Chiasemoi.com_tai-sao-cac-quoc-gia-that-bai

["T\u00d4I \u0110\u00c3 TH\u1ea4Y T\u01af\u01a0NG LAI, V\u00c0 N\u00d3 HO\u1ea0T \u0110\u1ed8NG \u25cf 133 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m tranh \u0111ua mu\u1ed1n n\u1eafm s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khai th\u00e1c m\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra. TR\u00caN B\u1edc S\u00d4NG KASAI M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e1nh l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng Congo l\u00e0 Kasai. B\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n \u1edf Angola, n\u00f3 ch\u1ea3y theo h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi s\u00f4ng Congo \u1edf \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc Kinshasa, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Congo hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Congo l\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o so v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c nhau b\u00ean trong Congo. Kasai l\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y. Ngay sau khi \u0111i v\u00e0o Congo d\u1ecdc theo b\u1edd t\u00e2y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Lele, b\u00ean b\u1edd \u0111\u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bushong (B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 6, trang 59). X\u00e9t theo b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00edt kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng. H\u1ecd b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t con s\u00f4ng, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qua b\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ec1n. Hai b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c c\u00f3 chung ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd x\u00e2y hay t\u1ea1o ra l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u00e0, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng khi nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc Mary Douglass v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Jan Vansina \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1950, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t g\u00e2y s\u1eedng s\u1ed1t gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0 Douglass di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t, \u201cNh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lele ngh\u00e8o, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bushong gi\u00e0u \u2026M\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lele c\u00f3 hay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bushong c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.\u201d D\u1ec5 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n cho s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng nhau n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, g\u1ee3i l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01a1i \u1edf Peru m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb hay \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o mita Potos\u00ed, l\u00e0, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lele \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1ng qua ng\u00e0y, trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bushong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Douglass v\u00e0 Vansina c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lele \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u1ea5p. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 s\u0103n, cho d\u00f9 l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Douglass bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn, \u201cs\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng l\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t xu h\u01b0\u1edbng chung c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lele l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n.\u201d C\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bushong \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng canh t\u00e1c h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p n\u01a1i n\u0103m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nhau trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n canh hai n\u0103m. H\u1ecd tr\u1ed3ng khoai m\u1ee1,","134 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I khoai lang, s\u1eafn (m\u1ef3), v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadu v\u00e0 thu ho\u1ea1ch hai, \u0111\u00f4i khi ba v\u1ee5 ng\u00f4 m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lele \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 xoay x\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 thu ho\u1ea1ch ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 ng\u00f4 m\u1ed9t n\u0103m. C\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lele \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi nhau. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai \u0111i gi\u1eefa hai l\u00e0ng hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed d\u00e1m v\u00e0o r\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 thu l\u01b0\u1ee3m th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng hay b\u1eaft c\u00f3c. \u1ede n\u01b0\u1edbc Bushong, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y hi\u1ebfm khi, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 bao gi\u1edd, x\u1ea3y ra. C\u00e1i g\u00ec n\u1eb1m \u0111\u1eb1ng sau nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1? Hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lele s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u0103n b\u1eafn v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ea5p. \u0110\u00e3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 minh, s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bushong s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a; li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u0103ng r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lele c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o l\u01b0\u1edbi s\u0103n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n? Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00fang. Nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Kongo, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lele \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn mua s\u00fang, v\u00e0 Douglass th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng \u201cvi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd h\u0103m h\u1edf mua s\u00fang c\u1ea7m tay \u2026 cho th\u1ea5y v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf h\u1ecd \u1edf m\u1ee9c c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u1ea5p n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n.\u201d Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t \u00e1c c\u1ea3m v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 minh, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bushong so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lele. L\u00fd do cho nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bushong v\u00e0 Lele. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lele \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00e3 kh\u00e1c \u1edf b\u00ean kia Kasai. Kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1620 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3n \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Shyaam, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Kuba, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 6 (trang 59), v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bushong \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 vua. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00edt s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bushong v\u00e0 Lele; nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 Shyaam \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng s\u00f4ng Kasai. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng","T\u00d4I \u0110\u00c3 TH\u1ea4Y T\u01af\u01a0NG LAI, V\u00c0 N\u00d3 HO\u1ea0T \u0110\u1ed8NG \u25cf 135 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac r\u1ea5t tinh vi. Shyaam v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y quan li\u00eau \u0111\u1ec3 thu thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 thi h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1edfi c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i tham v\u1ea5n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 x\u1eed \u00e1n b\u1edfi b\u1ed9i th\u1ea9m \u0111o\u00e0n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u00c2u ch\u00e2u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp trung m\u00e0 Shyaam x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf. \u0110\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng ai b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Kuba \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng kinh t\u1ebf. N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn theo \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao h\u01a1n t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0, ng\u00f4, s\u1eafn, v\u00e0 \u1edbt). Chu tr\u00ecnh lu\u00e2n canh th\u00e2m canh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m h\u01a1n \u1edf ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng. Cho n\u00ean tu\u1ed5i k\u1ebft h\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng hai m\u01b0\u01a1i, m\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0o l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lehe l\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. C\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng Lele \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft h\u00f4n \u1edf tu\u1ed5i ba m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi h\u1ecd cho chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Nh\u00e0 vua Shyaam v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n khai th\u00e1c thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kuba, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 tr\u00ean m\u1ee9c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd ti\u00eau th\u1ee5. Trong khi Shyaam v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m \u1edf b\u1edd \u0111\u00f4ng s\u00f4ng Kasai, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1. Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a Shyaam v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00ec kh\u00e1c \u0111i th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c. Gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t Stalin, b\u1eb1ng m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh Shyaam \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y. So v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 m\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u1edf b\u00ean kia c\u1ee7a b\u1edd s\u00f4ng","136 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I Kasai, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u2013 cho d\u00f9 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c b\u1edfi Shyaam v\u00e0 c\u00e1c elite c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. H\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o n\u00e0o \u1edf V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Kuba v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sau s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ban \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0o th\u1eddi v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba B\u1ec9 trong cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn. TH\u00c0NH T\u00cdCH C\u1ee6A NH\u00c0 VUA SHYAAM minh h\u1ecda m\u1ee9c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra sao th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp trung. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. M\u1ed9t khi Shyaam \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u0103ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf. V\u00ec sao nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bushong, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lele, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lele \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 Shyaam ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd? C\u00e1i m\u00e0 Shyaam \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng g\u1eafn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, hay s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft theo b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1ch t\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lele \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c l\u00fd do m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ng\u00e0y nay v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. C\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf Trung \u0110\u00f4ng m\u01b0\u1eddi hai ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e2y. M\u00d9A H\u00c8 D\u00c0I Kho\u1ea3ng 15.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean (TCN), Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u0103ng h\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u00ec kh\u00ed h\u1eadu tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00f3ng l\u00ean. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u00f5i b\u0103ng Greenland g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m \u0111\u1ed9 C trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn. S\u1ef1 \u1ea5m l\u00ean n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng l\u00ean nhanh c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u1ea5m l\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1","T\u00d4I \u0110\u00c3 TH\u1ea4Y T\u01af\u01a0NG LAI, V\u00c0 N\u00d3 HO\u1ea0T \u0110\u1ed8NG \u25cf 137 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e2y d\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhanh v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 14.000 TCN, b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1nh \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Younger Dryas, nh\u01b0ng sau n\u0103m 9600 TCN, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng l\u00ean, b\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ed9 C trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao. Nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc Brian Fagan g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00f9a h\u00e8 d\u00e0i. S\u1ef1 \u1ea5m l\u00ean c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n cho C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e1 m\u1edbi, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n sang l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0, canh t\u00e1c, v\u00e0 ch\u0103n th\u1ea3. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u01a1i n\u1eafng trong M\u00f9a h\u00e8 D\u00e0i n\u00e0y. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa canh t\u00e1c, ch\u0103n th\u1ea3 v\u00e0 s\u0103n b\u1eaft h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m. Nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c tr\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c chu k\u1ef3 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i di truy\u1ec1n khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y h\u1eefu \u00edch h\u01a1n cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. S\u1ef1 thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt s\u1eb5n c\u00f3. S\u1ef1 thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a ng\u00f4, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu l\u01b0\u1ee3m teosinte, gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e2y d\u1ea1i l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4. B\u1eafp teosinte r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0i v\u00e0i centimet. Ch\u00fang th\u1eadt c\u00f2i c\u1ecdc so v\u1edbi b\u1eafp ng\u00f4 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c b\u00f4ng teosinte l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2y m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng v\u1ee1 v\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u1edf tr\u00ean th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 thu ho\u1ea1ch, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra ng\u00f4 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e2y cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 canh t\u00e1c, ch\u0103n th\u1ea3 v\u00e0 thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 Hilly Flank, m\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n nam c\u1ee7a Israel hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, l\u00ean qua Palestine v\u00e0 b\u1edd t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a S\u00f4ng Jordan, qua Syria v\u00e0 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f4ng nam Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, b\u1eafc Iraq, v\u00e0 t\u00e2y Iran. Kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 9.500 TCN c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, l\u00faa m\u00ec emmer v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ch hai h\u00e0ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf Jericho tr\u00ean b\u1edd t\u00e2y S\u00f4ng Jordan \u1edf Palestine; v\u00e0 l\u00faa m\u00ec emmer, \u0111\u1eadu H\u00e0 Lan, \u0111\u1eadu lentils (l\u0103ng), t\u1ea1i Tell Aswad, xa h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Syria. C\u1ea3 hai l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Natufian, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u00e3 nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng l\u1edbn; l\u00e0ng \u1edf Jericho \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u0103m tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u1ea5y. V\u00ec sao c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng canh t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c? V\u00ec sao nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Natufian, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1eadu H\u00e0 Lan v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadu lentils? Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 may m\u1eafn v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean s\u1ed1ng \u1edf n\u01a1i","138 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng cho vi\u1ec7c thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a? Trong khi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang, nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a ch\u00fang. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng hai trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 4 v\u00e0 5, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean hoang d\u00e3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a, ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i ra tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng, h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u kilomet vu\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean hoang d\u00e3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 lan r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u00c1-\u00c2u. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Hilly Flank \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean ph\u00fa cho nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng hoang d\u1ea1i, ngay c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f2n xa m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Natufian s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00fa cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i hoang d\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Ch\u00ednh l\u00e0, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hay \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. M\u1ed9t m\u1ea9u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c r\u0103ng linh d\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang bao g\u1ed3m men ch\u00e2n r\u0103ng (cementum), x\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f4 li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp. Trong m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u00f9a h\u00e8 khi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a cementum nhanh nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u00f3 m\u00e0u kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t l\u00e1t c\u1eaft qua r\u0103ng ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y m\u00e0u c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi con linh d\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ebft. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem con linh d\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 hay m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed [khai qu\u1eadt] Natufian, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng con linh d\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft trong m\u1ecdi m\u00f9a, g\u1ee3i \u00fd s\u1ef1 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa quanh n\u0103m. L\u00e0ng Abu Hureyra, \u1edf quanh s\u00f4ng Euphrates, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 Natufian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1ea5t. Trong th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea7n b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng, m\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau canh t\u00e1c. Khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 9.500 TCN, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng s\u0103n b\u1eaft h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian n\u0103m tr\u0103m n\u0103m n\u1eefa tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi chuy\u1ec3n sang n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi canh t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m v\u00e0 ba tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0. Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ed7 \u1edf l\u00e0 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m; ph\u1ea3i mang tr\u1ebb con v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5t tr\u1eef th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m cho nh\u1eefng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3i k\u00e9m khi di chuy\u1ec3n. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1 xay, li\u1ec1m h\u00e1i h\u1eefu \u00edch cho x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m d\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ec3 mang \u0111i. C\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u1eb1ng ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u0103n b\u1eaft h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5t tr\u1eef th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c hang. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4","T\u00d4I \u0110\u00c3 TH\u1ea4Y T\u01af\u01a0NG LAI, V\u00c0 N\u00d3 HO\u1ea0T \u0110\u1ed8NG \u25cf 139 l\u00e0, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5t tr\u1eef r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do then ch\u1ed1t v\u00ec sao n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2m canh \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eady kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea5t tr\u1eef v\u00e0 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 c\u00e1c kho th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t cho vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0. Trong khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1ng mong m\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft x\u1ea3y ra. M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m di \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u0103n b\u1eaft h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, hay ai \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u0103ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t trong s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0, bu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi di \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m Natufian \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u0103ng l\u00ean. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 r\u0103ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd s\u1ef1 x\u1ea5u \u0111i c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ecfng trong men r\u0103ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ea3n men (hypoplasia). C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c ra \u00edt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Natufian h\u01a1n \u1edf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi canh t\u00e1c mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t l\u1ee3i, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i. Gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft xung \u0111\u1ed9t c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t h\u00f2a \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u00edt d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n b\u1ecf \u0111i. M\u1ed9t khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang, th\u00ec b\u1ecf \u0111i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u00edt h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. Cho n\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m tinh vi h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n. C\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u1ec1 ai c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n l\u00e0ng, hay ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e1i qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng c\u00e2y n\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 \u1edf ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a con su\u1ed1i. C\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o ra t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9. \u0110\u1ec3 cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 v\u1ebb h\u1ee3p l\u00fd r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u0103n b\u1eaft h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i x\u1ea3y ra sau m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1eadp trung quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o tay m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh elite ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, duy tr\u00ec tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 Vua Shyaam kh\u1edf x\u01b0\u1edbng, cho d\u00f9 \u1edf quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0.","140 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Natufian \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc, tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng \u2013 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn ra nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u2013 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. M\u1ed9t m\u1ea9u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c m\u1ed9 Natufian. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e1 obsidian (\u0111\u00e1 v\u1ecf chai) v\u00e0 v\u1ecf \u1ed1c r\u0103ng (dentalium), m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb b\u1edd \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i g\u1ea7n Mount Carmel. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 trang tr\u00ed kh\u00e1c g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng \u0111eo c\u1ed5, c\u00e1c n\u1ecbt ch\u00e2n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng tay, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng r\u0103ng ch\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1t ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n h\u01b0\u01a1u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ecf s\u00f2 \u1ed1c. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y. V\u1ecf \u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1 v\u1ecf chai \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u00edch l\u0169y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u00eam v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m Natufian \u1edf Ain Mallaha, ngay b\u1eafc bi\u1ec3n Galilee. Gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u1ec1u tr\u00f2n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ed1, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5t tr\u1eef, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1t v\u1eefa m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea7n v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecdn quang. T\u00f2a nh\u00e0 n\u00e0y h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 mai t\u00e1ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng phu h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1edd c\u00fang s\u1ecd, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb s\u1ef1 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1edd c\u00fang nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m Natufian, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf Jericho. S\u1ef1 tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m Natufian g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf tinh vi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb elite r\u1ed3i. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01a1i \u1edf xa v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng m\u1edbi n\u1ea3y sinh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. S\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c elite ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean sang cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 sang canh t\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m Natufian cho th\u1ea5y, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 canh t\u00e1c v\u00e0 ch\u0103n th\u1ea3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng s\u0103n b\u1eaft h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m. R\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c M\u00f9a h\u00e8 D\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c c\u00e2y d\u1ea1i d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 s\u0103n b\u1eaft h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn h\u01a1n. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u0103n b\u1eaft h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c. Ngay c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p gia t\u0103ng. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u1edbn, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a r\u00ecu th\u00e9p v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n Australia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Yir Yoront, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ng\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p vi\u1ec7c th\u1ecfa","T\u00d4I \u0110\u00c3 TH\u1ea4Y T\u01af\u01a0NG LAI, V\u00c0 N\u00d3 HO\u1ea0T \u0110\u1ed8NG \u25cf 141 m\u00e3n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, v\u1edbi \u00edt khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. C\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, cho cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e1 M\u1edbi \u2013 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a l\u00fd l\u1ebd c\u1ee7a Jared Diamond, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2 \u2013 l\u00e0, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho canh t\u00e1c v\u00e0 ch\u0103n th\u1ea3 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0. Sau khi c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u canh t\u00e1c, h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Natufian g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1i xe tr\u01b0\u1edbc con ng\u1ef1a. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian kh\u00e1 d\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00fang chuy\u1ec3n sang canh t\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n sang s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, l\u1eabn c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e1 M\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp sau \u0111\u00f3. H\u00ecnh m\u1eabu n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i \u00fd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1edfi b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Hilly Flank, c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara, v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n sang canh t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 Jericho v\u00e0 Abu Hureyna, ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng l\u00e0ng canh t\u00e1c ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n l\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc canh t\u00e1c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. N\u00f3i chung, c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn l\u00ean t\u1eeb hai \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1u l\u1ea7n khi s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u1ea3y ra. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u00f3a ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nhanh h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u00edt b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng li\u1ec7u vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 canh t\u00e1c n\u1ed5i l\u00ean. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 M\u00f9a H\u00e8 D\u00e0i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 khi n\u00e0o n\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra, sau khi kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea5m l\u00ean. \u0110\u00fang h\u01a1n, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t, M\u00f9a H\u00e8 D\u00e0i, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0ng quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf. Khi kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u1ea5m l\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng","142 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I ng\u01b0\u1eddi Natufian, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf quy m\u00f4 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf so v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc-qu\u1ed1c gia hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bushong d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Shyaam, c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec c\u00e1c elite ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. C\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c elite ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t n\u00e0y v\u00e0 t\u1ee5t l\u1ea1i ph\u00eda sau qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0, n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n. V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 ti\u1ebfp sau thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. M\u1ed9t khi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, ch\u00fang lan ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ra nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, canh t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 lan ra ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1eeb Trung \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 6.500 TCN, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 di c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. T\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t xa c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ch\u00e2u Phi, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi M\u00f9a H\u00e8 D\u00e0i \u1edf Trung \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea3y ra mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed khi \u0111\u00f3 theo m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c. NH\u1eeeNG \u0110\u1ed4I M\u1edaI TH\u1ec2 CH\u1ebe c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Natufian, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t cho cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e1 M\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 lay chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf Israel, Palestine, v\u00e0 Syria hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Syria v\u00e0 Palestine l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u00e8o c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Israel \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 Hai v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cao c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn. S\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Natufian \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00ec c\u00f9ng l\u00fd do m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng Soviet \u0111\u00e3 x\u1eb9p xu\u1ed1ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Natufian c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eafc l\u00e0, lo\u1ea1i t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 ai s\u1ebd ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khai th\u00e1c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang cho ph\u00e9p. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i elite \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 khai th\u00e1c, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng-elite ng\u01b0\u1eddi","T\u00d4I \u0110\u00c3 TH\u1ea4Y T\u01af\u01a0NG LAI, V\u00c0 N\u00d3 HO\u1ea0T \u0110\u1ed8NG \u25cf 143 s\u1ebd th\u00edch thay th\u1ebf anh ta. \u0110\u00f4i khi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 s\u1ebd thay m\u1ed9t elite b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t elite kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00f4i khi n\u00f3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i khai th\u00e1c, v\u00e0 th\u00e1o x\u00edch cho m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh h\u00f9ng v\u0129 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh-qu\u1ed1c Maya \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua. S\u1ef0 KHAI TH\u00c1C KH\u00d4NG \u1ed4N \u0110\u1ecaNH S\u1ef1 canh t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u1ede n\u01a1i b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 Mexico, c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n sang n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Natufian \u1edf Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh-qu\u1ed1c Maya trong v\u00f9ng nam Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Honduras th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00e1 tinh vi d\u01b0\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m Maya minh h\u1ecda kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y: s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u1eabn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, khi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb khai th\u00e1c. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Maya \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 500 TCN. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ban \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean sau c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean (SCN). M\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean khi \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea1o ra n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i C\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u0103m 250 v\u00e0 900 SCN. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Maya. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a s\u00e1u tr\u0103m n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ee5c T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u1ebfn trong \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd v\u00e0 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m Maya nh\u01b0 Tikal, Palenque, v\u00e0 Calakmul \u0111\u00e3 l\u00f9i xa d\u1ea7n v\u00e0o r\u1eebng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Maya \u0111\u00e3 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong chi\u1ebfn tranh. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh-qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng, m\u00e0 n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra b\u1edfi c\u00e1c n\u00e9t kh\u1eafc ch\u00ecm [glyph] c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd, l\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i kho\u1ea3ng ba m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed1t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Maya","144 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m ng\u00e0n c\u00e2u kh\u1eafc c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng elite, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 l\u1ecbch tinh vi \u0111\u1ec3 nghi ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 l\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ebfm D\u00e0i. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfm s\u1ed1 n\u0103m di\u1ec5n ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Maya s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. L\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ebfm D\u00e0i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 3.114 TCN, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eafn cho th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng g\u00ec, m\u00e0 \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t xa s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Maya. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra xi m\u0103ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Maya, v\u00ec h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 ghi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i theo l\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ebfm D\u00e0i. Ng\u00f3 ngang qua t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Maya, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfm xem c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t. V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 500 SCN, c\u00f3 \u00edt c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u00e0o n\u0103m theo l\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ebfm D\u00e0i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi n\u0103m 514 sau c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n, \u0111\u1ea1t hai m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 672 SCN, v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m. Sau \u0111\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn, n\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng m\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1ed7i n\u0103m, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi, xu\u1ed1ng zero. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef kh\u1eafc ghi ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y cho ch\u00fang ta b\u1ee9c tranh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Maya v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 co l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c vua m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i. T\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Maya \u1edf Cop\u00e1n, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u1edf mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y Honduras, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 \u00c1n Th\u1edd Q. \u00c1n Th\u1edd Q ghi l\u1ea1i t\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c vua, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 vua s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i K\u2019inich Yax K\u2019uk\u2019 Mo\u2019 hay \u201cVua M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi Xanh chim Quetzal v\u1eb9t Macaw \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t\u201d, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 theo m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 theo hai lo\u1ea1i chim k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a r\u1eebng Trung M\u1ef9 m\u00e0 l\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 r\u1ea5t cao. Vua K\u2019inich Yax K\u2019uk\u2019 Mo\u2019 l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n \u1edf Cop\u00e1n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 426 SCN, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i theo l\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ebfm D\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi tr\u00ean \u00c1n Th\u1edd Q. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec trong b\u1ed1n tr\u0103m n\u0103m. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a K\u2019inich Yax \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ean sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng ngang th\u1ebf. N\u00e9t kh\u1eafc ch\u00ecm c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb vua cai tr\u1ecb th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ba d\u1ecbch ra l\u00e0 \u201c18 Th\u1ecf\u201d, ti\u1ebfp","T\u00d4I \u0110\u00c3 TH\u1ea4Y T\u01af\u01a0NG LAI, V\u00c0 N\u00d3 HO\u1ea0T \u0110\u1ed8NG \u25cf 145 sau \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u201cKh\u00f3i Kh\u1ec9\u201d v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cKh\u00f3i V\u1ecf S\u00f2\u201d, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 763 SCN. T\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u00ean \u00e1n th\u1edd l\u00e0 Vua Yax Pasaj Chan Yoaat, hay \u201cTr\u1eddi R\u1ea1ng S\u00e1ng Th\u1ea7n Soi S\u00e1ng \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t\u201d, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i khi Kh\u00f3i V\u1ecf S\u00f2 ch\u1ebft. Sau \u00f4ng ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua n\u1eefa, Ukit Took (\u201cTh\u00e1nh B\u1ea3o Tr\u1ee3 \u0110\u00e1 L\u1eeda\u201d), t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u00e1n th\u1edd. Sau Yax Pasaj, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1eef kh\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1eebng l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb r\u1eb1ng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau. Ukit Took c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n k\u1ebf v\u1ecb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f2i kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y t\u1ea1i Cop\u00e1n, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc AnnCorinne Freter, Nancy Gonlin, v\u00e0 David Webster ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chi ti\u1ebft s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a Cop\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch xem x\u00e9t s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3i ra c\u1ee7a khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf Thung l\u0169ng Cop\u00e1n trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 d\u00e0i 850 n\u0103m, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 400 SCN \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1250 SCN, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ee7y h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e1 v\u1ecf chai, m\u00e0 t\u00ednh h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1 v\u1ecf chai v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai. M\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ea3m theo m\u1ed9t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc t\u00ednh tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u00e1 v\u1ecf chai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai t\u1eeb m\u1ecf. Freter, Gonlin v\u00e0 Webster sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u00e1 v\u1ecf chai \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh tu\u1ed5i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u trong Thung l\u0169ng Cop\u00e1n v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n theo d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft xem th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb co l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. V\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 400-449 SCN, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c kho\u1ea3ng s\u00e1u tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m hai m\u01b0\u01a1i t\u00e1m ng\u00e0n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 750-799 SCN. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn theo c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng cho th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u1ea5y; nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y h\u00e0m \u00fd r\u1eb1ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, Cop\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n London hay Paris. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Maya kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 Tikal v\u00e0 Calakmul, kh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y t\u1eeb ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i theo l\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ebfm D\u00e0i, n\u0103m 800 SCN \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 cho Cop\u00e1n. Sau \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00e0y n\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1edbt, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 900 SCN n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n kho\u1ea3ng m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1200 SCN d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u1ee9c t\u00e1m tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u01a1 s\u1edf cho ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Maya Th\u1eddi K\u1ef3 C\u1ed5 \u0110i\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bushong v\u00e0 Natufian: vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9","146 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t. V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 100 SCN, t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Tikal \u1edf Guatemala, \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp cai tr\u1ecb d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ajaw (ch\u00faa hay nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb) \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e9n r\u1ec5 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 k\u2019uhul ajaw (ch\u00faa th\u00e1nh th\u1ea7n) v\u00e0, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. Ch\u00faa th\u00e1nh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c elite n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u0169ng li\u00ean l\u1ea1c, hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n. Trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft, t\u1eadp m\u1edbi n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 lo\u1ea1i tham gia n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. K\u2019uhul ajaw thu c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u00f3a ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 g\u1ed1m, th\u1ee3 d\u1ec7t, th\u1ee3 m\u1ed9c l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 trang tr\u00ed kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1 v\u1ecf chai, da b\u00e1o, v\u1ecf s\u00f2 bi\u1ec3n, cacao, mu\u1ed1i, l\u00f4ng chim gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch xa \u1edf Mexico. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aztec, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ea1t cacao l\u00e0m ti\u1ec1n. C\u00e1ch, m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3 Maya Th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i C\u1ed5 \u0110i\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c, l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bushong, v\u1edbi Yax Ehb\u2019 Xook \u1edf Tikal \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Vua Shyaam. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c b\u1edfi elite m\u1edbi xung quanh k\u2019uhul ajaw. M\u1ed9t khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1, v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 300 SCN, tuy v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00edt s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00eam v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9, c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4 s\u01a1 v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean tinh vi h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u theo th\u1eddi gian, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00edt \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. \u0110\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y kh\u00e1c, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra cho k\u2019uhul ajaw v\u00e0 elite Maya \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn tranh li\u00ean mi\u00ean, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n theo th\u1eddi gian. Chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef kh\u1eafc Maya, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u00e9t ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t trong l\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ebfm D\u00e0i. H\u00e0nh tinh (sao) Kim \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya \u0111\u00e3 coi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 pha c\u1ee7a qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i","T\u00d4I \u0110\u00c3 TH\u1ea4Y T\u01af\u01a0NG LAI, V\u00c0 N\u00d3 HO\u1ea0T \u0110\u1ed8NG \u25cf 147 cho vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh. N\u00e9t [kh\u1eafc] ch\u00ecm bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb chi\u1ebfn tranh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 \u201cchi\u1ebfn tranh sao\u201d b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc, cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao tr\u00fat m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hay m\u00e1u, xu\u1ed1ng tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c d\u00f2ng kh\u1eafc c\u0169ng ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu li\u00ean minh v\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 Tikal, Calakmul, Cop\u00e1n, v\u00e0 Palenque, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u00e9t ch\u00ecm \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i vua. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n b\u00e2y gi\u1edd b\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, k\u1ebb cai tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 10 (trang 148) cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Maya ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc Nikolai Grube v\u00e0 Simon Martin d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu n\u00e0y cho bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Calakmul, Dos Pilas, Piedras Negras, v\u00e0 Yaxchilian \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao r\u1ed9ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi nhau. S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 Maya l\u00e0, n\u00f3 tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean k\u2019uhul ajaw. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf Cop\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Yax Pasaj trong n\u0103m 810 SCN \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00eam vua n\u00e0o. V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y c\u00e1c cung \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u00e0ng gia b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i. Hai m\u01b0\u01a1i d\u1eb7m v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Cop\u00e1n, t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Quiringu\u00e1, nh\u00e0 vua cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, Tr\u1eddi Ng\u1ecdc Th\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i vua gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 795 v\u00e0 800 SCN. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 t\u1eeb 810 SCN theo l\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ebfm D\u00e0i, c\u00f9ng n\u0103m m\u00e0 Yax Pasaj ch\u1ebft. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i ngay sau \u0111\u00f3. Kh\u1eafp khu v\u1ef1c Maya c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nhau; c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh cho s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ho\u00e0ng gia \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cung \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ecb b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1ng. Nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 co l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng.","148 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 do b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c lan r\u1ed9ng. V\u00f9ng Petexbatun c\u1ee7a Guatemala \u2013 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd l\u1edbn sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 r\u1ed9ng \u2013 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfp theo, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra trong \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n, ngay c\u1ea3 \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m, nh\u01b0 Cop\u00e1n, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00edt d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ea9y x\u00f3a hay b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y. \u1ede m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i elite v\u1eabn c\u00f2n th\u1eadm ch\u00ed sau vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a k\u2019uhul ajaw. T\u1ea1i Cop\u00e1n, c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 elite ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 m\u1edbi trong \u00edt nh\u1ea5t hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m n\u1eefa tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. \u1ede nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c c\u00e1c elite c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng l\u00fac khi ch\u00faa th\u00e1nh th\u1ea7n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t v\u1ec1 v\u00ec sao k\u2019uhul ajaw v\u00e0 c\u00e1c elite quanh \u00f4ng ta b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 v\u00ec sao c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra Maya Th\u1eddi K\u1ef3 C\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u1ea1i s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3","T\u00d4I \u0110\u00c3 TH\u1ea4Y T\u01af\u01a0NG LAI, V\u00c0 N\u00d3 HO\u1ea0T \u0110\u1ed8NG \u25cf 149 x\u1ea3y ra trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh chi\u1ebfn tranh gia t\u0103ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n \u1edf b\u00ean trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd do phe nh\u00f3m elite kh\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya t\u1ea1o ra, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ra c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 cho th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 elite tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c m\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 elite h\u1eb9p n\u00e0y cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. S\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Maya. H\u1eceNG C\u00c1I G\u00cc? C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t logic m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd: ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong khi \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i n\u00f3 v\u00e0o tay c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi elite nh\u1ecf. \u0110\u1ec3 cho s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. M\u1ed9t khi vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u2013 hay elite ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u2013 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, c\u1ed5 v\u0169 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n \u1edf Caribe, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a elite c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u1ea1i Li\u00ean X\u00f4, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p sang c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n. Ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng khai th\u00e1c t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y cho vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp trung ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao Vua Shyaam \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n t\u1ea1o ra V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Kuba, v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00ec sao nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Natufian \u1edf Trung \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng th\u00f4 s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c m\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e1 M\u1edbi. C\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 ch\u1eafc c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t cho s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang","150 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh tinh vi m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c khai th\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ed1 \u00edt c\u00e1c elite. Tuy v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. Quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. Do ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. S\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o ra v\u00ec th\u1ebf k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e2u d\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea5y. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m Soviet cho m\u1ed9t minh h\u1ecda s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00e0y. N\u01b0\u1edbc Nga Soviet \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111u\u1ed5i k\u1ecbp m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 t\u1eeb khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 sang c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch trong m\u1ecdi khu v\u1ef1c, t\u1eeb n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng k\u00edch th\u00edch s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra ch\u1ec9 \u1edf v\u00e0i \u1ed5 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o v\u00e0 n\u01a1i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd b\u1edfi v\u00ec vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. S\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng Soviet, d\u1eabu nhanh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee5t h\u01a1i r\u1ed3i v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1970. Thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u00fd do duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00ec sao c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t cho s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh-qu\u1ed1c Maya minh h\u1ecda m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1i h\u01a1n v\u00e0, than \u00f4i, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n, l\u1ea1i do logic n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c g\u00e2y ra. V\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i l\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 cho elite, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u thay th\u1ebf elite hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 g\u00e2y ra th\u00eam nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o, \u0111\u00f4i khi th\u1eadm ch\u00ed d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 sa v\u00e0o h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh-qu\u1ed1c Maya \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua ti\u1ebfp sau th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong Th\u1eddi K\u1ef3 C\u1ed5 \u0110i\u1ec3n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c tuy v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ecf ra ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c khi n\u00f3 trong chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4, v\u00e0 c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb kinh s\u1ee3 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng Soviet trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1920, 30, 40, 50, 60, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1970, theo c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta b\u1ecb m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi nh\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng","T\u00d4I \u0110\u00c3 TH\u1ea4Y T\u01af\u01a0NG LAI, V\u00c0 N\u00d3 HO\u1ea0T \u0110\u1ed8NG \u25cf 151 kinh t\u1ebf \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n nay. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn chi ti\u1ebft trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 15, Trung Qu\u1ed1c d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u1ea3i qua s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng tr\u1eeb phi n\u00f3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m.","6. TR\u00d4I D\u1ea0T XA RA VENICE \u0110\u00c3 TR\u1ede TH\u00c0NH B\u1ea2O T\u00c0NG NH\u01af TH\u1ebe N\u00c0O NH\u00d3M C\u00c1C \u0110\u1ea2O t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh Venice n\u1eb1m \u1edf ni\u1ec1m c\u1ef1c b\u1eafc Bi\u1ec3n Adriatic. Trong Th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5, Venice c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i gi\u00e0u nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m, do t\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi n\u1ea3y sinh l\u00e0m n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 810 SCN, v\u00e0o l\u00fac h\u00f3a ra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi t\u00ecnh c\u1edd. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111ang ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 sa s\u00fat m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu v\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c vua nh\u01b0 Charlemagne \u0111ang t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1eadp trung m\u1ea1nh. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 Venice \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf v\u1ecb th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t v\u00f4 nh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7, n\u1eb1m \u0111\u00fang gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. H\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng l\u00e0 gia v\u1ecb, c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c Byzantine v\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Venice \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1050, khi Venice \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng r\u1ed3i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf trong \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 45.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng 50 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m l\u00ean 70.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1200. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1330 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng th\u00eam 50 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m l\u00ean 110.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi; Venice th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Paris, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1eb1ng ba l\u1ea7n London. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf then ch\u1ed1t cho s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Venice \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf mang t\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 commenda, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9 trong th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ee5 duy nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t commenda bao g\u1ed3m hai \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c \u201ct\u0129nh t\u1ea1i\u201d \u1edf l\u1ea1i Venice, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c chu du. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u00e1c t\u0129nh t\u1ea1i b\u1ecf v\u1ed1n v\u00e0o v\u1ee5 kinh doanh m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m, trong khi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c chu du \u00e1p t\u1ea3i h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c t\u0129nh t\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u1ed1n. C\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n tr\u1ebb m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o kinh doanh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i \u00e1p t\u1ea3i h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 k\u00eanh ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i n\u00e0o x\u1ea3y ra trong chuy\u1ebfn bu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia","TR\u00d4I D\u1ea0T XA RA \u25cf 153 theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 v\u1ed1n g\u00f3p. N\u1ebfu chuy\u1ebfn bu\u00f4n c\u00f3 l\u1eddi, l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o hai lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng commenda. N\u1ebfu commenda l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c t\u0129nh t\u1ea1i b\u1ecf 100 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m v\u1ed1n v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng 75 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn. N\u1ebfu h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 song ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c t\u0129nh t\u1ea1i b\u1ecf 67 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m v\u1ed1n v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng 50 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, ta th\u1ea5y commenda \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong c\u1ed5 v\u0169 s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1c t\u00ean m\u1edbi, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi elite \u1edf Venice. Trong c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 960, 971, v\u00e0 982 SCN, s\u1ed1 t\u00ean m\u1edbi chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng 69 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m, 81 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m, v\u00e0 65 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p. T\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0y v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u1edbi th\u00f4ng qua th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1edf h\u01a1n. T\u1ed5ng tr\u1ea5n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Venice, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i (General Assembly) b\u1ea7u su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i b\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb t\u1eeb theo th\u1eddi gian b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Sau n\u0103m 1032, t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc (Ducal Council) m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra, m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ea5n kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. T\u1ed5ng tr\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1ecb h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y bao v\u00e2y, Domenico Flabianico, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c cao. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh h\u1ea3i h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Venice. Trong n\u0103m 1082, Venice \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i t\u1ea1i Constantinople, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu Venice \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3. N\u00f3 mau ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ed7 \u1edf cho m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Venice. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f9ng nhau. S\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Venice, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra \u00e1p l\u1ef1c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n cho thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u00e3 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 sau nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp sau v\u1ee5 \u00e1m s\u00e1t t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ea5n n\u0103m 1171. \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng (Great Council), m\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf Venice t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y tr\u1edf \u0111i. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c trong nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Venice, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y ra, m\u1ed7i n\u0103m m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m m\u00e0 b\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u1ee7y ban \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1eb1ng","154 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I c\u00e1ch r\u00fat th\u0103m t\u1eeb h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ecdn th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean cho hai ti\u1ec3u h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ed1n M\u01b0\u01a1i, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ecdn ra H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb hai \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u1eefa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng ch\u1ecdn b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch r\u00fat th\u0103m, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ea5n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9, s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n, v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c ra trao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ea5n cho h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0, t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ea5n m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7 nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c m\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc [c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng]. Theo th\u1eddi gian c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ea5n ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n, r\u1ed3i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n m\u1ecdi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ea5n tu\u00e2n theo t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf: v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt, vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n, t\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea9m, v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n m\u1edbi v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Venice \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kinh doanh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1edbi. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh nhanh ch\u00f3ng, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i quanh th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y \u1edf Venice. Venice n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ee7a Venice \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. M\u1ed7i l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng thanh ni\u00ean t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 qua commenda hay c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c elite c\u00f3 uy quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp. V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 c\u0169ng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u00e1m d\u1ed7, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi n\u00f3, cho c\u00e1c elite hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i trong \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi n\u00e0y. Ngay t\u1eeb khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng, t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i m\u1ed7i n\u0103m, b\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean cho n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ng\u00e0y 3-10-1286, m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh cho","TR\u00d4I D\u1ea0T XA RA \u25cf 155 \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i sao cho c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n b\u1edfi \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd b\u1edfi c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh elite. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y s\u1ebd cho gi\u1edbi elite n\u00e0y quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m m\u1edbi v\u00e0o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng, quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. Ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i. Ng\u00e0y 5-10-1286, m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh; l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf \u0111i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u1ebfu b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng. Kh\u00e1c \u0111i, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n y c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i, t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ea5n v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 1286 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc La Serrata (\u201cS\u1ef1 \u0110\u00f3ng c\u1eeda\u201d) c\u1ee7a Venice. Th\u00e1ng Hai 1297, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng trong b\u1ed1n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n y t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m m\u1edbi b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi m\u01b0\u1eddi hai phi\u1ebfu. Sau 11-9-1298 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn n\u1eefa. \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb g\u1eafn xi l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c k\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n. D\u1ea5u xi cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1315, v\u1edbi Libro d\u2019Oro (\u201cS\u00e1ch V\u00e0ng\u201d), m\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Venice. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c m\u1edbi sinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb x\u00f3i m\u00f2n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u. Nh\u1eefng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n \u1edf Venice gi\u1eefa 1297 v\u00e0 1315. \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. Trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea7u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 l\u1edbn ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb 450 l\u00ean 1.500. S\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p. M\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong n\u0103m 1310, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n v\u1ec1 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba, kh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi. Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t Serrata ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, r\u1ed3i \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng chuy\u1ec3n sang ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t Serrata kinh t\u1ebf. Vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n sang c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp theo b\u1edfi b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c. Quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5m vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng commenda, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho Venice gi\u00e0u c\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean:","156 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I commeda \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i cho c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd elite \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 mu\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb h\u1ecd ra. \u0110\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn khi, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1314, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Venice b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c h\u1eefu h\u00f3a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c thuy\u1ec1n galley c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0, t\u1eeb 1324 tr\u1edf \u0111i, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c thu\u1ebf cao nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Venice. V\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh kinh doanh ch\u00ednh b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n h\u00f3a b\u1edfi gi\u1edbi elite ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng h\u1eb9p, s\u1ef1 sa s\u00fat \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n. Venice c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eafp s\u1eeda tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb r\u01a1i m\u1ed9t c\u00fa [b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh]. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf tr\u1edf n\u00ean khai th\u00e1c h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 Venice \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ea3i qua s\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n kinh t\u1ebf. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1500 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5t xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Gi\u1eefa 1650 v\u00e0 1800, khi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng nhanh, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Venice \u0111\u00e3 co l\u1ea1i. Ng\u00e0y nay ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 Venice c\u00f3, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat ngh\u1ec1 c\u00e1, l\u00e0 du l\u1ecbch. Thay cho \u0111i ti\u00ean phong m\u1edf c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Venice l\u00e0m pizza v\u00e0 kem v\u00e0 th\u1ed5i th\u1ee7y tinh m\u00e0u cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ebfn Venice \u0111\u1ec3 xem c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u01b0\u1edbc-Serrata c\u1ee7a Venice, nh\u01b0 Dinh T\u1ed5ng tr\u1ea5n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c con s\u01b0 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd St. Mark, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01b0\u1edbp t\u1eeb Byzantium khi Venice cai tr\u1ecb v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung h\u1ea3i. T\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c Venice \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng. TRONG CH\u01af\u01a0NG N\u00c0Y ch\u00fang ta t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00ec sao ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 ra sao v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y \u00c2u. \u0110\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ea3ng b\u0103ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed s\u00e2u, n\u01a1i d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf Anh v\u00e0 \u00c2u ch\u00e2u tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 lay chuy\u1ec3n n\u1ed5i kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy nguy\u00ean l\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m. Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd n\u00f3i, l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.","TR\u00d4I D\u1ea0T XA RA \u25cf 157 Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady, v\u00ec hai l\u00fd do. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m, nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 Venice cho th\u1ea5y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. Venice \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed3n vinh. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ng\u00e0y nay Venice gi\u00e0u ch\u1ec9 b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c ch\u1ecdn ti\u00eau \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e1n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ebb huy ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00edch t\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf. Th\u1ee9 hai, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t, do b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 du. B\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1ecf, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y r\u1eb1ng, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd hay v\u0103n h\u00f3a, n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, n\u01a1i b\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m x\u1ea3y ra trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i ao t\u00f9 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecdng, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e1 M\u1edbi \u1edf Trung \u0110\u00f4ng m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5, ti\u1ebfp sau s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf T\u00e2y La M\u00e3. C\u00e1c h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o Anh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u00edt quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n T\u00e2y \u00c2u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, B\u1eafc Phi, v\u00f9ng Balkan, Constantinople, hay Trung \u0110\u00f4ng. Khi \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf T\u00e2y La M\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m sau c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, Anh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf Italy, Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u1edf t\u00e2y \u00c2u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o Anh. Trong vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i theo n\u00f3, di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 (Rome) tuy v\u1eady l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, La M\u00e3, gi\u1ed1ng Venice, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ban \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0 \u1edf Venice, th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng kinh t\u1ebf ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m \u2013 ch\u00ed \u00edt theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u1ea5y. Nh\u01b0 \u1edf Venice, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean khai th\u00e1c h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t theo th\u1eddi gian. V\u1edbi La M\u00e3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a (510 TCN \u2013 49 TCN) sang \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf (49 TCN \u2013 476 SCN). Cho d\u00f9 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf b\u1ec1 th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i v\u00e0 giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 khai th\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a sang \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m","158 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh-qu\u1ed1c Maya. Th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y \u00c2u, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn kh\u1eafp khu v\u1ef1c theo sau s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf T\u00e2y La M\u00e3. C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00edt s\u1ef1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 ch\u00e2u Phi, ch\u00e2u \u00c1, hay ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf th\u00f4ng qua l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ethiopia r\u1eb1ng khi c\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, \u0111\u00f4i khi ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ed1ng nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. S\u1ef1 suy s\u1ee5p La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a phong ki\u1ebfn, m\u00e0, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ee5, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 teo \u0111i, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u01a1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb cai tr\u1ecb b\u1ecb y\u1ebfu \u0111i. Ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng phong ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y m\u00e0 C\u00e1i Ch\u1ebft \u0110en t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u00eam c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c vua, c\u00e1c qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 l\u1edbn. V\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u00e1i n\u1ec1n n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra. Nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t xa ra. C\u00c1C \u0110\u1ee8C H\u1ea0NH LA M\u00c3 \u2026 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng La M\u00e3, Tiberius Gracchus, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eb1ng g\u1eady \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 133 TCN b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb qu\u1eb3ng xu\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng Tiber kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nghi th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ebft \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Tiberius, v\u00e0 v\u1ee5 \u00e1m s\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi em h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica. Tiberius Gracchus \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1eebng danh c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a La M\u00e3, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Lucius Aemillius Paullus, anh h\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Illyrian v\u00e0 Punic th\u1ee9 Hai, v\u00e0 Scipio Africanus, v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i Hannibal trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Punic th\u1ee9 Hai. V\u00ec sao c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u0129 s\u0129 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u00f4ng, ngay c\u1ea3 em h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e3 quay l\u1ea1i ch\u1ed1ng \u00f4ng?","TR\u00d4I D\u1ea0T XA RA \u25cf 159 C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho ta bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng trong C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 suy s\u1ee5p sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00e1i khi\u1ebfn cho Tiberius \u0111\u1ecd s\u1ee9c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i h\u1ecd trong m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3: s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng (plebeian), c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n La M\u00e3 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Tiberius Gracchus, La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh-c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n La M\u00e3 \u2013 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi b\u1ee9c tranh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, L\u1eddi th\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Horatii, c\u1ee7a Jacques- Louis David, m\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi con th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi cha m\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a La M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1i th\u1edf cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u2013 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eed gia coi nh\u01b0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 vua c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 Tarquin ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ef1 h\u00e0o, v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 510 TCN. N\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 bao g\u1ed3m. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi c\u00e1c quan vi\u00ean (magistrate) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u cho m\u1ed9t n\u0103m. S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 quan vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u ch\u1ecdn h\u00e0ng n\u0103m, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 hay l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf cho d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ngang nhau, v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp. C\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1edf ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn Italy, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. C\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n g\u00ec, n\u00f3i chi \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. D\u1eabu sao, nh\u01b0 \u1edf Venice, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111a nguy\u00ean. C\u00e1c d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i D\u00e2n Th\u01b0\u1eddng (Plebeian Assembly), m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea7u ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng (plebeian tribune) c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan vi\u00ean. Ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a Tiberius Gracchus l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng trong n\u0103m 133 TCN. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e8n b\u1edfi \u201cs\u1ef1 ly khai\u201d, m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a binh l\u00ednh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed3i \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan vi\u00ean cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. S\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda n\u00e0y t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng trong th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh trong m\u1ed9t","160 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I s\u1ef1 ly khai nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 cai qu\u1ea3n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. S\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, cho d\u00f9 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf theo c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i kinh t\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 bao g\u1ed3m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i kh\u1eafp v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh d\u01b0\u1edbi N\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a La M\u00e3. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng trong khi \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng cao h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i qua ng\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ea5y, th\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t thu nh\u1eadp cao, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u1eb1ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a La M\u00e3. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a La M\u00e3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eafm t\u00e0u. \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng theo m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ea3ng \u2013 t\u1eeb Athens, Antioch, v\u00e0 Alexandria \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng; qua Rome, Carthage, v\u00e0 Cadiz; su\u1ed1t l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn London \u1edf c\u1ef1c t\u00e2y. Khi c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 La M\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i t\u00e0u c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eafm t\u00e0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. C\u00e1c x\u00e1c t\u00e0u \u0111\u1eafm n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch. C\u00e1c t\u00e0u th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f2 hai quai ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y r\u01b0\u1ee3u hay d\u1ea7u \u00f4 liu, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Italy sang Gaul, hay d\u1ea7u \u00f4 liu T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1n hay ph\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng \u1edf Rome. C\u00e1c v\u00f2 hai quai, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t nung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn xi, th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9a th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 ai \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ra ch\u00fang v\u00e0 l\u00e0m khi n\u00e0o. Ngay g\u1ea7n s\u00f4ng Tiber \u1edf Rome c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 n\u00fai nh\u1ecf, Monte Testaccio, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 Monte dei Cocci (\u201cN\u00fai G\u1ed1m\u201d), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i ba tri\u1ec7u v\u00f2 hai quai. Khi c\u00e1c v\u00f2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ee1 xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u00e0u, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i, trong h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed3i l\u1edbn. C\u00e1c h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean t\u00e0u v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p carbon ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1, m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c di v\u1eadt h\u1eefu c\u01a1. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt t\u1ea1o ra n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng quang h\u1ee3p, m\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn carbon dioxite th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Khi ch\u00fang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng isotope ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, carbon-14. Sau khi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ebft, carbon- 14 gi\u1ea3m \u0111i do ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1. Khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u","TR\u00d4I D\u1ea0T XA RA \u25cf 161 \u0111\u1eafm, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 v\u1ecf t\u00e0u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch so s\u00e1nh ph\u1ea7n carbon-14 trong \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng t\u1eeb carbon-14 kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y cho m\u1ed9t \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m khi c\u00e2y g\u1ed7 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1n. Ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng 20 v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eafm t\u00e0u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e2u nh\u01b0 n\u0103m 500 TCN. \u0110\u1ea5y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0u La M\u00e3, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cartaginian, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. Nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u00e0u La M\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafm \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean nhanh ch\u00f3ng. V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian [ch\u00faa Jesus] Christ sinh ra, ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m 180 v\u1ee5 t\u00e0u \u0111\u1eafm. C\u00e1c t\u00e0u \u0111\u1eafm l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ea1ch ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 La M\u00e3, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef ch\u00fang \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd hai ph\u1ea7n ba n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e0u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc La M\u00e3, c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh v\u1ec1 Rome, hay ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c v\u00e0 d\u1ea7u \u00f4 liu t\u1eeb B\u1eafc Phi \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Ch\u00ednh [v\u1ecf c\u1ee7a] nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 khai th\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean Monte Testaccio. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 t\u1eeb D\u1ef1 \u00e1n L\u00f5i B\u0103ng Greenland. Khi c\u00e1c b\u00f4ng tuy\u1ebft r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng, ch\u00fang mang theo m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ec, b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng. Tuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh l\u1edbp tuy\u1ebft r\u01a1i trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh b\u0103ng. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra li\u00ean t\u1ee5c h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m, v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00f4 song cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1990-1992, D\u1ef1 \u00e1n L\u00f5i B\u0103ng Greenland \u0111\u00e3 khoan xu\u1ed1ng xuy\u00ean qua 3.030 m\u00e9t b\u0103ng ph\u1ee7 kho\u1ea3ng 250.000 n\u0103m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3, l\u00e0, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng l\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 500 TCN. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ec, b\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n, \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean sau c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd, m\u1ee9c ch\u00ec n\u00e0y trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ba. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c khai m\u1ecf La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, so v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau n\u00f3. \u0110\u1ee3t b\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t n\u00e0y trong khai m\u1ecf cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, x\u1ea3y ra d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n bao g\u1ed3m v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n khai th\u00e1c. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t khai th\u00e1c, v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi elite, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ngh\u1ecb s\u0129, th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ea3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1eabn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1","162 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i D\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u1eadt v\u1eabn do Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n n\u1eafm, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 l\u1edbn t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ngh\u1ecb s\u0129. Theo s\u1eed gia La M\u00e3 Livy, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra b\u1edfi vua \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3, Romulus, v\u00e0 g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng. C\u00e1c h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ngh\u1ecb s\u0129, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u00eam d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i m\u1edbi tham gia. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f2n b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a Tiberius Gracchus l\u00ean ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng. Khi s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ra kh\u1eafp v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i l\u1edbn. Nh\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i h\u1eadu h\u0129 n\u00e0y ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt gia \u0111\u00ecnh gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean. C\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u sang kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 do h\u1ecd ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f2n do c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u1eafp Italy. C\u00e1c b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1edfi c\u00e1c to\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh m\u00e0 La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng quan tr\u1ecdng ngang th\u1ebf. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n La M\u00e3 trong th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n-binh l\u00ednh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf Rome v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Italy. Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng h\u1ecd chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i khi c\u1ea7n v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 quay v\u1ec1 m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Khi La M\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u01a1n, th\u00ec m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh xa m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00f4i khi h\u00e0ng n\u0103m, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh binh s\u0129 \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng n\u00fai n\u1ee3 n\u1ea7n v\u00e0 tr\u00ean b\u1edd v\u1ef1c ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i. Nhi\u1ec1u mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00ec th\u1ebf d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb b\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb s\u0129. Khi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gi\u00e0u l\u00ean, s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung v\u1ec1 Rome, th\u01b0\u1eddng sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ng\u0169 kh\u1ecfi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1eafm d\u00f9i n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 quay v\u1ec1, h\u1ecd t\u00ecm vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u1edf Rome. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai TCN, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00f4i nguy hi\u1ec3m, c\u1ea3 b\u1edfi v\u00ec kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u00e0u ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ed9ng ra \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3, l\u1eabn b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e0n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n \u1edf Rome s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 quay sang ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c La M\u00e3. Nh\u01b0ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1ea1i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ngh\u1ecb s\u0129, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra h\u01a1n hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua. \u0110a s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 h\u1ecd t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eady.","TR\u00d4I D\u1ea0T XA RA \u25cf 163 Theo s\u1eed gia La M\u00e3 Plutarch, Tiberius Gracchus, khi chu du kh\u1eafp Etruria, m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m Italy, \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n- binh l\u00ednh ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng. B\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn b\u1edfi v\u00ec kinh nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng va ch\u1ea1m kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u00f4ng, ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u lao v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf Italy. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n trong n\u0103m 133 TCN, sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t: m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban s\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec1u tra xem li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p hay kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 s\u1ebd chia l\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t v\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1ee9c h\u1ea1n \u0111i\u1ec1n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p ba tr\u0103m m\u1eabu cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n La M\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ru\u1ed9ng. M\u1ee9c h\u1ea1n \u0111i\u1ec1n ba tr\u0103m m\u1eabu th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt c\u0169, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Tiberius Gracchus g\u00e2y ra l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng s\u1ed1c trong t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ngh\u1ecb s\u0129, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian. Khi Tiberius Gracchus s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111e d\u1ecda ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u1ee7y ban m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Vi\u1ec7n, tuy v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ecf \u0111\u00f3i ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u1ee7y ban, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea5p t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh cho n\u00f3. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec9nh khi Tiberius Gracchus \u0111\u00f2i s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n, m\u00e0 vua c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Hy L\u1ea1p Pergamun \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n La M\u00e3, cho \u1ee7y ban c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed \u1ee9ng c\u1eed l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00f4ng s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Vi\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i sau khi \u00f4ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 trao c\u1edb cho Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i r\u1eb1ng Tiberius \u0111\u00e3 \u00e2m m\u01b0u t\u1ef1 phong m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vua. \u00d4ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Tiberius Gracchus \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd th\u1eed c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i La M\u00e3. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Em trai c\u1ee7a Tiberius Gracchus, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i, sau khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m tr\u1ecdng tr\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a anh m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i n\u1ed5i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp theo \u2013 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cChi\u1ebfn tranh X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 91 TCN v\u00e0 87 TCN. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 hung h\u0103ng c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi ngh\u1ecb s\u0129, Lucius Cornelius Sulla, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eaft x\u00e9n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch","164 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00f9ng c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trung t\u00e2m trong s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u00e0 Julius Caesar \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Rome trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Vi\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a N\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Julius Caesar l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 n\u0103m 49 TCN khi \u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh qua Rubicon, con s\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh La M\u00e3 v\u00f9ng Cisalpine Gaul kh\u1ecfi Italy. Rome r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay Caesar, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5 ra. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Caesar l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh, do Brutus v\u00e0 Cassius \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong n\u0103m 44 TCN. C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a La M\u00e3 s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5 ra gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Caesar, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Mark Anthony v\u00e0 Octavian, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Sau khi Anthony v\u00e0 Octavian chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eabn nhau, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Octavian tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u1edf tr\u1eadn Actium n\u0103m 31 TCN. V\u00e0o n\u0103m sau, v\u00e0 su\u1ed1t b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo, Octavian, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn sau n\u0103m 28 TCN nh\u01b0 Augustus Caesar, \u0111\u00e3 cai tr\u1ecb La M\u00e3 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh. Augustus \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u01b0a t\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (pricep) h\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngang nhau\u201d, v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 Principate (Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7). B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 11 cho th\u1ea5y \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 r\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 117 SCN. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m s\u00f4ng Rubicom, m\u00e0 Caesar \u0111\u00e3 b\u0103ng qua m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eady. Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a sang ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf tr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i, \u0111\u00e3 gieo c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng suy s\u1ee5p c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n bao g\u1ed3m, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng kinh t\u1ebf, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u00f3i m\u00f2n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u00e2n ch\u01a1i nghi\u00eang c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eady v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c v\u1ecb. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Augustus th\u00e1o ra, nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi Serrata \u1edf Venice, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y, v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m SCN, \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf T\u00e2y La M\u00e3, nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 sau khi n\u00f3 t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e3 suy s\u1ee5p v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ean b\u1edd v\u1ef1c s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5.","TR\u00d4I D\u1ea0T XA RA \u25cf 165","166 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I \u2026 C\u00c1C T\u1eacT X\u1ea4U LA M\u00c3 Flavius Aetius \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt r\u1ea5t \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tung h\u00f4 nh\u01b0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng\u201d b\u1edfi Edward Gibbon, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a The Decline and Fall of Roman Empire (S\u1ef1 Suy t\u00e0n v\u00e0 S\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3). Gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 433 v\u00e0 454 SCN, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u00f4ng b\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Valentinian III gi\u1ebft, Aetius, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t trong \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i l\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh quan tr\u1ecdng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e3 man, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 kh\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ch\u1ee9c v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. T\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai, n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt ph\u0169 ph\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trong \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3. Gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius trong n\u0103m 180 SCN cho \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf T\u00e2y La M\u00e3 trong n\u0103m 476 SCN, \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eadp ni\u00ean n\u00e0o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn hay m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh cung \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf. \u00cdt ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft v\u00ec c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean hay trong chi\u1ebfn tr\u1eadn. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u01b0\u1edbp ng\u00f4i hay binh l\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd. S\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Aetius minh h\u1ecda nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 d\u00ednh l\u00edu c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn li\u00ean mi\u00ean v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 trong c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u1edf gi\u1eefa theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u00e3 man, m\u00e0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 b\u1ecb s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n La M\u00e3 hay b\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 chi ph\u1ed1i nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t thanh ni\u00ean, Aetius \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e3 man b\u1eaft l\u00e0m con tin, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Goth d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Alaric v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hun. C\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e3 man n\u00e0y bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ra sao t\u1eeb th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Alaric \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb th\u00f9 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o l\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng minh, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c m\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 405 \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea5p cao c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i La M\u00e3. Tuy v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 d\u00e0n","TR\u00d4I D\u1ea0T XA RA \u25cf 167 x\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 408 Alaric \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3, x\u00e2m l\u0103ng Italy v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1 Rome. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hun c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft Aetius l\u00e0m con tin, mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u00f4ng trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hun \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00e2u \u1edf m\u1ed9t b\u00ean, v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Attila h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn l\u1edbn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 451, ngay \u1edf b\u00ean kia s\u00f4ng Rhine. L\u1ea7n n\u00e0y b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Goth, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Theodoric. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3n c\u00e1c elite La M\u00e3 th\u1eed th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p v\u00f4 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 huy d\u00e3 man, th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 La M\u00e3, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u01b0u th\u1ebf trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vandal, d\u01b0\u1edbi vua c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, Geiseric, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Iberian v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c v\u1ef1a l\u00faa La M\u00e3 \u1edf B\u1eafc Phi t\u1eeb n\u0103n 429 tr\u1edf \u0111i. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb cho con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Valentinian III l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 d\u00e2u cho Geiseric. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 Geiseric \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Goth, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3n \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee7y h\u00f4n v\u1edbi c\u00e1i c\u1edb r\u1eb1ng v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed \u00e1m s\u00e1t \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111u\u1ed5i b\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 b\u00e0 sau khi c\u1eaft c\u1ea3 hai tai v\u00e0 m\u0169i b\u00e0. May cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eafp-l\u00e0-c\u00f4 d\u00e2u, b\u1edfi v\u00ec tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb c\u1ee7a c\u00f4, n\u00ean c\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef \u1edf Italy v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft h\u00f4n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 v\u1edbi Geiseric. Mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n c\u00f4 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c, Petronius Maximus, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n v\u1ee5 gi\u1ebft Aetius b\u1edfi ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Valentinian III, m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau trong m\u1ed9t \u00e2m m\u01b0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Maximus ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh. Mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n Maximus tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t b\u1edfi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vandal d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Geiseric ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Italy, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y Rome th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch man r\u1ee3. V\u00c0O \u0110\u1ea6U th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e3 man \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u1edf ngo\u00e0i c\u1ed5ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1eed gia cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 kinh kh\u1ee7ng h\u01a1n m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Goth, Hun, v\u00e0 Vandal ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Rome \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3. Trong th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i","168 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111e d\u1ecda h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Carthagianinan. S\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh-qu\u1ed1c Maya. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n quay l\u1ea1i ch\u00ed \u00edt \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Augustus, m\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb mang t\u00ednh khai th\u00e1c h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. \u0110\u1ea5y bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c ly khai l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Tiberius, ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp Augustus v\u00e0o n\u0103m 14 SCN, \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e3i b\u1ecf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i D\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cho Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Vi\u1ec7n. Thay cho ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n La M\u00e3 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1 th\u00ed cho kh\u00f4ng g\u1ed3m l\u00faa m\u00ec v\u00e0, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ea7u \u00f4 liu, r\u01b0\u1ee3u, th\u1ecbt heo, v\u00e0 gi\u1eef ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed b\u1edfi c\u00e1c r\u1ea1p xi\u1ebfc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh \u0111ua \u0111\u1ea5u s\u0129. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Augustus, c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1a kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n-ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh, m\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o V\u1ec7 binh Praetorian, nh\u00f3m \u01b0u t\u00fa c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p do Augustus l\u1eadp ra. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n V\u1ec7 binh mau ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb m\u00f4i gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 ai s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4ng qua kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh m\u00e0 qua c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u00e2m m\u01b0u. Augustus c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n La M\u00e3 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gia t\u0103ng, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa Tiberius Gracchus v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng. S\u1ef1 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u1edf trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00edt an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ecbch thu, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean m\u1ee9c n\u1eeda t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf. C\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o tay ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Theo m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t qu\u00e1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh-qu\u1ed1c Maya, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n, khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e3 man tr\u1ecb v\u00ec t\u1ed1i cao. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, Septimus Severus \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb Didius Julianus, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 phong m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf sau v\u1ee5 \u00e1m s\u00e1t Pertinax","TR\u00d4I D\u1ea0T XA RA \u25cf 169 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 193 SCN. Servius, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf th\u1ee9 ba trong c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 N\u0103m c\u1ee7a N\u0103m Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i quy\u1ec1n k\u1ebf v\u1ecb, c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng Pescennius Niger v\u00e0 Clodius Albinus, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng 194 v\u00e0 197 SCN. Servius \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecbch thu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ee7 th\u1ea5t tr\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfp sau. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 t\u00e0i, nh\u01b0 Trajan (98 \u0111\u1ebfn 117 SCN), Hadrian, v\u00e0 Markus Aurelius trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp theo, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00ecm s\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3, hay \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n, x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Ch\u1eb3ng ai trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf hay t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 theo c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a La M\u00e3. Markus Aurelius, cho d\u00f9 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf v\u1ecb b\u1edfi con \u00f4ng Comodus, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ed1ng Caligula hay Nero h\u01a1n l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng cha m\u00ecnh. S\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 trong \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ba SCN m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn trong \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. Trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e1, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong x\u00e2y c\u00f4ng s\u1ef1. \u1ede x\u1ee9 Gaul tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 125 TCN, \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2y c\u00e1c khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed3i, v\u00ec d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebfn ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3, c\u00e1c khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eddi xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ba, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. Theo c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia t\u0103ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf theo h\u01b0\u1edbng khai th\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 212 SCN g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u1ea5u \u0111i. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Hadrian (117 \u0111\u1ebfn 138 SCN), \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n La M\u00e3 kh\u00e1c nhau. Quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m l\u00e0, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a La M\u00e3, khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u1edf Rome. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c kh\u1eafp La M\u00e3, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 li\u1ec7u t\u1ef7 ph\u1ea7n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 trong d\u00e2n c\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m hay kh\u00f4ng trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Quan tr\u1ecdng ngang th\u1ebf l\u00e0, khi \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb n\u1eeda-n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 b\u1ecb c\u1ed9t ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u201ccolonus\u201d n\u1eeda-n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p","170 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I lu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt Codex Theodosianus v\u00e0 Codex Justinianus, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Docletian (284 \u0111\u1ebfn 305 SCN). Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c colonus \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Constantine trong n\u0103m 332 \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ea5t x\u00edch m\u1ed9t colonus l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u00ecnh nghi l\u00e0 th\u1eed b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 365 SCN, c\u00e1c colonus \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p b\u00e1n c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ea5t. H\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u00e0u \u0111\u1eafm v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00f5i b\u0103ng Greenland \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 trong c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea7n theo d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft suy t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 500 SCN, \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e0u \u0111\u1eafm t\u1eeb 180 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 20. Khi La M\u00e3 suy t\u00e0n, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng quay l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m La M\u00e3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn. B\u0103ng Greenland k\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng b\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n, ch\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n. Sau khi l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t SCN, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ec, b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng trong c\u00e1c l\u00f5i b\u0103ng gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf trong C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eadt \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n bao g\u1ed3m. S\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao, c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ee1 b\u1edfi ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hay s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng s\u1eaft v\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft, c\u00e0y trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y ban \u0111\u1ea7u trong n\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c: xi m\u0103ng x\u00e2y n\u1ec1, m\u00e1y b\u01a1m, v\u00e0 b\u00e1nh xe n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3. Trong chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf b\u1eb1ng t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00edt thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n hay th\u1eebng ch\u00e3o, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u00e1nh l\u00e1i \u0111u\u00f4i t\u00e0u, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e1i t\u00e0u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u00e1i ch\u00e8o. B\u00e1nh xe n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 lan truy\u1ec1n r\u1ea5t ch\u1eadm, cho n\u00ean n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf La M\u00e3. Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 c\u1ea7u m\u00e1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u1ed1ng r\u00e3nh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n n\u00f3. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n, nh\u01b0ng","TR\u00d4I D\u1ea0T XA RA \u25cf 171 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. V\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i. Khi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp theo sau s\u1ef1 sa s\u00fat c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u0169ng th\u1ebf s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf suy s\u1ee5p. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 La M\u00e3 l\u00e0, s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 tin t\u1ed1t, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u1eefa \u2013 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 qu\u00e1 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean do n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n La M\u00e3 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i Pliny Gi\u00e0 k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n sau \u0111\u00e2y. Trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Tiberius, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra k\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u1ee1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 y\u1ebft ki\u1ebfn ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn. \u00d4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 minh h\u1ecda s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 Tiberius \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecfi li\u1ec7u \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y hay ch\u01b0a. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ch\u01b0a, Tiberius \u0111\u00e3 sai l\u00f4i \u00f4ng ta ra v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft, \u201ce r\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a b\u00f9n\u201d. C\u00f3 hai \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00fd th\u00fa v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn Tiberius tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean v\u00ec m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfm l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u00e1n k\u00ednh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 La M\u00e3 trong ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Th\u1ee9 hai, Tiberius \u0111\u00e3 vui s\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 [\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng]. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Suetonius k\u1ec3 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Vespasian, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 cai tr\u1ecb gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 69 v\u00e0 79 SCN, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ra sao s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea1y ch\u1ecdt c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebfn Capitol, th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a Rome, v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf. C\u00e1c c\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e3 to, n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf. Chuy\u1ec3n ch\u00fang t\u1edbi Rome t\u1eeb c\u00e1c m\u1ecf n\u01a1i ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ra d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1edbi t\u1ed1n ph\u00ed r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Vespasian \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng c\u0169ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \u201cS\u1ebd l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1eabm \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i \u0103n s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y?\u201d M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean h\u01a1n k\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u1ee1, v\u00ec ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00ednh l\u00edu s\u00e2u v\u00e0o chuy\u1ec7n khai c\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf ch\u00fang. L\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u1ed7i lo s\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Vespasian \u0111\u00e3 lo r\u1eb1ng tr\u1eeb phi \u00f4ng gi\u1eef cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang h\u1ea1nh","172 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I ph\u00fac v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec s\u1ebd g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng La M\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef lu\u00f4n b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ed9t loanh quanh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1ed5 sung cho b\u00e1nh m\u00ec v\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u1ea1p xi\u1ebfc, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd th\u1eadt \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 hai th\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau khi n\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a b\u1ecb s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. C\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh l\u1edbn h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3n s\u1eed thay \u0111\u1ed5i so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb La M\u00e3 trong th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. M\u1ed9t l\u00fd do quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c cho s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Khi c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 Italy \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1n trang l\u1edbn. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Rome \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng: h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng nh\u1edd v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 ph\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Th\u1ebf th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u? Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0169. T\u1ea1i La M\u00e3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0, mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c n\u1eeda-n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, c\u00e1c colonus, v\u1edbi \u00edt khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1eeb b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi n\u00e0o. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e9t ti\u1ebfng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang t\u1eeb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u1ede Hoa K\u1ef3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c bang mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 tham gia v\u00e0o C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c bang mi\u1ec1n Nam. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i to l\u1edbn cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng n\u00f4, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hay s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. CH\u1eb2NG AI VI\u1ebeT T\u1eea VINDOLANDA V\u00e0o n\u0103m 43 SCN ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Claudius \u0111\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, nh\u01b0ng Scotland th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00f4 \u00edch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi th\u1ed1ng s\u1ee9 La M\u00e3 Agricola, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf v\u00e0, trong n\u0103m 85 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf Vindolanda, ba m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m d\u1eb7m v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y Newcastle, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd tr\u00ean B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 11 (trang 165) \u1edf c\u1ef1c t\u00e2y b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3. Mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n, Vindolanda \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c","TR\u00d4I D\u1ea0T XA RA \u25cf 173 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 d\u00e0i t\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m d\u1eb7m m\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Hadrian \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, nh\u01b0ng trong n\u0103m 103 SCN, khi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed9i tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 (centurion), Candidus, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i c\u00f4 l\u1eadp. Candidus \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng b\u1edbi b\u1ea1n m\u00ecnh Octavius tham gia cung \u1ee9ng cho \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u00fa La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi t\u1eeb Octavius cho m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi: Octavius g\u1eedi cho b\u1ea1n m\u00ecnh Candidus, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ch\u00e0o. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft cho anh nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 mua kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m ng\u00e0n th\u00f9ng b\u00f4ng l\u00faa, v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t n\u0103m tr\u0103m \u0111\u1ed3ng denarius, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 t\u00f4i s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ecdc, kho\u1ea3ng ba tr\u0103m denarius, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i s\u1ebd b\u1ecb b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, t\u00f4i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u anh, g\u1eedi cho t\u00f4i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t c\u00e0ng nhanh c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. S\u1ed1 da s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 anh vi\u1ebft \u0111ang \u1edf Cataractonium \u2013 h\u00e3y vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0 xe ng\u1ef1a m\u00e0 anh vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho t\u00f4i. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 thu ch\u00fang tr\u1eeb r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c con s\u00fac v\u1eadt trong khi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 x\u1ea5u. H\u00e3y ki\u1ec3m tra v\u1edbi Tertius v\u1ec1 8\u00bd denarius m\u00e0 anh ta \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb Fatalis. Anh ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ghi ch\u00fang v\u00e0o b\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng anh g\u1eedi ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t cho t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u00f4ng l\u00faa tr\u00ean s\u00e0n tu\u1ed1t l\u00faa. Ch\u00e0o Spectatus v\u00e0 Fimus. T\u1ea1m bi\u1ec7t. Th\u01b0 t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa Candidus v\u00e0 Octavius minh h\u1ecda m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1eb7t quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh La M\u00e3: n\u00f3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. N\u00f3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, cho d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f4i khi trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed3i t\u00e0n. N\u00f3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00e0i kh\u00f3a thu thu\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Candidus. Hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean nh\u1ea5t n\u00f3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 b\u01b0u ch\u00ednh lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh La M\u00e3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t g\u1ed1m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf Oxfordshire; c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u1eafm v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng; v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt x\u00e2y nh\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eefa v\u00e0 ng\u00f3i l\u1ee3p m\u00e1i nh\u00e0. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 trong suy t\u00e0n, v\u00e0 sau n\u0103m 411 SCN \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. Binh l\u00ednh b\u1ecb r\u00fat \u0111i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 khi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc La M\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee9. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 450 SCN t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u h\u00e0o nho\u00e1ng n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft. Ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb","174 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I b\u1ecb b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 b\u1ecb c\u1ecf d\u1ea1i bao ph\u1ee7. Lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed1m duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0 g\u1ed1m th\u00f4 l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng tay, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n qu\u00ean d\u00f9ng v\u1eefa th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft suy gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. C\u00e1c n\u00f3c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e0nh c\u00e2y, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ee3p ng\u00f3i. Kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft t\u1eeb Vindolanda n\u1eefa. Sau n\u0103m 411 SCN, n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i ao t\u00f9 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecdng ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n \u2013 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e1 M\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u1edf Trung \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 9.500 TCN. Trong khi c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Jericho v\u00e0 Abu Hureyra \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 canh t\u00e1c, d\u00e2n c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u1eabn s\u0103n b\u1eaft v\u00e0 h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m, v\u00e0 v\u1eabn l\u00e0m v\u1eady trong 5.500 n\u0103m n\u1eefa. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra vi\u1ec7c canh t\u00e1c hay ch\u0103n th\u1ea3; nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi di c\u01b0 lan ngang ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1eeb Trung \u0110\u00f4ng trong h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m. Khi c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111u\u1ed5i k\u1ecbp c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi l\u1edbn n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf Trung \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t minh ra c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 3.500 TCN, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Uruk v\u00e0 Ur \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean \u1edf Mesopotamia, nay l\u00e0 Iraq hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Uruk \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 3.500 TCN, v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3. B\u00e0n chu\u1ed1t g\u1ed1m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf \u1edf Mesopotamia v\u00e0o c\u00f9ng kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian nh\u01b0 b\u00e1nh xe giao th\u00f4ng. Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Ai C\u1eadp Memphis \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai khu v\u1ef1c. Trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 \u0111ang x\u00e2y c\u00e1c kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf Giza kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 2.500 TCN, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed5 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 \u1edf Stonehenge. Kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3i theo c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Anh, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n nghi l\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Vua Kufu. N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1eeb Trung \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u cho \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 La M\u00e3. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00f4ng may nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ednh \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i bao g\u1ed3m th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y (trang 102-11) r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t \u2013 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, C\u00e1i Ch\u1ebft \u0110en v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 Anh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb Vindolanda g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng r\u1ec5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng","TR\u00d4I D\u1ea0T XA RA \u25cf 175 s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng trong C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e1 M\u1edbi, hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 La M\u00e3. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 450 SCN, v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1eddi K\u1ef3 \u0110en T\u1ed1i, n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 v\u00e0 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. \u0110\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp trung h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh trong h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m. NH\u1eeeNG CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG PH\u00c2N K\u1ef2 (R\u1ebc THEO C\u00c1C H\u01af\u1edaNG KH\u00c1C NHAU) S\u1ef1 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p sau \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 (hay s\u1edbm h\u01a1n). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec quan tr\u1ecdng x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf T\u00e2y La M\u00e3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1edbn t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. V\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u chia s\u1ebb c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang s\u1ebd tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t theo ki\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch gi\u1ed1ng nhau, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. S\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t chung n\u00e0y. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u00c2u ch\u00e2u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara, ch\u00e2u \u00c1, v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t. N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng n\u1ed5 l\u1edbn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u00edt \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n \u1edf Italy, hay \u1edf x\u1ee9 Gaul La M\u00e3 (nay l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i), ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u1edf B\u1eafc Phi, \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i nhi\u1ec1u trong c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u0169 c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc La M\u00e3 duy nh\u1ea5t sang m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank, Visigoth, Ostrogoth, Vandal, v\u00e0 Burgundian \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan tr\u1ecdng. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecda b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t d\u00e0i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed9t nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngo\u1ea1i vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. T\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eafc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Viking v\u00e0 Dane \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u1eeb h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ecb binh Hun \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng ng\u1ef1a. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a Islam nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Mohammed v\u00e0o n\u0103m 632 SCN \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Islamic m\u1edbi \u1edf ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Byzantine, B\u1eafc Phi, v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha. C\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chung n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m rung","176 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I chuy\u1ec3n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u00e0 theo sau h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi nh\u01b0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i phong ki\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i phong ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 phi t\u1eadp trung, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp trung m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb teo \u0111i, cho d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 Charlemagne \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed t\u00e1i l\u1eadp ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf phong ki\u1ebfn, m\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 do, b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c (c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng n\u00f4), \u0111\u00e3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 ch\u1eadm \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trong Th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 cho nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n b\u1ecb h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb n\u00f4ng n\u00f4, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Trong th\u1eddi gian khi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c elite \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n th\u00e0nh n\u00f4ng n\u00f4, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a phong ki\u1ebfn c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ed3n th\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0ng khi s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i sau C\u00e1i Ch\u1ebft \u0110en, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tan r\u00e3 \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u, v\u0169 \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean cho m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111a nguy\u00ean h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0o. C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t, m\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i phong ki\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 so s\u00e1nh th\u00edch h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Phi ch\u00e2u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i Ethiopia, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Aksum, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1edf mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 400 TCN. Aksum \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tham gia th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1edbi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Arabia, Hy L\u1ea1p, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3. Theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0110\u00f4ng La M\u00e3 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ec1n, \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 l\u00fd th\u00fa gi\u1eefa Aksum v\u00e0 La M\u00e3. Trong n\u0103m 312 SCN, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Constantine \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o sang Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o (Christianity), nh\u01b0 Vua Ezana c\u1ee7a Aksum \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o trong kho\u1ea3ng c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3. B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 12 (trang sau) cho th\u1ea5y v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Aksum l\u1ecbch s\u1eed trong Ethiopia v\u00e0 Eritrea hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i-ng\u00e0y nay, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n ti\u1ec1n ti\u00eau ngang H\u1ed3ng H\u1ea3i \u1edf Saudi Arabia v\u00e0 Yemen. H\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 La M\u00e3 suy s\u1ee5p, Aksum c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy s\u1ee5p l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 theo m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu suy s\u1ee5p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf T\u00e2y La M\u00e3. Vai tr\u00f2","TR\u00d4I D\u1ea0T XA RA \u25cf 177 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hun v\u00e0 Vandal trong s\u1ef1 suy s\u1ee5p c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arab, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o H\u1ed3ng H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 xu\u1ed1ng B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Arabia. Aksum \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u1edf Arabia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh s\u1ef1 suy s\u1ee5p kinh t\u1ebf: ti\u1ec1n b\u1ecb ng\u01b0ng \u0111\u00fac, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 r\u1edbt xu\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 l\u00ean cao nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ethiopia hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.","178 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I \u1ede ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf phong ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean ti\u1ebfp sau s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp trung. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra t\u1ea1i Ethiopia, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gult, m\u00e0 d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea5t phong. Th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ba, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n s\u1edbm h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. T\u1eeb gult b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Amharic c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea5t phong.\u201d N\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng trong s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm gi\u1eef gult ph\u1ea3i cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 cho ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. \u0110\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm gi\u1eef gult c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi canh t\u00e1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t phong \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm gi\u1eef gult khai th\u00e1c, gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda v\u00e0 ba ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a phong ki\u1ebfn \u00c2u ch\u00e2u, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f2n khai th\u00e1c h\u01a1n. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a phong ki\u1ebfn \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 khai th\u00e1c \u00edt n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ea5t theo d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y hay d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng Ethiopia \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Phi. \u1ede n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4; ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 Phi ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Ngay c\u1ea3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Ethiopia c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c. Sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, Ethiopia v\u1eabn \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00fai c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng Phi kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c m\u1edbi sinh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng sau vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Phi ch\u00e2u mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c1. \u0110\u00f4ng Phi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Arab, v\u00e0 T\u00e2y v\u00e0 Trung Phi, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u00f4i k\u00e9o v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong th\u1eddi gian s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u00c2u ch\u00e2u g\u1eafn v\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u Phi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1eefa v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n. Trong khi \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, th\u00ec \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf.","TR\u00d4I D\u1ea0T XA RA \u25cf 179 Xa ch\u00e2u \u00c2u h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean c\u00f2n t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. \u1ede ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1eaft kh\u1ecfi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 15.000 TCN b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 tan b\u0103ng n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n Alaska v\u1edbi Nga, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Natufian, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh t\u1ea1i, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng \u2013 n\u00f3i ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf Mexico v\u00e0 Peru Andean v\u00e0 Bolivia, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e1 M\u1edbi ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a ng\u00f4. \u0110\u00e3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01a1i n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh-qu\u1ed1c Maya. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng theo c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 l\u1edbn theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01a1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh s\u1edbm n\u00e0y. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1, c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tai \u00e1c v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u201cs\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn may,\u201d l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c n\u01a1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i gi\u00e0u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u00e8o \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. Ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00ednh Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Canada, nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu xa \u0111\u1eb1ng sau c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u1edf Mexico, Peru, v\u00e0 Bolivia, l\u00e0 gi\u00e0u h\u01a1n ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. NH\u1eeeNG H\u1ec6 QU\u1ea2 C\u1ee6A S\u1ef0 T\u0102NG TR\u01af\u1edeNG S\u1edaM Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 d\u00e0i, gi\u1eefa C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e1 M\u1edbi m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 9.500 TCN v\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Anh v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eeba b\u1ed9n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c. \u1ede La M\u00e3 C\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 sau cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Julius Caesar v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Augustus. \u0110\u00e3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy s\u1ee5p \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i; nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t khi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u00e3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 tho\u00e1i b\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi.","180 \u25cf V\u00cc SAO C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I \u0110\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Venice c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. S\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Venice \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 bao g\u1ed3m quan tr\u1ecdng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u00f3i m\u00f2n khi c\u00e1c elite hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gia nh\u1eadp m\u1edbi v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. D\u1eabu kinh nghi\u1ec7m La M\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Anh. C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u00edch l\u0169y. La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 Venice minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ban \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ra sao. Phong c\u1ea3nh kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 Trung \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 lay chuy\u1ec3n n\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e9n r\u1ec5 ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n. Th\u1ef1c ra, nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, n\u01a1i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u01a1i n\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t nh\u1ea5t, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft, trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m SCN. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, d\u1eabu \u0111\u00f4i khi nh\u1ecf, m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00ean khi ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t. Ch\u00ednh b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1ecf m\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00edch l\u0169y \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i l\u00ean ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e3 man \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean sau s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf T\u00e2y La M\u00e3. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u1ea1o ra phong c\u1ea3nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb phi t\u1eadp trung m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 phong ki\u1ebfn. S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ee5 d\u00e0i, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i (v\u00e0, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed) c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng khi C\u00e1i Ch\u1ebft \u0110en \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m lung lay x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i phong ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed1ng tro t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a C\u00e1i Ch\u1ebft \u0110en n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb g\u1eafn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1edbi tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 phong ki\u1ebfn. \u0110\u00e3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1o ra b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf","TR\u00d4I D\u1ea0T XA RA \u25cf 181 ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1-Sahara, ch\u00e2u \u00c1, hay ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1- Sahara v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. Tuy \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e0u h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u00c1 ch\u00e2u ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 hay Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y trong hai ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfp theo, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u1ecf s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng b\u00ean trong ch\u00e2u \u00c2u; v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00ednh \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 phong ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp n\u01a1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi r\u1ed3i c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1edbi t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y.","7. \u0110I\u1ec2M NGO\u1eb6T R\u1eaeC R\u1ed0I V\u1edaI D\u1ec6T KIM N\u0102M 1583 WILLIAM LEE \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh linh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf Calverton, n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y Elizabeth I (1558-1603) \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t m\u0169 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111an. Lee \u0111\u00e3 nghi ch\u00e9p, \u201cnh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111an \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ra \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ngh\u0129. T\u00f4i nh\u00ecn m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ecb em t\u00f4i ng\u1ed3i trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng chi\u1ec1u t\u00e0 tho\u0103n tho\u1eaft v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc kim \u0111an c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111an b\u1eb1ng hai kim v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng s\u1ee3i, t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u kim \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a s\u1ee3i\u201d. \u00dd ngh\u0129 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi h\u00f3a s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng d\u1ec7t. Lee \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ra m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y m\u00e0 s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c \u0111an b\u1eb1ng tay kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ng\u1edbt. \u00d4ng nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i, \u201ct\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u sao l\u00e3ng c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm h\u1ebft t\u00e2m tr\u00ed v\u00e0 tr\u00e1i tim t\u00f4i.\u201d Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1589, \u201ckhung d\u1ec7t kim\u201d m\u00e1y d\u1ec7t kim c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 xong. \u00d4ng \u0111i London v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ee9ng kh\u1edfi xin m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c y\u1ebft ki\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Elizabeth I \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi b\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00e0 c\u1ea5p cho m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 s\u1ebd ng\u0103n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c sao ch\u00e9p thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 thu\u00ea m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1ng m\u00e1y l\u00ean v\u00e0, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Richard Parkyns, g\u1eb7p Henry Carey, Ch\u00faa c\u00f4ng Hudson, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u01a1 m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng. Carey \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp cho N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Elizabeth \u0111\u1ebfn xem chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y cho\u00e1ng v\u00e1ng. B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf cho Lee, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, \u201cC\u1eadu Lee, nh\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u01a1i nh\u1eafm cao. Nh\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u01a1i h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ta. N\u00f3 s\u1ebd ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111i c\u00f4ng \u0103n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf"]