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Home Explore R.I.(Tr.) 500

R.I.(Tr.) 500

Published by remon07, 2018-06-10 09:22:51

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w` †i‡bmuv Ae Bm&jvg (Bmj& v‡gi cby Rv© MiY)g~j Rg©b `¨ †i‡bmvum `vm& Bm&jvgm, W. G¨vWvg †gR BsivRx Abyev`mvjvn& DÏxb Ly`veLk&, evi, GU& j cÖ‡dmi wW,Gm, gv‡Mv© wjq_ evsjv Abey v` ‡gvt D¤^i Avjx

w` †i‡bmvu Ae Bmj& vg f~wgKv w` †i‡bmuv Ae Bm&jvg m¤^‡Ü c_Ö ‡g hv Rvbv‡bv `iKvi Zv n‡”Q eZ©gvb eBwU BsivRx fvlvq gyw`ZªÔThe Renaissance of Islam’ Gi e½vbyev`| Z‡e gj~ eBwU wKš‘ BsivRx‡Z wjwLZ bq| †mUv Rg©b fvlvq†jLv| eBwUi welq e¯‘ m¤^‡Ü †Kvbiæc Bw½Z cÖ`v‡bi c~‡e© eBwUi †jLK I Abyev`K‡K wN‡i †h we¯§qKiNUbvejx N‡U‡Q, Zv we`» cvV‡Ki wbKU cÖ_‡gB Zz‡j aiv `iKvi| GB weL¨vZ eBwUi †jLK Dr.Adam Mez (1869-1917) Rvg©vb wQ‡jb Ges wZwb Zvi beg I`kg kZ‡Ki Bmjvgx mv¤vª ‡R¨i M‡elYv mg„× eBwU Rg©b fvlvq †j‡Lb| Zvi M‡elYvi gvj gkjv IB `yBkZ‡K Rb¥MÖnYKvix eo eo gv‡ci gmy jgvb cwÐZ‡`i †jLv gjy Aviex n‡Z Ges wKQz wKQz cvðvZ¨ cwÐZ‡`iAviex n‡Z Rg©b I BsivRx‡Z Abyw`Z MÖš’ n‡Z msMÖn K‡i‡Qb| †`Lv hvq †h, wZwb AZ¨šÍ AvšÍwiKZvi mv‡_KziÕAvb, nvw`m Ges Aviex mvwnZ¨ e¨vcKfv‡e Aa¨qb K‡i‡Qb| †Kv_vI †Kv_vI Zzjbvgj~ K Av‡jvPbvKi‡jI KLbB wZwb wb‡Ri †Kvb gZvgZ †`evi †PóvI K‡ib wb| Rgb© fvlvq eBwUi bvg DieRenaissance des Islams | GB `By kZ‡K Bmjvgx mv¤vª R¨ fviZ,Avwd«Kv, BD‡ivc I Gwkqvq we¯Ívi jvfK‡i Kv‡RB Avwg g‡b Kwi bvgKiY mwVK n‡q‡Q| eBwU †jLv m¤ú~Y© n‡j Zv UvBc Kiv nq| †klev‡ii gZ bRi ewy j‡q †cÖ‡m †`evi mgqwU‡Z(1917) g„Z¨y G‡m Zvi †m B”Qv‡K cY~ © n‡Z †`q bv| Gi ci 1922 m‡b W. †i‡KbWd© cvÐwz jwcUv †klev‡iigZ ms‡kvab K‡ib Ges eBwU c_Ö gev‡ii gZ gyw`ªZ nq| Gi Ae¨ewnZ c‡iB eBwU cvUbvi m¤£všÍ Ly`veL&kcwiev‡ii ¯b^ vgab¨ mvjvn& DÏxb L`y v eLk& , evi GU& j& Gi bR‡i c‡o| wZwb wb‡RI †m hy‡Mi GKRb eogv‡ci Bm&jvgx wPšÍvwe` I †jLK wQ‡jb| BsivRx fvlvq Abey v` K‡i eBwU‡K c„w_exi cvVK‡`i nv‡Z Zz‡j†`evi A`g¨ B”Qvi d‡j wZwb 1927 m‡bi 16B Rjy vB n‡Z eBwUi Abyev` ïiæ K‡ib Ges Zvi Abyw`ZAa¨vq¸wj avivevwnKfv‡e `vwÿYv‡Z¨i nvq`ªvev‡`i Islamic Culture cwÎKvq cKÖ vwkZ n‡Z _v‡K| GBcwÎKvi m¤úv`K wQ‡jb Mr.Marmaduke Pickthall whwb Kiz ÕAvb kix‡di GKUv cÖ_g †kÖYxi BsivRxAbyev` K‡i‡Qb| cwÎKvq cKÖ v‡ki Av‡M wZwb UvBc Kiv Kwc ¸wj Zvi wkÿK Prof.D.S.Margoliouth †K†`Lv‡Zb| Gfv‡e GKB mv‡_ Abyev` Ges cwÎKvq cÖKvkbv Pj‡Z _v‡K| eBwU hLb 24 Aa¨v‡qi Aav© s‡kiAbyev` m¤úbœ nq ZLb 31 †k RyjvB 1931 Zvwi‡L Abyev`K Amy¯’ n‡q c‡ob Ges AZ¨šÍ Aíw`‡biAm¯y ’Zvi ci 9B AvMó,1931 Zvwi‡L B‡šÍKvj K‡ib| Zvi gZ„ ¨z i ci Zvi m‡y hvM¨v cZœx wg‡mm Bfw& jbLy`veLk& evKx 51/2 Aa¨vq Abey v` Kivi Rb¨ Prof.D.S.Margoliouth †K Aby‡iva Ki‡j wZwb Zvmvb‡›` K‡i †`b| mvjvn& DÏxb mv‡n‡ei g„Z¨z i d‡j wKQzUv †Q` co‡jI evKx Aa¨vq ¸wjI 1933 m‡big‡a¨B Dc‡iv³ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq| A_v© r eBwUi 29wU Aa¨v‡qi BsivRx Abyev` 1928 n‡Z 1933 m‡big‡a¨ Dc‡iv³ cwÎKvq m¤úY~ © iæ‡c cÖKvwkZ nq| 1934 m‡b fviZxq cwy jk mvwf©m n‡Z Aemi MÖn‡Yi ci Abyev`‡Ki †QvU fvB Rbve mvnveyÏxb L`y veLk& hLb we‡jZ hvb ZLb Zvi åvZe… a~ cwÎKvi †mB msL¨v¸wj Zvi nv‡Z Z‡z j †`b †h¸wj‡Z eBwU

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