Hồ Chí Minh toàn tập - Tập 7

["chi\u00d5n tranh du k\u00ddch \u00eb vi\u00d6t nam 535 h\u00efng Nguy\u00d4n Th\u00de C\u00f3c1) c\u00f1a ch\u00f3ng t\u00abi. \u00a7\u00e5ng ch\u00dd Nguy\u00d4n Th\u00de C\u00f3c, n\u00f7 n\u00abng d\u00a9n 23 tu\u00e6i, \u00ae\u00b6ng vi\u00aan \u00a7\u00b6ng Lao \u00ae\u00e9ng Vi\u00d6t Nam, \u00ae\u2212\u00eec giao nhi\u00d6m v\u00f4 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c c\u00b8c chi b\u00e9 c\u00f1a l\u00b5ng Quang Trung. B\u00de b\u00bet, \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd ph\u00b6i tr\u00b6i qua nh\u00f7ng ph\u2212\u00acng ph\u00b8p th\u00c8m v\u00can t\u00b5n b\u00b9o nh\u00cat m\u00b5 b\u00e4n c\u00b6nh s\u00b8t c\u00e3 th\u00d3 ngh\u00dc ra \u00ae\u2212\u00eec: tra \u00aei\u00d6n, b\u00e3c m\u00e3ng tay, ch\u00a9n v\u00b5 l\u00e9t t\u00e3c, nh\u00can ch\u00d7m xu\u00e8ng n\u2212\u00edc, treo l\u00aan d\u00a9y, th\u00b6 r\u00ben v\u00b5o qu\u00c7n, v.v.. Ch\u00de kh\u00abng n\u00e3i m\u00e9t l\u00eai n\u00b5o. \u00a7i\u00aan cu\u00e5ng, b\u00e4n man r\u00ee ch\u00c6t \u00ae\u00f8t m\u00e9t b\u00b5n tay, r\u00e5i b\u00b5n tay c\u00dfn l\u00b9i; m\u00e9t b\u00b5n ch\u00a9n, r\u00e5i b\u00b5n ch\u00a9n c\u00dfn l\u00b9i. Cu\u00e8i c\u00efng, b\u00e4n ch\u00f3ng m\u00e6 b\u00f4ng ch\u00de. Tr\u2212\u00edc khi ch\u00d5t, l\u00cay h\u00d5t s\u00f8c l\u00f9c c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh, ch\u00de h\u00ab to: \\\"Vi\u00d6t Nam \u00ae\u00e9c l\u00cbp mu\u00abn n\u00a8m! B\u00b8c H\u00e5 mu\u00abn n\u00a8m!\\\". T\u00f8c th\u00d7 b\u00e4n Ph\u00b8p c\u00bet \u00ae\u00f8t l\u2212\u00eci ch\u00de v\u00b5 b\u00a8m n\u00b8t th\u00a9n th\u00d3 ch\u00de th\u00b5nh nh\u00f7ng m\u00b6nh nh\u00e1... Nguy\u00d4n Th\u00de C\u00f3c, D\u00abia c\u00f1a ch\u00f3ng t\u00abi, \u00a7anien Casan\u00abva2) c\u00f1a ch\u00f3ng t\u00abi \u00ae\u00b7 ch\u00d5t, nh\u2212ng ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca anh h\u00efng c\u00f1a ch\u00de \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00e6 v\u00f2 \u00ae\u00e5ng b\u00b5o ch\u00f3ng t\u00abi \u00ae\u00f8ng l\u00aan, \u00ae\u00c6c bi\u00d6t l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00e5ng b\u00b5o t\u00d8nh H\u2212ng Y\u00aan, v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b7 th\u00f3c \u00ae\u00c8y h\u00e4 chi\u00d5n \u00ae\u00cau h\u00a8ng h\u00b8i h\u00acn ch\u00e8ng l\u00b9i qu\u00a9n x\u00a9m l\u2212\u00eec. T\u00d8nh H\u2212ng Y\u00aan n\u00bbm tr\u00aan t\u00b6 ng\u00b9n s\u00abng H\u00e5ng, ch\u00d8 c\u00b8ch H\u00b5 N\u00e9i 35 c\u00a9y s\u00e8. T\u00d8nh g\u00e5m 9 huy\u00d6n v\u00b5 c\u00e3 g\u00c7n 50 v\u00b9n d\u00a9n3). T\u00d8nh b\u00de qu\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p chi\u00d5m \u00ae\u00e3ng t\u00f5 \u00ae\u00c7u chi\u00d5n tranh. Chi\u00d5n tranh du k\u00ddch \u00eb \u00ae\u00a9y kh\u00b8 m\u00b9nh. Nhi\u00d2u l\u00c7n b\u00de \u00ae\u00b5n \u00b8p, nh\u2212ng lu\u00abn lu\u00abn t\u00f9 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c l\u00b9i. T\u00f5 n\u00a8m 1946 t\u00edi t\u00cbn ng\u00b5y h\u00abm \u00ae\u00e3, h\u00acn 600 \u00ae\u00b6ng vi\u00aan (nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c v\u00b5 ch\u00d8 huy c\u00b8c chi\u00d5n s\u00dc du k\u00ddch) \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00de hy sinh. _______________ 1) \u00a7\u00f3ng ra l\u00b5 h\u00e4 B\u00efi (B\u00efi Th\u00de C\u00f3c) (ng\u2212\u00eai d\u00dech). 2) D\u00abia (Zoia) l\u00b5 n\u00f7 anh h\u00efng du k\u00ddch Li\u00aan X\u00ab, \u00a7anien Casan\u00abva (Danielle Casanova) l\u00b5 n\u00f7 anh h\u00efng du k\u00ddch Ph\u00b8p, c\u00b6 hai \u00ae\u00d2u b\u00de ph\u00b8t x\u00ddt \u00a7\u00f8c s\u00b8t h\u00b9i trong Chi\u00d5n tranh th\u00d5 gi\u00edi th\u00f8 hai (ng\u2212\u00eai d\u00dech). 3) C\u00b8c s\u00e8 li\u00d6u n\u00b5y l\u00b5 c\u00f1a th\u00eai k\u00fa kh\u00b8ng chi\u00d5n ch\u00e8ng th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p (ng\u2212\u00eai d\u00dech).","536 h\u00e5 ch\u00dd minh to\u00b5n t\u00cbp \u00a7\u00a9y l\u00b5 b\u00b6n t\u00e6ng k\u00d5t m\u00e9t n\u00a8m chi\u00d5n \u00ae\u00cau (t\u00f5 th\u00b8ng Gi\u00aang n\u00a8m 1951 \u00ae\u00d5n th\u00b8ng Gi\u00aang n\u00a8m 1952) c\u00f1a c\u00b8c chi\u00d5n s\u00dc du k\u00ddch H\u2212ng Y\u00aan: - 477 tr\u00cbn \u00ae\u00b8nh v\u00b5 ph\u00f4c k\u00ddch; - 2.900 t\u00aan \u00ae\u00dech b\u00de ch\u00d5t, 260 t\u00aan b\u00de th\u2212\u00acng, 1.700 t\u00aan b\u00de c\u00c7m t\u00ef. C\u00b8c chi\u00d5n s\u00dc du k\u00ddch \u00ae\u00b7 thu \u00ae\u2212\u00eec: - 1 can\u00abng 57 ly; - 1 s\u00f3ng c\u00e8i 81 ly; - 117 s\u00f3ng li\u00aan thanh n\u00c6ng v\u00b5 nh\u00d1; - 875 kh\u00c8u s\u00f3ng. H\u00e4 \u00ae\u00b7 ph\u00b8 h\u00f1y: - 1 can\u00abng 57 ly; - 1 s\u00f3ng c\u00e8i 81 ly; - 6 s\u00f3ng li\u00aan thanh; - 1 \u00ae\u00c7u m\u00b8y v\u00b5 3 toa t\u00b5u h\u00e1a; - 360 thanh ray \u00ae\u2212\u00eang s\u00bet; - 1.500 m\u00d0t \u00ae\u2212\u00eang b\u00e9; - 19 xe cami\u00abng. Trong s\u00e8 369 \u00ae\u00e5n \u00ae\u00e3ng qu\u00a9n c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00dech trong t\u00d8nh, c\u00b8c chi\u00d5n s\u00dc du k\u00ddch \u00ae\u00b7 chi\u00d5m v\u00b5 ph\u00b8 h\u00f1y 137. Hi\u00d6n nay, t\u00b9i m\u00e7i huy\u00d6n c\u00f1a t\u00d8nh H\u2212ng Y\u00aan c\u00e3 m\u00e9t hay hai c\u00a8n c\u00f8 du k\u00ddch, bao g\u00e5m hai hay nhi\u00d2u l\u00b5ng. H\u00b7y nh\u00bec l\u00b9i r\u00bbng n\u00a8m 1951, t\u00d8nh H\u2212ng Y\u00aan \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00de 4 tr\u00cbn c\u00b5n l\u00edn. Nhi\u00d2u l\u00b5ng trong t\u00d8nh \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00de ho\u00b5n to\u00b5n tri\u00d6t h\u00b9, kh\u00abng c\u00dfn m\u00e9t c\u00a9y n\u00b5o c\u00dfn s\u00e8ng s\u00e3t. Tr\u00aan c\u00b8c c\u00b8nh \u00ae\u00e5ng hoang t\u00b5n n\u00b5y, c\u00b8c chi\u00d5n s\u00dc du k\u00ddch t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c nh\u00f7ng \\\"l\u00b5ng du k\u00ddch\\\", ngh\u00dca l\u00b5 n\u00bbm s\u00a9u d\u2212\u00edi l\u00dfng \u00ae\u00cat. Ng\u00b5y 25-9-1951, m\u00e9t trong s\u00e8 c\u00b8c l\u00b5ng c\u00f1a huy\u00d6n Ph\u00ef C\u00f5 \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00e3 th\u00d3 \u00ae\u00b8nh tr\u00b6 th\u00beng l\u00eei 5 ti\u00d3u \u00aeo\u00b5n Ph\u00b8p, gi\u00d5t v\u00b5 l\u00b5m b\u00de th\u2212\u00acng 1.050 t\u00aan \u00ae\u00dech. B\u00cat ch\u00cap nh\u00f7ng hi\u00d3m nguy v\u00b5 kh\u00e3 kh\u00a8n c\u00f1a m\u00e9t t\u00d8nh b\u00de chi\u00d5m \u00ae\u00e3ng, H\u2212ng Y\u00aan v\u00f5a chi\u00d5n \u00ae\u00cau ch\u00e8ng th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p, v\u00f5a ch\u00e8ng","chi\u00d5n tranh du k\u00ddch \u00eb vi\u00d6t nam 537 n\u00b9n d\u00e8t. Vi\u00d6c thanh to\u00b8n n\u00b9n m\u00ef ch\u00f7 ti\u00d5p t\u00f4c trong v\u00dfng b\u00dd m\u00cbt: N\u00a8m 1951, h\u00acn 460 l\u00edp h\u00e4c b\u00dd m\u00cbt \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c v\u00edi 3.120 h\u00e4c sinh. C\u00b8c c\u00ac quan h\u00b5nh ch\u00ddnh c\u00f1a b\u00e9 m\u00b8y h\u00eep ph\u00b8p c\u00f1a nh\u00b5 n\u2212\u00edc c\u00e9ng h\u00dfa ti\u00d5p t\u00f4c ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng. T\u00f5 th\u00b8ng 10-1951 \u00ae\u00d5n th\u00b8ng 2-1952, d\u00a9n qu\u00a9n du k\u00ddch ph\u00e8i h\u00eep v\u00edi Qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n \u00ae\u00b7 ph\u00b8 h\u00f1y h\u00acn 1.000 \u00ae\u00e5n binh trong l\u00b5ng, ngh\u00dca l\u00b5 2\/3 c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00e5n binh do \u00ae\u00dech t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c; gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng h\u00acn 2.200 c\u00ac quan h\u00b5nh ch\u00ddnh b\u00ef nh\u00d7n c\u00cap x\u00b7; gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng 3.120 km2 \u00ae\u00cat \u00aeai v\u00b5 ph\u00e3ng th\u00ddch kh\u00e1i c\u00b6nh n\u00ab l\u00d6 th\u00f9c d\u00a9n h\u00b5ng tr\u00a8m ng\u00b5n \u00ae\u00e5ng b\u00b5o c\u00f1a ch\u00f3ng t\u00abi, nh\u2212 62 v\u00b9n d\u00a9n \u00eb Th\u00b8i B\u00d7nh, 33 v\u00b9n d\u00a9n \u00eb B\u00bec Ninh, 25 v\u00b9n d\u00a9n \u00eb H\u00b5 \u00a7\u00abng, v.v.. Cu\u00e8i n\u00a8m 1950, ch\u00f3ng t\u00abi \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00b8nh \u00aeu\u00e6i k\u00ce th\u00ef ra kh\u00e1i ph\u00c7n l\u00edn c\u00b8c v\u00de tr\u00dd tr\u00aan \u00ae\u2212\u00eang bi\u00aan gi\u00edi Vi\u00d6t - Trung. Ch\u00f3ng t\u00abi \u00ae\u00b7 ch\u00c6t \u00ae\u00f8t c\u00b8c chi\u00d5c v\u00dfi c\u00f1a ch\u00f3ng. \u00a7i\u00d2u \u00ae\u00e3 cho ph\u00d0p ch\u00f3ng t\u00abi b\u00bet \u00ae\u00c7u c\u00e3 quan h\u00d6 tr\u00f9c ti\u00d5p v\u00edi c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc b\u00b9n b\u00cc. T\u00f5 n\u00a8m 1952, ch\u00f3ng t\u00abi \u00ae\u00b7 ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n c\u00f1ng c\u00e8 chi\u00d5n tranh du k\u00ddch ph\u00dda sau l\u2212ng \u00ae\u00dech. \u00eb n\u2212\u00edc ch\u00f3ng t\u00abi, ng\u2212\u00eai ta g\u00e4i \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5: \\\"\u00a7\u00c6t m\u00d7n trong b\u00f4ng ch\u00f3ng\\\". N\u00d5u ng\u2212\u00eai ta nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u b\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e5 v\u00efng \u00ae\u00e5ng b\u00bbng B\u00bec B\u00e9, ng\u2212\u00eai ta s\u00cf nh\u00cbn th\u00cay n\u00e3 gi\u00e8ng nh\u2212 m\u00e9t chi\u00d5c mu\u00abi h\u00edt b\u00e4t. M\u00e7i l\u00e7 c\u00f1a c\u00b8i mu\u00abi l\u00b5 m\u00e9t c\u00a8n c\u00f8 l\u00edn hay nh\u00e1 c\u00f1a chi\u00d5n tranh du k\u00ddch. V\u00d7 v\u00cby, n\u00e3 l\u00b5 m\u00e9t n\u00aci c\u00b8c l\u00f9c l\u2212\u00eeng Ph\u00b8p ti\u00aau hao v\u00b5 m\u00b8u Ph\u00b8p ch\u00b6y. Hi\u00d6n t\u2212\u00eeng ch\u00b6y m\u00b8u tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh xu\u00cat huy\u00d5t ch\u00d5t ng\u2212\u00eai m\u00b5 ngh\u00de s\u00dc M\u00a8ng\u00ae\u00d0t Phr\u00a8ngx\u00ac \u00ae\u00b7 n\u00e3i t\u00edi. C\u00efng l\u00f3c b\u00de t\u00can c\u00abng \u00eb sau l\u2212ng b\u00ebi chi\u00d5n tranh du k\u00ddch v\u00b5 \u00eb ngo\u00b5i m\u00c6t tr\u00cbn b\u00ebi Qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n, th\u00d5 l\u00b5 b\u00e4n x\u00a9m l\u2212\u00eec Ph\u00b8p s\u00cf b\u00de \u00ae\u00b8nh b\u00b9i. Nh\u2212ng nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n v\u00b5 Qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i Vi\u00d6t Nam lu\u00abn lu\u00abn nh\u00ed t\u00edi c\u00b8c l\u00eai c\u00a8n d\u00c6n c\u00f1a Ch\u00f1 t\u00dech H\u00e5 Ch\u00dd Minh: \\\"\u00a7\u00f5ng \u00ae\u00d3 cho m\u00d7nh say s\u2212a v\u00d7 chi\u00d5n th\u00beng. Kh\u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec bao gi\u00ea \u00ae\u00b8nh gi\u00b8 th\u00cap k\u00ce th\u00ef. H\u00b7y lu\u00abn nh\u00ed r\u00bbng chi\u00d5n tranh y\u00aau n\u2212\u00edc s\u00cf th\u00beng l\u00eei, nh\u2212ng n\u00e3 s\u00cf l\u00a9u d\u00b5i v\u00b5 gian kh\u00e6. Th\u00beng l\u00eei c\u00b5ng g\u00c7n th\u00d7 k\u00ce th\u00ef c\u00b5ng hung","538 h\u00e5 ch\u00dd minh to\u00b5n t\u00cbp h\u00b7n, v\u00b5 ch\u00f3ng ta s\u00cf c\u00e3 nhi\u00d2u kh\u00e3 kh\u00a8n h\u00acn. H\u00b7y lu\u00abn lu\u00abn c\u00b6nh gi\u00b8c v\u00b5 s\u00bdn s\u00b5ng!\u201d. \u00a7\u00d3 k\u00d5t th\u00f3c, t\u00abi \u00ae\u00e4c c\u00b8c \u00abng nghe m\u00e9t b\u00b5i th\u00ac l\u00b5m b\u00ebi m\u00e9t chi\u00d5n s\u00dc du k\u00ddch thi s\u00dc: Tr\u00a8ng non M\u00c6t tr\u00a8ng ki\u00d2u di\u00d4m l\u00aan cao v\u00d2 ph\u00dda d\u00b7y n\u00f3i, Ch\u00de H\u00bbng, ch\u00de ng\u00bem nh\u00d7n chi v\u00cby? T\u00abi ng\u00bem nh\u00d7n c\u00b8c \u00aeo\u00b5n xe \u00aeang ra tr\u00cbn, V\u00b5 c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00acn v\u00de \u00aeang v\u2212\u00eet qua s\u00abng, V\u00b5 c\u00b8c chi\u00d5n s\u00dc du k\u00ddch \u00aeang t\u00can c\u00abng \u00ae\u00dech. V\u00b5 t\u00abi ng\u00bem nh\u00d7n, ng\u2212\u00eai kh\u00b8ch \u00aei \u00ae\u2212\u00eang, V\u00b5 t\u00abi ng\u00bem nh\u00d7n c\u00b8c tr\u00cbn \u00ae\u00b8nh, \u00eb \u00ae\u00e3 \u00ae\u00dech b\u00de \u00ae\u00b8nh cho t\u00aci b\u00eai, V\u00b5 c\u00b8c l\u00b8 c\u00ea chi\u00d5n th\u00beng c\u00f1a Anh \u00aeang hi\u00aan ngang tung bay. Din Vi\u00d5t v\u00b5o kho\u00b6ng n\u00a8m 1952. T\u00b5i li\u00d6u l\u2212u t\u00b9i B\u00b6o t\u00b5ng C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Vi\u00d6t Nam. T\u00b9p ch\u00dd L\u00dech s\u00f6 qu\u00a9n s\u00f9, th\u00b8ng 3-1997.","539 Ph\u00f4 L\u00f4c","540","541 Danh m\u00f4c s\u00bec l\u00d6nh do ch\u00f1 t\u00dech H\u00e5 Ch\u00dd Minh k\u00fd t\u00f5 n\u00a8m 1951 \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00a8m 1952 N\u00a1M 1951 - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 01-SL, ng\u00b5y 1-1-1951, b\u00e6 nhi\u00d6m \u00abng Tr\u00c7n Minh T\u2212\u00edc l\u00b5m \u00f1y vi\u00aan \u00f1y ban kh\u00b8ng chi\u00d5n h\u00b5nh ch\u00ddnh Li\u00aan khu Vi\u00d6t B\u00bec. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 02-SL, ng\u00b5y 25-1-1951, b\u00e6 nhi\u00d6m \u00abng L\u00aa Quang \u00a7\u00b9o gi\u00f7 ch\u00f8c C\u00f4c tr\u2212\u00ebng C\u00f4c tuy\u00aan hu\u00can T\u00e6ng c\u00f4c Ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de B\u00e9 T\u00e6ng t\u2212 l\u00d6nh Qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i qu\u00e8c gia v\u00b5 D\u00a9n qu\u00a9n Vi\u00d6t Nam. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 03-SL, ng\u00b5y 6-2-1951, b\u00b7i b\u00e1 kho\u00b6n qu\u00a9n l\u2212\u00acng t\u00ddnh b\u00bbng 10% thu ho\u00b9ch trong th\u00d3 l\u00d6 t\u00b9m c\u00cap ru\u00e9ng \u00ae\u00cat c\u00b8c lo\u00b9i, \u00ae\u00d3 gi\u00f3p d\u00a9n ngh\u00cco t\u00a8ng gia s\u00b6n xu\u00cat. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 04-SL, ng\u00b5y 16-2-1951, b\u00e6 nhi\u00d6m Gi\u00b8m \u00ae\u00e8c Nha b\u2212u \u00aei\u00d6n Vi\u00d6t Nam. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 05-SL, ng\u00b5y 21-2-1951, \u00ae\u00e5ng \u00fd \u00ae\u00d3 \u00abng Tr\u00c7n \u00a7\u00a8ng Ninh th\u00abi gi\u00f7 ch\u00f8c T\u00e6ng thanh tra qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i, Ph\u00e3 Tr\u2212\u00ebng ban thanh tra Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 theo \u00ae\u00acn \u00ae\u00d2 ngh\u00de c\u00f1a \u00abng. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 11B-SL, ng\u00b5y 10-4-1951, b\u00e6 nhi\u00d6m \u00a7\u00e6ng l\u00fd v\u00a8n ph\u00dfng v\u00b5 Ph\u00e3 \u00a7\u00e6ng l\u00fd v\u00a8n ph\u00dfng B\u00e9 Gi\u00b8o d\u00f4c. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 13-SL, ng\u00b5y 1-5-1951, b\u00b7i b\u00e1 c\u00b8c th\u00f8 \u00ae\u00e3ng g\u00e3p v\u00d2 n\u00abng nghi\u00d6p cho ng\u00a9n s\u00b8ch to\u00b5n qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 qu\u00fc \u00ae\u00dea ph\u2212\u00acng nh\u2212: thu\u00d5 \u00aei\u00d2n th\u00e6, th\u00e3c c\u00abng l\u2212\u00acng, th\u00e3c n\u00e9p cho qu\u00fc x\u00b7, th\u00e3c \u00ae\u00bep","542 h\u00e5 ch\u00dd minh to\u00b5n t\u00cbp \u00ae\u2212\u00eang... B\u00b7i b\u00e1 vi\u00d6c mua th\u00e3c \u00ae\u00denh gi\u00b8; \u00ae\u00c6t ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 thu thu\u00d5 n\u00abng nghi\u00d6p b\u00bbng th\u00e3c t\u00ddnh theo hoa l\u00eei. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 14-SL, ng\u00b5y 1-5-1951, th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp c\u00ac quan S\u00eb kho th\u00e3c trong B\u00e9 T\u00b5i ch\u00ddnh v\u00b5 nh\u00cbp C\u00f4c ti\u00d5p t\u00d5 v\u00cbn t\u00b6i thu\u00e9c B\u00e9 Kinh t\u00d5 v\u00b5o S\u00eb kho th\u00e3c. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 15-SL, ng\u00b5y 6-5-1951, th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp v\u00b5 quy \u00ae\u00denh nhi\u00d6m v\u00f4 cho t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c Ng\u00a9n h\u00b5ng qu\u00e8c gia Vi\u00d6t Nam. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 16-SL, ng\u00b5y 6-5-1951, b\u00e6 nhi\u00d6m c\u00b8c \u00abng Nguy\u00d4n L\u2212\u00acng B\u00bbng v\u00b5 L\u00aa Vi\u00d5t L\u2212\u00eeng l\u00b5m T\u00e6ng Gi\u00b8m \u00ae\u00e8c v\u00b5 Ph\u00e3 T\u00e6ng Gi\u00b8m \u00ae\u00e8c Ng\u00a9n h\u00b5ng qu\u00e8c gia Vi\u00d6t Nam. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 17-SL, ng\u00b5y 6-5-1951, b\u00b7i b\u00e1 Nha ng\u00a9n kh\u00e8 qu\u00e8c gia v\u00b5 Nha t\u00ddn d\u00f4ng s\u00b6n xu\u00cat thu\u00e9c B\u00e9 T\u00b5i ch\u00ddnh v\u00b5 giao m\u00e4i c\u00abng vi\u00d6c c\u00f1a Nha ng\u00a9n kh\u00e8 qu\u00e8c gia v\u00b5 Nha t\u00ddn d\u00f4ng s\u00b6n xu\u00cat cho Ng\u00a9n h\u00b5ng qu\u00e8c gia ph\u00f4 tr\u00b8ch. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 19-SL, ng\u00b5y 12-5-1951, cho ph\u00d0p Ng\u00a9n h\u00b5ng qu\u00e8c gia Vi\u00d6t Nam \u00ae\u2212\u00eec ph\u00b8t h\u00b5nh hai lo\u00b9i gi\u00cay b\u00b9c hai m\u2212\u00aci \u00ae\u00e5ng (20\u00ae) v\u00b5 n\u00a8m m\u2212\u00aci \u00ae\u00e5ng (50\u00ae). - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 20-SL, ng\u00b5y 12-5-1951, \u00can \u00ae\u00denh m\u00e9t \u00ae\u00e5ng Vi\u00d6t Nam do Ng\u00a9n h\u00b5ng qu\u00e8c gia Vi\u00d6t Nam ph\u00b8t h\u00b5nh c\u00e3 gi\u00b8 tr\u00de b\u00bbng m\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00e5ng do B\u00e9 T\u00b5i ch\u00ddnh ph\u00b8t h\u00b5nh. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 21-SL, ng\u00b5y 14-5-1951, v\u00d2 vi\u00d6c \u00ae\u00e6i t\u00aan B\u00e9 Kinh t\u00d5 th\u00b5nh B\u00e9 C\u00abng th\u2212\u00acng. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 22-SL, ng\u00b5y 14-5-1951, v\u00d2 vi\u00d6c th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp S\u00eb m\u00cbu d\u00dech, m\u00e9t c\u00ac quan kinh doanh trong B\u00e9 C\u00abng th\u2212\u00acng; b\u00b7i b\u00e1 C\u00f4c ngo\u00b9i th\u2212\u00acng v\u00b5 S\u00eb n\u00e9i th\u2212\u00acng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp n\u00a8m 1947 v\u00b5 n\u00a8m 1950. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 23-SL, ng\u00b5y 14-5-1951, cho ph\u00d0p B\u00e9 Giao th\u00abng C\u00abng ch\u00ddnh ph\u00b8t h\u00b5nh hai lo\u00b9i tem: lo\u00b9i 20 \u00ae\u00e5ng (g\u00e5m 2 tri\u00d6u c\u00b8i), lo\u00b9i 100 \u00ae\u00e5ng (g\u00e5m 3 tri\u00d6u c\u00b8i). - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 24-SL, ng\u00b5y 16-5-1951, ch\u00d8 \u00ae\u00denh \u00abng Tr\u00c7n V\u00fc, Ch\u00d8 huy tr\u2212\u00ebng m\u00c6t tr\u00cbn H\u00b5 N\u00e9i l\u00b5m \u00f1y vi\u00aan qu\u00a9n s\u00f9 \u00f1y ban kh\u00b8ng chi\u00d5n h\u00b5nh ch\u00ddnh H\u00b5 N\u00e9i thay \u00abng Ph\u00efng Th\u00d5 T\u00b5i.","danh m\u00f4c s\u00bec l\u00d6nh do ch\u00f1 t\u00dech h\u00e5 ch\u00dd minh k\u00fd... 543 - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 27-SL, ng\u00b5y 6-6-1951, b\u00e6 nhi\u00d6m \u00a7\u00e6ng l\u00fd v\u00a8n ph\u00dfng v\u00b5 Ph\u00e3 \u00a7\u00e6ng l\u00fd v\u00a8n ph\u00dfng B\u00e9 Y t\u00d5. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 28-SL, ng\u00b5y 9-6-1951, b\u00e6 nhi\u00d6m c\u00b8c c\u00b8n b\u00e9 gi\u00f7 ch\u00f8c v\u00f4 Ch\u00b8nh v\u00a8n ph\u00dfng, Tr\u2212\u00ebng v\u00f4 k\u00d5 to\u00b8n, Tr\u2212\u00ebng v\u00f4 ph\u00b8t h\u00b5nh, v\u00b5 Tr\u2212\u00ebng v\u00f4 nghi\u00d6p v\u00f4 Ng\u00a9n h\u00b5ng qu\u00e8c gia Vi\u00d6t Nam. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 29-SL, ng\u00b5y 12-6-1951, t\u00b9m th\u00eai h\u00eep nh\u00cat Nha c\u00abng ch\u00ddnh v\u00b5 Nha ho\u00b6 xa thu\u00e9c B\u00e9 Giao th\u00abng C\u00abng ch\u00ddnh th\u00b5nh m\u00e9t Nha g\u00e4i l\u00b5 Nha c\u00abng ch\u00ddnh - ho\u00b6 xa. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 30-SL, ng\u00b5y 12-6-1951, b\u00e6 nhi\u00d6m \u00abng B\u00efi V\u00a8n C\u00b8c, k\u00fc s\u2212 c\u00abng ch\u00ddnh gi\u00f7 ch\u00f8c Gi\u00b8m \u00ae\u00e8c Nha c\u00abng ch\u00ddnh - ho\u00b6 xa, B\u00e9 Giao th\u00abng v\u00cbn t\u00b6i. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 31-SL, ng\u00b5y 12-6-1951, \u00ae\u00e6i t\u00aan Nha b\u2212u \u00aei\u00d6n thu\u00e9c B\u00e9 Giao th\u00abng C\u00abng ch\u00ddnh th\u00b5nh Nha b\u2212u \u00aei\u00d6n - v\u00ab tuy\u00d5n \u00aei\u00d6n. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 32-SL, ng\u00b5y 12-6-1951, b\u00e6 nhi\u00d6m \u00abng Tr\u00c7n Quang B\u00d7nh l\u00b5m Gi\u00b8m \u00ae\u00e8c Nha b\u2212u \u00aei\u00d6n - v\u00ab tuy\u00d5n \u00aei\u00d6n. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 33-SL, ng\u00b5y 12-6-1951, b\u00e6 nhi\u00d6m \u00abng Ho\u00b5ng Qu\u00e8c Th\u00denh l\u00b5m quy\u00d2n Gi\u00b8m \u00ae\u00e8c S\u00eb m\u00cbu d\u00dech thu\u00e9c B\u00e9 C\u00abng th\u2212\u00acng. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 34-SL, ng\u00b5y 16-6-1951, ch\u00d8 \u00ae\u00denh m\u00e9t s\u00e8 v\u00de v\u00b5o \u00f1y ban kh\u00b8ng chi\u00d5n h\u00b5nh ch\u00ddnh Li\u00aan khu III. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 35-SL, ng\u00b5y 16-6-1951, b\u00e6 nhi\u00d6m m\u00e9t s\u00e8 v\u00de v\u00b5o \u00f1y ban kh\u00b8ng chi\u00d5n h\u00b5nh ch\u00ddnh Li\u00aan khu IV. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 37-SL, ng\u00b5y 28-6-1951, b\u00b7i b\u00e1 V\u00f4 h\u00eep t\u00b8c x\u00b7 n\u00abng nghi\u00d6p thu\u00e9c B\u00e9 Canh n\u00abng. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 38-SL, ng\u00b5y 10-7-1951, s\u00b8p nh\u00cbp Nha th\u00abng tin thu\u00e9c B\u00e9 N\u00e9i v\u00f4 v\u00b5o Th\u00f1 t\u2212\u00edng ph\u00f1. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 39-SL, ng\u00b5y 10-7-1951, b\u00e6 nhi\u00d6m \u00abng T\u00e8 H\u00f7u gi\u00f7 ch\u00f8c Gi\u00b8m \u00ae\u00e8c Nha th\u00abng tin thu\u00e9c Th\u00f1 t\u2212\u00edng ph\u00f1 thay \u00abng Tr\u00c7n V\u00a8n Gi\u00b5u nh\u00cbn c\u00abng t\u00b8c kh\u00b8c. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 40-SL, ng\u00b5y 15-7-1951, ban h\u00b5nh b\u00b6n \u00a7i\u00d2u l\u00d6 t\u00b9m th\u00eai thu\u00d5 n\u00abng nghi\u00d6p. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 41-SL, ng\u00b5y 15-7-1951, b\u00e6 nhi\u00d6m \u00abng Nguy\u00d4n V\u00a8n Tr\u00a9n l\u00b5m Ph\u00e3 T\u00e6ng thanh tra trong Ban Thanh tra Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1.","544 h\u00e5 ch\u00dd minh to\u00b5n t\u00cbp - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 42-SL, ng\u00b5y 15-7-1951, th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp t\u00b9i Th\u00f1 t\u2212\u00edng ph\u00f1 m\u00e9t Nha li\u00aan l\u00b9c c\u00e3 nhi\u00d6m v\u00f4 nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00c6t c\u00b8c \u00ae\u2212\u00eang giao th\u00abng trong n\u2212\u00edc \u00ae\u00d3 b\u00b6o \u00ae\u00b6m vi\u00d6c chuy\u00d3n v\u00cbn c\u00b8c c\u00abng v\u00a8n v\u00b5 t\u00b5i li\u00d6u. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 43-SL, ng\u00b5y 15-7-1951, b\u00e6 nhi\u00d6m Gi\u00b8m \u00ae\u00e8c Nha li\u00aan l\u00b9c thu\u00e9c Th\u00f1 t\u2212\u00edng ph\u00f1. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 44-SL, ng\u00b5y 22-7-1951, b\u00b7i b\u00e1 thu\u00d5 m\u00abn b\u00b5i, thu\u00d5 l\u00b7i doanh nghi\u00d6p, thu\u00d5 l\u00eei t\u00f8c t\u00e6ng h\u00eep v\u00b5 c\u00b8c th\u00f8 thu\u00d5 gi\u00b8n thu hi\u00d6n h\u00b5nh v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00c6t ra hai th\u00f8 thu\u00d5: thu\u00d5 c\u00abng nghi\u00d6p v\u00b5 th\u2212\u00acng nghi\u00d6p, thu\u00d5 h\u00b5ng h\u00e3a. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 45-SL, ng\u00b5y 22-7-1951, c\u00b8ch ch\u00f8c \u00abng L\u00aa Thanh An, \u00a7\u00e6ng l\u00fd v\u00a8n ph\u00dfng B\u00e9 Th\u2212\u00acng binh, C\u00f9u binh \u00ae\u00b7 ph\u00b9m m\u00e9t s\u00e8 sai l\u00c7m trong c\u00abng t\u00b8c ph\u00b6i \u00ae\u2212a ra truy t\u00e8 tr\u2212\u00edc t\u00dfa \u00b8n. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 48-SL, ng\u00b5y 12-8-1951, ch\u00d8 \u00ae\u00denh \u00f1y vi\u00aan \u00f1y ban kh\u00b8ng chi\u00d5n h\u00b5nh ch\u00ddnh Li\u00aan khu Vi\u00d6t B\u00bec. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 49-SL, ng\u00b5y 13-8-1951, quy \u00ae\u00denh nguy\u00aan t\u00bec c\u00b8c th\u00d3 l\u00d6 v\u00b5 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c v\u00d2 vi\u00d6c \u00ae\u00cau tranh kinh t\u00d5 v\u00edi \u00ae\u00dech. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 50-SL, ng\u00b5y 27-8-1951, truy t\u00c6ng Hu\u00a9n ch\u2212\u00acng H\u00e5 Ch\u00dd Minh h\u00b9ng Ba cho c\u00f4 H\u00e5 T\u00efng M\u00cbu, T\u00e6ng Thanh tra Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1, m\u00e9t nh\u00b5 c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng l\u00b7o th\u00b5nh tr\u00e4n \u00ae\u00eai tranh \u00ae\u00cau cho T\u00e6 qu\u00e8c, cho nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 51-SL, ng\u00b5y 20-9-1951, cho ph\u00d0p Ng\u00a9n h\u00b5ng qu\u00e8c gia Vi\u00d6t Nam \u00ae\u2212\u00eec ph\u00b8t h\u00b5nh gi\u00cay b\u00b9c 100 \u00ae\u00e5ng. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 52-SL, ng\u00b5y 22-9-1951, ch\u00d8 \u00ae\u00denh \u00abng Nguy\u00d4n \u00a7\u00f8c D\u2212\u00acng l\u00b5m \u00f1y vi\u00aan \u00f1y ban kh\u00b8ng chi\u00d5n h\u00b5nh ch\u00ddnh mi\u00d2n Nam Trung B\u00e9 thay \u00abng T\u00abn Th\u00cat V\u00fc \u00aei nh\u00cbn c\u00abng t\u00b8c kh\u00b8c. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 53-SL, ng\u00b5y 25-9-1951, b\u00e6 nhi\u00d6m \u00abng Ng\u00ab V\u00a8n D\u2212\u00acng gi\u00f7 ch\u00f8c Ph\u00e3 Gi\u00b8m \u00ae\u00e8c Nha c\u00abng ch\u00ddnh - ho\u00b6 xa thu\u00e9c B\u00e9 Giao th\u00abng C\u00abng ch\u00ddnh. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 54-SL, ng\u00b5y 30-9-1951, b\u00e6 nhi\u00d6m \u00abng Tr\u00denh V\u00a8n B\u00ddnh, ki\u00aam Gi\u00b8m \u00ae\u00e8c S\u00eb thu\u00d5 trung \u2212\u00acng k\u00d3 t\u00f5 ng\u00b5y 1-7-1951, \u00abng Nguy\u00d4n L\u00c9m, \u00abng Tr\u00denh H\u00e5 Th\u00de gi\u00f7 ch\u00f8c Ph\u00e3 Gi\u00b8m \u00ae\u00e8c S\u00eb thu\u00d5 trung \u2212\u00acng thu\u00e9c B\u00e9 T\u00b5i ch\u00ddnh.","danh m\u00f4c s\u00bec l\u00d6nh do ch\u00f1 t\u00dech h\u00e5 ch\u00dd minh k\u00fd... 545 - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 55-SL, ng\u00b5y 30-9-1951, b\u00e6 nhi\u00d6m Gi\u00b8m \u00ae\u00e8c, Ph\u00e3 Gi\u00b8m \u00ae\u00e8c V\u00f4 thu\u00d5 n\u00abng nghi\u00d6p thu\u00e9c B\u00e9 T\u00b5i ch\u00ddnh. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 56-SL, ng\u00b5y 30-9-1951, b\u00e6 nhi\u00d6m \u00abng \u00a7\u00b5o Thi\u00d6n Thi l\u00b5m Gi\u00b8m \u00ae\u00e8c V\u00f4 ng\u00a9n s\u00b8ch thu\u00e9c B\u00e9 T\u00b5i ch\u00ddnh k\u00d3 t\u00f5 ng\u00b5y 1-7- 1951. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 57-SL, ng\u00b5y 30-9-1951, b\u00e6 nhi\u00d6m Gi\u00b8m \u00ae\u00e8c V\u00f4 k\u00d5 to\u00b8n thu\u00e9c B\u00e9 T\u00b5i ch\u00ddnh k\u00d3 t\u00f5 ng\u00b5y 1-7-1951. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 60-SL, ng\u00b5y 30-9-1951, cho ph\u00d0p \u00abng Chaphuis Jean Claude, ki\u00d2u d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p, nh\u00a9n vi\u00aan Ty c\u00abng an H\u00b5 N\u00e9i, \u00ae\u2212\u00eec nh\u00cbp qu\u00e8c t\u00dech Vi\u00d6t Nam v\u00b5 l\u00cay t\u00aan l\u00b5 Nguy\u00d4n \u00a7\u00f8c S\u00fc. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 61-SL, ng\u00b5y 1-10-1951, t\u00c6ng Hu\u00a9n ch\u2212\u00acng Qu\u00a9n c\u00abng h\u00b9ng Nh\u00d7 cho nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n v\u00b5 b\u00e9 \u00ae\u00e9i Li\u00aan khu Vi\u00d6t B\u00bec, B\u00d7nh - Tr\u00de - Thi\u00aan v\u00b5 \u00a7\u00b9i \u00aeo\u00b5n 308 nh\u00a9n d\u00dep k\u00fb ni\u00d6m Ng\u00b5y Qu\u00e8c kh\u00b8nh 2-9-1951. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 65-SL, ng\u00b5y 24-11-1951, cho ph\u00d0p \u00abng Bournet Pierre, ng\u2212\u00eai Ph\u00b8p, \u00ae\u2212\u00eec nh\u00cbp qu\u00e8c t\u00dech Vi\u00d6t Nam, l\u00cay t\u00aan l\u00b5 \u00a7\u00e7 \u00ddch. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 68-SL, ng\u00b5y 5-12-1951, b\u00e6 nhi\u00d6m Ph\u00e3 Gi\u00b8m \u00ae\u00e8c S\u00eb m\u00cbu d\u00dech thu\u00e9c B\u00e9 C\u00abng th\u2212\u00acng. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 69-SL, ng\u00b5y 10-12-1951, b\u00e6 khuy\u00d5t S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 154- SL (17-11-1950) v\u00d2 vi\u00d6c gi\u00f7 b\u00dd m\u00cbt qu\u00e8c gia. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 70-SL, ng\u00b5y 10-12-1951, v\u00d2 vi\u00d6c c\u00b8c \u00f1y ban kh\u00b8ng chi\u00d5n h\u00b5nh ch\u00ddnh Li\u00aan khu \u00ae\u2212\u00eec \u00f1y quy\u00d2n quy\u00d5t \u00ae\u00denh mi\u00d4n thu\u00d5 ho\u00c6c gi\u00b6m thu\u00d5 khi v\u00efng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec mi\u00d4n thu\u00d5 kh\u00abng qu\u00b8 ph\u00b9m vi m\u00e9t huy\u00d6n (v\u00f4 thu\u00d5 n\u00abng nghi\u00d6p n\u00a8m 1951). - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 72-SL, ng\u00b5y 25-12-1951, th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp S\u00eb v\u00cbn t\u00b6i thu\u00e9c B\u00e9 Giao th\u00abng C\u00abng ch\u00ddnh. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 73-SL, ng\u00b5y 25-12-1951, b\u00e6 nhi\u00d6m Gi\u00b8m \u00ae\u00e8c S\u00eb v\u00cbn t\u00b6i thu\u00e9c B\u00e9 Giao th\u00abng C\u00abng ch\u00ddnh. N\u00a1M 1952 - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 74-SL, ng\u00b5y 10-1-1952, ch\u00d8 \u00ae\u00denh Ph\u00e3 T\u2212 l\u00d6nh Li\u00aan khu V l\u00b5m \u00f1y vi\u00aan qu\u00a9n s\u00f9 trong \u00f1y ban kh\u00b8ng chi\u00d5n h\u00b5nh ch\u00ddnh mi\u00d2n Nam Trung B\u00e9.","546 h\u00e5 ch\u00dd minh to\u00b5n t\u00cbp - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 76-SL, ng\u00b5y 15-1-1952, cho ph\u00d0p ph\u00b8t h\u00b5nh lo\u00b9i tem th\u2212 100 \u00ae\u00e5ng c\u00e3 in h\u00d7nh Ch\u00f1 t\u00dech H\u00e5 Ch\u00dd Minh. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 77-SL, ng\u00b5y 15-1-1952, truy t\u00c6ng Hu\u00a9n ch\u2212\u00acng \u00a7\u00e9c l\u00cbp h\u00b9ng Ba cho ch\u00de B\u00efi Th\u00de C\u00f3c, c\u00b8n b\u00e9 ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 x\u00b7 Quang Trung (H\u2212ng Y\u00aan) c\u00e3 tinh th\u00c7n chi\u00d5n \u00ae\u00cau d\u00f2ng c\u00b6m v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b7 hy sinh anh d\u00f2ng. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 78-SL, ng\u00b5y 15-1-1952, s\u00f6a \u00ae\u00e6i \u00a7i\u00d2u 3 c\u00f1a ch\u2212\u00acng 1 S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 77-SL, (22-5-1950) v\u00d2 vi\u00d6c x\u00d5p ng\u00b9ch b\u00cbc cho c\u00abng nh\u00a9n trong bi\u00aan ch\u00d5. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 79-SL, ng\u00b5y 15-1-1952, b\u00e6 nhi\u00d6m Ph\u00e3 Gi\u00b8m \u00ae\u00e8c Nha c\u00abng an. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 83-SL, ng\u00b5y 24-2-1952, h\u00eep nh\u00cat Nha th\u00abng tin v\u00b5 V\u00f4 v\u00a8n h\u00e4c ngh\u00d6 thu\u00cbt th\u00b5nh Nha tuy\u00aan truy\u00d2n v\u00b5 v\u00a8n ngh\u00d6, tr\u00f9c thu\u00e9c Th\u00f1 t\u2212\u00edng ph\u00f1. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 84-SL, ng\u00b5y 24-2-1952, truy t\u00c6ng Hu\u00a9n ch\u2212\u00acng Qu\u00a9n c\u00abng h\u00b9ng Nh\u00cat cho Trung t\u2212\u00edng Nguy\u00d4n B\u00d7nh. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 85-SL, ng\u00b5y 29-2-1952, ban h\u00b5nh th\u00d3 l\u00d6 thu\u00d5 tr\u2212\u00edc b\u00b9 v\u00d2 c\u00b8c vi\u00d6c mua b\u00b8n, cho v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00e6i nh\u00b5 c\u00f6a, ru\u00e9ng \u00ae\u00cat. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 87-SL, ng\u00b5y 5-3-1952, ban h\u00b5nh b\u00b6n \u00a7i\u00d2u l\u00d6 t\u00b9m th\u00eai s\u00f6 d\u00f4ng c\u00abng \u00aei\u00d2n, c\u00abng th\u00e6. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 92-SL, ng\u00b5y 25-5-1952, quy \u00ae\u00denh vi\u00d6c ph\u00b8t h\u00b5nh c\u00b8c lo\u00b9i gi\u00cay b\u00b9c Ng\u00a9n h\u00b5ng qu\u00e8c gia Vi\u00d6t Nam. Gi\u00cay b\u00b9c Ng\u00a9n h\u00b5ng qu\u00e8c gia Vi\u00d6t Nam g\u00e5m 7 lo\u00b9i: lo\u00b9i 10 \u00ae\u00e5ng, lo\u00b9i 20 \u00ae\u00e5ng, lo\u00b9i 50 \u00ae\u00e5ng, lo\u00b9i 100 \u00ae\u00e5ng, lo\u00b9i 200 \u00ae\u00e5ng, lo\u00b9i 500 \u00ae\u00e5ng, lo\u00b9i 1000 \u00ae\u00e5ng. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 93-SL, ng\u00b5y 8-6-1952, quy \u00ae\u00denh m\u00f8c thu\u00d5 n\u00abng nghi\u00d6p c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00acng r\u00c9y. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 94-SL, ng\u00b5y 8-6-1952, cho ph\u00d0p Ng\u00a9n h\u00b5ng qu\u00e8c gia Vi\u00d6t Nam ph\u00b8t h\u00b5nh m\u00e9t s\u00e8 ti\u00d2n l\u00b5: 50.000.400.000 \u00ae\u00e5ng (n\u00a8m m\u2212\u00aci ngh\u00d7n tri\u00d6u b\u00e8n m\u2212\u00aci v\u00b9n \u00ae\u00e5ng).","danh m\u00f4c s\u00bec l\u00d6nh do ch\u00f1 t\u00dech h\u00e5 ch\u00dd minh k\u00fd... 547 - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 95-SL, ng\u00b5y 14-6-1952, s\u00f6a \u00ae\u00e6i quy \u00ae\u00denh v\u00d2 s\u00e8 l\u2212\u00eeng c\u00b8c \u00f1y vi\u00aan \u00f1y ban kh\u00b8ng chi\u00d5n h\u00b5nh ch\u00ddnh x\u00b7; x\u00b8c \u00ae\u00denh c\u00cap c\u00e3 th\u00c8m quy\u00d2n duy\u00d6t y danh s\u00b8ch c\u00b8c th\u00b5nh vi\u00aan trong \u00f1y ban kh\u00b8ng chi\u00d5n h\u00b5nh ch\u00ddnh x\u00b7. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 96-SL, ng\u00b5y 14-6-1952, s\u00f6a \u00ae\u00e6i b\u00b6n \u00a7i\u00d2u l\u00d6 t\u00b9m th\u00eai thu\u00d5 n\u00abng nghi\u00d6p, quy \u00ae\u00denh nh\u00f7ng gia \u00ae\u00d7nh c\u00e3 thu nh\u00cbp b\u00d7nh qu\u00a9n h\u00b5ng n\u00a8m d\u2212\u00edi 71 kg th\u00e3c m\u00e9t ng\u2212\u00eai th\u00d7 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec mi\u00d4n thu\u00d5. Nh\u00f7ng v\u00efng b\u00de thi\u00aan tai, \u00ae\u00dech h\u00e4a th\u00d7 tu\u00fa theo m\u00f8c \u00ae\u00e9 thi\u00d6t h\u00b9i s\u00cf \u00ae\u2212\u00eec gi\u00b6m ho\u00c6c mi\u00d4n thu\u00d5. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 99-SL, ng\u00b5y 5-7-1952, cho ph\u00d0p ph\u00b8t h\u00b5nh hai lo\u00b9i tem \\\"s\u00b6n xu\u00cat v\u00b5 ti\u00d5t ki\u00d6m\\\". - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 100-SL, ng\u00b5y 5-7-1952, c\u00cam bu\u00abn b\u00b8n, chuy\u00aan ch\u00eb v\u00b5 t\u00b5ng tr\u00f7 nh\u00f7ng h\u00b5ng ngo\u00b9i h\u00e3a thu\u00e9c lo\u00b9i xa x\u00d8 v\u00b5 lo\u00b9i c\u00cam nh\u00cbp kh\u00c8u. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 107-SL, ng\u00b5y 10-8-1952, t\u00c6ng danh hi\u00d6u Anh h\u00efng thi \u00aeua \u00b8i qu\u00e8c cho 7 chi\u00d5n s\u00dc thi \u00aeua1). - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 108-SL, ng\u00b5y 10-8-1952, t\u00c6ng th\u2212\u00ebng Hu\u00a9n ch\u2212\u00acng Kh\u00b8ng chi\u00d5n h\u00b9ng Nh\u00cat cho 24 chi\u00d5n s\u00dc thi \u00aeua. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 110-SL, ng\u00b5y 6-9-1952, chu\u00c8n y cho b\u00b8c s\u00dc Nguy\u00d4n Xu\u00a9n Nguy\u00d4n t\u00f5 ch\u00f8c \u00f1y vi\u00aan \u00f1y ban kh\u00b8ng chi\u00d5n h\u00b5nh ch\u00ddnh Li\u00aan khu III \u00ae\u00d3 nh\u00cbn c\u00abng t\u00b8c kh\u00b8c. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 111-SL, ng\u00b5y 6-9-1952, ch\u00d8 \u00ae\u00denh c\u00b8c v\u00de c\u00e3 t\u00aan d\u2212\u00edi \u00ae\u00a9y v\u00b5o \u00f1y ban kh\u00b8ng chi\u00d5n h\u00b5nh ch\u00ddnh Khu T\u00b6 ng\u00b9n H\u00e5ng H\u00b5: - \u00a7\u00e7 M\u2212\u00eai: Ch\u00f1 t\u00dech; - Nguy\u00d4n N\u00a8ng H\u00b8ch: Ph\u00e3 Ch\u00f1 t\u00dech; _______________ 1) G\u00e5m b\u00e8n Anh h\u00efng qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i: Nguy\u00d4n Qu\u00e8c Tr\u00de, Nguy\u00d4n Th\u00de Chi\u00aan, La V\u00a8n C\u00c7u v\u00b5 C\u00ef Ch\u00ddnh Lan (truy t\u00c6ng); ba Anh h\u00efng Lao \u00ae\u00e9ng: Ng\u00ab Gia Kh\u00b6m, Tr\u00c7n \u00a7\u00b9i Ngh\u00dca, Ho\u00b5ng Hanh (BT).","548 h\u00e5 ch\u00dd minh to\u00b5n t\u00cbp - \u00a7\u00c6ng T\u00ddnh: \u00f1y vi\u00aan; - B\u00efi H\u2212\u00edng Ch\u00cat: \u00f1y vi\u00aan. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 112-SL, ng\u00b5y 6-9-1952, ch\u00d8 \u00ae\u00denh \u00abng Ph\u00e3 Ch\u00f1 t\u00dech \u00f1y ban kh\u00b8ng chi\u00d5n h\u00b5nh ch\u00ddnh Li\u00aan khu Vi\u00d6t B\u00bec. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 113-SL, ng\u00b5y 6-9-1952, b\u00e6 nhi\u00d6m \u00abng Tr\u00c7n Qu\u00e8c Ho\u00b5n gi\u00f7 ch\u00f8c Gi\u00b8m \u00ae\u00e8c Nha c\u00abng an. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 114-SL, ng\u00b5y 9-9-1952, truy t\u00c6ng \u00abng Nguy\u00d4n Ng\u00e4c Nh\u00f9t, k\u00fc s\u2212, Hu\u00a9n ch\u2212\u00acng Kh\u00b8ng chi\u00d5n h\u00b9ng Nh\u00cat. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 115-SL, ng\u00b5y 9-9-1952, b\u00e6 nhi\u00d6m \u00abng Nguy\u00d4n V\u00a8n Tr\u00a9n, gi\u00f7 ch\u00f8c T\u00e6ng thanh tra trong Ban Thanh tra Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 thay \u00abng H\u00e5 T\u00efng M\u00cbu t\u00b9 th\u00d5. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 116-SL, ng\u00b5y 9-9-1952, ch\u00d8 \u00ae\u00denh \u00f1y vi\u00aan \u00f1y ban kh\u00b8ng chi\u00d5n h\u00b5nh ch\u00ddnh mi\u00d2n Nam Trung B\u00e9. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 117-SL, ng\u00b5y 9-9-1952, ch\u00d8 \u00ae\u00denh \u00f1y vi\u00aan \u00f1y ban kh\u00b8ng chi\u00d5n h\u00b5nh ch\u00ddnh Li\u00aan khu IV. - L\u00d6nh c\u00abng b\u00e8 \\\"T\u00b8m \u00aei\u00d2u m\u00d6nh l\u00d6nh c\u00f1a Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 D\u00a9n ch\u00f1 C\u00e9ng h\u00dfa Vi\u00d6t Nam \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi c\u00b8c v\u00efng m\u00edi gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng\\\". - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 118-SL, ng\u00b5y 22-9-1952, ch\u00d8 \u00ae\u00denh \u00f1y vi\u00aan \u00f1y ban kh\u00b8ng chi\u00d5n h\u00b5nh ch\u00ddnh Nam B\u00e9. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 119-SL ng\u00b5y 22-9-1952, truy t\u00c6ng Hu\u00a9n ch\u2212\u00acng Kh\u00b8ng chi\u00d5n h\u00b9ng Nh\u00cat cho \u00ae\u00b9i \u00ae\u00e9i tr\u2212\u00ebng Tr\u00c7n C\u00f5 v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd Nguy\u00d4n V\u00a8n Th\u00a9n, giao th\u00abng vi\u00aan Ty b\u2212u \u00aei\u00d6n H\u00b6i Ph\u00dfng. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 122-SL, ng\u00b5y 10-10-1952, \u00ae\u00c6t b\u00e9 ph\u00cbn nh\u00b5 in v\u00b5 ph\u00b8t h\u00b5nh trong Nha tuy\u00aan truy\u00d2n v\u00b5 v\u00a8n ngh\u00d6 th\u00b5nh m\u00e9t doanh nghi\u00d6p qu\u00e8c gia l\u00cay t\u00aan l\u00b5 Nh\u00b5 in qu\u00e8c gia. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 123-SL, ng\u00b5y 4-11-1952, b\u00e6 nhi\u00d6m Ph\u00e3 Gi\u00b8m \u00ae\u00e8c Nha c\u00abng ch\u00ddnh ho\u00b6 xa, B\u00e9 Giao th\u00abng C\u00abng ch\u00ddnh. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 126-SL, ng\u00b5y 4-11-1952, cho ph\u00d0p ban h\u00b5nh b\u00b6n \u00a7i\u00d2u l\u00d6 v\u00d2 doanh nghi\u00d6p qu\u00e8c gia. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 128-SL, ng\u00b5y 4-11-1952, v\u00d2 vi\u00d6c th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp c\u00b8c \u00f1y ban qu\u00b6n l\u00fd x\u00dd nghi\u00d6p qu\u00e8c gia.","danh m\u00f4c s\u00bec l\u00d6nh do ch\u00f1 t\u00dech h\u00e5 ch\u00dd minh k\u00fd... 549 - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 129-SL, ng\u00b5y 16-12-1952, \u00ae\u00c6t c\u00b8c \\\"B\u00b6ng v\u00b5ng danh d\u00f9\\\" v\u00b5 \\\"B\u00b6ng gia \u00ae\u00d7nh v\u00ce vang\\\" \u00ae\u00d3 th\u2212\u00ebng c\u00b8c gia \u00ae\u00d7nh c\u00e3 ng\u2212\u00eai t\u00dfng qu\u00a9n. - S\u00bec l\u00d6nh s\u00e8 130-SL, ng\u00b5y 16-12-1952, ch\u00d8 \u00ae\u00denh \u00f1y vi\u00aan \u00f1y ban kh\u00b8ng chi\u00d5n h\u00b5nh ch\u00ddnh Li\u00aan khu III.","550 H\u00e5 CH\u00f1 T\u00deCH TR\u00b6 L\u00eaI C\u00b8C NH\u00b5 B\u00b8O Sau khi c\u00efng c\u00b8c \u00aeo\u00b5n th\u00d3 ch\u00f3c th\u00e4 H\u00e5 Ch\u00f1 t\u00dech, c\u00b8c nh\u00b5 b\u00b8o l\u00b9i c\u00e3 h\u00a9n h\u00b9nh \u00ae\u00c6c bi\u00d6t \u00ae\u2212\u00eec C\u00f4 Ch\u00f1 t\u00dech ti\u00d5p ri\u00aang m\u00cay ph\u00f3t v\u00b5 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec ph\u00d0p \u00ae\u00c6t m\u00cay c\u00a9u h\u00e1i. Sau \u00ae\u00a9y l\u00b5 t\u00e3m t\u00bet nh\u00f7ng c\u00a9u tr\u00b6 l\u00eai c\u00f1a Ng\u2212\u00eai: - Nh\u00f7ng ch\u00ddnh s\u00b8ch c\u00f1a Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 nh\u2212: Th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat t\u00b5i ch\u00ddnh, Ch\u00d8nh \u00ae\u00e8n bi\u00aan ch\u00d5, Thu thu\u00d5 n\u00abng nghi\u00d6p, \u00a7\u00c8y m\u00b9nh thi \u00aeua, \u00ae\u00d2u nh\u00bbm m\u00f4c \u00ae\u00ddch l\u00b5m cho kh\u00b8ng chi\u00d5n ti\u00d5n m\u00b9nh, t\u00a8ng gia s\u00b6n xu\u00cat \u00ae\u2212\u00eec nhi\u00d2u v\u00b5 vi\u00d6c \u00ae\u00e3ng g\u00e3p c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00e5ng b\u00b5o \u00ae\u2212\u00eec gi\u00b6n \u00ae\u00acn, ti\u00d6n l\u00eei h\u00acn. C\u00b8ch l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c tuy m\u00edi, nh\u2212ng nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n ta r\u00cat t\u00e8t, r\u00cat h\u00a8ng. Ch\u00d8 c\u00e8t c\u00b8n b\u00e9 t\u00f5 c\u00cap tr\u00aan \u00ae\u00d5n c\u00cap d\u2212\u00edi \u00ae\u00d2u ch\u00deu kh\u00e3 gi\u00b6i th\u00ddch cho m\u00e4i ng\u2212\u00eai d\u00a9n hi\u00d3u r\u00e2, th\u00d7 nh\u00f7ng ch\u00ddnh s\u00b8ch \u00cay nh\u00cat \u00ae\u00denh th\u00b5nh c\u00abng t\u00e8t \u00ae\u00d1p. - M\u00fc chu\u00c8n b\u00de k\u00fd h\u00dfa \u2212\u00edc ri\u00aang v\u00edi Nh\u00cbt v\u00b5 v\u00f2 trang l\u00b9i Nh\u00cbt, vi\u00d6c \u00ae\u00e3 nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n Trung Hoa v\u00b5 c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc kh\u00b8c ph\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e8i, nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n Vi\u00d6t Nam ta c\u00f2ng ph\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e8i. V\u00d7 Vi\u00d6t Nam l\u00b5 m\u00e9t trong nh\u00f7ng n\u2212\u00edc \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00de \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c Nh\u00cbt gi\u00b5y x\u00d0o trong m\u00cay n\u00a8m. D\u00ef sao ch\u00d8 c\u00e3 nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n Vi\u00d6t Nam c\u00e3 quy\u00d2n l\u00aan ti\u00d5ng, th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p v\u00b5 l\u00f2 b\u00ef nh\u00d7n ph\u00b6n qu\u00e8c tuy\u00d6t \u00ae\u00e8i kh\u00abng c\u00e3 quy\u00d2n l\u00eei d\u00f4ng danh ngh\u00dca c\u00f1a nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n Vi\u00d6t Nam. - C\u00dfn ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c, c\u00dfn th\u00f9c d\u00a9n, th\u00d7 c\u00dfn c\u00e3 nguy c\u00ac","h\u00e5 ch\u00f1 t\u00dech tr\u00b6 l\u00eai c\u00b8c nh\u00b5 b\u00b8o 551 chi\u00d5n tranh. Nh\u00cat l\u00b5 trong l\u00f3c n\u00b5y, M\u00fc v\u00b5 phe M\u00fc r\u00cat hung h\u00a8ng tr\u00beng tr\u00een. Song \\\"l\u00f6a c\u00b5ng n\u00e5ng, n\u2212\u00edc c\u00b5ng l\u00b9nh\\\", l\u00f9c l\u2212\u00eeng d\u00a9n ch\u00f1 h\u00dfa b\u00d7nh th\u00d5 gi\u00edi - c\u00e3 Li\u00aan X\u00ab l\u00b5m th\u00b5nh tr\u00d7 ng\u00b5y c\u00b5ng m\u00b9nh h\u00acn ch\u00f3ng. C\u00a9u n\u00e3i c\u00f1a Th\u00e8ng ch\u00d5 Xtalin r\u00cat \u00ae\u00f3ng. \u00a7\u00b9i \u00fd \u00abng n\u00e3i: N\u00d5u nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n th\u00d5 gi\u00edi \u00aeo\u00b5n k\u00d5t nh\u00cat tr\u00dd, gi\u00f7 v\u00f7ng s\u00f9 nghi\u00d6p b\u00b6o v\u00d6 