Chiasemoi.com_tai-sao-cac-quoc-gia-that-bai

["L\u1edcI C\u1ea2M \u01a0N \u25cf 465 Harvard. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3m \u01a1n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, Jim Alt v\u00e0 Ken Shepsle, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb: Robert Allen, Abhijit Banerjee, Robert Bates, Stanley Engerman, Claudia Goldin, Elhanan Helpman, Joel Mokyr, Ian Morris, \u015eevket Pamuk, Steve Pincus, v\u00e0 Peter Temin. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n Melissa Dell, Jes\u00fas Fern\u00e1ndez-Villaverde, S\u00e1ndor L\u00e1szl\u00f3, Suresh Naidu, Roger Owen, Dan Trefler, Michael Walton, v\u00e0 Noam Yuchtman, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n Charles Mann, Leandro Prados de la Escosura, v\u00e0 David Webster v\u00ec l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean chuy\u00ean gia c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u1ea3 hai ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) v\u1ec1 C\u00e1c Th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a CIFAR v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng nhau. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c seminar v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin l\u1ed7i v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u1ee3i \u00fd, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, hay s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u00e0i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t bi\u1ebft \u01a1n Mar\u00eda Ang\u00e9lica Bautista, Melissa Dell, v\u00e0 Leander Heldring v\u00ec s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u00edt nh\u1ea5t, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t may m\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u00ean t\u1eadp tuy\u1ec7t di\u1ec7u, s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1, John Mahaney. C\u00e1c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u1ee3i \u00fd c\u1ee7a John \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t n\u0103m r\u01b0\u1ee1i qua th\u00fa v\u1ecb h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 \u00edt \u0111\u00e8 n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf.","Ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n Th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Mohamed El Baradei c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i twitter.com\/#!\/ElBaradei. C\u00e1c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn Mosaab El Shami v\u00e0 Noha Hamed l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Yahoo! news 2\/6\/2011, t\u1ea1i news.yahoo.com\/s\/yblog_exclusive\/20110206\/ts_yblog_exclusive\/egyptian-voices-from-tahrir- square. V\u1ec1 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c poste tr\u00ean blog c\u1ee7a Wael Khalil, xem alethonews.wordpress.com\/2011\/02\/27\/egypt-reviewing-the-demands\/. Reda Metwaly \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch tr\u00ean Al Jazeera, 2\/1\/2011, t\u1ea1i english.aljazeera.net\/news\/middleeast\/2011\/02\/2011212597913527.html. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1: G\u1ea7n Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 V\u1eabn R\u1ea5t Kh\u00e1c Nhau M\u1ed9t th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn k\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha th\u0103m d\u00f2 Rio de La Plata l\u00e0 Rock (1992), ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1. V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Guaran\u00ed, xem Ganson (2003). C\u00e1c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn de Sahag\u00fan l\u00e0 t\u1eeb de Sahag\u00fan (1975), pp. 47\u201349.3 Gibson (1963) l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 chinh ph\u1ee5c Mexico c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t. C\u00e1c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn de las Casas l\u00e0 t\u1eeb de las Casas (1992), pp. 39, 117\u201318, v\u00e0 107, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. V\u1ec1 Pizarro \u1edf Peru, xem Hemming (1983). C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1\u20136 bao g\u1ed3m cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p t\u1ea1i Cajamarca v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda nam v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Inca, Cuzco. Xem Hemming (1983), ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 20, v\u1ec1 de Toledo. Bakewell (1984) cho m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a mita Potos\u00ed, v\u00e0 Dell (2010) cung c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea m\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng dai \u0111\u1eb3ng theo th\u1eddi gian. 3 pp. x-y l\u00e0 t\u1eeb trang x \u0111\u1ebfn trang y; p. z l\u00e0 \u1edf trang z.","TI\u1ec2U LU\u1eacN V\u00c0 C\u00c1C NGU\u1ed2N TH\u01af M\u1ee4C \u25cf 467 Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn Arthur Young \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sao l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb Sheridan (1973), p. 8. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch hay m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Jamestown: th\u00ed d\u1ee5, Price (2003), v\u00e0 Kupperman (2007). Lu\u1eadn b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u b\u1edfi Morgan (1975) v\u00e0 Galenson (1996). Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn Anas Todkill l\u00e0 t\u1eeb p. 38 c\u1ee7a Todkill (1885). C\u00e1c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn John Smith l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Price (2003), p. 77 (\u201cB\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft . . .\u201d), p. 93 (\u201cN\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9c Vua . . .\u201d), v\u00e0 p. 96 (\u201cKhi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i g\u1eedi . . .\u201d). Hi\u1ebfn Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Maryland, C\u00e1c Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p C\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Carolina, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean Internet b\u1edfi Yale University\u2019s Avalon Project. Bakewell (2009), ch\u01b0\u01a1ng14, th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Mexico v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p. Xem Stevens (1991) v\u00e0 Knight (2011) v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng sau \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Coatsworth (1978) l\u00e0 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 suy s\u1ee5p kinh t\u1ebf \u1edf Mexico sau \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Haber (2010) tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y so s\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u1edf Mexico v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3. Sokoloff (1988) v\u00e0 Sokoloff and Khan (1990) cung c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed9p \u0111\u01a1n xin c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf. Xem Israel (2000) v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Thomas Edison. Haber, Maurer, and Razo (2003) \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Porfirio D\u00edaz r\u1ea5t theo tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. Haber, Klein, Maurer, and Middlebrook (2008) m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Mexico v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i. V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea5t bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 Latin, xem Nugent and Robinson (2010) v\u00e0 Garc\u00eda-Jimeno and Robinson (2011). Hu-DeHart (1984) th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Yaqui trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6. V\u1ec1 gia s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Carlos Slim v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfm nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, xem Relea (2007) v\u00e0 Martinez (2002). Di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf so s\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1edbi Simon Johnson, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2001, 2002), v\u00e0 c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u b\u1edfi Coatsworth (1978, 2008) v\u00e0 Engerman and Sokoloff (1997). Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2: C\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Jared Diamond v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, cu\u1ed1n Guns, Germs and Steel (1997). Sachs (2006) tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd. C\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o h\u00e0n l\u00e2m","468 \u25cf TI\u1ec2U LU\u1eacN V\u00c0 C\u00c1C NGU\u1ed2N TH\u01af M\u1ee4C nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gom l\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh. Weber (200) \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Kh\u00e1ng c\u00e1ch (Protestant Reformation) l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00ec sao ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Landes (1999) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1eafc \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c si\u00eang n\u0103ng, ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. Harrison and Huntington, eds. (2000), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf so s\u00e1nh. Quan ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Anh \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t hay t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf Anh l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Bi\u1ec7t [Ngo\u1ea1i] l\u1ec7 (exceptionalism) Hoa K\u1ef3 (Fisher, 1989) v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n so s\u00e1nh n\u00f3i chung h\u01a1n (La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, and Shleifer, 2008). C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Banfield (1958) v\u00e0 Putnam, Leonardi, and Nanetti (1994) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i v\u0103n h\u00f3a r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a, hay \u201cv\u1ed1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i,\u201d nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi, khi\u1ebfn cho mi\u1ec1n nam Italy ngh\u00e8o. V\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kinh t\u1ebf gia s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ra sao c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, xem Guiso, Sapienza, and Zingales (2006). Tabellini (2010) kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n tin nhau \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0ng n\u0103m. Nunn and Wantchekon (2010) ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 v\u1ed1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed li\u00ean quan c\u1ee7a Kongo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong Hilton (1985) v\u00e0 Thornton (1983). V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu mang t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Phi ch\u00e2u, xem c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Goody (1971), Law (1980), v\u00e0 Austen and Headrick (1983). \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Robbins \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Robbins (1935), p. 16. Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn Abba Lerner l\u00e0 trong Lerner (1972), p. 259. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n so s\u00e1nh l\u00e0 ng\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ecbnh trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch: th\u00ed d\u1ee5, Williamson (1990); Perkins, Radelet, and Lindauer (2006); v\u00e0 Aghion and Howitt (2009). M\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong Banerjee and Duflo (2011). Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2001, 2002) cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n hai ki\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c trong gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch v\u1ec1 thu nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n nay.","TI\u1ec2U LU\u1eacN V\u00c0 C\u00c1C NGU\u1ed2N TH\u01af M\u1ee4C \u25cf 469 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3: T\u1ea1o ra Th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 Ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 Vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 gi\u1eefa Hwang Pyo n\u0306 g-Wo \u0306n v\u00e0 anh \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a James A. Foley v\u1edbi Hwang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i trong Foley (2003), pp. 197\u2013203. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 t\u1eeb Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2001). Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tim Besley g\u1ee3i \u00fd cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thua (loser) v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t h\u1ecd v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thua v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Acemoglu and Robinson (2000b). S\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 Barbados l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Dunn (1969). B\u00e0n lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Soviet d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o Nove (1992) v\u00e0 Davies (1998). Allen (2003) cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kinh t\u1ebf Soviet. Trong c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 l\u00fd l\u1ebd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. Xem Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2005b) v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i cho n\u00f3. C\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n so s\u00e1nh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh quan tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a North; xem North and Thomas (1973), North (1982), North and Weingast (1989), v\u00e0 North, Wallis, and Weingast (2009). Olson (1984) c\u0169ng cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf. Mokyr (1990) c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng m\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thua kinh t\u1ebf v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 so s\u00e1nh trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thua kinh t\u1ebf (economic loser) l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00ec sao c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra. Di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, m\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o Robinson (1998) v\u00e0 Acemoglu and Robinson (2000b, 2006b), kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m l\u00e0 n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c elite r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Jones (2003) cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed so s\u00e1nh phong ph\u00fa nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Engerman v\u00e0 Sokoloff (1997) v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Bates (1981, 1983, 1989) tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn b\u1edfi Dalton (1965) v\u00e0 Killick (1978) nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Phi ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 m\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thua ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (political loser) tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ecbnh trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc","470 \u25cf TI\u1ec2U LU\u1eacN V\u00c0 C\u00c1C NGU\u1ed2N TH\u01af M\u1ee4C ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, Besley and Coate (1998) v\u00e0 Bourguignon and Verdier (2000). Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed theo sau c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Max Weber. \u0110\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Mann (1986, 1993), Migdal (1988), v\u00e0 Evans (1995). \u1ede ch\u00e2u Phi, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh b\u1edfi Herbst (2000) v\u00e0 Bates (2001). C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y; th\u00ed d\u1ee5, Acemoglu (2005) v\u00e0 Besley and Persson (2011). Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, Johnson (1982), Haggard (1990), Wade (1990), v\u00e0 Amsden (1992) nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eady v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf. Finley (1965) \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t l\u00fd l\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ch\u1eafc s\u1ebd h\u1ebft h\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh trong Acemoglu (2008). Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4: Nh\u1eefng Kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t Nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c B\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t Benedictow (2004) cho m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng quan d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i Ch\u1ebft \u0110en, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn c\u00f2n g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i. C\u00e1c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn Boccaccio v\u00e0 Ralph x\u1ee9 Shrewsbury \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sao l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb Horrox (1994). Hatcher (2008) cho m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. V\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 online t\u1eeb D\u1ef1 \u00e1n Avalon. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i Ch\u1ebft \u0110en l\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u00c2u l\u00e0 North and Thomas (1973) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Brenner (1976), m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ra sao \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. Xem DuPlessis (1997) v\u1ec1 Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 th\u1ee9 Hai \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u. Conning (2010) v\u00e0 Acemoglu and Wolitzky (2011) tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a Brenner. Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn James Watt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sao l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb Robinson (1964), pp. 223\u201324. Trong Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2005a) l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y l\u00fd l\u1ebd r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf Anh v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. \u00dd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 quy lu\u1eadt s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Michels (1962). \u00dd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1edfi Lipset and Rokkan (1967).","TI\u1ec2U LU\u1eacN V\u00c0 C\u00c1C NGU\u1ed2N TH\u01af M\u1ee4C \u25cf 471 V\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Owen (1981), Owen and Pamuk (1999), v\u00e0 Pamuk (2006) l\u00e0 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5: \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, v\u00e0 N\u00f3 Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d V\u1ec1 chuy\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng c\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Steffens \u0111\u1ebfn Nga v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi Baruch, xem Steffens (1931), ch\u01b0\u01a1ng18, pp. 790\u2013802. V\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1930, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Davies and Wheatcroft (2004). V\u1ec1 c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u0103m 1937, xem Wheatcroft and Davies (1994a, 1994b). B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Soviet \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong Berliner (1976). Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Stalin, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kinh t\u1ebf, th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o Gregory and Harrison (2005). V\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa kinh t\u1ebf M\u1ef9 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf Soviet, xem Levy and Peart (2009). B\u00e0n lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lele v\u00e0 Bushong d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Douglas (1962, 1963) v\u00e0 Vansina (1978). V\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m M\u00f9a H\u00e8 D\u00e0i, xem Fagan (2003). M\u1ed9t d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Natufian v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong Mithen (2006) v\u00e0 Barker (2006). C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 Abu Hureyra l\u00e0 Moore, Hillman, and Legge (2000), m\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng minh b\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 canh t\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Xem Smith (1998) v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng quan chung v\u1ec1 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 canh t\u00e1c, v\u00e0 xem Bar-Yosef and Belfer-Cohen (1992) v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Natufian. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e1 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng b\u1edfi Sahlins (1972), m\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 giai tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 Yir Yoront. Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Maya theo Martin and Grube (2000) v\u00e0 Webster (2002). Vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Cop\u00e1n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Webster, Freter, and Gonlin (2000). S\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 nghi ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Sidrys and Berger (1979). Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6: Tr\u00f4i Xa nhau","472 \u25cf TI\u1ec2U LU\u1eacN V\u00c0 C\u00c1C NGU\u1ed2N TH\u01af M\u1ee4C Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Venice theo Puga and Trefler (2010), v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 8 v\u00e0 9 c\u1ee7a Lane (1973). N\u1ed9i dung v\u1ec1 La M\u00e3 c\u00f3 trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u00e1ch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0o. Di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf La M\u00e3 theo Finlay (1999) v\u00e0 Bang (2008). Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 suy s\u1ee5p La M\u00e3 theo Ward-Perkins (2006) v\u00e0 Goldsworthy (2009). V\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u1edf cu\u1ed1i \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3, xem Jones (1964). C\u00e1c giai tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 Tiberius v\u00e0 Hadrian l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Finley (1999). B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c x\u00e1c t\u00e0u \u0111\u1eafm \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Hopkins (1980) s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Xem De Callata\u00ff (2005) v\u00e0 Jongman (2007) v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y v\u00e0 D\u1ef1 \u00e1n L\u00f5i B\u0103ng Greenland. C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kh\u1eafc Vindolanda (tablet) c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n online t\u1ea1i vindolanda.csad.ox.ac.uk. L\u1eddi tr\u00edch m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 t\u1eeb TVII Pub. no.: 343. Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 suy s\u1ee5p c\u1ee7a Anh thu\u1ed9c La M\u00e3 theo Cleary (1989), ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4; Faulkner (2000), ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7; Dark (1994), ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2. V\u1ec1 Aksum, xem Munro-Hay (1991). C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a phong ki\u1ebfn \u00c2u ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 Bloch (1961); xem Crummey (2000) v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a phong ki\u1ebfn Ethiopia. Phillipson (1998) \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ef1 so s\u00e1nh gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Aksum v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7: \u0110i\u1ec3m Ngo\u1eb7t Chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u00e1y c\u1ee7a Lee v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p v\u1edbi N\u1eef Ho\u00e0ng Elizabeth I s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 t\u1ea1i calverton.homestead.com\/willlee.html. Allen (2009b) tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Ch\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1 T\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u1ee7a Diocletian. L\u00fd l\u1ebd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u1edfi c\u00e1c l\u00fd l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong North and Thomas (1973), North and Weingast (1989), Brenner (1993), Pincus (2009), v\u00e0 Pincus and Robinson (2010). C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i Marxist s\u1edbm h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf Anh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n; xem Dobb (1963) v\u00e0 Hill (1961, 1980). Xem c\u1ea3 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a Tawney (1941) v\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Henry VIII \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Anh ra sao.","TI\u1ec2U LU\u1eacN V\u00c0 C\u00c1C NGU\u1ed2N TH\u01af M\u1ee4C \u25cf 473 V\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Magna Carta s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 online t\u1ea1i D\u1ef1 \u00e1n Avalon. Elton (1953) l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Henry VIII, v\u00e0 Neale (1971) li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. V\u1ec1 N\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n N\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, xem Hilton (2003). Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn Hill v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Hill (1961), p. 25. V\u1ec1 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u201ccai tr\u1ecb c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n\u201d c\u1ee7a Charles I, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i theo Sharp (1992). B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c nhau ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 hay ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Brunton and Pennington (1954), Hill (1961), v\u00e0 Stone (2001). Pincus (2009) l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf; th\u00ed d\u1ee5, s\u1ef1 b\u00e3i b\u1ecf Thu\u1ebf n\u1ec1n L\u00f2 s\u01b0\u1edfi v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Anh qu\u1ed1c (Bank of England). Xem c\u1ea3 Pincus and Robinson (2010). Pettigrew (2007, 2009) th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 C\u00f4ng ty Ho\u00e0ng gia Phi ch\u00e2u, v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01a1n ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb l\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Knights (2010) nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u01a1n ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb. Th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Hoare l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Temin and Voth (2008). Th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 Thanh tra Cowperthwaite v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y thu thu\u1ebf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Brewer (1988). T\u1ed5ng quan c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o Mantoux (1961), Daunton (1995), Allen (2009a), v\u00e0 Mokyr (1990, 2009), nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cung c\u1ea5p chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh Baldwyn l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Bogart and Richardson (2009, 2011), nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang, vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 v\u00e0 k\u00eanh r\u1ea1ch. V\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt V\u1ea3i in hoa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Manchester, xem O\u2019Brien, Griffiths, v\u00e0 Hunt (1991), m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, xem Daunton (1995), ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7, v\u00e0 Crouzet (1985). S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 v\u00ec sao nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2005a) v\u00e0 Brenner (1976). D\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 s\u1edf th\u00edch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Zahedieh (2010). Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 8: Kh\u00f4ng tr\u00ean L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i","474 \u25cf TI\u1ec2U LU\u1eacN V\u00c0 C\u00c1C NGU\u1ed2N TH\u01af M\u1ee4C V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u00e1y in trong \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman, xem Savage-Smith (2003) pp. 656\u201359. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft so s\u00e1nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Easterlin (1981). Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha theo Thompson (1994a, 1994b). V\u1ec1 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 suy s\u1ee5p kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha trong gia \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, xem Nogal and Prados de la Escosura (2007). Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf \u1edf \u00c1o-Hungary theo Blum (1943), Freudenberger (1967), v\u00e0 Gross (1973). Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn Maria Theresa l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Freudenberger, p. 495. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 Count Hartig v\u00e0 Francis I l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Blum. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Francis cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u t\u1eeb Tyrol \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch t\u1eeb J\u00e1szi (1929), pp. 80\u201381. L\u1eddi b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Friedrich von Gentz \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Robert Owen c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch t\u1eeb J\u00e1szi (1929), p. 80. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Rothschild \u1edf \u00c1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2 c\u1ee7a Corti (1928). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 Nga theo Gerschenkron (1970). Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn Kropotkin l\u00e0 t\u1eeb p. 60 c\u1ee7a l\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n 2009 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa Nicholas v\u00e0 Mikhail \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch t\u1eeb Saunders (1992), p. 117. Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Kankrin v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft l\u00e0 \u1edf Owen (1991), pp. 15\u201316. B\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a Nicholas cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sao l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb Pintner (1967), p. 100. Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn A. A. Zakrevskii l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Pintner (1967), p. 235. V\u1ec1 \u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c Tr\u1ecbnh H\u00f2a, xem Dreyer (2007). L\u1ecbch s\u1eed kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c Hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1edfi Myers v\u00e0 Wang (2002). L\u1eddi tr\u00edch c\u1ee7a T\u2019ang Chen l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Myers and Wang, pp. 564\u201365. Xem Zewde (2002) v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ethiopia li\u00ean quan. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 Ethiopia \u0111\u00e3 mang t\u00ednh kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Pankhurst (1961), c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i sao l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Somali l\u00e0 theo Lewis (1961, 2002). Heer (t\u1ed9c \u01b0\u1edbc) Hassan Ugaas \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sao l\u1ea1i \u1edf p.177 c\u1ee7a Lewis (1961); m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i th\u00f9 h\u1eadn","TI\u1ec2U LU\u1eacN V\u00c0 C\u00c1C NGU\u1ed2N TH\u01af M\u1ee4C \u25cf 475 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 8 c\u1ee7a Lewis (1961), n\u01a1i \u00f4ng thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c. V\u1ec1 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Taqali v\u00e0 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft, xem Ewald (1988). Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 9: S\u1ef1 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e2u t\u00f3m Ambon v\u00e0 Banda b\u1edfi C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n H\u00e0 Lan v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty l\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 theo Hanna (1978) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Reid (1993), ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5. C\u00e1c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn t\u1eeb Reid v\u1ec1 Tom\u00e9 Pires l\u00e0 t\u1eeb p. 271; nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 H\u00e0 Lan trong Maguindanao, p. 299; sultan c\u1ee7a Maguindanao, pp. 299\u2013300. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n H\u00e0 Lan l\u00ean gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 gia v\u1ecb l\u00e0 t\u1eeb O\u2019Rourke and Williamson (2002). M\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng quan d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Phi ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 Lovejoy (2000). Lovejoy, p. 47, Table 31, t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Nunn (2008) \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf Phi ch\u00e2u. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Inikori (1977). L\u1eddi khai c\u1ee7a Francis Moore \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn t\u1eeb Lovejoy (2000), pp. 89\u201390. Law (1977) l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Oyo. Nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00ean d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb Manning (1990). Lovejoy (2000), ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 8, c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn trong Law (1995), v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Austin (2005) l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u201cth\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p.\u201d D\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi ch\u00e2u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Lovejoy (2000), th\u00ed d\u1ee5, p. 192, Table 9.2. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf Liberia l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Clower, Dalton, Harwitz, and Walters (1966). \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Lewis (1954) ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Fergusson (2010) ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u00e9p. Quan ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean t\u1eadp b\u1edfi Palmer and Parsons (1977). Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 Nam Phi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean Bundy (1979) v\u00e0 Feinstein (2005). H\u1ed9i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o Moravian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch trong Bundy (1979), p. 46, v\u00e0 John Hemming \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch trong Bundy, p. 72. S\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Griqualand l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Bundy, p. 89; nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Stephen Sonjica l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Bundy, p. 94; tr\u00edch d\u1eabn Matthew Blyth l\u00e0 t\u1eeb p. 97; v\u00e0 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn","476 \u25cf TI\u1ec2U LU\u1eacN V\u00c0 C\u00c1C NGU\u1ed2N TH\u01af M\u1ee4C m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u1edf Fingoland n\u0103m 1884 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Bundy, pp. 100\u2013101. George Albu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch trong Feinstein (2005), p. 63; b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch t\u1eeb Feinstein, p. 45; v\u00e0 Verwoerd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch t\u1eeb Feinstein, p. 159. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khai m\u1ecf v\u00e0ng l\u00e0 t\u1eeb p. 66 c\u1ee7a Wilson (1972). G. Findlay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch trong Bundy (1979), p. 242. Quan ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ban \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi Wallertsein (1974\u2013 2011), m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 10: S\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 Th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1edbi Simon Johnson v\u00e0 Davide Cantoni: Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2002) v\u00e0 Acemoglu, Cantoni, Johnson, and Robinson (2010, 2011). Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf Australia theo c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Hirst (1983, 1988, 2003) v\u00e0 Neal (1991). B\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t ra cho Th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n Collins s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 (nh\u1edd Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Macquarie \u1edf Australia). Macarthur m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Wentworth \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch t\u1eeb Melbourne (1963), pp. 131\u201332. Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Rothschild theo Ferguson (1998); L\u1eddi nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a Mayer Rothschild cho con trai \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sao l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb Ferguson, p. 76. Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p l\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb Acemoglu, Cantoni, Johnson, and Robinson (2010, 2011) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Xem Doyle (2002) v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p. Th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf phong ki\u1ebfn \u1edf Nassau-Usingen l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Lenger (2004), p. 96. Ogilivie (2011) t\u1ed5ng quan t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u00c2u ch\u00e2u. Cho m\u1ed9t b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a O \u0304kubo Toshimichi, xem Iwata (1964). K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u00e1m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Sakamoto Ryu m\u0304 a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sao l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb Jansen (2000), p. 310.","TI\u1ec2U LU\u1eacN V\u00c0 C\u00c1C NGU\u1ed2N TH\u01af M\u1ee4C \u25cf 477 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 11: V\u00f2ng Thi\u1ec7n Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0110en theo Thompson (1975). T\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Baptist Nunn ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng B\u1ea3y l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Thompson (1975), pp. 65\u201366. C\u00e1c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Thompson, pp. 258\u201369, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ecdc to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u00f3a \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean Acemoglu and Robinson (2000a, 2001, v\u00e0 2006a). B\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a Earl Grey \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch t\u1eeb Evans (1996), p. 223. B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Stephens v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch trong Briggs (1959), p. 34. L\u1eddi tr\u00edch c\u1ee7a Thompson l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Thompson (1975), p. 269. To\u00e0n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y trong Cole and Filson (1951). Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn Burke l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Burke (1790\/1969), p. 152. Lindert (2004, 2009) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng trong hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m qua. Keyssar (2009) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3. Vanderbilt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch trong Josephson (1934), p. 15. V\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Roosevelt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i www.theodore-roosevelt.com\/sotu1.html. Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn Woodrow Wilson l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Wilson (1913), p. 286. V\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c Tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Roosevelt v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0i ph\u00e1t thanh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i miller-center.org\/scripps\/archive\/speeches\/detail\/3309. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n T\u00f2a \u00c1n T\u1ed1i cao \u1edf Argentina v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong Iaryczower, Spiller, and Tommasi (2002). Helmke (2004) th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 x\u1ebfp ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o t\u00f2a \u00e1n \u1edf Argentina v\u00e0 tr\u00edch Th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n Carlos Fayt. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 12: V\u00f2ng Lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n","478 \u25cf TI\u1ec2U LU\u1eacN V\u00c0 C\u00c1C NGU\u1ed2N TH\u01af M\u1ee4C Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2005b) v\u00e0 Acemoglu and Robinson (2008a). Heath (1972) v\u00e0 Kelley and Klein (1980) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a quy lu\u1eadt s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf v\u00e0o C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Bolivia 1952. Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sao l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb p. 15 c\u1ee7a House of Commons (1904). L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Sierra Leone sau \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y k\u1ef9 trong Cartwright (1970). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 v\u00ec sao Siaka Stevens \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111i, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp Mendeland. Trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i theo Abraham and Sesay (1993), p. 120; Richards (1996), pp. 42\u201343; v\u00e0 Davies (2007), pp. 684\u201385. Reno (1995, 2003) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Stevens. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng marketing n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Davies (2007). V\u1ec1 v\u1ee5 gi\u1ebft Sam Bangura b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch qu\u0103ng ra kh\u1ecfi c\u1eeda s\u1ed5, xem Reno (1995), pp. 137\u201341. Jackson (2004), p. 63, v\u00e0 Keen (2005), p. 17, th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u00e1c ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft ISU v\u00e0 SSD. Bates (1981) l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng marketing \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi sau \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, xem Goldstein and Udry (2009) v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ra sao c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf Ghana. V\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia trong n\u0103m 1993 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ee5c, xem Dosal (1995), ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1, v\u00e0 Casa\u00fas Arz\u00fa (2007). Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Consulado de Comercio theo Woodward (1966). Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Barrios l\u00e0 t\u1eeb McCreery (1994), pp. 187\u2013 88. Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Jorge Ubico theo Grieb (1979). Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam Hoa K\u1ef3 theo Acemoglu and Robinson (2008b). Xem Wright (1978) v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc N\u1ed9i Chi\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 Bateman and Weiss (1981) v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Fogel and Engerman (1974) cho m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i. Wright (1986) v\u00e0 Ransom and Sutch (2001) cho c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 quy m\u00f4 m\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf mi\u1ec1n nam \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i sau 1865. H\u1ea1 ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 George Washington Julian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch trong Wiener (1978), p. 6. C\u00f9ng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a elite ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t mi\u1ec1n nam sau N\u1ed9i Chi\u1ebfn. Naidu (2009) kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra thu\u1ebf th\u00e2n v\u00e0 s\u00e1t h\u1ea1ch bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1890 \u1edf c\u00e1c bang mi\u1ec1n nam. Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn W.E.B. Du Bois l\u00e0 trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Du Bois (1903), p. 88. \u0110i\u1ec1u 256 c\u1ee7a hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Alabama c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i www.legislature.state.al.us\/CodeOfAlabama\/Constitution\/1901\/CA-245806.htm.","TI\u1ec2U LU\u1eacN V\u00c0 C\u00c1C NGU\u1ed2N TH\u01af M\u1ee4C \u25cf 479 Alston and Ferrie (1999) th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia mi\u1ec1n nam \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n ra sao lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p li\u00ean bang m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 s\u1ebd ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf mi\u1ec1n Nam. Woodward (1955) cho m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng quan c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra Jim Crow. C\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ethiopia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p trong Halliday and Molyneux (1981). V\u1ec1 c\u00e1c g\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec7m ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, xem Kapus \u0301cin \u0301ski (1983). C\u00e1c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn Dawit Wolde Giorgis m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Dawit Wolde Giorgis (1989), pp. 49 v\u00e0 48. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 13: V\u00ec sao c\u00e1c Qu\u1ed1c gia Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i Ng\u00e0y nay V\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a BBC v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c tr\u00fang x\u1ed5 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Mugabe, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng khai c\u1ee7a Zimbank, xem news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/621895.stm. B\u00e0n lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng \u1edf Rhodesia theo Palmer (1977) v\u00e0 Alexander (2006). Meredith (2007) cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng quan k\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n \u1edf Zimbabwe. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u1edf Sierra Leone theo Richards (1996), Truth Reconciliation Commission (2004) [\u1ee6y Ban S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 H\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i], v\u00e0 Keen (2005). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o \u1edf th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Freetown n\u0103m 1995 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch t\u1eeb Keen (2005), p. 34. V\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u201cCon \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7\u201d c\u1ee7a RUF c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i www.sierra-leone.org\/AFRC-RUF\/footpaths.html. Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean t\u1eeb Geoma l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Keen (2005), p. 42. Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Colombia theo Acemoglu, Robinson, and Santos (2010) v\u00e0 Chaves and Robinson (2010), m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Colombia, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Romero (2003), c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn trong Romero (2007), v\u00e0 L\u00f3pez (2010). Le\u00f3n (2009) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi \u1edf Colombia. C\u0169ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 Web site \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi tu\u1ea7n b\u00e1o Semana, www.verdadabierta.com\/. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Acemoglu, Robinson, and Santos (2010). H\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa Mart\u00edn Llanos v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf v\u00f9ng Casanare c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha t\u1ea1i www.verdadabierta.com\/victimarios\/los-jefes\/714-perfil-hector-german-buitrago- alias-martin-llanos.","480 \u25cf TI\u1ec2U LU\u1eacN V\u00c0 C\u00c1C NGU\u1ed2N TH\u01af M\u1ee4C Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a El Corralito \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y k\u1ef9 trong m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o trong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed the The Economist, s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 t\u1ea1i www.economist.com\/search\/apachesolr_search\/corralito. V\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Argentina, xem Sawers (1996). Hassig and Oh (2009) cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc, c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1edf B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean; ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng xa hoa c\u1ee7a ban l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3 v\u00e0 4 v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t. Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a BBC v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/8500017.stm. V\u1ec1 l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 r\u01b0\u1ee3u m\u1ea1nh, xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 12 c\u1ee7a Post (2004). Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e1i b\u00f4ng \u1edf Uzbeksitan theo Kandiyoti (2008), s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 t\u1ea1i www.soas.ac.uk\/cccac\/events\/cotton-sector-in-central-asia- 2005\/file49842.pdf. Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn Gulnaz l\u00e0 \u1edf p. 20 c\u1ee7a Kandiyoti. V\u1ec1 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Andijon, xem International Crisis Group (2005). M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea7u Joseph Stalin \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sao l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb Denny (1937). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 \u201cch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u00e1nh h\u1ea7u\u201d \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp theo Sfakianakis (2004). Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 14: Ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 V\u00f2ng kim c\u00f4 B\u00e0n lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 Botswana theo Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2003); Robinson and Parsons (2006); v\u00e0 Leith (2005). Schapera (1970) v\u00e0 Parsons, Henderson, and Tlou (1995) l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Cao \u1ee6y Rey \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch trong Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2003), p. 96. Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh c\u1ee7a ba th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh theo Parsons (1998), v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: Chamberlain, pp. 206\u20137; Fairfield, p. 209; v\u00e0 Rhodes, p. 223. Schapera \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch t\u1eeb Schapera (1940), p. 72. Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn Quett Masire l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Masire (2006), p. 43. V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Tswana, xem Schapera (1952). B\u00e0n lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf Nam Hoa K\u1ef3 theo Acemoglu and Robinson (2008b). V\u1ec1 phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e2n c\u01b0 ngo\u00e0i Nam Hoa K\u1ef3, xem Wright (1999); v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi h\u00f3a h\u00e1i b\u00f4ng, Heinicke","TI\u1ec2U LU\u1eacN V\u00c0 C\u00c1C NGU\u1ed2N TH\u01af M\u1ee4C \u25cf 481 (1994). \u201cFRDUM FOOF SPETGH\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch t\u1eeb Mickey (2008), p. 50. B\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u 1948 c\u1ee7a Thurmond \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb www.slate.com\/id\/2075151\/, n\u01a1i ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghe c\u1ea3 b\u0103ng ghi \u00e2m. V\u1ec1 James Meredith v\u00e0 Oxford, Mississippi, xem Doyle (2001). Xem Wright (1999) v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam. V\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Mao, xem Harding (1987) v\u00e0 MacFarquhar and Schoenhals (2008). Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 m\u00e8o l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Harding, p. 58. \u0110i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng V\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Schoenhals (1996), p. 33; Mao n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Hitler l\u00e0 t\u1eeb MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, p. 102; Hoa n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u201cHai Ph\u00e0m l\u00e0\u201d l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Harding, p. 56. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 15: Hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 Th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 Ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 V\u1ec1 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c Phong, xem McGregor (2010), pp. 219\u201326. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecf c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u1eeb McGregor, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1. V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi media, xem Pan (2008), ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 9, v\u00e0 McGregor (2010), pp. 64\u201369 v\u00e0 235\u201362. C\u00e1c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb McGregor (2010), pp. 200\u2013201 v\u00e0 223. V\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00d4n Gia B\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, xem www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2010\/aug\/29\/wen-jiabao- china-reform. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y r\u00f5 trong Lipset (1959). B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn chi ti\u1ebft trong Acemoglu, Johnson, Robinson, and Yared (2008, 2009). Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn George H. W. Bush l\u00e0 t\u1eeb news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/business\/752224.stm. Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng NGO v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u1edf Afghanistan sau th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai 2001 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean Ghani and Lockhart (2008). Xem c\u1ea3 Reinikka and Svensson (2004) v\u00e0 Easterly (2006) v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf v\u0129 m\u00f4 v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t \u1edf Zimbabwe l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Acemoglu, Johnson, Robinson, and Querub\u00edn (2008). Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn Seva Mandir d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o Banerjee, Duflo, and Glennerster (2008). S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf Brazil \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong Keck (1992); v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng Sc\u00e2nia, xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4. Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn Cardoso l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Keck, pp. 44\u201345; tr\u00edch d\u1eabn Lula l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Keck, p. 65.","482 \u25cf TI\u1ec2U LU\u1eacN V\u00c0 C\u00c1C NGU\u1ed2N TH\u01af M\u1ee4C Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Fujimori v\u00e0 Montesinos \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t media l\u00e0 t\u1eeb McMillan and Zoido (2004), v\u00e0 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 t\u1eeb McGregor (2010), p. 69.","Ngu\u1ed3n cho c\u00e1c B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 1: \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Inca v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng t\u00e1c t\u1eeb John V. Murra (1984), \u201cAndean Societies before 1532,\u201d trong Leslie Bethell, ed., The Cambridge History of Latin America, vol. 1 (New York: Cambridge University Press). B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 v\u00f9ng l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c mita \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb Melissa Dell (2010), \u201cThe Persistent Effects of Peru\u2019s Mining Mita,\u201d Econometrica 78:6, 1863\u20131903. B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 2: \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb Miriam Bruhn and Francisco Gallego (2010), \u201cThe Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: Do They Matter for Economic Development?\u201d b\u00e0i T\u1ed5ng quan s\u1eafp ra trong the Review of Economics and Statistics. B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 3: \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb World Development Indicators (2008), c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 4: B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 l\u1ee3n hoang d\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng t\u00e1c t\u1eeb W. L. R. Oliver; I. L. Brisbin, Jr.; v\u00e0 S. Takahashi (1993), \u201cThe Eurasian Wild Pig (Sus scrofa),\u201d trong W. L. R. Oliver, ed., Pigs, Peccaries, and Hippos: Status Survey and Action Plan (Gland, Switzerland: IUCN), pp. 112\u201321. Tr\u00e2u b\u00f2 hoang d\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i bi\u00ean t\u1eeb B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 b\u00f2 r\u1eebng t\u1eeb Cis van Vuure (2005), Retracing the Aurochs (Sofia: Pensoft Publishers), p. 41. B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 5: C\u1ea3i bi\u00ean t\u1eeb Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf (2001), The Domestication of Plants in the Old World, 3rd edition (New York: Oxford University Press), B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 4 l\u00faa m\u1ef3, p. 56; B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 5 \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ch, p. 55. B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 l\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i bi\u00ean t\u1eeb Te-Tzu Chang (1976), \u201cThe Origin, Evolution, Cultivation, Dissemination, v\u00e0 Diversification of Asian v\u00e0 African Rices,\u201d Euphytica 25, 425\u201341, figure 2, p. 433. 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Kongo d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o Jan Vansina (1995), \u201cEquatorial Africa Before the Nineteenth Century,\u201d trong Philip Curtin, Steven Feierman, Leonard Thompson, and Jan Vansina, African History: From Earliest Times to Independence (New York: Longman), B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 8.4, p. 228.","484 \u25cf TI\u1ec2U LU\u1eacN V\u00c0 C\u00c1C NGU\u1ed2N TH\u01af M\u1ee4C B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 7: \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Qu\u00e9t d\u00f2ng Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh V\u1ec7 tinh Kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 (DMSP-OLS), m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee5p t\u1eeb 20:00 \u0111\u1ebfn 21:30 gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9 cao 830 km (www.ngdc.noaa.gov\/dmsp\/sensors\/ols.html). 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