\u1eb1ng \u201cC\u00e1c \u1ee7y vi\u00ean h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u1eed tri \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb tr\u00ean, v\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c l\u00fd do c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb cho t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i Tuy\u1ec3n h\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.\u201d Kh\u00f4ng nao n\u00fang, Papin quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u00f9 sao \u0111i n\u1eefa v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i. Khi t\u00e0u h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn M\u00fcnden, ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecbch thu chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a Papin v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eadp tan chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng m\u1ea3nh. Papin \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft trong c\u1ea3nh ngh\u00e8o t\u00fang v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ea5m m\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u. Trong n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh th\u1eddi Tudor hay Stuart, Papin \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i sau 1688. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, Papin \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e1i t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn London tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y. Trong luy\u1ec7n kim, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1780 b\u1edfi Henry Cort, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t trong s\u1eaft, cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u.","204 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn m\u00e1y, \u0111inh, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 s\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia c\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Cort \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Abraham Darby v\u00e0 c\u00e1c con \u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i ti\u00ean phong trong s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng than \u0111\u1ec3 nung ch\u1ea3y s\u1eaft b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1709. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao trong n\u0103m 1762 b\u1edfi John Smeaton b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00edch nghi s\u1ee9c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c cylinder th\u1ed5i trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t than coke. Sau \u0111\u1ea5y, than c\u1ee7i \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1eaft, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng than \u0111\u00e1, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ebb h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. Cho d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean mang t\u00ednh t\u00edch l\u0169y, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t trong gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 h\u01a1n trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng d\u1ec7t. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng d\u1ec7t l\u00e0 l\u00e0 xe s\u1ee3i, m\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y x\u01a1 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hay \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 b\u00f4ng v\u00e0 len, v\u00e0 xe ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh s\u1ee3i. S\u1ee3i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh v\u1ea3i, th\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng d\u1ec7t. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 gu\u1ed3ng xe s\u1ee3i, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c xe b\u1eb1ng tay. S\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u n\u0103m 1280, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 t\u1eeb Trung \u0110\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p xe \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u trong n\u0103m 1738, khi Lewis Paul \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 xe s\u1ee3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c con l\u0103n thay th\u1ebf b\u00e0n tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00e9o x\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xe. Tuy v\u1eady, m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Richard Arkwright v\u00e0 James Hargreaves \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c xe s\u1ee3i. Trong n\u0103m 1769 Arkwright, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 \u201ckhung n\u01b0\u1edbc,\u201d m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 so v\u1edbi m\u00e1y c\u1ee7a Lewis. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u00e3ng v\u1edbi Jedediah Strutt v\u00e0 Samuel Need, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o h\u00e0ng d\u1ec7t kim. Trong n\u0103m 1771 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1edf Cromford. C\u00e1c m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1edfi n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng Arkwright mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ec3n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh sang n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1774 h\u00e3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u00e1u tr\u0103m c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00f9ng h\u1ed5, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u1edf Manschaster, Matlock, Bath, v\u00e0 New Lanark t\u1ea1i Scotland. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Arkwright \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung b\u1edfi s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Hargreaves trong n\u0103m 1764 v\u1ec1 m\u00e1y k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i c\u01a1 kh\u00ed, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00eam b\u1edfi Samuel Crompton th\u00e0nh","\u0110I\u1ec2M NGO\u1eb6T \u25cf 205 \u201cmule-m\u00e1y k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i,\u201d v\u00e0 mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n b\u1edfi Richard Roberts th\u00e0nh \u201cm\u00e1y k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i t\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.\u201d Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng: v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7n 50.000 gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xe s\u1ee3i b\u1eb1ng tay \u0111\u1ec3 xe m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m pound b\u00f4ng. Khung n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Arkwright \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 trong 300 gi\u1edd, v\u00e0 m\u00e1y k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i t\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong 135 gi\u1edd. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi h\u00f3a k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi h\u00f3a d\u1ec7t. M\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra chi\u1ebfc thoi bay b\u1edfi Jonh Kay trong n\u0103m 1733. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ban \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 d\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng tay, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 trong vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 d\u1ec7t. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean con thoi bay, Edmund Cartwright \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra khung c\u1eedi m\u00e1y (power loom) trong n\u0103m 1785, m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi m\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u00e1y thay th\u1ebf nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng tay trong vi\u1ec7c d\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m trong k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ec7t Anh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb1ng sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. H\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u Anh, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi h\u00e0ng d\u1ec7t b\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i gi\u1eefa 1780 v\u00e0 1800. Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng trong khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u00ean ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf gi\u00e0u. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y. H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 giao th\u00f4ng. \u1ede n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady: \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u00eanh, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft. T\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i trong c\u00e1c l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng n\u00e0y c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi. C\u00e1c k\u00eanh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf Anh sau 1770, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1810 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i nhi\u1ec1u trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. Khi C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edf ra, c\u00e1c k\u00eanh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c chi ph\u00ed v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ed3ng k\u1ec1nh \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng d\u1ec7t b\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ch\u00fang, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 b\u00f4ng th\u00f4 v\u00e0 than cho c\u00e1c m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ban \u0111\u1ea7u trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c k\u00eanh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 James Brindley, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Bridgewater tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng K\u00eanh Bridgewater, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p then ch\u1ed1t Manchester","206 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I v\u1edbi c\u1ea3ng Liverpool. Sinh ra \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n Derbyshire, Brindley v\u1ed1n theo ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee3 m\u00e1y xay. Danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn tai c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 giao th\u00f4ng, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 k\u00eanh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Thomas Telford, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t th\u1ee3 x\u00e2y \u0111\u00e1, hay Jonh Smeaton, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0. H\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 k\u00eanh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o v\u1edbi giao th\u00f4ng, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng. John McAdam, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra tarmac [ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u1ea3i m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 d\u0103m tr\u1ed9n ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft d\u00ednh nh\u01b0 nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng sau n\u00e0y] v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 1816, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 con trai th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c nh\u1ecf. Xe l\u1eeda h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1edfi Richard Trevithick trong n\u0103m 1804. B\u1ed1 Trevithick \u0111\u00e3 d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c khai m\u1ecf \u1edf Cornwall, v\u00e0 Richard \u0111\u00e3 tham gia c\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh khi tu\u1ed5i c\u00f2n non, tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ecb m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u01a1m [n\u01b0\u1edbc] kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecf. \u0110\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a George Stephenson, con trai c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9 m\u00f9 ch\u1eef v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a xe l\u1eeda \u201cT\u00ean l\u1eeda\u201d n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee3 m\u00e1y \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ecf than. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ng\u00e0nh d\u1ec7t b\u00f4ng c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh m\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00ednh l\u00edu s\u00e2u trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1ea3i len. John Foster, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3y tr\u0103m th\u1ee3 d\u1ec7t khung c\u1eedi tay trong ng\u00e0nh len v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n sang d\u1ec7t b\u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u1edf Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y Black Dyke trong n\u0103m 1835. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Foster \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1. Ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u0103m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u00ednh l\u00edu tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n m\u1edbi \u1edf mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Ng\u00e0nh len \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u201c\u0111\u01b0a\u201d v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u cho c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u1edf nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh xe v\u00e0 d\u1ec7t. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ng\u00e0nh len v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb t\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n sang b\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0 Foster \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n. \u0110\u00e3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi. S\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh d\u1ec7t b\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p len \u2013 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.","\u0110I\u1ec2M NGO\u1eb6T \u25cf 207 S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o t\u00e1i ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 thu nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nh\u01b0 William Lee \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp thu s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Khi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u1edf Manchester v\u00e0 Birmingham, c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m trung l\u01b0u n\u1ed5i l\u00ean xung quanh h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u1ee8ng vi\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c Lu\u1eadt Ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5m nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u \u201cng\u0169 c\u1ed1c\u201d \u2013 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00f3c l\u00faa v\u00e0 ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 l\u00faa m\u00ec \u2013 n\u1ebfu gi\u00e1 xu\u1ed1ng qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u00faa m\u00ec, nh\u01b0ng x\u1ea5u cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9 cho gi\u00e1 b\u00e1nh m\u00ec cao. V\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 g\u00e2y n\u00e1o lo\u1ea1n. V\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1820, vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c m\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 16-8-1819, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c meeting \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng St. Peter, Manchester. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 Joseph Johnson, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u00e0n ch\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp t\u1edd b\u00e1o c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn Manchester Observer. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 bao g\u1ed3m John Knight, nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o b\u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 John Thacker Saxton, ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat c\u1ee7a Manchester Obverver. S\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 mang c\u00e1c kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u201cN\u00f3i Kh\u00f4ng v\u1edbi Lu\u1eadt Ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c,\u201d \u201cQuy\u1ec1n \u0111i b\u1ea7u Ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t,\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cB\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng Phi\u1ebfu\u201d (c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu k\u00edn, gi\u1eef b\u00ed m\u1eadt, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng khai nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra n\u0103m 1819). C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c meeting, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e1u tr\u0103m k\u1ef5 binh c\u1ee7a \u0110o\u00e0n K\u1ef5 binh nh\u1eb9 Th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp. Khi c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, m\u1ed9t th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ban h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ec7nh b\u1eaft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u. Khi c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t th\u1eed thi h\u00e0nh l\u1ec7nh b\u1eaft, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1nh nhau n\u1ed5 ra. T\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u00e1c k\u1ef5 binh t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng, Trong v\u00e0i ph\u00fat h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n, m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd s\u00e1u tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u1edd Manchester Observer \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 V\u1ee5 T\u00e0n s\u00e1t Peterloo.","208 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I Nh\u01b0ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. V\u1ee5 T\u00e0n s\u00e1t Peterloo v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp. Ti\u1ebfp sau cu\u1ed9c n\u00e1o lo\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho \u00e1p l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng r\u1ed1i ren x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t sau c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng 1830 \u1edf Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Charles X, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p 1789 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y. Trong n\u0103m 1832 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 cho Birmingham, Leeds, Manchester, v\u00e0 Sheffield quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf b\u1ea7u c\u1eed sao cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i do h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y; trong n\u0103m 1848 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch b\u00e3i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c Lu\u1eadt Ng\u0169 C\u1ed1c b\u1ecb c\u0103m gh\u00e9t, minh h\u1ecda l\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 thu nh\u1eadp, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u1eefa. V\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb theo th\u1eddi gian s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i th\u00eam n\u1eefa v\u1ec1 thu nh\u1eadp. Ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf Anh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eb7n n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i. V\u00cc SAO \u1ede N\u01af\u1edaC ANH? C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e0i \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m do C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang g\u00e2y ra. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u00f3a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ban cho trong th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ee1 b\u1ecf c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1edf v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng mong m\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn, nh\u01b0 James Watt, c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e0i ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng theo","\u0110I\u1ec2M NGO\u1eb6T \u25cf 209 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho h\u1ecd v\u00e0 cho qu\u1ed1c gia. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng th\u00f4i th\u00fac nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c kh\u1ecfi tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i h\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecd ra kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c hinh doanh, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n. Nh\u01b0ng sau 1688 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong n\u0103m 1775 Richard Arkwright \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf bao qu\u00e1t m\u00e0 \u00f4ng hy v\u1ecdng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ebd cho \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n trong ng\u00e0nh k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i b\u00f4ng \u0111ang m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n th\u1ef1c thi n\u00f3. V\u00ec sao qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0 v\u00ec sao trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y? V\u00ec sao n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111a nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c? Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau. Trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gi\u1eefa ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m m\u1edbi v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 trao quy\u1ec1n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mong mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n mu\u1ed1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 Lancaster \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i Nh\u00e0 York trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Hoa H\u1ed3ng. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o theo s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edbi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean hi\u1ebfn tr\u1ecb [constitutional rule\u2013s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt] v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t trong c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf Anh v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf phong ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u sau s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf T\u00e2y La M\u00e3. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a phong ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 lan kh\u1eafp ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u1edf mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4 \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y, T\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u0103n b\u1ea3n sau C\u00e1i Ch\u1ebft \u0110en. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf trong c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n; trong khi \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 sa \u0111\u1ecda th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 s\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t","210 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 lay chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. Nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Magna Carta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n cho hi\u1ebfn tr\u1ecb, nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, sau C\u00e1i Ch\u1ebft \u0110en, T\u00e2y \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f4i xa \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u. C\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 Magna Carta \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0103n s\u00e2u h\u01a1n \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u. \u1ede \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u, ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u00edt c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a. \u1ede n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, ngay c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y, chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0, nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thu thu\u1ebf m\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t ch\u1eadm, t\u1eeb t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kh\u1ecfi gi\u1edbi elite sang c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u00f3i chung h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda b\u1eb1ng th\u00ed d\u1ee5 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc nh\u01b0 Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a N\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u0103m 1381. S\u1ef1 tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c do s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u1ed3 \u1ea1t c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u00e2y ra. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o li\u1ec7u Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hay kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00e0y. T\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Tudor hay Stuart \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u1eady. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh doanh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f9ng h\u1ed5 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1686 \u1edf London, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 702 nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u sang v\u00f9ng Caribe v\u00e0 1.283 nh\u00e0 nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u. Sang B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 691 nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 626 nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 thu\u00ea nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi coi kho, c\u00e1c th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7, c\u00e1c thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u1ea3ng, c\u00e1c th\u01b0 k\u00fd \u2013 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1u chia s\u1ebb c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c c\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7y sinh l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 Bristol, Liverpool, v\u00e0 Portsmouth, c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f2i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 khi h\u1ecd tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 h\u01a1n qua th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n. C\u00f9ng c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, T\u00e2y Ban Nha, v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c vua \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Lo\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.","\u0110I\u1ec2M NGO\u1eb6T \u25cf 211 Khi Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i D\u00e0i h\u1ecdp v\u00e0 N\u1ed9i Chi\u1ebfn n\u1ed5 ra n\u0103m 1642, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 phe Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. Trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1670 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 d\u00ednh l\u00edu s\u00e2u v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea3ng Whig, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf Stuart, v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1688 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 then ch\u1ed1t trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea1 b\u1ec7 James II. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n do ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 bi\u1ebfu t\u1eb7ng, s\u1ef1 tham gia \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n k\u1ebfch x\u00f9 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadt nghi\u00eang c\u00e1n c\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u1eefa n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 trao quy\u1ec1n cho, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau \u2013 tr\u1ea3i t\u1eeb t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp gentry, c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Tudor, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n xuy\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng li\u00ean minh ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf Sutart \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 c\u0169ng r\u1ed9ng. Li\u00ean minh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed h\u01a1n n\u1eefa b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea3ng Whig trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1670, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. S\u1ef1 trao quy\u1ec1n cho n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean ti\u1ebfp sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang. N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 Stuart \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Stuart ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng [ch\u1ec9] l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 Lancaster \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i Nh\u00e0 York, \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch h\u1eb9p ch\u1ecdi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch h\u1eb9p kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng thay th\u1ebf hay t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o c\u00f9ng hay h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh r\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi l\u1edbn h\u01a1n cho vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111a nguy\u00ean. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nguy c\u01a1 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00e0y s\u1ebd chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i cho ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i sau 1688 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong vi\u1ec7c khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u1eafng nghe c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i, ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ngo\u00e0i Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu. \u0110\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 nh\u00f3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch len \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Manchester.","212 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea1o d\u1ea1n h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao quy\u1ec1n h\u01a1n cho li\u00ean minh m\u00e0y, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c l\u00ean quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 nh\u00e1nh h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p v\u00e0, c\u0169ng c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu ngang th\u1ebf, l\u00ean b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c len kh\u1ecfi tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nghi\u1ebfn n\u00e1t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c b\u00f4ng v\u00e0 v\u1ea3i fustian (b\u00f4ng th\u00f4 pha lanh). Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf li\u00ean minh r\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i m\u1ea1nh sau 1688, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t (checks) b\u00ean trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0o tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu trong s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111a nguy\u00ean. S\u1ef1 trao quy\u1ec1n cho m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 11. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00e1i n\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111a nguy\u00ean th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn x\u1ea3y ra, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. M\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 b\u00ean chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong N\u1ed9i Chi\u1ebfn Anh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 Stuart, c\u00f2n li\u00ean minh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Oliver Cromwell. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a li\u00ean minh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i. James II \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i William x\u1ee9 Orange. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u00edt t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean h\u01a1n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf cho d\u00f9 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra li\u00ean minh r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c con b\u00e0i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 Stuart. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t cho s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m.","8. KH\u00d4NG TR\u00caN L\u00c3NH TH\u1ed4 C\u1ee6A CH\u00daNG T\u00d4I: C\u00c1C R\u00c0O C\u1ea2N \u0110\u1ed0I V\u1edaI PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N KH\u00d4NG CHO PH\u00c9P IN TRONG N\u0102M 1445 t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0110\u1ee9c Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc cho l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kinh t\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp sau: m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y in d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean con ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ed9ng (movable type). Cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sao ch\u00e9p b\u1eb1ng tay b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e9p b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o, hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in m\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 in t\u1eebng trang. S\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u00edt v\u00e0 th\u01b0a th\u1edbt, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eaft. Sau s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Gutenberg, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i. C\u00e1c s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 ki\u1ebfm h\u01a1n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3. \u1ede T\u00e2y \u00c2u t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y in \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn ra mau ch\u00f3ng. Trong n\u0103m 1460 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u00e1y in r\u1ed3i ngang bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, \u1edf Strasbourg, Ph\u00e1p. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1460 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 lan ra kh\u1eafp Italy, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00e1y in \u1edf Rome v\u00e0 Venice, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u1edf Florence, Milan, v\u00e0 Turin. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1476 William Caxton \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y in \u1edf London, v\u00e0 hai n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y \u1edf Oxford. Trong c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3, ngh\u00e0nh in \u0111\u00e3 lan kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c N\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ea5p (Luxemburg, B\u1ec9, H\u00e0 Lan) sang T\u00e2y Ban Nha, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed sang \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y in m\u1edf \u1edf Budapest n\u0103m 1473 v\u00e0 \u1edf Cracow m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c in nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1ng mong mu\u1ed1n. Ngay t\u1eeb 1485, Sultan Ottoman Bayezid II \u0111\u00e3 ban m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Muslim b\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea5m in b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Arab. Quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi th\u00eam n\u1eefa b\u1edfi Sultan Selim I trong n\u0103m 1515. \u0110\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn 1727 th\u00ec m\u00e1y in \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Ottoman. Sultan khi \u0111\u00f3 Ahmed III","214 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p cho Ibrahim M\u00fcteferrika \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y in. Ngay c\u1ea3 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i mu\u1ed9n m\u00e0ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb bao v\u00e2y b\u1edfi c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd, \u201cng\u00e0y may m\u1eafn k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf m\u1ea1ng che m\u1eb7t gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 d\u00e2u v\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb che d\u1ea5u n\u1eefa,\u201d m\u00e1y in c\u1ee7a M\u00fcteferrika \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh n\u00f3i r\u00f5: \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng in c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u00f4ng minh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng, chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt Islamic, ph\u00e1p quan xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Instanbul, Mevlana Ishak, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p quan c\u1ee7a Seleniki, Mevlana Sahib, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p quan c\u1ee7a Galata, Mevlana Asad, c\u1ea7u mong cho c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng l\u00ean, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o vinh quang, r\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ngay th\u1eb3ng, \u0110\u1ea1o tr\u01b0\u1edfng (Sheykh) c\u1ee7a Kasim Pa\u015fa Mevlevihane, Mevlana Musa, c\u1ea7u mong cho s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng l\u00ean, s\u1ebd gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ea3n in th\u1eed. M\u00fcteferrika \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y in, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u00f4ng in \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ban g\u1ed3m ba h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p quan. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p quan, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng nhanh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y in \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ebf, ngay c\u1ea3 sau khi M\u00fcteferrika \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00e1y in c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean M\u00fcteferrika cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 in \u00edt s\u00e1ch, ch\u1ec9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y cu\u1ed1n gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1729, khi m\u00e1y in b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 1743, khi \u00f4ng ng\u1eebng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 xoay x\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 in ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3y cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u1eefa cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1797. B\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman, ngo\u00e0i Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, ng\u00e0nh in c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu xa h\u01a1n. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp, m\u00e1y in \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ec9 trong n\u0103m 1798, b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng b\u1edfi Napoleon Bonaparte \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e3i qu\u00e1 n\u1eeda th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u00e1ch \u1edf \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman v\u1eabn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e9p s\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n sao ch\u00e9p b\u1eb1ng tay c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e9p tay nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf Istanbul.","KH\u00d4NG TR\u00caN L\u00c3NH TH\u1ed4 C\u1ee6A CH\u00daNG T\u00d4I \u25cf 215 S\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00e1y in \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean cho s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng kinh t\u1ebf. Trong n\u0103m 1800 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 2 \u0111\u1ebfn 3 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft, so v\u1edbi 60 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 40 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m cho \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 \u1edf Anh. T\u1ea1i H\u00e0 Lan v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft c\u00f2n cao h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu r\u1ea5t xa \u1edf \u0111\u1eb1ng sau c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, n\u01a1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 20 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf Ottoman h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a sultan \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00e1y in l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. S\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t d\u00e2n c\u01b0. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. S\u00e1ch c\u0169ng l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i, v\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0m cho tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111e d\u1ecda l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng, n\u01a1i tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c elite. C\u00e1c sultan Ottoman v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n uy t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra do s\u00e1ch. Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea5m in. C\u00c1CH M\u1ea0NG C\u00d4NG NGHI\u1ec6P \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia, nh\u01b0 Anh, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n kinh doanh kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh. Nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia, nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman, Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ee5t l\u1ea1i ph\u00eda sau v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n, ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3i nh\u1eb9 \u0111i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa t\u1ea1o ra h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 Nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng hay c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y in v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra. L\u00fd do c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra t\u1ea1i Anh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra trong \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman, l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf","216 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c. Ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi lu\u1eadt hay nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf cai tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 hay elite. T\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c sa ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho kho\u1ea3ng 1 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 d\u00e2n c\u01b0. Nh\u00f3m h\u1eb9p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. \u0110\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i hay s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga cho \u0111\u1ebfn 1905, khi sa ho\u00e0ng l\u1eadp ra Duma, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ban cho n\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho sa ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c c\u00e0ng gi\u00e0u c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. C\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o, d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u00e0n \u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 Nga. Ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111a nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp trung, hay ch\u00ed \u00edt c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 c\u1ea5m m\u00e1y in. Ngay c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 Afghanistan, Haiti, v\u00e0 Nepal c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. \u1ede ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u00f2n t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y r\u1eb1ng trong nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara (th\u00ed d\u1ee5 Somalia v\u00e0 nam Sudan) m\u1ed9t r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u00e0y, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh. Ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hay s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 hai r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u0169ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau; c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed b\u1edfi n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1o ra ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi c\u00e1c l\u00fd do gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m: s\u1ee3 m\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp","KH\u00d4NG TR\u00caN L\u00c3NH TH\u1ed4 C\u1ee6A CH\u00daNG T\u00d4I \u25cf 217 trung m\u1edbi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u00f3. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Tudor \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi cho ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi elite \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. Nh\u01b0ng trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i x\u1ea3y ra, v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf Nga, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Peter \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng gi\u1eefa 1682 v\u00e0 n\u0103m \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t 1725. Peter \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 m\u1edbi \u1edf Saint Peterburg, t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c c\u0169, nh\u00e0 Boyar, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc quan li\u00eau hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n Duma Boyar m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh sa ho\u00e0ng. Peter \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra B\u1ea3ng C\u1ea5p b\u1eadc, m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 sa ho\u00e0ng. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 Henry VIII \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m khi t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf Anh. V\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, Peter \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y \u0111i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00f3 v\u1ec1 cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n ho\u00e0ng gia truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, Streltsy, th\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n phi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n. Cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bashkir \u1edf Trung \u00c1 v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c N\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n Bulavin. Ch\u1eb3ng cu\u1ed9c n\u00e0o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Peter \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0 Streltsy, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc do n\u00f3 g\u00e2y ra \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c. Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y trong b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t do C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1o ra, nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ee1 chuy\u1ebfn t\u00e0u th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ra sao. Ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 \u1edf \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman, hay h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nh\u01b0 \u1edf Somalia.","218 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I M\u1ed8T S\u1ef0 KH\u00c1C BI\u1ec6T NH\u1ece M\u00c0 L\u00c0 QUAN TR\u1eccNG Ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha. C\u00e1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u1edbi Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Anh, l\u00e0 Cortes, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a. T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng trong n\u0103m 1492 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Castile v\u00e0 Aragon, th\u00f4ng qua h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Isabella v\u00e0 Vua Ferdinand. Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c Chinh ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111u\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arab nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n nam T\u00e2y Ban Nha, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn Granada, Cordova, v\u00e0 Serville, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Arab cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u00ean B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Iberian, Granada, \u0111\u00e3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0o c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi gian Christopher Columbus \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f2i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y cho N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Isabella v\u00e0 Vua Ferdinand, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. S\u1ef1 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Castile v\u00e0 Aragon v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfp sau \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t si\u00eau nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u ch\u00e2u. Isabella ch\u1ebft n\u0103m 1504, con g\u00e1i b\u00e0 Joanna \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong l\u00e0m n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Castile. Joanna \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Philip c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 Habsburg, con trai c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Maximilian I c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh. Trong n\u0103m 1516, Charles con trai c\u1ee7a Joanna v\u00e0 Philip, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n l\u00ean l\u00e0m vua Charles I c\u1ee7a Castile v\u00e0 Aragon. Khi cha \u00f4ng ch\u1ebft, Charles th\u1eeba k\u1ebf H\u00e0 Lan v\u00e0 Franche-Comt\u00e9 [m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng g\u1ed3m 4 t\u1ec9nh ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p], m\u00e0 \u00f4ng th\u00eam v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u1edf Iberia v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. Trong n\u0103m 1519, khi Maximilian I ch\u1ebft, Charles c\u0169ng th\u1eeba k\u1ebf c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Hubsburg \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Charles V c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh. C\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a hai v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y Ban Nha, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0111a \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 Charles \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 Isabella v\u00e0 Ferdinand \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. B\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1ed3i v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i Guanajuato, \u1edf Mexico, v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1520, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u1edf Zacatecas, Mexico. Vi\u1ec7c chinh ph\u1ee5c Peru sau 1532 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i h\u01a1n cho n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Kho\u1ea3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n chia ph\u1ea7n, \u201cm\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u0103m thu\u1ed9c nh\u00e0 vua\u201d, trong m\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c m\u1ecf. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1, m\u1ed9t n\u00fai b\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3","KH\u00d4NG TR\u00caN L\u00c3NH TH\u1ed4 C\u1ee6A CH\u00daNG T\u00d4I \u25cf 219 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Potos\u00ed v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1540, \u0111\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i h\u01a1n v\u00e0o kho b\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua T\u00e2y Ban Nha. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp Castile v\u00e0 Aragon, T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Sau khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o sa s\u00fat t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3, sau n\u0103m 1600, v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 sa s\u00fat tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. H\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Isabella v\u00e0 Ferdinand sau T\u00e1i Chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. Kho\u1ea3ng hai tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho b\u1ed1n th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1eddi \u0111i. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1n t\u1ed1ng b\u00e1n th\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb m\u1ea1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p mang m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat v\u00e0ng hay b\u1ea1c n\u00e0o ra kh\u1ecfi n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed9t th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau. Gi\u1eefa 1609 v\u00e0 1614, Philip III \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Morisco, c\u00e1c h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Arab tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam T\u00e2y Ban Nha. H\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Morisco \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ra \u0111i v\u1edbi c\u00e1i g\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p mang b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c hay kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd n\u00e0o theo m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n theo c\u00e1c chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch kh\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb Habsburg \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Philip II, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i cha m\u00ecnh, Charles V, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1556, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong n\u0103m 1557, v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa trong n\u0103m 1560, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh Fugger v\u00e0 Welser kinh doanh ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ee9c kinh doanh ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m b\u1edfi c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ee9 Genoese kinh doanh ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb l\u00e0m cho ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1ee1 n\u1ee3 T\u00e2y Ban Nha d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd Habsburg trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1575, 1596, 1607, 1627, 1647, 1652, 1660, v\u00e0 1662. C\u0169ng c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf l\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n nhanh ch\u00f3ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9, so v\u1edbi T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn sau v\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. C\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea7y kho b\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u cho t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. Ch\u00ednh t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh n\u0103ng","220 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a li\u00ean minh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ch\u1ed1ng chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf. \u1ede T\u00e2y Ban Nha c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n ra. Sau khi ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra, Isabella v\u00e0 Ferdinand \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n \u1edf Serville. C\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1eb9p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp r\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean qua c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. Ngay c\u1ea3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u1edf b\u00ean trong ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n \u1edf m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba nh\u01b0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha M\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 Mexico hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai \u1edf Grenada M\u1edbi, Colombia hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y l\u00ean th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u1edf b\u00ean trong \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c \u00edch l\u1ee3i ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng m\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c, th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang [c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf] \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 v\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u1ea3y v\u1ec1 T\u00e2y Ban Nha. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c, so v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i. C\u1ea3 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Castile l\u1eabn V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Aragon \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 Cortes c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c nhau, hay c\u00e1c \u201cestaste-\u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p\u201d kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Anh, Cortes x\u1ee9 Castile ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n y c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf m\u1edbi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Cortes \u1edf Castile v\u00e0 Aragon ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1eabn n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, nh\u01b0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Anh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 cho m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1eed hai \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u. H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, Cortes \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Anh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111a d\u1ea1ng ganh \u0111ua \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf l\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m lu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u1ec3 cho Cortes ra ngo\u00e0i l\u1ec1 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 b\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, Charles V v\u00e0 Philip II \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi thu nh\u1eadp thu\u1ebf ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 chi cho m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn","KH\u00d4NG TR\u00caN L\u00c3NH TH\u1ed4 C\u1ee6A CH\u00daNG T\u00d4I \u25cf 221 tranh t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m. Trong n\u0103m 1520 Charles V \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh ra Cortes \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u0103ng thu\u1ebf. C\u00e1c elite th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f2i s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n trong Cortes v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t v\u00e0 mau ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9c N\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n Comunero. Charles \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eb9p tan cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh ho\u00e0ng gia. Su\u1ed1t ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u, tuy v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00ec Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed c\u1ed1 gi\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb Cortes c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 thu c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf m\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf c\u0169 m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00fac l\u00ean l\u00fac xu\u1ed1ng, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea7n th\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Sau 1664, Cortes \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdp n\u1eefa cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Napoleon g\u1ea7n 150 n\u0103m sau. \u1ede n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111a nguy\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00eam n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp trung hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. \u1ede T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra khi ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1n Cortes v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ee1 b\u1ecf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00ean \u1ee9ng x\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 thu thu\u1ebf, ngay c\u1ea3 khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed b\u1eb1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Trong khi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y thu\u1ebf v\u1ee5 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea1i di chuy\u1ec3n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. N\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n an to\u00e0n cho c\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n h\u00f3a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1n c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5, th\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i, ham m\u00ea s\u1ef1 th\u1ea7u thu\u1ebf, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u00e1n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n x\u00e9t x\u1eed. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c n\u00e0y \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y, trong khi n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111ang di chuy\u1ec3n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a nhanh ch\u00f3ng, th\u00ec T\u00e2y Ban Nha sa theo h\u01b0\u1edbng suy tho\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf lan r\u1ed9ng. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, m\u1ed9t trong n\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111i m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t trong m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ngh\u00e8o \u0111i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n c\u01b0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Thu nh\u1eadp T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat, trong khi n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3. S\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha, trong khi n\u00f3 b\u1ecb tr\u1ed1c t\u1eadn r\u1ec5 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1eefa v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a","222 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I trong c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n; b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a T\u00e2y Ban Nha l\u00ean m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i bao g\u1ed3m m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea3y sinh \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y, l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m trong C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, trong khi c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha. V\u00e0o l\u00fac c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 lan ra nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 suy s\u1ee5p nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng hay c\u00e1c elite ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. S\u1ee2 C\u00d4NG NGHI\u1ec6P Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean \u1edf Anh sau 1688, th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00edt c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. \u1ede T\u00e2y Ban Nha, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sa s\u00fat kinh t\u1ebf ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 hy sinh c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. \u1ede Nga v\u00e0 \u00c1o-Hungary, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sao l\u00e3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c elite v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ef7 quy\u1ec7t v\u00e0o d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a; thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c m\u00e1ng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn, b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n nay. \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc ch\u0103n ch\u1eafp v\u00e1 c\u1ee7a h\u01a1n b\u1ed1n tr\u0103m ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3, m\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft Trung \u00c2u. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Habsgurg \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 Habsburg hay \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u00c1o-Hungary, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i ra tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng kho\u1ea3ng 250.000 d\u1eb7m vu\u00f4ng, cho d\u00f9 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m T\u00e2y Ban Nha, sau khi nh\u00e0 Bourbon \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n ngai v\u00e0ng T\u00e2y Ban Nha trong n\u0103m 1700. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 ba \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1ea3y d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai","KH\u00d4NG TR\u00caN L\u00c3NH TH\u1ed4 C\u1ee6A CH\u00daNG T\u00d4I \u25cf 223 Habsburg \u0111\u00e3 bao g\u1ed3m, \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, ph\u1ea7n ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 B\u1ec9, khi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan thu\u1ed9c \u00c1o. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, tuy v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai li\u00ean t\u1ee5c xung quanh \u00c1o v\u00e0 Hungary, bao g\u1ed3m C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Czech, Slovakia v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, Slovenia, Croatia, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn Italia v\u00e0 Serbia \u1edf ph\u00eda nam. V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 bao g\u1ed3m ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Rumani v\u00e0 Ba Lan ng\u00e0y nay. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Habsburg \u0111\u00e3 \u00edt quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi \u1edf Anh, v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4, Ba Lan v\u00e0 Hungary \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 N\u00f4ng n\u00f4 th\u1ee9 Hai c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u. Nh\u00e0 Habsburg, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u00e0 Stuart, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh. Francis I, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 cai tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, gi\u1eefa 1792 v\u00e0 1806, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u00c1o-Hungary cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u00f4ng ch\u1ebft n\u0103m 1835, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf t\u1ed9t b\u1ef1c. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0, tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n duy tr\u00ec hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 lo\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0o. Trong n\u0103m 1821 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb Habsburg, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u1edf Laibach, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u201cta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u, m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed1t, trung th\u1ef1c. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb l\u00e0 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Ai ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ta ph\u1ea3i d\u1ea1y c\u00e1i ta ra l\u1ec7nh cho. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, hay \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i, ho\u1eb7c ta s\u1ebd \u0111u\u1ed5i.\u201d N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Maria Theresa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec gi\u1eefa 1740 v\u00e0 1780, \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e1c g\u1ee3i \u00fd v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hay thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, \u201cH\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0.\u201d Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u00e0 v\u00e0 con trai b\u00e0 Joseph II, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf gi\u1eefa 1780 v\u00e0 1790, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp trung h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 v\u1edbi \u00edt y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean. \u0110\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra ngay ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u00ean qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 l\u00ednh. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00edt s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u01a1n","224 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I l\u00ean c\u00e1i nh\u00e0 Habsburg \u00c1o-Hungary c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y Ban Nha, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung h\u1eb9p. Khi ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf Habsburg \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng-qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb y\u1ebfu th\u00eam. Khi m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1eeb t\u1ec9nh Tyrol \u1edf \u00c1o \u0111\u01b0a ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb l\u00ean Francis cho m\u1ed9t hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, \u201c\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p! \u2026 Xem n\u00e0y, ta kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1i c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3. Ta s\u1ebd cho c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed9t hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng binh s\u0129 v\u00e2ng l\u1eddi ta, v\u00e0 ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i hai l\u1ea7n n\u1ebfu ta c\u1ea7n ti\u1ec1n \u2026 Trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ta khuy\u00ean c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i n\u00ean th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi c\u00e1i c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1eafp n\u00f3i.\u201d C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Tyrol \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, \u201cN\u1ebfu b\u1ec7 h\u1ea1 ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u00ec t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o c\u1ea3,\u201d m\u00e0 Francis \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i, \u201c\u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u00fd c\u1ee7a ta.\u201d Francis \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 Maria Theresa \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n cho vi\u1ec7c tham v\u1ea5n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf \u0111i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham v\u1ea5n n\u00e0o hay s\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Francis \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn \u00f4n h\u00f2a. Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Hartig, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 t\u00e1 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0 \u201cs\u1ef1 duy tr\u00ec kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i m\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb ph\u00eda nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tham gia v\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3.\u201d \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y b\u1edfi Ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n von Metternich, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1i giao trong n\u0103m 1809. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Metternich th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u h\u01a1n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Francis, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1i giao g\u1ea7n b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m. \u0110\u1ee9ng \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf Habsburg \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 phong ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4. Khi di chuy\u1ec3n sang ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a phong ki\u1ebfn tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t h\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n trong c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4, khi di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb T\u00e2y sang \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u. T\u00ednh linh \u0111\u1ed9ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 di c\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. Khi nh\u00e0 t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n Anh Robert Owen th\u1eed thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u00c1o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Metternich, Friedrich von Gentz, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng","KH\u00d4NG TR\u00caN L\u00c3NH TH\u1ed4 C\u1ee6A CH\u00daNG T\u00d4I \u25cf 225 h\u1ec1 mong mu\u1ed1n r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng to l\u1edbn s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00e1 gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u2026 Kh\u00e1c \u0111i th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cai tr\u1ecb h\u1ecd?\u201d Th\u00eam v\u00e0o ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch hay c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn kinh t\u1ebf t\u1eeb qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang d\u00e2n c\u01b0 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf Habsburg \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u1edd c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb b\u1ecb \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn 1775 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 thu\u1ebf quan n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba b\u00ean trong b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1o, v\u00e0 \u1edf Hungary cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1784. Thu\u1ebf quan \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t cao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m r\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ch v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng Francis \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i xa h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch cho c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi hay ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2, \u1edf V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Kongo c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o b\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch n\u00e0o, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf. Nh\u00e0 vua Kongo \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e0y, th\u00ec n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd cao h\u01a1n, t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i h\u01a1n, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, ngay c\u1ea3 cho c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf Kongo \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u00ec l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb t\u1ecbch thu b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 hay s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Habsburg, Francis \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m theo c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n; ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u00e0 kh\u00e1c \u0111i th\u00ec nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n theo hai c\u00e1ch. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, Francis I \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ngh\u00e8o trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Vienna. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ed3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eb1m si\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t c\u00e1c elite truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ed7. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n","226 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I gi\u1eef x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, Francis tin, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0m \u2013 th\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong n\u0103m 1802, c\u1ea5m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u1edbi \u1edf Vienna. Thay cho vi\u1ec7c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn d\u00f9ng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c m\u1edbi, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5m cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn 1811. Th\u1ee9 hai, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi then ch\u1ed1t m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Khi m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean Francis, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, \u201cKh\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng, ta kh\u00f4ng d\u00ednh l\u00edu g\u00ec v\u1edbi n\u00f3, e r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ebbn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y.\u201d V\u00ec ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c toa xe ng\u1ef1a k\u00e9o. Tuy\u1ebfn ch\u1ea1y gi\u1eefa th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Linz, b\u00ean s\u00f4ng Danube, v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Budweise x\u1ee9 Bohem, b\u00ean s\u00f4ng Moldau, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c g\u00f3c, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc. Cho n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c d\u00f9ng s\u1ee9c ng\u1ef1a cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1860. Ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft trong \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb s\u1edbm b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Salomon Rothschild, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u1edf Vienna c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u1edbn kinh doanh ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng. Anh c\u1ee7a Salomon, Nathan, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng \u1edf London, \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t b\u1ecb \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u201cT\u00ean L\u1eeda\u201d c\u1ee7a George Stephenson v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng cho \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00e0u h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi em m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch anh ta t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u1edf \u00c1o, v\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tin r\u1eb1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn l\u1edbn b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft. Nathan \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd, nh\u01b0ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, b\u1edfi v\u00ec Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Francis l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb n\u1ed7i lo c\u1ee7a Francis v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c \u01b0u ti\u00ean ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c m\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng cai tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c elite truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u00f4ng. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00edt \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i th\u00eam t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 phong ki\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thu h\u00fat lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n ra th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, m\u00e0 Francis c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb7n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu kinh t\u1ebf, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n","KH\u00d4NG TR\u00caN L\u00c3NH TH\u1ed4 C\u1ee6A CH\u00daNG T\u00d4I \u25cf 227 m\u00ecnh theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn 1883, khi 90 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1eaft th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng than \u0111\u00e1, th\u00ec h\u01a1n n\u1eeda s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Habsburg v\u1eabn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng than c\u1ee7i k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 Nh\u1ea5t, khi \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, vi\u1ec7c d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi h\u00f3a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng tay. \u00c1o-Hungary \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c trong n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Xa h\u01a1n \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, Nga \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf ngang th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e8n b\u1edfi Peter \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y. Gi\u1ed1ng \u00c1o- Hungary, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Nga \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c khai th\u00e1c, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4, gi\u1eef \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda d\u00e2n c\u01b0 g\u1eafn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng ba ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebfu quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u00e1n t\u00f9y \u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 kh\u00e1c. Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn Peter Kropotkin, m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a Sa ho\u00e0ng Nicolas I, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 cai tr\u1ecb Nga t\u1eeb 1825 \u0111\u1ebfn 1855. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u00f4i kh\u1ecfi gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u00e1n, b\u1ecb thua c\u1edd b\u1ea1c, hay b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p ch\u00f3 s\u0103n, b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a \u0111i n\u01a1i h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga \u2026 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb b\u1ecb gi\u1eb1ng kh\u1ecfi cha m\u1eb9 ch\u00fang v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u00e1n cho c\u00e1c \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 t\u00e0n \u00e1c hay ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e3ng; v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eb1ng roi \u201ctrong chu\u1ed3ng ng\u1ef1a,\u201d m\u00e0 x\u1ea3y ra h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n \u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd t\u1edbi; v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 g\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh ch\u1ebft \u0111u\u1ed1i; v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 t\u00f3c \u0111\u00e3 hoa r\u00e2m v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ch\u1ee7 m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb l\u00e2u v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 treo c\u1ed5 m\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7; v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng n\u00f4, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Nicholas I b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u00f2n cho \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi hay th\u1ee9 n\u0103m b\u1ecb nh\u1ea5c ra kh\u1ecfi h\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 l\u00e0ng m\u1ea1c \u2026 V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eddi n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y n\u00f3. Ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u1edf \u00c1o-Hungary, ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3","228 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft. T\u1ea1i t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi tri\u1ec1u Nicholas I \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Egor Kankrin, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa 1823 v\u00e0 1844 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 then ch\u1ed1t trong ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Kankrin \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed5 c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb truy\u1ec3n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 gi\u1eef cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. V\u00e0o l\u00fac tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, Kankrin \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t b\u1edfi b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1edbc, Gurev, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i do Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p vay ti\u1ec1n. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, Kankrin \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf l\u1ea1i Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Cho vay Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh Napoleon. Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 l\u1edbn vay v\u1edbi l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p, m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Kankrin ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn. C\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n vay \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n vay ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 nh\u01b0 \u201cv\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o,\u201d hay t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf ch\u1ea5p, cho n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 phong ki\u1ebfn m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n vay nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u1ea5p t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh cho Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Cho vay Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, Kankrin \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n t\u1eeb Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, gi\u1ebft hai con chim b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1: b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 \u00edt ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Kankrin \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1edfi n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i kinh t\u1ebf s\u1ebd k\u00e9o theo s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Sa ho\u00e0ng Nicholas c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ebf. S\u1ef1 l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Nichlas trong th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi hai n\u0103m 1825 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u00e2m m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nicholas \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft cho \u0110\u1ea1i C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Mikhail: \u201cC\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1eeda n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i th\u1ec1 r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y trong khi c\u00f2n h\u01a1i th\u1edf trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 t\u00f4i.