h\u00dfa b\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00d5n c\u00efng, th\u00d7 cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh gi\u00f7a l\u00f9c l\u2212\u00eeng g\u00a9y chi\u00d5n v\u00b5 l\u00f9c l\u2212\u00eeng h\u00dfa b\u00d7nh s\u00cf k\u00d5t qu\u00b6 l\u00b5 phe h\u00dfa b\u00d7nh th\u00beng. Tuy v\u00cby, nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n th\u00d5 gi\u00edi \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi phe \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c g\u00a9y chi\u00d5n, c\u00f2ng nh\u2212 ta \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi gi\u00c6c Ph\u00b8p. Cu\u00e8i c\u00efng ta nh\u00cat \u00ae\u00denh th\u00beng l\u00eei, nh\u2212ng ta kh\u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec khinh \u00ae\u00dech, ch\u00f1 quan. C\u00a9u chuy\u00d6n \u00ae\u00d5n \u00ae\u00a9y th\u00d7 m\u00e9t to\u00b8n nhi \u00ae\u00e5ng v\u00f5a k\u00d0o v\u00b5o ch\u00f3c th\u00e4 B\u00b8c. C\u00f4 Ch\u00f1 t\u00dech vui v\u00ce b\u00b6o ch\u00f3ng t\u00abi: Th\u00abi, b\u00a9y gi\u00ea c\u00b8c ch\u00f3 ph\u00b6i nh\u2212\u00eang ch\u00e7 cho c\u00b8c ch\u00b8u. D\u00dep sau s\u00cf n\u00e3i chuy\u00d6n nhi\u00d2u h\u00acn. B\u00b8o C\u00f8u qu\u00e8c, s\u00e8 1827, ng\u00b5y 28-5-1951.","552 T\u00e3M T\u00beT L\u00eaI H\u00e5 CH\u00f1 T\u00deCH N\u00e3I V\u00edI C\u00b8C CHI\u00d5N S\u00dc THI \u00a7UA C\u00a4NG N\u00a4NG BINH H\u00e5 Ch\u00f1 t\u00dech n\u00e3i: C\u00b8c \u00abng, c\u00b8c ch\u00f3, c\u00b8c c\u00ab \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00e8 g\u00beng \u00aei d\u00f9 h\u00e9i ngh\u00de \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec g\u00c6p \u00ae\u00f1 m\u00c6t m\u00e4i ng\u2212\u00eai, n\u00b5o l\u00b5 chi\u00d5n s\u00dc \u00ae\u00b8nh gi\u00c6c, n\u00b5o l\u00b5 chi\u00d5n s\u00dc lao \u00ae\u00e9ng ch\u00a9n tay, n\u00b5o l\u00b5 chi\u00d5n s\u00dc lao \u00ae\u00e9ng tr\u00dd \u00e3c, c\u00b8c nh\u00b5 v\u00a8n ngh\u00d6, \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b6ng ph\u00b8i, c\u00b8c \u00aeo\u00b5n th\u00d3, c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1, \u00aei nh\u2212 th\u00d5 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec m\u00eb r\u00e9ng m\u00bet ra. V\u00d7 sao \u00ae\u2212\u00eec \u00aei d\u00f9 h\u00e9i ngh\u00de: V\u00d7 \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00e8 g\u00beng thi \u00aeua, \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00e8 g\u00beng r\u00e5i ph\u00b6i c\u00e8 g\u00beng h\u00acn n\u00f7a, c\u00e8 g\u00beng \u00ae\u00d3 l\u00b5m l\u00eei n\u2212\u00edc, l\u00eei nh\u00b5, nay v\u00d7 c\u00e3 th\u00b5nh t\u00ddch \u00ae\u2212\u00eec \u00aei d\u00f9 h\u00e9i ngh\u00de th\u00d5 l\u00b5 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec ph\u00c7n th\u2212\u00ebng. Ph\u00c7n th\u2212\u00ebng \u00cay, th\u00b5nh t\u00ddch \u00cay l\u00b5 do nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n m\u00b5 c\u00e3, v\u00d7 c\u00e8 g\u00beng m\u00b5 c\u00e3, cho n\u00aan ch\u00ed v\u00d7 c\u00e3 th\u00b5nh t\u00ddch m\u00b5 ki\u00aau ng\u00b9o, ph\u00b6i khi\u00aam t\u00e8n v\u00b5 c\u00e8 g\u00beng h\u00acn n\u00f7a. C\u00b8c \u00abng, c\u00b8c ch\u00f3, c\u00b8c c\u00ab c\u00e8 g\u00beng l\u00b5 t\u00e8t, c\u00e8 g\u00beng nh\u2212 th\u00d5 l\u00b5 l\u00b5m cho m\u00e4i ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00e8 g\u00beng. Nh\u00b5 n\u00abng th\u00d7 l\u00b5m sao cho m\u00e4i ng\u2212\u00eai gi\u00e5ng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec nhi\u00d2u l\u00f3a, nhi\u00d2u ng\u00ab, khoai, nhi\u00d2u b\u00abng, \u00ae\u00e7, l\u00b9c. Chi\u00d5n s\u00dc b\u00ben \u00ae\u00b8nh gi\u00d5t \u00ae\u00dech gi\u00e1i th\u00d7 c\u00f2ng ph\u00b6i l\u00b5m cho c\u00b8c anh em chi\u00d5n s\u00dc kh\u00b8c \u00ae\u00d2u b\u00ben s\u00f3ng gi\u00e1i. M\u00e4i ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00e8 g\u00beng, m\u00e4i nh\u00b5 c\u00e8 g\u00beng, c\u00b6 n\u2212\u00edc c\u00e8 g\u00beng th\u00d7 n\u2212\u00edc gi\u00b5u d\u00a9n m\u00b9nh. N\u00d5u c\u00e3 ai c\u00e8 g\u00beng h\u00acn m\u00d7nh th\u00d7 c\u00f2ng l\u00b5 trong nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n c\u00e3 ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00e8 g\u00beng h\u00acn m\u00d7nh, l\u00b5 ph\u00b6i h\u00e4c t\u00cbp. \u00eb \u00ae\u00a9y c\u00e3 \u00ae\u00f1 m\u00c6t c\u00b8c chi\u00d5n s\u00dc \u00ae\u00d2u ph\u00b6i th\u00cay r\u00bbng: B\u00e9 \u00ae\u00e9i \u00ae\u00b8nh gi\u00c6c, n\u00abng d\u00a9n, c\u00abng nh\u00a9n, lao \u00ae\u00e9ng tr\u00dd \u00e3c \u00ae\u00d2u ph\u00b6i d\u00f9a v\u00b5o nhau. N\u00abng d\u00a9n kh\u00abng c\u00e3 s\u00f9 gi\u00f3p \u00ae\u00ec c\u00f1a c\u00abng nh\u00a9n th\u00d7 kh\u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec,","t\u00e3m t\u00bet l\u00eai h\u00e5 ch\u00f1 t\u00dech n\u00e3i v\u00edi c\u00b8c chi\u00d5n s\u00dc... 553 kh\u00abng c\u00e3 b\u00e9 \u00ae\u00e9i gi\u00d5t gi\u00c6c c\u00f2ng kh\u00abng xong. C\u00abng nh\u00a9n kh\u00abng c\u00e3 n\u00abng d\u00a9n, kh\u00abng c\u00e3 b\u00e9 \u00ae\u00e9i gi\u00d5t gi\u00c6c c\u00f2ng kh\u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec. B\u00e9 \u00ae\u00e9i kh\u00abng c\u00e3 c\u00abng nh\u00a9n, kh\u00abng c\u00e3 n\u00abng d\u00a9n c\u00f2ng kh\u00abng \u00ae\u00f1 s\u00f8c m\u00b9nh m\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b8nh gi\u00c6c, lao \u00ae\u00e9ng tr\u00dd \u00e3c c\u00f2ng v\u00cby. Tuy c\u00b8c chi\u00d5n s\u00dc kh\u00b8c nhau nh\u2212ng \u00ae\u00d2u nh\u00bbm m\u00f4c \u00ae\u00ddch gi\u00d5t gi\u00c6c. Mu\u00e8n \u00ae\u00b9t \u00ae\u2212\u00eec m\u00f4c \u00ae\u00ddch \u00ae\u00b8nh gi\u00c6c ph\u00b6i l\u00b5m th\u00d5 n\u00b5o, ngh\u00dc th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? Chi\u00d5n s\u00dc \u00ae\u00b8nh gi\u00c6c ph\u00b6i c\u00efng v\u00edi c\u00b8c ng\u00b5nh thi \u00aeua gi\u00d5t gi\u00c6c, chi\u00d5n s\u00dc \u00ae\u00b8nh gi\u00c6c ph\u00b6i ti\u00d5c h\u00b9t g\u00b9o, chi\u00d5n s\u00dc c\u00abng nh\u00a9n ph\u00b6i ti\u00d5t ki\u00d6m nguy\u00aan v\u00cbt li\u00d6u ch\u00ed hoang ph\u00dd. Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 v\u00b5 \u00a7o\u00b5n th\u00d3 h\u00d5t s\u00f8c ch\u00e8ng b\u00d6nh quan li\u00aau, ch\u00e8ng tham \u00ab, ch\u00e8ng l\u00b7ng ph\u00dd. T\u00cat c\u00b6 m\u00e4i ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00d2u ph\u00b6i tr\u00abng th\u00cay ai sai th\u00d7 ph\u00aa b\u00d7nh. Ph\u00aa b\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00d3 s\u00f6a ch\u00f7a, \u00ae\u00d3 ti\u00d5n b\u00e9. Kh\u00abng ph\u00aa b\u00d7nh l\u00b5 t\u00f9 l\u00b5m m\u00cat quy\u00d2n d\u00a9n ch\u00f1. B\u00b6n ch\u00f4p t\u00b5i li\u00d6u l\u2212u t\u00b9i Vi\u00d6n H\u00e5 Ch\u00dd Minh.","554 \u00fd KI\u00d5N PH\u00b8T BI\u00d3U c\u00f1a b\u00b8c SAU KHI NGHE M\u00e9T S\u00e8 CHI\u00d5N S\u00dc THI \u00a7UA B\u00b8O C\u00b8O Sau khi c\u00b8c chi\u00d5n s\u00dc thi \u00aeua n\u00abng nghi\u00d6p v\u00b5 qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i b\u00b8o c\u00b8o th\u00b5nh t\u00ddch, B\u00b8c \u00ae\u00f8ng d\u00cby n\u00e3i: H\u00abm nay v\u00d7 t\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c chi\u00d5n s\u00dc thi \u00aeua ch\u2212a b\u00b8o c\u00b8o xong cho n\u00aan B\u00b8c ch\u2212a k\u00d5t lu\u00cbn. B\u00b8c ch\u00d8 n\u00e3i m\u00e9t v\u00b5i \u00aei\u00d3m. Ch\u00f3ng ta \u00aeang kh\u00b8ng chi\u00d5n. Kh\u00b8ng chi\u00d5n th\u00d7 \u00ae\u00b8nh gi\u00c6c l\u00b5 tr\u2212\u00edc m\u00bet. Mu\u00e8n kh\u00b8ng chi\u00d5n ph\u00b6i so s\u00b8nh t\u00d7nh h\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00dech v\u00b5 ta. \u00a7\u00dech: B\u00e4n gi\u00c6c Ph\u00b8p c\u00e3 m\u00e9t l\u00dech s\u00f6 qu\u00a9n s\u00f9 n\u00e6i ti\u00d5ng t\u00f5 h\u00acn 150 n\u00a8m nay, k\u00d3 t\u00f5 Nap\u00abl\u00aa\u00abng. Ngo\u00b5i c\u00b8i truy\u00d2n th\u00e8ng \u00ae\u00e3, ch\u00f3ng c\u00dfn c\u00e3 h\u00b6i qu\u00a9n, l\u00f4c qu\u00a9n, c\u00e3 nhi\u00d2u m\u00b8y bay v\u00b5 c\u00b8c kh\u00dd gi\u00edi t\u00e8i t\u00a9n. Ch\u00f3ng l\u00b9i s\u00bdn c\u00e3 n\u00d2n n\u00d5p t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c. Ta: \u00a7\u00d5n n\u00a8m nay, l\u00dech s\u00f6 qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i ta m\u00edi c\u00e3 h\u00acn 10 n\u00a8m, ta kh\u00abng c\u00e3 h\u00b6i qu\u00a9n (B\u00b8c c\u2212\u00eai v\u00b5 n\u00e3i vui). Ta ch\u00d8 c\u00e3 \\\"h\u00b6i qu\u00a9n\\\" qua s\u00abng \u00a7\u00b5 (c\u00b6 h\u00e9i ngh\u00de c\u2212\u00eai vang). Ch\u00f3ng ta kh\u00abng c\u00e3 kh\u00abng qu\u00a9n. B\u00ben \u00ae\u2212\u00eec chi\u00d5c m\u00b8y bay n\u00b5o th\u00d7 ch\u00b8y chi\u00d5c \u00cay (c\u00b6 h\u00e9i ngh\u00de c\u2212\u00eai). Ta ch\u00d8 c\u00e3 l\u00f4c qu\u00a9n. L\u00f3c m\u00edi b\u00bet \u00ae\u00c7u kh\u00b8ng chi\u00d5n, v\u00f2 kh\u00dd c\u00f1a ta r\u00cat th\u00ab s\u00ac. L\u00f3c b\u00cay gi\u00ea c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc d\u00a9n ch\u00f1, sau cu\u00e9c \u00a7\u00b9i chi\u00d5n l\u00c7n th\u00f8 hai, c\u00dfn lo h\u00b5n g\u00ben v\u00d5t th\u2212\u00acng c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh. T\u00b9i Trung Qu\u00e8c, b\u00e4n T\u2212\u00ebng c\u00dfn \u00aeang c\u00c7m quy\u00d2n. Th\u00d5 nh\u2212ng m\u00b5 th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? \u00a7\u00dech c\u00f8 thua, ta th\u00d7 c\u00f8 th\u00beng. Th\u00beng m\u00b7i (v\u00e7 tay). Li\u00aan X\u00ab, Trung Qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc d\u00a9n ch\u00f1 kh\u00b8c ng\u00b5y c\u00b5ng m\u00b9nh. Ta c\u00f2ng ng\u00b5y c\u00b5ng m\u00b9nh (v\u00e7 tay r\u00cat l\u00a9u).","\u00fd ki\u00d5n ph\u00b8t bi\u00d3u c\u00f1a b\u00b8c sau khi nghe... 555 So s\u00b8nh v\u00edi \u00ae\u00dech v\u00d2 v\u00cbt ch\u00cat v\u00b5 trang b\u00de, c\u00b8i g\u00d7 ta c\u00f2ng k\u00d0m. Th\u00d5 m\u00b5 ch\u00f3ng ta d\u00b8m quy\u00d5t kh\u00b8ng chi\u00d5n v\u00b5 nh\u00cat \u00ae\u00denh th\u00beng l\u00eei (B\u00b8c n\u00bem tay v\u00b5 d\u00bbn m\u00b9nh) (v\u00e7 tay r\u00cat l\u00a9u). \u00a7\u00e3 l\u00b5 do tinh th\u00c7n c\u00f1a nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n ta r\u00cat anh d\u00f2ng, c\u00e3 l\u00dfng y\u00aau n\u2212\u00edc n\u00e5ng n\u00b5n, \u00aeo\u00b5n k\u00d5t ch\u00c6t ch\u00cf, l\u00dfng c\u00a8m th\u00ef c\u00f1a d\u00a9n ta r\u00cat s\u00a9u s\u00bec. C\u00b8c chi\u00d5n s\u00dc \u00eb \u00ae\u00a9y \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u cho 20 tri\u00d6u \u00ae\u00e5ng b\u00b5o n\u00e3i l\u00aan \u00aei\u00d2u \u00ae\u00e3. Ch\u00f3ng ta quy\u00d5t t\u00a9m v\u2212\u00eet m\u00e4i kh\u00e3 kh\u00a8n gian kh\u00e6, quy\u00d5t t\u00a9m hy sinh v\u00d7 quy\u00d2n l\u00eei chung \u00ae\u00d3 gi\u00b5nh l\u00cay th\u00beng l\u00eei. M\u00e9t \u00ae\u00c6c \u00aei\u00d3m chung c\u00f1a c\u00b8c chi\u00d5n s\u00dc thi \u00aeua l\u00b5 g\u00c7n g\u00f2i qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng, th\u2212\u00acng y\u00aau qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng, gi\u00f3p \u00ae\u00ec, h\u00e4c h\u00e1i, \u00aeo\u00b5n k\u00d5t v\u00edi qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng. Tinh th\u00c7n g\u00c7n g\u00f2i qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng, tinh th\u00c7n tr\u00b8ch nhi\u00d6m v\u2212\u00eet kh\u00e3 kh\u00a8n \u00ae\u00e3 c\u00b8n b\u00e9 ta ph\u00b6i c\u00e3. C\u00b8n b\u00e9 ph\u00b6i thi \u00aeua v\u00edi qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng, xung phong l\u00b5m g\u2212\u00acng m\u00c9u cho qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng \u00ae\u00d3 kh\u00b8ng chi\u00d5n mau th\u00beng l\u00eei, ki\u00d5n qu\u00e8c ch\u00e3ng th\u00b5nh c\u00abng. V\u00d7 sao m\u00b5 ta th\u00beng l\u00eei? (B\u00b8c ch\u00d8 v\u00b5o c\u00b8c chi\u00d5n s\u00dc thi \u00aeua v\u00b5 n\u00e3i ti\u00d5p) V\u00d7 ch\u00f3ng ta c\u00e3 nh\u00f7ng con ch\u00b8u nh\u2212 th\u00d5 n\u00b5y. B\u00a9y gi\u00ea ta \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00e3 h\u00b5ng tr\u00a8m chi\u00d5n s\u00dc thi \u00aeua, ch\u00f3ng ta s\u00cf c\u00e3 h\u00b5ng ngh\u00d7n, h\u00b5ng tri\u00d6u. \u00eb ngo\u00b5i n\u2212\u00edc, ch\u00f3ng ta c\u00f2ng c\u00e3 nh\u00f7ng con ch\u00b8u nh\u2212 th\u00d5 n\u00b5y: \u00a7\u00e3 l\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng H\u00a8ngri M\u00b8ctanh, Raym\u00abng \u00a7i\u00aang, \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng chi\u00d5n s\u00dc Tri\u00d2u Ti\u00aan, Trung Qu\u00e8c, Li\u00aan X\u00ab v\u00b5 c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc b\u00b9n. Cho n\u00aan ch\u00f3ng ta nh\u00cat \u00ae\u00denh th\u00beng l\u00eei. B\u00e4n Ph\u00b8p c\u00e3 ph\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e9ng M\u00fc gi\u00f3p s\u00f8c, nh\u2212ng c\u00e3 100 th\u00bbng M\u00fc gi\u00f3p, ta c\u00f2ng c\u00f8 \u00ae\u00b8nh th\u00beng (v\u00e7 tay l\u00a9u). Ta \u00ae\u00b7 gi\u00b8n ti\u00d5p \u00ae\u00b8nh ch\u00d5t hai t\u00aan t\u2212\u00edng gi\u00e1i v\u00b5o b\u00cbc nh\u00cat c\u00f1a Ph\u00b8p l\u00b5 L\u00accl\u00d0c v\u00b5 T\u00b8txinhi. T\u00b8txinhi v\u00d7 thua tr\u00cbn n\u00aan ph\u00b8t \u00e8m m\u00b5 ch\u00d5t. Ta \u00ae\u00b7 ti\u00aau di\u00d6t nhi\u00d2u sinh l\u00f9c gi\u00c6c. Th\u00d5 c\u00f1a b\u00e4n \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c c\u00b5ng ng\u00b5y c\u00b5ng y\u00d5u. Phong tr\u00b5o d\u00a9n ch\u00f1 ng\u00b5y c\u00b5ng m\u00b9nh. V\u00d7 v\u00cby ta n\u00e3i m\u00e9t c\u00b8ch quy\u00d5t \u00aeo\u00b8n r\u00bbng: Kh\u00b8ng chi\u00d5n nh\u00cat \u00ae\u00denh th\u00beng l\u00eei nh\u2212ng ph\u00b6i tr\u2212\u00eang k\u00fa. Tr\u2212\u00eang k\u00fa kh\u00abng ph\u00b6i l\u00b5 50 n\u00a8m,","556 h\u00e5 ch\u00dd minh to\u00b5n t\u00cbp 100 n\u00a8m, m\u00b5 c\u00f2ng kh\u00abng ph\u00b6i ch\u00d8 5, 7 n\u00a8m m\u00b5 c\u00e3 th\u00d3 l\u00b5 10 n\u00a8m, 15, 20 n\u00a8m cho \u00ae\u00d5n 30 n\u00a8m ta c\u00f2ng quy\u00d5t \u00ae\u00b8nh cho \u00ae\u00d5n th\u00beng l\u00eei cu\u00e8i c\u00efng m\u00edi th\u00abi. Ta s\u00cf g\u00c6p nhi\u00d2u kh\u00e3 kh\u00a8n nh\u2212 l\u00b5 v\u00d2 c\u00b8n b\u00e9, v\u00d2 giao th\u00abng, v.v.. C\u00b5ng g\u00c7n th\u00beng l\u00eei, c\u00b5ng nhi\u00d2u kh\u00e3 kh\u00a8n. Nhi\u00d2u kh\u00e3 kh\u00a8n l\u00b9i c\u00b5ng g\u00c7n th\u00beng l\u00eei. C\u00b5ng th\u00beng l\u00eei, c\u00b5ng ph\u00b6i thi \u00aeua, c\u00b5ng thi \u00aeua, c\u00b5ng mau th\u00beng l\u00eei. C\u00c7n ph\u00b6i ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n r\u00e9ng r\u00b7i thi \u00aeua, \u00ae\u00d3 l\u00b5m sao cho ng\u2212\u00eai ng\u2212\u00eai thi \u00aeua, ng\u00b5nh ng\u00b5nh thi \u00aeua. C\u00b8c ch\u00f3, c\u00b8c c\u00ab \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00e3 vinh h\u00b9nh l\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai xung phong d\u00c9n \u00ae\u00c7u. Vinh h\u00b9nh to th\u00d7 nhi\u00d6m v\u00f4 to. Cho n\u00aan B\u00b8c d\u00c6n: 1- Ph\u00b6i c\u00e8 g\u00beng lu\u00abn lu\u00abn, kh\u00abng khi n\u00b5o cho th\u00d5 l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00f1. 2- Tr\u00b8nh t\u00f9 ki\u00aau, t\u00f9 \u00ae\u00b9i. T\u00f9 ki\u00aau, t\u00f9 \u00ae\u00b9i l\u00b5 m\u00e9t k\u00ce \u00ae\u00dech c\u00dfn hung \u00b8c h\u00acn c\u00b6 gi\u00c6c M\u00fc, gi\u00c6c Ph\u00b8p. V\u00d7 n\u00e3 \u00c8n n\u00cap trong ng\u2212\u00eai m\u00d7nh kh\u00abng th\u00d3 l\u00cay s\u00f3ng, l\u00cay dao m\u00b5 ch\u00d0m gi\u00d5t \u00ae\u2212\u00eec. C\u00b8c ch\u00f3, c\u00b8c c\u00ab c\u00e3 nhi\u00d6m v\u00f4 d\u00d7u d\u00bet t\u00cat c\u00b6 ti\u00d5n b\u00e9 \u00ae\u00d5n m\u00f8c c\u00f1a c\u00b8c ch\u00f3, c\u00b8c c\u00ab. C\u00b8c ch\u00f3, c\u00b8c c\u00ab ph\u00b6i ti\u00d5n l\u00aan m\u00b7i. Ti\u00d5n ch\u00f5ng n\u00b5o th\u00d7 c\u00b5ng g\u00c7n th\u00beng l\u00eei ch\u00f5ng \u00ae\u00e3. C\u00b5ng g\u00c7n th\u00beng l\u00eei ta c\u00b5ng nhi\u00d2u chi\u00d5n s\u00dc thi \u00aeua. C\u00b5ng c\u00e3 nhi\u00d2u chi\u00d5n s\u00dc thi \u00aeua th\u00d7 c\u00b8c c\u00ab, c\u00b8c ch\u00f3 c\u00b5ng ph\u00b6i thi \u00aeua h\u00acn. N\u00d5u c\u00b8c c\u00ab, c\u00b8c ch\u00f3 nh\u00ed l\u00eai B\u00b8c ch\u00f5ng n\u00b5o v\u00d2 l\u00b5m ch\u00f5ng n\u00cay, thi \u00aeua nhi\u00d2u k\u00d5t qu\u00b6. \u00a7\u00e3 l\u00b5 m\u00e9t b\u00bbng ch\u00f8ng l\u00b5 ch\u00f3ng ta nh\u00cat \u00ae\u00denh th\u00beng l\u00eei, \u00ae\u00e9c l\u00cbp th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat nh\u00cat \u00ae\u00denh th\u00b5nh c\u00abng (v\u00e7 tay r\u00cat l\u00a9u). N\u00e3i ng\u00b5y 3-5-1952. B\u00b6n ch\u00f4p t\u00b5i li\u00d6u l\u2212u t\u00b9i Vi\u00d6n H\u00e5 Ch\u00dd Minh.","557 B\u00b5N V\u00d2 M\u00a2U THU\u00c9N In trong s\u00b8ch B\u00f3t k\u00fd c\u00f1a C.B.: B\u00b5n v\u00d2 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n, Nxb. S\u00f9 th\u00cbt, H\u00b5 N\u00e9i, 1952.","558","559 L\u00eai n\u00e3i \u00ae\u00c7u Ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng \u00bet ph\u00b6i h\u00e4c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b8c. Kh\u00abng h\u00e4c hi\u00d3u ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b8c, th\u00d7 nh\u2212 nh\u00bem m\u00bet \u00aei \u00ae\u00aam. C\u00b5ng hi\u00d3u ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b8c, th\u00d7 c\u00abng t\u00b8c c\u00b5ng ti\u00d5n b\u00e9, t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng c\u00b5ng \u00ae\u00f8ng \u00ae\u00ben, l\u00cbp tr\u2212\u00eang c\u00b5ng v\u00f7ng ch\u00bec, tin t\u2212\u00ebng c\u00b5ng n\u00e5ng n\u00b5n, c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng c\u00b5ng mau th\u00beng l\u00eei. N\u00d2n t\u00b6ng ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b8c l\u00b5 duy v\u00cbt bi\u00d6n ch\u00f8ng. N\u00d2n t\u00b6ng c\u00f1a duy v\u00cbt bi\u00d6n ch\u00f8ng, c\u00e3 th\u00d3 t\u00e3m t\u00bet trong 4 \u00aei\u00d3m: 1. - N\u00e9i b\u00e9 c\u00f1a m\u00e4i v\u00cbt \u00ae\u00d2u c\u00e3 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n, ngh\u00dca l\u00b5 c\u00e3 nh\u00f7ng c\u00b8i kh\u00b8c nhau, tr\u00b8i nhau, ch\u00e8ng nhau, nh\u2212: ph\u00dda m\u00c6t v\u00b5 ph\u00dda tr\u00b8i. Qu\u00b8 kh\u00f8 v\u00b5 t\u2212\u00acng lai. C\u00b8i n\u00b5y suy \u00ae\u00e5i, c\u00b8i kia ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n. C\u00b8i c\u00f2 v\u00b5 c\u00b8i m\u00edi. C\u00b8i \u00a9m v\u00b5 c\u00b8i d\u2212\u00acng. Trong x\u00b7 h\u00e9i lo\u00b5i ng\u2212\u00eai hi\u00d6n nay th\u00d7 c\u00e3 giai c\u00cap b\u00e3c l\u00e9t v\u00b5 giai c\u00cap b\u00de b\u00e3c l\u00e9t, \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea. Nh\u00f7ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n \u00cay lu\u00abn lu\u00abn \u00ae\u00cau tranh l\u00c9n nhau, nh\u2212: C\u00b8i m\u00edi \u00ae\u00cau tranh ch\u00e8ng c\u00b8i c\u00f2. C\u00b8i thi\u00d6n \u00ae\u00cau tranh ch\u00e8ng c\u00b8i \u00b8c. C\u00b8i ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n \u00ae\u00cau tranh ch\u00e8ng c\u00b8i suy \u00ae\u00e5i. S\u00f9 \u00ae\u00cau tranh \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5m cho m\u00e4i v\u00cbt ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n, bi\u00d5n h\u00e3a, t\u00f5 s\u00e8 l\u2212\u00eeng ti\u00d5n \u00ae\u00d5n ch\u00cat l\u2212\u00eeng. V\u00b5 k\u00d5t qu\u00b6 l\u00b5 c\u00b8i thi\u00d6n, c\u00b8i ph\u00b6i, c\u00b8i \u00aeang ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n, c\u00b8i m\u00edi lu\u00abn lu\u00abn th\u00beng. 2. - Nh\u00f7ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n lu\u00abn lu\u00abn \u00ae\u00e8i l\u00cbp, nh\u2212ng l\u00b9i lu\u00abn lu\u00abn li\u00aan h\u00d6 v\u00edi nhau, n\u2212\u00acng t\u00f9a l\u00c9n nhau, h\u00b9n ch\u00d5 l\u00c9n nhau, \u00eb trong m\u00e9t c\u00b8i th\u00d3 th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat. Nh\u2212 \u00a9m v\u00b5 d\u2212\u00acng, ch\u00d5t v\u00b5 s\u00e8ng, x\u00cau v\u00b5","560 h\u00e5 ch\u00dd minh to\u00b5n t\u00cbp t\u00e8t, c\u00f2 v\u00b5 m\u00edi, giai c\u00cap t\u2212 s\u00b6n v\u00b5 giai c\u00cap v\u00ab s\u00b6n, \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea. 3. - M\u00e4i v\u00cbt kh\u00abng bao gi\u00ea ng\u00f5ng l\u00b9i, m\u00b5 lu\u00abn lu\u00abn v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng, bi\u00d5n h\u00e3a, \u00ae\u00e6i m\u00edi, ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n. Lu\u00abn lu\u00abn c\u00e3 c\u00b8i \u00aeang sinh n\u00eb v\u00b5 ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n; c\u00e3 c\u00b8i \u00aeang suy \u00ae\u00e5i v\u00b5 ch\u00d5t \u00aei. 4. - M\u00e4i v\u00cbt \u00ae\u00d2u kinh qua nh\u00f7ng qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n c\u00f1a n\u00e3. Qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh \u00cay kh\u00abng ph\u00b6i gi\u00b6n \u00ae\u00acn, kh\u00abng ph\u00b6i ch\u00d8 bi\u00d5n h\u00e3a d\u00c7n d\u00c7n, ch\u00d8 bi\u00d5n h\u00e3a b\u00bbng s\u00e8 l\u2212\u00eeng nhi\u00d2u \u00ddt. M\u00b5 qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh l\u00b5 ph\u00f8c t\u00b9p, nh\u00b6y v\u00e4t, t\u00f5 t\u00d7nh tr\u00b9ng n\u00b5y bi\u00d5n th\u00b5nh t\u00d7nh tr\u00b9ng kh\u00b8c, t\u00f5 s\u00e8 l\u2212\u00eeng bi\u00d5n th\u00b5nh ch\u00cat l\u2212\u00eeng. Qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh kh\u00abng ph\u00b6i l\u00b5 ng\u00c9u nhi\u00aan, m\u00b5 c\u00e3 quy lu\u00cbt. N\u00d2n t\u00b6ng trong 4 \u00aei\u00d3m \u00ae\u00e3, l\u00b5 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n. M\u00a9u thu\u00c9n c\u00e3 nhi\u00d2u th\u00f8, nhi\u00d2u m\u00c6t. Ph\u00b6i xem x\u00d0t k\u00fc l\u2212\u00ecng, hi\u00d3u bi\u00d5t r\u00e2 r\u00b5ng c\u00b8c th\u00f8 v\u00b5 c\u00b8c m\u00c6t m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n, m\u00edi t\u00d7m \u00ae\u2212\u00eec c\u00b8ch gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t \u00ae\u00f3ng \u00ae\u00ben c\u00b8c