["PH\u00c1 V\u1ee0 KHU\u00d4N \u0110\u00daC \u25cf 415 Nam v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 12, sau N\u1ed9i Chi\u1ebfn, c\u00e1c elite s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 chi ph\u1ed1i mi\u1ec1n Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc N\u1ed9i Chi\u1ebfn. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u2013 th\u00ed d\u1ee5, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eefa \u2013 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c l\u00ean c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u1eabn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u00e8o h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1950, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf mi\u1ec1n nam \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0a khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00ean m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. Ki\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Botswana tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Ki\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng chia s\u1ebb nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m chung. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1940, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Rosa Parks, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u can thi\u1ec7p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t cho s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 trao quy\u1ec1n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c elite mi\u1ec1n Nam. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb mi\u1ec1n nam, c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau N\u1ed9i Chi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t logic kinh t\u1ebf r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Apartheid Nam Phi: \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m lao \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ebb m\u1ea1t cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1950, logic n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u00edt h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en di c\u01b0 ra kh\u1ecfi mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u00e3 \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra, m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ea1i Suy Tho\u00e1i v\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 Hai. Trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1940 v\u00e0 1950, vi\u1ec7c di c\u01b0 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t trung b\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t n\u0103m. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, tuy ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n v\u00e0o lao \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ebb. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e1i b\u00f4ng. Trong n\u0103m 1950 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u00f4ng mi\u1ec1n nam \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e1i b\u1eb1ng tay. Nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi h\u00f3a h\u00e1i b\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1960, trong c\u00e1c bang ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t Alabama, Louisiana, v\u00e0 Mississippi, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi h\u00f3a. H\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecb","416 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I b\u1eaby \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00edt l\u00fd do cho c\u00e1c elite \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t nh\u1eb1m duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c c\u0169 k\u1ef9. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, tuy v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd vui l\u00f2ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra sau \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng, gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en mi\u1ec1n nam v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf li\u00ean bang bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh k\u00e9o ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 khai th\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n nam v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en mi\u1ec1n nam, m\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ee1 b\u1ecf c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Hoa K\u1ef3. S\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t cho s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb phong tr\u00e0o c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 trao quy\u1ec1n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0 \u1edf Montgomery, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c xung quanh h\u1ecd, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f2i c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng [qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang] nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c trong vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, b\u1edfi v\u00ec mi\u1ec1n Nam Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c elite mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ef1 do, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c elite Guatemala \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a H\u1ee3p ch\u1ee7ng qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3, mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p li\u00ean bang. S\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p cho c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u1eeb h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p, l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao Hoa K\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1edfi v\u00ec phong tr\u00e0o c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfn cho ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafng nghe \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i mi\u1ec1n Nam, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf huy \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang. S\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p li\u00ean bang \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao trong n\u0103m 1944 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 n\u01a1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ra \u1ee9ng c\u1eed l\u00e0 vi hi\u1ebfn. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1890 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ebf th\u00e2n v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft (trang 351-357). C\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en, trong khi v\u1eabn cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 m\u00f9 ch\u1eef b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. Trong m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1960, t\u1ea1i Louisiana m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean c\u00e1o da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1n l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft sau khi cho c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u201cFRDUM FOOF SPETGH \u2013 QU\u00caN S\u1ef0 \u0110O NG\u00d4NG NU\u1eacN\u201d cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p bang. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao n\u0103m 1944 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea1n m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh d\u00e0i h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf c\u1eeda h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en, v\u00e0 T\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea7m","PH\u00c1 V\u1ee0 KHU\u00d4N \u0110\u00daC \u25cf 417 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c n\u1edbi l\u1ecfng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp theo b\u1edfi v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n Brown \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u0103m 1954, trong \u0111\u00f3 T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c bang t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 vi hi\u1ebfn. Trong n\u0103m 1962 T\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eadp tan c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c elite gia tr\u1eafng: s\u1ef1 chia l\u00f4 sai v\u1ec1 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p. Khi m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb chia l\u00f4 sai (malapportioned) \u2013 nh\u01b0 \u201cc\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u1ed1i n\u00e1t\u201d \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 Nh\u1ea5t \u2013 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng hay khu v\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 li\u00ean quan. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n l\u00f4 sai \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a elite \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n mi\u1ec1n Nam, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb. T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y n\u0103m 1962 v\u1edbi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n Baker \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i Carr, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u201cm\u1ed9t-c\u00e1-nh\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t-phi\u1ebfu.\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft t\u1eeb T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao \u0111\u00e3 \u00edt c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi. Trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1890, th\u1ef1c ra, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt li\u00ean bang trao quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en mi\u1ec1n nam \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a elite mi\u1ec1n nam v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang \u0111\u00e3 vui l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng elite mi\u1ec1n nam, ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho Jim Crow \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 phi-ni\u1ec1m nam, \u0111\u00e3 quay sang ch\u1ed1ng s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 mi\u1ec1n nam ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u1ecdn c\u1edd c\u1ee7a States\u2019 Rights Democratic Party (\u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 gi\u1eef c\u00e1c Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Bang) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea1nh tranh trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1948. \u1ee8ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, Strom Thurmond, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng b\u1ed1n bang v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba m\u01b0\u01a1i ch\u00edn phi\u1ebfu trong \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i C\u1eed tri. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c elite mi\u1ec1n nam trong \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3. Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Strom Thurmond \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang \u0111\u1ec3 can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd: \u201cT\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb, c\u00e1c qu\u00fd b\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u00fd \u00f4ng, r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 binh l\u00ednh trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n nam x\u00f3a b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c da \u0111en v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u00e0","418 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I h\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1ec3 b\u01a1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0o nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.\u201d H\u00f3a ra \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 sai. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c mi\u1ec1n nam \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Mississippi \u1edf Oxford. N\u0103m 1962, sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p l\u00fd d\u00e0i, c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n li\u00ean bang \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng James Meredith, m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1u binh kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n da \u0111en, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o \u201cOle Miss [\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Mississippi].\u201d S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p b\u1edfi c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, m\u00e0 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1edf Indianola, Mississippi, n\u0103m 1954 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam. Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c Bang Ross Barnett \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng khai s\u1ef1 d\u1ee1 b\u1ecf t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang do t\u00f2a \u00e1n ra l\u1ec7nh tr\u00ean truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc bang s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd d\u1ee1 b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, sau nhi\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1eefa Barnett v\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng John Kennedy v\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng Ch\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00fd Robert Kennedy \u1edf Washington, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang \u0111\u00e3 can thi\u1ec7p b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh khi c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t tr\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a Meredith \u0111\u1ebfn Oxford. L\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb coi d\u00e2n da tr\u1eafng l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i cao \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn, m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Meredith \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t tr\u01b0\u1edfng Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o khu tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 bao quanh t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng kho\u1ea3ng 2.500 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5 ra. C\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u01a1i cay \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1n. V\u00e0o 10:00 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00eam h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c binh l\u00ednh li\u00ean bang ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1. Kh\u00f4ng bao l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 20.000 l\u00ednh v\u00e0 11.000 V\u1ec7 binh Qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf Oxford. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng, 300 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft. Meredith \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t tr\u01b0\u1edfng Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 300 l\u00ednh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p. Lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p li\u00ean bang \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam. Trong th\u1eddi gian th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt c\u00e1c Quy\u1ec1n D\u00e2n s\u1ef1 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t trong n\u0103m 1957, Strom Thurmond, khi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c su\u1ed1t hai m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed1n gi\u1edd v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m ph\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n, hay ch\u00ed \u00edt \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm, vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt. Trong l\u00fac ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 t\u1eeb Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n danh b\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00f4 \u00edch. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt 1957 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m trong \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt c\u00e1c Quy\u1ec1n D\u00e2n s\u1ef1 n\u0103m 1964 \u0111\u1eb7t ra ngo\u00e0i v\u00f2ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt to\u00e0n","PH\u00c1 V\u1ee0 KHU\u00d4N \u0110\u00daC \u25cf 419 b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh mang t\u00ednh t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bang. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt c\u00e1c Quy\u1ec1n B\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 1965 \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf th\u00e2n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en mi\u1ec1n nam l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t li\u00ean bang v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed bang. T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam. T\u1ea1i Mississippi, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng 5 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea7u trong n\u0103m 1960. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1970 con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 50 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m. T\u1ea1i Alabama v\u00e0 Nam Carolina, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 10 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m n\u0103m 1960 l\u00ean 50 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m n\u0103m 1970. C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, c\u1ea3 cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u00f3i m\u00f2n. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra cho m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y d\u1ec7t. Trong n\u0103m 1960 ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng 5 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y d\u1ec7t mi\u1ec1n nam \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en. Lu\u1eadt c\u00e1c Quy\u1ec1n D\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1970 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 15 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m; v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1990 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 25 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3m \u0111i, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ea1nh tranh h\u01a1n. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn nhanh h\u01a1n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam. Trong n\u0103 1940 c\u00e1c bang mi\u1ec1n nam \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp b\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng 50 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u1ee7a m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong cu\u1ed1i c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1940 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1950. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1990 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0 \u1edf Botswana, ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ea1nh nhau s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en ch\u1ecbu \u0111au kh\u1ed5 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n nam v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam. L\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf mi\u1ec1n nam \u1edf b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf li\u00ean bang bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng","420 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en mi\u1ec1n nam \u0111\u1ec3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf li\u00ean bang cho s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m cho d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 di c\u01b0 \u1ed3 \u1ea1t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en ra kh\u1ecfi mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi h\u00f3a s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u00f4ng, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i cho n\u00ean c\u00e1c elite mi\u1ec1n nam \u0111\u00e3 \u00edt s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. T\u00c1I SINH \u1ede TRUNG QU\u1ed0C \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, do T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, trong n\u0103m 1949. C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung hoa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra sau 1949 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c khai th\u00e1c. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1 cao ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u00f4ng ch\u1ebft trong n\u0103m 1976, Mao \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. \u0110i c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c khai th\u00e1c. Mao ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 qu\u1ed1c h\u1eefu h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n trong m\u1ed9t c\u00fa \u0111\u1ed9t k\u00edch t\u00e0n \u00e1c. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 sai h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n b\u1ecb x\u00f3a b\u1ecf. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i chung. Ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay b\u1eb1ng \u201cc\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec3m,\u201d m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a. H\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfu n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1956 c\u1ea5m \u0111i l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 cho ph\u00e9p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c h\u1eefu h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, v\u00e0 Mao \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ea7y tham v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u201ck\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u0103m n\u0103m,\u201d l\u00e0m theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Li\u00ean X\u00f4. Nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Mao \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng khai th\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 m\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. Nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Sierra Leone v\u1edbi h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng marketing c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 b\u00e1n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, nh\u01b0 g\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf n\u1eb7ng c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i nh\u1ea3y V\u1ecdt kh\u00e9t ti\u1ebfng sau 1958 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n ra c\u1ee7a k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u0103m n\u0103m l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai. Mao \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e9p s\u1ebd t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c","PH\u00c1 V\u1ee0 KHU\u00d4N \u0110\u00daC \u25cf 421 l\u00f2 cao quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf \u1edf \u201cs\u00e2n sau\u201d. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng trong m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m n\u0103m, Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd \u0111u\u1ed5i k\u1ecbp Anh trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e9p. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch kh\u1ea3 thi n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eaft v\u1ee5n, v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i nung ch\u1ea3y ch\u1eadu v\u00e0 xoong ch\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e0y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u0103m s\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t gang th\u00e9p b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u00e0y b\u1eeba c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i g\u00e2y tai h\u1ecda \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n Trung Qu\u1ed1c. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Mao so v\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng ai nghi ng\u1edd vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i nh\u1ea3y V\u1ecdt trong g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a gi\u1eefa hai m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c bao nhi\u00eau, b\u1edfi v\u00ec Trung Qu\u1ed1c d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Mao \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng thu th\u1eadp c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 ghi l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o. Thu nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i nh\u1ea3y V\u1ecdt \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean k\u1ef3 c\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n, \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1edbng r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o phong tr\u00e0o \u201cch\u1ed1ng h\u1eefu\u201d g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u \u201ck\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng,\u201d \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng. T\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u mi\u1ec1n Nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m 1961, \u0110\u1eb7ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn, \u201cKh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng li\u1ec7u m\u00e8o l\u00e0 \u0111en hay tr\u1eafng, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ed9t, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 con m\u00e8o t\u1ed1t.\u201d Kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 v\u1ebb c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n hay kh\u00f4ng; Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7n c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t sao cho n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0103n. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u0110\u1eb7ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00ec t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n m\u1edbi t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng N\u0103m, 1966, Mao tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed \u201ct\u01b0 s\u1ea3n\u201d \u0111ang l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n t\u00e1i l\u1eadp ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0110\u1ea1i C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng V\u0103n h\u00f3a V\u00f4 s\u1ea3n, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi nh\u01b0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng V\u0103n h\u00f3a. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u \u0111i\u1ec3m. \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn th\u1eed d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c phong t\u1ee5c c\u0169, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 tha h\u00f3a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, th\u00e2u t\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c vi\u1ec7c quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. Giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i: n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u00fd","422 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c phong t\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e8 b\u1eb9p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch h\u00e0n l\u00e2m t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea7ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u01a1 s\u1edf kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng V\u0103n h\u00f3a, h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i nh\u1ea3y V\u1ecdt, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eafm c\u1ea3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1eabn nhi\u1ec1u sinh m\u1ec7nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb H\u1ed3ng V\u1ec7 Binh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc: c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean tr\u1ebb, nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 thanh tr\u1eebng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft, b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, hay b\u1ecb \u0111i \u0111\u00e0y. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Mao \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft b\u1ebb l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 quy m\u00f4 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, n\u00f3i r\u00f5, \u201cC\u00e1i \u00f4ng Hitler n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o h\u01a1n. C\u00e0ng t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t, anh kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 th\u1ebf sao? Anh gi\u1ebft c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, anh c\u00e0ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng.\u201d \u0110\u1eb7ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e1n nh\u00e3n k\u1ebb s\u1ed1 hai \u0111i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u00f9 trong n\u0103m 1967, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0y \u0111i t\u1ec9nh Giang T\u00e2y n\u0103m 1969, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u00e1y k\u00e9o \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i n\u0103m 1974, v\u00e0 Mao \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Chu \u00c2n Lai thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m \u0110\u1eb7ng l\u00e0m ph\u00f3 th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. Ngay trong n\u0103m 1975, \u0110\u1eb7ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t r\u1ed3i vi\u1ec7c so\u1ea1n ba v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea3ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ebd ra m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. Ch\u00fang k\u00eau g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 quay l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed \u201ct\u1ea3 khuynh\u201d kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea3ng. V\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a Mao \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea5u \u0111i v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o tay c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t t\u1ea3 khuynh m\u00e0 \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf kh\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. V\u1ee3 Mao, Giang Thanh, v\u00e0 ba c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a b\u00e0, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 B\u00e8 L\u0169 B\u1ed1n T\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng V\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n. Ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng T\u01b0 5, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Chu \u00c2n Lai \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Thi\u00ean An M\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. B\u00e8","PH\u00c1 V\u1ee0 KHU\u00d4N \u0110\u00daC \u25cf 423 L\u0169 B\u1ed1n T\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i cho \u0110\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa \u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 b\u1ecb sa th\u1ea3i. Thay cho \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb khuynh t\u1ea3, \u0110\u1eb7ng th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb t\u1ea3 khuynh lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. Sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Chu \u00c2n Lai, Mao \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m Hoa Qu\u1ed1c Phong l\u00e0m quy\u1ec1n th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng thay cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5t nh\u1eafc \u0110\u1eb7ng. Trong ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 1976, Hoa \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00edch l\u0169y r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Trong th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t: Mao ch\u1ebft. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Mao, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i nh\u1ea3y V\u1ecdt v\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ra \u0111i c\u1ee7a Mao, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. B\u00e8 L\u0169 B\u1ed1n T\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng V\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n. Hoa Qu\u1ed1c Phong \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb b\u1ecf C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng V\u0103n h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch m\u00ecnh qu\u00e1 xa n\u00f3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn trong \u0111\u1ea3ng. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng quay l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a Mao, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1eafn t\u1eaft trong \u201cHai Ph\u00e0m l\u00e0,\u201d nh\u01b0 t\u1edd Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o, t\u1edd b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t trong n\u0103m 1977. Hoa l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn, \u201cCh\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft gi\u1eef v\u1eefng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0o m\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Mao \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra, v\u00e0 ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i theo b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb n\u00e0o m\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Mao \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t.\u201d \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n Hoa \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat n\u00e0o. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng nh\u00f3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y nguy hi\u1ec3m cho s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd: h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c m\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111e d\u1ecda quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7n kinh kh\u1ee7ng m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u00f3a s\u1ea1ch trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Mao v\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng V\u0103n h\u00f3a. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng V\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 di s\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf Maoist. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf s\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n","424 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 cai qu\u1ea3n, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p. Nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eb7ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u0169ng m\u1edf c\u1eeda cho \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u0103ng n\u1ed5 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111i s\u1ef1 k\u00ecm k\u1eb9p m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u00ean n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn. \u0110i\u1ec3m ngo\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Hoa Qu\u1ed1c Phong v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i B\u00e8 L\u0169 B\u1ed1n T\u00ean. Trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng sau khi Mao ch\u1ebft, Hoa \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed m\u1ed9t c\u00fa ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i B\u00e8 L\u0169 B\u1ed1n T\u00ean, b\u1eaft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd. R\u1ed3i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c cho \u0110\u1eb7ng trong th\u00e1ng Ba 1977. \u0110\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi ho\u1eb7c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n hay v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc quan tr\u1ecdng ti\u1ebfp theo, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 do b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Hoa b\u1ecb \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh kh\u00f4n kh\u00e9o \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. \u0110\u1eb7ng \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u00f4ng khai C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng V\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed then ch\u1ed1t trong \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n \u1edf m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, gi\u1ed1ng \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111au kh\u1ed5 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y. Hoa \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng V\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m y\u1ebfu \u00f4ng. Hoa c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebfu m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 \u0110\u1eb7ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. Trong m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u, \u0110\u1eb7ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Hoa. Trong th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn 1978, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng khai t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Hai Ph\u00e0m L\u00e0, l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng thay cho \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec Mao \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1eeb c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c.\u201d \u0110\u1eb7ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00e0i ba \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng s\u1ee9c \u00e9p c\u00f4ng khai \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Hoa, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t trong phong tr\u00e0o B\u1ee9c T\u01b0\u1eddng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong n\u0103m 1978, trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e1n c\u00e1c l\u1eddi ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf B\u1eafc Kinh. Trong th\u00e1ng B\u1ea3y 1978, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0110\u1eb7ng, H\u1ed3 Ki\u1ec1u M\u1ed9c, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a cung v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh ra, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f3i chung n\u00ean gi\u1ea3m \u0111i. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u1ee3i \u00fd","PH\u00c1 V\u1ee0 KHU\u00d4N \u0110\u00daC \u25cf 425 c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng \u0110\u1eb7ng \u0111ang c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng. Trong c\u00e1c th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ed9t v\u00e0 M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai 1978, H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 Th\u1ee9 Ba c\u1ee7a Ban Ch\u1ea5p H\u00e0nh Trung \u01af\u01a1ng Kh\u00f3a M\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Hoa, \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, t\u1eeb nay tr\u1edf \u0111i, ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p m\u00e0 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a kinh t\u1ebf. H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c th\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u0103m d\u00f2 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u201ch\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u2013 kho\u00e1n h\u1ed9\u201d trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ec9nh, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0o canh t\u00e1c. V\u00e0o n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo, Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01af\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 ghi nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a quan ni\u1ec7m \u201cch\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1eeb c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c\u201d v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tai h\u1ecda l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1eb7ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang \u00f4ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111\u1ea3ng, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1eadm ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Hoa trong Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01af\u01a1ng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf song song c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1980 Hoa \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi Tri\u1ec7u T\u1eed D\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1982 Hoa \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfi Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01af\u01a1ng. Nh\u01b0ng \u0110\u1eb7ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. T\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1982, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 trong H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea3ng To\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn 1985, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ban l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 c\u1ea5p cao. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 tham gia. N\u1ebfu so s\u00e1nh 1980 v\u1edbi 1985, th\u00ec v\u00e0o n\u0103m sau, hai m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed1t trong s\u1ed1 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1u \u1ee7y vi\u00ean B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u00e1m trong s\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Ban B\u00ed Th\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m ph\u00f3 th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd v\u00ec \u0110\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tung ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00eam v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p: V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1983, theo c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ki\u1ec1u M\u1ed9c, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kho\u00e1n h\u1ed9, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. Trong n\u0103m 1985 vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc mua ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1eeb b\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1edbi l\u1ecfng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong n\u0103m 1985. Trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n \u201cth\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 m\u1edf\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i.","426 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I Ch\u00ednh n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1984 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 cao h\u01a1n s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 1978 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 tham gia v\u00e0o n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, trong c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c Doanh Nghi\u1ec7p H\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u1ea5n. C\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc sau 1979, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1edf h\u1eefu. T\u1eeb t\u1eeb c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ea1i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1990. S\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sinh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp khai th\u00e1c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp theo b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, \u0111\u1eb7t Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00ean m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf nhanh. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn th\u00eam trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfp theo, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c, cho d\u00f9 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 d\u01b0\u1edbi C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng V\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 cho d\u00f9 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n bao g\u1ed3m. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111i m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n. Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac, cho d\u00f9 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 \u1edf Botswana v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n Nam Hoa K\u1ef3, nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn trong th\u1eddi gian m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t \u2013 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ti\u1ebfp theo c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Mao. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 c\u0169ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c, th\u1ef1c ra h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 B\u00e8 L\u0169 B\u1ed1n T\u00ean thua cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c; v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng, th\u00ec Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3i qua s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf k\u00e9o d\u00e0i m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y trong ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m v\u1eeba qua. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i nh\u1ea3y V\u1ecdt v\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ee7 cho s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1eafng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. BOTSWANA, TRUNG QU\u1ed0C, v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n Nam Hoa K\u1ef3, h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng","PH\u00c1 V\u1ee0 KHU\u00d4N \u0110\u00daC \u25cf 427 minh h\u1ecda s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1eb1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y cho c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch hay c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i kh\u00e1c, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n. Ngo\u00e0i ra s\u1ef1 may m\u1eafn n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a, b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n di\u1ec5n ra theo c\u00e1ch t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean.","15. HI\u1ec2U S\u1ef0 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG V\u00c0 NGH\u00c8O KH\u00d3 C\u00c1C NGU\u1ed2N G\u1ed0C L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec C\u00d3 NH\u1eeeNG KH\u00c1C BI\u1ec6T kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 cho s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara, Nam \u00c1, v\u00e0 Trung M\u1ef9. S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Nam v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, c\u1ee7a hai Nogalese, v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u1edbi Mexico nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ch\u00fang ta r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. N\u0103m tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, Mexico, qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Aztec, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn gi\u00e0u h\u01a1n c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u01b0\u1edbc Mexico cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa hai Nogalese th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n. Nam v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y b\u1ecb chia c\u1eaft t\u1ea1i v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 38 sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 Hai. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t kinh t\u1ebf kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y xung quanh ch\u00fang ta h\u00f4m nay \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean trong hai tr\u0103n n\u0103m v\u1eeba qua. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf? C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u2013 hay v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd hay v\u0103n h\u00f3a hay s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c \u2013 r\u1eb1ng T\u00e2y \u00c2u, Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf so v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara, M\u1ef9 Latin, v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong kho\u1ea3ng hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m qua? \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh","HI\u1ec2U S\u1ef0 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG V\u00c0 NGH\u00c8O KH\u00d3 \u25cf 429 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m \u1edf Anh, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 lan sang T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Australasia? Li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c (counterfactual) n\u01a1i C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang v\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Peru, m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0 b\u1eaft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, hay ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed? \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u2013 th\u1ef1c ra, ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 suy lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u2013 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u00ec sao m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong khi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ch\u1eafc c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, khi\u1ebfn cho h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, v\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean trong c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e1 M\u1edbi. S\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng tin \u1ea5u tr\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9, m\u00e0 b\u1edfi l\u00f2ng tin r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, \u0111\u00f4i khi ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a kh\u1ecfi [t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf qua] nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft l\u00fd th\u00fa. M\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, khi \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trung th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00f3 \u00edch v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh nghi\u1ec7m cho m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trong khi c\u0169ng l\u00e0m r\u00f5 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean hai m\u1ee9c. M\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m. M\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u00ec sao c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c. Trong khi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i mang t\u00ednh th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, m\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia.","430 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I Trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m, m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u00e2n ch\u01a1i b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00edch cho s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf h\u01a1n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1edfi s\u1ed1 \u00edt v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n hay kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u1edfi, v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i theo c\u00e1ch \u0111a nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n an to\u00e0n, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c, m\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o tay c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c cho l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eaft ch\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng nhau, m\u1ecdi elite \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1eb1m c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, tuy v\u1eady, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, v\u00ec hai l\u00fd do. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, m\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1i c\u0169 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i m\u1edbi trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c elite chi ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c s\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3, v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o n\u1ea3y sinh d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i. Th\u1ee9 hai, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c l\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1ng th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n, l\u00e0m cho nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c theo h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.","HI\u1ec2U S\u1ef0 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG V\u00c0 NGH\u00c8O KH\u00d3 \u25cf 431 S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1eadn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t khi \u1edf \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n g\u1eafn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m. Nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n l\u1eabn v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. Th\u1ef1c ra, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m ng\u00e0y nay b\u1edfi v\u00ec, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta cho nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp n\u00e0y mang t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf l\u1edbn, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn, x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t. C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1edbn m\u00e0 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n trong m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i Ch\u1ebft \u0110en, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft c\u00f3 l\u1ebd nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n; vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i sinh l\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u; v\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cho nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. V\u00ec sao con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y sang x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m \u1edf s\u1ef1 tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf. Theo c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 c\u00e1c gene c\u1ee7a hai qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t kh\u1ecfi nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a hay tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t genetic, hai x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng nhau c\u0169ng s\u1ebd tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t xa nhau v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u2013 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9, l\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng ch\u1eadm. Xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 thu nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, l\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong m\u1ecdi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, cho d\u00f9 s\u00e2n ch\u01a1i m\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 di\u1ec5n ra l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00edch l\u0169y. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf m\u00e0 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1edbn h\u01a1n theo th\u1eddi gian. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 Anh thu\u1ed9c La M\u00e3 \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6 minh h\u1ecda, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf m\u1edf ra, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c ni\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t","432 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I nh\u1ecf m\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c d\u1eabn c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c kh\u00e1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau r\u1ebd theo c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u0103n b\u1ea3n. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7 v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 8 r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha, b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ea5t l\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u2013 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u, Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Anh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong khi ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, \u1edf Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha, ch\u00ednh n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn l\u1edbn do th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea1o ra, trong khi \u1edf Anh l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf ra b\u1edfi b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t n\u00e0y. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf, s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng qua l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y r\u1ed3i b\u00e2y gi\u1edd t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t ti\u1ebfp theo s\u1ebd t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a, v\u00ec ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, qua s\u1ef1 tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngo\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. V\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u2013 hay b\u1ea5y c\u1ee9 lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadn n\u00e0o. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng: kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0o r\u1eb1ng Peru cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i h\u00f3a ra ngh\u00e8o h\u01a1n T\u00e2y \u00c2u hay Hoa K\u1ef3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, Peru kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ngh\u00e8o b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd hay v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, ng\u00e0y nay Peru ngh\u00e8o h\u01a1n T\u00e2y \u00c2u hay Hoa K\u1ef3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c l\u00fd do c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u1edf Peru. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2, n\u0103m tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Inca, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf Peru hi\u1ec7n nay, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0u h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 tinh vi h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9. \u0110i\u1ec3m ngo\u1eb7t","HI\u1ec2U S\u1ef0 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG V\u00c0 NGH\u00c8O KH\u00d3 \u25cf 433 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3 v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y b\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n ra sao v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9. \u0110\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t trong c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t. \u00cdt nh\u1ea5t ba nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf b\u00ean trong ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y b\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i theo m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Peru b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 th\u01b0a th\u1edbt tr\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u00c2u ch\u00e2u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i elite nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 C\u00f4ng ty Virginia v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Anh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed t\u1ea1o ra. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ee5c T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp trung, khai th\u00e1c \u1edf Peru m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u00f4ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n. C\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecba v\u1eadt b\u00ean trong ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o l\u00fac nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn. Theo c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp trung do Vua Shyaam l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bushong \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf l\u1edbn, hay c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Inca \u1edf Peru v\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u00f4ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf l\u1edbn. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01a1i nh\u01b0 Thung l\u0169ng Mississippi hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc Hoa K\u1ef3. Gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ebf, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ed1ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng Andes v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp trung \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Peru v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng quanh Peru, v\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa \u0111a s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 v\u00e0 elite \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 thay cho \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9. C\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1c nhau. Th\u1ee9 hai, \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Inca \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u00c2u ch\u00e2u, nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m khi c\u00e1c t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a Commodore Perry \u0111\u1ebfn V\u1ecbnh Edo. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 khai th\u00e1c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Inca ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Tokugawa, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb na n\u00e1 nh\u01b0 Minh tr\u1ecb Canh t\u00e2n l\u00e0 \u00edt c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u1edf Peru, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0o r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Inca ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ecbu thua \u01b0u th\u1ebf \u00c2u ch\u00e2u. N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i","434 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda, th\u00ec to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi M\u1edbi, v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c \u0111i. Th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed hay \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd hay v\u0103n h\u00f3a r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Inca. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 khi ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb v\u1ecb tr\u00ed thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m, m\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3 T\u00e2y \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 quay sang h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed9i r\u1ed3i. Nh\u01b0ng T\u00e2y \u00c2u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 c\u1ea3. C\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea5y l\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ee5c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m ngo\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngo\u1eb7t n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a phong ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i, thay th\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m y\u1ebfu quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng; s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp sau s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i; s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda b\u1edfi, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eed l\u00e0m n\u1ea3n ch\u00ed, vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 Minh; v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i Ch\u1ebft \u0110en, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m lung lay n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 phong ki\u1ebfn. N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u0111i, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong \u0111\u00f3 Peru \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e0u h\u01a1n T\u00e2y \u00c2u hay Hoa K\u1ef3. T\u1ea4T NHI\u00caN, S\u1ee8C M\u1ea0NH TI\u00caN \u0110O\u00c1N c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, n\u01a1i c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3ng c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. \u00cdt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u, n\u00f3i chi \u0111\u1ebfn trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp sau s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3, r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 l\u1edbn h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Anh. Ch\u1ec9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 tin trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1970 gi\u1eefa C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng V\u0103n h\u00f3a r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00ean m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y tai","HI\u1ec2U S\u1ef0 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG V\u00c0 NGH\u00c8O KH\u00d3 \u25cf 435 n\u1ea1n. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn n\u00e0o xem t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh s\u1ebd ra sao trong n\u0103m tr\u0103m n\u0103m n\u1eefa. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn nay cho bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0o d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u2013 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00e1c \u2013 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta; ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Cho d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 kh\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y r\u1eb1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1 t\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y trong ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean t\u1edbi. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng thi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 dai d\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p. Ch\u1eafc c\u00f3 \u00edt nghi ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng trong n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m, Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u00c2u, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, s\u1ebd gi\u00e0u h\u01a1n, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e0u h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, so v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara, Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, Trung M\u1ef9, hay Nam \u00c1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu r\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf l\u1edbn trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb ngh\u00e8o sang gi\u00e0u. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0 Somalia v\u00e0 Afghanistan, hay c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0 Haiti \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua trong m\u1ea5y th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua \u2013 tr\u01b0\u1edbc xa c\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 trong n\u0103m 2010 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u2013 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c hay \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1eafc s\u1ebd t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng trong v\u00e0i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean ti\u1ebfp theo \u2013 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u2013 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. \u1ede ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1- Sahara, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Burundi, Ethiopia, Rwanda, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp trung, v\u00e0 Tanzania, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, hay ch\u00ed \u00edt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. \u1ede M\u1ef9 Latin, n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m Brazil,","436 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I Chile, v\u00e0 Mexico, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean non tr\u1ebb. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u00edt c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u1edf Colombia. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc s\u1ebd h\u1ebft h\u01a1i. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn. Cuba, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn, hay n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea7n ch\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c. C\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 Burma (Myanmar) \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, trong khi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 cho t\u01b0 duy v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y \u2013 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean \u2013 khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 kh\u00f3. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed s\u1ef1 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong r\u00fat ra c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3. Theo c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n, m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf n\u00e0o h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u2013 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1eeb khai th\u00e1c sang bao g\u1ed3m. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng n\u00eau r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng n\u00e0o cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi n\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o m\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y v\u1edbi quy lu\u1eadt s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 12. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Mubarak b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang trong th\u00e1ng Hai 2011 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng Ai C\u1eadp s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o m\u00ecnh b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p phong tr\u00e0o s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng th\u00e2n-d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Th\u1ee9 hai, b\u1edfi v\u00ec con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng qua l\u1ea1i c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n hay khai th\u00e1c h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch chung \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao","HI\u1ec2U S\u1ef0 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG V\u00c0 NGH\u00c8O KH\u00d3 \u25cf 437 g\u1ed3m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn h\u1eefu \u00edch cho ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, v\u00ec n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn ra l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1ed3i, d\u1ef1a ho\u1eb7c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang hay tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ra sao. Trong vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c, tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c sai l\u1ea7m t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 \u2013 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n h\u01a1n \u2013 vi\u1ec7c th\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t khi ch\u00fang ta xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 v\u0169 cho \u201cs\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n\u201d d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong v\u00e0i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean qua. Ti\u1ebfp theo ch\u00fang ta gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00ec sao c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho l\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i v\u00e0 v\u00ec sao t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng Trung Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n sang s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. S\u1ef0 QUY\u1ebeN R\u0168 KH\u00d4NG C\u01af\u1ee0NG L\u1ea0I \u0110\u01af\u1ee2C C\u1ee6A S\u1ef0 T\u0102NG TR\u01af\u1edeNG \u0110\u1ed8C \u0110O\u00c1N \u0110\u1edbi Qu\u1ed1c Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb s\u1edbm \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee3t h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh b\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c m\u1edbi, c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, nh\u00e0 \u1edf, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 ch\u1ecdc tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u01a1n ra \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i kh\u1eafp Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1990, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean t\u1edbi. Anh \u0111\u00e3 suy lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ee7a anh, c\u00f4ng ty S\u1eaft v\u00e0 Th\u00e9p Giang T\u00f4 [Thi\u1ebft B\u1ea3n] (Jingsu Tieben Iron and Steel), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y qu\u1ed1c doanh k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. \u0110\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty th\u00e9p kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf Giang T\u00f4, anh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong n\u0103m 2003. Tuy v\u1eady, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng Ba 2004, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1ecb ng\u1eebng l\u1ea1i theo l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u1edf B\u1eafc Kinh, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u00fd do ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1edbi. Khi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra, anh \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf trong t\u00f9 v\u00e0 b\u1ecb giam l\u1ecfng t\u1ea1i gia su\u1ed1t n\u0103m n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i nh\u1ecf trong n\u0103m 2009. T\u1ed9i th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a anh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m v\u1eady m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan","438 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I ch\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n trong \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n. \u0110\u1ea5y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean. Tr\u1ea7n V\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n c\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a ng\u00e3 ng\u0169, l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9ng sau c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ban \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u201ccon chim trong l\u1ed3ng\u2019 cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf: n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 con chim; s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng, c\u00e1i l\u1ed3ng, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho con chim kh\u1ecfe h\u01a1n v\u00e0 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i l\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf kh\u00f3a hay b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf, e r\u1eb1ng con chim s\u1ebd bay m\u1ea5t. Giang Tr\u1ea1ch D\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n trong n\u0103m 1989, ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n xa h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft s\u1ef1 ng\u1edd v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 \u201cc\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n t\u1ef1 thu\u00ea m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng rong [nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi] l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o, tham \u00f4, \u0111\u00fat l\u00f3t v\u00e0 tr\u1ed1n thu\u1ebf.\u201d Su\u1ed1t c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1990, ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, tinh th\u1ea7n kinh doanh t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3n ch\u00e0o v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ng\u1edd v\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u doanh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1ecb t\u00f9. C\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Giang Tr\u1ea1ch D\u00e2n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, v\u1eabn ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Theo l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t kinh t\u1ebf gia Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u201cC\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. Nh\u01b0ng khi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m v\u1eady, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00ec r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi x\u00f3 x\u1ec9nh [sic].\u201d Trong khi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ty t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 l\u1eddi \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u1eabn d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng. Nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o Richard McGregor t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ean b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00f4ng ty nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecf. Khi n\u00f3 reo chu\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng g\u1ecdi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ty ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2u, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u1eabn d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ch\u00fang ta khi \u0111\u1ea3ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, sa th\u1ea3i h\u1ecd, hay c\u1ea5t nh\u1eafc h\u1ecd, v\u1edbi \u00edt s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e0i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m, nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e0i m\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t cho t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong h\u01a1n ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m qua. H\u1ea7u","HI\u1ec2U S\u1ef0 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG V\u00c0 NGH\u00c8O KH\u00d3 \u25cf 439 h\u1ebft c\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c elite c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n \u1edf B\u1eafc Kinh. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Mao. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi v\u00ec d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. S\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c khi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi t\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u ch\u1eadm. Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb cung l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ebb v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1ed1n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Cho d\u00f9 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf Trung Qu\u1ed1c ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n ba th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh n\u1ed5i, kinh nghi\u1ec7m Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng Trung Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 l\u00e0m theo c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nhanh, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. M\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n an to\u00e0n \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1edbi, c\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t. T\u00ednh di \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh theo c\u00e1ch m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n, v\u1eabn h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u1eabn c\u00f2n xa m\u1edbi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00edt doanh nh\u00e2n th\u1eadm ch\u00ed d\u00e1m b\u1ea1o gan lao v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng hay, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Kinh. Quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c b\u00e9o b\u1edf cho c\u1ea3 hai. C\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111u\u1ed5i d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 vi ph\u1ea1m lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kinh doanh n\u00e0y s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ch\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1p v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u00f9 hay b\u1ecb s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i. M\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n nhan nh\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng Soviet trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1950 v\u00e0 1960 v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng Trung Qu\u1ed1c ng\u00e0y nay, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3","440 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c sang c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 huy t\u1eadp trung, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng. S\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 thi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 \u0111u\u1ed5i k\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. S\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n khi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf Trung Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn l\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n n\u1eafm h\u1ebft quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc quan li\u00eau, c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang, b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 \u00edt quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u00edt s\u1ef1 tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tin t\u1eeb l\u00e2u r\u1eb1ng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 trong n\u0103m 1989 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Thi\u00ean An M\u00f4n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 m\u1edf c\u1eeda l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c xe tank \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3 ra nghi\u1ec1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 thay cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u00e2y gi\u1edd g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c T\u00e0n s\u00e1t Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Thi\u00ean An M\u00f4n. Theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean khai th\u00e1c h\u01a1n do h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean An M\u00f4n; c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 Tri\u1ec7u T\u1eed D\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Thi\u00ean An M\u00f4n, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thanh tr\u1eebng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1t s\u1eafng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. Tri\u1ec7u T\u1eed D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb giam l\u1ecfng t\u1ea1i gia h\u01a1n m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m n\u0103m, v\u00e0 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 c\u00f4ng khai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u00f3a b\u1ecf d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, sao cho \u00f4ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Ng\u00e0y nay s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Internet, l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1-ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t: c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn Tri\u1ec7u T\u1eed D\u01b0\u01a1ng hay L\u01b0u Hi\u1ec3u Ba, nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f2i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u00f3a nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn ti\u1ec1u t\u1ee5y trong nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 ngay c\u1ea3 sau khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao gi\u1ea3i Nobel H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh. S\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y Orwellian m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c th\u00f4ng tin, \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda c\u00e1c Web site v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1edd b\u00e1o, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc s\u1ef1 truy c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec7n tin t\u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n tr\u00ean Internet. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y khi tin t\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi bu\u1ed9c","HI\u1ec2U S\u1ef0 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG V\u00c0 NGH\u00c8O KH\u00d3 \u25cf 441 t\u1ed9i tham nh\u0169ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i con trai c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 2002, H\u1ed3 C\u1ea9m \u0110\u00e0o, \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5 ra trong n\u0103m 2009. B\u1ed9 m\u00e1y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c nh\u1ea3y v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n b\u00e1o ch\u00ed Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0a tin v\u1ec1 v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y tr\u00ean c\u00e1c Web site c\u1ee7a New York Times v\u00e0 Financial Times. B\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o b\u1ecb c\u1eaft b\u1edbt nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 v\u1eabn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. H\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4, kinh nghi\u1ec7m Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 \u0111u\u1ed5i k\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m. Thu nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a thu nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u00c2u. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng Soviet; n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o v\u0169 kh\u00ed hay c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c cho th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o. D\u1eabu sao, s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd h\u1ebft h\u01a1i tr\u1eeb phi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f2n l\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 n\u00eau ra v\u00e0i c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u00fd th\u00fa v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0, quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng mong m\u1ecfi v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n. S\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u201c\u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn Washington,\u201d m\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do h\u00f3a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf cho vi\u1ec7c k\u00edch-kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf trong nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Trong khi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi v\u1ec1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn Washington, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u2013 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u2013 l\u00e0, n\u00f3 th\u1ea3 l\u1ecfng cho h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 do h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm ch\u1eafc quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta n\u00eau b\u1eadt, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ki\u1ec3u t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t cho nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia, tr\u1ea3i t\u1eeb Cambodia v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ebfn Burundi, Ethiopia, v\u00e0 Rwanda. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3","442 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I c\u0169ng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111u\u1ed5i k\u1ecbp, nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p ch\u1eafc c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng ch\u1eafc s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3i k\u1ebft, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t khi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh. K\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 elite kinh t\u1ebf Trung Qu\u1ed1c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh xoay x\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm r\u1ea5t ch\u1eb7t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong v\u00e0i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean ti\u1ebfp. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd ch\u1ea7m ch\u1eadm bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y c\u00f2n xa m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc; n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1nh n\u1ebfu Trung Qu\u1ed1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfp theo, c\u00f3 \u00edt l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m l\u00e0 ch\u1eafc c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hay n\u00f3 s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn. Ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i b\u00ean trong \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang nh\u1eadn ra c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tung ra \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u2013 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u00d4n Gia B\u1ea3o m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf s\u1ebd b\u1ecb c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf tr\u1eeb phi c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u00d4n l\u00e0 ti\u00ean tri, cho d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi ng\u1edd t\u00ednh ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u00d4n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd sai. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eeba th\u1ea5y r\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 quan tr\u1ecdng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c: m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch cho vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c so v\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai","HI\u1ec2U S\u1ef0 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG V\u00c0 NGH\u00c8O KH\u00d3 \u25cf 443 th\u00e1c v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m, ngay c\u1ea3 khi vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u00e0 b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p ch\u00fang: kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong ba th\u1eadp ni\u00ean qua l\u00e0 do m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, m\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u00e0m cho kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n, b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n. M\u1ed8T KI\u1ec2U KH\u00c1C c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n nh\u1eadn ra b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tho\u00e1ng qua. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y quay l\u1ea1i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Seymour Martin Lipset tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, khi ch\u00fang t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01a1n, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng, gi\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ebd n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, cho d\u00f9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 nhau, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m. C\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o s\u1ebd d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Trong m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n h\u01a1i h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a, nh\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u1edd New York Times Thomas Friedman c\u00f2n \u0111i xa t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t khi m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1 qu\u00e1n \u0103n McDonald, th\u00ec d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i theo sau. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1ebd l\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh l\u1ea1c quan. Trong s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m qua, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nhi\u1ec1u trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, khi thu nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u0103ng, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y hay c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 t\u1ed1t kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n an to\u00e0n, ph\u1ea3i theo sau.","444 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ea3 b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i gi\u1edbi h\u00e0n l\u00e2m. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh b\u1edfi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y. George H. W. Bush \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Hoa K\u1ef3 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 \u201cBu\u00f4n b\u00e1n t\u1ef1 do v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian \u1edf b\u00ean ph\u00eda ch\u00fang ta.\u201d \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0, khi Trung Qu\u1ed1c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n t\u1ef1 do v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng nhanh v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3-Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1980 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u00edt cho d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed s\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft h\u01a1n m\u00e0 ch\u1eafc s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp theo trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean t\u1edbi s\u1ebd c\u0169ng l\u00e0m \u00edt ngang th\u1ebf. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Iraq sau h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm do Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea1c quan m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p th\u00e0nh t\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf tai h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Saddam Hussein, trong n\u0103m 2002 Iraq \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ngh\u00e8o nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 tin r\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed cho c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng hy v\u1ecdng \u0111\u00f3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb tan v\u1ee1 khi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5 xu\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Iraq. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 sai v\u00e0 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u00edch cho t\u01b0 duy v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. M\u1ea9u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a l\u00e0, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e0u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m n\u00f3i chung. Tuy th\u1ebf l\u1ea1i di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a b\u1ecf qua \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m l\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m l\u00e0 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng trong ba tr\u0103m n\u0103m qua v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i gi\u00e0u. R\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho c\u00e1i ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y xung quanh ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c \u0111i m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat: trong khi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh h\u01a1n trong s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m hay m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m qua, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1i l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Lipset","HI\u1ec2U S\u1ef0 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG V\u00c0 NGH\u00c8O KH\u00d3 \u25cf 445 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u01a1n. V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean. T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft hay t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft \u0111i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y. Th\u1ef1c ra, s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c coi s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda m\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1980. C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng l\u00ean v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia, nh\u01b0 \u1edf Gabon, Nga, Saudi Arabia, v\u00e0 Venezuela, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc d\u1eabn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n n\u00e0y h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n \u00edt r\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a. Nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu thua v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c. C\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e0u nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c (Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3) \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 qua chi\u1ebfn tranh \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u2013 l\u00e0m cho c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1eabn kinh t\u1ebf quay \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c. Argentina c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn, gi\u00e0u nh\u01b0 ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed h\u01a1n Anh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee3t h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh b\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi; n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u1ea5t \u1edf M\u1ef9 Latin. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u00edt th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n, \u1edf Argentina so v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 Latin. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh ti\u1ebfp theo cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 11, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u0169ng v\u1eabn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i tham lam. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00edt s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 13, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Argentina th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed1t v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u00e0i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng quan tr\u1ecdng. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n, khai th\u00e1c \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1eafc v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 bao g\u1ed3m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Th\u1ee9","446 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I hai, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 hay c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m. Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Nga, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n kh\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang tr\u1ea3i qua s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eafc s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng khai th\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00fang bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang theo m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n \u2013 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ra, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 mong mu\u1ed1n n\u00e0o gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c elite \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady hay b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m v\u1eady. Th\u1ee9 ba, s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng mong m\u1ecfi c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng trong d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu cho c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf M\u1ef9 Latin, ch\u00e2u \u00c1, v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara, cho d\u00f9 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1ebd ch\u1ecdn ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i khi ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c elite kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i ch\u00fang. KH\u00d4NG TH\u1ec2 S\u1eaeP \u0110\u1eb6T S\u1ef0 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ngu d\u1ed1t (kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft) \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t g\u1ee3i \u00fd v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cgi\u1ea3i\u201d v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3: n\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 khai s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cs\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t-engineer\u201d s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng cung c\u1ea5p l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 g\u00ec. Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2, khi ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ghana Kofi Busia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1970 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u00e0 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ngu d\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Tuy nhi\u00ean, gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t v\u1eabn ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1i cao trong c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, m\u00e0, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c, ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0o l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi hai h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 Qu\u1ef9 Ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngh\u00e8o l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ed3i g\u00e2y ra, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1","HI\u1ec2U S\u1ef0 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG V\u00c0 NGH\u00c8O KH\u00d3 \u25cf 447 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y th\u1eed xui c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. (\u0110\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn Washington pha ch\u1ebf m\u1ed9t danh m\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.) Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m nh\u01b0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh kinh t\u1ebf v\u0129 m\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kinh t\u1ebf v\u0129 m\u00f4 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3m quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ef7 gi\u00e1 h\u1ed1i \u0111o\u00e1i linh ho\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do h\u00f3a t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n v\u1ed1n. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kinh t\u1ebf vi m\u00f4 h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c cung \u1ee9ng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u0169ng g\u1ee3i \u00fd l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u1ed1ng tham nh\u0169ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u1edf Washington, London, Paris, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c v\u1eabn \u0111\u1eafm m\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh sai m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho vi\u1ec7c ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch. C\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1eaft n\u1ea1t c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00ec sao c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o l\u00e0 d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t. H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, hay ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, nhi\u1ec1u kinh t\u1ebf gia quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0m ra v\u1ebb th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t \u1edf M\u1ef9 Latin, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1ec7 su\u1ed1t c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1980 v\u00e0 1990. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u01a1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ngay c\u1ea3 khi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1, hay c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00f9n t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda b\u1edfi \u201cs\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh kinh t\u1ebf v\u0129 m\u00f4, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng trung \u01b0\u01a1ng. Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb n\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n hay \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00e3 kh\u00e1 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd. Nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 chi ti\u00eau nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c h\u1ecd thu thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng trung \u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3i b\u00f9 kho\u1ea3n ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch b\u1eb1ng in th\u00eam ti\u1ec1n. L\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t n\u1ea3y sinh do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t tr\u1eafc. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0, c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, nh\u01b0 Bundesbank \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c, s\u1ebd kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 l\u1ea1i \u00e1p l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Zimbabwe Mugabe \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf; \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3","448 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng trung \u01b0\u01a1ng Zimbabwe \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong n\u0103m 1995. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t \u1edf Zimbabwe \u0111\u00e3 quanh qu\u1ea9n kho\u1ea3ng 20 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2002 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean 140 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m; v\u00e0o 2003, g\u1ea7n 600 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m; v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2007, 66.000 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m; v\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2008, 230 tri\u1ec7u ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m! T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, trong m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u01a1i t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng tr\u00fang x\u1ed5 s\u1ed1 (trang 368-373), th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ai ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt bi\u1ebfn ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng trung \u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec. Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng trung \u01b0\u01a1ng Zimbabwe c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1edf Sierra Leone \u0111\u00e3 \u201cr\u01a1i\u201d t\u1eeb t\u1ea7ng tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng trung \u01b0\u01a1ng khi \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi Siaka Stevens (trang 344). \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp hay kh\u00f4ng, tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kh\u00f4n ngoan cho s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, cho d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t cho s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng Zimbabwe. T\u1ea1i Argentina v\u00e0 Colombia, c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1990, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u00e1c elite ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 mua phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u, duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edfng cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo h\u1ecd. V\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng in ti\u1ec1n n\u1eefa, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c. Trong c\u1ea3 hai n\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng trung \u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a chi ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n vay. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111ang l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y nay. N\u00f3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1eeb ngh\u00e8o sang th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong m\u1ed9t s\u1edbm m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a v\u00e0i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u201ckhuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng vi m\u00f4\u201d m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c u\u1ed1n n\u1eafn v\u1edbi l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean \u0111\u00fang, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ebd n\u1ea3y sinh n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u2013 m\u00e0, l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o, c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u2013 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, trong cung \u1ee9ng ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0, nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u00f3p c\u1ee7a t\u1ea3ng b\u0103ng, l\u00e0 tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1eb1m s\u00e2u h\u01a1n trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c. H\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc","HI\u1ec2U S\u1ef0 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG V\u00c0 NGH\u00c8O KH\u00d3 \u25cf 449 ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf v\u0129 m\u00f4 t\u1ed3i, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t. Nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 do s\u1ef1 d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c quan li\u00eau, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i g\u00e2y ra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng mong \u0111\u1ee3i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3. C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1edfi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 (NGO) Seva Mandir \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c cung \u1ee9ng ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe t\u1ea1i bang Rajasthan \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 cung \u1ee9ng ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n s\u00e2u. Ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 cung c\u1ea5p, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, l\u00e0 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 r\u1ebb, v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean n\u00f3i chung \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n. Nh\u01b0ng ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1eaft h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1edfi v\u00ec lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh phi l\u00fd: ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c n\u00e0o t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, m\u00e0 b\u1ecb c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 s\u1edf do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd t\u00e1 n\u00e0o \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd anh ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0o trong t\u00f2a nh\u00e0, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian. N\u0103m 2006 Seva Mandir, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c kinh t\u1ebf gia, \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf qu\u1eadn Udaipur c\u1ee7a Rajasthan. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: Seva Mandir \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 b\u1ea5m gi\u1edd m\u00e0 s\u1ebd b\u1ea5m ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 gi\u1edd khi c\u00e1c y t\u00e1 \u1edf trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf. C\u00e1c y t\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea5m th\u1ebb th\u1eddi gian ba l\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00fang gi\u1edd, \u1edf quanh \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 ra v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00fang gi\u1edd. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cung \u1ee9ng ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, th\u00ec s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t minh h\u1ecda m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i d\u1ec5 cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 then ch\u1ed1t trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Khi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra, s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau khi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y t\u00e1. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i. Trong h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u0103m m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, c\u01a1 quan","450 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u00fd t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee7 t\u00e2m l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch do Seva Mandir \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o. S\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u00e3 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u1ee9c b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 \u201cnh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n,\u201d m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c y t\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u1edf quanh \u0111\u00f3 \u2013 nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd y t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u00e3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 \u201cc\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c,\u201d v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 b\u1ea5m gi\u1edd b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c. Nh\u01b0ng Seva Mandir \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay th\u1ebf ch\u00fang b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng y t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c. Bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c y t\u00e1 b\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 th\u1eddi gian ba l\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u1eafp ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd y t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc, khi \u0111\u00f3, r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 c\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3. C\u00e1i x\u1ea3y ra trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd y t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f3c ngo\u1eb7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y t\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00f5a trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t m\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c y t\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebfn, hay gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn. C\u00e1i m\u00e0 t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y minh h\u1ecda l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n vi m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a khi tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia tham nh\u0169ng hay c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd y t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y t\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u1ee7a Seva Mandir v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng vi m\u00f4 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb d\u1ec5 s\u1eeda c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u00e3o huy\u1ec1n: c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd c\u0169ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u1edf m\u1ee9c vi m\u00f4. C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u2013 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gi\u1eef ch\u00fang trong v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u2013 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. S\u1ef0 TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I C\u1ee6A VI\u1ec6N TR\u1ee2 N\u01af\u1edaC NGO\u00c0I","HI\u1ec2U S\u1ef0 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG V\u00c0 NGH\u00c8O KH\u00d3 \u25cf 451 Ti\u1ebfp sau c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Al Qaeda ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn, 2001, c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng do Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c Taliban \u1edf Afghanistan, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 che d\u1ea5u v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i giao n\u1ed9p c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a Al Qaeda. Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Bonn th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai 2001 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a mujahideen Afghan tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Afghan h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Hamid Karzai, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, Loya Jirga, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea7u Karzai \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho Afghanistan. \u0110a s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Afghan \u0111\u00e3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 Taliban l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb1ng sau. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i Afghanistan c\u1ea7n b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u01a1m m\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n t\u1eeb Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u NGO h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1eb3ng m\u1ea5y ch\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Kabul. C\u00e1i x\u1ea3y ra sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong n\u0103m th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua. Ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean hay kh\u00f4ng, l\u1ec5 nghi th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00e1y bay ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u00e1c NGO thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ea5p cao gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u t\u1eeb c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. H\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 dollar b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o Afghanistan. Nh\u01b0ng \u00edt trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, hay c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed cho vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i l\u1eadp lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1. Trong khi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eabn r\u00e1ch r\u01b0\u1edbi, kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng con thoi quanh c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp theo h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e1i xe v\u00e0 c\u00e1c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch. Cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 thu\u00ea s\u1ed1 quan ch\u1ee9c \u00edt \u1ecfi n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng Anh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc Afghan \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u00e1i xe v\u00e0 \u0111i k\u00e8m h\u1ecd \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e2y, tr\u1ea3 cho h\u1ecd nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u01a1ng Afghan hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh. V\u00ec s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 \u00edt v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n sang c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3, thay cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng \u1edf Afghanistan, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Afghan m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng trong m\u1ed9t huy\u1ec7n xa trong thung l\u0169ng trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Afghanistan \u0111\u00e3 nghe m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean radio v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u tri\u1ec7u","452 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I dollar \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda cho v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, m\u1ed9t \u00edt x\u00e0 g\u1ed7, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1edf b\u1edfi cartel v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Ismail Khan, vi\u00ean c\u1ef1u t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Afghan, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec trong huy\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 duy nh\u1ea5t: l\u00e0m c\u1ee7i. Th\u1ebf th\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u dollar \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee9a cho c\u00e1c d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng? Trong s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee9a, 20 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y ra nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c \u1edf Geneva. Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i cho m\u1ed9t NGO, m\u00e0 l\u1ea5y 20 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m n\u1eefa cho c\u00e1c chi ph\u00ed v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u1edf Brussels, v\u00e0 v\u00e2n v\u00e2n, cho ba l\u1edbp n\u1eefa, v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i b\u00ean l\u1ea5y kho\u1ea3ng 20 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. S\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n \u00edt \u1ecfi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Afghanistan \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 mua g\u1ed7 t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y Iran, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 cho cartel v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Ismail Khan \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9 cho gi\u00e1 v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed5i ph\u1ed3ng l\u00ean. \u0110\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat ph\u00e9p m\u1ea7u r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c x\u00e0 g\u1ed7 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0ng. C\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf thung l\u0169ng trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Afghanistan kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp. Nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng 10 ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t 20 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00f3 h\u00e0ng t\u00e1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra gian l\u1eadn \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u1eddi t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng chuy\u1ec3n l\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1n vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn s\u1ef1 l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 gian l\u1eadn, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t t\u00e0i hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u1ed3i h\u01a1n: c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m Afghan v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c ra c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c. Su\u1ed1t n\u0103m th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua, h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m t\u1ef7 dollar \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 cho c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 xung quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 \u201cph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u201d. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed chung v\u00e0 tham nh\u0169ng, h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 \u1edf Afghanistan. T\u1ed3i h\u01a1n, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i nh\u01b0 Mobutu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f4ng ta \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 mua s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u cho ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng ta. B\u1ee9c tranh \u1edf ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p cho s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u t\u1ebf t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Haiti v\u00e0 Pakistan, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn h\u1eefu \u00edch h\u01a1n, cho d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p th\u00e0nh t\u00edch kh\u00f4ng t\u00e2ng b\u1ed1c n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 \u201cph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n,\u201d, vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7","HI\u1ec2U S\u1ef0 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG V\u00c0 NGH\u00c8O KH\u00d3 \u25cf 453 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c NGO thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, chu tr\u00ecnh th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i t\u1ef1 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i m\u00ecnh h\u1ebft l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y gi\u00e0u ph\u1ea3i cung c\u1ea5p l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn \u201cvi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u201d nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u00e8o \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1- Sahara, v\u00f9ng Caribe, Trung M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 Nam \u00c1 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u sai v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i g\u00ec g\u00e2y ra ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 Afghanistan l\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u2013 m\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, thi\u1ebfu lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, hay thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb ng\u1ea1t th\u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c elite qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0, th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n, c\u1ee7a elite \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf. C\u00f9ng c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, v\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn. Trong k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n x\u1ea5u nh\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u00ednh g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m, c\u1ea5p vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o, l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 m\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3. Trong khi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o Kabul \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Afghan b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u00e3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho con g\u00e1i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb kh\u1ecfi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Taliban v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa. M\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u2013 m\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 \u2013 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 th\u00e0nh \u201cc\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n.\u201d Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y \u2013 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, t\u1ef1 do h\u00f3a c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng hay ti\u1ebfn theo h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n George W. Bush \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t theo h\u01b0\u1edbng lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c T\u00e0i Kho\u1ea3n Th\u00e1ch Th\u1ee9c Thi\u00ean Ni\u00ean K\u1ef7, m\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c r\u00f3t ti\u1ec1n vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ecf ra kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec3n","454 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I h\u00ecnh v\u1eabn nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hay nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o. V\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 v\u1ebb c\u00f3 \u00edt \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia. R\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c, s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ai \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 Siaka Stevens \u1edf Sierra Leone hay Mobutu \u1edf Congo \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ee1 b\u1ecf c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Ngay c\u1ea3 \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara, n\u01a1i vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed sau c\u00e1c T\u00e0i Kho\u1ea3n Th\u00e1ch Th\u1ee9c Thi\u00ean Ni\u00ean K\u1ef7, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00eam vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1ecf l\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng b\u00f5 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc hay \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng n\u00ean d\u1eebng vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, tr\u1eeb lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o. Ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ch\u1eafc d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00eam s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Cho d\u00f9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c. C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c NGO s\u1ebd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u1eabn t\u00e2m \u0111i c\u1eaft vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00fang, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u00f3 b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu t\u1eeb m\u1ed7i dollar cho vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3, m\u01b0\u1eddi cent \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi cent nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00f3a s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed1n n\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec. C\u00f3 hai b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00f2n xa m\u1edbi th\u1ebf. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 v\u00f2ng ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3. Vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u00edt trong kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 n\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Nh\u1eadn ra g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c sao cho ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1eebng \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng hy v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng","HI\u1ec2U S\u1ef0 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG V\u00c0 NGH\u00c8O KH\u00d3 \u25cf 455 gi\u1ea3. V\u00ec c\u00e1c g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 \u1ea5y n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, b\u00ean trong khung kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf cho tr\u01b0\u1edbc trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3, s\u1ebd l\u00e0m \u00edt \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00edch th\u00edch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. Th\u1ee9 hai, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n ch\u00ed \u00edt m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd l\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00edch. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, t\u00ednh c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i sao cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb kh\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 trao quy\u1ec1n cho m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3ng r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n c\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. S\u1ef0 TRAO QUY\u1ec0N Ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng N\u0103m, 1978, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y xe t\u1ea3i Sc\u00e2nia trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 S\u00e3o Bernardo t\u1ea1i bang S\u00e3o Paulo c\u1ee7a Brazil. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed3n ch\u1ed3n. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m \u1edf Brazil t\u1eeb 1964, khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Jo\u00e3o Goulart. Nh\u01b0ng tin t\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 sang s\u1eeda c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t qu\u1ed1c gia sao cho s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p \u0111i. Khi ca l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c 7:00 gi\u1edd s\u00e1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n b\u1ecf c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd xu\u1ed1ng. V\u00e0o 8:00 gi\u1edd s\u00e1ng, Gilson Menezes, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Kim kh\u00ed S\u00e3o Bernardo (S\u00e3o Bernardo Metalworkers) \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ba m\u01b0\u01a1i ba tu\u1ed5i c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva (\u201cLula\u201d). V\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i tr\u01b0a Lula \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y. Khi c\u00f4ng ty y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u00f4ng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean quay l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i. Cu\u1ed9c b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng Sc\u00e2nia \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng qu\u00e9t ngang Brazil. Tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 Lula mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd, T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb\u2026 Cu\u1ed9c \u2026 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng trong \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00ec l\u01b0\u01a1ng, giai c\u1ea5p lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.","456 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I S\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Brazil \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 r\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Nh\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 Fernando Henrique Cardoso, gi\u1ed1ng Lula \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Brazil sau khi t\u00e1i l\u1eadp n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 trong n\u0103m 1973 r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u1edf Brazil b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cs\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u2026 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c sinh vi\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m tranh lu\u1eadn, c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d \u2013 n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh r\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Brazil. Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y Sc\u00e2nia \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a li\u00ean minh n\u00e0y. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i 1978, Lula \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi, \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng (\u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng). \u0110\u1ea5y, tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n vi\u00ean. Lula \u0111\u00e3 kh\u0103ng kh\u0103ng r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng \u0103n l\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o n\u00f3i chung. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u phong tr\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111ang n\u1ed5i l\u00ean. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m, 1979, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i S\u00e3o Paulo \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp, c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n, c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean, c\u00e1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m phong tr\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1970 kh\u1eafp Brazil. \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i qu\u00e1n \u0103n S\u00e3o Judas Tadeo \u1edf S\u00e3o Bernardo trong th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi 1979, s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 m\u1edf c\u1eeda ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 gi\u1edbi qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 1982, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng hai cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng. Su\u1ed1t c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1980, khi n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o \u1edf Brazil, \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1988 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u1edf ba m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1u \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 S\u00e3o Paulo v\u00e0 Porto Alegre. Trong n\u0103m 1989, trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, Lula \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng 16 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng. Trong v\u00f2ng hai v\u1edbi Fernando Collor, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 44 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m.","HI\u1ec2U S\u1ef0 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG V\u00c0 NGH\u00c8O KH\u00d3 \u25cf 457 Trong ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c trong gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1990, \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0110\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng sinh v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u phong tr\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u1ede Porto Alegre ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0110\u1ed9ng sau n\u0103m 1988 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o \u201cvi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch tham gia,\u201d m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1 ra c\u00e1c \u01b0u ti\u00ean chi ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi cho tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhanh nh\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 trong cung \u1ee9ng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac cai qu\u1ea3n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn h\u01a1n tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 qu\u1ed1c gia. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Lula \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Fernando Henrique Cardoso \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1994 v\u00e0 1998, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Brazil n\u0103m 2002. \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0110\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh r\u1ed9ng \u1edf Brazil nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00f9ng nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Brazil. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1990 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 nhanh, v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb 45 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m xu\u1ed1ngo 30 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m trong n\u0103m 2006. S\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng nhanh d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t sau khi \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0110\u1ed9ng l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 n\u0103m trung b\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n c\u01b0 t\u0103ng t\u1eeb s\u00e1u n\u0103m trong n\u0103m 1995 l\u00ean t\u00e1m n\u0103m trong n\u0103m 2006. Brazil b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia BRIC (Brazil, Nga, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c), n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 Latin \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong gi\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i giao qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. S\u1ef0 TR\u1ed6I D\u1eacY C\u1ee6A BRAZIL t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1970 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t (thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf) b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Brazil v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n hay tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i (khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt) th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c b\u01a1m vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a. \u0110\u00fang h\u01a1n, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n kh\u00e1c nhau d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a Brazil, gi\u1ed1ng s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9","458 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m. Nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m? L\u1ecbch s\u1eed, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, b\u1ecb b\u00e0y b\u1eeba b\u1ed9n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu thua quy lu\u1eadt s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u1eadp th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i h\u01a1n. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh trong n\u0103m 1688, Ph\u00e1p trong n\u0103m 1789, v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n trong Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n n\u0103m 1868 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i chung c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 v\u1eady g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 gian kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f2n xa m\u1edbi ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Bolshevik \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga Sa ho\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n m\u00e0 s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga. Chao \u00f4i, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bolshevik \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5. Nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Cuba, v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng-c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Nasser \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ed1i n\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Hosni Mubarak, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 13. Robert Mugabe \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho t\u1ef1 do h\u1ea5t c\u1eb3ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Rhodesia ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Ian Smith. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Zimbabwe \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u00edt khai th\u00e1c h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n t\u1ed3i h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. C\u00e1i chung gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, \u1edf Anh trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn, v\u00e0 \u1edf Botswana sau \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u2013 m\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m \u2013 l\u00e0, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong trao quy\u1ec1n cho m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean, h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eafm gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c m\u00e0 trao quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o tay m\u1ed9t elite h\u1eb9p, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trao quy\u1ec1n (empowerment). Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i l\u00e0m cho C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t elite l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t elite kh\u00e1c. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang, g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3","HI\u1ec2U S\u1ef0 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG V\u00c0 NGH\u00c8O KH\u00d3 \u25cf 459 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 James II b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh r\u1ed9ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c nh\u1ecf (gentry), v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Anh kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 trao quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh r\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 trao quy\u1ec1n th\u00eam cho m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3ng c\u00f2n r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i so v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 trao quy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u2013 cho d\u00f9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng m\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u00edt r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n xa m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 trong h\u01a1n hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m. C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m \u1edf c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t \u1edf Virginia, Carolina, Maryland, v\u00e0 Massachusetts v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 trao quy\u1ec1n cho c\u00e1c m\u1ea3ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p, c\u0169ng v\u1eady, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 trao quy\u1ec1n cho m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3ng r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng ancien r\u00e9gime (ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169) \u1edf Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111a nguy\u00ean h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p \u2013 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Kh\u1ee7ng B\u1ed1 d\u01b0\u1edbi Robespierre, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft ch\u00f3c \u2013 c\u0169ng minh h\u1ecda th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trao quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea1m b\u1eaby c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, tuy v\u1eady, Robespierre v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 Jacobin c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb n\u00e9m sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean, v\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u00e1y ch\u00e9m m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 trao quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Brazil b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1970. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0110\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n, ngay t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Lula, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho \u0111\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh r\u1ed9ng. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u00f4i th\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, khi \u0111\u1ea3ng ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u1ed5 v\u0169 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 cai qu\u1ea3n (qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb) kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u1ede Brazil, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi Anh trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y hay Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o l\u00fac chuy\u1ec3n giao th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0o k\u00edch th\u00edch qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf","460 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00fa \u0111\u1ed9t k\u00edch. Nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trao quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y c\u1ee7a S\u00e3o Bernardo \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u1edf m\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c gia \u2013 th\u00ed d\u1ee5, s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 sang n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, s\u1ef1 trao quy\u1ec1n \u1edf m\u1ee9c c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u1edf Brazil b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t trong s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 cam k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 cung \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u00e2n ch\u01a1i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean. S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111a nguy\u00ean \u1edf Brazil v\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m Venezuela l\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y. Venezuela c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n sang n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 sau 1958, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 trao quy\u1ec1n \u1edf m\u1ee9c c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u0111a nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u1ed1i n\u00e1t, c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u1edf Venezuela, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, khi c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri \u0111i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu, h\u1ecd th\u1eadm ch\u00ed s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb b\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 Hugo Ch\u00e1vez, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 ch\u1ec9 m\u00ecnh \u00f4ng ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c elite \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Venezuela. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, Venezuela v\u1eabn ti\u1ec1u t\u1ee5y d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, trong khi Brazil \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 v\u00f2ng kim c\u00f4. C\u00d3 TH\u1ec2 L\u00c0M G\u00cc \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00edch-kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng, hay c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trao quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o cho s\u1ef1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trao quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung sao cho c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c sa v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1; c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o ch\u00fat \u00edt ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u1edf Botswana, sao cho c\u00e1c li\u00ean minh r\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i; v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n c\u01b0 sao cho c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb nghi\u1ec1n n\u00e1t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c elite hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n. Nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c","HI\u1ec2U S\u1ef0 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG V\u00c0 NGH\u00c8O KH\u00d3 \u25cf 461 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Brazil minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ra sao t\u1eeb c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u1eadm, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ra sao d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c nhau ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u k\u1ef9. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, hay t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trao quy\u1ec1n: media, b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang. S\u1ef1 trao quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u1ec1 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111ang n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n hay kh\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 11 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a media trong c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin cho \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3. Media c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 then ch\u1ed1t trong chuy\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 trao quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3ng r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n h\u01a1n, l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda trong th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 11, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u00f3a \u1edf Anh. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch m\u1ecfng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin cho v\u00e0 kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 trong C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, trong C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 trong s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1edf Anh th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, media, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c Web blog, c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng chat n\u1eb7c danh, Facebook, v\u00e0 Twitter, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m trong phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp Iran ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed gian l\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ahmadinejad trong n\u0103m 2009 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng M\u00f9a Xu\u00e2n Arab m\u00e0 \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n khi b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n th\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ebft k\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a media t\u1ef1 do, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng n\u00f3. M\u1ed9t minh h\u1ecda c\u1ef1c \u0111oan v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Alberto Fujimori \u1edf Peru. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u sau Fujimori \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i \u1edf Peru, l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh trong khi v\u1eabn t\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9c trong n\u0103m 1992. Sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, Fujimori \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ed1i n\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 cai tr\u1ecb th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p v\u00e0 mua chu\u1ed9c. Trong vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u00e1nh tay ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Valdimiro Montesinos, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u00e0nh t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o qu\u1ed1c gia h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Peru. Montesinos \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, cho n\u00ean \u00f4ng gi\u1eef h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 k\u1ef9","462 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I l\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 bao nhi\u00eau cho c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 mua s\u1ef1 trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ghi b\u0103ng video nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00fat l\u00f3t th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t logic cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. V\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n, b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00f5a b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 tr\u00ean h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 Fujimori v\u00e0 Montesinos. Sau khi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o tay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch. C\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a media \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i. M\u1ed9t th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 gi\u1eefa 5.000 $ v\u00e0 10.000 $ m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia trong c\u00f9ng hay trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Nh\u01b0ng khi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i ph\u00e1t TV, c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u. Fujimori v\u00e0 Montesinos \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 9 tri\u1ec7u $ trong m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbp v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 10 tri\u1ec7u $ trong m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbp kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i ph\u00e1t TV. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 h\u01a1n 1 tri\u1ec7u $ cho m\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 l\u01b0u, v\u00e0 cho c\u00e1c b\u00e1o kh\u00e1c h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 kho\u1ea3n n\u00e0o gi\u1eefa 3.000 $ v\u00e0 8.000 $ cho m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c. Fujimori v\u00e0 Montesinos \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t media quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tay sai c\u1ee7a Montesinos, T\u01b0\u1edbng Bello, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u1edf m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng video b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1, \u201cN\u1ebfu ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec.\u201d C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t media c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch Trung Qu\u1ed1c, m\u00e0, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean tinh vi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u00f3m t\u1eaft, \u201c\u0110\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng trong c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ph\u1ea3i theo ba nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc: r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang; \u0110\u1ea3ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1n b\u1ed9; v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tin t\u1ee9c m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t.\u201d Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t media t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ch\u1ec9 \u1edf b\u00ean l\u1ec1, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tranh \u0111ua v\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u1ec9 khi m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3ng r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i huy \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u00fd do b\u00e8 ph\u00e1i hay \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n. Li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 m\u1edf c\u1eeda cho s\u1ef1 trao quy\u1ec1n h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n hay kh\u00f4ng, s\u1ebd ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0o","HI\u1ec2U S\u1ef0 TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG V\u00c0 NGH\u00c8O KH\u00d3 \u25cf 463 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf m\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.","L\u1edcI C\u1ea2M \u01a0N CU\u1ed0N S\u00c1CH N\u00c0Y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m n\u0103m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c, v\u00e0 d\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f3n n\u1ee3 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. M\u00f3n n\u1ee3 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i Simon Johnson, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i b\u00e1o khoa h\u1ecdc then ch\u1ed1t m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf so s\u00e1nh. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, m\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u li\u00ean quan, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, v\u00e0 trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea3m \u01a1n Philippe Aghion, Jean-Marie Baland, Mar\u00eda Ang\u00e9lica Bautista, Davide Cantoni, Isa\u00edas Chaves, Jonathan Conning, Melissa Dell, Georgy Egorov, Leopoldo Fergusson, Camilo Garc\u00eda-Jimeno, Tarek Hassan, Sebasti\u00e1n Mazzuca, Jeffrey Nugent, Neil Parsons, Steve Pincus, Pablo Querub\u00edn, Rafael Santos, Konstantin Sonin, Davide Ticchi, Ragnar Torvik, Juan Fernando Vargas, Thierry Verdier, Andrea Vindigni, Alex Wolitzky, Pierre Yared, v\u00e0 Fabrizio Zilibotti. Nhi\u1ec1u ngwoif kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u1ed5 v\u0169, th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n ch\u00fang t\u00f4i trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3m \u01a1n Lee Alston, Abhijit Banerjee, Robert Bates, Timothy Besley, John Coatsworth, Jared Diamond, Richard Easterlin, Stanley Engerman, Peter Evans, Jeff Frieden, Peter Gourevitch, Stephen Haber, Mark Harrison, Elhanan Helpman, Peter Lindert, Karl Ove Moene, Dani Rodrik, v\u00e0 Barry Weingast. Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u00e0 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf m\u00f3n n\u1ee3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd: Joel Mokyr, v\u00e0 Ken Sokoloff, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft. C\u1ea3 hai ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng nh\u1edb Ken. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t bi\u1ebft \u01a1n c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong th\u00e1ng Hai n\u0103m 2010 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u1edf Institute for Quantitative Social Science t\u1ea1i"]
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