\u201d Nicholas \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf Moscow: c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ph\u1ea3i h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3 th\u00ec ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tai h\u1ecda h\u01a1n l\u00e0","KH\u00d4NG TR\u00caN L\u00c3NH TH\u1ed4 C\u1ee6A CH\u00daNG T\u00d4I \u25cf 229 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0nh; \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng n\u0103m. H\u1ecd c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 gia tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3 th\u00ec kh\u1ed1i qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n s\u1ebd d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3i b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh giai c\u1ea5p c\u0169ng c\u00f9ng kh\u1ed5 ngang nh\u01b0 nh\u01b0 nguy hi\u1ec3m cho c\u00e1c \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi Francis I, Nicholas \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1o ra b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ebd l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf Nga. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c Nicholas th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c, Kankrin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng cho c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5m nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c th\u00edch nghi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Trong n\u0103m 1848 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u b\u1ecb rung chuy\u1ec3n b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u1ed5 ra. \u0110\u00e1p l\u1ea1i, A. A, Zakrevskii, th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Moscow, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m duy tr\u00ec tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft cho Nicholas: \u201c\u0110\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh y\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 Nga \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ef1 t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 gia c\u01b0 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e3ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng tham gia m\u1ecdi phong tr\u00e0o, ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh y\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 y\u00ean b\u00ecnh ri\u00eang.\u201d L\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Nicholas, v\u00e0 trong n\u0103m 1849 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Moscow. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5m m\u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 x\u01b0\u1edfng k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i b\u00f4ng v\u00e0 len m\u1edbi n\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00fac s\u1eaft. C\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 d\u1ec7t v\u00e0 nhu\u1ed9m, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb l\u00ean th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n m\u1edf c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u1edbi. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i b\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1eddng minh. Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u1eebng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung th\u00eam n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u1edf \u00c1o-Hungary. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1842 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u1edf Nga. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Tsarskoe Selo, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1y m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y d\u1eb7m t\u1eeb Saint Peterburg \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c dinh th\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u1edf Tsarskoe Selo v\u00e0 Pavlosk. H\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 Kankrin \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y l\u00fd do n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 linh \u0111\u1ed9ng nguy hi\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng, \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nhu","230 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I c\u1ea7u nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o hay s\u1ef1 xa hoa. Ch\u00fang khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 \u0111i l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft t\u1eeb n\u01a1i n\u00e0y sang n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, m\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta.\u201d Kankrin \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c b\u1ecf th\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn 1851 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ed1i Moscow v\u00e0 Saint Peterburg. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Kankrin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1edfi B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Kleinmichel, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01a1 quan h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u00ednh v\u1ec1 Giao Th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng Th\u1ef1. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, v\u00e0 Kleinmichel \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ea3n l\u00f2ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00fang. Sau 1849 \u00f4ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t s\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft tr\u00ean b\u00e1o ch\u00ed.","KH\u00d4NG TR\u00caN L\u00c3NH TH\u1ed4 C\u1ee6A CH\u00daNG T\u00d4I \u25cf 231 B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 13 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a logic n\u00e0y. Trong khi V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft T\u00e2y b\u1eafc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecbt \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft trong n\u0103m 1870, r\u1ea5t \u00edt \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Nga. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c sau khi Nga b\u1ecb c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Anh, Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 Ottoman \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Crime, 1853-1856, khi s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi giao th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho an ninh c\u1ee7a Nga. C\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00edt s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u1edf \u00c1o-Hungary, b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u00c1o v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda T\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng 1848 \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i cho c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4. KH\u00d4NG T\u00c0U B\u00c8 N\u00c0O \u0110\u01af\u1ee2C PH\u00c9P Ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a trong b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t do C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1o ra. C\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Minh v\u00e0 Thanh \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman minh h\u1ecda \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. D\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u T\u1ed1ng, gi\u1eefa 960 v\u00e0 1279, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3, la b\u00e0n, thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang, gi\u1ea5y v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ee9, v\u00e0 l\u00f2 nung th\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o gang tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp gu\u1ed3ng xe s\u1ee3i v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y n\u1ed5i l\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00ean kia c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c \u00c1-\u00c2u. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, trong n\u0103m 1500 m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng cao nh\u01b0 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp trung v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y c\u00f4ng v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n theo c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u T\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c. \u0110\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i hay Cortes c\u1ea3. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 T\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch th\u00edch b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. \u00cdt trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00f3a. S\u1ef1 n\u1eafm ch\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c si\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t trong c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u Minh v\u00e0 Thanh m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp sau nh\u00e0 T\u1ed1ng. T\u1ea1i g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 logic th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c.","232 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I Nh\u01b0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t s\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 then ch\u1ed1t trong c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u. T\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, trong khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 d\u00ednh l\u00edu th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f2n nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Khi nh\u00e0 Minh l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n n\u0103m 1368, Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf H\u1ed3ng V\u0169 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, trong ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m. H\u1ed3ng V\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 lo r\u1eb1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf s\u1ebd g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf x\u1ea3y ra ch\u1ec9 n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. H\u1ed3ng V\u0169 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n th\u1eed bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t c\u00f4ng c\u00e1n tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 kinh doanh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Gi\u1eefa 1377 v\u00e0 1397 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3t c\u00f4ng c\u00e1n tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111i thuy\u1ec1n ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Trong n\u0103m 1402, Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf V\u0129nh L\u1ea1c l\u00ean ng\u00f4i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn. V\u0129nh L\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 \u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c Tr\u1ecbnh H\u00f2a \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh s\u00e1u \u0111\u1ee3t c\u00f4ng c\u00e1n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00f4ng Nam v\u00e0 Nam \u00c1, Arabia, v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u Phi. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec t\u1eebng x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 n\u00e0y. \u0110o\u00e0n thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ed3m 27.800 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 62 thuy\u1ec1n kho b\u00e1u l\u1edbn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed9 t\u1ed1ng b\u1edfi 190 thuy\u1ec1n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thuy\u1ec1n d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho vi\u1ec7c ch\u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt, c\u00e1c thuy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c cho vi\u1ec7c cung \u1ee9ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thuy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa cho binh l\u00ednh. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf V\u0129nh L\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1m ng\u01b0ng sau chuy\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u trong n\u0103m 1422. Vi\u1ec7c ng\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb \u00f4ng, H\u1ed3ng Hi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 cai tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb 1424 \u0111\u1ebfn 1425. C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft s\u1edbm c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3ng Hi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Tuy\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p Tr\u1ecbnh H\u00f2a m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, trong n\u0103m 1433. Nh\u01b0ng sau chuy\u1ebfn n\u00e0y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1436 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n \u0111i bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ee1 b\u1ecf cho \u0111\u1ebfn 1567."]