Очерк истории казахской советской литературы

CAKEH CEH4>yjlJlHH Hua Canetia Ceti([>y.i;iHHa—oaiioro H3 ochoboiio.TO)khhkob KasaxcKoft Poko h3B€ctko liaiueft ofiikecTBeHHocTH. TaKHe ero npoiiaBeaenaa, kuk •TpyjHufl nyTb, Tawe-iuS nepexoa», cHeyKpOTHMufi Koiib», «KpacHhie coko- au», «KoKaeTay», «CoBeTCTaH», oCorarsuiH Kasaxatyro coBercKyio jniTepa- typyapKHMH3o6pa>Kem[eMayM a 'laHiwii Ka3axcitoro iiapoaa b anoxy peBO- xiouhh, npaBaiiBHM noKa30M cro jkh3hh h Sopbfibt 3a no6eay CobctckoB Bjacro, 3a ycTaHOBJieiiHecouHa.iHcrHiecKoro crpoa. CeB^ya/WH6uji nepBbiM «a3axcKBMcoBcrcKHM nosTOM, BOcneBuiHMb ruiaMeiuibix craxax no6eay Be- XHKOfi OKTaOpbCKOft COUHajIHCTH'ieCKOfl PCBOBIOUHH. eimtinea b yxRiie pbmkh oaHoro wan- paaHieparyphi: co3;iao aaMeiaTe.iLHbie npoMBeaeHHHb no93HK h npo3e, oh He- xaaocaejiaji hjuih pa3BHTHHiiamioHajib- aofl apaMaTyprHH, a, kpomc aioro, 6wji rxyfioKHM ncc.ieaOBaTe;ieM hctophh poa- ssfi ^im*parypb.-. Caned (CfuiMKBC) Ce#0yA.mn po- swe* a 1894 :oay b \"epbOM ay.ic HH.it- annexes BaioctH AmioaHMCKoro vein1* Axh<uhbcko(I ryftcpHBH (iiuwe PKana-Ap- ukxhB pafiOH KaparaHflHHCKoB ofi-iao- tBI b ceube HefioraToro cKorOBoaa 0 c3oe« oriie. 0*4>yAS<*. noyr na- ^aj a aBTOfii'.otpaipHa «Mofi oreu 6hu *\"3iepaa.K'iMUM MeaoBeKOM. xopoiuwu aoHftpncioM. oh aiofin.1 oxoxy. co.icpwai •1MXHXBTHU, a M3'b 6bl.:a npiltM'MHUO* •eatum-of*. xopoiw* paccxaaiHUeAb. Ha poaHHe C. Cefiiiiyaamia whjih b To BpeMH HHOrHe KaaaxcxHe ...... aKbnnj-HMnpoBH3aTopu. Hx i paccKa3u poaHux aapoiiHJiH b kliapoay h ero TBopHeerey: no93HH, n...... ^ y ay.ibHoro Myaabi oBaaaeBaeT dyAj^ii^noar ® ^ nJlaB|UIbHoro 3a “oaa, 0HPnepee3)«aeT b 1905 roav B Akmcuihhck, r«e nocrynaer b npHXo.i- ckjto uiKcwiy. a noTOM h b flByxKJiaccHoe ymanme. ByAyuwfl no3T ’iBraer, BHHMaTeatHO caeflHT 3 KHiiraM\"H. mcTaMH h atypiiajiauH, b

Ahiuhmii Ha Ka3axcKOM h pyccKOM h3!jk,ix. B nocaejHHx K.iaccax yiHJiHiixa on ywe HaHHHaer T)6yiiaTb pycCKOMy n3Hny ua3axcKHx aerefi, npHexaBiimx c Akmojihhck, itoGw no.'iyiHTb o6pa30Bat!He. B 1913—1916 roaax oh yiHT- cn b OmckoB yHHieJibCKofl ceMHHapHH, rae 4>opMHpyiOTCH ero oOmecTsemio- na'iiiTH'iecKne h acxeTH'iecKHe BsrasAfcb B sro BpeMH oh hkthbho yiacTByer b cryseHiecKOM Ky.'ihTypno-iipocBeTmeabCKOM KpywKe «BipaiK» («Eahhct- bo»), c noMorubio xoToporo BbmycnaeT b 1914 roay b Ka3aHH csofi nepBbifi cCopHHK CTHXOB «©TKeH KyHAep» (ellpoUieflUlHe AHH») . B npeaHCJiOBHHk STOMy c6opHHKy roBopHTcn: «...JlHTepaTypa, xoth sto caobo He TpyaHO npoH3HOCUTb, poHfaaeTCH H pa3BIIBaCTCH B Tpyanux ycao- bhhx. y Bcex BbicOKOKyjibTypuux iiapoaoa craHOB.ieiiHe jiHTepaTyphi npoHC- xoaht Ha HporaweHHHjumrejibHoroBpeMCHH... Mu crpeMHMca k To&iy, htoSoI hckvcctbo Mcoioflbix H03TOBHe nponajio aapo.M, mtoOh pocjia H pa3BHBa.iacb KaaaxciiaHjiHTepaTypa...» dry Bbicoxyio uejib upecjieaoBajiH y>iaiu.necH-i(pyiK- KOBUbl, a TOMHHCJie MOJlOAOfi C. CeifapyajiHH. B cfiopHHKe naneHaTaHo okoao ABaanam CTHXoraopeHHfi, b KOTopwx 3ane'iaT.ienajiK)6oBbno3Ta k po.moMy ayay, ero crpeMaeHHSi k 3iiani!HM, jni- pH'iecKHe paaayMbH. OaaaKO Bsrax npoH3BeaeHHHX B3r.ia.ib! C. CeficJiyAJiH- na Ha ocnoBHue oOmccTBeHHue HBaeHHH snoxn He 6wjih erne hotko Bbipa- K«HbI. EcJIH B CBOHX .THPHHeCKHX npOH3BeaeHHHX «B ACTHIOIO HOHb» («>Ka3ru TyHae»). cPoaiian crpana» («Tyran ea»), «/Iio6oBb HeyracHMass («Keme0TiH ecreii rauibin wap»), «Tocxa» («CaFhiny») host KpacoaHo OHHCbEBaeT npHpoay poAHoro Kpaa, rayOoKO nepeaaeT cboh iiepe*iiBanaa, to b CTHXOTBopeHHH «Ha A>baHA5iy» (c^Kaii.'iayaa*), «MjiaaiiieMy GpaTVb («lHiiueriM<»), «Kto BaayiUHfi?* («Ki'i 6acuibi?»). «Hypa» BCTpeiaiorca h npoTHBopetHBbie Miieima h ne3pe.ib!e cyxAeHHH. npaBaa, b iieKOTopux cth- xoTBopeHHax, onyO/iHKOsaniibix b c6opiiHKe, a TaKwe HanHcaHHbix nosaHee, b 1915— 1916roaax (Bomeaimix 3areMb cOophhk «Acay Tyjmap*—«Heyi<- poTHMbifl KOHb»), no9T nporecTyeT npoTHB yrHeTeHHH Ka3axcKoro napoaa i)>eo;iajibHO-6aIICKO0 BepxyuiKoit h uapcKHMH KOJioi!H3aTopaMH. Oh 6oaC'3hoh- ho nepewHBaeT, hto y Ka.anxcKoro napofla HeT aocToitnoro BOKaxa,— crap- luero Opara, MoaoaoKb He crpeMHTCH K 3HaHHHM,ckot' h HMymecTBoHapoaa pacxHipaioTCH, a peaKUHOHHbte Ka.3axcKHe 6ah BHCrynaioT npcn-HB pyccicofi rpaMOTH, BKcnJiyarapyioT Oe.iHHKOB-cKOTOBOAOB. B 3to BpeMH, noaoOno A6aio, toot ciHTaeT, hto crpaHe hvwhij npocBcmeHiibie pyKOBOAHrean Ha- poaa, KOTopue cwaxHAHCb 6u Haa ropbxoft cyabOofl chpot h hhiuhx. OaiiaKO rOBoptiT oh 060 BceM3tom AOBoabHO pacn.ibin'iaTo, neKOHKpeTHO. B cthxot- BopeiiHH «Bobhh» («TojiKhiH»), HanHcaHHOM bo BpeMH BOCCTaiiHH 1916 ro-

Otmctkm, wo cboh B3rjisaH Ha BOccraHHe 1916roaa nosrrfionee itojiho Bupa3Ha b KHiire «Tap jko,i, TaiiraK. Keiuy» («Tpy,;iibiii nyrb, rawe-ibiii ne- pexo»), Hocameft aBTo6Horpa()>H'iecKHfi xapaKTep. PaSoraa yuireaeM, oh otito.ics b casioa ryme no&CTaifucB. H stoaaao cay bo3mo* hoctbnpaBaroo OT®6pa3HTb6opb6y napojKbix Macc nporiiB thi-ot HMiiepHajmcrHiecKoS aoii- bh, aapcKoro npaBHT&ibCTBa h Bupa3Hib hu ciioe coiyBcnme. HobuA STan b o6mecTBeHHO-nojiimmeCKOii h TBopaecKofl aeareabHocrH C.CeiUjiyajiiiHa nauiiHaeTCH c 1917 roAa. H3BecTH0, mto, Korfla nocne 4>cb- paabCKofi peBOJHOwiHBpaxcayiouuie KJiaccu CTOJiKHyjiHCb Ha orKputofi ape- »e, now, He .laayMbmasicb, BbicryiiHji ctopohhhkom CoabuieBHKOB. B 1917 may npHnoaaepWKe CoBeTa pa6oqe-KpecrbancKHXHconaaTCKHXaenyTaTOis ohaKTHBHoyaacTByeT b pafiore Ka3axcKoro KOMmeia ropoaa AKMo-iHHCKa. 0Ka3hiBaer coaeiiCTBHe b H3aaHHH ra3era «TipuiiaiK» («>KH3Hb»). Bcry- nuBb 1918 roay b pa.ibi KoMMyHHcmmecKoii napTHH, nosT seaer nenpiiMH- pmyio 6opu6y nponiB iio.ihthkh BpeMeimoro upaBHTejibcTBa h Haiuioiia.iHc- tobH3 «Aaauj-opflUb. B 3th orneniiwe roaij fiopi.6u 3a- ycraHOBJieiiae CoBeTCKofi bbscth b Ka3axcTane C. CeiKbyjiJiHH co3aaeT Tanne cthxh, KaK «Mh cneiiiHO coOpa- HHCbBnoxoa* («AcbiFbm re3 a-rraHAbW), «A ny, apyaba awHnirab («Kea, *iriitep!»), «ToBapiiuui!» (®>Ko.iaacrap!»|, «B crenn» («flaaaaa*), «Pa- 6wevy» («>KyMbicKepre»), HanojiaenHHe peBOJnomioiiBbiM naijiocoM h Boc­ humnpH3WBor.i k uiHpoKHM MaccaM TpyasiUHxca SopOTbca 3a cboio poaHyio BJiacrbnpoTHB Bparoa peso-noium. B 1917roay on co3aaer nbecy«Ha nyra KcxacTbio* >KOJibma»), KOTopyio aKMOHHHCKaa MO-ioncwb craBHT bKaaaxcKHX ay.iax, a TaKwe na nepBOMafiCKOMnpa3AHHKe b r. Ahmoiwhckc. nepejioweHHtjeHa My3UKyero cthxh «ToBapHiUK» («>Ko.iaacTap») uih- poxHe Maccbi iieaii uaK CoeByio necmo: B KOHue nan 1918 roaa 6eaorBan,ieiimu CBCpraa CoBCTCKyEOp.iacrb b •ncAiseox»iymMoriacaJawcinepOcpcaoaKua!eibei.HaB3iCeaB.n.HHpCoHKe6:Hfbi,a^i.eyhif.iicbaCTKTBaHaHKBtTHc.e:o.i'ir.ibiapHHcyHbOnCnK.atoohofflto6ohoti.iiiaobhmpbHcMaa.1e.nnebpHeBcaOyM,oaabfinCoKKMoOrMoHp3onfpatao3snaopicioHxcBKoaeB-. nMBH0o3M3ajTaooa,c’CreKHixTHOHaxKitOHyniiiapoHaOTBnb, HitHaeToOceByaCb,eifelrb,OpP6aKAaCoOeorCoroTbpbn!oKfb)tmO1vpT9.amB13e6oT6Hbra.oo1aa>bByuap.piea3oMraraHcKMa0,BMa3woiiin6ToinHb.iiHHeoa3hpbaouKaHaiaeHiuifiteacaiKB.aaiHbeaSTiacCxyT.c3iBKbnuiouiaoS- touttpaeuci.i1a11ie3BMTyCiMCHoKrHnpbaBaKe0i.iib>iiaKb03nCeKrHpXona3Bac.1r0e:«HcKka.x Ohh nepeiiec.ni caMue neTPonaBHOBCKa, Osicxa

h b Barone CMepra araMaHa AHHeincoBa. MHorae TOBapHiimC. Ceficpy/uiHHa 6unn 3a.MyieHbi, paccrpenaHij, noBeuieHU. B MapTe 1919 roaa nosry yaajiocb Gewa-rb H3 OMCKoro Jiarepa Koaia- KOBueB. CKpuBaaci. B cenax h ayjiax, oh npoOnpaerca 'iepca creim na po- aimy, b cboB ayji. A 33tpm nepea roaoaHyio crenb yxoairr Ha lor, k Typxe- CTany, rae ywe npovHO yTBepaHaacb CoBercKaa B/iacrb. B 3tot nepiioa MyarecTBeHHuft nosT npoaoawaer cboio TBOPiecxyio pa- 6oTy. Oh aeaaer Miioro peBOAiouHOHiiux h aiipHiecKHX cthxob, KOTopua BbiaejiBiOTca cbohm na<|)0C0M it xyao*eCTBeHHOH 3aBcpuieHHOCTbio: «Otbct Ha aonpoce* («TeprereH GojicauaftTaBbiH*), «3a6jiywaaiomKMca» («AaacK3H- aapra»), «# Tocxyio* («CaFtiHAbiM»), «/tpy.ibflM, naeuiHM 3a npaaoe aeao» («U]oht 6oaraH aocTapuMa*), «H3 3a«jii0'ieiiH>i» («KaMayaan»), «B Hauiax Kpanx» (<cBi3ain warnas), «B ropax* («Tay imiHae»), «Aya Geraeua* («KauiKbiHiibii( ayiibi*), «Mapce.ibC3a Moaoafaix Ka3axoB» («>Kac Ka3aK Mapccjibe3i»), «B nycTbme* («lUejiae»). Tenepb B3ran;rbi noaTa 11a pcajib- Hyro aeBcTBMTeabHOCTb cTa.iii Goaee onpeaeaeiuiu h KoiixpeTHbi. B cthxo- TBopeHHH «ripeaKaM» oh iiaaaraeT CBoe 3ctgthneekog Kpeao, CBoe HaaHa>ie- B apyrHX craxax on 3aBepfieT Hapoa, hto khkhkho HeB3roabi liecaoMar ero peBoaioaHOHHbifl ayx, lie co6bioT ero c nyra GopbGw: riosT h b 1919— 1920 roaax npoaoawaeT peBoaioriHOHHyio paGoTy b rayxHX crennx TypKecTaHa. B na<ia.ie 1920 roaa, B03BpaTHBUiHcb b poaHue Kpaa, Ccitcpyaami bkthbho y>iacTByer b coBercxoM CTpoHTC-ibCTBe, pyxoBo- a«T HapoaiibiM npocBemeiraeM h nenarbio b Akmoahhckom ye3ae. B 1920 roay, xoraa co3aaerca Kaaaxcitaa ABTOHOMHaa PecnyOrntna, Ceflcpya.iHiia H3fiHpaioTM.ieHOM(lpe3HaHyMa UeiiTpajibnoro McnojiHHTeabiio- ro KoMHTeTa Ka3axCTaHa. B 1922roay ero Ha3HaiaiOT 3aMecmTejieM Hapoa- Horo KOMHecapa npocBemenna Ka3axcTaHa, a Ha III cte3ae Cobctob— ripeaceaaTeaeM CoBera Hapoaiibix KounccapOB Kasaxcrawa. B tomwe roay ero H36upator whom Bcecoi03iioro UeiiTpaabiioro HcnojiHHTejibiioro KoMH­ TeTa h HeoaHOKparao nepeH36HpaiOT aneHOM Ka3UHRa. C 1924 no 1937 roa 011 paGoTaeT b pa3.ni>mbix KyjibTypHO-npocBeTHTejibHbix yqpewaeHHax Ka3axcTana: npenoaaBaTcaeM BucmHx neaarorH'iecKHx yaeGHUx aaoeaeHHii, peaaKTopoM wypHaaa «9aefiHer MaftaaHus («JlnTepaTypHUfl $poht», Htme «JKyaabi3» — «3Be3aa»), peaaKTopoM ra3erbi xEnGexuii Ka3aK» («Tovaa- upiflCH Kaaax*). ' C. CeiiipyaaHH 6an aaenoM npe3HanyMa ripaBJieHHH Coi03a nncaTeaefl Ka3axcTana. Kax aeaeraT oh Bbicrynaa Ha I BcecoioaiioM cbe3ae cobctckhx 1C. CeS$yji.ian. HsfipaHHue cthxb „ joshu, CTp. 42.

