["KH\u00d4NG TR\u00caN L\u00c3NH TH\u1ed4 C\u1ee6A CH\u00daNG T\u00d4I \u25cf 233 C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea3ng b\u0103ng khai th\u00e1c m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u00fang v\u00e0o l\u00fac khi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t n\u00e0y v\u00e0 quay theo h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed9i. Vi\u1ec7c quay h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t trong n\u0103m 1567. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 Minh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Jurchen, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00e3n ch\u00e2u b\u00ean trong ch\u00e2u \u00c1, tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp chi\u1ebfm, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 Thanh. M\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gay g\u1eaft sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o theo. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thanh \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n. Trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1690, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ec1 h\u01b0u, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: H\u01a1n n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f4i qua k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 Thanh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u00e8o d\u1ea7n t\u1eebng ng\u00e0y. C\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u01a1 c\u1ef1c, c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng c\u01a1 c\u1ef1c, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n c\u01a1 c\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c c\u0169ng c\u01a1 c\u1ef1c. Ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c r\u1ebb, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n no. Qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o r\u1ebb, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 che th\u00e2n. Thuy\u1ec1n ch\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u0111i t\u1eeb n\u01a1i h\u1ecdp ch\u1ee3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i kia, nh\u01b0ng h\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1n l\u1ed7. C\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c l\u00fac r\u1eddi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng h\u00f3a. Trong n\u0103m 1661 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Khang Hy \u0111\u00e3 ra l\u1ec7nh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng \u1edf b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ebfn Chi\u1ebft Giang \u2013 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda nam, m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u2013 ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y d\u1eb7m. B\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u1ea7n tra b\u1edfi binh l\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn 1693 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m t\u00e0u b\u00e8 \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i tr\u00ean b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n. S\u1ef1 c\u1ea5m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0m c\u00f2i c\u1ecdc s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 khi ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n, trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u1ed3i h\u01a1n. L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Minh v\u00e0 Thanh cho vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 quen thu\u1ed9c: n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh b\u1ea1o h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ebf \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh","234 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 tin trong c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Minh v\u00e0 Thanh, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u T\u1ed1ng, cho d\u00f9 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u Minh v\u00e0 Thanh v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c si\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u1eddi Minh v\u00e0 th\u1eddi Thanh, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00e1 nh\u1eb9. Tuy v\u1eady, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u00edt \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n hay s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i, trong khi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c \u0111ang c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. V\u00e0o l\u00fac Mao d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u0103m 1949, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. CH\u00cdNH TH\u1ec2 CHUY\u00caN CH\u1ebe C\u1ee6A PRESTER JOHN Ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c1. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, v\u1edbi V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Kongo, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2. M\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf Phi ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 Ethiopia, hay Abyssinia, m\u00e0 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6, khi ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a phong ki\u1ebfn sau s\u1ef1 suy s\u1ee5p c\u1ee7a Aksum. Ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf Abyssinia th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u h\u01a1n ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u00c2u ch\u00e2u, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t. Sau khi vua Ezana x\u1ee9 Aksum c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o sang Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ethiopia v\u1eabn theo Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 Vua Prester John. Prester John \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 vua theo Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1eaft r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u1edf Trung \u0110\u00f4ng. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Tuy v\u1eady, khi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u00c2u ch\u00e2u v\u1ec1 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 t\u0103ng l\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f3a ra l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady. Vua Ethiopia, v\u00ec \u00f4ng theo","KH\u00d4NG TR\u00caN L\u00c3NH TH\u1ed4 C\u1ee6A CH\u00daNG T\u00d4I \u25cf 235 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, n\u00ean sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean cho huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c vua c\u1ee7a Ethiopia th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eadt l\u1ef1c th\u1eed t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arab, g\u1eedi c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n ngo\u1ea1i giao \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ch\u00ed \u00edt t\u1eeb 1300 tr\u1edf \u0111i, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c vua B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha g\u1eedi binh l\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 d\u00f2ng Jesuit, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch l\u1eef h\u00e0nh mu\u1ed1n g\u1eb7p Prester John, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 Ethiopia. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00fd th\u00fa nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Francisco \u00c1lvares, m\u1ed9t cha tuy\u00ean \u00fay \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n ngo\u1ea1i giao B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf Ethiopia t\u1eeb 1520 \u0111\u1ebfn 1527. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt b\u1edfi gi\u00e1o s\u0129 d\u00f2ng Jesuit Manoel de Almeida, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Ethiopia t\u1eeb 1624, v\u00e0 b\u1edfi John Bruce, m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch l\u1eef h\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1eefa 1768 v\u00e0 1773. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y cho m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt phong ph\u00fa v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf Ethiopia v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nghi ng\u1edd n\u00e0o r\u1eb1ng Ethiopia \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf. \u0110\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111a nguy\u00ean thu\u1ed9c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c l\u00ean quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f2i quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 cai tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ee9c Vua Solomon v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu Sheba n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n b\u1ecb d\u1eabn d\u1eaft b\u1edfi chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf. Bruce, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua; ng\u00e0i cho ai \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i th\u00edch trong l\u00fac vui, v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i khi ng\u00e0i mu\u1ed1n. V\u00e0 ngay khi \u00f4ng ch\u1ebft to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai trong v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c thu\u1ed9c Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00f9y \u00fd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng; v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf, v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh, c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 vua, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 con trai c\u1ea3. \u00c1lvares \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u201ctr\u00e1i c\u00e2y v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt\u201d h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u201cn\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u1ed3i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\u201d. T\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Almeida v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t:","236 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I H\u1ebft s\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i, thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y \u0111i \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm gi\u1eef m\u1ed7i hai hay ba n\u0103m, \u0111\u00f4i khi m\u1ed7i n\u0103m v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean n\u00e0o. Th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e0y ru\u1ed9ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c gieo h\u1ea1t v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa thu ho\u1ea1ch. V\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u1eb3ng ai ch\u0103m lo cho \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng; th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ai tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y b\u1edfi v\u00ec anh ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ed3ng hi\u1ebfm khi h\u00e1i qu\u1ea3. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua, tuy v\u1eady, l\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00edch r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u00f4ng. Nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u00e0y g\u1ee3i \u00fd nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ethiopia v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u00c2u ch\u00e2u, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang c\u0169ng l\u00e0m r\u00f5 l\u00e0, ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf l\u00e0 gay g\u1eaft h\u01a1n \u1edf Ethiopia, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n khai th\u00e1c h\u01a1n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6, Ethiopia \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu c\u00f9ng b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp kh\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Cho d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady, c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, nh\u01b0 \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u1edf Ethiopia, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u00e9o b\u1edf, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. Ethiopia \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c: nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm Prester John, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 Islamic bao quanh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1eed gia Edward Gibbon \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 r\u1eb1ng \u201cb\u1ecb bao quanh t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi ph\u00eda b\u1edfi c\u00e1c k\u1ebb th\u00f9 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ethiopia \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ee7 g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m, qu\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00ean.\u201d Khi s\u1ef1 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a ch\u00e2u Phi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn, Ethiopia \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Ras (C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc) Kassa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong l\u00e0m Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Tewodros II trong n\u0103m 1855. Tewodros \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quan li\u00eau v\u00e0 t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p t\u1eadp trung h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m thu thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n cho \u00f4ng, ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, v\u00e0 trong l\u00fac \u0111i\u00ean ti\u1ebft \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1ng giam l\u00e3nh s\u1ef1 Anh. Trong n\u0103m 1868 nh\u1eefng","KH\u00d4NG TR\u00caN L\u00c3NH TH\u1ed4 C\u1ee6A CH\u00daNG T\u00d4I \u25cf 237 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eed m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec5n chinh, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Tewodros \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 v\u1eabn. D\u1eabu sao, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Tewodros \u0111\u00e3 xoay x\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i l\u1edbn ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Italy. Trong n\u0103m 1889 ngai v\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n cho Menelik II, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Italy \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. N\u0103m 1885 th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u1ee9c Bismarck \u0111\u00e3 tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb t\u1ea1i Berlin n\u01a1i c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh \u201cTranh gi\u00e0nh ch\u00e2u Phi\u201d \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh chia ch\u00e2u Phi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau. T\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 Italy \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf Eritrea, d\u1ecdc b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Ethiopia v\u00e0 Somalia. Ethiopia, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Italy v\u1eabn gi\u1eef c\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3, v\u00e0 trong n\u0103m 1896 h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam t\u1eeb Eritrea. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Menelik \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 vua \u00c2u ch\u00e2u th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5; \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch sai c\u00e1c qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u1eadp ng\u0169. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ra chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn. Th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Italy, m\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m ng\u00e0n qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Menelik trong Tr\u1eadn Adowa n\u0103m 1896. \u0110\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Phi ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e1ng xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c \u00c2u ch\u00e2u, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Ethiopia th\u00eam b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m n\u1eefa. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Ethiopia, Ras Tafari, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong l\u00e0m ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Haile Selassie trong n\u0103m 1930. Haile Selassie \u0111\u00e3 cai tr\u1ecb cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1edfi cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a Italy, m\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1935, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1n l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh trong n\u0103m 1941. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 cai tr\u1ecb cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh n\u0103m 1974 b\u1edfi Derg, \u201c\u1ee6y ban\u201d, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m Marxist l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ethiopia chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 gult (trang 178), v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a phong ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra sau s\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Aksum, \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang b\u1ecb x\u00f3a b\u1ecf sau c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng 1974.","238 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I Ng\u00e0y nay Ethiopia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ethiopia trung b\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Anh trung b\u00ecnh. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1ng qua ng\u00e0y. H\u1ecd thi\u1ebfu n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch, \u0111i\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc hay ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 so s\u00e1nh gi\u1eefa Anh v\u00e0 Ethiopia bao qu\u00e1t s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. L\u00fd do Ethiopia \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00f3 \u1edf ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, \u1edf Ethiopia ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. V\u1edbi ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Ethiopia, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y l\u00e2u d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ethiopia \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o x\u00e1c ngh\u00e8o x\u01a1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 h\u00f4m nay. NH\u1eeeNG \u0110\u1ee8A CON C\u1ee6A SOMAALE C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp, theo c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u00c1o-Hungary v\u00e0 Nga. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 v\u1eadt c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf duy nh\u1ea5t cho s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. V\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn, nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi, \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t Peter \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf \u1edf Nga b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf Nga, n\u00f3i chi \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Tudor \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y \u2013 hay, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y \u2013 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c l\u00ean quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, cho d\u00f9 c\u00e1c elite c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 Phi ch\u00e2u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh tay r\u1ed9ng m\u1edf, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea5y.","KH\u00d4NG TR\u00caN L\u00c3NH TH\u1ed4 C\u1ee6A CH\u00daNG T\u00d4I \u25cf 239 Somalia, n\u1eb1m \u1edf S\u1eebng ch\u00e2u Phi, minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 gh\u00ea g\u1edbm c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Somalia \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb cai tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh s\u00e1u h\u1ecd th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c. B\u1ed1n h\u1ecd th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0, Dir, Darod, Isaq, v\u00e0 Hawiye, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u truy nguy\u00ean t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed Samaale. C\u00e1c h\u1ecd th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 \u1edf b\u1eafc Somalia v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 lan xu\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec1n nam v\u00e0 sang mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y nay ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 d\u00e2n m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi di c\u01b0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0n d\u00ea, c\u1eebu, v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u1ede mi\u1ec1n nam, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Digil v\u00e0 Rahanweyn, \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 l\u00e0m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh hai h\u1ecd th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecd th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd tr\u00ean B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 12 (trang 177). Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Somali \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean v\u1edbi h\u1ecd th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c h\u1ecd th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m con. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c m\u00e0 truy d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c h\u1ecd th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m tr\u1ea3-diya, m\u00e0 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e0 con h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3 v\u00e0 thu diya, hay \u201ct\u00e0i s\u1ea3n m\u00e1u-blood wealth,\u201d s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c Somali v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m tr\u1ea3-diya v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb kh\u00f3a ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o xung \u0111\u1ed9t h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 li\u00ean mi\u00ean v\u00ec c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c khan hi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f9y h\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf cho s\u00fac v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed9t k\u00edch c\u00e1c b\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m tr\u1ea3-diya. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c sultan, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng, v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn Somali \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c hay nh\u00f3m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng phi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. \u0110\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt th\u00e0nh v\u0103n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn, tr\u1eeb lu\u1eadt Sharia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t khung kh\u1ed5 m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00fang v\u00e0o. C\u00e1c lu\u1eadt phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m tr\u1ea3-diya \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a trong c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 heer (t\u1ed9c \u01b0\u1edbc), m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng m\u00e0 nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c tu\u00e2n theo trong c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, c\u00e1c heer n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh v\u0103n. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i Hassan Ugaas \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m tr\u1ea3-diya c\u1ee7a kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u0103m \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c Dir \u1edf Somaliland thu\u1ed9c Anh. Ng\u00e0y 8-3-1950, heer c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi l\u1ea1i b\u1edfi \u1ee7y vi\u00ean qu\u1eadn Anh, ba \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0","240 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I 1. Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng Hassan Ugaas b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, th\u00ec hai m\u01b0\u01a1i con l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e0 trong s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n m\u00e1u (100) c\u1ee7a anh ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0 con g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a anh ta l\u1ea5y v\u00e0 t\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i con l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia gi\u1eefa t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hassan Ugaas. 2. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng Hassan Ugaas b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0m b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eadt c\u1ee7a anh ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 ba m\u01b0\u01a1i ba v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba con l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e0, th\u00ec m\u01b0\u1eddi con \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a cho anh ta v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i cho nh\u00f3m-jiffo c\u1ee7a anh ta (nh\u00f3m con c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m tr\u1ea3- diya). 3. T\u1ed9i gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Hassan Ugaas ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 \u1edf m\u1ee9c ba m\u01b0\u01a1i ba v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba con l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e0, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 cho b\u00e0 con th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1ea3 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 hay m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, anh ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1. S\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a heer v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ebft v\u00e0 l\u00e0m b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i chi\u1ebfn tranh h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 li\u00ean mi\u00ean gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m tr\u1ea3-diya v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c. Trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n m\u00e1u v\u00e0 h\u1eadn th\u00f9 m\u00e1u. M\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 nh\u00f3m tr\u1ea3-diya, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n m\u00e1u. N\u1ebfu t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n m\u00e1u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3, nh\u00f3m tr\u1ea3-diya c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n. Khi giao th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn Somalia, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n m\u00e1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft hay b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng trong c\u00e1c tai n\u1ea1n giao th\u00f4ng. Heer c\u1ee7a Hassan Ugaas \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi; \u0111i\u1ec1u 6 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u201cn\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hassan Ugaas l\u0103ng m\u1ea1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Hassan Ugaas anh ta s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3 150 shilling cho b\u00ean b\u1ecb x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m.\u201d \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1955, c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0n c\u1ee7a hai th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c, Habar Tol Ja\u2019lo v\u00e0 Habar Yuunis, \u0111ang \u0103n c\u1ecf g\u1ea7n nhau \u1edf v\u00f9ng Domberelly. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c Yuunis \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c Tol Ja\u2019lo v\u1ec1 ch\u0103n l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e0. Th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c Yuunis l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t, t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c Tol Ja\u2019lo v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn, theo lu\u1eadt t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n m\u00e1u, \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c Yunnis \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 cho th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c Tol Ja\u2019lo, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Yuunis \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n m\u00e1u, nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e0. Trong l\u1ec5 trao, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Tol Ja\u2019lo \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Yuunis, nh\u1ea7m anh ta v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m tr\u1ea3-diya c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb gi\u1ebft","KH\u00d4NG TR\u00caN L\u00c3NH TH\u1ed4 C\u1ee6A CH\u00daNG T\u00d4I \u25cf 241 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn tranh to\u00e0n l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 trong v\u00f2ng b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i t\u00e1m gi\u1edd m\u01b0\u1eddi ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi Yuunis v\u00e0 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tol Ja\u2019lo \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft. Chi\u1ebfn tranh k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t n\u0103m n\u1eefa tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00e1c gi\u00e0 l\u00e0ng t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 hai th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c, do ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Anh d\u00e0n h\u00f2a, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch m\u00f4i gi\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ee5 (trao \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n m\u00e1u) m\u00e0 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n c\u1ea3 hai ph\u00eda v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 trong ba n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo. Vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n m\u00e1u \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1eadn th\u00f9, v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ng\u1eebng xung \u0111\u1ed9t. Th\u01b0\u1eddng xung \u0111\u1ed9t l\u1eafng xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i b\u00f9ng l\u00ean. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n r\u1ed9ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Somali, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111a nguy\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, n\u00f3i chi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y d\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. Ch\u1eb3ng ai t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng ai, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Anh khi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1. S\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Somali \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o hay ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Anh, hay qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra lo\u1ea1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u1eady. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a Somalia \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00e2u Phi. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn, c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Phi ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u00e1nh xe trong giao th\u00f4ng hay c\u00e0y trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 \u00edt x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft. Ethiopia \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Somali c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ethiopia, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u1ed3i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ebf n\u00e0y trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Phi ch\u00e2u. C\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Phi ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u00e1nh xe hay c\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Kongo m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch n\u00e0o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m theo c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y. Li\u1ec7u c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ea3y sinh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft hay kh\u00f4ng? Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1eeb V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Taqali, n\u1eb1m \u1edf t\u00e2y b\u1eafc Somalia, \u1edf Nuba Hills c\u1ee7a nam Sudan. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Taqali \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c","242 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t b\u0103ng nh\u00f3m chi\u1ebfn binh \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Isma\u2019il, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Anh trong n\u0103m 1884. C\u00e1c vua v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Taqali \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft Arab, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u2013 tr\u1eeb b\u1edfi c\u00e1c vua, cho vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean l\u1ea1c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u01b0 t\u1eeb ngo\u1ea1i giao. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u. T\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u1edf Mesopotamia l\u00e0, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 ghi th\u00f4ng tin, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, v\u00e0 thu thu\u1ebf. Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Taqali \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y? Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1edfi s\u1eed gia Janet Ewald v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1970 khi b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed t\u00e1i d\u1ef1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Taqali. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n l\u00e0, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho ph\u00e9p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f2i quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01a1n. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 Isma\u2019il kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh. Cho d\u00f9 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00ean tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c, t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb h\u01a1n, \u0111ang t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1c elite kh\u00e1c nhau c\u0169ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, th\u00edch giao ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi h\u01a1n b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1i \u0111a. Kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat l\u1ea1i hay t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt hay c\u00e1c m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh th\u00e0nh v\u0103n v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00fang; ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ed1c chu\u1ea9n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c elite cai tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb l\u1eabn nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Taqali \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho h\u1ecd. K\u1ebb b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 ra sao, v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 cho s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1 b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Taqali \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i gi\u1eef ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Somali th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00edt gi\u1edbi elite \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5, khi so v\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Taqali, n\u00ean ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 v\u1ebb h\u1ee3p l\u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Somali cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00f4ng ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u1edf Somalia. Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u00e0 r\u00f5 v\u00ec sao vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3","KH\u00d4NG TR\u00caN L\u00c3NH TH\u1ed4 C\u1ee6A CH\u00daNG T\u00d4I \u25cf 243 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi; s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng l\u00e0m cho kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1eadp trung nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Th\u1ef1c ra, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 nh\u00f3m hay th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c n\u00e0o th\u1eed t\u1eadp trung quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t m\u00e0 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu an to\u00e0n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n b\u1ecb k\u00e9o theo, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Somali \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e2ng cao n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t. Khi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Somali mang m\u1ed1i th\u00f9 h\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 lo li\u1ec7u cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0103n s\u00e2u th\u00eam. S\u1ef0 L\u1ea0C H\u1eacU K\u00c9O D\u00c0I C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn v\u00e0 xa h\u01a1n: c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf \u2013 hay \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1eddng minh \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m th\u1ebf. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 Ethiopia cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c th\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u01a1i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c b\u1ecb k\u00e9o theo \u0111\u00e3 b\u00f3p ngh\u1eb9t c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc xa bu\u1ed5i b\u00ecnh minh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau trong c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c \u2013 th\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u1edf \u00c1o- Hungary, Nga, \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman, v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 sao l\u00e3ng c\u1ed5 v\u0169 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi v\u00e0o m\u00e0 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. Ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 duy nh\u1ea5t ng\u0103n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb sao cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, v\u00e0","244 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I c\u1ed5 v\u0169 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng ngay c\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n nay, nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia, nh\u01b0 Afghanistan, Haiti, Nepal, v\u00e0 Somalia, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng duy tr\u00ec tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 th\u00f4 s\u01a1 nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Somalia minh h\u1ecda b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. S\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1ecb ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i v\u00ec c\u00f9ng l\u00fd do m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i: n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ed7 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb h\u00f4m nay sang c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m m\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ea3n c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i kinh t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c elite truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp trung c\u0169ng l\u00e0m v\u1eady. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3, c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1eabn thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Trong khi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c tr\u1ea3i t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi \u00edt t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 10, c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m, nh\u01b0 Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Australia, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u01a1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf nhanh. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 th\u00eam n\u1eefa v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn, v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng n\u1ed5 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n l\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia.","","246 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I","KH\u00d4NG TR\u00caN L\u00c3NH TH\u1ed4 C\u1ee6A CH\u00daNG T\u00d4I \u25cf 247","248 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I","KH\u00d4NG TR\u00caN L\u00c3NH TH\u1ed4 C\u1ee6A CH\u00daNG T\u00d4I \u25cf 249","250 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I","KH\u00d4NG TR\u00caN L\u00c3NH TH\u1ed4 C\u1ee6A CH\u00daNG T\u00d4I \u25cf 251","252 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I","KH\u00d4NG TR\u00caN L\u00c3NH TH\u1ed4 C\u1ee6A CH\u00daNG T\u00d4I \u25cf 253","254 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I","KH\u00d4NG TR\u00caN L\u00c3NH TH\u1ed4 C\u1ee6A CH\u00daNG T\u00d4I \u25cf 255","256 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I","KH\u00d4NG TR\u00caN L\u00c3NH TH\u1ed4 C\u1ee6A CH\u00daNG T\u00d4I \u25cf 257","258 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I","KH\u00d4NG TR\u00caN L\u00c3NH TH\u1ed4 C\u1ee6A CH\u00daNG T\u00d4I \u25cf 259","260 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I","KH\u00d4NG TR\u00caN L\u00c3NH TH\u1ed4 C\u1ee6A CH\u00daNG T\u00d4I \u25cf 261","262 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I","9. S\u1ef0 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N \u0110\u1ea2O NG\u01af\u1ee2C GIA V\u1eca V\u00c0 T\u1ed8I DI\u1ec6T CH\u1ee6NG QU\u1ea6N \u0110\u1ea2O MOLUCCA \u1edf Indonesia hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m ba nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea3o. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y, b\u1eafc Molucca \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf cho ba v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Tidore, Ternate, v\u00e0 Bacan. Gi\u1eefa Molucca \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 x\u1ee9 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3o Ambon. \u1ede ph\u00eda nam l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o Banda, m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ecf ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb xa l\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec7n nay, qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Molucca khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c gia v\u1ecb c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111inh h\u01b0\u01a1ng, mace (gia v\u1ecb l\u00e0m t\u1eeb v\u1ecf kh\u00f4 c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t nh\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eadu kh\u1ea5u), v\u00e0 nutmeg (nh\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eadu kh\u1ea5u). Trong c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y nutmeg v\u00e0 mace ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ed3ng \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o Banda. D\u00e2n c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u00e1c gia v\u1ecb hi\u1ebfm n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea3o Java, t\u1eeb trung t\u00e2m xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u Melaka \u1edf B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Malaysia, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 Arabia. Ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn mua gia v\u1ecb. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 gia v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n qua Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, qua c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i b\u1ecb \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i quanh ch\u00e2u Phi hay qua \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea3o Gia V\u1ecb v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n gia v\u1ecb. Th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha Bartolemeu Dias \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00f2ng quanh M\u0169i H\u1ea3o V\u1ecdng n\u0103m 1488, v\u00e0 Vasco de Gama \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00f9ng b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 trong n\u0103m 1498. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea3o Gia V\u1ecb.","246 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u00e3 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 th\u1eed ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n gia v\u1ecb. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm Melaka n\u0103m 1511. N\u1eb1m \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ean ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Malaysia, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1n gia v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Arab, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n ch\u00fang \u0111i n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Nh\u01b0 kh\u00e1ch l\u1eef h\u00e0nh B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t trong n\u0103m 1515: \u201cTh\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0n h\u1ea3i l\u00fd \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn Melaka \u2026 B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 ai l\u00e0 ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Melaka ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 tay l\u00ean c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdng Venice.\u201d V\u1edbi Melaka trong tay h\u1ecd, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n gia v\u1ecb c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i.","S\u1ef0 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N \u0110\u1ea2O NG\u01af\u1ee2C \u25cf 247 C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n gia v\u1ecb. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh-qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 Aceh, Banten, Melaka, Makassar, Pengu, v\u00e0 Brunei \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u gia v\u1ecb c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 g\u1ed7 c\u1ee9ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trong c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch th\u00edch b\u1edfi c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 trong c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1eadp trung h\u01a1n, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua \u1edf trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f2i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. Gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o thu nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, c\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh tham gia bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n l\u1eabn c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n cho c\u00e1c elite \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Nh\u01b0 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00f2n xa m\u1edbi l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n tham gia \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n. Nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ngay c\u1ea3 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp th\u1ebf th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00ecnh l\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan \u0111\u00e3 mau ch\u00f3ng nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n cung \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c gia v\u1ecb c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Molucca s\u1ebd c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng hay \u00c2u ch\u00e2u kh\u00e1c. Trong n\u0103m 1600 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ambon \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00fd m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u0111inh h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf Ambon. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n H\u00e0 Lan trong n\u0103m 1602, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan th\u1eed chi\u1ebfm to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n gia v\u1ecb v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ed1t l\u00ean cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan v\u00e0 t\u1ed3i \u0111i cho \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n H\u00e0 Lan \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n \u00c2u ch\u00e2u th\u1ee9 hai, ti\u1ebfp sau C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n Anh, c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ty hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 l\u1edbn trong t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00c2u ch\u00e2u. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ty th\u1ee9 hai c\u00f3 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. V\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb xen ngang ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi th\u1ecfa \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb","248 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I Ambon. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i then ch\u1ed1t do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha gi\u1eef trong n\u0103m 1605 v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111u\u1ed5i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n kh\u00e1c. Sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00ean b\u1eafc Molucca, bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb Tidore, Ternate, v\u00e0 Bacan th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111inh h\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng hay bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n trong c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Th\u1ecfa \u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean Ternate th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e2y \u0111inh h\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0o h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Ambon \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai tr\u1ecb theo c\u00e1ch gi\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Ambon \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p cho nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111inh h\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01a1n t\u1eeb h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan \u0111\u1ebfn, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed9p \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111inh h\u01b0\u01a1ng cho c\u00e1c elite Ambon. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan b\u00e2y gi\u1edd quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh g\u1eafn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2y \u0111inh h\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00e1c h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u0169ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea3o Banda, d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n mace v\u00e0 nutmeg. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea3o Banda \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ambon. Ch\u00fang bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh-qu\u1ed1c t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ecf, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hay c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y, trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng h\u01a1n c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n nh\u1ecf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp l\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. \u0110\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch trung \u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c k\u00fd m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 cung nutmeg v\u00e0 mace. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n Anh, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t gia v\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ea1nh tranh khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee7 cao. C\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 mace v\u00e0 nutmeg \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tan v\u1ee1, th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c H\u00e0 Lan c\u1ee7a Batavia, Jan Pieterszoon Coen, \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kh\u00e1c. Coen \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra Batavia, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Java, nh\u01b0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n H\u00e0 Lan trong n\u0103m 1618. Trong n\u0103m 1621 \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn Banda v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i t\u00e0u v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u00e0n s\u00e1t h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kho\u1ea3ng m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec know-how c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t mace v\u00e0 nutmeg. Sau khi cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, r\u1ed3i Coen \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho","S\u1ef0 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N \u0110\u1ea2O NG\u01af\u1ee2C \u25cf 249 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta: m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n. C\u00e1c h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ra th\u00e0nh s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i t\u00e1m m\u1ea3nh, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i t\u00e1m ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 hay \u0111ang l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n H\u00e0 Lan. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 \u00edt nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Banda s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t d\u1ea1y l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t gia v\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u1eeb C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o b\u00e2y gi\u1edd tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t gia v\u1ecb, m\u00e0 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1n l\u1ea1i cho c\u00f4ng ty v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan t\u1ea1o ra \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea3o Gia V\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong mu\u1ed1n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9, \u1edf Banda v\u1edbi c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m ng\u00e0n sinh m\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m cung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gia v\u1ecb n\u00e0y kho\u1ea3ng 60 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 nutmeg \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n \u1edf Molucca ra to\u00e0n v\u00f9ng, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y s\u00e2u s\u1eafc cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. S\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong v\u00f9ng, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e1t b\u1edfi C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n H\u00e0 Lan, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 quay sang h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1eeba m\u1edbi n\u1ea3y sinh \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ea1m d\u1eebng tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n H\u00e0 Lan, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng cho xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p t\u1ef1 t\u00fac l\u00e0 an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan. Trong n\u0103m 1620 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Banten, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Java, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb5n nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y h\u1ed3 ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan \u0111\u1ec3 cho n\u00f3 y\u00ean. Khi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n H\u00e0 Lan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m Maguindanao, \u1edf nam Phillipines, trong n\u0103m 1686, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1ea3o \u00f4ng, \u201cNutmeg v\u00e0 \u0111inh h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 \u1edf Malaku. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd b\u1edfi v\u00ec Rajna gi\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 s\u1ea1ch ch\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng ch\u1ebft. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee3 C\u00f4ng ty H\u00e0 Lan s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e1nh nhau v\u1edbi h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 n\u00f3.