m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n, c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng m\u00edi th\u00b5nh c\u00abng. B\u00b5i lu\u00cbn m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd Mao Tr\u00b9ch \u00a7\u00abng \u00ae\u00b7 t\u00e3m t\u00bet duy v\u00cbt bi\u00d6n ch\u00f8ng m\u00e9t c\u00b8ch r\u00cat r\u00e2 r\u00b5ng, d\u00d4 hi\u00d3u. V\u00b5 d\u00b9y ch\u00f3ng ta c\u00b8ch xem x\u00d0t ph\u00a9n t\u00ddch c\u00b8c m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n m\u00e9t c\u00b8ch thi\u00d5t th\u00f9c, \u00ae\u00c7y \u00ae\u00f1. Khi xem quy\u00d3n n\u00b5y, c\u00c7n ph\u00b6i \u00ae\u2212a l\u00fd lu\u00cbn so s\u00b8nh v\u00edi th\u00f9c t\u00d5 trong l\u00dech s\u00f6 c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng ta, so s\u00b8nh v\u00edi t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng c\u00f1a ta v\u00b5 c\u00abng t\u00b8c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng h\u00b5ng ng\u00b5y c\u00f1a ta - nh\u2212 th\u00d5 m\u00edi th\u00cam nhu\u00c7n. Nh\u2212 th\u00d5 m\u00edi c\u00e3 \u00ddch. \u00a7\u00a9y l\u00b5 m\u00e9t b\u00b6n b\u00f3t k\u00fd sau khi xem k\u00fc b\u00b5i lu\u00cbn m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n, ch\u00f8 kh\u00abng ph\u00b6i m\u00e9t b\u00b6n d\u00dech. N\u00d5u c\u00e3 ch\u00e7 n\u00b5o sai l\u00c7m, mong b\u00b9n \u00ae\u00e4c ph\u00aa b\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00d3 ch\u00f3ng t\u00abi s\u00f6a \u00ae\u00e6i. Ng\u00b5y k\u00fb ni\u00d6m C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Th\u00b8ng T\u00b8m 19-8-1952 C.B.","561 B\u00b5n v\u00d2 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n Mao Tr\u00b9ch \u00a7\u00abng (8-1937) \u00a7i\u00d2u c\u00a8n b\u00b6n nh\u00cat c\u00f1a duy v\u00cbt bi\u00d6n ch\u00f8ng l\u00b5 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n c\u00f1a s\u00f9 v\u00cbt, t\u00f8c l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00e8i l\u00cbp v\u00b5 th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat. L\u00aanin n\u00e3i: Bi\u00d6n ch\u00f8ng ph\u00b8p l\u00b5 nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u s\u00f9 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n trong b\u00b6n ch\u00cat c\u00f1a s\u00f9 v\u00cbt. L\u00aanin th\u2212\u00eang g\u00e4i m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n l\u00b5 c\u00b8i n\u00dfng ru\u00e9t c\u00f1a bi\u00d6n ch\u00f8ng ph\u00b8p. V\u00d7 v\u00cby, trong khi nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n, ch\u00f3ng ta ph\u00b6i x\u00d0t \u00ae\u00d5n nhi\u00d2u m\u00c6t v\u00b5 nhi\u00d2u v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 tri\u00d5t h\u00e4c. Nh\u00f7ng v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 \u00cay l\u00b5: 1. Hai v\u00f2 tr\u00f4 quan. 2. T\u00ddnh ph\u00e6 bi\u00d5n c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n. 3. T\u00ddnh ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n. 4. M\u00a9u thu\u00c9n ch\u00ddnh, v\u00b5 m\u00c6t ch\u00ddnh c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n. 5. T\u00ddnh \u00ae\u00e5ng nh\u00cat v\u00b5 t\u00ddnh chi\u00d5n \u00ae\u00cau c\u00f1a c\u00b8c m\u00c6t m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n. 6. Vai tr\u00df c\u00f1a s\u00f9 \u00ae\u00e8i kh\u00b8ng trong m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n. Hi\u00d3u r\u00e2 s\u00b8u v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 \u00cay, t\u00f8c l\u00b5 hi\u00d3u \u00ae\u2212\u00eec c\u00a8n b\u00b6n c\u00f1a duy v\u00cbt bi\u00d6n ch\u00f8ng. M\u00cay n\u00a8m g\u00c7n \u00ae\u00a9y, c\u00b8c nh\u00b5 tri\u00d5t h\u00e4c Li\u00aan X\u00ab c\u00abng k\u00ddch lu\u00cbn duy t\u00a9m c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00eab\u00abrin. Vi\u00d6c \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5m cho ch\u00f3ng ta r\u00cat h\u00f8ng th\u00f3. V\u00d7 lu\u00cbn \u00aei\u00d6u duy t\u00a9m \u00cay \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00e3 \u00b6nh h\u2212\u00ebng r\u00cat x\u00cau \u00ae\u00d5n \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n Trung Qu\u00e8c; v\u00d7 t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng gi\u00b8o \u00aei\u00d2u (m\u00b8y m\u00e3c) trong \u00a7\u00b6ng Trung Qu\u00e8c ch\u00deu \u00b6nh h\u2212\u00ebng c\u00f1a lu\u00cbn \u00aei\u00d6u duy t\u00a9m \u00cay. Cho n\u00aan m\u00f4c \u00ae\u00ddch ch\u00ddnh trong vi\u00d6c nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 tri\u00d5t h\u00e4c n\u00b5y, l\u00b5 c\u00e8t \u00ae\u00d3 qu\u00d0t s\u00b9ch t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng gi\u00b8o \u00aei\u00d2u.","562 h\u00e5 ch\u00dd minh to\u00b5n t\u00cbp 1. hai v\u00f2 tr\u00f4 quan T\u00f5 tr\u2212\u00edc \u00ae\u00d5n nay c\u00e3 hai v\u00f2 tr\u00f4 quan kh\u00b8c nhau: L\u00aanin n\u00e3i: \u00a7\u00e8i v\u00edi s\u00f9 ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n (ti\u00d5n h\u00e3a), c\u00e3 hai quan \u00aei\u00d3m kh\u00b8c nhau: M\u00e9t quan \u00aei\u00d3m th\u00d7 cho r\u00bbng ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n ch\u00d8 l\u00b5 s\u00f9 th\u00aam v\u00b5 b\u00edt, l\u00b5 s\u00f9 l\u00bep \u00aei l\u00bep l\u00b9i. M\u00e9t quan \u00aei\u00d3m kh\u00b8c th\u00d7 cho r\u00bbng: Ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n l\u00b5 s\u00f9 th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00e8i l\u00cbp (m\u00e9t s\u00f9 v\u00cbt th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat chia th\u00b5nh hai c\u00b8i \u00ae\u00e8i l\u00cbp, ch\u00e8ng l\u00c9n nhau, m\u00b5 l\u00b9i c\u00e3 quan h\u00d6 l\u00c9n nhau). \u00a7\u00e3 l\u00b5 hai v\u00f2 tr\u00f4 quan kh\u00b8c nhau. a) Quan ni\u00d6m duy t\u00a9m Trong m\u00e9t th\u00eai k\u00fa r\u00cat d\u00b5i, quan ni\u00d6m duy t\u00a9m \u00ae\u00b7 th\u00e8ng tr\u00de trong t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng c\u00f1a ng\u2212\u00eai ta. \u00eb ch\u00a9u \u00a2u, l\u00fd lu\u00cbn \u201cduy v\u00cbt\u201d c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap t\u2212 s\u00b6n trong th\u00eai k\u00fa \u00ae\u00c7u, c\u00f2ng thu\u00e9c lo\u00b9i duy t\u00a9m. V\u00d7 t\u00d7nh h\u00d7nh kinh t\u00d5 \u00eb nhi\u00d2u n\u2212\u00edc, ch\u00a9u \u00a2u \u00ae\u00b7 ti\u00d5n \u00ae\u00d5n ch\u00e7 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n cao; l\u00f9c l\u2212\u00eeng s\u00b6n xu\u00cat, \u00ae\u00cau tranh giai c\u00cap v\u00b5 khoa h\u00e4c c\u00efng ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n cao; giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n \u00ae\u00b7 tr\u00eb n\u00aan \u00ae\u00e9ng l\u00f9c r\u00cat l\u00edn trong s\u00f9 ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n c\u00f1a l\u00dech s\u00f6 - do \u00ae\u00e3 m\u00b5 c\u00e3 v\u00f2 tr\u00f4 quan theo duy v\u00cbt bi\u00d6n ch\u00f8ng c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b8c. T\u00f5 \u00ae\u00e3, ngo\u00b5i l\u00fd lu\u00cbn duy t\u00a9m, giai c\u00cap t\u2212 s\u00b6n l\u00b9i c\u00e3 nh\u00f7ng l\u00fd lu\u00cbn \u201cti\u00d5n h\u00e3a\u201d th\u00ab t\u00f4c, \u00ae\u00d3 ch\u00e8ng duy v\u00cbt bi\u00d6n ch\u00f8ng. Ph\u00b8i duy t\u00a9m xem x\u00d0t v\u00f2 tr\u00f4 b\u00bbng c\u00b8ch c\u00ab l\u00cbp, ng\u00f5ng \u00ae\u00e4ng, v\u00b5 m\u00e9t ph\u00dda. H\u00e4 cho r\u00bbng: Trong th\u00d5 gi\u00edi, t\u00cat c\u00b6 s\u00f9 v\u00cbt, t\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c lo\u00b5i v\u00b5 c\u00b8c h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c c\u00f1a c\u00b8c s\u00f9 v\u00cbt \u00ae\u00d2u lu\u00abn lu\u00abn c\u00ab l\u00cbp \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi nhau, v\u00b5 kh\u00abng bao gi\u00ea bi\u00d5n h\u00e3a. C\u00e3 bi\u00d5n h\u00e3a ch\u00a8ng n\u00f7a, c\u00f2ng ch\u00bcng qua l\u00b5 th\u00aam ho\u00c6c b\u00edt v\u00d2 s\u00e8 l\u2212\u00eeng, v\u00b5 thay \u00ae\u00e6i \u00ae\u00dea \u00aei\u00d3m m\u00b5 th\u00abi. M\u00b5 nguy\u00aan nh\u00a9n c\u00f1a s\u00f9 th\u00aam b\u00edt, thay \u00ae\u00e6i \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5 do s\u00f8c b\u00aan ngo\u00b5i th\u00f3c \u00ae\u00c8y, ch\u00f8 kh\u00abng ph\u00b6i do n\u00e9i b\u00e9 c\u00f1a s\u00f9 v\u00cbt \u00cay. H\u00e4 cho r\u00bbng: C\u00b8c s\u00f9 v\u00cbt v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00c6c t\u00ddnh c\u00f1a n\u00e3 kh\u00abng bao gi\u00ea thay \u00ae\u00e6i. D\u00ef c\u00e3 thay \u00ae\u00e6i, c\u00f2ng ch\u00bcng qua l\u00b5 con s\u00e8 th\u00aam to ho\u00c6c l\u00b5 b\u00edt nh\u00e1 m\u00b5 th\u00abi.","b\u00b5n v\u00d2 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n 563 H\u00e4 cho r\u00bbng: M\u00e7i s\u00f9 v\u00cbt ch\u00d8 c\u00e3 th\u00d3 sinh ra nh\u00f7ng s\u00f9 v\u00cbt gi\u00e8ng nhau, ch\u00f8 kh\u00abng th\u00d3 bi\u00d5n h\u00e3a th\u00b5nh m\u00e9t s\u00f9 v\u00cbt kh\u00b8c. H\u00e4 cho r\u00bbng: S\u00f9 b\u00e3c l\u00e9t c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n, s\u00f9 c\u00b9nh tranh v\u00b5 t\u00a9m l\u00fd c\u00b8 nh\u00a9n ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca c\u00f1a b\u00e4n t\u2212 b\u00b6n t\u00f5 x\u2212a \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00e3, v\u00b5 sau n\u00b5y c\u00f2ng v\u00c9n th\u00d5. N\u00e3i v\u00d2 nguy\u00aan nh\u00a9n c\u00f1a s\u00f9 ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n x\u00b7 h\u00e9i, th\u00d7 h\u00e4 cho r\u00bbng: \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5 v\u00d7 \u00ae\u00dea l\u00fd, v\u00d7 kh\u00dd h\u00cbu. H\u00e4 cho nguy\u00aan nh\u00a9n ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n l\u00b5 \u00eb ngo\u00b5i s\u00f9 v\u00cbt. H\u00e4 ch\u00e8ng l\u00b9i l\u00fd lu\u00cbn duy v\u00cbt bi\u00d6n ch\u00f8ng. V\u00d7 duy v\u00cbt bi\u00d6n ch\u00f8ng cho r\u00bbng: S\u00f9 v\u00cbt ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n l\u00b5 do m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n n\u00e9i b\u00e9 c\u00f1a n\u00e3 g\u00a9y n\u00aan. V\u00d7 v\u00cby, ph\u00b8i duy t\u00a9m kh\u00abng gi\u00b6i th\u00ddch \u00ae\u2212\u00eec v\u00d7 sao c\u00b8i ch\u00cat c\u00f1a s\u00f9 v\u00cbt c\u00e3 nhi\u00d2u th\u00f8, nhi\u00d2u h\u00b9ng? V\u00d7 sao ch\u00cat n\u00b5y c\u00e3 th\u00d3 bi\u00d5n h\u00e3a th\u00b5nh ch\u00cat kh\u00b8c? \u00eb ch\u00a9u \u00a2u, trong th\u00d5 k\u00fb th\u00f8 XVIII v\u00b5 XIX, t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng \u00cay l\u00b5 l\u00fd lu\u00cbn duy v\u00cbt m\u00b8y m\u00e3c; cu\u00e8i th\u00d5 k\u00fb XIX \u00ae\u00c7u th\u00d5 k\u00fb XX - l\u00b5 l\u00fd lu\u00cbn th\u00ab t\u00f4c v\u00d2 ti\u00d5n h\u00e3a. \u00eb Trung Qu\u00e8c, giai c\u00cap phong ki\u00d5n \u00ae\u00b7 \u00f1ng h\u00e9 l\u00fd lu\u00cbn duy t\u00a9m, nh\u2212: \u201cTr\u00eai kh\u00abng thay \u00ae\u00e6i, \u00ae\u00b9o c\u00f2ng kh\u00abng thay \u00ae\u00e6i\u201d. G\u00c7n 100 n\u00a8m nay, th\u00d7 giai c\u00cap t\u2212 s\u00b6n Trung Qu\u00e8c \u00f1ng h\u00e9 l\u00fd lu\u00cbn \u201cduy v\u00cbt m\u00b8y m\u00e3c\u201d v\u00b5 l\u00fd lu\u00cbn th\u00ab t\u00f4c v\u00d2 ti\u00d5n h\u00e3a, t\u00f5 ch\u00a9u \u00a2u \u00ae\u2212a v\u00b5o. b) Quan ni\u00d6m duy v\u00cbt bi\u00d6n ch\u00f8ng th\u00d7 ch\u00f1 tr\u2212\u00acng: Ph\u00b6i do n\u00e9i b\u00e9 c\u00f1a s\u00f9 v\u00cbt, do m\u00e8i quan h\u00d6 c\u00f1a s\u00f9 v\u00cbt n\u00b5y v\u00edi s\u00f9 v\u00cbt kh\u00b8c, m\u00b5 nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u s\u00f9 ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n c\u00f1a s\u00f9 v\u00cbt. T\u00f8c l\u00b5 s\u00f9 v\u00cbt ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n l\u00b5 c\u00b8i v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng t\u00cat nhi\u00aan \u00eb n\u00e9i b\u00e9; v\u00b5 s\u00f9 v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00f1a m\u00e7i s\u00f9 v\u00cbt th\u00d7 \u00ae\u00d2u li\u00aan h\u00d6 v\u00b5 \u00b6nh h\u2212\u00ebng l\u00c9n nhau v\u00edi nh\u00f7ng s\u00f9 v\u00cbt kh\u00b8c xung quanh n\u00e3. Nguy\u00aan nh\u00a9n ch\u00ddnh c\u00f1a s\u00f9 v\u00cbt ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n kh\u00abng ph\u00b6i \u00eb ngo\u00b5i s\u00f9 v\u00cbt, m\u00b5 \u00eb trong s\u00f9 v\u00cbt - \u00eb n\u00aci m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n c\u00f1a n\u00e9i b\u00e9 n\u00e3. N\u00e9i b\u00e9 c\u00f1a s\u00f9 v\u00cbt n\u00b5o c\u00f2ng c\u00e3 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n, do \u00ae\u00e3 m\u00b5 c\u00e3 v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng v\u00b5 ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n. M\u00a9u thu\u00c9n n\u00e9i b\u00e9 l\u00b5 nguy\u00aan nh\u00a9n ch\u00ddnh c\u00f1a s\u00f9 v\u00cbt ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n. S\u00f9 v\u00cbt n\u00b5y v\u00edi s\u00f9 v\u00cbt kh\u00b8c li\u00aan h\u00d6 v\u00b5 \u00b6nh h\u2212\u00ebng l\u00c9n nhau, l\u00b5 nguy\u00aan nh\u00a9n th\u00f8 hai c\u00f1a s\u00f9 v\u00cbt ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n. V\u00d7 v\u00cby, duy v\u00cbt bi\u00d6n ch\u00f8ng h\u00d5t s\u00f8c ph\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e8i c\u00b8i l\u00fd lu\u00cbn nguy\u00aan nh\u00a9n ngo\u00b5i, (b\u00de \u00ae\u00e9ng) c\u00f1a ph\u00b8i duy t\u00a9m.","564 h\u00e5 ch\u00dd minh to\u00b5n t\u00cbp Nguy\u00aan nh\u00a9n ngo\u00b5i ch\u00d8 \u00ae\u2212a \u00ae\u00d5n cho s\u00f9 v\u00cbt c\u00b8c v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00e3 t\u00ddnh ch\u00cat c\u00ac gi\u00edi nh\u2212: khu\u00abn kh\u00e6 to hay nh\u00e1, s\u00e8 l\u2212\u00eeng gi\u00b6m hay t\u00a8ng. Song nguy\u00aan nh\u00a9n ngo\u00b5i kh\u00abng gi\u00b6i th\u00ddch \u00ae\u2212\u00eec v\u00d7 sao ch\u00cat c\u00f1a s\u00f9 v\u00cbt kh\u00b8c nhau r\u00cat nhi\u00d2u? V\u00b5 v\u00d7 sao n\u00e3 bi\u00d5n h\u00e3a l\u00c9n nhau? S\u00f8c ngo\u00b5i c\u00f2ng ph\u00b6i th\u00abng qua m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n n\u00e9i b\u00e9 c\u00f1a s\u00f9 v\u00cbt m\u00b5 g\u00a9y n\u00aan v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00ac gi\u00edi (lo\u00b5i c\u00a9y c\u00e1 v\u00b5 lo\u00b5i th\u00f3 v\u00cbt). C\u00f2ng do n\u00e9i b\u00e9, m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n m\u00edi ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n v\u00d2 s\u00e8 l\u2212\u00eeng v\u00b5 ch\u00cat l\u2212\u00eeng. S\u00f9 ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n c\u00f1a x\u00b7 h\u00e9i c\u00f2ng do m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n n\u00e9i b\u00e9 m\u00b5 g\u00a9y n\u00aan. C\u00e3 nhi\u00d2u n\u2212\u00edc, \u00ae\u00dea l\u00fd v\u00b5 kh\u00dd h\u00cbu r\u00cat gi\u00e8ng nhau, nh\u2212ng ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n l\u00b9i r\u00cat kh\u00b8c nhau. C\u00e3 khi c\u00f2ng trong m\u00e9t n\u2212\u00edc, \u00ae\u00dea l\u00fd v\u00b5 kh\u00dd h\u00cbu kh\u00abng thay \u00ae\u00e6i g\u00d7 h\u00d5t, m\u00b5 x\u00b7 h\u00e9i th\u00d7 thay \u00ae\u00e6i r\u00cat nhi\u00d2u, nh\u2212 n\u2212\u00edc Nga \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c bi\u00d5n th\u00b5nh Li\u00aan X\u00ab x\u00b7 h\u00e9i ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca; Nh\u00cbt B\u00b6n phong ki\u00d5n bi\u00d5n th\u00b5nh Nh\u00cbt B\u00b6n \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c; \u00ae\u00b7 l\u00a9u \u00ae\u00eai Trung Qu\u00e8c l\u00b5 phong ki\u00d5n, g\u00c7n 100 n\u00a8m nay bi\u00d5n h\u00e3a r\u00cat nhi\u00d2u, v\u00b5 nay bi\u00d5n th\u00b5nh m\u00e9t n\u2212\u00edc Trung Qu\u00e8c m\u00edi. \u00a7\u00dea l\u00fd v\u00b5 kh\u00dd h\u00cbu c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc \u00cay v\u00c9n kh\u00abng thay \u00ae\u00e6i g\u00d7. \u00a7\u00dea l\u00fd v\u00b5 kh\u00dd h\u00cbu c\u00f2ng c\u00e3 thay \u00ae\u00e6i. Nh\u2212ng so v\u00edi s\u00f9 thay \u00ae\u00e6i c\u00f1a x\u00b7 h\u00e9i, th\u00d7 \u00ae\u00dea l\u00fd v\u00b5 kh\u00dd h\u00cbu thay \u00ae\u00e6i r\u00cat \u00ddt. \u00a7\u00dea l\u00fd v\u00b5 kh\u00dd h\u00cbu tr\u00b6i h\u00b5ng v\u00b9n n\u00a8m, m\u00edi thay \u00ae\u00e6i m\u00e9t ph\u00c7n n\u00b5o. X\u00b7 h\u00e9i th\u00d7 ch\u00d8 tr\u00b6i h\u00b5ng ng\u00b5n h\u00b5ng tr\u00a8m, h\u00b5ng ch\u00f4c n\u00a8m; trong th\u00eai k\u00fa c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng th\u00d7 ch\u00d8 tr\u00b6i m\u00cay n\u00a8m ho\u00c6c m\u00cay th\u00b8ng - \u00ae\u00b7 thay \u00ae\u00e6i r\u00cat nhi\u00d2u. Duy v\u00cbt bi\u00d6n ch\u00f8ng nh\u00cbn r\u00bbng: Gi\u00edi thi\u00aan nhi\u00aan thay \u00ae\u00e6i, ch\u00ddnh l\u00b5 v\u00d7 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n n\u00e9i b\u00e9 c\u00f1a n\u00e3 \u00ae\u00b7 ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n. X\u00b7 h\u00e9i thay \u00ae\u00e6i, ch\u00ddnh l\u00b5 v\u00d7 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n n\u00e9i b\u00e9 c\u00f1a x\u00b7 h\u00e9i \u00ae\u00b7 ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n - ngh\u00dca l\u00b5 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a l\u00f9c l\u2212\u00eeng s\u00b6n xu\u00cat v\u00b5 quan h\u00d6 s\u00b6n xu\u00cat, m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a c\u00b8c giai c\u00cap, m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a c\u00b8i m\u00edi v\u00b5 c\u00b8i c\u00f2, nh\u00f7ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n \u00cay ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n, n\u00e3 \u00ae\u00c8y x\u00b7 h\u00e9i ti\u00d5n l\u00aan, n\u00e3 \u00ae\u00c8y c\u00b8i m\u00edi thay th\u00d5 cho c\u00b8i c\u00f2. Ph\u00b6i ch\u00a8ng duy v\u00cbt bi\u00d6n ch\u00f8ng kh\u00abng nh\u00cbn nguy\u00aan nh\u00a9n ngo\u00b5i? C\u00e3. Nguy\u00aan nh\u00a9n ngo\u00b5i l\u00b5 \u00aei\u00d2u ki\u00d6n c\u00f1a s\u00f9 bi\u00d5n h\u00e3a, nguy\u00aan nh\u00a9n trong l\u00b5 n\u00d2n t\u00b6ng c\u00f1a s\u00f9 bi\u00d5n h\u00e3a. Nguy\u00aan nh\u00a9n ngo\u00b5i ph\u00b6i kinh","b\u00b5n v\u00d2 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n 565 qua nguy\u00aan nh\u00a9n trong m\u00edi c\u00e3 t\u00b8c d\u00f4ng. Th\u00dd d\u00f4: Tr\u00f8ng g\u00b5 \u00ae\u00f1 h\u00aci \u00cam th\u00d7 n\u00eb ra g\u00b5 con; song d\u00ef \u00cam m\u00cay, m\u00e9t vi\u00aan \u00ae\u00b8 c\u00f2ng kh\u00abng th\u00d3 n\u00eb ra g\u00b5 con - v\u00d7 qu\u00b6 tr\u00f8ng v\u00b5 vi\u00aan \u00ae\u00b8 c\u00a8n b\u00b6n kh\u00b8c nhau. Nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc c\u00f2ng \u00b6nh h\u2212\u00ebng l\u00c9n nhau. Nh\u00cat l\u00b5 \u00eb th\u00eai \u00ae\u00b9i \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng v\u00ab s\u00b6n, th\u00d7 ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de, kinh t\u00d5, v\u00a8n h\u00e3a c\u00f1a c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc \u00b6nh h\u2212\u00ebng l\u00c9n nhau r\u00cat nhi\u00d2u. C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Th\u00b8ng M\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00b7 m\u00eb m\u00e9t k\u00fb nguy\u00aan m\u00edi kh\u00abng nh\u00f7ng cho n\u2212\u00edc Nga, m\u00b5 cho c\u00b6 th\u00d5 gi\u00edi, n\u00e3 \u00b6nh h\u2212\u00ebng \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00e9i b\u00e9 bi\u00d5n h\u00e3a c\u00f1a c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc tr\u00aan th\u00d5 gi\u00edi; \u00b6nh h\u2212\u00ebng r\u00cat s\u00a9u r\u00e9ng \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00e9i b\u00e9 bi\u00d5n h\u00e3a c\u00f1a Trung Qu\u00e8c. Song \u00b6nh h\u2212\u00ebng \u00cay \u00ae\u00b7 th\u00abng qua quy lu\u00cbt n\u00e9i b\u00e9 c\u00f1a c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc m\u00b5 g\u00a9y n\u00aan. Hai qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i \u00ae\u00b8nh nhau, m\u00e9t th\u00beng m\u00e9t b\u00b9i; th\u00beng v\u00b5 b\u00b9i \u00ae\u00d2u do nguy\u00aan nh\u00a9n n\u00e9i b\u00e9 m\u00b5 quy\u00d5t \u00ae\u00denh. Ho\u00c6c v\u00d7 m\u00b9nh, ho\u00c6c v\u00d7 ch\u00d8 huy gi\u00e1i, m\u00b5 th\u00beng. Ho\u00c6c v\u00d7 y\u00d5u, ho\u00c6c v\u00d7 ch\u00d8 huy k\u00d0m, m\u00b5 b\u00b9i. Ph\u00b6i th\u00abng qua nguy\u00aan nh\u00a9n trong th\u00d7 nguy\u00aan nh\u00a9n ngo\u00b5i m\u00edi c\u00e3 t\u00b8c d\u00f4ng. Th\u00dd d\u00f4: - N\u00a8m 1927, giai c\u00cap \u00ae\u00b9i t\u2212 s\u00b6n Trung Qu\u00e8c th\u00beng giai c\u00cap v\u00ab s\u00b6n, v\u00d7 n\u00e9i b\u00e9 c\u00f1a v\u00ab s\u00b6n (n\u00e9i b\u00e9 c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n) m\u00bec ph\u00b6i b\u00d6nh c\u00ac h\u00e9i. Khi \u00ae\u00b7 thanh to\u00b8n xong b\u00d6nh c\u00ac h\u00e9i, th\u00d7 c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Trung Qu\u00e8c l\u00b9i ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n. V\u00d2 sau, c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng l\u00b9i b\u00de \u00ae\u00dfn n\u00c6ng, v\u00d7 trong \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n c\u00e3 b\u00d6nh m\u00b9o hi\u00d3m. Khi thanh to\u00b8n xong b\u00d6nh m\u00b9o hi\u00d3m, th\u00d7 c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng l\u00b9i ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n. Cho n\u00aan, mu\u00e8n l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng \u00ae\u00d5n th\u00beng l\u00eei, th\u00d7 \u00a7\u00b6ng ph\u00b6i d\u00f9a v\u00b5o \u00ae\u2212\u00eang l\u00e8i ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de \u00ae\u00f8ng \u00ae\u00ben v\u00b5 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c v\u00f7ng ch\u00bec c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh. \u00eb Trung Qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 \u00eb ch\u00a9u \u00a2u, t\u00f5 \u00ae\u00eai x\u2212a \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00e3 c\u00b8ch xem x\u00d0t v\u00f2 tr\u00f4 b\u00bbng bi\u00d6n ch\u00f8ng ph\u00b8p. Nh\u2212ng bi\u00d6n ch\u00f8ng ph\u00b8p \u00ae\u00eai x\u2212a c\u00e3 t\u00ddnh ch\u00cat \u201ct\u00f9 