nacareaefi B 1934 rosy. B 1936 roay ofimecTBeHHocn. Ka3axcrana urapoito omernaa JU-.ierae JiKTepaTypnoa flcsTeJibaocTa C. CefiipyjiJiHHa. Bucoko oaesHBaaero 3acjiyrH b p33bhthh HaiwoHa/ibHoa couHaaHCTHMecKoS Kyabty- P“, CoBercKoe npaBHTeabCTBo Harpajuiao nHcaTejia opaeiioM TpyaoBoro KpacHoro 3HaueHH. KpynHeliuiHfi tost h Ky-nM-ypHuft aesrrejib C. CeflctiyjuiKH eeji Conbinyio Bayrao-nejarorHMecKyK) paOoiy cpeaH Monoflofl Ka3axcKoii KHTe-MHreHUHH. 3aCBOIOnpHHUHnHa^bHOCTb, HeiipHMHpKMOCTb K HAeHHbTMnpOTHBHHKaM, 3a HcoiomrejibHyio qecniocTb, ocTpoyMHe oh CHHCKaji yBawemie h bbtophtct cpeaaJiHreparypiiofl o6iuecTBeHaocTH h mcmioakkk. MHorae no-sTbi, nncaTe- jb,aenreJiKKyjibTypbi ofipamaJiHCb k Hetty aa tbophbckhm coBeroM, 3a noa- aepaiKoB. He TOJibao Mo.ionejxb, no h MHorae napoaKue aKUHbi, neBuu BMajIKCb BHHHblMH Hpy3bSIMH nosTa. Taa, eme b Haqa.ie 30-x roaoe BenHKHfi /lataMCya noapyWH.ica c Cefi- $yjuiHHbiM. B 3to BpeMH noaT onepBue 3anHcaa paa necea crapefiiuero axu- Ba,ony6aiiKOBa.i 3armcaHiibie c ero caoB necan CyroMOaa, LUowe h apyriix nesaoB. C. Cefl^yaaHH ee.i pa3HOCTopdHinoio paOoTy no c6opy h nySanKa- hhbo6paanoB Ka3axcKoro (po.ibitjiopa i;aK qacn 06«ecTBa joyqeiws Ka3ax- craHah HayiHUft coTpyaHHK MHCTHTyra naanonaabHofl KyjibTypu. Maorne coBpeMeaabie Ka3axcane nosTu n nncaTeaa ropwoiacb tcm, wo ohh BB.ifliOTCH yqeHHKaMn C. Cefl(|)yaaHHa, TBopqecTao Koroporo oaa- 3aao aa ax npoioBe.qoHna BaaroTsopHoe BaaaHHe, B 1922 roay noar H3aa.i tph KHarn: c6opmia cthxob, aanacaaiibix b 1915— 1921 roaax, «HeyKpoTHMbi0 kohb» a nbecbi dlyra. k caacrbio* n <KpacHbie coKaibis, Haniicamibie b 1917 n 1920 roaax. Bo BCiynaennn k Kirnre eHeyapoTHMHi'i Konb» host, pomaHTHqecKH B3o6pa>Kaa Mqamerocs no arena kohh, Ha3UBaeT cboio 3BOHKyro necaio ro- jocompeBoaiouan. 06pauiaacb k Monofloiay noKoaeaaio, oh roBopaT: «Mo- -loacwb, pa36aBUiaa okobm paOcTBa, c ti.iaMeaiibiH cepaneM auiyuiaa paB- BOnpaBaa, caacTba, nan coaoa, B3MaxayBUiaa apuabaMa, oKHayBinaa B3opoM boonaaHeTy, Mqamaaca nan neyaporaMbifi kohl no 6e3rpaHaqaoii crena b noacKaxaio6BHn paaocra! H Bast nocBawaro ary rtecino! Bw powaeau paaa SopbOu, paaa cisofioanoro ciacraHBoro Tpyaa. 3oBHTe cbohx 6parbeB, eme noayittHx noa otom! BaM, roHOuiaMn aeByiuxaM, aayiiuiM no repoaqecKOMy tiyra a CBo6oae, nocBsmiaerca 3Ta necan! riycrb coabiOTca Bauia roaoca, aMoryqas necna npoaeceTca naa bcbm mhpom! BcTpaXHHTe, oShobhtc CTa- PuS miip!» B Te aim, Koraa 6ypwya3H0-Haun0Ha.nHCTHqeCKHe nos™ TOCKona.ra o HBB03BpaTHMOM npomnoM. nacajm 06 anoxe qepnoro Mpaaa, ropaqae cno- Ba C. Ceflijiya.iHHa, npiiabmaiomero MO-ioaewb vmi'iToiKHTb pa6cTB0, nocr- poirtbaoBUfl Map, omyniTb ciacrte 6opb6bi n Tpyaa, nBH.mcb raMHOM, pow- aeHHUMpeBoaronnefi. BaoxHOB-ieiiHbifl BMHKHMH aeaaMH TpyaoBoro Hapoaa, host npHcrynacT rofly Kco3aanHio DOMana «TpyaHbiB nyTb. Tanteauil nopexoa- \" m , ‘vpiutcM, HTO poOMMdaHn, BbDmIUileCfAluiumnn Bn 1927_.r_o_a_y,__a___ H KpymiblM COCblTHeM 8 06m0CTBeHHO(i n Ky.ibrypHoil jkh3hh Ka3axcTaHa. B nocjieayKiume roau C. Ce9(|>ya.iHH naoaoTBOpHO TpyanTCH a H3aaeT paa npoH3aeaeHafi: dosmv *TpyaOBO0 aoroBop— samara 6eaHOTbi» (*fn6ea uiapT— wajiuibuiap Kopraabi», 1927), paccKa3bi «3eM.ieapna» («PKep aasFaHaap*, iax»), nosMy «KoK'ieray» (1929), Tpyau no hctophh aiiTepaTypu—«K,33« oae- 8bct1». (1932) nosMbt «Aab6aipoc» (1933), «Kpacauft KOHb» («Ka3bin STB, 1934), CTHXOTBOpeHHH H F103M8 «CoUHa3IIICTaH» (1935), nOBCCTHa pac- cKasu«Afiiua» (1935). Mnorne CTaxbH, oaepKB, paccaasu n cthxh, HeoaoH- BeaHbie noBecm a poMaHti, aanncaanbie b pasHbe Bpe»m a ony6.iHKOBaaaue

B ra3erax h wypnaiax, ne Ghah BKiiioienu b BuuioynoMHHyiue hwihhsi. Tax, b 1933— 1936 roaax b raaerax, wypHaAax, pamHqHux c6opiiHKax ne- MaTajiHCb orpuBKH H3 era 6ojibiunx npo3aH>iecKHX npoH3BeaeHHfi: «Haiua WH3Hb» («Bi3AiH TypMbic*), «llepea 6ypefl» («flaybi.a aAAHHAa»), «naoau» («>KeMicrep»). Tame era npoH3BeaeHH», Kan «B oaroite CMepra ata-uaua AimenKOBa*, «CoBercTan», cKpacHufi KOHb», cILkwh*. «Afima», «3e\\uie- Kontj*, nepeBO/WTCH Ha pyccKHii H3HK h Haiaioxcn mbccobumh TiipaiKa.MH. ri033HH C. CeiHpyji.mHa oieiib csoeo6pa3Ha H no TeMaTHKe, h no xianpo- BUM ocofieHHOCTHM, h no (popMe. B era TBOpqecTBe npeAcxa&neHU pa3H00G- pa3iiue bhau•jinpHKH: noaHTHiecKaa AnpHKa, BUpa*aBiuaa naipoc snoxa jmgpkSHBume GopbGy a xapaKtep qeAOBeica Tpyaa, noGeAy coBeTCKiix couHajinciii'iecKoS peBOJnoumi; mpmecKHe cthxh o ripiipoie, tohko crrpa- aUHaHHcrimecKOM CTpoiiTe-iLCTae, aiipuna AioGoBHaa. B no33iiH C. Ceiiipyji- b co- jrana 3naiHTeabiioe Mecrro 3aHHMaiOT noaMU o 6ypnux co6utiihx jkiuhh Ha- pofla b npouiaoM. B Goraxow .niTepaTypHOM HacAeAHH noara ocoGchho ueima ero peae- j-nouHomio-poMaHrii'iecKaa no33HH, powAenHaa b tot nepHOA, koxab pema- aacb cyflbOa uapoAa, peraajica Bonpoc «kto Koro». MacTb HeMHoroqHCAeHHoB Ka3axcK0il HHTejuiHreHmffl cyMeJia coeAHHHTb cboh cyibGu c cyAb6oB xpyasi- miixcH Macc, c bcahkiimh ho.thmh coiwaAHCTmecKoS peaoAioumi. Cak-eii Ceflcpy.xjiHH, A.mOufi fliKaHrHAbAHH,AahGck MaiiKOTOB,Toxaiu Bokhh, yrap H»aHu<jeKOB h MHonie Apyrne BMecTe c pvcckhmh GoAbtireBHKaMH aKTHBHO SopoAHCb 3a nofie.xy peBc-iiouHH. Jlpyriie noaacTaBnxeAn n:rre.XAHrenmm— 6ypwya3nue uauHOHaAHCTbi uphmkhvah k kohtppcboak>uhh ii noMorax.n xoa- laKOBuaM. B sth HaiipsoKemiue auk itoar cbohmh njiaMeHHUMH CTHXaM'i CTpacTuo nponaraHAiipepa.'i hach OktsOpbckoB couHaAHCXH'iecKOfi peBO.no- uhh cpcAsi TpyAHuwxca Ka3axoB, OecnomaAHO pa3oG.xaqaa AesrreAbHOcTb BpaiK.ie.Gmjx iiapoAy cm, KonxppeBOAioaHOHepoB. ribeca «KpacHue cokoau* 6bura nepsofi peBOAtoiiHOHiiofi ApaMofi b i<a- aaxcKofi cobctckoBAHTepaxype. B qexbipexaKTHOfi nbece ipawaiypr iraoGpa- waeT repoH'iecKyio GopbGy EpKeGvJiana, BafiAHAbAU, AxMexKaAH, HecTepo- aa. JIo30Boro, TaHHpGepAU h Apyrax peBOjiiouHonepoB npoTHB KoAqana. Tepon nbecu noKa.saHhi nan caMoGuTHue ahihocth, co CBofiCTBeHHUM icaat- AOMy H3 hhx BiiyxpeiiiiHM MiipoM. Ecjih EpKeGyiaH oxAiiqaeTCHAapoM n.xa MeHHoro opaxopa, neyTOMHMofi chaoB, poMaHraqnocTbio, to b oOpa3ax BafiAHAbAU h I-lecxepoBa mu bhahm oimjeTBopeiiHe HeiiOKOAeGiiMOii ctoPi- koctii. AxMCTKajm noKa3aH qeiOBCKOM, lie OTpeuiHBUiHMCH ot npeApaccyA- kob, JKyMaui H3o6pa)Keii tpyc.tobum, a Kasaxcmfi Gaft ManiTafl — AsyAH- khm npHcnocoO-ieimeM. .C. CefiiJiyAAHH, ahmho nepeiKHBiiiHH GypHue coSuthh peBoinomioiiHUX AiieB, ywivio oimcuBaeT nocTynioi AeflCTByiouwx aha b pa3AH>mue MOMeiiTH hx KH3im. IianpHMep, pHcya o6pa3 Epi<eGyiaHa, ApaMaTypr hpko noKa3U- BaeT xapaKTep MyxtecTBeimoro qeAOBOxa, GeccTpamiio K.xeiiMsuuero BparoB. ribeca «Kpactiue cokoau» c bcpbux lex pcbo.ikhuih c ycnexOM Gum noc- TaBAeHa xearpaMH Ka3axcTaHa h xyioixecTBeiinofi caMOAenTeAbnocTbio: MHorae toan OHa lie ncpecTaBaia npHmeKaxb BiiKManne Hauiefl AHTepaTyp- hoB h xeaTpaAbHoB kphthkh. riHcaTeAH-HaHHOHaAHCTU, ajkhbo yTBepwaaBiuHe, <rro Ka3axcKiifi HapoA hkoGu ne yqacTBOBaA b OKTHGphcKofl peBOAioiwH, hpoctho nanaaajiH Ha 3Tynbecy. Oah3ko uiHpoKau qHTaTeAbCKaa o6mecTBeHHocTb, imcaTCAKn nos- tu rayGoKoiiohhahHAeflHo-xyAO)«ecTBCHHoe 3HaqeHHe«KpaCHUx cokoaob* h AaAH efi npaBHAhHyio oneHKy. B oaiioB m KpimiqecKHX CTaTefl, Hanacaii- hhx b naqa.ie 20-x rojos, roBopHAocb: «Ubeca 3Ta powAena penoiK>n«e3 macca TpyAHuwxcH, ee repou— Becb mace TpyAHmHxcti. «Kpaciibie coko-

ffl» OTKpUBaiOT HOByio srioxy b iicropiw Ka3axCKofi JMTepaTyphi. CoSbiTim nbccunojoCiibi nojxapy, pa3ropenmewycfl b 6ypio. 3to— pepoaioiuia Tpy- aamaxca*. Oanaao c.ieayer CKa3aTb, «x> ec-ra cmotpctb Ha sto npon3Bcaeime o nraHWifi ceroanauiHero ana, to ctaHeT oneBiiaiiHM paa cepbeaiiax neaoc- taraoBnbecbi: pacraHyrocTb apaMatHqecKOro aeficTBiia, HCKOTopae nepco- «a*n He HHaHBHayajiii3HpoBaiihr, noBTopaiOT apyr apyra n t. a- nosrojiy asropb cepeaHHe 30-x roaoa Bunaca 3a HOByio peaaKujiio «Kpaciiux coko- .‘ioa», KOTopaa ao Koima, oa«aKO, He Sbuia 3aBepuiena. B ocHOBe TpexaKTHoii apaMbi Cciitpyaaima «riyTb k caactbio* nexcirr iaK*e peBanoiiHOHHaa TeiuaTiiKa. >KajHbifi h 3.'iofl CTapiiK TepaimGaft xoaer 0Taan> cboio aoib Mycaiiuy a vi.iaauiHe weHbi uo.iocTHOMy ynpaBHte.no. Ho ero cum EpMeit, no-iyutm- nraSpyccxoe 06pa30BaHHe, BKcrynaeT npoTim niycHoro 3a.Mbic.ia oraa a c noMombio ropoacKHX TOBapmuefi, ncno.ib3ya CBoGoay, npeaocTaB.ieimyio pe30.nouiiefi, Bbipyaaet cecrpy. Oh cmcjio OopcTca c KOBapcTBOMbojioctho- roynpasirreas h Ghob. B CBoeMnpoii3BeaeHHii niicare.n, raeBiio CwiyeT Tep- .fflKdaah BoaocTiioro ynpaBHTeaa h BMecrre c tbm piicyet sanoMimaioiiuiecii nopTperbi npeacTaBiiTC-ieft jKH3Hepaaocnioii MoaoaejKH, ciaBiueil iia iiyro CBOfoauk CMacTbfl. MoaoaoB peBoaiouHonep EpMea nepea omJaoM o6pa- loaercHk ay.ibHoii MoaoaejKH: •nepea 8amu BCTaeT 3apa cBofioaw. ByabTe noKaicaMH unaauiero noao- Jemra, cae3bi Koroporo erne He Bbicox.iii Ha r.TO3axt 1'epon. co3aaHHbie a-ia Copbfibi npoTHB Bcmcoro 3.ia. sto— Bbi caMHl». B sthx caoBax 3aK.no'iena ocnoBHaa naea nbecu «nyrb k c>iacn.io». C. Ce8$yaaHH 3aTparHBaeT B apaiae H Bonpoc paBHonpaBHa wemium. Bo ncexero npoH3BeaeiiHax, nocBameimbix peBo-nomioHiibiMcoGutiia.Mroro Bpe- HeHH,Tena pacKpenomeHHa Ka3amKH ctoht b ueHTpe BiiHMaHHa. C.Ceficpya.iiiii nponaraHanpyeT peBOJiioiwoimue linen lie ToatKO npaMoii antTauHeft, oh BHpawaeT hx pa3Hbi.Mii noSTHiecKHMHtiiopMa.wH, aoCTynHUMH BOHHManiiio uiapoKiix Macc. Ero noswiecKoe MacrepCTBO HenpepuBiio 060- raiua.iocbxyaowecrBCHHUMH H306pa3HTeabHMMHcpeacTBaMH. FIostBocneBaer snoxypeBO.'iiomui h Kai< peaaHcr, h KaK poMaHTHK. 3to xoporno bhhho b ero npoitJBeaeHHax «HeyKporaMbifi KOHb* h «floM6pa», Koropae npaBaiioo °rpa3ii.iHcoSaTHa 20-x roaoB. OcHoBHaa TeiiaTHKa noS3HH C. CefiiJiyaaHHa — miaccoBaa oopboa, no­ t e a craHOB-'ieHiie hoboto coBercKoro oGiuecraa, paBiionpaBHe Tpyasmuix- raKa3axoB, ax yaactiie b coiuia.raerHqecKOM npeo6pa30BaHHH poaHoro Kpaa. FIost BMecTe c TpyaoBbiM HapoaoM peiuHTe.ii.no aaer Ha GopbGy c Bparaxm noaos KH3HH, BMecTe c HUM paaocTHO BCTpeaaer CBofioay. On paaae.iaer hnea3roau h ropecra c ay.ibHUMii fiaTpaxaMH, c paflo'iHMH maxt 3aBoaoB. coreaKiioH Moaoacwbio, pa3fiHBaiomeft uenn paGcma, ae.iH-rca c hhmk cok- POBeHHblMHayMaMH H UaaHHHMH. B KaJKaOM CBoeMnpOH3BeaeiIHH HOSTBaox- HOBeHBo Bbipawaer cboh -ly-imHe ayBCTBa, noKa3HBaeT CBoe oTHOiuemie k WScTBHTejIbHOCTIl. HanpHMep, b cnixoTBopeiiHH «A, Hy, apy3bn-awnrurbi!» oh roBopiit: 207