\u201d \u0110i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb Maguindanao trong n\u0103m 1699 c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1: \u201c\u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5m ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tr\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec3 cho \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb d\u00ednh l\u00edu v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfn tranh d\u00f9 v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ty [H\u00e0 Lan] hay v\u1edbi k\u1ebb th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c.\u201d \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tho\u00e1i-\u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb h\u00f3a v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1.","250 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I Trong n\u0103m 1635 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1eeb Pegu, \u1edf g\u1ea7n b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ebfn Ava, s\u00e2u v\u00e0o trong \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n tr\u00ean S\u00f4ng Irrawaddy. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Lan. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u00e3n m\u00e1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn \u1edf trong c\u00f9ng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u, hay h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf Molucca, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba H\u00e0 Lan \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1eebng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, chuy\u1ec3n sang h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf h\u01a1n. Trong hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp theo, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u1edf trong v\u1ecb th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi m\u00e0 s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. V\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 r\u00fat lui c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u; v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u00c2u ch\u00e2u. CH\u00daNG TA \u0110\u00c3 TH\u1ea4Y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ra sao cho s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m \u1edf Anh. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda b\u1edfi kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Molucca d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan, s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gieo c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, hay t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00eam c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n. Nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp hay m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p manh nha tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hay ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 duy tr\u00ec m\u00e3i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, khi c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a lan ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00e1c n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi n\u00e0y. TH\u1ec2 CH\u1ebe QU\u00c1 TH\u00d4NG TH\u01af\u1edcNG \u1ede \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u00c2u ch\u00e2u trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf. Trong c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 khi C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n H\u00e0 Lan m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c \u0111ang t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi: bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7.","S\u1ef0 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N \u0110\u1ea2O NG\u01af\u1ee2C \u25cf 251 \u1ede Hoa K\u1ef3, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 mi\u1ec1n nam \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 \u201cth\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.\u201d Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i Moses Findlay \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fat n\u00e0o, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 trong m\u1ecdi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a v\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi, m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi cho ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n duy nh\u1ea5t. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 La M\u00e3 c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Slavic quanh Bi\u1ec3n \u0110en, t\u1eeb Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng t\u1eeb B\u1eafc \u00c2u. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1400 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t b\u1eaft nhau l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Ch\u00e2u Phi, tuy v\u1eady, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3i qua s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 sang ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 nh\u01b0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Phi, v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n ngang Sahara \u0111\u1ebfn B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Arabia. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia T\u00e2y Phi trung c\u1ed5 l\u1edbn, Mali, Ghana, v\u00e0 Songhai \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn theo c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o B\u1eafc Phi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n m\u00eda \u1edf Caribe b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 leo thang \u0111\u1ea7y k\u1ecbch t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf b\u00ean trong b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u00e2u Phi. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kho\u1ea3ng 300.000 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n qua \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb Trung Phi, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 d\u00ednh l\u00edu s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a Kongo v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u00f3ng xa h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam \u1edf Luanda, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Angola. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n xuy\u00ean Sahara v\u1eabn \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 550.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Phi chuy\u1ec3n l\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eafc l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. Kho\u1ea3ng 1.350.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n nh\u01b0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 trong th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111a s\u1ed1 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n sang ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. Con s\u1ed1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n xuy\u00ean Sahara \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t n\u1eefa, v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 6.000.000 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n qua \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 700.000 qua Sahara. C\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 trong c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Phi, h\u01a1n 10.000.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n ra kh\u1ecfi ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 15 (trang sau) cho m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00edch l\u0169y","252 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1400 v\u00e0 1900 nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 trong n\u0103m 1400. C\u00e1c m\u00e0u th\u1eabm h\u01a1n cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u1edf Angola, Benin, Ghana, v\u00e0 Togo, t\u1ed5ng t\u00edch l\u0169y c\u1ee7a xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 trong n\u0103m 1400. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u kh\u1eafp v\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n T\u00e2y v\u00e0 Trung Phi h\u0103m h\u1edf mua n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Phi ch\u00e2u. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1edf sang ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft trong chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1edf ra ven bi\u1ec3n. S\u1ef1 t\u0103ng l\u00ean c\u1ee7a","S\u1ef0 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N \u0110\u1ea2O NG\u01af\u1ee2C \u25cf 253 chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed5i b\u00f9ng b\u1edfi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 s\u00fang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1730 kho\u1ea3ng 180.000 s\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u m\u1ed7i n\u0103m ch\u1ec9 d\u1ecdc theo duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i T\u00e2y Phi, v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa 1750 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m, ri\u00eang nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1n gi\u1eefa 283.000 v\u00e0 394.000 s\u00fang m\u1ed9t n\u0103m. Gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1750 v\u00e0 1807, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1n m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t 22.000 t\u1ea5n thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang, khi\u1ebfn cho trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 384.000 kg m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 91.000 kg ch\u00ec m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. Xa h\u01a1n xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda nam, vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n c\u0169ng s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. B\u00ean b\u1edd Loango, b\u1eafc V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Kongo, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1n 50.000 s\u00fang m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i to l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 sinh m\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Phi ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 \u00edt t\u1eadp trung v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u00c1-\u00c2u. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00e1c \u00f4ng vua ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c. Nhi\u1ec1u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf Somalia, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. S\u1ef1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng hai qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf h\u01a1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c xung quanh m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch duy nh\u1ea5t: n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 h\u00f3a v\u00e0 b\u00e1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c cho b\u1ecdn bu\u00f4n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u00c2u ch\u00e2u. Th\u1ee9 hai, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0ng, ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd thay, \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh nhau v\u00e0 b\u1eaft nhau l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara. Tr\u1eeb chi\u1ebfn tranh ra, c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft c\u00f3c v\u00e0 b\u1eaft b\u1edfi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed9t k\u00edch c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c nh\u1ecf. Lu\u1eadt c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch h\u00f3a. B\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i g\u00ec, h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 b\u1eaft l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n Anh Francis Moore \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y d\u1ecdc b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Senegambia \u1edf T\u00e2y Phi n\u0103m trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1730: K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7; c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00fang l\u00e0m c\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m r\u1ea5t kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t, nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed9i gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp v\u00e0 t\u1ed9i ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u00e1n k\u1ebb ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi v\u1ee5 l\u1eb7t v\u1eb7t c\u0169ng b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t theo c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch.","254 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i b\u1ea1i b\u1edfi mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u00e1n c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. M\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 l\u00e0 b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng t\u1ea1i Archukwa, \u1edf \u0111\u00f4ng Nigeria. B\u1eadc th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i r\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i thay m\u1ed9t m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong v\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ljaw, lbibio v\u00e0 lgbo. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u00e0 x\u00e9t x\u1eed nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn Archukwa \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ebbm n\u00fai c\u1ee7a S\u00f4ng Cross, n\u01a1i b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t hang cao, m\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc hang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c s\u1ecd ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh, li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb bu\u00f4n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n Aro, s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c thi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh. Th\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecd b\u1ecb b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh \u201cnu\u1ed1t\u201d, m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 qua hang, h\u1ecd b\u1ecb d\u1eabn xu\u1ed1ng S\u00f4ng Cross v\u00e0 xu\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee3i. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n b\u1ecb b\u00f3p m\u00e9o v\u00e0 b\u1ecb vi ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 gh\u00ea g\u1edbm l\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 raison d\u2019\u00eatre (l\u00fd do t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i) ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c v\u00e0 b\u1eaft l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Kongo c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Phi ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 h\u00f3a, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y b\u1edfi n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c n\u1ea3y sinh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt \u1edf T\u00e2y Phi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 bao g\u1ed3m Oyo \u1edf Nigeria, Dahomey \u1edf Benin, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 Asante \u1edf Ghana. S\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Oyo gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u ng\u1ef1a t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eafc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i k\u1ef5 binh h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp. Khi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Oyo b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam theo h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u1ec1n n\u00e1t c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 \u1edf gi\u1eefa v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1n nhi\u1ec1u c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa 1690 v\u00e0 1740, Oyo \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u1edf b\u00ean trong c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 Duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i N\u00f4 l\u1ec7. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 80 \u0111\u1ebfn 90 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n tr\u00ean mi\u1ec1n duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7y k\u1ecbch t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 gi\u1eefa chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 cung \u1ee9ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y xa h\u01a1n trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m, tr\u00ean Duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i V\u00e0ng, v\u00f9ng l\u00e0 Ghana hi\u1ec7n nay. Sau n\u0103m 1700 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Asante \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eeb n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn theo c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Oyo \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Trong n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m, s\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3","S\u1ef0 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N \u0110\u1ea2O NG\u01af\u1ee2C \u25cf 255 k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Akan, khi Asante l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i h\u1ebft nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, Gyaman, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb chinh ph\u1ee5c n\u0103m 1747. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn trong s\u1ed1 375.000 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u t\u1eeb Duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i V\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 khai th\u00e1c \u1ed3 \u1ea1t s\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 mang t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u h\u1ecdc. Kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau tr\u01b0\u1edbc giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb h\u1ee3p l\u00fd kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00ean d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. S\u1eed gia Patrick Maning \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y v\u00e0 Trung-T\u00e2y ch\u00e2u Phi m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 cung \u1ee9ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cho xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng hai m\u01b0\u01a1i hai \u0111\u1ebfn hai m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m. V\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 r\u1eb1ng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u0103ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m m\u1ed9t n\u0103m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, Maning \u0111\u00e3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y trong n\u0103m 1850 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1u \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i ba tri\u1ec7u. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda c\u1ee7a con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 kho\u1ea3ng t\u00e1m tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u1eeb khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y gi\u1eefa 1700 v\u00e0 1850, m\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft b\u1edfi chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 li\u00ean mi\u00ean nh\u1eb1m b\u1eaft n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n th\u00eam c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u trong cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m, m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u00f2i b\u00e3i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0 \u1edf Anh, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang l\u1edbn William Wilberforce. Sau nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f2i x\u00f3a b\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt l\u00e0m cho bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i theo v\u1edbi bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 trong n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo. Tuy v\u1eady, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i xa h\u01a1n: n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7n th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 cho bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 m\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn 1834 th\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 m\u1edbi b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf h\u1ebft tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Anh, nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 qua \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec3m.","256 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a n\u1ea1n bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 sau 1807 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u1ea7u b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u Phi, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00ean c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf Phi ch\u00e2u tan bi\u1ebfn \u0111i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 ma thu\u1eadt. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Phi ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c xung quanh vi\u1ec7c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf b\u00ean trong b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u00e2u Phi. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Phi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 sau 1807 n\u1eefa. Khi x\u1ee9 s\u1edf n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cth\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p,\u201d m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng g\u1eafn v\u1edbi bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u Phi. C\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m d\u1ea7u c\u1ecd, nh\u00e2n, l\u1ea1c, ng\u00e0 voi, cao su, v\u00e0 gum Arabic (nh\u1ef1a c\u00e2y acacia). Khi thu nh\u1eadp \u00c2u ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 t\u0103ng l\u00ean v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t. H\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Phi ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 n\u0103ng n\u1ed5 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i do bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u1ea1o ra, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0m th\u1ebf v\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0m g\u00ec khi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u00e1n h\u1ecd cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c sinh l\u1eddi, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c, \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi, t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u00f3n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i k\u1ef9 l\u00e0m t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u1edf Asante, \u1edf Ghana hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1807, \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Asante \u0111\u00e3 d\u00ednh l\u00edu s\u00e2u v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, mang h\u1ecd xu\u1ed1ng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u1edbn \u1edf Cape Coast v\u00e0 Elmina. Sau 1807, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0y b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i, elite ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Asante \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. \u0110\u00fang h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n l\u1edbn, ban \u0111\u1ea7u xung quanh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Kumase, nh\u01b0ng mu\u00f4n h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 lan ra kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba Ghana). H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 h\u1ea1ch kola \u0111\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng nu\u00f4i tr\u1ed3ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang v\u00e1c, v\u00ec Asante \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00e1nh xe. Xa h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u00edch nghi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u1edf Dahomay nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n c\u1ecd d\u1ea7u l\u1edbn g\u1ea7n c\u00e1c c\u1ea3ng bi\u1ec3n Whydah v\u00e0 Porto Novo, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7.","S\u1ef0 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N \u0110\u1ea2O NG\u01af\u1ee2C \u25cf 257 Cho n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c b\u00e3i b\u1ecf bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, thay cho vi\u1ec7c khi\u1ebfn cho t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi teo \u0111i, th\u00ec \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u1edf b\u00ean trong ch\u00e2u Phi h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra trong hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u1eabn c\u00f2n dai d\u1eb3ng. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u1edf Nigeria trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1820 v\u00e0 1830 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Oyo m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u00e0m cho x\u00f3i m\u00f2n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh-qu\u1ed1c Yoruba, nh\u01b0 Illorin v\u00e0 Ibadan, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, \u1edf ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1830, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Oyo b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Yoruba \u0111\u00e3 tranh gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u1edbi Dahomey v\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb khu v\u1ef1c. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra cung n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft c\u00f3c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u1eed ph\u1ea1t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c b\u1eadc th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf. S\u1ef1 b\u1eaft c\u00f3c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Nigeria c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m \u0111\u1ec3 con m\u00ecnh ch\u01a1i \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00ec s\u1ee3 ch\u00fang b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u00e1n l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, thay cho co l\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f3 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch l\u1eef h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng trong c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y Phi Ansante v\u00e0 Dahomey v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh-qu\u1ed1c Yoruba h\u01a1n n\u1eeda d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. C\u00f3 s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Ph\u00e1p ban \u0111\u1ea7u cho t\u00e2y Sudan, m\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y ch\u00e2u Phi, tr\u1ea3i t\u1eeb Senegal, qua Mali v\u00e0 Burkina Faso, \u0111\u1ebfn Niger v\u00e0 Chad. T\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y 30 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 trong n\u0103m 1900. H\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a sau cu\u1ed9c Tranh gi\u00e0nh ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn s\u1ef1 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp \u00c2u ch\u00e2u v\u00e0o ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n minh v\u1edbi l\u00fd do r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c. Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Phi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i. \u1ede Sierra Leone, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn 1928 th\u00ec t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng m\u1edbi b\u1ecb x\u00f3a b\u1ecf, cho d\u00f9 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Freetown v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 T\u1ef1 do ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m nh\u01b0 n\u01a1i tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u1ec1. Sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u0103n c\u1ee9 quan tr\u1ecdng cho h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i ch\u1ed1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Anh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u1ee9 s\u1edf m\u1edbi cho c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u00e0u ch\u1edf n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u1ecb h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Anh b\u1eaft gi\u1eef. Ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7","258 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I v\u1eabn c\u00f2n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u1edf Sierra Leone trong 130 n\u0103m. Liberia, ngay nam Sierra Leone, c\u0169ng th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp cho c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 M\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1840. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i, m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1960, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c, s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng lan ra ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua s\u1ef1 ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf khi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u1ea0O RA M\u1ed8T N\u1ec0N KINH T\u1ebe K\u00c9P H\u1ec7 thuy\u1ebft \u201cn\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u00e9p\u201d (\u201cdual economy\u201d paradigm), ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Sir Athur Lewis \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1955, v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc k\u00e9m-ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Theo Lewis, nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u00e9m-ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hay ch\u1eadm-ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac k\u00e9p v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. Khu v\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn. Khu v\u1ef1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng g\u1eafn v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u201cl\u1ea1c h\u1eadu\u201d. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu bao g\u1ed3m s\u1edf h\u1eefu chung v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng thi\u1ebfu quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong khu v\u1ef1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c, theo Lewis, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i sang khu v\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a Lewis, \u201cv\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u201d \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng chuy\u1ec3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c kh\u1ecfi khu v\u1ef1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, kh\u1ecfi n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, sang khu v\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb. N\u0103m 1979 Lewis \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u00ec c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf. Lewis v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00fang trong nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u00e9p. Nam Phi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c th\u00ed d\u1ee5 r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t, t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu v\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ngay c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y nay n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u00e9p do Lewis","S\u1ef0 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N \u0110\u1ea2O NG\u01af\u1ee2C \u25cf 259 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u1eabn \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i t\u1ea1i Nam Phi. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y k\u1ecbch t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i ngang ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa bang KwaZulu-Natal, Natal tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, v\u00e0 bang Transkei. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ranh gi\u1edbi ch\u1ea1y theo con S\u00f4ng L\u1edbn Kei. B\u00ean ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng con s\u00f4ng, \u1edf Natal, d\u1ecdc b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nh\u00ecn ra b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n tr\u00ean d\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1t \u0111\u1eb9p l\u1ed9ng l\u1eaby. N\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n m\u00eda xanh t\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1ed1t. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb9p; to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u00f9ng s\u1eb7c m\u00f9i th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ngang qua s\u00f4ng, c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c. C\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn. \u0110\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 m\u00e0u xanh, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u00e0u n\u00e2u v\u00e0 r\u1eebng b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng. Thay cho c\u00e1c c\u0103n nh\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u00e0u sang v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1y, ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7 sinh, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec7n nghi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c l\u1ec1u t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3 v\u00e0 n\u1ea5u n\u01b0\u1edbng \u1edf ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi. Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, r\u1ea5t xa v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf b\u00ean ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean c\u1ee7a con s\u00f4ng. B\u00ean ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, \u1edf Natal, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u1ec1n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. B\u00ean ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Transkei \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu chung v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. Nh\u00ecn theo l\u0103ng k\u00ednh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Lewis v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u00e9p, s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa Transkei v\u00e0 Natal minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Phi ch\u00e2u. Th\u1ef1c ra, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i xa h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ed1ng Transkei, ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf ti\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh. Theo ph\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, th\u00ec, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng Transkei cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh Natal. Ph\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 b\u1ecf s\u00f3t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 logic v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u00e9p sinh ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a Transkei kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0n d\u01b0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Phi. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u00e9p gi\u1eefa Transkei v\u00e0 Natal th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ch\u00fat n\u00e0o. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi c\u00e1c elite Nam Phi da tr\u1eafng nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t kho d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef lao \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ebb m\u1ea1t cho c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi ch\u00e2u da \u0111en. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u00e9p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ch\u1eadm","260 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i dai d\u1eb3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Nam Phi v\u00e0 Botswana, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh do n\u00f3 g\u00e2y ra. S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nam Phi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra khi C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n H\u00e0 Lan th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u1ea1i V\u1ecbnh Table, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 c\u1ea3ng Cape Town, n\u0103m 1652. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi n\u00e0y b\u1edd t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Nam Phi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 th\u01b0a th\u1edbt, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u0103n b\u1eaft h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khoikhoi. Xa sang ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, \u1edf n\u01a1i b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 Ciskei v\u00e0 Transkei, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Phi ch\u00e2u c\u01b0 tr\u00fa \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 h\u00f3a. B\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Nam Phi \u0111\u00e3 xa c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Ciskei v\u00e0 Transkei, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xhosa, \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf \u0111\u1ee7 xa trong n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3, c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1ng xu\u1ed1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 Trung Phi. S\u1ef1 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Nam Phi. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng T\u00e2y Phi, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, Nam Phi c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u00f4n h\u00f2a m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi nh\u01b0 b\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1t r\u00e9t v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1t v\u00e0ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Phi th\u00e0nh \u201cngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng\u201d v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u1edf ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3n. Nam Phi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u00c2u ch\u00e2u. S\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng \u00c2u ch\u00e2u v\u00e0o trong n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n Cape Town t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh Napoleon. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Xhosa v\u00ec v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng s\u00e2u v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba. S\u1ef1 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba Nam Phi \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean trong n\u0103m 1835, khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i H\u00e0 Lan, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c Afrikaner hay c\u00e1c Boer, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c di c\u01b0 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9c Di c\u01b0 L\u1edbn (Great Trek) kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t mi\u1ec1n duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Cape Town. C\u00e1c Afrikaner sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp hai nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u Phi, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Orange Freee v\u00e0 Transvaal.","S\u1ef0 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N \u0110\u1ea2O NG\u01af\u1ee2C \u25cf 261 Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Nam Phi \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra nh\u1eefng khu m\u1ecf kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u1edf Kimberly n\u0103m 1867 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ecf gi\u00e0u v\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i Johannesburg n\u0103m 1886. S\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 n\u00e0y trong n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ra to\u00e0n Nam Phi. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Orange Free v\u00e0 Transvaal \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh Boer n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1880\u20131881 v\u00e0 1899\u20131902. Sau s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd ban \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Afrikaner v\u1edbi T\u1ec9nh Cape v\u00e0 Natal, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Nam Phi trong n\u0103m 1910. V\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh nhau gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Afrikaner v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf khai m\u1ecf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y. N\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi ch\u00e2u b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba trong c\u1ea3 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xhosa, \u1edf Ciskei v\u00e0 Transkei, \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 s\u1eed gia Colin Bundy \u0111\u00e3 ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i. Ngay t\u1eeb 1832, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh b\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t v\u1ec1 khai m\u1ecf, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o Moravian \u1edf Transkei \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng m\u1edbi m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 ra cho h\u1ecd. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft, \u201c\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u2026 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n b\u1eb1ng b\u00e0n tay lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 mua qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfc mai, c\u00e0y, xe ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng h\u1eefu \u00edch kh\u00e1c.\u201d S\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u1ee7y vi\u00ean \u1ee7y ban d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, John Hemming, v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn Fingoland \u1edf Ciskei trong n\u0103m 1876 c\u0169ng ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 ngang th\u1ebf. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Fingoe t\u1ea1o ra trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m \u2026 B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e2u, m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111i, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c l\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u1edf b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1. Trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 g\u1ea1ch ch\u1eafc n\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean \u2026 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2y \u0103n qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng; b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c canh t\u00e1c trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edbi; c\u00e1c s\u01b0\u1eddn \u0111\u1ed3i v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c canh t\u00e1c \u1edf n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang c\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn. Quy","262 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I m\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0y \u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u00f4i ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean; T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c canh t\u00e1c trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. V\u00ec trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1edbi trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u01b0ng khi cho tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Phi ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb r\u1ea5t s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 l\u00e0m theo c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o xe ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i. Khi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra. N\u0103m 1879 quan t\u00f2a t\u1ea1i Umzimkulu c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng Griqualand, \u1edf Transkei, \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cmong mu\u1ed1n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t \u2013 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 mua 38.000 m\u1eabu.