ph\u00b8t\u201d v\u00b5 th\u00ab s\u00ac; v\u00d7 \u00aei\u00d2u ki\u00d6n l\u00f3c \u00ae\u00e3 ch\u2212a c\u00e3 th\u00d3 c\u00e3 m\u00e9t l\u00fd lu\u00cbn \u00ae\u00c7y \u00ae\u00f1, cho n\u00aan kh\u00abng th\u00d3 ho\u00b5n to\u00b5n hi\u00d3u bi\u00d5t v\u00f2 tr\u00f4. V\u00d2 sau, l\u00fd lu\u00cbn duy t\u00a9m thay th\u00d5 n\u00e3. Cu\u00e8i th\u00d5 k\u00fb XVIII \u00ae\u00c7u th\u00d5 k\u00fb XIX, nh\u00b5 tri\u00d5t h\u00e4c \u00a7\u00f8c l\u00b5 H\u00aaghen \u00ae\u00b7 n\u00e3i nhi\u00d2u v\u00d2 bi\u00d6n ch\u00f8ng ph\u00b8p. Nh\u2212ng bi\u00d6n ch\u00f8ng ph\u00b8p c\u00f1a H\u00aaghen l\u00b5 m\u00e9t bi\u00d6n ch\u00f8ng ph\u00b8p duy t\u00a9m.","566 h\u00e5 ch\u00dd minh to\u00b5n t\u00cbp M\u00b8c v\u00b5 \u00a1ngghen m\u00edi t\u00cbp trung nh\u00f7ng k\u00d5t qu\u00b6 t\u00ddch c\u00f9c c\u00f1a s\u00f9 hi\u00d3u bi\u00d5t c\u00f1a lo\u00b5i ng\u2212\u00eai, \u00ae\u00b7 thu g\u00e3p nh\u00f7ng b\u00e9 ph\u00cbn h\u00eep l\u00fd trong bi\u00d6n ch\u00f8ng ph\u00b8p c\u00f1a H\u00aaghen, m\u00b5 s\u00b8ng t\u00b9o ra duy v\u00cbt bi\u00d6n ch\u00f8ng v\u00b5 duy v\u00cbt l\u00dech s\u00f6. \u00a7\u00e3 l\u00b5 m\u00e9t cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00b9i c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng trong l\u00dech s\u00f6 hi\u00d3u bi\u00d5t c\u00f1a lo\u00b5i ng\u2212\u00eai. V\u00d2 sau, L\u00aanin v\u00b5 Xtalin l\u00b9i ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n th\u00aam l\u00fd lu\u00cbn \u00cay. Khi l\u00fd lu\u00cbn \u00cay truy\u00d2n \u00ae\u00d5n Trung Qu\u00e8c, n\u00e3 \u00ae\u00b7 l\u00b5m cho t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng \u00eb Trung Qu\u00e8c thay \u00ae\u00e6i r\u00cat nhi\u00d2u. C\u00b8ch xem x\u00d0t v\u00f2 tr\u00f4 theo bi\u00d6n ch\u00f8ng ph\u00b8p d\u00b9y cho ng\u2212\u00eai ta xem x\u00d0t v\u00b5 ph\u00a9n t\u00b8ch s\u00f9 v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n c\u00f1a m\u00e4i s\u00f9 v\u00cbt, r\u00e5i do \u00ae\u00e3 m\u00b5 n\u00aau ra c\u00b8ch gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t c\u00b8c m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n. V\u00d7 v\u00cby, hi\u00d3u r\u00e2 r\u00b5ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n c\u00f1a c\u00b8c s\u00f9 v\u00cbt l\u00b5 \u00aei\u00d2u r\u00cat quan tr\u00e4ng cho ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng. 2. t\u00ddnh ph\u00e6 bi\u00d5n c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n L\u00aanin v\u00b5 Xtalin \u00b8p d\u00f4ng duy v\u00cbt bi\u00d6n ch\u00f8ng \u00ae\u00d3 ph\u00a9n t\u00ddch l\u00dech s\u00f6 lo\u00b5i ng\u2212\u00eai v\u00b5 l\u00dech s\u00f6 thi\u00aan nhi\u00aan, \u00b8p d\u00f4ng n\u00e3 v\u00b5o vi\u00d6c c\u00b6i c\u00b8ch x\u00b7 h\u00e9i v\u00b5 c\u00b6i c\u00b8ch thi\u00aan nhi\u00aan, \u00ae\u00b7 th\u00b5nh c\u00abng r\u00cat to. V\u00d7 v\u00cby m\u00b5 t\u00ddnh ph\u00e6 bi\u00d5n c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec nhi\u00d2u ng\u2212\u00eai th\u00f5a nh\u00cbn. Song t\u00ddnh ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n th\u00d7 nhi\u00d2u ng\u2212\u00eai ch\u2212a hi\u00d3u r\u00e2, nh\u00cat l\u00b5 ph\u00b8i gi\u00b8o \u00aei\u00d2u c\u00b5ng kh\u00abng hi\u00d3u r\u00e2. H\u00e4 kh\u00abng hi\u00d3u r\u00bbng: T\u00ddnh ph\u00e6 bi\u00d5n n\u00bbm trong t\u00ddnh ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n. H\u00e4 kh\u00abng hi\u00d3u r\u00bbng: Nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u k\u00fc c\u00b5ng t\u00ddnh ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t c\u00f1a m\u00e7i s\u00f9 v\u00cbt c\u00f4 th\u00d3 l\u00b5 r\u00cat quan tr\u00e4ng cho s\u00f9 ch\u00d8 \u00ae\u00b9o c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng. M\u00e7i khi ph\u00a9n t\u00ddch m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n c\u00f1a m\u00e7i s\u00f9 v\u00cbt, tr\u2212\u00edc h\u00d5t ph\u00b6i ph\u00a9n t\u00ddch t\u00ddnh ph\u00e6 bi\u00d5n c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n, r\u00e5i ph\u00a9n t\u00ddch t\u00ddnh ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n, r\u00e5i tr\u00eb l\u00b9i t\u00ddnh ph\u00e6 bi\u00d5n c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n. T\u00ddnh ph\u00e6 bi\u00d5n (t\u00ddnh tuy\u00d6t \u00ae\u00e8i) c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n c\u00e3 hai \u00fd ngh\u00dca: M\u00e9t l\u00b5, m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n \u00eb trong qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n c\u00f1a t\u00cat c\u00b6 m\u00e4i s\u00f9 v\u00cbt. Hai l\u00b5, trong qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n c\u00f1a m\u00e7i m\u00e9t s\u00f9 v\u00cbt \u00ae\u00d2u c\u00e3 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n t\u00f5 \u00ae\u00c7u \u00ae\u00d5n cu\u00e8i. \u00a1ngghen n\u00e3i: B\u00b6n th\u00a9n v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng l\u00b5 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n.","b\u00b5n v\u00d2 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n 567 L\u00aanin n\u00e3i: T\u00cat c\u00b6 hi\u00d6n t\u2212\u00eeng v\u00b5 qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh c\u00f1a gi\u00edi thi\u00aan nhi\u00aan (k\u00d3 c\u00b6 tinh th\u00c7n v\u00b5 x\u00b7 h\u00e9i) \u00ae\u00d2u m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n l\u00c9n nhau, b\u00b5i b\u00b8c l\u00c9n nhau, ch\u00e8ng ch\u00e4i l\u00c9n nhau. Ngh\u00dca l\u00b5: T\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c s\u00f9 v\u00cbt \u00ae\u00d2u bao g\u00e5m s\u00f9 \u00ae\u00cau tranh l\u00c9n nhau, n\u2212\u00acng t\u00f9a l\u00c9n nhau trong m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n, n\u00e3 quy\u00d5t \u00ae\u00denh sinh m\u00d6nh c\u00f1a m\u00e4i s\u00f9 v\u00cbt v\u00b5 l\u00b5m cho m\u00e4i s\u00f9 v\u00cbt ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n. M\u00e4i s\u00f9 v\u00cbt \u00ae\u00d2u c\u00e3 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n. Kh\u00abng c\u00e3 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n th\u00d7 kh\u00abng c\u00e3 s\u00f9 v\u00cbt. M\u00a9u thu\u00c9n l\u00b5 n\u00d2n t\u00b6ng c\u00f1a h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng gi\u00b6n \u00ae\u00acn (th\u00dd d\u00f4 v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00e3 t\u00ddnh m\u00b8y m\u00e3c). M\u00a9u thu\u00c9n c\u00b5ng l\u00b5 n\u00d2n t\u00b6ng c\u00f1a h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng ph\u00f8c t\u00b9p. \u00a1ngghen n\u00e3i: N\u00d5u v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng gi\u00b6n \u00ae\u00acn \u00ae\u00b7 g\u00e5m c\u00e3 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n, th\u00d7 h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng ph\u00f8c t\u00b9p c\u00f1a v\u00cbt ch\u00cat (nh\u00cat l\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng lo\u00b5i c\u00e3 sinh m\u00d6nh v\u00b5 s\u00f9 ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n c\u00f1a n\u00e3), l\u00b9i c\u00b5ng bao g\u00e5m m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n... Sinh m\u00d6nh l\u00b5: Trong m\u00e7i nh\u00b8y m\u00bet, lo\u00b5i v\u00cbt l\u00b5 t\u00f9 m\u00d7nh n\u00e3, l\u00b9i l\u00b5 m\u00e9t th\u00f8 g\u00d7 kh\u00b8c. Cho n\u00aan sinh m\u00d6nh l\u00b5 m\u00e9t th\u00f8 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n n\u00e3 t\u00e5n t\u00b9i trong h\u00d7nh th\u00d3 v\u00b5 qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh, n\u00e3 lu\u00abn lu\u00abn n\u00b6y n\u00eb v\u00b5 lu\u00abn lu\u00abn t\u00f9 gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t. H\u00d5t m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n th\u00d7 h\u00d5t sinh m\u00d6nh, t\u00f8c l\u00b5 ch\u00d5t. T\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng c\u00f2ng c\u00e3 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n. Th\u00dd d\u00f4: N\u00a8ng l\u00f9c hi\u00d3u bi\u00d5t v\u00ab h\u00b9n c\u00f1a lo\u00b5i ng\u2212\u00eai m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n v\u00edi s\u00f9 h\u00b9n ch\u00d5 b\u00aan ngo\u00b5i, m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n v\u00edi s\u00f8c th\u00abng minh c\u00f1a m\u00e7i m\u00e9t ng\u2212\u00eai. Do lo\u00b5i ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00eai n\u00b5y ti\u00d5p \u00ae\u00d5n \u00ae\u00eai kh\u00b8c, v\u00b5 do s\u00f9 ti\u00d5n b\u00e9 kh\u00abng ng\u00f5ng, m\u00b5 gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng. L\u00aanin n\u00e3i: T\u00ddnh ph\u00e6 bi\u00d5n c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n l\u00b5 nh\u2212: Trong to\u00b8n h\u00e4c l\u00b5 s\u00e8 ch\u00ddnh v\u00b5 s\u00e8 ph\u00f4, s\u00e8 t\u00a8ng v\u00b5 s\u00e8 gi\u00b6m. Trong v\u00cbt l\u00fd h\u00e4c l\u00b5 \u00aei\u00d6n \u00a9m v\u00b5 \u00aei\u00d6n d\u2212\u00acng. Trong h\u00e3a h\u00e4c l\u00b5 nguy\u00aan t\u00f6 h\u00eep v\u00b5 tan. Trong khoa h\u00e4c x\u00b7 h\u00e9i l\u00b5 giai c\u00cap \u00ae\u00cau tranh. Trong chi\u00d5n tranh l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b8nh v\u00b5 gi\u00f7, ti\u00d5n v\u00b5 tho\u00b8i, th\u00beng v\u00b5 b\u00b9i - \u00a7\u00e3 \u00ae\u00d2u l\u00b5 hi\u00d6n t\u2212\u00eeng c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n. M\u00e9t b\u00aan m\u00cat \u00aei th\u00d7 b\u00aan kia c\u00f2ng kh\u00abng c\u00dfn. Hai b\u00aan ch\u00e8ng nhau, m\u00b5 l\u00b9i li\u00aan h\u00d6 v\u00edi nhau, nh\u2212 v\u00cby m\u00edi th\u00b5nh chi\u00d5n tranh, \u00ae\u00c8y chi\u00d5n tranh ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n, v\u00b5 gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t chi\u00d5n tranh.","568 h\u00e5 ch\u00dd minh to\u00b5n t\u00cbp M\u00e7i m\u00e9t \u00aei\u00d3m kh\u00b8c nhau trong t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng c\u00f1a ng\u2212\u00eai ta, \u00ae\u00d2u l\u00b5 ph\u00b6n \u00b8nh c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n kh\u00b8ch quan. M\u00a9u thu\u00c9n kh\u00b8ch quan ph\u00b6n \u00b8nh v\u00b5o t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng ch\u00f1 quan, l\u00b5m th\u00b5nh s\u00f9 v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00f1a t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng, n\u00e3 l\u00b5m cho t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n, n\u00e3 li\u00aan ti\u00d5p gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t nh\u00f7ng v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng c\u00f1a ng\u2212\u00eai ta. Trong \u00a7\u00b6ng th\u2212\u00eang c\u00e3 \u00ae\u00cau tranh t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng, \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5 do m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a c\u00b8c giai c\u00cap trong x\u00b7 h\u00e9i v\u00b5 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a c\u00b8i m\u00edi v\u00b5 c\u00b8i c\u00f2 ph\u00b6n \u00b8nh v\u00b5o trong \u00a7\u00b6ng. N\u00d5u trong \u00a7\u00b6ng kh\u00abng c\u00e3 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00cau tranh t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng \u00ae\u00d3 gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n, th\u00d7 sinh m\u00d6nh c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng c\u00f2ng h\u00d5t. V\u00ab lu\u00cbn h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng gi\u00b6n \u00ae\u00acn ho\u00c6c h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng ph\u00f8c t\u00b9p, v\u00ab lu\u00cbn hi\u00d6n t\u2212\u00eeng kh\u00b8ch quan ho\u00c6c hi\u00d6n t\u2212\u00eeng t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng, ch\u00e7 n\u00b5o c\u00f2ng c\u00e3 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n, qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh n\u00b5o c\u00f2ng c\u00e3 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n. Ph\u00b6i ch\u00a8ng m\u00e7i m\u00e9t qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh b\u00bet \u00ae\u00c7u l\u00b5 c\u00e3 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n? Ph\u00b6i ch\u00a8ng qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n c\u00f1a m\u00e7i s\u00f9 v\u00cbt \u00ae\u00d2u c\u00e3 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n t\u00f5 \u00ae\u00c7u \u00ae\u00d5n cu\u00e8i? Ph\u00b8i \u00a7\u00eab\u00abrin cho r\u00bbng: M\u00a9u thu\u00c9n kh\u00abng ph\u00b8t hi\u00d6n ngay l\u00f3c qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh b\u00bet \u00ae\u00c7u, ph\u00b6i \u00ae\u00d5n m\u00e9t giai \u00aeo\u00b9n ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n n\u00b5o \u00ae\u00e3, m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n m\u00edi ph\u00b8t hi\u00d6n. N\u00d5u theo l\u00fd lu\u00cbn \u00cay, th\u00d7 tr\u2212\u00edc giai \u00aeo\u00b9n \u00ae\u00e3, nguy\u00aan nh\u00a9n c\u00f1a qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n kh\u00abng ph\u00b6i do n\u00e9i b\u00e9, m\u00b5 do b\u00aan ngo\u00b5i. Th\u00d5 l\u00b5 \u00a7\u00eab\u00abrin quay v\u00d2 l\u00fd lu\u00cbn duy t\u00a9m. Ph\u00b8i \u00a7\u00eab\u00abrin d\u00f9a v\u00b5o l\u00fd lu\u00cbn \u00cay m\u00b5 ph\u00a9n t\u00ddch nh\u00f7ng v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 c\u00f4 th\u00d3, cho n\u00aan h\u00e4 nh\u00cbn r\u00bbng \u00eb Li\u00aan X\u00ab gi\u00f7a ph\u00f3 n\u00abng v\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng n\u00abng d\u00a9n kh\u00b8c, ch\u00d8 c\u00e3 ch\u00e7 kh\u00b8c nhau, ch\u00f8 kh\u00abng c\u00e3 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n (c\u00f2ng nh\u2212 \u00fd ki\u00d5n Bucarin). L\u00fd lu\u00cbn \u00a7\u00eab\u00abrin tr\u00b8i h\u00bcn v\u00edi ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b8c. H\u00e4 kh\u00abng hi\u00d3u r\u00bbng: kh\u00b8c nhau t\u00f8c l\u00b5 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n. T\u00f5 l\u00f3c c\u00e3 giai c\u00cap, th\u00d7 gi\u00f7a c\u00abng nh\u00a9n v\u00b5 t\u2212 b\u00b6n \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00e3 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n, nh\u2212ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n ch\u2212a k\u00dech li\u00d6t th\u00abi. D\u00ef \u00eb Li\u00aan X\u00ab, gi\u00f7a c\u00abng nh\u00a9n v\u00b5 n\u00abng d\u00a9n c\u00f2ng c\u00e3 s\u00f9 kh\u00b8c nhau. Kh\u00b8c nhau t\u00f8c l\u00b5 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n, nh\u2212ng kh\u00abng gi\u00e8ng","b\u00b5n v\u00d2 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n 569 nh\u2212 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a c\u00abng nh\u00a9n v\u00b5 t\u2212 b\u00b6n, kh\u00abng \u00aei \u00ae\u00d5n ch\u00e8ng ch\u00e4i nhau, kh\u00abng d\u00efng \u00ae\u00cau tranh giai c\u00cap; trong c\u00abng cu\u00e9c x\u00a9y d\u00f9ng ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca x\u00b7 h\u00e9i, h\u00e4 c\u00f1ng c\u00e8 li\u00aan minh c\u00abng n\u00abng, v\u00b5 do s\u00f9 ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n t\u00f5 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca x\u00b7 h\u00e9i \u00ae\u00d5n ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n, m\u00b5 d\u00c7n d\u00c7n gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n \u00cay. \u00a7\u00e3 l\u00b5 t\u00ddnh ch\u00cat m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n kh\u00abng gi\u00e8ng nhau, ch\u00f8 kh\u00abng ph\u00b6i l\u00b5 kh\u00abng c\u00e3 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n. M\u00a9u thu\u00c9n l\u00b5 ph\u00e6 bi\u00d5n, l\u00b5 tuy\u00d6t \u00ae\u00e8i, n\u00e3 \u00eb trong t\u00cat c\u00b6 qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n c\u00f1a s\u00f9 v\u00cbt, n\u00e3 l\u00b9i \u00aei t\u00f5 \u00ae\u00c7u \u00ae\u00d5n cu\u00e8i t\u00cat c\u00b6 m\u00e4i qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh. Qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh m\u00edi ph\u00b8t sinh th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? S\u00f9 th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat c\u00f2 v\u00b5 th\u00b5nh ph\u00c7n m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n c\u00f1a n\u00e3 \u00ae\u00b7 nh\u2212\u00eang ch\u00e7 cho s\u00f9 th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat m\u00edi v\u00b5 th\u00b5nh ph\u00c7n m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n c\u00f1a th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat m\u00edi, t\u00f8c l\u00b5 qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh m\u00edi thay th\u00d5 cho qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh c\u00f2. Qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh c\u00f2 k\u00d5t th\u00f3c r\u00e5i, qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh m\u00edi ph\u00b8t sinh r\u00e5i, qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh m\u00edi l\u00b9i bao g\u00e5m m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n m\u00edi, m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n m\u00edi l\u00b9i b\u00bet \u00ae\u00c7u ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n. Quy\u00d3n T\u2212 b\u00b6n lu\u00cbn c\u00f1a M\u00b8c l\u00b5 m\u00e9t ki\u00d3u m\u00c9u cho c\u00b8ch ph\u00a9n t\u00ddch c\u00b8c m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n t\u00f5 \u00ae\u00c7u \u00ae\u00d5n cu\u00e8i trong qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n c\u00f1a s\u00f9 v\u00cbt. V\u00ab lu\u00cbn nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n c\u00f1a s\u00f9 v\u00cbt n\u00b5o, c\u00f2ng c\u00c7n ph\u00b6i h\u00e4c c\u00b8ch ph\u00a9n t\u00ddch c\u00f1a M\u00b8c. Trong quy\u00d3n T\u2212 b\u00b6n lu\u00cbn, tr\u2212\u00edc h\u00d5t M\u00b8c ph\u00a9n t\u00ddch m\u00e8i quan h\u00d6 gi\u00b6n \u00ae\u00acn nh\u00cat, ph\u00e6 th\u00abng nh\u00cat, c\u00a8n b\u00b6n nh\u00cat, b\u00d7nh th\u2212\u00eang nh\u00cat m\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai ta th\u2212\u00eang th\u00cay - t\u00f8c l\u00b5 vi\u00d6c trao \u00ae\u00e6i th\u2212\u00acng ph\u00c8m. Khi ph\u00a9n t\u00ddch nh\u00f7ng hi\u00d6n t\u2212\u00eeng r\u00cat gi\u00b6n \u00ae\u00acn \u00ae\u00e3, M\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b7 v\u00b9ch r\u00e2 t\u00cat c\u00b6 nh\u00f7ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n (v\u00b5 m\u00c7m r\u00d4 c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n) c\u00f1a x\u00b7 h\u00e9i ng\u00b5y nay. R\u00e5i l\u00b9i v\u00b9ch r\u00e2 s\u00f9 ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n t\u00f5 \u00ae\u00c7u \u00ae\u00d5n cu\u00e8i c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n \u00cay trong c\u00b8c b\u00e9 ph\u00cbn c\u00f1a x\u00b7 h\u00e9i. L\u00aanin n\u00e3i: C\u00b8ch tr\u00d7nh b\u00b5y v\u00b5 nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u bi\u00d6n ch\u00f8ng ph\u00b8p c\u00c7n ph\u00b6i nh\u2212 th\u00d5. Ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n c\u00c7n ph\u00b6i h\u00e4c \u00ae\u2212\u00eec c\u00b8ch \u00cay, m\u00edi ph\u00a9n t\u00ddch \u00ae\u00f3ng l\u00dech s\u00f6 c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng, hi\u00d6n tr\u00b9ng c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng, v\u00b5 suy \u00aeo\u00b8n \u00ae\u2212\u00eec t\u2212\u00acng lai c\u00f1a c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng.","570 h\u00e5 ch\u00dd minh to\u00b5n t\u00cbp 3. t\u00ddnh ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n M\u00a9u thu\u00c9n \u00eb trong qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n c\u00f1a t\u00cat c\u00b6 m\u00e4i s\u00f9 v\u00cbt, m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n xuy\u00aan qua t\u00f5 \u00ae\u00c7u \u00ae\u00d5n cu\u00e8i qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n c\u00f1a m\u00e7i m\u00e9t s\u00f9 v\u00cbt - \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5 t\u00ddnh ph\u00e6 bi\u00d5n v\u00b5 tuy\u00d6t \u00ae\u00e8i c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n. T\u00ddnh ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t (t\u00ddnh t\u2212\u00acng \u00ae\u00e8i) c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n l\u00b5 g\u00d7? M\u00a9u thu\u00c9n trong t\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00f1a t\u00cat c\u00b6 v\u00cbt ch\u00cat, \u00ae\u00d2u c\u00e3 t\u00ddnh ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t. Ng\u2212\u00eai ta nh\u00cbn bi\u00d5t v\u00cbt ch\u00cat, l\u00b5 nh\u00cbn bi\u00d5t c\u00b8i h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00f1a v\u00cbt ch\u00cat. V\u00d7 ngo\u00b5i v\u00cbt ch\u00cat v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng, th\u00d7 th\u00d5 gi\u00edi kh\u00abng c\u00e3 g\u00d7 n\u00f7a h\u00d5t, m\u00b5 s\u00f9 v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00f1a v\u00cbt ch\u00cat th\u00d7 c\u00e3 h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c nh\u00cat \u00ae\u00denh. \u00a7\u00e8i v\u00edi m\u00e7i m\u00e9t h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng kh\u00b8c c\u00f1a v\u00cbt ch\u00cat, \u00bet ph\u00b6i ch\u00f3 \u00fd \u00ae\u00d5n ch\u00e7 n\u00e3 gi\u00e8ng nhau v\u00edi c\u00b8c h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng kh\u00b8c. Nh\u2212ng quan tr\u00e4ng h\u00acn n\u00f7a, l\u00b5 ch\u00f3 \u00fd \u00ae\u00d5n ch\u00e7 ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t c\u00f1a n\u00e3, v\u00d7 do \u00ae\u00e3 ta m\u00edi nh\u00cbn bi\u00d5t n\u00e3. Ph\u00b6i ch\u00f3 \u00fd ch\u00e7 ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t \u00ae\u00e3, m\u00edi c\u00e3 th\u00d3 ph\u00a9n bi\u00d6t \u00ae\u2212\u00eec s\u00f9 v\u00cbt. V\u00ab lu\u00cbn h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng n\u00b5o, n\u00e9i b\u00e9 n\u00e3 c\u00f2ng c\u00e3 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t. M\u00a9u thu\u00c9n ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t \u00cay g\u00a9y n\u00aan b\u00b6n ch\u00cat c\u00f1a s\u00f9 v\u00cbt n\u00b5y kh\u00b8c nhau v\u00edi s\u00f9 v\u00cbt kh\u00b8c. \u00a7\u00e3 l\u00b5 c\u00b8i nguy\u00aan nh\u00a9n n\u00e9i b\u00e9, n\u00e3 l\u00b5m cho h\u00b5ng ngh\u00d7n, h\u00b5ng v\u00b9n s\u00f9 v\u00cbt kh\u00b8c nhau. Gi\u00edi thi\u00aan nhi\u00aan c\u00e3 nhi\u00d2u h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng kh\u00b8c nhau, nh\u2212: v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00ac gi\u00edi, ti\u00d5ng k\u00aau, \u00b8nh s\u00b8ng, h\u00aci n\u00e3ng, lu\u00e5ng \u00aei\u00d6n, v.v.. Nh\u00f7ng h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng \u00ae\u00e3, \u00ae\u00d2u n\u2212\u00acng d\u00f9a l\u00c9n nhau, m\u00b5 b\u00b6n ch\u00cat l\u00b9i kh\u00b8c nhau. M\u00e7i m\u00e9t b\u00b6n ch\u00cat ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t c\u00f1a m\u00e7i h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00f1a v\u00cbt ch\u00cat \u00ae\u00d2u do m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t c\u00f1a n\u00e3 quy \u00ae\u00denh. Ch\u00bcng nh\u00f7ng trong gi\u00edi thi\u00aan nhi\u00aan nh\u2212 th\u00d5, trong x\u00b7 h\u00e9i v\u00b5 trong t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng c\u00f2ng nh\u2212 th\u00d5. M\u00e7i m\u00e9t h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c x\u00b7 h\u00e9i v\u00b5 m\u00e7i m\u00e9t h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng \u00ae\u00d2u c\u00e3 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t v\u00b5 b\u00b6n ch\u00cat ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t c\u00f1a n\u00e3. M\u00e7i m\u00abn khoa h\u00e4c, l\u00b5 c\u00a8n c\u00f8 theo t\u00ddnh m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00e8i t\u2212\u00eeng c\u00f1a m\u00abn \u00cay. Nh\u2212: To\u00b8n h\u00e4c th\u00d7 c\u00e3 s\u00e8 t\u00a8ng s\u00e8 gi\u00b6m. V\u00cbt l\u00fd h\u00e4c th\u00d7 c\u00e3 \u00aei\u00d6n \u00a9m v\u00b5 \u00aei\u00d6n d\u2212\u00acng. H\u00e3a h\u00e4c th\u00d7 c\u00e3 ch\u00cat h\u00eep ch\u00cat tan. Khoa h\u00e4c x\u00b7 h\u00e9i th\u00d7 c\u00e3 l\u00f9c l\u2212\u00eeng s\u00b6n xu\u00cat v\u00b5 quan h\u00d6 s\u00b6n","b\u00b5n v\u00d2 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n 571 xu\u00cat, giai c\u00cap v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00cau tranh giai c\u00cap. Trong qu\u00a9n s\u00f9 th\u00d7 c\u00e3 ti\u00d5n c\u00abng v\u00b5 ph\u00dfng ng\u00f9. Trong tri\u00d5t h\u00e4c th\u00d7 c\u00e3 duy t\u00a9m v\u00b5 duy v\u00cbt, c\u00e3 \u201chuy\u00d2n h\u00e4c\u201d v\u00b5 bi\u00d6n ch\u00f8ng ph\u00b8p, v.v.. - V\u00d7 \u00ae\u00d2u c\u00e3 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t v\u00b5 b\u00b6n ch\u00cat ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t, m\u00edi c\u00e3 \u00ae\u00e8i t\u2212\u00eeng kh\u00b8c nhau c\u00f1a khoa h\u00e4c. Kh\u00abng hi\u00d3u t\u00ddnh m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n ph\u00e6 bi\u00d5n, th\u00d7 kh\u00abng t\u00d7m th\u00cay nguy\u00aan nh\u00a9n ph\u00e6 bi\u00d5n c\u00f1a s\u00f9 v\u00cbt ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n. Nh\u2212ng n\u00d5u kh\u00abng nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u t\u00ddnh ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t th\u00d7 kh\u00abng \u00ae\u00denh \u00ae\u2212\u00eec b\u00b6n ch\u00cat kh\u00b8c nhau c\u00f1a s\u00f9 v\u00cbt n\u00b5y v\u00edi s\u00f9 v\u00cbt kh\u00b8c; kh\u00abng th\u00cay \u00ae\u2212\u00eec nguy\u00aan nh\u00a9n ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t c\u00f1a s\u00f9 v\u00cbt ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n; kh\u00abng ph\u00a9n bi\u00d6t \u00ae\u2212\u00eec s\u00f9 v\u00cbt, c\u00f2ng kh\u00abng ph\u00a9n bi\u00d6t \u00ae\u2212\u00eec c\u00b8c m\u00abn khoa h\u00e4c. V\u00d2 nh\u00cbn th\u00f8c, c\u00f2ng t\u00f5 ch\u00e7 nh\u00cbn th\u00f8c t\u00f5ng s\u00f9 v\u00cbt ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t, ti\u00d5n d\u00c7n \u00ae\u00d5n nh\u00cbn th\u00f8c m\u00e4i s\u00f9 v\u00cbt chung. \u00a7\u00c7u ti\u00aan, ph\u00b6i nh\u00cbn th\u00f8c c\u00b8i b\u00b6n ch\u00cat kh\u00b8c nhau c\u00f1a nh\u00f7ng s\u00f9 v\u00cbt kh\u00b8c nhau, r\u00e5i m\u00edi c\u00e3 th\u00d3 ti\u00d5n \u00ae\u00d5n nh\u00cbn th\u00f8c b\u00b6n ch\u00cat gi\u00e8ng nhau c\u00f1a c\u00b8c s\u00f9 v\u00cbt. Sau khi \u00ae\u00b7 nh\u00cbn th\u00f8c b\u00b6n ch\u00cat gi\u00e8ng nhau \u00ae\u00e3, th\u00d7 d\u00efng n\u00e3 l\u00b5m \u00ae\u2212\u00eang l\u00e8i \u00ae\u00d3 nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u th\u00aam nh\u00f7ng s\u00f9 v\u00cbt kh\u00b8c, t\u00d7m cho ra b\u00b6n ch\u00cat ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t c\u00f1a n\u00e3. Nh\u2212 th\u00d5 m\u00edi c\u00e3 th\u00d3 ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n s\u00f9 nh\u00cbn th\u00f8c nh\u00f7ng b\u00b6n ch\u00cat gi\u00e8ng nhau. Nh\u2212 th\u00d5 th\u00d7 s\u00f9 nh\u00cbn th\u00f8c chung m\u00edi kh\u00e1i tr\u00e8ng r\u00e7ng, kh\u00ab khan. \u00a7\u00e3 l\u00b5 hai qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh c\u00f1a nh\u00cbn th\u00f8c: t\u00f5 ri\u00aang \u00ae\u00d5n chung v\u00b5 t\u00f5 chung \u00ae\u00d5n ri\u00aang. S\u00f9 nh\u00cbn th\u00f8c c\u00f1a lo\u00b5i ng\u2212\u00eai l\u00b5 xoay v\u00c7n qua l\u00b9i nh\u2212 v\u00cby m\u00b5 ti\u00d5n l\u00aan. M\u00e7i m\u00e9t l\u00c7n xoay v\u00c7n (n\u00d5u d\u00efng \u00ae\u00f3ng ph\u2212\u00acng ph\u00b8p khoa h\u00e4c), th\u00d7 s\u00f9 nh\u00cbn th\u00f8c ti\u00d5n th\u00aam m\u00e9t b\u2212\u00edc, v\u00b5 s\u00a9u s\u00bec th\u00aam. Ph\u00b8i gi\u00b8o \u00aei\u00d2u sai l\u00c7m, v\u00d7: M\u00e9t m\u00c6t, h\u00e4 kh\u00abng hi\u00d3u r\u00bbng: Ph\u00b6i hi\u00d3u bi\u00d5t b\u00b6n ch\u00cat ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n, hi\u00d3u bi\u00d5t b\u00b6n ch\u00cat ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t c\u00f1a m\u00e7i s\u00f9 v\u00cbt, r\u00e5i m\u00edi c\u00e3 th\u00d3 nh\u00cbn th\u00f8c r\u00e2 t\u00ddnh ph\u00e6 bi\u00d5n c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n, nh\u00cbn th\u00f8c r\u00e2 b\u00b6n ch\u00cat chung c\u00f1a c\u00b8c s\u00f9 v\u00cbt. M\u00c6t kh\u00b8c, h\u00e4 kh\u00abng hi\u00d3u r\u00bbng: Sau khi \u00ae\u00b7 nh\u00cbn th\u00f8c b\u00b6n ch\u00cat chung c\u00f1a s\u00f9 v\u00cbt, l\u00b9i ph\u00b6i ti\u00d5p t\u00f4c nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u r\u00e2 nh\u00f7ng s\u00f9 v\u00cbt ch\u2212a \u00ae\u2212\u00eec nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u ho\u00c6c nh\u00f7ng s\u00f9 v\u00cbt m\u00edi. H\u00e4 l\u2212\u00eai bi\u00d5ng, h\u00e4 kh\u00abng ch\u00deu kh\u00e3 nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u nh\u00f7ng s\u00f9 v\u00cbt c\u00f4 th\u00d3, h\u00e4 bi\u00d5n ch\u00a9n l\u00fd th\u00b5nh m\u00e9t","572 h\u00e5 ch\u00dd minh to\u00b5n t\u00cbp th\u00f8 tr\u00f5u t\u2212\u00eeng, h\u00e4 kh\u00abng th\u00f5a nh\u00cbn v\u00b5 h\u00e4 \u00ae\u00b6o l\u00e9n c\u00b8i tr\u00cbt t\u00f9 nh\u00cbn th\u00f8c ch\u00a9n l\u00fd. H\u00e4 kh\u00abng bi\u00d5t li\u00aan h\u00d6 hai qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh nh\u00cbn th\u00f8c - t\u00f5 ri\u00aang \u00ae\u00d5n chung, r\u00e5i l\u00b9i t\u00f5 chung \u00ae\u00d5n ri\u00aang. H\u00e4 ho\u00b5n to\u00b5n kh\u00abng hi\u00d3u l\u00fd lu\u00cbn nh\u00cbn th\u00f8c c\u00f1a M\u00b8c. Kh\u00abng nh\u00f7ng ph\u00b6i nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t v\u00b5 b\u00b6n ch\u00cat ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t c\u00f1a m\u00e7i m\u00e9t h\u00d6 th\u00e8ng l\u00edn c\u00f1a h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng v\u00cbt ch\u00cat. M\u00b5 l\u00b9i ph\u00b6i nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t v\u00b5 b\u00b6n ch\u00cat ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t trong m\u00e7i m\u00e9t qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n c\u00f1a m\u00e7i m\u00e9t h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng v\u00cbt ch\u00cat. C\u00b8i ch\u00cat trong m\u00e7i m\u00e9t qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n \u00ae\u00d2u kh\u00b8c nhau. Khi nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u, ph\u00b6i ch\u00f3 tr\u00e4ng \u00aei\u00d3m \u00cay, v\u00b5 ph\u00b6i b\u00bet \u00ae\u00c7u t\u00f5 \u00aei\u00d3m \u00cay. Ph\u00b6i d\u00efng ph\u2212\u00acng ph\u00b8p kh\u00b8c nhau m\u00b5 gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t nh\u00f7ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n kh\u00b8c nhau. Th\u00dd d\u00f4: - M\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a v\u00ab s\u00b6n v\u00b5 t\u2212 b\u00b6n, ph\u00b6i do c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng x\u00b7 h\u00e9i ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca m\u00b5 gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t. - M\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n v\u00b5 ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 phong ki\u00d5n, do c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng d\u00a9n ch\u00f1 gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t. - M\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea, do c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng d\u00a9n t\u00e9c gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t. - M\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a c\u00abng nh\u00a9n v\u00b5 n\u00abng d\u00a9n trong ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 x\u00b7 h\u00e9i ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca, d\u00efng n\u00abng tr\u2212\u00eang t\u00cbp th\u00d3 v\u00b5 \u00ae\u2212a m\u00b8y m\u00e3c v\u00b5o n\u00abng nghi\u00d6p m\u00b5 gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t. - M\u00a9u thu\u00c9n trong \u00a7\u00b6ng, d\u00efng t\u00f9 ph\u00aa b\u00d7nh v\u00b5 ph\u00aa b\u00d7nh m\u00b5 gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t. - M\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a x\u00b7 h\u00e9i v\u00b5 gi\u00edi thi\u00aan nhi\u00aan, d\u00efng c\u00b8ch ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n l\u00f9c l\u2212\u00eeng s\u00b6n xu\u00cat m\u00b5 gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t. C\u00b8c qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh thay \u00ae\u00e6i: qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh c\u00f2, v\u00b5 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n c\u00f2 \u00ae\u00b7 ti\u00aau di\u00d6t, qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh m\u00edi v\u00b5 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n m\u00edi ph\u00b8t sinh, th\u00d7 c\u00b8ch gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n c\u00f2ng ph\u00b6i kh\u00b8c. Nh\u2212 C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Th\u00b8ng Hai v\u00b5 C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Th\u00b8ng M\u2212\u00eai \u00eb Nga, nh\u00f7ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n ph\u00b6i gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t v\u00b5 c\u00b8ch gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t nh\u00f7ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n \u00cay, c\u00a8n b\u00b6n \u00ae\u00d2u kh\u00b8c nhau.","b\u00b5n v\u00d2 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n 573 D\u00efng ph\u2212\u00acng ph\u00b8p kh\u00b8c nhau \u00ae\u00d3 gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t nh\u00f7ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n kh\u00b8c nhau - \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5 m\u00e9t nguy\u00aan t\u00bec m\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng ph\u00b6i tuy\u00d6t \u00ae\u00e8i tu\u00a9n theo. Ph\u00b8i gi\u00b8o \u00aei\u00d2u kh\u00abng tu\u00a9n theo nguy\u00aan t\u00bec \u00cay. H\u00e4 kh\u00abng hi\u00d3u t\u00d7nh h\u00d7nh c\u00b8c th\u00f8 c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng kh\u00b8c nhau, cho n\u00aan h\u00e4 kh\u00abng bi\u00d5t d\u00efng ph\u2212\u00acng ph\u00b8p kh\u00b8c nhau \u00ae\u00d3 gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t nh\u00f7ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n kh\u00b8c nhau. \u00eb \u00ae\u00a9u h\u00e4 c\u00f2ng d\u00efng m\u00e9t m\u00c9u c\u00abng th\u00f8c \u00ae\u00d3 gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t m\u00e9t c\u00b8ch m\u00b8y m\u00e3c. Nh\u2212 th\u00d5, th\u00d7 ch\u00d8 l\u00b5m cho c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng h\u2212 h\u00e1ng, ho\u00c6c l\u00b5m cho vi\u00d6c \u00ae\u00b8ng th\u00b5nh c\u00f2ng h\u00e3a ra b\u00b9i. Mu\u00e8n v\u00b9ch r\u00e2 b\u00b6n ch\u00cat c\u00f1a qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n c\u00f1a s\u00f9 v\u00cbt (t\u00f8c l\u00b5 v\u00b9ch r\u00e2 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t trong qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n c\u00f1a s\u00f9 v\u00cbt v\u00d2 to\u00b5n th\u00d3 v\u00b5 v\u00d2 s\u00f9 li\u00aan h\u00d6 l\u00c9n nhau) - th\u00d7 ph\u00b6i v\u00b9ch r\u00e2 t\u00ddnh ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n v\u00d2 m\u00e4i m\u00c6t trong qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh. Kh\u00abng l\u00b5m nh\u2212 v\u00cby, th\u00d7 kh\u00abng th\u00d3 v\u00b9ch r\u00e2 b\u00b6n ch\u00cat c\u00f1a qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh. \u00a7\u00e3 l\u00b5 m\u00e9t \u00aei\u00d3m c\u00c7n ph\u00b6i ch\u00f3 \u00fd. M\u00e9t s\u00f9 v\u00cbt l\u00edn, trong qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n g\u00e5m c\u00e3 nhi\u00d2u m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n. Th\u00dd d\u00f4, trong qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng t\u2212 s\u00b6n d\u00a9n ch\u00f1 \u00eb Trung Qu\u00e8c, c\u00e3 nh\u00f7ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n: - gi\u00f7a c\u00b8c giai c\u00cap Trung Qu\u00e8c b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c v\u00b5 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c, - gi\u00f7a nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n v\u00b5 ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 phong ki\u00d5n, - gi\u00f7a v\u00ab s\u00b6n v\u00b5 t\u2212 s\u00b6n, - gi\u00f7a n\u00abng d\u00a9n c\u00efng ti\u00d3u t\u2212 s\u00b6n \u00eb th\u00b5nh th\u00de v\u00b5 giai c\u00cap t\u2212 s\u00b6n, - gi\u00f7a c\u00b8c nh\u00e3m ph\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e9ng, v.v.. T\u00d7nh h\u00d7nh r\u00cat l\u00b5 ph\u00f8c t\u00b9p. Nh\u00f7ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n \u00cay, kh\u00abng nh\u00f7ng \u00ae\u00d2u c\u00e3 t\u00ddnh ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t c\u00f1a n\u00e3, kh\u00abng th\u00d3 gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t m\u00e9t c\u00b8ch nh\u00cat lu\u00cbt; m\u00b5 trong m\u00e7i m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n l\u00b9i c\u00e3 hai m\u00c6t kh\u00b8c nhau, c\u00f2ng kh\u00abng th\u00d3 gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t m\u00e9t c\u00b8ch nh\u00cat lu\u00cbt. Ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng ch\u00bcng nh\u00f7ng ph\u00b6i hi\u00d3u t\u00ddnh ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n v\u00d2 m\u00c6t chung (t\u00f8c l\u00b5 s\u00f9 li\u00aan h\u00d6 l\u00c9n nhau c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n), m\u00b5 l\u00b9i ph\u00b6i nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u c\u00b8c m\u00c6t c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n, m\u00edi hi\u00d3u \u00ae\u2212\u00eec to\u00b5n di\u00d6n c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n. Hi\u00d3u c\u00b8c m\u00c6t c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n, ngh\u00dca l\u00b5 hi\u00d3u bi\u00d5t: M\u00e7i m\u00e9t m\u00c6t c\u00e3 m\u00e9t \u00ae\u00dea v\u00de \u00ae\u00c6c bi\u00d6t g\u00d7? H\u00d7nh th\u00f8c c\u00f4 th\u00d3 c\u00f1a n\u00e3 th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? Quan","574 h\u00e5 ch\u00dd minh to\u00b5n t\u00cbp h\u00d6 gi\u00f7a c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00e8i ph\u2212\u00acng n\u2212\u00acng t\u00f9a l\u00c9n nhau v\u00b5 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n l\u00c9n nhau th\u00d5 n\u00b5o? Trong khi n\u2212\u00acng t\u00f9a l\u00c9n nhau v\u00b5 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n l\u00c9n nhau, v\u00b5 sau khi \u00ae\u00b7 chia r\u00cf nhau, h\u00e4 l\u00b9i d\u00efng c\u00b8ch g\u00d7 \u00ae\u00d3 \u00ae\u00cau tranh ch\u00e8ng \u00ae\u00e8i ph\u2212\u00acng? Nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u nh\u00f7ng v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 \u00cay r\u00cat l\u00b5 quan tr\u00e4ng. L\u00aanin n\u00e3i: C\u00a8n b\u00b6n ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b8c l\u00b5: ph\u00a9n t\u00ddch r\u00b5nh m\u00b9ch m\u00e7i t\u00d7nh h\u00d7nh c\u00f4 th\u00d3. Ph\u00b8i gi\u00b8o \u00aei\u00d2u l\u00b5m tr\u00b8i v\u00edi ch\u00d8 th\u00de c\u00f1a L\u00aanin. H\u00e4 kh\u00abng ph\u00a9n t\u00ddch r\u00b5nh m\u00b9ch vi\u00d6c g\u00d7 h\u00d5t. H\u00e4 vi\u00d5t ho\u00c6c h\u00e4 n\u00e3i, \u00ae\u00d2u l\u00b5 tr\u00e8ng r\u00e7ng, h\u00e4 g\u00a9y n\u00aan m\u00e9t t\u00b8c phong r\u00cat x\u00cau trong \u00a7\u00b6ng. Khi nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 g\u00d7, c\u00c7n ph\u00b6i tr\u00b8nh ch\u00f1 quan, thi\u00aan l\u00d6ch, s\u00ac s\u00b5i. - Ch\u00f1 quan l\u00b5 kh\u00abng xem x\u00d0t s\u00f9 v\u00cbt m\u00e9t c\u00b8ch kh\u00b8ch quan thi\u00d5t th\u00f9c, kh\u00abng bi\u00d5t d\u00efng c\u00b8ch duy v\u00cbt \u00ae\u00d3 xem x\u00d0t v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2. Trong b\u00b5i B\u00b5n v\u00d2 th\u00f9c ti\u00d4n, \u00ae\u00b7 n\u00e3i r\u00e2 v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 n\u00b5y. - Thi\u00aan l\u00d6ch ngh\u00dca l\u00b5 kh\u00abng xem x\u00d0t v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 m\u00e9t c\u00b8ch to\u00b5n di\u00d6n. Th\u00dd d\u00f4: Ch\u00d8 hi\u00d3u ph\u00dda ta, kh\u00abng hi\u00d3u ph\u00dda \u00ae\u00dech; Ch\u00d8 hi\u00d3u ph\u00dda c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng, kh\u00abng hi\u00d3u ph\u00dda ph\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e9ng; Ch\u00d8 hi\u00d3u ph\u00dda v\u00ab s\u00b6n, kh\u00abng hi\u00d3u ph\u00dda t\u2212 b\u00b6n; Ch\u00d8 hi\u00d3u ph\u00dda n\u00abng d\u00a9n, kh\u00abng hi\u00d3u ph\u00dda \u00ae\u00dea ch\u00f1; Ch\u00d8 hi\u00d3u ph\u00dda thu\u00cbn l\u00eei, kh\u00abng hi\u00d3u ph\u00dda kh\u00e3 kh\u00a8n; Ch\u00d8 hi\u00d3u ph\u00dda qu\u00b8 kh\u00f8, kh\u00abng hi\u00d3u ph\u00dda t\u2212\u00acng lai; Ch\u00d8 hi\u00d3u t\u00f5ng vi\u00d6c m\u00e9t, kh\u00abng hi\u00d3u to\u00b5n di\u00d6n; Ch\u00d8 hi\u00d3u ph\u00dda khuy\u00d5t \u00aei\u00d3m, kh\u00abng hi\u00d3u ph\u00dda th\u00b5nh t\u00ddch; Ch\u00d8 hi\u00d3u c\u00b8ch c\u00abng t\u00b8c b\u00dd m\u00cbt c\u00f1a c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng, kh\u00abng hi\u00d3u c\u00b8ch c\u00abng khai, h\u00eep ph\u00b8p, v.v.. N\u00e3i t\u00e3m l\u00b9i, kh\u00abng hi\u00d3u \u00ae\u00c6c \u00aei\u00d3m c\u00f1a c\u00b8c m\u00c6t c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n. Th\u00d5 l\u00b5 thi\u00aan l\u00d6ch, th\u00d5 l\u00b5 ch\u00d8 th\u00cay c\u00a9y, kh\u00abng th\u00cay r\u00f5ng. Nh\u2212 th\u00d5, th\u00d7 kh\u00abng t\u00d7m \u00ae\u2212\u00eec c\u00b8ch gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n, kh\u00abng ho\u00b5n th\u00b5nh \u00ae\u2212\u00eec nhi\u00d6m v\u00f4 c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng, kh\u00abng l\u00b5m xong \u00ae\u2212\u00eec c\u00abng t\u00b8c m\u00d7nh ph\u00f4 tr\u00b8ch, kh\u00abng ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n \u00ae\u2212\u00eec vi\u00d6c \u00ae\u00cau tranh t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng trong \u00a7\u00b6ng m\u00e9t c\u00b8ch \u00ae\u00f3ng \u00ae\u00ben.","b\u00b5n v\u00d2 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n 575 T\u00abn T\u00f6 (m\u00e9t nh\u00b5 qu\u00a9n s\u00f9 n\u00e6i ti\u00d5ng, c\u00b8ch \u00ae\u00a9y \u00ae\u00e9 2.500 n\u00a8m) n\u00e3i: \u201cBi\u00d5t ng\u2212\u00eai bi\u00d5t ta, tr\u00a8m tr\u00cbn tr\u00a8m th\u00beng\u201d. T\u00f8c l\u00b5 ph\u00b6i hi\u00d3u c\u00b6 hai phe trong cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n tranh. Ng\u00f4y Tr\u2212ng (ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00eai \u00a7\u2212\u00eang, th\u00d5 k\u00fb th\u00f8 VI) n\u00e3i: \u201cNghe nhi\u00d2u th\u00d7 s\u00b8ng, tin l\u00d6ch th\u00d7 m\u00ef\u201d. C\u00f2ng ngh\u00dca l\u00b5: Thi\u00aan l\u00d6ch l\u00b5 m\u00ef qu\u00b8ng. Xem v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 m\u00e9t c\u00b8ch thi\u00aan l\u00d6ch, th\u00d7 \u00bet th\u00cat b\u00b9i. Trong chuy\u00d6n Th\u00f1y h\u00f6 (\u00ae\u00eai Nguy\u00aan, th\u00d5 k\u00fb th\u00f8 XIV), T\u00e8ng Giang \u00ae\u00b8nh \u00ae\u00e5n Ch\u00f3c gia trang, th\u00cat b\u00b9i hai l\u00c7n v\u00d7 kh\u00abng r\u00e2 t\u00d7nh h\u00d7nh, ph\u2212\u00acng ph\u00b8p kh\u00abng \u00ae\u00f3ng. Sau \u00ae\u00e3, thay \u00ae\u00e6i ph\u2212\u00acng ph\u00b8p, \u00aei\u00d2u tra c\u00c8n th\u00cbn, bi\u00d5t r\u00e2 \u00ae\u2212\u00eang s\u00b8, chia r\u00cf \u00ae\u00e5ng minh c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00dech, d\u00efng c\u00b8ch n\u00e9i \u00f8ng. V\u00d7 v\u00cby m\u00b5 th\u00beng tr\u00cbn. L\u00aanin n\u00e3i: \u201cMu\u00e8n th\u00f9c s\u00f9 hi\u00d3u bi\u00d5t \u00ae\u00e8i t\u2212\u00eeng, \u00bet ph\u00b6i n\u00bem v\u00f7ng v\u00b5 nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u m\u00e4i m\u00c6t c\u00f1a n\u00e3, m\u00e4i m\u00e8i li\u00aan h\u00d6 c\u00f1a n\u00e3. L\u00b5m \u00ae\u2212\u00eec nh\u2212 th\u00d5 l\u00b5 kh\u00e3. Nh\u2212ng c\u00c7n ph\u00b6i xem x\u00d0t to\u00b5n di\u00d6n, th\u00d7 m\u00edi tr\u00b8nh kh\u00e1i sai nh\u00c7m, m\u00b8y