B apyrHX craxoTBopeHHHX host npH3hiBaeT ciuioTHTb apMHio SeanaKOB h oTOMCTHTb BparaM, CecnomaaHO 6irrbca 3a CBo6o,iy, «H3Bepraa iuia.Ma B3 y m . Bro ao3ynra np0BO3rnamaAHCb h b «Mapccnbe3e» Moaofloro Ka3axa (1919): riosT lie orpaHH'iHBacTca npH3biB0Mk CopbOe, oil onacbiBaeT Taicwe to noBoe, no nparnao b Ka3axcKyio crenb BMecre c peiio.'iiomiefi. B cbohx cth- xax «Ha napycHoit aoak&» («>Ke.>i KaftbinTa*), «Mu» («Bi3»), «BopoHoii wcpeficu* («Kapa afirbips), «Pa6oaeMy» («XyMhicKepre»), «MapwaH», nHauia >KH3Hb— 3Kcnpecc» (<5i3AiH rypiiuc— 3Kcnpecc»), «Hauia Cayae> («Bi3AiR Cayne*), «MycKyjnj» («ByauiuK er»), «Cuh CTpaiibi CoBeTOB» («Cobct 6ajiacu»), «CapceH— X.ie6opo0» (cCapcen eriHiui*). «JIeHHH», «Kpacaaa 3Be:iAa» («Ku3Ha *yaflbi3»), «>Kap-nTHua» («CaMypuK»), “B-'iiir ocTaerca no3aAH» («Jl£3,ie aprra Ka.iaAbis) oh nona3bi8aeT 6opb6y peBo.iiomiomioro KAacca, naAewAN Ka3axcKnx TpyAauwxca, hx CTpeM.ieiine rlOCTpOHTb HOByiOCBST-iyiO>KH3Bb. B nosi-H'ieCKHX npoH3BeAeHHax, nocBameHHbix nofieae pcbo.iioixhh, ecrb hcmbao o6pa30B, co3AaiiHHX nosTOM c ocofiofi Aio6oBbio. riepeA ivia3aMB MHTaTCAH BcraiOT apaae b AHiiaMKiecKOM pa3BHTmi o6pa3bi OTBamiibix 6op- uob 3a CBoOoAy: He AporHyB, ohh BCTpeiaior aioToro Bpara c opyjKHeM b pyaax h c iieyracaoMUM nieBOM b cepAue. B hhx MHoro o6mcro c oCahkom caMoro nosTa, crofiKoro 6opua, TOCKyiomero no poahoR cxpaHe, AyMaiowero o Aoporofl MarepH h MH.ioii *eHe, ropAoro h CBofioAOjirofiMBoro. 06 stom oh CaM TOBOpHT B CTHXOTBOpeHHH «H3 3aT0ieHHH» (1919):





TeMa o JleHHHe h napoae pa3BHBaeTca b pane npoii3BeaeHH0 C. Ceii- ((lyjuiHHa, npnqcM o6pa3 Boxcaa craHOBHTca Bee Soaee peajiiicTii'inbiM. B nocJieayioiiUiX cTHXOTBopeiMax— «Cxop6iiaa iiecTiiS («Ka0Fbinhi xa- 6ap»), iTpaypiibiii wib> («Kapaau xyH»). sKpacnaa 3Be3aa» («Kh3u.: wyaabiw), HanucaHHUXb aim CMepTH B. H. /lemma, C. Ccfi^yjiJiHHrOBopur o BepHocra Hapoaa jieHHHCKOMy nyrH, o Be.'iHKofl jik>6bh Tpyaamaxca k Kom- MyHHCTHaecKOH napTHH, k ce opraHH3aropy, bohuifo h yanTe.uo B. H. /Ie- HHHy. A b nosMe «A.iL6aTpoc», HanHcaHHofi b 1933 roay. host pacyer ofipas JleiiHiia nan BaoxHOBHTeaa a opramaaTopa no(5ea Beanxo0 OxTaOpbCxofi peBoaiouHH. Tn6eab craporo xanHTaiiHcraiecxoro M«pa, npeTBopeHHe b wioitb ramuieTiiero naana, nofieaa conHajiH3Ma— BCe sto n0Ka3aH0 hm Kate TopweCTBo -TeiiHHCKHX HAcfl. I~Io c-ioEaM nosTa, Koraa coBercxH0 Hapoa Be.i HenpMMHpHMyio 6opi,6y npOTHB npeaaTcaeft, npoTHB HMiiepiiaaHCTH'iecKiix noaiKHraTeaeii BoiiHbi, «JleHHH HanaiiCH [lyreBoaiiofi 3Be3aofi». HostropaHT- ca cbohm yiacTiieM b aeaHxofi 6opb6e, xoropOH pyxoBojuui B. H. JleHan. B ero H3o6paweHHHJIohhh— KOManaHp niTaOa Hcuioaoft pecriyOaHKH, Koropufi yxaauBaer nyTH h no6eae bo Bcex 6aTBax Tpyaosoro HeaoBeaecTBa. KapTHHU BeaHKOft peiioarouHOHiioil OopbOu, pa3Max couHaaHCrHiecKoii CTpofiKH npeacraiOT nepea itostom xax bojihh Moryaero oxeana, a paOoami x.qacc nojioGen 6eccTpaniHOMy AjibOaTpocy, napameMy bhcoko b He6e Hat ero CypHUMpa3jii(B0M. KoHKpeTHO h xyaowecTBemio npaBaHBO Bonaomena TeMa peBOJiiouHn k CTHXoTBopeHHH «May3ep» (1929). 3to ne6oabmoe. ho apaMaTHKHoe no cio- wery npoH3BeaeHHeHanHcaHoc rjiyGoxHMnosrimecKHMaaoxHOBeimcM hcthh- Horo xyaoxCHHKa. B «May3epe» flpxo OTpawewa Haea npeaanHOCTH peBOJno- mm. Haea TopwecTBa 3aBoeBaHHfl napoaa. rioBT noxa3aJi, <rro npHHeceiiHue HtepTBhi,.TpaannuH repomiecxoA 6opb6bi cBauieHiibi aaa cooeTCKHX aioaefi- Ero repofi — peisoarouHOHcp. yxacTHHK rpawaaHcxoS boAhh, no™6aa b 6010. OTaaeT cbo0 May3ep apyry c 3aBemaimeM, htoGh cjjh aequo xpaHHn yro opywHe h mea no nyTH OTua: ilpyr peBoaiouHOHepa Bhinoaroui ero 3aBernaHHe; romaB naoHep cbhto xpaHHT Maysep onia. no CKHKCTy cTHXoTBopeHHe C. Ce0(|)ya.THHa «Mayaep», BOcneBaromee repoHKo-poMaHTiiMecKMft na(|)oc hoboB siioxh, craao hobum c.torom b na3ax- CKO0 H033HH. Flo CK»KeTHO-KOMnO3imHOHHO0 CTpyKType ero MOJKHO OTHeem k waHpy (Sajuiaa. Oho nepexpHxaeTCH no CBoeMy Hae0Ho-TeMaTii>iecxoMy coaepwaHHKi co cnixoTBopeHHHMH pvcckhx cobctcxhx nosTOB: cCMepTb 6ofl- na», ibajijiaaa 0 chh6m naxere* H. THxoHOBa, «rpeHaaa» M. CBenioBa. <KoMarraHp Hcaes» A. CypxoBa.

C neptibix jiet JiHTepaTypHofi aenraibHOCTH b ik>33hh CeH(j>yji.ntHa 311a- ■iWT&Tbuoe Mecro 3aHHMaiOT jhojui rpyaa. 51pnae Bne'iaTjreiimi, nojiyteimue hostomb MOJioaocTH cpeaa 3aBoacKKX paOoMiix, HajioWMJiii cBoft orneuan>K iiaBeeero TBop'iecrao. npexpacHbie jiapii'iecKiie cthxii «Pa6o‘ieMy», «Myc- Kyabi», «Ha TeKCTH.ibHoii cpaGpmiea, sMapmaiis Ghjih nepBbiMir npoH3Be- Kiimmi Ka3axcKOfi no33HH, b Koropbix BocneBaaca o6pa3 HeaoecKa rpyaa. BcnOMHaaaTOBapHmefl c 3ano,ia HHjibabi, Cnaccxa, Kaparaiiau, noar iiupa- «aeThm CBoe ropaaee coayBCTBHe. Oh c aioSoiihio iihiuct o Jiioaax, KOTopwe 6uoTraxceabiM MO.TOTOMH aoCbJBaioT yroab H3 neap seMJiif. rioar roBopne kmo rpaaymefi CBoGoae. C. Ceficpyjiaim npHaaer ocoGoe 3naieHHe co3HaaTcai,HOMy tpyay paGo- nero KJiacca. B CTHXOTBopeHHii «BopoHofl wepe6eu.» (1921) oh BocneBaer paGomx, BHaHT apacoiy hx >kh3hh b tom, hto ohh ctpoht aaopma, oosaakn camuiera, Kopa6aH, napoB03bi H ynpaBaaioT hmb. B nepHoa, xoraa b xasax- cxoano93HH euie Ma.io Guji aaneHaraeH oGamt Tpyaoaoro aeaoBeKa, powae- KHe peBOJiiouHOHHoft .iHpHKH C. Ceii(|)y.'iJiKHa, iipoTHBOcroauiefi bctotckoP japHKe 6ypjKya3HUX ikotob, nojiiioli HHauBHayaaimia h neccHMH3Ma, fibi.ao apKHM npOilBJlCHHCM nopTHMCCKOrO HOBUTopCTBa. ripHMOpOM 3T0My MOHter cjiywaib Taxoe npOH3BeaeiiHe, nan «MycKyjiH» (1923), b kotopom no9T BocnesaCT KpacOTy HCH-sy paGonero qeaoBeKa: ix cTHxax C. Ceftipya.iHH co3aaeT cmmoaH'iccKHii o6pa3 paGoiero, iro b ropHiue Tpvaa. Ka*aufi 3nH3oa ero jkmiih oh bochpohsbo- -Wt c peBoaiouHOHHbiM nadJOCOM, ayxoBHyio KpacoTy noKa3MBaeT b npouec- « Tpyaa, B aHpnaecKHX cthxotbopghhhx «rieCHH HaflopmiiKas («Tepyun- -lep jHupus), «necHH KaMeHiuiiKOB* («Kaaayuibiaap *upbi»), «Ha tckc- taabHofl ipaCpHKea host wacrepcKH oroGpawaer *n3iib paGoMero K-iacca. rio33HB C. Ceficpy.wiHHa poMaiiTaqiia. Ho Kanos xapaKTep srofl poMaH- float c aeMOKparmiecKHM HaeaaoM b hch3hh, c rjiyGoKHM B3raaao« »a Map, oCJiaaaioiuiift ocTpofi HaGAiOBateJibHOCTbra, Bceraa fiyaeT BocneBarh ABHCTBHTejIbHOCTbBAVXe OITTHMHCTHHfiCKOfl pOMaHTHKH. Jlflll ero n oxm xa- PaKrepeH *H3HeyTBep)fcaaiomHfi ohthmhsm. Hc.ih BHHMateabHee BaraaityTi, \"a TBopqecxBO hcthhhhx noaTOB, mowho yBKaerb, >ito mi y _ ” KHXhot roroBbix TpaifcapeTOB nopTH'iecKoro MacrepcTBa, iiao6opor, Bee ohh nocroaHHOcrpeMH.incb k hobmm HsoGpasHTeabHHM diopMaw. B noaSHH Cell- 4>ya.iHHa, aaxce b nepBona'iajibiibifl iiepnoa ero TBop’iecTBa, mm ranine Haxo-

a m Muoro'iHCJieiiHue npHMepu ero noani'iecKHx HcnaHHi). Oh aucTynaer h nJiaueHBbiM nponaraaaiiCTOM peaoniouHH, h tohkhm jihphkom; noei thmii OoptOu HHoCeflM, necHK) CBoefi noapyre. B cOopHHKax cthxob hosts «HevKpoTHMUft noiib», «floM6pa», b apawe «KpacHue coKQ.ibi* peBoatouHa H306pa*aeTCH KaK HeyKpoTHMbiH KOHb, cxa- ■lyuuifl, aecMOTpa hh na K3K»e nperpaau, h noTpacatotiuifi CTapufi mhp vaa- paMH cbokx KonuT. M'lacb Ha stom KOHe. noar pacneBaer 3B0HKyro necHic. Ot ryaa kohut H.3ByxOBneByiefi aoMfipu npocwnaeTcn comma crenb; Bcrpe- qaa HOBOeyrpo h ayqeaapHoe coanue, KpacHbie cokojiu— Oofiitu peBoaiomni iioaiHiMaiorca BBbiCb, rae naa BepuiHHaMH rop CBepxaior mojihhh ii sipoorko OymyiOT CypH, h CTpeiiHTeabiio cKaayr Bnepea, 3ape HaBCrpeay, c Bnaeren- KidMH BrpHBbl .lOlUaaCH KpaeHbIMH p03aMH. Tax, b no33HHC. CefitfryaaaHa peBoaiOHHH BonaomaeTca b pOManniqe- ckhco6pa3bi. 3to mu BHami b craxax «B HC'Oe*. «B3aeTafi B He6eca», sITra- ua CHMypr*. Ho B iiax BcrpeqaiOTCHh KOHKPeTHbieaerajiu, npeaMerao ohm- ueTBopsuoiHHe HOByio jKH3Hb: caMoaer, napycHaa aoana h apyrae o6pa3K. KOTopue ao 3Toro b KaaaxcKoii ho33hh He ynoTpefiaflaHCb. ' B 3thx poMaiiTHqecKiix cTHxax C. Ceft<|>yaaHii, Kart h paiibiue, BocneBaer «HrpaK>uiHXc Sypefi naa o6aai<aMH» repoeB, xoTophie b owHaamiii 3oaororo coaima caaBHT CBC.6oay HriTHueit HecyTca Haa Ka3axcKoB crenbio. Bee ara o6pa3bi HepaspbiBHO cbhsmbbiotch noyroMc peanHCTuqecKitm n3o0pa»emieM peBOJlIOUHOHHOii aeflCTBHTeabllOCTH. B HPOH3BeaeilHiIX «HeyKPOTHMblB KOHbS, s/IoMSpas mu BHaKM nepBbie nonbiTKH no3Ta poMaHTHiecKn H3o6pa3HTb aBH>xeHHe noesaa—axcnpecca; b noavax «CoBeTCTaH», «Pa3ayqeHHue ae- 6eaH» («AKKyabin afipuayu*) oh pa3BHBaer sth mothbh b ihbpokom anu- Cthxh h noaMbi C. CeBi))yaaHHa, onyfiaHKOBaHHbie b 1926 roay b c6op- HHKe «3ncnpecc», bhcchh mhoto HOBoro b Ka3axcKyio no33Hio. IIost, raia- TeabHo iny'iaBiUHfi TBopqecKoe iiacneaite A6aa. pyccswx h TarapcKiix nostoo. tie Mor yaoBaeTBOpHTbca co3aaHHbiMH ao Hero noSTHHecKHMH cfiopMaMH. B caMOM H3o6paweHHii peBoatoHHOHHofl 6opb6u mo who npocaeaHTb ero CBoe- o6pa3Hwe ocoSeHHOCTH, poMaiiTirqecKHe h peaaHCTKHCCKHe npHeMbi. OcHOBHaa noaMa b cSopHHKe «3xcnpecc» bto— «CoBeTcraii», Beaymeit Haeefl xoTopofi aBaaeTca ayBcreo coBeTcxoro naTpHOTH3Ma, a raaBHbiH re- poeM— coBeTCKHfi aapoa, crpoauuifi HOByio *H3Hb. Bot ara HOBaa xiH3Hb a cpaBHHBaeTca nosTOMc sacnpeccoM. JlHPHiecKHfi repoH nosTa, npeanomr Tasumfi ao 3Toro cxaKyHa (Tyanapa), Tenept caaHTCa Ha Gbierpoxoaitbi.t axcnpecc. npeaCTaBaaa ce6a BMCCTe c repocM, eayuiHM Ha axcnpecce. no3T onHCUBaeT6brr, atoaeii a npHpoay poaHoro xpaa, Becwy h oceiib. apeMyme aeca, 3epKaabHbie 03epa. ofiuiHpHbie noaa, KpacaBua-aeOeaa. 3BOHKoroaoeo- ro coaoBba, aya, aio6HMyto Man., o3ophmx aei-eii. Oh BcnoMHiiaeT HC3a6u- saeMbie HcropH'tecKHe aHH peBoatouHomioit 6opb6w, nepewurbie CTpatioft. Host He yBaeKaerca BiieuiHHM onacaimeM wn3im, upacOTOfl npupoau. a tohko nepeaaeT ayBcrso aio6BH cbohx aeM.raKOB k poanoii 3eMae, hx 3a- KOHuyioropaoerb 3a CoBeTCKyio Or4H3Hy:



HMC piiTMbi BpeMCHH, b ibcthocth pHTMjieTamero Bnepea noe3aa. Pe<|>pen b ero ho'jmc— He iidoctp 3BVKonoapawaiiHe-. hm host BUpawaer nan 6u caMVio cvTb ABHweiiHH SKcnpecca. K 3TOMV cji caver aoOaBHTb. mo aBTop p cBoefi nosMe ncno.n.3yer coeepmeHMO HOBbie pa3Mepu craxa. Hmh oh no.ib- 3yercn h no3*e («Ha TeKCTiuibiiofi <ba6pHKe». «HoBaa Mexicans b CTenw*. «Ajn,fiaTpoo», «CouHaancTan»). Bot cthxh «Ha TeKemabHoii tjiaOpiiKC*, rae no3T cTapaerca nepeaarb Sayan ctshkob:

Paa cthxob nosTa iia'iajia 30-x roaOB nanacaii Tew we ctiixotbophum pa3MepoM, no H«CoBCTCTai(» H«Ha TeKCTinibiiott (|)a6pHKe». B sror nepiioa ociiobhumhTeMaMii noaaim C. Ce&^ynmma 6bum: rcMa HHaycrpHanioaiiHH, KoiuieKTHBa3auHH CTpaHhi, ycnexoB cobctckpix nioaeB b CTpoiiienbcrBe co- uaaaiQMa, BbinoJmeiiHH nHTiuieTHHX naanoB, a Taxwe yKpennenne oCopoH- 110ftmouih CoBercKOfl crpanu. B CTHxax, Bomeamiix b cSophkx «Coinra.racTaH». a Taxwe b nosuc «Aab6aipoc» non onucbisaeT repowrecxyio CopbSy 'leaoBexa -rpyaa, iioBue iTHomcHHa nioaeii, pyxoBOasnuyio pojib KoMMyiiHCTiiqecKOH napnia k pe- maiomyio CBJiy pafioqero K.’iacca b nocrpoeHHH hoboh jkh3hh. BocncBan co- MiamcrB'iecKyio acftcTBHTe.rihHOCTb, non lie npnGeraer k toi-obum 4>opMaM craxoeaoweHHH, naoCopoT, on nocroaHiio hiuct cooTneicTByiouuie ayxy ho­ wto BpeMeiiH xyaowecTBcmibie cpeacTBa, nonwiecKHe o6pa3bi,H rtpucMu. Koiimho, He Bceraa 3to iiobob 6uno yaannuM. He H36excaji ripoMaxoB n C. CcSifiyaaHH. MHorne ero cthxh, nocBmaeHHbic crpoMTCJibCTBy h npoMuiu- .wanoCTH, 0Ka3aaiicb HcxyccTBeHHUMH no cBocfl 4>opiie, a Kexoropue cipo- <t« B3ctopHiixa «ComiaaHcraB> JiHiueHU bchkoio CMbicna. HanpiiMcp: TaxHU o6pa30M, 113 iiphbcachhux cthxob BnaHo, hto Hepeaxo H03T, yBJIC* xaacb BHcmneii cioponofi CTHXocjioweimn. ynycxan H3 BHay coaepwamie. Oaiiaxo caeayer OTMenrrb, qro b no33im C. Cefi4>yjuiHiia 3tiix roaos npco6- -laaaiOT paamepu aGaeBCKoro cmxa, ochobhmc ii>opMbi Ka3axcxoro Hapoa- noro CTHXOcaoweHHH. HanpHMep, ero oowemoe cTHXOTBopeirae«May3ep» — ceMiicJiowKoe h piidiMyercH «epe3 crpoxy, a ociioBiiue hosmu cosaaHH B naqaae 30-x roaoB oGiuhm HsaocTaiHOM TBOpqecraa 6oabinHHcrr.a KB38XCKHXnonoB 6un piiTOpHqecKHH xapaKicp hx no33HH. Ot STOro He6bia cBo<5oaeHli C. Cefidiyaami. a KpvniiefiuiKM noaroM-HOBaropoM. M ho- io hoboi-o oh bhco iiuwic 3 craxocaoweiwe h pH<t>U0Bxy cthxob xa- aaxcxoH no33HH Oh cMeno ocaaiiBan HOBoe peBoniouHomioc coacpwaHHC. KOTopoe TpeCoBaao h iiobux diopM. HepnuM 113 Ka3axcKHX nosTOB C. Ceft- cbynnmi co3aan otipa3 noaowiiTeJibnoro repon — qenoBexa Tpyaa— paoo- xero h ono3TH3HpoBaa rpyaoByio aenreabHocTb paCoqero xJiacca^B^TO Bpe- ^MabHbiTKMKp.bleBbiCTyiiaaH hpothb HiiaycTPHajiHsaiwH KaaaxcraHa. C. CcfidjynniiH c mvCokhm noBTHnecKHM oaoxnoBemieM oocnpHiiHMax pcbo- ■HooxoHHbie npeo6pa30BaiiHH poanoB crenii. c oco6oh aio6oBbK) BOcneBan rrpeuHTeabHbiB xoa sxcnpecca. crpoirreabcrno weae3Hi« aopor. ^ro hoboc coaepwaime o6mecTBeHHofi jkhshh BU3Ba.no b TBOpqecree nojra HOBbi. oi0B006pa30BaHHH, o6pa3N, HOBue cpeacTBa ivupaweiiHa. C.iCefl<byaaHH b npoTHBononownoCTb cbohm cBepCTHHxaMno nepy cue- jio BBoan ■TaaaxcxHft nH-rcparypHufl xsux MHorne narepHauHOHUibHue

cjioBa, nopojKAeHHwe iioboh snoxofl: coeer, peeoAionun, 6ypxcya3uii. ancnpecc, nupoeoa, i/kaoh, aaponjian, motop h MHorae apyrne. Ouh ynoT- pe&rraaacb noSTOM 6e3 nepeBoaa, h6o oh Bcpua b >KH3HeHHOCTb h npo'i- Hocib cbohx HOBBTopcKHX npHHUHnoB, mto aeficTBirreabHO noaTBepaHaocb naabHefraiHM oiiutom pa3BHTH>i Ka3axcKoro JiiiTeparypHoro fl3bixa. HeononreMbi cocTaBanjul HeorbeMjieMyio cropOHy HOBaTopcrua C. Cefi- ipyjuiHHa. Ha3BaHHe nosMhi «ConeTcraii» («C/rpana CoBeron*), Bnepsue co3flaHiioe h ynorpeO-'ioiiHoe C. Cefi(|>yanHHbiM, bouijio b oSaxoa Kanaxc.KC- ro jiHTepaTypHoro H3uxa. HasBamie apyriix ero nosM— «Aab6arpoc» «Co- HHaaHCTaii»— B03HHKJIHhmghho Ha ociiose HOBa-ropcKax npmiimnoB nosTa. C. CeiSipyjiJiHii Biiec mhoto HOBoro b ctpoh h Pht.m Ka3axcKoro cthxo- caowemia. KaaaxcxHe Hapoanwe cthxh Hwe.iH aae rpaaHUiioimue cpopMbi: oflHHHaauaTHcaoiKHyio— xapa ojibh (aa6a) h ceMHCJiowHyio— »bip (cthx co CBoCoflHofi piHpMofl). 3th Hapoiwue (iiop.wu 6ujih o6orauieHbi AfiaeM, ko- Topuft coaaaji HOBbie pa3Mepbi cthxob, onnpancb Ha KJiaccHqecKHe oSpaauH pycCKoii H033HH. C. CeS4>yji3HH kphthmcckh iicnoJib30Baji Bee, 'ito Chjio c.03- aaHO paiibme ero npeauiecTBemiHKaMH. ho He yaoBjieTBopHJica sthm. Hpo- jojiwaa rpaaHUHii A6aa, oh HacrofinKBO HCKaa HOBbie nosTHaecxHe cpeacT- Ba, HOBbie ipopMbi craxa. H nosTOMy b nepBue roaM oenoaiomiH. oco6chiic b cepeaHHP20-x roaOB. oh co3aaeT paa CTHXoTBopeHHft h ixosmv «CoBeTCTaH». Koropue no cbohm naeflHO-xvaowectBeHHWM xaiecrBaM, no iponMe cthxo- caoweiiHH fibum iiobhm HBjieHHeM b xa3axcxoB iio33hh. Bot rpaipmecKiie ipopMbi cthxob H3 no3Mbi «CoBercTaH»: Ha nepBbiil B3rana 3Ta cpopMa noira noaxoanr K OAHHiiaauaracjiOKmi- xy (xapa saen), oiiHaxo 3to coBceM HeTax. TpeTbH, qeTBepTaa h naraa crpo- xa, cocToamaa xaixaaa H3 neTbipex cjiotob, weway cofiofi paifrMyioTcn, aerc He 6ujto b xapa eaeH h y A6aa. Ztajiee. phtmii'icckhh crpofi aaHHoro cthxa coBepmcHHo HOBbifl, o6ycaoBaeiiHbifi peBoaxmHOHHbiM coaepwaHHeM, Bbipa- aceHHbiMcTpeMHTeabHbiMaBHJxenHeMcxoporo noe3aa. ripaneB xaixaofl croo- <pu. nanacaHHoB hostom ncxaioaHTejibHo b pm-Me CbicTpoaBH>Kymeroca na- poBo3a, Taxjxe craa iiobum anaemieM b xa3axcxofl no33HH. HoBaTopcrBo C. CefidivaaHHa b no33HH CbiJio cMeauM, peiDHTK.m.iiiiixT niaroM b ocBoeHHH noSTHiecxofi TpaaHUHH MaaxoBCxoro Hanvrnx iionaropor pyccxofl no33HH. npHMepoMsroro cavwaTTaxHe cthxh. xax «Hania >KH3Hb— 3xcnpecc», «Bpea aworo nosTa». B nocaeaHeu CTHXOTBooeHHH. iianncamiox: b 1921 roay. CeflBiyaaHH b ocrpoft caTapnaecxoB <t>ODMe BUCMeHBaeT 6yp- *ya3HHx noaTOB-CHMBoaHCTOB, Haeaau3HpyiomKX crapHny: 216

e lUupMKCKMM OCliUCHHcM TpaAHuHH HTaUXOBCKOrO. ObhxapaKTepHbi ha.™ ero nocaenyiouiHXnpoH3BeAeHHft, HanpHMepana noa- »u «H«aH LUo-jihh», iiamicaHHoii a ayxe MaaxoBCxoro, nan 6h no «co- 'pia.uiioMy3axa3y» b ero noHHMaHHH. Ro HacToanero npeMemi b rpyaax no hctophh Ka3axCKofl cobctckohjiu- repaVyphi orMe'ia-iocb. <ito poAoua'ia.ihiiHKOM TpaaHUHfi MasxoBCKoro b xa- mxckoS no93HH Gbia C. MyxaHOB. Onuaxo b aeHCTBHre.ibHOCTH C. MyxaiioB ymcn 9thm TpaamumM hmchho npH noMomu C. Ceuibynjimia. 06 stom b speMn nncan h caM C. Mynahob. KpoMe «CoBeTCTana», Ceiicjayjuimi nanncan cine p«a croweTiiux itosm. ***** hhx Bbi/iejmioTca TaKne npon3Be;iemm, xax «Kox«ieTay», «Pa3jiy- WHHue xeGeaH*, «MnrKHH Baron*. «MiKan Um -jihh*, «Kpacmjfl xoHb». He- Koropue iioaMbi cojepwaaH b ceGe Te hjih HHbie Haefino-xyaoxiecTBeHiibie BBAOCTaTKH, B TOM HHCJle H neCCHMHCTHieCXHe MOTHBbl. TaKOBbl, HanpHMep, eraxOTEopeiiHa «B aim afira*11 («ABt xvm»), «A3hh», «Orenb n aHMHHeahh» («I<.bicTbi Kyuri aana»), «BeaHHfl ayn» («Aybin 6afiryc»). B CTHxoTBopeiiHH «A3Hn» no3T XOTH h 6«'iyer K0ji0Hnaaii3M h nonJKHra-reneii aoBiihib HMnepHa.iHcrii'iecKOH EBpone, ho BMecTO H3o6paiKeHHH neBOJiiouno'i hoS 6opb6bi napoflOB A3HH tobopht o HCKoeM hobom npopoKe, kotophB kph- HeceToCBoSojKneHHe nopaGoiuenHbiM HaponaM. Pa3im>iHoro pona oiuh6kh, aneaniHe Mecro Toraa B KyjibrypHOM H cobctckom crpoHTe.ibCTBe Ka3axcra- »a. nam.iH orpaweHHe h b TRop'iecTee C. CeSiiyaanHa. IIost, xphthxvh o6uBaTeabuiHny, MewaHCTBo, 6ropoKpaTH3M, Hiioraa caM onycxaeTcn no na- ,ypMH3Ma, TepsieT cnocoGHOCTb oGoGiuarb <j>axTti (Tax cnyin.iocb b nexoTO- Wxeraxax, BomenuiHX 8 cGopiiHK «TypMbic To.iKUHbiiwa* («B noTOxe WH3- “*»)• 3a noBepxHocTHoe OTHOHieiiHe K JKH3HH h 3a Haefiiio-xyaowecTBen- oweoiuhGkh nosr CBoespeMemio noaBepranca xpHTHxe co cropoHH jwTepa- 'ypaoB oGwecTBeHHOCTH. OaHaxo TBOpnecxoe jihuo C. Ceflii>y;uwna onpcae- Si|wr He OTAem.Hbie caaGue, a nymme peajiHCTHqecKHe, no.iHbie peaonio- PKOHHoronyxa npoH3BeneHHH. CioweTHbie no3MU C. CeSi))ynjiHHa pa3Hoo6pa3im h HirrepecHbino -reMa- TWe. xyno*ecTBeiiHbiM npHHUHnaM h pa3BHTHio koh^hhxtob. CosaaBaH hx. npHcyuwe cobctckoB WepaType. Tax, b noaMax cCoBeroraH* h «Aiib6aTpoc» oh onncbiBaer bcto-

piiiecKMe coObiTHii. o6o6uiaa pa3BHTHe ocrpoi! KJiaccoBofl 6opb6u h csoe cTiiouieiiHe K iiefi. B hhx itobt BMecTO kohkpcthhx repoeB CepeT ofipaa Hapo- na b ue.ioM h <iepe3 noOefloiiociiyio 6opb6y aroro napoAa noKa3HBaei hcto- pwiecKHe jiHUa, HaxoAHuuieca b aiianrapAe ABHHieHHH. Ero noauu, no name My mhbhhio, hbahiotch o0pa3naMii snmecKoB no33im b KaaaxcKoft cobbtckoB .nirepaType. OflHaKO 3aMCTBM, hto C . Ceii(t>yjuiHH lie 3a6aBaer TpaanunS pyccKoil 'KjiaccHKa: A. riyuiKmia, M. JlepMOHTOBa. Onapaacb Ha hhx, oh co3flaeT bm- coKoxyao/KecTBeHHbie no3Mbi «Pa3.'iy>ieHHbie jie6eaH», «KoKieTay», B koto pux poManmaecKHeo0pa3bi coceflcTByiOT c peaaHCTimecKHMnOBecTBOBaHHeM. ...no Titana 3epKajibiioro 03epa mcaachho nAUByr ABa Jic6eaa. 3araHB- uiHfica HenoaaiieKy oxotiihk Biieaanno y6HBaer oanoio h3 hhx h, cxb3thb Ao6u<iy. nanpaBJiaeTca aomoB. JleCeab, ociaBiUHiicH B whbux, c naaiey. noAJieiaCT k oxoiHHKy, Kan 6h yMOJiaa ero He pa3j]yaaTb c noflpyroB flawe na tom CBerc. Ho oxothhk, y6nBinnfi iieB3Ha'iaii CBameHHyio iiTHuy, pacxan- BaeTea h lie TporaeT BToporo neOeaa. /IniiiHBuiiicb ak>6hmoh noApyra, Jie- Oeab B3JieTaer bbucl, a 3areM KaMHeMnaAaeT k HoraM oxothhk3. B poMaH THaecKHx o6pa3ax B03HHKaer ayaecnaa aereiiAa o 6eccuepTHoB jhoCbh. no cjionaM noOTa, cMepTb bo hmh ropaaeB jiioObh h BepHOCTHAyHiue, HeM wa.i- Koe npo3a0aHue. B 3toB nosMe nepewHBaiiHa aBTopa h ero oTHOuieime k onHCbmaeMbiM cofibiTHHM nepeAaiw c rjiyCoKHM nosTHiecKHM naifiocoM. nepeAatouiaacH H3 ycT b ycra Kan CKa3Ka, jno6HMaa HapOAOM no3Ma C. CcHitiy.i.uma «KoK>ieray»1!— oaho H3 caMbix hpkhx npoH3BeaeHH0 co- BeTCKOfl nossHH. B HeM no3T MacrepcKH pacyer ropbi KoK'ieTay, KpacoTV Capu-ApKH, Koropaa He pa3 6buia BOcneTa Ka3axcKHMH aabiHaMH. H Kaxgtbiii H3 HHX noAXOAHA K3TO0 TCMe nO-CBOeMy, C Pa3AHHHbIX HAefiUO-XyAOJKeCToeH- Hbix no3HiuiB. Ecjih HeKoropbie cl>eoAajibHO-0aficKHe, 6yp>Kya3Hbie nosThi boc- iieBajiH Koxieray, HAea.'iH3Hpyn cTapHHy h xaHCKoe npom-ioe Ka3axcTaHa. to C. CefitjiyAAHH CBH3biBaeT ero onHcaime c ocBoCoAHTeabHofi 6opb6oB poAiioro napoAa. rioyr meBiio KJieflMHT xaHQB, pa3ofi.iaiaeT (peoAaAbHbie, .wc*Aoyco6nue boHuh, Koropue pa3opa.au TpyAOBoB HapoA. Host Opoahji no CKAOiiaM KoK'ieTay, jno6oBajicfl xpacoTofi accob, rop- tibiMH 03epaMH, cayuiaji c-ioweiiHue 3Aecb JiereiiAbi h cKa3aitHH. 3ro baox- hobahao ero, h oh BocneBaa JiereKAapHbie cKajibi OiOKCTnec, XyM6an-Tac. neBAOB it noaroB KomieTay— AxaH-c3pe, BiipwaHa, Ba.iyaH-IUoAaKa, ko- Topbie npocjiaBHAHCb Ha bcio Ka3axcicyio crenb. no»T paccKa3biBaer hctophio o tom, no'ieMy «cna.ia, Bcpmuiiy kotopoB ne_A0CTaHeuib cTpeAofi», 6uaa Haaiiana OK-JKernec (He AOCTHraeMaa crpe- aoh), h hctophio ocTpoBa XyMOaK-Tac (KaMeiib-aaraAKa), HaxoAamerocn na cepeAHHe 03epa. Kax cBHAereJibCTByer AereHAa, nocae oahoto H3 yAaniux noxoAOB 6a- Thipbi BepHyAHCb iia 6eper 03epa BopoBoe. CpeAH iiAeimux, Koropbix ohii