\u201d Ba n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng t\u00e1m ng\u00e0n n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Phi ch\u00e2u \u1edf trong qu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 mua v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean ch\u00edn m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u00e0n m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ea5t. Ch\u00e2u Phi ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra. T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m y\u1ebfu c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi mua \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u, c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed5i ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng minh h\u1ecda vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 Stephen Sonjica \u1edf Ciskei, m\u1ed9t n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 tay g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1eeb c\u1ea3nh ngh\u00e8o. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n n\u0103m 1911, Sonjica nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf n\u00e0o khi l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean anh b\u00e0y t\u1ecf v\u1edbi b\u1ed1 m\u00ecnh mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a anh \u0111\u1ec3 mua \u0111\u1ea5t, b\u1ed1 anh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i: \u201cMua \u0111\u1ea5t \u01b0? L\u00e0m sao con c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1n mua \u0111\u1ea5t? Con kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i trao n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 cho c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh?\u201d Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a cha Sonjica \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0ng Sonjica \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00f9n b\u01b0\u1edbc. Anh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m trong Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Vua William v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ghi ch\u00e9p: T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e1u c\u00e1 m\u1edf m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n ri\u00eang \u1edf ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u2026 Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn khi t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3ng \u2026 [T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 mua] m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p b\u00f2 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u00e1ch, d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5, c\u00e0y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 t\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p linh tinh \u2026 B\u00e2y gi\u1edd t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 mua m\u1ed9t trang tr\u1ea1i nh\u1ecf \u2026 T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh [vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt] nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi","S\u1ef0 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N \u0110\u1ea2O NG\u01af\u1ee2C \u25cf 263 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o m\u00ecnh \u2026 H\u1ecd, tuy v\u1eady, ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m theo c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m ra l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn. M\u1ed9t m\u1ea9u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng l\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ee1 cho s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Phi ch\u00e2u trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 g\u1eedi n\u0103m 1869 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o Methodist, W. J. Davis. Vi\u1ebft cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, \u00f4ng ghi nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m vui r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1u b\u1ea3ng ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t \u201ccho Qu\u1ef9 C\u1ee9u t\u1ebf B\u00f4ng Lancashire.\u201d Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Phi ch\u00e2u ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e3 quy\u00ean ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee9u t\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n d\u1ec7t ngh\u00e8o \u1edf Anh! S\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m v\u1eeba l\u00f2ng c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, theo h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu m\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong n\u0103m 1879 Matthew Blyth, quan t\u00f2a ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Transkei, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea5t sao cho n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n t\u01b0. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng \u201cm\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u2026 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng \u2026 c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng.\u201d C\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i hay x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u cho c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t \u00c2u ch\u00e2u th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc quy\u1ec1n uy truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y lang ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u201cnh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch \u00c2u ch\u00e2u,\u201d m\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng m\u1edbi, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e0y, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f3n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Ciskei v\u00e0 Transkei v\u00e0o nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Anh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc quy\u1ec1n uy truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi \u1edf Nam Phi. \u1ede Fingoland trong n\u0103m 1884, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho ch\u00fang ta. C\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u2026 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ghen t\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh hay c\u1ee7a v\u0169 kh\u00ed ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2026 th\u1ea7y lang ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y, m\u00e0 gi\u00e1ng xu\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu gia s\u00fac gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 t\u00e0i, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 m\u1edbi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p","264 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I kh\u00e9o tay, \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 xo\u00e0ng x\u0129nh \u2013 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u1eefa, th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c Fingo \u2026 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. V\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trang tr\u1ea1i \u2026 anh ta s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00e1c xe b\u00f2 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc c\u00e0y; anh ta m\u1edf c\u00e1c r\u00e3nh n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbi; anh ta l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0n c\u1eebu. Ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00f3i m\u00f2n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee3t b\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t kinh t\u1ebf Phi ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7y sinh kh\u00ed. Chao \u00f4i, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eadt ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i. Gi\u1eefa 1890 v\u00e0 1913 n\u00f3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y hai l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4n qu\u00ea v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra trong n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u00c2u ch\u00e2u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi ch\u00e2u. Nh\u1eefng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Phi ch\u00e2u th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o gi\u00e1 c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng xu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u c\u0169ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 h\u1ea5t c\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi ch\u00e2u ra kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh. L\u1ef1c th\u1ee9 hai th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n nham hi\u1ec3m h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ebb m\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf khai m\u1ecf \u0111ang n\u1ea3y n\u1edf, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cung lao \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ebb n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi ch\u00e2u. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean ti\u1ebfp theo. L\u1eddi khai l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng n\u0103m 1897 c\u1ee7a George Albu, ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i M\u1ecf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y cho m\u1ed9t \u1ee6y ban \u0110i\u1ec1u tra, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd logic c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ebb m\u1ea1t. \u00d4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb l\u00e0m r\u1ebb s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng \u201c\u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n n\u00f3i cho l\u0169 tr\u1ebb r\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng.\u201d L\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta di\u1ec5n ra nh\u01b0 sau: \u1ee6y ban: Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed c\u00e1c kaffir [ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi ch\u00e2u da \u0111en] b\u1ecf v\u1ec1 kraal [ch\u1ed7 qu\u00e2y gia s\u00fac] c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd? \u00d4ng c\u00f3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng? Albu: Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u2026 t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u2026 V\u00ec sao m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec? T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 m\u1ed9t kaffir ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng."]
Search
Read the Text Version
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
- 11
- 12
- 13
- 14
- 15
- 16
- 17
- 18
- 19
- 20
- 21
- 22
- 23
- 24
- 25
- 26
- 27
- 28
- 29
- 30
- 31
- 32
- 33
- 34
- 35
- 36
- 37
- 38
- 39
- 40
- 41
- 42
- 43
- 44
- 45
- 46
- 47
- 48
- 49
- 50
- 51
- 52
- 53
- 54
- 55
- 56
- 57
- 58
- 59
- 60
- 61
- 62
- 63
- 64
- 65
- 66
- 67
- 68
- 69
- 70
- 71
- 72
- 73
- 74
- 75
- 76
- 77
- 78
- 79
- 80
- 81
- 82
- 83
- 84
- 85
- 86
- 87
- 88
- 89
- 90
- 91
- 92
- 93
- 94
- 95
- 96
- 97
- 98
- 99
- 100
- 101
- 102
- 103
- 104
- 105
- 106
- 107
- 108
- 109
- 110
- 111
- 112
- 113
- 114
- 115
- 116
- 117
- 118
- 119
- 120
- 121
- 122
- 123
- 124
- 125
- 126
- 127
- 128
- 129
- 130
- 131
- 132
- 133
- 134
- 135
- 136
- 137
- 138
- 139
- 140
- 141
- 142
- 143
- 144
- 145
- 146
- 147
- 148
- 149
- 150
- 151
- 152
- 153
- 154
- 155
- 156
- 157
- 158
- 159
- 160
- 161
- 162
- 163
- 164
- 165
- 166
- 167
- 168
- 169
- 170
- 171
- 172
- 173
- 174
- 175
- 176
- 177
- 178
- 179
- 180
- 181
- 182
- 183
- 184
- 185
- 186
- 187
- 188
- 189
- 190
- 191
- 192
- 193
- 194
- 195
- 196
- 197
- 198
- 199
- 200
- 201
- 202
- 203
- 204
- 205
- 206
- 207
- 208
- 209
- 210
- 211
- 212
- 213
- 214
- 215
- 216
- 217
- 218
- 219
- 220
- 221
- 222
- 223
- 224
- 225
- 226
- 227
- 228
- 229
- 230
- 231
- 232
- 233
- 234
- 235
- 236
- 237
- 238
- 239
- 240
- 241
- 242
- 243
- 244
- 245
- 246
- 247
- 248
- 249
- 250
- 251
- 252
- 253
- 254
- 255
- 256
- 257
- 258
- 259
- 260
- 261
- 262
- 263
- 264
- 265
- 266
- 267
- 268
- 269
- 270
- 271
- 272
- 273
- 274
- 275
- 276
- 277
- 278
- 279
- 280
- 281
- 282
- 283
- 284
- 285
- 286
- 287
- 288
- 289
- 290
- 291
- 292
- 293
- 294
- 295
- 296
- 297
- 298
- 299
- 300
- 301
- 302
- 303
- 304
- 305
- 306
- 307
- 308
- 309
- 310
- 311
- 312
- 313
- 314
- 315
- 316
- 317
- 318
- 319
- 320
- 321
- 322
- 323
- 324
- 325
- 326
- 327
- 328
- 329
- 330
- 331
- 332
- 333
- 334
- 335
- 336
- 337
- 338
- 339
- 340
- 341
- 342
- 343
- 344
- 345
- 346
- 347
- 348
- 349
- 350
- 351
- 352
- 353
- 354
- 355
- 356
- 357
- 358
- 359
- 360
- 361
- 362
- 363
- 364
- 365
- 366
- 367
- 368
- 369
- 370
- 371
- 372
- 373
- 374
- 375
- 376
- 377
- 378
- 379
- 380
- 381
- 382
- 383
- 384
- 385
- 386
- 387
- 388
- 389
- 390
- 391
- 392
- 393
- 394
- 395
- 396
- 397
- 398
- 399
- 400
- 401
- 402
- 403
- 404
- 405
- 406
- 407
- 408
- 409
- 410
- 411
- 412
- 413
- 414
- 415
- 416
- 417
- 418
- 419
- 420
- 421
- 422
- 423
- 424
- 425
- 426
- 427
- 428
- 429
- 430
- 431
- 432
- 433
- 434
- 435
- 436
- 437
- 438
- 439
- 440
- 441
- 442
- 443
- 444
- 445
- 446
- 447
- 448
- 449
- 450
- 451
- 452
- 453
- 454
- 455
- 456
- 457
- 458
- 459
- 460
- 461
- 462
- 463
- 464
- 465
- 466
- 467
- 468
- 469
- 470
- 471
- 472
- 473
- 474
- 475
- 476
- 477
- 478
- 479
- 480
- 481
- 482
- 483
- 484
- 485
- 486
- 487
- 488
- 489
- 490
- 491
- 492
- 493
- 494
- 495
- 496
- 497
- 498
- 499
- 500
- 501
- 502
- 503
- 504
- 505
- 506
- 507
- 508
- 509
- 510
- 511
- 512
- 513
- 514
- 515
- 516
- 517
- 518
- 519
- 520
- 521
- 522
- 523
- 524
- 525
- 526
- 527
- 528
- 529
- 530
- 531
- 532
- 533
- 534
- 535
- 536
- 537
- 538
- 539
- 540
- 541
- 542
- 543