m\u00e3c\u201d. S\u00ac s\u00b5i l\u00b5 kh\u00abng xem x\u00d0t t\u00e6ng qu\u00b8t c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00c6c \u00aei\u00d3m trong c\u00b8c m\u00c6t c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n, kh\u00abng v\u00b5o s\u00a9u, x\u00d0t k\u00fc, ch\u00d8 nh\u00d7n qua loa, r\u00e5i v\u00e9i v\u00b5ng gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n (nh\u2212: tr\u00b6 l\u00eai c\u00a9u h\u00e1i, gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t th\u00bec m\u00bec, x\u00f6 tr\u00dd c\u00abng vi\u00d6c, ch\u00d8 huy chi\u00d5n tranh). Nh\u2212 th\u00d5, th\u00d7 \u00bet th\u00cat b\u00b9i. Nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai gi\u00b8o \u00aei\u00d2u v\u00b5 \u201ckinh nghi\u00d6m ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca\u201d th\u2212\u00eang sai l\u00c7m, v\u00d7 h\u00e4 xem x\u00d0t s\u00f9 v\u00cbt m\u00e9t c\u00b8ch ch\u00f1 quan, thi\u00aan l\u00d6ch v\u00b5 s\u00ac s\u00b5i. Thi\u00aan l\u00d6ch v\u00b5 s\u00ac s\u00b5i c\u00f2ng l\u00b5 ch\u00f1 quan. V\u00d7 s\u00f9 v\u00cbt g\u00d7 c\u00f2ng c\u00e3 li\u00aan h\u00d6 l\u00c9n nhau v\u00b5 c\u00e3 quy lu\u00cbt n\u00e9i b\u00e9 c\u00f1a n\u00e3. N\u00d5u kh\u00abng xem x\u00d0t m\u00e9t c\u00b8ch thi\u00d5t th\u00f9c, v\u00b5 bao qu\u00b8t, m\u00b5 ch\u00d8 xem x\u00d0t m\u00e9t c\u00b8ch thi\u00aan l\u00d6ch, qua loa, kh\u00abng hi\u00d3u bi\u00d5t s\u00f9 li\u00aan h\u00d6 l\u00c9n nhau v\u00b5 quy lu\u00cbt n\u00e9i b\u00e9 c\u00f1a s\u00f9 v\u00cbt - th\u00d5 l\u00b5 ch\u00f1 quan. Kh\u00abng nh\u00f7ng ph\u00b6i ch\u00f3 \u00fd \u00ae\u00d5n nh\u00f7ng \u00ae\u00c6c \u00aei\u00d3m trong s\u00f9 li\u00aan h\u00d6 v\u00b5 t\u00d7nh h\u00d7nh c\u00b8c m\u00c6t c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n trong c\u00b6 qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n c\u00f1a s\u00f9 v\u00cbt; m\u00b5 l\u00b9i ph\u00b6i ch\u00f3 \u00fd \u00ae\u00d5n nh\u00f7ng \u00ae\u00c6c \u00aei\u00d3m c\u00f1a m\u00e7i m\u00e9t qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh. Qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh ch\u2212a k\u00d5t th\u00f3c, th\u00d7 v\u00c9n c\u00dfn m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n c\u00a8n b\u00b6n v\u00b5 b\u00b6n ch\u00cat c\u00f1a qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh do m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n \u00cay quy \u00ae\u00denh n\u00aan. Song trong","576 h\u00e5 ch\u00dd minh to\u00b5n t\u00cbp m\u00e7i giai \u00aeo\u00b9n c\u00f1a m\u00e9t qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh l\u00a9u d\u00b5i, th\u00d7 t\u00d7nh h\u00d7nh th\u2212\u00eang kh\u00b8c nhau. V\u00d7 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n c\u00a8n b\u00b6n v\u00b5 b\u00b6n ch\u00cat c\u00f1a qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh tuy ch\u2212a bi\u00d5n \u00ae\u00e6i, song \u00eb m\u00e7i m\u00e9t giai \u00aeo\u00b9n trong qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh l\u00a9u d\u00b5i, th\u00d7 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n c\u00a8n b\u00b6n c\u00e3 bi\u00d5n h\u00e3a. V\u00b5 trong nh\u00f7ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n to hay nh\u00e1 ch\u00deu \u00b6nh h\u2212\u00ebng c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n ch\u00ddnh (ho\u00c6c do m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n ch\u00ddnh quy \u00ae\u00denh), c\u00e3 c\u00b8i th\u00d7 \u00ae\u00b7 bi\u00d5n \u00ae\u00e6i, c\u00e3 c\u00b8i th\u00d7 t\u00b9m gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t r\u00e5i, c\u00e3 c\u00b8i \u00ae\u00b7 h\u00dfa ho\u00b7n, l\u00b9i c\u00e3 c\u00b8i m\u00edi sinh ra. Do \u00ae\u00e3, m\u00b5 t\u00e1 ra c\u00b8i t\u00ddnh giai \u00aeo\u00b9n c\u00f1a qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh. N\u00d5u kh\u00abng ch\u00f3 \u00fd \u00ae\u00d5n c\u00b8i t\u00ddnh giai \u00aeo\u00b9n trong qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n c\u00f1a s\u00f9 v\u00cbt, th\u00d7 kh\u00abng gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t \u00ae\u2212\u00eec \u00ae\u00f3ng \u00ae\u00ben nh\u00f7ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n c\u00f1a s\u00f9 v\u00cbt. Th\u00dd d\u00f4: - Khi ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n th\u00b5nh ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c, th\u00d7 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n c\u00a8n b\u00b6n gi\u00f7a v\u00ab s\u00b6n v\u00b5 t\u2212 s\u00b6n, v\u00b5 b\u00b6n ch\u00cat t\u2212 b\u00b6n c\u00f1a x\u00b7 h\u00e9i v\u00c9n kh\u00abng thay \u00ae\u00e6i. Nh\u2212ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a hai giai c\u00cap \u00cay \u00ae\u00b7 bi\u00d5n th\u00b5nh k\u00dech li\u00d6t h\u00acn. M\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a t\u2212 b\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e9c quy\u00d2n v\u00b5 t\u2212 b\u00b6n t\u00f9 do \u00ae\u00b7 sinh ra; - M\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea h\u00e3a th\u00b5nh k\u00dech li\u00d6t; - M\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc t\u2212 b\u00b6n (v\u00d7 c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc \u00cay ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n kh\u00abng \u00ae\u00d2u nhau) c\u00f2ng gay g\u00bet h\u00acn. Do \u00ae\u00e3 m\u00b5 th\u00b5nh giai \u00aeo\u00b9n \u00ae\u00c6c bi\u00d6t c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n, t\u00f8c l\u00b5 giai \u00aeo\u00b9n ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c. L\u00aanin v\u00b5 Xtalin \u00ae\u00b7 v\u00b9ch r\u00e2 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n \u00cay, v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b7 n\u00aau r\u00e2 c\u00b8ch gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n \u00cay - t\u00f8c l\u00b5 l\u00fd lu\u00cbn v\u00b5 chi\u00d5n l\u2212\u00eec c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng v\u00ab s\u00b6n. \u00eb Trung Qu\u00e8c, trong qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng t\u2212 s\u00b6n d\u00a9n ch\u00f1, b\u00bet \u00ae\u00c7u t\u00f5 1911, c\u00f2ng c\u00e3 m\u00cay giai \u00aeo\u00b9n kh\u00b8c nhau. Nh\u00cat l\u00b5 th\u00eai k\u00fa t\u2212 s\u00b6n l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng v\u00b5 th\u00eai k\u00fa v\u00ab s\u00b6n l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng, l\u00b5 hai giai \u00aeo\u00b9n kh\u00b8c h\u00bcn nhau. Do giai c\u00cap v\u00ab s\u00b6n l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o, th\u00d7 b\u00e9 m\u00c6t c\u00f1a c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng thay \u00ae\u00e6i h\u00bcn. N\u00e3 \u00ae\u2212a ra nh\u00f7ng \u00aei\u00d2u m\u00edi c\u00f1a quan h\u00d6 gi\u00f7a c\u00b8c giai c\u00cap; n\u00e3 ph\u00b8t \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng n\u00abng d\u00a9n, tri\u00d6t \u00ae\u00d3 ph\u00b6n \u00ae\u00d5 v\u00b5 ph\u00b6n phong; n\u00e3 l\u00b5m cho c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng d\u00a9n ch\u00f1 c\u00e3 kh\u00b6 n\u00a8ng chuy\u00d3n \u00ae\u00d5n c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng x\u00b7 h\u00e9i ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca, v.v..","b\u00b5n v\u00d2 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n 577 Th\u00eai k\u00fa t\u2212 s\u00b6n l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng kh\u00abng th\u00d3 c\u00e3 nh\u00f7ng \u00aei\u00d2u \u00ae\u00e3. Tuy v\u00cby, t\u00ddnh ch\u00cat c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n c\u00a8n b\u00b6n trong c\u00b6 m\u00e9t qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh, t\u00f8c l\u00b5 t\u00ddnh ch\u00cat c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng d\u00a9n ch\u00f1 trong qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh ph\u00b6n \u00ae\u00d5 ph\u00b6n phong, v\u00c9n kh\u00abng thay \u00ae\u00e6i. Song, qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh l\u00a9u d\u00b5i \u00cay kinh qua m\u00cay giai \u00aeo\u00b9n ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n: - C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng 1911 th\u00cat b\u00b9i, v\u00b5 b\u00e4n qu\u00a9n phi\u00d6t th\u00e8ng tr\u00de; - Th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp M\u00c6t tr\u00cbn d\u00a9n t\u00e9c th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat l\u00c7n th\u00f8 nh\u00cat, v\u00b5 cu\u00e9c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng 1924 - 1927; - M\u00c6t tr\u00cbn th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat tan r\u00b7, giai c\u00cap t\u2212 s\u00b6n ph\u00b6n c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng. Chi\u00d5n tranh gi\u00f7a b\u00e4n qu\u00a9n phi\u00d6t m\u00edi. C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng ru\u00e9ng \u00ae\u00cat; - M\u00c6t tr\u00cbn th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp l\u00c7n th\u00f8 hai v\u00b5 cu\u00e9c kh\u00b8ng chi\u00d5n ch\u00e8ng Nh\u00cbt, v.v.. Trong nh\u00f7ng giai \u00aeo\u00b9n \u00cay, c\u00e3 nh\u00f7ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n \u00ae\u00b7 tr\u00eb n\u00aan k\u00dech li\u00d6t (nh\u2212 c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng ru\u00e9ng \u00ae\u00cat v\u00b5 Nh\u00cbt chi\u00d5m v\u00efng \u00a7\u00abng - B\u00bec). C\u00e3 nh\u00f7ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n \u00ae\u00b7 t\u00b9m gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t v\u00b5 gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t t\u00f5ng b\u00e9 ph\u00cbn (nh\u2212 b\u00e4n qu\u00a9n phi\u00d6t c\u00f2 \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00de ti\u00aau di\u00d6t, \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n t\u00dech thu ru\u00e9ng \u00ae\u00cat c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00dea ch\u00f1). C\u00e3 nh\u00f7ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n m\u00edi sinh ra (nh\u2212 b\u00e4n qu\u00a9n phi\u00d6t m\u00edi, \u00ae\u00b8nh l\u00c9n nhau; m\u00e9t s\u00e8 c\u00a8n c\u00f8 \u00ae\u00dea c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng b\u00de m\u00cat, b\u00e4n \u00ae\u00dea ch\u00f1 l\u00cay l\u00b9i ru\u00e9ng \u00ae\u00cat, v.v.). Nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u t\u00ddnh ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n \u00eb m\u00e7i m\u00e9t giai \u00aeo\u00b9n trong qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n, kh\u00abng nh\u00f7ng ph\u00b6i xem x\u00d0t s\u00f9 li\u00aan k\u00d5t v\u00b5 t\u00e6ng qu\u00b8t c\u00f1a n\u00e3, m\u00b5 c\u00dfn ph\u00b6i xem kh\u00bep m\u00e4i m\u00c6t c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n trong m\u00e7i m\u00e9t giai \u00aeo\u00b9n. Th\u00dd d\u00f4: hai \u00ae\u00b6ng Qu\u00e8c, C\u00e9ng. Qu\u00e8c d\u00a9n \u00a7\u00b6ng: - Trong th\u00eai k\u00fa m\u00c6t tr\u00cbn th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat l\u00c7n tr\u2212\u00edc, n\u00e3 l\u00b5 c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng, l\u00b5 li\u00aan minh c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng d\u00a9n ch\u00f1 c\u00f1a c\u00b8c giai c\u00cap - v\u00d7 n\u00e3 th\u00f9c h\u00b5nh ba ch\u00ddnh s\u00b8ch l\u00edn c\u00f1a T\u00abn Trung S\u00acn, t\u00f8c l\u00b5 li\u00aan Nga, li\u00aan C\u00e9ng, gi\u00f3p \u00ae\u00ec c\u00abng n\u00abng. - Sau 1927, n\u00e3 bi\u00d5n th\u00b5nh t\u00cbp \u00aeo\u00b5n ph\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap \u00ae\u00dea ch\u00f1 v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b9i t\u2212 s\u00b6n.","578 h\u00e5 ch\u00dd minh to\u00b5n t\u00cbp - Th\u00b8ng 12-1936, sau v\u00f4 T\u00a9y An45 (Tr\u2212\u00acng H\u00e4c L\u2212\u00acng b\u00bet T\u2212\u00ebng Gi\u00edi Th\u00b9ch), n\u00e3 l\u00b9i chuy\u00d3n bi\u00d5n sang ch\u00cam d\u00f8t n\u00e9i chi\u00d5n, li\u00aan C\u00e9ng \u00ae\u00b8nh Nh\u00cbt. \u00a7\u00e3 l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00c6c \u00aei\u00d3m trong ba giai \u00aeo\u00b9n c\u00f1a Qu\u00e8c d\u00a9n \u00a7\u00b6ng. C\u00e8 nhi\u00aan, v\u00d7 nguy\u00aan nh\u00a9n n\u00b5y ho\u00c6c nguy\u00aan nh\u00a9n kh\u00b8c, m\u00b5 sinh nh\u00f7ng \u00ae\u00c6c \u00aei\u00d3m \u00cay. \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n: - Trong th\u00eai k\u00fa m\u00c6t tr\u00cbn th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat l\u00c7n tr\u2212\u00edc, n\u00e3 l\u00b5 m\u00e9t \u00ae\u00b6ng \u00ddt tu\u00e6i, n\u00e3 \u00ae\u00b7 anh d\u00f2ng l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o cu\u00e9c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng t\u00f5 1924 \u00ae\u00d5n 1927. Nh\u2212ng v\u00d2 m\u00c6t t\u00ddnh ch\u00cat c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng, nhi\u00d6m v\u00f4 v\u00b5 ph\u2212\u00acng ph\u00b8p c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng, th\u00d7 \u00ae\u00b7 bi\u00d3u l\u00e9 t\u00ddnh th\u00ac \u00cau c\u00f1a n\u00e3. Cho n\u00aan v\u00d2 \u00aeo\u00b9n sau, v\u00d7 \u00ae\u2212\u00eang l\u00e8i Tr\u00c7n \u00a7\u00e9c T\u00f3 m\u00b5 c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng b\u00de th\u00cat b\u00b9i. - Sau 1927, n\u00e3 l\u00b9i anh d\u00f2ng l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng ru\u00e9ng \u00ae\u00cat, t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng v\u00b5 c\u00a8n c\u00f8 \u00ae\u00dea c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng. Nh\u2212ng n\u00e3 l\u00b9i b\u00de \u00ae\u2212\u00eang l\u00e8i m\u00b9o hi\u00d3m l\u00b5m cho qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i v\u00b5 c\u00a8n c\u00f8 \u00ae\u00dea c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng thi\u00d6t h\u00b9i r\u00cat nhi\u00d2u. - Sau 1935, n\u00e3 s\u00f6a \u00ae\u00e6i \u00ae\u2212\u00eec \u00ae\u2212\u00eang l\u00e8i m\u00b9o hi\u00d3m, l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o m\u00c6t tr\u00cbn th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat l\u00c7n th\u00f8 hai trong cu\u00e9c kh\u00b8ng Nh\u00cbt, v.v.. Tr\u00b6i qua nh\u00f7ng giai \u00aeo\u00b9n \u00cay, \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n \u00ae\u00b7 th\u00b5nh m\u00e9t \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00e3 kinh nghi\u00d6m d\u00e5i d\u00b5o trong hai cu\u00e9c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng. \u00a7\u00e3 l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00c6c \u00aei\u00d3m trong ba giai \u00aeo\u00b9n c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n Trung Qu\u00e8c. Kh\u00abng nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u nh\u00f7ng \u00ae\u00c6c \u00aei\u00d3m \u00cay, th\u00d7 kh\u00abng th\u00d3 hi\u00d3u s\u00f9 quan h\u00d6 \u00ae\u00c6c bi\u00d6t gi\u00f7a hai \u00ae\u00b6ng trong m\u00e7i m\u00e9t giai \u00aeo\u00b9n: M\u00c6t tr\u00cbn th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp, r\u00e5i m\u00c6t tr\u00cbn th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat tan r\u00b7, r\u00e5i l\u00b9i th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp m\u00c6t tr\u00cbn th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat. M\u00b5 mu\u00e8n nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00c6c \u00aei\u00d3m c\u00f1a hai \u00ae\u00b6ng, th\u00d7 tr\u2212\u00edc h\u00d5t ph\u00b6i nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u n\u00d2n t\u00b6ng giai c\u00cap c\u00f1a m\u00e7i \u00ae\u00b6ng, v\u00b5 do n\u00d2n t\u00b6ng \u00cay m\u00b5 sinh ra s\u00f9 \u00ae\u00e8i l\u00cbp gi\u00f7a n\u00e3 v\u00edi c\u00b8c m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n kh\u00b8c trong m\u00e7i m\u00e9t th\u00eai k\u00fa. Th\u00dd d\u00f4: v\u00d2 Qu\u00e8c d\u00a9n \u00a7\u00b6ng: - Trong th\u00eai k\u00fa th\u00f8 nh\u00cat n\u00e3 li\u00aan C\u00e9ng, m\u00e9t m\u00c6t n\u00e3 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n v\u00edi ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c, cho n\u00aan n\u00e3 ph\u00b6n \u00ae\u00d5. Nh\u2212ng m\u00c6t kh\u00b8c, n\u00e3 l\u00b9i","b\u00b5n v\u00d2 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n 579 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n v\u00edi \u00ae\u00b9i ch\u00f3ng nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n trong n\u2212\u00edc, cho n\u00aan ngo\u00b5i mi\u00d6ng th\u00d7 n\u00e3 h\u00f8a l\u00b5m \u00ddch l\u00eei cho nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n lao \u00ae\u00e9ng, song s\u00f9 th\u00cbt th\u00d7 n\u00e3 ch\u00bcng cho nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n l\u00eei \u00ddch g\u00d7, ho\u00c6c r\u00cat \u00ddt. - Trong th\u00eai k\u00fa n\u00e3 ch\u00e8ng C\u00e9ng, th\u00d7 n\u00e3 h\u00eep t\u00b8c v\u00edi \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 phong ki\u00d5n, ch\u00e8ng l\u00b9i nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n. Cho n\u00aan m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a n\u00e3 v\u00edi nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n \u00ae\u00b7 tr\u00eb n\u00aan gay g\u00bet. - Trong th\u00eai k\u00fa ch\u00e8ng Nh\u00cbt, n\u00e3 c\u00e3 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n v\u00edi \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c Nh\u00cbt, cho n\u00aan m\u00e9t m\u00c6t th\u00d7 n\u00e3 li\u00aan C\u00e9ng, nh\u2212ng m\u00c6t kh\u00b8c n\u00e3 v\u00c9n \u00b8p b\u00f8c v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00cau tranh ch\u00e8ng \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n v\u00b5 nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n. \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n th\u00d7 v\u00ab lu\u00cbn \u00eb th\u00eai k\u00fa n\u00b5o, c\u00f2ng \u00ae\u00f8ng v\u00d2 phe nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n, ch\u00e8ng \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 phong ki\u00d5n. Nh\u2212ng trong th\u00eai k\u00fa ch\u00e8ng Nh\u00cbt, v\u00d7 Qu\u00e8c d\u00a9n \u00a7\u00b6ng t\u00e1 v\u00ce kh\u00b8ng chi\u00d5n, cho n\u00aan \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n c\u00f2ng d\u00efng ch\u00ddnh s\u00b8ch h\u00dfa ho\u00b7n \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi Qu\u00e8c d\u00a9n \u00a7\u00b6ng v\u00b5 phong ki\u00d5n trong n\u2212\u00edc. Do t\u00d7nh h\u00d7nh \u00cay, m\u00b5 sinh ra t\u00d7nh h\u00d7nh ph\u00f8c t\u00b9p: l\u00f3c th\u00d7 hai \u00ae\u00b6ng li\u00aan h\u00eep, khi th\u00d7 hai \u00ae\u00b6ng \u00ae\u00cau tranh. M\u00b5 d\u00ef trong th\u00eai k\u00fa li\u00aan h\u00eep, c\u00f2ng v\u00f5a li\u00aan h\u00eep v\u00f5a \u00ae\u00cau tranh. N\u00d5u kh\u00abng nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u nh\u00f7ng \u00ae\u00c6c \u00aei\u00d3m v\u00d2 c\u00b8c m\u00c6t m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n \u00cay, th\u00d7 kh\u00abng th\u00d3 hi\u00d3u \u00ae\u2212\u00eec quan h\u00d6 c\u00f1a m\u00e7i \u00ae\u00b6ng v\u00edi nh\u00f7ng ph\u2212\u00acng di\u00d6n kh\u00b8c, m\u00b5 c\u00f2ng kh\u00abng th\u00d3 hi\u00d3u s\u00f9 quan h\u00d6 l\u00c9n nhau gi\u00f7a hai \u00ae\u00b6ng \u00cay. Do \u00ae\u00e3 th\u00d7 th\u00cay r\u00bbng: V\u00ab lu\u00cbn nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u c\u00b8i \u00ae\u00c6c t\u00ddnh c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n n\u00b5o: - M\u00a9u thu\u00c9n trong h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00f1a c\u00b8c v\u00cbt ch\u00cat; - M\u00a9u thu\u00c9n trong qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n c\u00f1a c\u00b8c h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng; - C\u00b8c m\u00c6t c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n trong c\u00b8c qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n; - M\u00a9u thu\u00c9n \u00eb c\u00b8c giai \u00aeo\u00b9n trong c\u00b8c qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n; - C\u00b8c m\u00c6t m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n trong c\u00b8c giai \u00aeo\u00b9n ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n. Nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u nh\u00f7ng \u00ae\u00c6c t\u00ddnh m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n \u00cay, kh\u00abng th\u00d3 ch\u00f1 quan, m\u00b5 ph\u00b6i ph\u00a9n t\u00ddch m\u00e9t c\u00b8ch thi\u00d5t th\u00f9c c\u00f4 th\u00d3. N\u00d5u kh\u00abng, th\u00d7 kh\u00abng nh\u00cbn bi\u00d5t \u00ae\u2212\u00eec \u00ae\u00c6c \u00aei\u00d3m c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n.","580 h\u00e5 ch\u00dd minh to\u00b5n t\u00cbp L\u00aanin n\u00e3i: \u00a7\u00e8i nh\u00f7ng s\u00f9 v\u00cbt c\u00f4 th\u00d3, th\u00d7 ph\u00b6i ph\u00a9n t\u00ddch m\u00e9t c\u00b8ch c\u00f4 th\u00d3. M\u00b8c v\u00b5 \u00a1ngghen \u00ae\u00b7 cho ch\u00f3ng ta nh\u00f7ng ki\u00d3u m\u00c9u v\u00d2 c\u00b8ch ph\u00a9n t\u00ddch c\u00f4 th\u00d3. Khi \u00b8p d\u00f4ng nguy\u00aan t\u00bec m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n c\u00f1a s\u00f9 v\u00cbt v\u00b5o qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh l\u00dech s\u00f6 c\u00f1a x\u00b7 h\u00e9i, M\u00b8c v\u00b5 \u00a1ngghen \u00ae\u00b7 th\u00cay r\u00e2 nh\u00f7ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a l\u00f9c l\u2212\u00eeng s\u00b6n xu\u00cat v\u00b5 quan h\u00d6 s\u00b6n xu\u00cat; th\u00cay r\u00e2 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a giai c\u00cap b\u00e3c l\u00e9t v\u00b5 giai c\u00cap b\u00de b\u00e3c l\u00e9t; do nh\u00f7ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n \u00ae\u00e3 m\u00b5 sinh ra nh\u00f7ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n kinh t\u00d5, ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de, t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng; m\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n \u00cay \u00bet \u00ae\u2212a \u00ae\u00d5n nh\u00f7ng lo\u00b9i c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng kh\u00b8c nhau trong nh\u00f7ng x\u00b7 h\u00e9i giai c\u00cap kh\u00b8c nhau. Khi \u00b8p d\u00f4ng nguy\u00aan t\u00bec \u00cay \u00ae\u00d3 nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u kinh t\u00d5 c\u00f1a x\u00b7 h\u00e9i t\u2212 b\u00b6n, th\u00d7 M\u00b8c th\u00cay m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n ch\u00ddnh c\u00f1a x\u00b7 h\u00e9i \u00cay l\u00b5 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a c\u00b8ch s\u00b6n xu\u00cat th\u00d7 c\u00e3 t\u00ddnh x\u00b7 h\u00e9i, m\u00b5 ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 chi\u00d5m h\u00f7u th\u00d7 c\u00e3 t\u00ddnh t\u2212 nh\u00a9n. M\u00a9u thu\u00c9n n\u00b5y r\u00e2 r\u00d6t \u00eb n\u00aci: Trong m\u00e7i m\u00e9t x\u00dd nghi\u00d6p th\u00d7 s\u00b6n xu\u00cat c\u00e3 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c, m\u00b5 to\u00b5n x\u00b7 h\u00e9i th\u00d7 s\u00b6n xu\u00cat m\u00e9t c\u00b8ch v\u00ab t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c. V\u00d2 giai c\u00cap, th\u00d7 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n \u00cay t\u00e1 r\u00e2 \u00eb n\u00aci m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a giai c\u00cap t\u2212 s\u00b6n v\u00b5 giai c\u00cap v\u00ab s\u00b6n. * ** V\u00d7 khu\u00abn kh\u00e6 s\u00f9 v\u00cbt c\u00f9c k\u00fa r\u00e9ng, ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n th\u00d7 v\u00ab h\u00b9n, cho n\u00aan c\u00e3 c\u00b8i \u00eb tr\u2212\u00eang h\u00eep n\u00b5y l\u00b5 t\u00ddnh ph\u00e6 bi\u00d5n, nh\u2212ng \u00eb tr\u2212\u00eang h\u00eep kh\u00b8c n\u00e3 l\u00b9i l\u00b5 t\u00ddnh ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t. Tr\u00b8i l\u00b9i, c\u00e3 c\u00b8i \u00eb tr\u2212\u00eang h\u00eep n\u00b5y l\u00b5 t\u00ddnh ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t, m\u00b5 \u00eb tr\u2212\u00eang h\u00eep kh\u00b8c n\u00e3 l\u00b9i l\u00b5 t\u00ddnh ph\u00e6 bi\u00d5n. Nh\u2212: - Ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 t\u2212 b\u00b6n bao g\u00e5m nh\u00f7ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n: C\u00b8ch s\u00b6n xu\u00cat th\u00d7 c\u00e3 t\u00ddnh x\u00b7 h\u00e9i m\u00b5 quy\u00d2n chi\u00d5m h\u00f7u th\u00d7 t\u2212 nh\u00a9n, \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5 m\u00e9t \u00aei\u00d2u chung \u00eb t\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc t\u2212 b\u00b6n. \u00a7\u00e8i v\u00edi ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n, \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n ph\u00e6 bi\u00d5n. - Nh\u2212ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n l\u00b5 m\u00e9t \u00aei\u00d2u trong m\u00e9t giai \u00aeo\u00b9n nh\u00cat \u00ae\u00denh c\u00f1a c\u00b8c x\u00b7 h\u00e9i c\u00e3 giai c\u00cap. Cho n\u00aan v\u00d2 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a l\u00f9c l\u2212\u00eeng s\u00b6n xu\u00cat v\u00b5 quan h\u00d6 s\u00b6n xu\u00cat trong t\u00cat c\u00b6 l\u00dech s\u00f6 c\u00b8c x\u00b7 h\u00e9i c\u00e3 giai c\u00cap, th\u00d7 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n c\u00f1a t\u2212 b\u00b6n l\u00b9i l\u00b5 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t.","b\u00b5n v\u00d2 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n 581 Song, sau khi M\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b7 m\u00e6 x\u00ce t\u00ddnh ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n x\u00b7 h\u00e9i t\u2212 b\u00b6n, M\u00b8c l\u00b9i b\u00b5y t\u00e1 t\u00ddnh ph\u00e6 bi\u00d5n c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a l\u00f9c l\u2212\u00eeng s\u00b6n xu\u00cat v\u00b5 quan h\u00d6 s\u00b6n xu\u00cat trong t\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c x\u00b7 h\u00e9i c\u00e3 giai c\u00cap. V\u00d7 s\u00f9 v\u00cbt ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t v\u00b5 s\u00f9 v\u00cbt ph\u00e6 bi\u00d5n li\u00aan h\u00d6 l\u00c9n nhau, v\u00d7 n\u00e9i b\u00e9 m\u00e7i m\u00e9t s\u00f9 v\u00cbt kh\u00abng nh\u00f7ng c\u00e3 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t, m\u00b5 c\u00f2ng c\u00e3 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n ph\u00e6 bi\u00d5n (t\u00ddnh ph\u00e6 bi\u00d5n t\u00e5n t\u00b9i trong t\u00ddnh ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t), cho n\u00aan l\u00f3c nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u m\u00e9t s\u00f9 v\u00cbt, th\u00d7 ph\u00b6i: - ph\u00b8t hi\u00d6n c\u00b6 hai m\u00c6t \u00ae\u00e3 (s\u00f9 v\u00cbt ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t v\u00b5 s\u00f9 v\u00cbt ph\u00e6 bi\u00d5n), v\u00b5 s\u00f9 li\u00aan h\u00d6 l\u00c9n nhau; - ph\u00b8t hi\u00d6n t\u00ddnh ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t v\u00b5 t\u00ddnh ph\u00e6 bi\u00d5n \u00eb n\u00e9i b\u00e9 c\u00f1a m\u00e7i m\u00e9t s\u00f9 v\u00cbt, v\u00b5 s\u00f9 li\u00aan h\u00d6 c\u00f1a hai m\u00c6t \u00cay; - ph\u00b8t hi\u00d6n s\u00f9 li\u00aan h\u00d6 gi\u00f7a m\u00e9t s\u00f9 v\u00cbt n\u00b5y v\u00edi nh\u00f7ng s\u00f9 v\u00cbt kh\u00b8c. Khi n\u00e3i r\u00e2 ngu\u00e5n g\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca L\u00aanin, \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd Xtalin \u00ae\u00b7 ph\u00a9n t\u00ddch t\u00d7nh h\u00d7nh qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 do \u00ae\u00e3 m\u00b5 sinh ra ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca L\u00aanin, ph\u00a9n t\u00ddch nh\u00f7ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n trong \u00aei\u00d2u ki\u00d6n \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca, v\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n \u00cay \u00ae\u00b7 khi\u00d5n cho c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng v\u00ab s\u00b6n th\u00b5nh m\u00e9t v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 th\u00f9c ti\u00d4n tr\u00f9c ti\u00d5p, v\u00b5 t\u00b9o th\u00b5nh \u00aei\u00d2u ki\u00d6n t\u00e8t \u00ae\u00d3 \u00ae\u00b8nh th\u00beng ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n. Xtalin l\u00b9i ph\u00a9n t\u00ddch v\u00d7 sao n\u2212\u00edc Nga l\u00b5 n\u00aci s\u00b6n xu\u00cat ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca L\u00aanin, ph\u00a9n t\u00ddch n\u2212\u00edc Nga l\u00f3c \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5 n\u00aci t\u00f4 h\u00e4p t\u00cat c\u00b6 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c, v\u00b5 ph\u00a9n t\u00ddch v\u00d7 sao v\u00ab s\u00b6n Nga c\u00e3 th\u00d3 l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00e9i ti\u00d2n phong c\u00f1a c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng v\u00ab s\u00b6n th\u00d5 gi\u00edi. Th\u00d5 l\u00b5 Xtalin \u00ae\u00b7 ph\u00a9n t\u00ddch t\u00ddnh ph\u00e6 bi\u00d5n c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 n\u00e3i r\u00e2 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca L\u00aanin l\u00b5 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b8c trong th\u00eai \u00ae\u00b9i \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca v\u00b5 c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng v\u00ab s\u00b6n. Xtalin l\u00b9i ph\u00a9n t\u00ddch t\u00ddnh ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c Nga trong nh\u00f7ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n chung, v\u00b5 n\u00e3i r\u00e2 v\u00d7 sao n\u2212\u00edc Nga l\u00b5 ngu\u00e5n g\u00e8c c\u00f1a l\u00fd lu\u00cbn v\u00b5 chi\u00d5n l\u2212\u00eec c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng v\u00ab s\u00b6n. M\u00b5 trong nh\u00f7ng t\u00ddnh ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t \u00cay \u00ae\u00b7 g\u00e5m t\u00ddnh ph\u00e6 bi\u00d5n c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n. C\u00b8ch ph\u00a9n t\u00ddch c\u00f1a Xtalin l\u00b5 m\u00e9t ki\u00d3u m\u00c9u \u00ae\u00d3 nh\u00cbn bi\u00d5t t\u00ddnh ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t v\u00b5 t\u00ddnh ph\u00e6 bi\u00d5n c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n v\u00b5 s\u00f9 li\u00aan h\u00d6 l\u00c9n nhau c\u00f1a n\u00e3.","582 h\u00e5 ch\u00dd minh to\u00b5n t\u00cbp V\u00d2 c\u00b8ch d\u00efng bi\u00d6n ch\u00f8ng ph\u00b8p m\u00b5 nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u hi\u00d6n t\u2212\u00eeng kh\u00b8ch quan, M\u00b8c, \u00a1ngghen, L\u00aanin, Xtalin d\u00b9y ch\u00f3ng ta ch\u00ed t\u00efy ti\u00d6n, ch\u00ed ch\u00f1 quan, m\u00b5 ph\u00b6i do \u00aei\u00d2u ki\u00d6n c\u00f4 th\u00d3 c\u00f1a th\u00f9c t\u00d5 kh\u00b8ch quan \u00ae\u00d3 t\u00d7m th\u00cay trong hi\u00d6n t\u2212\u00eeng \u00cay nh\u00f7ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n c\u00f4 th\u00d3, \u00ae\u00dea v\u00de c\u00f4 th\u00d3 c\u00f1a m\u00e7i m\u00c6t c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n, v\u00b5 s\u00f9 quan h\u00d6 c\u00f4 th\u00d3 gi\u00f7a c\u00b8c m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n. Ngo\u00b5i c\u00b8ch \u00ae\u00e3, kh\u00abng c\u00e3 c\u00b8ch nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u n\u00b5o kh\u00b8c. V\u00d7 kh\u00abng theo c\u00b8ch nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u \u00cay, cho n\u00aan ph\u00b8i gi\u00b8o \u00aei\u00d2u sai nh\u00c7m lu\u00abn lu\u00abn. S\u00f9 quan h\u00d6 gi\u00f7a t\u00ddnh ph\u00e6 bi\u00d5n v\u00b5 t\u00ddnh ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n, t\u00f8c l\u00b5 s\u00f9 quan h\u00d6 gi\u00f7a t\u00ddnh chung v\u00b5 t\u00ddnh ri\u00aang c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n. T\u00ddnh chung ngh\u00dca l\u00b5 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n t\u00e5n t\u00b9i trong t\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh, xuy\u00aan qua t\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh t\u00f5 \u00ae\u00c7u \u00ae\u00d5n cu\u00e8i. M\u00a9u thu\u00c9n t\u00f8c l\u00b5 v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng, t\u00f8c l\u00b5 s\u00f9 v\u00cbt, t\u00f8c l\u00b5 qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh, c\u00f2ng t\u00f8c l\u00b5 t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng. Kh\u00abng th\u00f5a nh\u00cbn m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n c\u00f1a s\u00f9 v\u00cbt, t\u00f8c l\u00b5 kh\u00abng th\u00f5a nh\u00cbn g\u00d7 h\u00d5t. \u00a7\u00e3 l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b9o l\u00fd chung t\u00f5 x\u2212a \u00ae\u00d5n nay. Cho n\u00aan n\u00e3 l\u00b5 t\u00ddnh chung - t\u00ddnh tuy\u00d6t \u00ae\u00e8i. Song t\u00ddnh chung \u00cay \u00ae\u00b7 bao h\u00b5m trong t\u00cat c\u00b6 t\u00ddnh ri\u00aang. Kh\u00abng c\u00e3 t\u00ddnh ri\u00aang th\u00d7 kh\u00abng c\u00e3 t\u00ddnh chung. V\u00d7 do nh\u00f7ng c\u00b8i ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n m\u00b5 t\u00b9o th\u00b5nh t\u00ddnh ri\u00aang. T\u00cat c\u00b6 t\u00ddnh ri\u00aang \u00ae\u00d2u t\u00efy theo \u00aei\u00d2u ki\u00d6n m\u00b5 t\u00e5n t\u00b9i v\u00b5 t\u00e5n t\u00b9i t\u00b9m th\u00eai, cho n\u00aan n\u00e3 l\u00b5 t\u2212\u00acng \u00ae\u00e8i. T\u00ddnh chung v\u00b5 t\u00ddnh ri\u00aang, tuy\u00d6t \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00b5 t\u2212\u00acng \u00ae\u00e8i - \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5 c\u00e8t t\u00f1y c\u00f1a v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n c\u00f1a s\u00f9 v\u00cbt. Kh\u00abng hi\u00d3u n\u00e3, t\u00f8c l\u00b5 kh\u00abng hi\u00d3u bi\u00d6n ch\u00f8ng ph\u00b8p. 4. M\u00a9u thu\u00c9n ch\u00ddnh v\u00b5 m\u00c6t ch\u00ddnh c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n Trong v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 t\u00ddnh ri\u00aang bi\u00d6t c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n, \u00ae\u00c6c bi\u00d6t ph\u00b6i ch\u00f3 \u00fd ph\u00a9n t\u00ddch: m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n ch\u00ddnh v\u00b5 m\u00c6t ch\u00ddnh c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n.","b\u00b5n v\u00d2 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n 583 Qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n c\u00f1a s\u00f9 v\u00cbt r\u00cat ph\u00f8c t\u00b9p, nhi\u00d2u m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n. Trong \u00ae\u00e3 \u00bet c\u00e3 m\u00e9t m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n ch\u00ddnh, v\u00d7 n\u00e3 s\u00cf quy \u00ae\u00denh ho\u00c6c \u00b6nh h\u2212\u00ebng \u00ae\u00d5n s\u00f9 t\u00e5n t\u00b9i v\u00b5 ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n c\u00f1a nh\u00f7ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n kh\u00b8c. Th\u00dd d\u00f4: Trong x\u00b7 h\u00e9i t\u2212 b\u00b6n, m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a giai c\u00cap v\u00ab s\u00b6n v\u00b5 giai c\u00cap t\u2212 s\u00b6n l\u00b5 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n ch\u00ddnh. C\u00dfn nh\u00f7ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n kh\u00b8c, nh\u2212: - m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a giai c\u00cap phong ki\u00d5n \u00ae\u00b7 suy y\u00d5u v\u00edi giai c\u00cap t\u2212 s\u00b6n, - m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a n\u00abng d\u00a9n, ti\u00d3u t\u2212 s\u00b6n v\u00edi giai c\u00cap t\u2212 s\u00b6n, - m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a v\u00ab s\u00b6n v\u00edi n\u00abng d\u00a9n, ti\u00d3u t\u2212 s\u00b6n, - m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a giai c\u00cap t\u2212 s\u00b6n t\u00f9 do v\u00edi t\u2212 s\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e9c quy\u00d2n, - m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a t\u2212 s\u00b6n d\u00a9n ch\u00f1 v\u00edi ph\u00b8t x\u00ddt, - m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc t\u2212 b\u00b6n, - m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c v\u00edi thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea, v.v.. Nh\u00f7ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n \u00cay \u00ae\u00d2u do m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n ch\u00ddnh quy \u00ae\u00denh v\u00b5 \u00b6nh h\u2212\u00ebng. \u00eb m\u00e9t n\u2212\u00edc n\u00f6a thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea nh\u2212 Trung Qu\u00e8c h\u00e5i tr\u2212\u00edc, s\u00f9 quan h\u00d6 gi\u00f7a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n ch\u00ddnh v\u00edi nh\u00f7ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n kh\u00abng ph\u00b6i ch\u00ddnh r\u00cat l\u00b5 ph\u00f8c t\u00b9p. Khi b\u00de \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c x\u00a9m l\u2212\u00eec, th\u00d7 ngo\u00b5i m\u00e9t b\u00e4n ph\u00b6n qu\u00e8c, c\u00b8c giai c\u00cap trong n\u2212\u00edc \u00ae\u00d2u c\u00e3 th\u00d3 t\u00b9m th\u00eai \u00aeo\u00b5n k\u00d5t, th\u00f9c h\u00b5nh kh\u00b8ng chi\u00d5n, ch\u00e8ng ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c. L\u00f3c \u00ae\u00e3, m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea l\u00b5 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n ch\u00ddnh. M\u00b5 t\u00cat c\u00b6 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a c\u00b8c giai c\u00cap \u00eb n\u00e9i b\u00e9 (g\u00e5m c\u00b6 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n ch\u00ddnh l\u00b5 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a phong ki\u00d5n v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b9i ch\u00f3ng nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n), \u00ae\u00d2u t\u00b9m th\u00eai lui xu\u00e8ng \u00ae\u00dea v\u00de th\u00f8 y\u00d5u, \u00ae\u00dea v\u00de ph\u00f4c t\u00efng. \u00eb Trung Qu\u00e8c, cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n tranh thu\u00e8c phi\u00d6n46 (1840), cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n tranh gi\u00f7a Trung Qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 Nh\u00cbt B\u00b6n (1894), cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n tranh Ngh\u00dca h\u00dfa \u00aeo\u00b5n47 (1900) v\u00b5 cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n tranh ch\u00e8ng Nh\u00cbt - \u00ae\u00d2u nh\u2212 th\u00d5. Nh\u2212ng d\u2212\u00edi m\u00e9t t\u00d7nh h\u00d7nh kh\u00b8c, th\u00d7 \u00ae\u00dea v\u00de c\u00f1a m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n l\u00b9i thay \u00ae\u00e6i. Th\u00dd d\u00f4:","584 h\u00e5 ch\u00dd minh to\u00b5n t\u00cbp - Khi ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c d\u00efng ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de, kinh t\u00d5, v\u00a8n h\u00e3a \u00ae\u00d3 \u00b8p b\u00f8c, ch\u00f8 kh\u00abng d\u00efng chi\u00d5n tranh \u00ae\u00d3 \u00b8p b\u00f8c, th\u00d7 b\u00e4n th\u00e8ng tr\u00de b\u00b6n x\u00f8 c\u00e3 th\u00d3 \u00ae\u00c7u h\u00b5ng ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c. Ch\u00f3ng v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c k\u00d5t th\u00b5nh \u00ae\u00e5ng minh, \u00ae\u00d3 c\u00efng nhau \u00b8p b\u00f8c nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n. L\u00f3c \u00ae\u00e3, nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n th\u2212\u00eang d\u00efng h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c n\u00e9i chi\u00d5n, ch\u00e8ng \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 phong ki\u00d5n. M\u00b5 \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c th\u00d7 d\u00efng c\u00b8ch gi\u00b8n ti\u00d5p gi\u00f3p \u00ae\u00ec b\u00e4n ph\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e9ng b\u00b6n x\u00f8 \u00ae\u00d3 \u00ae\u00b5n \u00b8p nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n. Th\u00d5 l\u00b5 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n n\u00e9i b\u00e9 c\u00f9c k\u00fa s\u00a9u s\u00bec. \u00eb Trung Qu\u00e8c, cu\u00e9c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng n\u00a8m 1911; cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n tranh ch\u00e8ng qu\u00a9n phi\u00d6t c\u00f2 n\u00a8m 1924 - 1927; cu\u00e9c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng ru\u00e9ng \u00ae\u00cat sau n\u00a8m 1927 - \u00ae\u00d2u nh\u2212 v\u00cby. C\u00b8c b\u00e4n ph\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e9ng (nh\u2212 b\u00e4n qu\u00a9n phi\u00d6t) \u00ae\u00b8nh l\u00c9n nhau - c\u00f2ng thu\u00e9c v\u00b5o lo\u00b9i \u00cay. - Khi c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng uy hi\u00d5p \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00d2n t\u00b6ng c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 b\u00cc l\u00f2 ch\u00e3 s\u00a8n c\u00f1a ch\u00f3ng, th\u00d7 \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c th\u2212\u00eang d\u00efng nh\u00f7ng c\u00b8ch kh\u00b8c, \u00ae\u00d3 mong gi\u00f7 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec quy\u00d2n th\u00e8ng tr\u00de c\u00f1a ch\u00f3ng. Ho\u00c6c ch\u00f3ng chia r\u00cf n\u00e9i b\u00e9 c\u00f1a m\u00c6t tr\u00cbn c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng. Ho\u00c6c ch\u00f3ng tr\u00f9c ti\u00d5p ph\u00b8i qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i gi\u00f3p b\u00e4n ph\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e9ng. L\u00f3c \u00ae\u00e3, \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 b\u00e4n ph\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e9ng b\u00b6n x\u00f8 \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00abng khai \u00ae\u00f8ng v\u00d2 m\u00e9t phe. \u00a7\u00b9i ch\u00f3ng nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n \u00ae\u00f8ng v\u00d2 m\u00e9t phe. \u00a7i\u00d2u \u00ae\u00e3 th\u00b5nh m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n ch\u00ddnh, v\u00b5 quy \u00ae\u00denh ho\u00c6c \u00b6nh h\u2212\u00ebng \u00ae\u00d5n nh\u00f7ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n kh\u00b8c. Th\u00dd d\u00f4: Sau C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Th\u00b8ng M\u2212\u00eai, c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc t\u2212 b\u00b6n gi\u00f3p b\u00e4n ph\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e9ng Nga - \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5 m\u00e9t c\u00b8ch can thi\u00d6p b\u00bbng v\u00f2 trang. N\u00a8m 1927, T\u2212\u00ebng Gi\u00edi Th\u00b9ch ph\u00b6n - \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5 m\u00e9t c\u00b8ch ch\u00f3ng chia r\u00cf m\u00c6t tr\u00cbn c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng. Song, v\u00ab lu\u00cbn th\u00d5 n\u00b5o, trong c\u00b8c giai \u00aeo\u00b9n c\u00f1a qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n, ch\u00d8 c\u00e3 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n ch\u00ddnh n\u00e3 l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o nh\u00f7ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n kh\u00b8c. Nh\u00f7ng m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n kia \u00ae\u00d2u l\u00b5 th\u00f8 y\u00d5u \u00eb \u00ae\u00dea v\u00de ph\u00f4c t\u00efng. V\u00d7 v\u00cby, nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u b\u00cat k\u00fa qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh n\u00b5o, n\u00d5u n\u00e3 c\u00e3 t\u00f5 hai m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n tr\u00eb l\u00aan, th\u00d7 ph\u00b6i ra s\u00f8c t\u00d7m cho ra m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n ch\u00ddnh. N\u00bem \u00ae\u2212\u00eec n\u00e3, th\u00d7 v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 g\u00d7 c\u00f2ng d\u00d4 gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t. \u00a7\u00e3 l\u00b5 ph\u2212\u00acng ph\u00b8p m\u00b5 M\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b7 d\u00efng \u00ae\u00d3 nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n. \u00a7\u00e3 c\u00f2ng l\u00b5 ph\u2212\u00acng ph\u00b8p m\u00b5 L\u00aanin v\u00b5 Xtalin d\u00efng \u00ae\u00d3 nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u t\u00e6ng nguy c\u00ac c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n, v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00d3 nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u kinh t\u00d5"]