Hi>BB6aK,6HJiaKpacaBHua-KajiMhi'iKa. Koraa 110 iipeuii aeaexta aofibiiHOHe- pau.Aouiaa ao Hee, CaTupbi Hmsax lie moimu aoroBopHTbca weway cofioii h •ipeaocraBHJiHnpaBOBHfiopa Mywa caMoii acByunce. Ona 3ammjia, hto bmh- .ict3any)K3a Toro, kto CTpeaoii npoGwvr ti.iaroK. noBeuieiiHufl Ha Bepxyui- KeBucoxoi) CKaabi na 6epery 03epa. Ho cTpeau bohhob He aoaeraJiH ao uem. no npocbGe n.reHimubi cocTH3annn 6h.ih ripoaoajKeiihi. /J.enyuiKa ne- pcGpaaacb Ha KaMeHiihiii octpob >KyM6aa-Tac (KaMeiib-3araaKa) h craaa pacotasuBaTb o CBoeft jkh3iih 3araanaMH o coKoae, cobo h 6epKyre. 3aecb nearb aaaeropHHecKOfi <t>0PMC BociienaeT jno6onb, apyatfiy, niyacecTBO, 6aa- ropoacreo Moaoabix aioaefi. KaaaxcKiifi 6arup Aaax oTraaaa Bee aaraaKH .asyiBKH «, cTpeaaa H3 ayaa, cpanu m-Huy, iipoaeraiiuiyio naa cKaaoS Os-wernec. Baaepwaa Bee ncnbiTaHHS h no-iytHB npaBO o&iaaaTb mieHHH- aeu, oh npeaocTaB.>iHer aeByuiKe CBo6oay. ycaaro ec Ha Oucrporo-koiih. taropoaHuS OaTbip b conpoBOKaeiraii cbomx TOBapmuefi aocraBua ee na po- -iHHy. 3th coOuthh h cocramuiii coaep»aime hosmu. C. Cefl(j)ya.iHii ocsemaeT HCTopHiecKyio Testy, onapaacb Ha ocKOBiihie screrHiecKHe npHHUHnbi imcbMeHHoS coaercKoft jiHreparypu. Oh yBaeKareaa- «oHsaaraer coOhthh, pHCyeT KpacoiHbie ne03a*H, BHyrpeHHHfl mhp repoeB. r>03T ocofio noaHepKHBaer, hto stot npeKpacHbifi KpaB sbjihctch poan- aoSero Hapoaa, KOTopufi jkhh 3aecb, co3aaBa.i cboio HauHOHaabHyto xyab- typy. B noBMc noKa3aHO, Kan b KoKietay ctpobtch Hosaa, coiwajiHCTHne-

H3o6pa«emie npenpacHux Kapnni npiipo.au Konieray hbjtsictcsi nan 6bi aeiiTMOTHBOM no3Mbi. CeficpyaaHHco3aan b nosMe CTpofiiiyio KOMnoaimmo. PasBHBaioiuHecH coOuthh nepeaaioTCS hm b apaMaratjecxHX ctojikhobchhbx, oprammecKH coneraKiTca c onHcaimeM HapoaHofl whsiih, Sura, npnpoau. nocreneimoe napacTaime apaMaTHHQCKnx co6nthA, Mencasi nosTHHecxasi xa- paKTepHCTHKa ncpconaweii, KOH<t>aiiKTM, Bonaomeimue b croaKHOBeiiHSix xa- paKTepoB, xyaoiKecTBeHHoe conocraBJieuHe KOHTpacmux KapTim, anHaMii- qecKHfi nepexoa or oaHoro onKcaiiHS k apyroMy— bcb aro npHaaer noame crpofiHOCTb h 6ojibinyio BneiiaxJiHioiuyio cn.iy. Bor xpacHBaa aeBymxa, cron Ha BMcoKofi cxaae cpeaH rpo3Hbix Boaa, cBoefl naxoa>iHBocThio ao6hiBaeT ce6e CBo6oay. A no 03epy rtauByr aBa Ceaax aeGeaa. H aeByniKa, h ae- 6eaw cpean qyaecnofi npHpoan oaHneTBoparor xpacoTy h ciacTbe. no9T npoaBaaeT TOHKyio Ha6aioaaTeabHocTb H cBoeo6pa3ae MacrepCTBa B C03- aaHHH nopTpeTOB aeficTBViomHX aim, TecHO cBa3bmaa BHeumiie 'icpru c BHyrpeHHHM mhpom repoes, Co3aaHHaa B Tpaammax nucbMeiiHOft airrepa- Typu, 3ta nosMa coxpaHaeT a bucokjto npoCTOTy napoaHO-nosTHiecKoro Hpxne nosTHiecKHe cpaBHeiixa, MeTaipopu, snareTH, opHrmiaabiiwe pii(|)Mbi. MeaoaHHHocTb— Bee 3T0 roBOpHT o CoabtuoM CBoeo6pa3HOMta- nairre C. CeBipyaaHHa. B npeaHCaoBHH k CBoeft KHHre Ceftipynaim ninuer: «B stom roay re- Hepaa Han Kafl-ma npoaaa CBofioay XHTaftcKHX Tpyaamnxca h pro iio6y- aHao mghh HanacaTb o npecrynHofi aeaTeabHOCTH Vbxan U,3o-aHHa». B nosMe \"'Iwan U30-aiiH» (1927) pa3o6aaxaioTca npecTynaenaa peax- uhohuux KHTaftcxHX reHepaaoB, craBimix ua nytb HaiuKmaabHoro npeaa- TeabCTBa. FIost rneBHo ocywaaer xapbepncTOB, npeaaTeaeB poaiiHH n BOcneBaeT qecTHOCTb, Henoxoae6HMyx> apyixOy, ocBo6oaHTeabHyio 6opb6y rpyaoBoro napoaa. nosr cBaahiBaeT npeaaTeabCTBo H*aH Ilao-anna c KoaoHnsaTopcxon THxofi HMneDHaancTH'iecxHx e-roan lQ•>a^0l:Jle;nfl,I n03Ma c - CefiipyaaiiHa — «KpacHbiii xoirb» Hanncana a 1934 roay. Host oeaer pa3roBop c xoHeM h xpHTOxycT Te neaocTarxH a pa3BHTHH wHBOTHOBoacrBa, xoTopue HMeaH Mecro b iiaaaae 30-x roaoB, BCxpbiBaer hx npiciiiHbi: BpeaHTeabCTBO 6aeB h KyaaxoB. a Taxjxe omxG- kh, aonymeHHbie iiexoropuMH pyxoBoairreaaMH pecnyGawxH. Bixecre c teM

C. Cefi«J>yji^iHH n3o6pajKaeT Bceno6eiw;;aiomna rpya xoaxoanHKOB, pyXOBO- jama KoMMyHHCTsmecKOH napraea 3aecb post pacKpysaer cBoe xaBBe 3CTCTKKH: TBop'iecKoe xpeao, CBoe Ilmi bhsht xpacoTy no33HH b peaabiiofi aeficTBHTe,u>HocTH: 3aect KpacOTa! B opOnre^noceeHoA!13 ^ Abtop C pajOCTblO rOBOPHT O TOM, 1TO HCXyflaBUlHH 3a WlHHHyiO cy- P°6yK>3HMy xpacHhift xoHb Tenepb HaQpaji cia h bmcctb co bccmh yqacr- Vn b BeccimeM ceBe. Oiuiaxo aaefiHO-xyaoiKecTBeHHbiH ypoBenb no.iMbi sePoeeH. Beaa fieceay c apyroM—kohbm, CHMBOJinaHpyioiuHM Koaxo3Hoe KasScreo, noar aaer HaTvpaaHCTHqecxyio xapTHHy npeBpawemiH npe* •PacnoroBbixoaewHorokohhb eae croaiuyio Ha norax H3HypeHHyio xaaqy, xa- *>8 ohcra.i 6aaroaapn HepaawBbiM cbohm X03HeBaM. IIost He aaer 0606- *Woa xapTHHbi KO,ix03(ioii WH3HH. ycaoBHue aaaeropHqecxHe (popMbi, ®6PaiiHue aBTopoM, cKoobmaioT ero TBOpqecxHit pa3Max b raoCpaxteiiHH \"oaoro noa-beMa couHaaHCTHqecKoro WHBOTKOBoacrBa Ka3axcraHa. H ecaa saaonaTKH h cpubm b ko;ixo3hom xo3nfSctBe Bonaouteiiu b octposmohho- MabHox ofipasekohh,to KcnpaBaeHHii hx aanu b .toGobux paccywaeimax. feycjioBKO, CHHJxaeT HaeHHO-xvao«ecTBeKHbi0 ypoaem, bosmu. no- ,ftw» ecTecTBeHHo, q-ro xoraa noHBHaacb nosMa «Kbi3bia-aT», Boxpyr Hee PaaaepKyaacb aHCKyccHH. no33Ha C. Ceflcfryaamia — b ochobhom .rapHqecxas no33HS. OcoSemio !P»i ero cthxh, nocBHiaeHiibie aroCBH, apyw6e, xpacore npHpoau. HmaTe- J>3HaiOT h aio6ai .wnorae H3 ero aHpnqecKHX cthxob: «AaTafi», «B Ha- ““XKpaax* («Bi3ai« ataxia*), «CHewox» («Axmaxap»), «Ta3ejih» («fa-

3aa»), («Cayjie.M»), «6Heime cepauas («XyperiHiiin coxxaiiboi, «XpoMofi.cafirax* («Axcax KHix»), «XpaHHaHiue Tafin* («Cup caHflbiK»). «riHctMo MarepH» (cAHaiiup xanj»), «Jle6e«b» («Axxy Kyc»), «JIacTO>i- Ka— b6cthhk roaa* («)Ktui 6acu xapauFaui*), «rio aeraHM crennMs («>Ka3Fbi aaaaaa»), «ypo«afiHbie noaa» («Eric aaaacH*). B cbohxaapaqecxHx npOHSBcaeHHHxnoaT Bcensa CTpeMiiacsi aaneaaTaeTi, %H3Hb b KOHKperHbix nosTH«iecKHX o6pa3ax, npaBAHBO H r,iy6ono BUpa3HTb nacTpoeiiHH, qyBCTBa, coKposeiiHbie ayMbi coBercxoro qejiOBexa. ripawepoM 3TOMy MO*eT cayxiHTb ero cTHxoTBopeiiHe cXpaHHJiuiue Tafm». Rax y*e roBopHaocb Bbiuie, C. Cefi<|>yaHHH Boiuea b HCTopmo xasax- cxofl aHTepaTypu He TOjibKo xax nosT. Oh 6un TaaaHT.iHBUM npo3anKO\\;, aBtopoM uiHpoxo H3Becraoro aBTo6Horpa(|)HMecKoro poMaHa «TpyaHufl nyn>, THJKenufi nepexoa*. B btom poMaHe C. CeBijjyaaHH oxBaTbmaeT 3iia<iHTeabHbie co6bmiH in XCH3HHxa3axcKoro Hapofla: BoccraHHe 1916 roaa, peBoaionmo, rpawaaHCKYiO BoftHy, cTanoB-iCHHe CoBeTcxofi Bjiacm. B npeaHcjioBHH k pOMaHy C. CeiiitiyaaHH nacaa b 1927 may: «Hauia 3aaaqa— 33(|)HKcnpoBaTb b rieqara yBHaeKHbie mhoio BejimiHe peBoaiouHOH- Hue nepeMeHbib Ka3axcTaHe, HCTopimecKoe ABiiwemie 1916—17—18—19ro- Aob. noKa3aTb PocchAckvio napTHio 6o.ibuieBHKOB— HacTaBHHKa HeMHoro- 'IHCaeHHblX K333XOB— yqaCTHHKOB BCJ1HKHX H3MCHeHHfi, npH BblCTynjieHllll rtpoTHB oOmiix BparoB pCBoaiomm h oahoto H3' BparoB ee — «Ajiam-opau». 3 ayMaio, mto MHorne Mecra btoB khhfh Moryr aan. HCTopHqecxHe CBeac- PoMaw «TpyAHUfi nyTb, TaHteaufi nepexoas mowho Ha3Ban> snoneeii. rae Ha uihpokom HcropHqecKOM (J)one pacKpunamTca o6pa3U peBOAKWHOite pOB, b tom 'iHCJie h caMoro imcaTeaa. H b to we Bpeua— 3to MeMyap- noe HCTOpHKO-ny6jiHUHCTHqecKoe npoH3BeaeHHe. Ecjih C. CeftcJiyaaHH b nep- boB qacra poMaHa H3o6pa*acT co6b(THa, nepewHTue hm caMHM hah ero SaHxcaBuiHMH apysbHMH, to b iiocAeaviomux oh noBecTByeT o peBoaioitHH n Pocchh h Ka3axCTane Boo6me, a b Tperbeft qacTH pphboaht HcropHxo-AHTe- paiypiibje cpaKTtj h AOKyMeirru, pasofiaaqaioiime Kaacc'oBux sparoa Tpyao- C ocofibiM MacTepcTBOM nncaTeab pncyer *n3Hb peBoaioiwonepoB b Ba­ rone CMepTHHKOB aTaMana AimeHKOBa. b axMOAHHCXofi TiopbMe, b Omckom KOHiuiarepe. Oh noKa3tiBaer, xax saxoBamiux b xaHaaAH 6ojihiueBHKOB aejiH b Mopo3 500 khaomctpob. Ohh noriiCaan ot roaoaa h xoaoaa b «Baro- nax CMepTH*, hx paccTpeaKBaaH xoaqaxoBUH. riacaTexb, oiiHCbman nepewH- TOehm, coofimaeT MHoro HHTepecHefiiHHX xoiixpeTHbix noapoOnocTeB. noxa3u- naiomux erofixocTb repoeB-penoaionHoiiepoB h CHMnaTHH x hum co cTopoini TpyaoBoro JHoaa. Bot oaHa H3 cuen, iipohcxoahbuihx b BaroHe araMaH-: AmieHKOBa: «...Hhh npoxoaaT. y *e oxoxo aByx neaejib xax mu iiph6uah b Omck. Ha 6yayiuee HHxaxnx Haaewa, JIioah, noa xohbocm yxoanBoiHe 3a Boaoii hah xaefioM, yayqHB MOMeHT, npiiHociuii noBue Becrn, xoaqaxoBcxHe raao- tu. B ra36Tax ojHooOpasno, BuroaHUe aaa ce6a ijiaxTbi ohh pa3ayBax>T. Ho xax Cm ohh He xpHqaan, qyBCTByeTCH, mto XBaaiiTbcn neqeM. He 3aMe- qaerca h HacTynaerma Ha *poHTax. B xawaoM ra3eTH0M HOMepe BHano, qr« b Mecrax, 3ansiTux Koa'iaxoM. Hecnoxofluo... y Hac He 6uao TonaHna, h mu ofipaTHanch x xapayabHOMy. Tonanca He oxa3aaocb. B sto BpeMa mhmo Hauiero BaroHa npoe3xtaa rtapoB03. Mu oopanuiHCb x xapayabHOMy coaaaTy: «fIonpocHTe ionaiiBa, Mower aaaVT*.

Coimar ofiparajica k MauiHHHcry. Tot, pe3Ku <1tohuo?> —Mower, aa^Hie Torwima w m apecroBamifc — /Imho. nycTt nayT CK«a. — OTBeraq MaumiuicT. flo ABa-'icTbipe qeaoBKa ra Kawaoro BaroHa c asyMsi KOHBOHpytouwMH cowaTaMH mm nouijiii k napoa03y h Guctpo npmiec.'iH toiuikbo; cGdockb ero, bouuih ooparno — 11 TaKHM o6pa30M narpy3HJin cboh naroiiw Tonan- Baecre c apyrHMH xoaaa h Uia(l>paii; BepHysiuKCb, aennacfl c hhmh - Bm iTo-iiH6yab V3iiaaH? A aa c i t » MamiiimcTOn pa.aroBopioiHC,,. Uaaaaa oh cnpocwi, kto mu TaKHe. FIotom, BupyraBiUHCb, CKa3aa: <Hi- yiMBaSTe, TOBapumii, cxopo npHaer a hx qepea». MT3KHX MHoro. Becb TpyaoBoS Hapoa Bcraa iipothb Koaqaxa. ... KoHeu 3HMbi. Ha aeMne— rayGoKHfi qHcruii cner. Rim reiwee. C oro-aanaaa ayer Tenaufl BCTepoK, Ha weae3HoaopowHOM nojiorae nepea A0M3MH CHer qyTb noaTaaa. 3oaoTHCThie coaneqiiue ayin corpeBaa.i 3eiMio. HaneKoe aero caoBHO npnG.an3if.TOCb, h iia ayuie craao renaee. FIo- spUBaBiuHS ewe Bqepa 3eMaio ray60KHii CHer ceroana pacrasa. Cmotpid aa caiHue... noacraBJiaio .'iHuo nocTeneHHo vciuiHBaioiueMyca aacKOBOMy Berpy... Cepaue cwabHo 6beTcn. B rpyan—caoBHO 3aK0BanHuft jiea, pay- MHSca k cBoGoae. Cmotpio Ha TOBapHweft. TpH3Hue ot caxcH, Hcxyaaau.- ■iHuafiyaro nopraoBeaH. JIkjhh nojinofi rpyabio BauxaroT qwcruft B03ayx; saropeaHCh 3paqxH xoaoanux raa3. KaxHM 6u He oxa3aaocb Mecro, xyaa aacnpHBe3yr, mu yuepeHfct, qro oho He Gyaer xywe «BaroHa nbrroK*. XapaKTepHo, qro H 3aecb, b MeMyapHofi npo3e, asropa He noxaaaer ntBTHqecKoe hybctbo, TOHKaa Ha6aioflaTeabHocTb. c Hanoi! oh bhaht npHpo- xy, o6pa3u KOTopoS rapMOHHpyioT c BiiyrpeHHHMH nepeWHBaHHHMHaioaefl. B cbohx 3apncoBKax C. Cefiijiyaanii aaer npxyio, Bupa3HTenbHyio xa- paxrepHCTHKy rcpoHM h BparaM: •BoaocTHue ynpaBHTeaH, crapniHHH, Ghh. Bee oth roacTbie rpos- «we rocnoaa, xorjia coGepyTCH BMecTe, hh'icm lie OT.iiiqaioTCH or cwrax 6wkob, Kotopbie coGpaaHCb b Kyqy h poior 3eMaio. TyGepHaTOp noxow na aepGaxifla, jihuo y Hero cypoBOe. saoe. Oh xax-ro CKa3aa nan <tepe3 nepe- BoaiHFta: «Ecjih 3a Heaeaio He yroBOPirre Ka3axoB, qroGw ohh coraacwmci. pa6oTarb na Boeimux paGoTax. to bhui.ho boBcko, nepe6bio hx, Kan oBe'i. 3Haere, qro Tanoe ny.ieMeT? Oh. KaK aoawb, cwnaer nyan. H3 yroro nyae- xera Beaio paccTpeanaaTb xawfloro Ka3axa. noaoiiBuierocH Ha aopore*. Merxyio xapaKTepuCTHKy flaeT C. CeiScbynjimi aaamopaHHuaM. Bot °bb coGpajrach b ypa.ihcxe Ha cbC33e. B npe3HanyMe—raaBHue «ae>rre- *»» Aaam-opflbi. Ha nojiy na KOBpe cmm «aa»i(biii», «BiiyiiMTejibHi>rH'» ^eoaaa CajibiK. Bee cmotpht Ha Hero, a oh na hhx. Bapyr Caawx yBHawi Javx Ka3auieK,’ naxMypnacH h cnpocHa: «Kto ohh?». B npe3HAHyMe “saporiiyaH. - FIponiaTb' hxI 3,-iecb lie Mecro aaa wenwHHl - JKeHwwi HeMea- ae«Ho yaa.iiiJiH co cbe3.qa». Toboph o TOM, qro cbes.t a.qamopaiiHueB nocraiioBHa ooao>KiiTb Haac- Bcex xa.aaxoB no cro pvGjieS c nawaoro aaona He33BHCHM0 ^ar X03BHH. C. Ceacby-qjiHH hpoiiiihcckh aaMeqaer: «Oiih o.tofwkobo “ 'eiPHT Ha Bcex Ka3axoB, He pmse.'iHtoT hx. boraqH H eeaHHKH— hx poa- Omirhmaa CBroBCMecTHue coBeuiaHHH ii 6aHKeTM aaamooabmue'! ■ Geaux reHepaaoB— flvTOBa. AHHenKOBa, rmcaTCJib 3,iecb *e tobodht o aaepcTsax GaHau AHHeimoBa, rpaGiiBmefi h yGHiiasiueS ayjibHHX GeansKoi'..

C. Ce0(|)y^!HH c ocoGofi aio6oBbio nOKaabraacT uinpoKyio naHopauy 2KH3HH Ka3axcKofi cxeim, npHpoay poiiioro upas. SpHMO, Brie'iaTviniome oimcbiBaioTca hm axMoaHHCKiie, GaaH-ayjibCKHe, 6eTOaK-aaaHHCKHe crenii. B 9tom pohfaiie C. Cefl<t>yaAHH paccK33an o CBoefi cyabGe, o cbohx cKMTaiiHHX no Ka3axcKiiMayaaM nocae noGera H3 omckoix) KaHiwarepH noj BUMbimaeHHUM MMeneMZlyficenGH. ray6oKoe aaeflnoe coaepwauHe, Coenas ueaeycrpeMaeHHOCTb, Bucoxoe peaancTimecKoe mbctcpctbo aeaaiOT powan C. Ceiii|iyaviiiiia KpynHUM npo- H3BeaenHeM Ka3axcKoB coBeTCKofi aHxepaxypbi. C MOMeHTa HamicaHHH poMaHa npouiao Coaee 30 ae-r. 3a sto Bpewa BHpocaa H Ka3axcKad xyaowecrBCHHaa anxepaTypa k HcropaaecKaa Hayaa. Eeccnopno, mo c totoh 3pcima AOCTKrHyTbix ycnexoB npon3BejcHne C. CcfnpyaaHHa «TpyaHUfi nyTh, Tsweaufi nepexoa* coaepwHT psa Heaoc- TaTKOB. TaK, weaaa pa3o6aaHHTb BparoB peBoaiouHH, imcaxeab Hiioraa noaHocrbio uhthpyot BpaauieGmje HaM Bbicxa3biBaHHs h CTaTbH; \" iiHoraa nepeonefiHBaeT aioae#, b 6iiorpa<i>HH kotopux Ghah H TCHCBbie cToponu. aiofleft, abe HcnmHoe anno Bbiacmtaocb no3Aiiee. Kpowe poMaHa, C. Ceft(bvaami Hamicaa mhoto paccKa30B. HeKoropue H3 hkx («rio caeaaM GaHAU*. «naoAhi») aBHaucb Kan Gbi npoAoaxteHHeM khhph «TpyAKbifi nyrb, Taweaafi nepexOA*. B 30-e roAU C. CeBcpyaaHH npHcxynaer k co3aaiwro GoabiUHX npo- aasmCKSiX npoH3BeAeiiHfi: «A0uia>, «Haiua WH3Hb», «nepea GypeB*. 3thm aaMbicaaw He cywAeHo Gbiao ocyweciBHTbca— TBOpaecKaa iKH3Hb nwcaTeas rparaaecKH oGopBaaacb b pacuBeTe ero cm. JlHTepaTypHoe HacaeAHe C. Ceiktiyaamia BeaHKO. Hm namicanbi khhth no hctophh xa3axcKOfi AHTepaxypu, cocraiyieHbi cGophhkh o6pa3UOB Aope- BoaiouHOHHofi aHTepaTyp&i. Boabinoe 3HaneHHe HMeiOT npon3BeaeHHfi C. Cefi<i>yaaHHa aah pa3BH- thh coBpeMeHHoro aHTepaTypHoro «3biKa, ocoGshho H3biKa no33HH. B CBH3Hc 20-aeraeM Toop'iecKofi AenTeabHOCTH C. Cefl<()yaaHHa aHTe- paTypnaa o6wecTBenH0CTb crpaiiu bucoko ouemiaa ero poab b pa3BHTiiH couiiaaHCTiniecKOfl no C0ACp*aHM0 h HauHOHaabHofi no (popMe coBeTCKoii KvahTypu. MecTHhie 11 ueHTpaabHHe ra3erbi nHcaaH o iieM: «6oabiueBHCT- cKHfi nosT K,i3axcKoro uapoAa, coaaaT pcBoaroumi— oh haosmh h o6pa3a- mh cbohx npoH3BeAeHH0, b Koropbix H306pawaa xaaaxCKHA HapoAb peBoaio- Uhh, npii3UBaa TpyAaiuiixca CopoTbca 3a nocxpocHHe GecKaaccoeoro 06- mecTBa*. npop3BeaeHHH nosTa-HOBaxopa C. CefltpyaaHHa bouuih b 3oaoTofi 4>oha xa3axcKO0 n033HH h npo3bt h bucoko oueHeHbi coseTCKHM HapoAOM.

EEHMBET MAHJIHH BoraToe AHTepaTypnoe Hac.ie.THC. oahoto H3 BeaymHX npeacraBHTeaefi maxcKoS coBeTCKofi jniTepaTypbi, HeyroMiiMoro TpyweitHKa nepa EeHMtie- ra MaBiiHHa bow.io b 3oaoxoii (fcomMHoronauiiona.ii.Hoii couHajwcTHqecKoii ayjibiypa coBeTCKoro Iiapoaa. Mereeprb nexa oh hcctho cayxnui napo.iy, BocneBas ero OopbOy HnoflBHr b peBoaiouHH h b ncpnoA MHpiioro co3naa- reabHororpyaa Ha coiiHaaHCTH'iccKiix crpoflKax. Cohmh TaaaHT.iHBbiMH npoH3BcaeHHaMH B. MaiijiHH b 30-e roan BUABHHyjicsi b psAbi oeflyiuHX co- eerCKiix nacaTeaeft, KOTopbie ynopHO OTCTaKBajiH h yTBepxtAajm Meroa co- BHaaBCTHqccKoro pcajmswa. I) maRAHMBcoraa nsrrpprr.1- h» seiueA aHtoparyphi; kak iiHcare-ib oe coaepuiHA rojahhho rcpostqecKMfi aaaeer. coiaas aa iipCu-ihinoB orpesoK cothh r.OJTH'ietKMx. Oo-ipp era rpcsaajecKHx h aerffTKH 4;wm»:h- npoHJBe.TrnxA To.1!.ko s“ oocJiesH«e iinTia.ma:b .let cbopRjkh aa cacarejib RMnycrBA B ciu-i Go.ice cariuccBiHkiimt Ero cthxh m notwu. p3CCKa3bl h citing, Bosea-ia h tJieateroHM. po.ua- auunoKCTU. tKeiva u nbecuc Oo.it- coBWHjKeHiioA iipaa.qofi oroO;ui*aaB Oboxccbbthoc npoiiuoe KaaaxcKHx ipyagnuixcii m curr.iyio Bcab couei- oc8 acBciamoabHorra Xopouio ma* XHBxb napo.ia. Out cKO-rcoOPa-KOieB- aaaa. rncaTe.it Meixo no.ivcqa.i to Ho­ ax. RftTopoe Hao ahh B jeHt pow.i-'’ - •Kiel. 8 KM,,in coai-rr.Korn Hapo.’.a. b «?txTepe Hoaux .hoapB. A bcp to. nro MCtUO JsaHHlHIO HOIK,A »-' aoiBcpraji OecnomaanoB KPHTHKe. BHCMeHBaa B OCTpHX CaTHpHqCCKHX ^paaax. IMaacBHHOfHt TtecMmOoA(i TBOPpq'iecTiBBaa^MaiUHH™a .B.B.H. j.iacb ......- xasaxcKofi qasHHd, noaBHCH, noOeau. 6opb6a uexuy crapMM mctbchhoh h anqHofl *H3HH iiaiiinx -iroaeft._ OcoOeaao 6o.ibiuaa poJib npHHaaaewHT ManaHHy b CTaHOB.it f«niH coBpeMCHHofi MHorowaHpoBoft Ka3axcKofi nposu. Emfi b pa3pa6oTKy noraa uam kto h3 KaaaxcKHX cobctckhx HHcaTeneii 6pajica aa l*n coBpemeHHOCTH b npose, B. MaBaHH ony&iKKoaaJi UHiora p

TBOp>recKHH nyTb c kopotkhx cthxob h paccxa30B, B. MafijiHH noaiiHHCH ao ypoBHH 6oJibiuoro MacTepa MHoronaaHOBOro peaaHCTimecKoro noaoma, aa- khmaBjinerca ero nocaeaneenpoH3BeaeHHe— poMan«A3aMaTA3aMarOBHW. EenM6eT (EiiMaraMOeT) >KapMaraM6eT0BHii MafiJiHH poamica b 6ea- ho8 KpecTbHiicKOHCeMbe 15 Hoa6pa 1894 roaa. Ero poaHHa— ypoiHiue Ak- TioOe Ha Oepery peicH Aht, na TeppHTopHH ChiBuieS flaMCapcKoft bojioctb KycrawaiicKoro ye3aa TypraficKOH oOaacra; no cymecrByioiaeMy aaMHHHCT- pamBHOMy aeaeHHio— kojixos hm. Maiunma TapaHOBCKoro pafioHa Kycra- Ha0c«ofi o&nacTH. EeiiMOeT paHObhuihjicb oma h ocraaca c MaTepbio, Koropasi fiarpaqH- aa y 6aa MyxaMwapa. C cpmh jict oh nac arHar, 6bia xyaepoM y aroro 6aa, Toraa we Haiaji yniTbca rpaMOTe y ayabHoro ttyjuai. lOiibiii BeHM6er OTpeMHJica b ropoa, HTo6bi npoaonWHTb o6pa30Bamie. B 1913 roay oh npii- e3Xtaer b y<|>y, rae nocTynaeT Ha nepeuB aypc Meapece-Tajihs. B 1913— 1914 ronax, ByayaH opraHH3aropoM awrepaTypHoro Kpyacxa, oh coaster pyKomicHbift aarepaTypHufl wypHa.i «Caaan» («JIyK»). Haqaa rmcaTb cth- xh H MaaeHbKHe paccKa3hi c 1912 roaa, BeHM6ei CTaaoBHrea aKTHBHUM aBtopoM « peaaicropoM 3Toro wvpiiajia. B 1915 roay b rpex HOMepax «Ca- • aaxa» 6hui ony&iHKOBaH nepBtiii BapnanT ero noBecra sflaMHTHHK IIIyrn». Bo BpeMH y'leOu e Meapece B. MaiuiHH, othochbuihHch c ocoCum npn- .BewaHHeM k H3yieHHK> pyccKoro H3tiKa, o3HaxoMH.icsi c npoH3BftaeiiHHMH JI. Tohctoto, H. ToroaH, A. MexoBa, M. ropbKoro. B 1914—1915 roaax b CBH3Hc 6oae3Hbio oh npnexaa b TporniK, rae BcrpeTH/tcn c paficrramuiiMH b peaaxHHH wypnaaa «AiiKana CyaTaHMaxMyaoM TopafirupoBbiM h Myxa- MeawaHOM Cepaa«HUM. B 1916—1919 roaax MaiiaHH 3a«HMaacH airrepa- Typnofl aeHTeabHOCTbio h oaHOBpeMeHBO pa60Taa ynmeaeM b poaiioM ay- ae. Ero npoH3BeaoHHHo paBitonpamiH wemuna, o KjiaccoBofi 6opb6e b ay- ae nocroHHHO neiaraaHCb na crpaHHuax KaaaxcKiix ra3er h wypnaaoB. Tax, b H'HBape 1917 roaa oh nanHcaa craxoraopeiiHe xMepimil aeHb», b KOTopoM BHpawaeT cowaaeHHe no noBOay Bp'eMeimofi neyaa'm ynacTHHKOB HaaHOHaabHo-oCBoSoaHTeabHoro aBHWeHHn 1916 roaa b neKOTopbix pafio- .iiax h soaaaraer Haaewau Ha Syaymee. B 1917—1918 roaax B. MaiiaHH b paae caynaeB pasaeancTiienpaBH.ib- Hbie npoTHBope'iHBbie b to BpeMH no3HUHH CyjrraHMaxMyaa TopaflrbipoBa, Ca6HTa XIoHeHTaeBa h aonycxaer pup HauHOHaaHCTHceCKHx ohihOok. Ho noaT, c oaHofl CTOpoHH, yBjiexaeTCH 4>aabuiHBbiMH Jt03ynraMH BpeMeiinoro npaoBTeabCTBa h ajiauiopaMHueB o «cBo6oae» a «paBeHCTBe», a c apyrofl— HaiHHaeT noHHMaTb, hto sth ao3ynrH b aeficTBHTeabHocTH He cnywaT hht€* pecaM Hapoaa. BojibUioe bjihhhhc na oOmectBeHiio-noaHTHMecKoe mhpobo3- 3peiiHe MaftaHHa b stot nepnoa 0Ka3aa« TecHaa cbh3b c iiapoanoii khshmo h no6eaa coutiajmcTHieCKoft peBOJiiommb Pocchh. noaTBepjKaeiiBeM 3Toro Moryr caywHTb cthxh «rincbMo OTua», «CaaaK6aB», «Bu6opb», HanHCaH- Hbie c peaaHCTH'iecKHx no3Hiwft h ony6aHKOBaHHne b 1918 roay. B criacbMe oroa» hoot Memo noaMenaer OTHoineirae HapoaHux Mace k pa3j]HHHbiM 33TCHM h rpoMKHM $pa3aM a.iamop.obiHUCB. CTapuS eeaHHK nnuier nacbMO CBOeMy cbmy, o6MaHyTOMy aaamopabiHpaMH:

B 1919—1920 roaax Maiuinii npiiKHMae? aKTHsaoe yuacTHe b patfore ay.ibuuxcoBeroB: B03r.iaB.ineT komhcchio no cfiopy ckotb h npoaoaonbCTBHH or BMyinnx X03hHctb juia 0Ka3annn nowouin xpeCTbanaM, nocipaaaBinHM oriByxieTHeroawyTa. B OTpaje upe3BbmaBHoro KOMaccapa CTenuoro xpaa A.ra6HB JKaHrajibaHHa noaT pyxoBoaHT KpywxoM xyaowccTBemioit caMO- aesraabHOCTH, q.icHbi xoToporo pa3yiHBaior ero cthxh, necHH, craBBT aa cueaeero nbecai «Manan», «AMearep». «B te roabi BeHMSpT xawabifi Mecan 3axaiiUHBan oaay nbecy a nope- Mbm Haw ana nocraHOBKH, —acnoMHHaer iiapoanufi apTHCT Ka3axcxofi COPE. yMyp3axoB. — fl Toraa arpan xcencxHe pcum. BeaMfier nepex-iaabi- oax Ha cthxh KOMHiecKue paccxaau Xoawa-HacpeaaHHa, a aemiaMiipoBan Bi aa cueae, b conpOBoacacmiH aoM6pu a acnoniiaa HOBue necHH, cohh- HMIHbreCBMHM BeHMfiCTOM*. B 1922 roay- Marumi rrepee3JKaeT b loraanmioio CTOHHuy pecnytSjm- w—OpeiiOypr, rae bmxouht nepBbia cfiopHHx ero cthxob, h tianmaer co- rpyaHHaaTb s pecny&nHKaitcxofi ncaara. B 1923 r. no 3aaaHHio napnulHbix HcobctckhxopraHOBoh opraiiH3yer b KycraHae ra3ery «>KaHa ayji» («Ho- Bufi ayji»), Ha cTpaKauax KoropoS Ha xasaxcKOM a3uxe nponaranaHpyer MeponpHaTHa napTHH 6o.ibiueiiHKOB h CoseTCKOro rocyaapcroa. B sth roau Ha CTpammax pecnyC.iHKaHcKHx ra3er H wypHauoB noHBaniOTca ae- carxHcthxob, nosM, paccxa30B h noBecrefi nacarejia. B 1925 roay no cne- UHaxbHOMy npnr.iaineHHio KpaeBoro KOMHiera napTini B. MaSjtHH npHe3- *aer b aosyra CTOXHuy pecnyC/iHKH—ropoa K3ua-0pay h pafioTaeT b pe- aaKiiHH ra30TU «3H6exinH-xa3ax» (Htnie «CouHa.incTiK Ka3aKtrran»|. B 1926 roay nHcareab 6bin npHHHT B paau KoMMyiiHCTHiecxoR napTHH. C 1926no 1936 roa B. Mafiaim pafioTaer b peaaxtum pecny&MxaHCKHX ra- aerb Ka3axcraHCK0MxpaesoM H3aarejibCTBe, a b 1936—1937 roaax—raaB- hhm peaaKTOpoM ra3era «KaSax aaeSHera*. >Kii3Hb nHcare.mTparniecxH Wfopsanacb 10 Hoafipa 1939 r. ■ j ywe OTMeTii.iH, c 1923 no 1937 roa bhihjio h3 neaara (fcuiee KHHr npoH3BeaenBR BenMOera MaAnmia. CpcaH hhx HanSonee B33ec™uMH, 3aBoCBaBinHMH Bceo6mee npH3Hanne n juoGobb Hapoaa, hb- miotch cneayiouwe: «Cthxh BeHM6era» (1923), «ITaMaTHHx Ulyra* (1926), «KoMMyHxcr- saPaymaH> (1929), «B aecan. -ier» (1927), «Koaxo3», •‘fepes nepesanbi* (1930— 1931), «<PpoHT» (1934), «A3aMar A3aMaroBH» (1935), «Mup- 8HM6aS» (1935), «H36pamrbic npoH3ffeaeHHa» b ucrupex TOMax (1933— 1936), apaMa «JKaa6up» n apyrHe. 6. Mafinmi HBJia.ica biixhum oOiaecmemibi.M aeareaeM, npHHHsiaa ax- THBHoeyaacTHe b opraHH3annoHHOfl pa6oTe no C03aanHi0 CoKBa nacareaeii Pecny6aHKH, cocroan ■uieHOM ero npe3HaayMa xax bo Bpeueaa KasAItria (Ka3axcxaa Accounanna npoJieTapcraix nncareieB), Tax h nocue opraHH- JauHH Coio3a, pyKOBoaHJi paCoToil cexuafl h ocofioe BHHMaHHe o6paina.ii »a aocnHTaHHe mojio/iwx nacaTenefi. B. MailiiHU H36«pa.ica meHOM KaaUHKa, cocroa.i aaenoM npaB.ieHHa Coiosa nHcarenefl CCCP. B 1932

roay o6mecTBeHH0CTb pecnyfi.iHKH oTMentaa 20-aeTne TBopaecKofi aeaTeab- hoctk nncaTeaa. BeHMSeT Mafiahh iiaiaa cboR TBOp'iecKHfi nyTb oieHb paHO. C 15— 16-aeTHcro B03pacTa oh y*e nncaa cthxh Ha ObiTOBhie tcmu, Koropue iiocHan b BojibiuHHCTBe cayiaCB uiyToaHufl xapaKrep H3ayHHBaaHCbapy3b- hmh era aercTBa. IlepBoe noaTHHeCKoe npoH3Bcaemie nHcarejia, noHBHB- lueecu b neiara, —CTHxoTBopeHHe «PeTHBne MycyabMaHea. Oho iianncaiio nosTOM b 1912 roay h onyfi.iHKonaiio b ncypHaae «Caaan» b 1913 rosy. B stom CTHxoTBopeHHH Ha'iiiHaiouum n03T— yuCHHK Meapece— B'ucMeHBacT HaHBiibie hohhthh CTemibix Ka3axoB o pcanruu. Ban, crapaacb nonacTb b pafi, npHHOCHT b HiepTBy «noayaoxaHX icani, napiDHBbix obcu», OeanaKH ToabKo “pacrotaior Mo.iHTBemiue nOKaomja, a Myaau, noatayseb 9thm, ofiMaHbiBaiOT Hapoa, yrsepwaaii, hto, Kpowe Ka3axoB, hhkto b pafi He no- naaoT. FIost BucMeHBaeT hx Bcex h 3anaiO'iaeT: rS\" xt Mecrobnpyrae\"Haflayr?' B roabi yie6bi b Meapece Moaoaofi Mafi.iHH iepnKT Hyjxay, nacTo 6o- acer. B CTHxoTBopeHHH «HyHcaa» (1913) oh xanyeTcn Ha cboio 6eaHOCTb, KOtopaa MemacT ero Taaamy pa3BepnyTbCsi b noanyio CHjiy: Hem°aflMTlijiiiemtrfTM Haaaa! 3tot mothb npeoftiiaaaeT h b CTHxax 1914—1915 roaoB. Kpacnofi HHTbio b iihx npoxoaHT mwcab o tom, iTo Bee 6aara MHpa naxoanrcH y Tex, kto ejiaaeeT ckotom, a 6eaiiHKaM ocTaiOTcn Toabxo cipaaaHHH. Ero CTHxoTBopeHHe «Ckot» (1914) naiHHaereii caeayioiUHMH caoBawu: «H aypaxy no'iei, y Hero mhoto CKOTa». Ywe no nepBbiM CTHxaM EeHMfiera AlaftaHHa mojkho cyaHTb o ero MacrepcTBe xyaowHHKa caoBa. B «JIcTHeM Beiepea (1915) b HecKOabKHX Kynaerax nosT cyMea aaTb cBoeo6pa3Hyio KapTHHy Koieaoro ayaa, rae cTapHKHBeayr Be'iepHioK) Ceceay, c«aa b xpy- ry Ha xoaMe 3a ayaoM, aerH HrpaiOT b npHTKH, B03Bpamai0Tcs c nacTfiHiu CTaaa KopoB, oTaphi OBeu, a 3a hhmh —ycTaaue nacryxH h MaCaHu. B onHcaHHH craporo CuTa B. MafiaHH nocTOHHiio npoTHBonocTaBan- er ofle3aoacHHoro fieaHHKa rpvSbiM H HcecTOKHM HacnabHHKaM-fiaHM, Tlo- -»T BbicTynacT 6e33aseTHMM 3auiHTHHK0M HHTepecoB HeHMywero Kaacca— Haaax-CKOHOeflHOTU. C nepBbix anefi H<st,'.HOHaabHo-ocBo6oaHTeabHoro aBHineHHH KasaxcKo- ro napoaa b 1916roay nt’ST 6aa tia cropoHe noBCTaHues. B CTHxoTBopeHHH «KpoBaBbifl TyMaH» (1916 ' nepea HHTaTeaeM npoxoaHT BoaHyrouuie o6pa- au npeacTaBHreaefi Hapoa. '*• nanpHMep xpoMofi CTapyxH, KOTOpan o6pa- maeTca k BonocTHOMy npaB. Hrejno: «3fi BoaocTHofi, ecaii aafiepeuib b coa- aaTu Moero cbma, to y6efi m chh!*; Mo.ioaoro awnruTa, KOTopuR npH3uaa- «t Hapoa k 6yHTy: *Ha koi. ml BoabeMca B OTpHaula; Myaporo crapua c nocoxoM, KOTopuR OpocaeT «aHi cofipaBiiiHMCH: «rae repofi?! CTaHb KjThhkom! BeaH Hapoa Ha 6opb. 5y!». B aHH OeBpaabcKofi peBoa iohhh no3T nyfijiHKyeT cruxoTBopeirae «B crenHa, a kotopom npHBeTCTByer CBcpaceHHe naps c npecToaa h roBopirr, hto caM Hapoa HBaaercH eeawicT. ’whhum uapeM CBoefl cyabCbia. B CTHxo­ TBopeHHH «riy3aTbiM» oh BbicMeHB aCT 6aeB MOueB, KOTopue «na npa3a- ■HKKax Bceraa 3aHHMa.iH noneTHbie “ CCTa h Tenepb erne CTapaioTCH yn- paBBHTbHapoaoM*. B craxoTBOpeiwh ' *Ka3axya (Hioab 1917 roaa) B.Mafl- -thh, BocneBaa nofieay 4>eBpaabCKoft peBoaiouHH, npH3biaaet cboR Hapoa

keMncray, «noflHHMaTb Burne 3HaMa epaTcroa h apywfibi*. Oanaxo na- my cwiaropoflHbiM npH3biBOMb btom CTHXOTBOpeHiwecTb11 oimifiowHue aoueara. Bo-nepeux, <&eBpani,CKan peno-mouHsi up npmiecaa CBoOoau h paoeHCTBa, noaroMy paaocTb nosTa («IIpiiui/io. uaKONCu, xo.irowaaHHoe paBeHCTBo!*) aeaxeTca npextaeBpeMeHHoii. Bo-Brophix, b nepmoa pa3rapa peBoanuHOHHofi CopbCu, soraa npoaeTapnaTb coi03ec OeaHefiuwMKpecrb- ssctbom BucTynHa npoTHB 3KcnjiyaTaTopcnoro Kjiacea, bost npM3biBaeT wciuiyaraTOpoBh SKCnayarapyeMbix k eaHHeimto: «H Soraruft. 11 6eanuii. KOBiafire npewmifi pa3fipoa. PafiOTaflTe BMecTe, b eaHHCTBe—ciiaati. Bcbohx paHHHX npoHSBeaeHHBX B. MaSaun HeoaKOKparao ofipaiaaeT- a x oaiioft H3 BawHbix Ten Haurefi Moaoaoft aifrepaTyphi —k icMe pais- Honpamia h aiimofl CBo6oabi wemumtu Ka3auiKu. Ham paHbine no»T stv re»y pacxpHBaa c oOiaiix, ryMaHHCTHiecKHX ircowwii, to b roan pe- bmioubh h ycTanoBaeHHa CoaetCKOft Baacrx b Ka3axcraiie on pa3pa6a- rawer ary Tesiy Sonee iyiyfioKO. IloaT He ToatKO co'iyncTByeT weprnaM toJaaabHo-iiaTpiiapxa.ibHorocrpoa, oh co3aaeTo6pa3H nepBHXofiwectBeH- hhuH3cpeau teaxcxHX xemumi, c bybcteom ropaocra BocneBaer crpest- .rarae aeByuieK Kasamex k yqefie, k KyabTvpe, hx TirroTCHHe k ropoacicoft KB3HH. B lieOoabiiioii iro3«re cflcBymita Pa3HH» (1919) nooecrByerca o w6bh Mcxcay aoiepwo 6aa Pa3Hefi 11 06pa30BaHHUM, no OeaHUMAjihmom. Axhm h Pa3H«, npeoaoaeBaa nperpaau ay-ibHbix Boporaa, coeamnm csoh cy»Su, nepee3)Kai0T b ropoa. B sto BpcMa apuna fieihix neowHaaHHo 3a- XBaiKBaeT ropoa. Poanm Pa3HH, mots eS 3a hioSobb k OeanoMy lOBOuie, jouocar 6e.ibni, mo Ajihm h Pa3HH minora raftiibiMii areiitaMH 60.1b- mesHKOB. Benue apecTOBHBaioT A.mMa n PasHio a 3BepcxH yCnnaior hx. BMod no3Me B. A1aft.mii npHBCTCTByeTot HMeira napoaa nofteay OKiaCpi,- aoft peBonioium. B crHxoraopeiiHH «Ay-x;ap» (1920) host fobopht 0 311a- TCHHHOKTftOpbCKOii POBOJIIOIWHMJISI OCBOfiojKaeHHB AGByiDKH KBSaUlKH OT xafajiu npoui.ioro: TeMe paBHonpaBHH hcchkhhbi nocBaiuciiu ranine cthxh *JKxko, «Bce » 6paaHCb» (1920). B cmxoTBopeHHH cCrapiiK h aoByuiKa* (1921) aeByiu- OOMO Bcrynaer a u auxoaHt noOeaHteabHH-

B nogMe «Map*aH» (1923) noar onHCbmaer Tparraecxyio cyab6y mo- aoaoii baobu MapxcaH. He My* Tacwapa h aymeBHo CahskhB 'lejioBen Ca- .ijhm norH6aior ot pyn KOBapHoro 6oraaa H ayjibHHX aKcaKaJioa. B nosMe «)KeBiuHHa-6er.iflHKa» (1927) Moaoaaa *eua. He BHaep*aB H3aeB3TeafeCT3 Mywa, KOBiaeT * h3Hb caMoy6HScTBOM. CrpeMamaaca k SHauiiaM «Kpyivio.iHuaa cMyraaraa* (1929) nona3a- Ha Kan neJioBCK crpacTHoB 6opi,6bi. B CTHxoTBopeHHH «KyHHKeft» (1927) npoucxoAHT Ceceaa cTapyXH KyraKefi h acByinra KyabTaft. Ora cpaBHH- BaioTcrapyio * h3hb c hoboA h c 6naroaapHOcrbK> cjia«ar coaercKyio saacTb: npucayrofl Gas 3aa.i re6a ay.:. TeGe, nan flj>yry, pyicy nporanya! B 3thx crpoKax aBiop paaocnio yraepwaaeT, bto OKTafipbCKaa peBO; jiiouBfl pacKpenocTiua *enmiiHy Ka3auiny. B npoH3BeaeHrax Ha ary Teiay B. Mafi-raH 3aTparHBacT h Bonpocbi ry- MaHH3Ma, aenoBeraocTH. B craxOTBopeHHH «3a(tKyab» (1921) noBecTBy- erca o tom, k3k oaan Moaoaofi qe.roneK «c 6eao8 Tpocrbio a b inaane* no HMeiiH >KyMara3U, npnexaB b ayji, no3HaKOM«aca c ACByniKoS H3 6eanofl cenb« 3aiisy.it,. Oh nydimwo 06'emaeT weHHTbca Ha HeA, ho noTOMrafiiio ye3*aeT b ropoa h He B03BpamacTca. He Bbiaep*aB iiacMeuieKCBepcTHHKOB ii cn.iereH ayabHbix ctapaeB, 3aBKyjib Konaaer c co6oft. B 3tom MaaetHbKOM craxOTBOpeHHH no9T C03aaeT apraB o6pa3 (xnaropoaHOfi aeByuiKH 3aBKyab, cTaBiirefl *epTBoS ofiMana co CTopoiibi pacnymeraoro, SecaecTHoro JKy.'ia- ra3u, KOTOporo iioaT raeBiio k-icSmbt no3opoM. Cthxh a nosMU B. MaBaima, HanHCaHHbie b coB€TCKoe BpeMa, hckjiio- ‘laieAbiio pa3H0o6pa3Hbi no HaeAHO-TeMaTraecKouy coaepwamno; B cthxo- TBOperaH «BeaaaKy» (1922) nos? tobopht o ce(5e Kan o ncBue, KOTOpbiil nOCBBTHJI CBOIOAHpyTBOpiiy HOBO#*H3HH. 3aWIITHHKy3aB00BaHHfi Ol(Ta6pb- CKofi peBOAionra— Oeaiiaxy, ay.ibHOMy npoaeTapiiary: B t3khx cTHxax, Kax «rio3apa8JiaeM c npa3aHHKOM» (1922), «Pac«BeT ayaa Haul pacneer® (1923), «He puaaB, hc naaab* (1924), «Bcjihkoc KWiaime a bcjihkiiBaeiib». (1927), no3T paaocrao BocneBaeT HOByio *H3Kb, hobmB ayji, ayxoBiibiB pocr 6eaHana, ero HOBbie CTpeuaemta h mchtli, hc- noxiierae KOtopbix Ciajio B03M0*iibiM b pe3yabTare no6eaw BejniKofi Ok- TafipbCKbfi coima.iHCTHHecKofi psboaiouhh. Ho3t crpacTiio yTBepwaaeT, bto BaoxHOBHreaeM Tpyaosbix ycnexoB co- bctckhx nioaefi, hx Copbflbi 3a Bee Honoe, nepeaoBoe h nporpeccaBHoe b nauieii wh3hh araaeTca KoMMyrnicTHiecKaa napraa: TeMa OKTaOpa B cth- xax MaBaraa opraimaecra cjiraaerca c noxa30M 6opb6bi TpyaoBOro rapo- aa sa coraaracTH'iecKHii crpoB noa pyxoBoaCTBOMJleHHHCKOft napnin. floaT npB3braaeT Hapoa cnaoraTbca noa neno6eanMbiM 3HaMeiieM BCJiHKoro bow- aa BjiaaHMHpa Habraa Jlerana n Haro Biiepea Khobhm noBeaaM. B 1925r. u cthxotbopbhhh «yMep JleHHH* nosT CHOBa npocaaBaaeT KoMMyHHCTH- lecxyio napTHio—pyKOBoanmyio ciiay, Koropaa BaoxnomiacT cobctckiiB

napoa Ha BbinanieiiHc bbjihkhx .ichhhckhx saBetOB. Oh name?r: «PKI1(6) - HamBOHWb, noBeaeT «ac no meHmicKOMy nyra!». B. Mail.iHii c03«aji ueayio raaepeio npmix xy/iowecTBeaHbix o6pa3oa. Cpeaa era nosiHiecKHX repoeB ocoGemio nojiioOmicn <iHTaTejiiiM Mhiptara- 6s8, hms KOToporo ctbjio Hapiiuarc;ibHbiM b impose. Haa o6pa30M Mtap- sw«6aa no3T pa6oTaa Ga'iee aecnra Jier (1922—1934). Uhk.i coctoht H3 jBaauaTH cTHXOTBOpeHBH h ab>*x nosM. B bthx npon3BeAeiiHsix npocaewH- Bacicfl »H3iieimbifi nyTb cuna Oeanaxa MbipKbmGasi, 'lecTHoro, neccaoro, nopofl naKBiioro, no iacro coBepmaiomero Oaaropoa.'ibie, 3a.\\ie'iare.ibiibie TcraxoTBOpeHHii «1T!oct» (1922) nosT BbtcurcHBaer My.i.ny, KOTopuft xHTaer nacTaivieiiHC o npaBiuiax noBeaemia aioaefi aa tom CBere, nyraeT 6eMHKou, KOiopue oTKa3b!Baiorcji aepxiaTb nocT: B cTHXOTBopeHHH «MbipKbiM6aB» (1922) nosT paccKa3WB»\"- \" ^ KaK MbipKUMGafi BHCTynira npoTKB HecnpaBja^HBoro poaiemm ayjibnoro cra- pacra a ksk Men piiipKbrMflaa acny'rajica 3a nocaeaciBHH stoto ctobkho- aeiiBa, Ciapax ynpexaeT cuna: CTapax Gohtch Toro, hto ayjibHbiii Mower Haita3aTb MupKaufiaii h pa- 30pi!Th HXflOM. riOBTOMy OH IlpOCHT CbIHa il3S[lHHTbCH nepeA HaMaabHHKOM, npoaaib eAHHCTecHHyio K.ra'iy a npenoaHecra «My a aap flcabra... Ha ace aro MhlpKbiM6a8 OTseiaeT peiUHTeabauM 0TKa30M. B OTBeTax MupKHMGaa ‘iHTaxejib qyBcreyeT npxo BbipaacemiH# miaccoBbifi nporecr: CTHXoTBopeHHe onacbiBaeT hobob b 11 fiejuioro kohc ae npaxoaa CobctckoB BaacTH. 3th era 1.!h nony.iapHUM T3K K3K B HHX npaBAHBO IT0Ka3aH3 >KH3i [Hinca b nepBue <Woii Baacra, a ciojaeT nocrpoeH amiaM Jierxo; MHTarejiHBeceAHT ocrpoyMHe nost

Ec.ih b CTHXOTBOpeiiHH «Ceroans» (1923) onncuiiacrcii npHe3a Mup- KUM6aa b KycraHaft Ha cr>e3a6aTpaicoB, to b cthxotbopciihh «Ho, ho, moS nerHii Mepan» (1924) MupKUMfiaii BucrynaeT npoTHB pejmrH03Horo npa3a- HHKa. rioBT B noayinyTjiHBofi (fcopwe H3o6pa«aeT to HOBoe, ito bxoaht a. 6blT, B C03HBHHB CeailSKa, H HpOHH'iecKH BbfCMOHBBOT OTXOABIUHe b npoiu- aoe cTapbie ofibi'ian. Bo BpcMB <Mwua M i n MupKUMfiaft awecre c a,_________arpaKaMH aeaM\"-Cop>, npHHaajicwagssMy 6aio OcnaHy, nroCu 3a- 6parbK3Ty0PT0™yi*ac.TOK 7(«vKapa-rGAop—., Ms CTHXQTBOpesma «H He> cen.-i, HHe hojioji» (1926) mu yaaaeM, hto cuh MbipKbiMCaa MayneH, ,n(™b PaOiira, *<nia Mapmaa ace aeto pafioTajiH iia nor.HBe noceBoa, oceHBio iiojiyaHJiH 6oraTbiS ypoxcafl, ho npauuiH poflCTBCHHHKH h noaeaiiJiH Memay cofioS n.Toau Tpyaa ceMhHMbipKHM6aH. 3aecbnosr ocTpue kphthkhnanpaB- itacr na tex, kto lie.TpyaHTCH h jHUBeT no crapuM o6HHaaM. B cthxotbo- peiwH «Aafl pyuy, MbipKbm6afi» (1926) no3T 6er.no npocjiewaBaer wh3- HeHHbift nyTb MhipKUsiCaa. B aeHb OxT»i6pbCKOro npasaHHKa nosT no3a-- paBjisrer caoero repos: flo6u.i b Horn Tu juvno CBBT-iyiOCOOK). B nosMe «Pa3aea» (1927) CexHHKH, noaodHo MHpKUM6aio, BK.noMa' mien b KoaxeKTHBHufi Tpya, npH pacnpeaeseiiHH 3CMejibHbix yiacTKOB ohx noayiaraT Jiysmue ayra h nacrOmaa. B noaMe «MbipKbiM6aS» (1927), Ha- nHcaHHOii HaKaHyne lO-serHs OxtafipbCKoR pesoJHOUHH, BchmSct Mafijmn BocneBaer ciadbe xaaaxcKHX TpyaauiaxcH, o6peTeniioe 3a roain CoBeTCKOH



B Ka3axcno0 no33HHMsBahhBbiCTynn.i ksk HOBaTOp,lie nponycKarouiHfl hh Qiworo 3HaiiiTejibHOro co6hthh jkh3rh Ce3 OTKAHKa. XapaKTCpH cobct- ckhx .iioaefi noaT noKa3UBaeT 'iepe3 oimcaHae hx noCTynnoB. Mo3t c ak>- GoBbto Bocnt'Baji to hoboc b jk«3hk cbohx repoeB, KOTOpoe poacaaaocb h3o Ahb a ;:eiih 3a roaw coeercKOro crpoH, h ocrpo apaTHKOBaA lice to aocHoe, •ito Mema.io CTpoiiTe.iiiM hoboh jkiohu. rio33HH MafiiiHHa oTAHiaercn na- pO/iiroCTbio, o6pa3iiocTbio a npocTorofi s3biKa. 3th xaaecTBa ero nosra- aecKHX npoH3BefleHafi caeaa.ia ax aioShmhmh b Hapoae. B jiHTepaTypHOM iracae.MH B. Mafiaaiia ocoCoe MecTO a no xyao- atecTBeHUOMy 3Ha>reHHK), a no TeMaTaaecaoMy coacpwaiimo npHHaaacjKHT npo3aaiecKHM npoH3BeaeHHHM. Mafiaaa B«ec Baaaa b aasaxcayio Jinrepa- Typy ocofieiiHO b ofi/racra xyaowecTBeirnoro paccaa3a. nepBhiM ero npo3aaaecKHM npoH3BeaeHaeM (nvmerca nosecTb «naMHT- aaa lllyra*, aanaeaHaaa b 1915 h BHiaeaniaa oraeAbHoB RHarofi a 1926 roay. rio H36paHH0fi TeMe, 3aTpoHyrbiM npo&ieMaM, OoraTCTBy H3biaa h MacTepcTBy Hanowemia 3Ty nooecTb 6e3 npeyBe.iH'ieHHa mowho oTHecTH K aiiory sramibix npoH3Bea'eim0 KaaaxcKofl amepaTypu. MaTareab c boahchhcm CAeaar 3a pa3BHTaeM coShthB noaecTii. Kpa- CHBaa aeByuwa lllyra a lecTHwfl, o6pa30BaiiHbifi lOHoma A6npaxMaa nio- 6srr apyr apyra (Sojibiuofi, ■mcrofi AiofioBbio. BcpoaoMiiufi Aflaa6aH, crpe- Macb K3K mojkho Aopo*e npoaaTb cboio AO’II, h noA'iHiiHTb ce6e A6apaxMa- aa, no.ib3yioiuerocaasTopHTeroM b aapoae, pacnpocTpaHneT o MOAoaoMae- aoBcae cniieTHH, BuaaBaa ero 3a ninHona. KOTOpufi BKo6hi Tafiao coOiipaer aeabra b noAb3y Typox. Oh aopHBaCTca 3axAK>AeHHa A6apaxMana b Tiopb- My. 06pa3 Ailiia6a>i noKa3aa aBtopoM ncaxoaoraaecKH BepHO, r.iy6oico pac- Kpur ero BHyrpeHHHft Map. B ero Jiaae aiiTop' C03aaA o(5pa3 cr'iuaaTeAH a KjieBerHHKa. B noBecTH cliHrypiipycT paccKa33HK— saepnHB, psOofi, c pea- KOfi 6opoaKofi». Oh Kaa npeacTaBHTO.il> Hapoaa o6T>eKTHBen b cboiix cyac- aeHHBX. PaccKa3'iHK npoTHBonocTaBAaeTCa aBTopou kaobothnay Aimagaio. Bsoaa b noBecTBOBaiuie (Jinrypy paccaa3qHKa, aBTop Kai< 6u yciiAHBacT 3MouiioiiaAbHyio oapacay oTo6pa>«eiiHbix hm co6uthB. HnTepeceii o6pa3 iiTua lllyra — EciieMBera. Oh OHa'ia.ie BepaT bchrhm HefihiAHuaM AfiaaSaa, saTCM. y3aaB MopaAbayro aacTory AfinpaxMaiia, pacaaHBaerca h nocreneH- ho nepexoaHT Ha cropoHy cBoefi aoaepH. ho yae no3aHo: oHa yMHpaeT. MafiAHII H BsTOMCB0GMnepBOM ITD03aH'leCK0M npOH3BeaeHHH MaCTepCKil pacapuBaer ncHXOAOrHio repoeB. nosecrb «naMHTHHK lllyra* siaaiieTCH CBoeo6pa3HOfi «BeaHofi JlH3ofl»' aasaxcaofi HauaoHaAbiioB np03bi. CpeaH paccaa30B nacareiia, HanHcaHHbix Bcaea 3a «naMsrrHHK0M Uly-

ra», o6pamaeT Ha ce6n bhhm3hh6 pacc«a3 «BoceMbAec8T py&ieft* (1918), b KoropoM B. MafijiHH c rneaoM omicuBaeT, Kan H3fleBaacn naa iiapoaoM oipaa aaauiopjtbiHtteB. TpH aaaiuopawuua, npaexaBuiHe k BOAocTiio.My, yBO- jbiteaiiHciBeHHyio Jiouiaob GeaHSKa Erey6as. Bro *ena jKaayerca Ha npo- B3Boa: «Bowe. nan xenepb jkhtb? Buaa oana aouiaat h to 3a6paaa aaaui- opaa». riacaTeab CHOBa Bosspauiaerca k 3toH TeMe b pacciea3c «CHBHfi mioxoaeu* (1926). flaa ao3opHbix H3 OTpsaa ajiauiopaunuee nonBAtnorcsi b MHpHOMayae, y oaHoro CeamiKa 3aGHpaiOT aouiaab, a y apyroro otGh- paioT KO*aH«e canorn. Bo BTopoM ayae ohh yBOAHT chboto Haoxoaua 6ea- assa /KaMaHTbrna. Pa3nieBamibifi XaMaiiTHK roBopax: «rioAowAHTe, npo- KJWTue! Bot npiiayr GoAbureBHKH, nepBHM 3anHmyCb b hx pubi. ripHaer iac pacnaaTbi!*. B roahi ycTanonaeiiHa CoBerCKOii BAacra b Ka3axcTaHe, xoraa Tpyaa- aiHecx Maccu bcio cboio SHeprmo OTAanaAH crpoiiTeAbcrny iiOBOro oGmecT- bu, nncaiMb oToSpaiKaer b cbohx npoii3Beaemmx iioswe B3anMoor,iomenna aioacft b KajaxcKOM ayae, KAefiMHT n030poM aiiTHirapoaiibie Bbiaa3KH npca ciaBHTeaefi 3i<cnayaTaxopcKoro Kaacca. B paccxaae «Kyabnam» (1&22) noBecTayexca o jKaaaocTH GaeB H Ky- aaKOB, Koxopue hhmcm He noMoraAH fieanoil weniUHHe Kvabnaiu. He My* ■MyxxyMh eaHHCXBeHHuS chh KaaH yMHpaioT ot roaoaa. B paccxa3e «# hh Kjp6aH-MefipaMa» Taxine onncbiBaiOTCfl noAoGHbie coGuthh: b to Bpexis KaxGaft h Myaaa b AeHb peamx!03Horo npa3.iHHKa «Afix» npHHOCHT B*epT- By JKiipnoro Gapaiia, Ha xpaio avaa, b auphboB lopre, yMHpaioT ox roaoaa Myxt h iKCHa BaKCH h 3ernien. IlHcaTeab npH3UBacT Bcex GeansKOB oG-be- flHHHTbca h BucTynHTb npoTHB 6aeB h Myaa. B 3th ronbi paa cbohx paccKa30B nncaxeab nooBBUiaet BonpocaM paB- nonpaBHa*eHWHH, ceMbH H Gpana b hobom oGuiecxBe. B paccna3e«KbipMH- 3u» mw v3HaeM o BepiiocxH CBoeMy apyry AioGnmefi neByuiKH KupMusu. Paccxa3 «Pa3soa» (1923) nocBaiuea HCTopHH oahoU ceMbH. Cynpy- xr ABaapfieK h 3efinen wHByr xopouio. ripaBaa. h y hhx He GbiBaeT 6e3 ccop, ho 3to ywe He cxapoe BpeMii, xoraa My* Mor GHTb h ocKop6aan> weHy. Tenepb b ochobb ceMefiHbix othoiuckhWaewHT B3aHMKoe yBa*eHHe, HOBue coBexcKne 3aK0Hu oxpaHatoxceMbio. KoraaAflaapCeK n 3efinencco- pHTca, hx MaaeHbKaaaonbKy.iaMaa xs*eao nepe*HBaeTHenoaaaKHbceMbe; xoraa Maxb h otcu whbjt b coraacnn, Ha AHue KyaaM3u paaocTHaa yau6Ka. B stom pacci<a3e nucaieab oco6o noaiepKUBacT iieoOxoaHMocxb 3a6oTbi o 6yayuieM roko.ichhh, 3i[aaei(HC 3Aopoabix ceMefiHbix OTHOUieHHft b boc- BHTaiiHH aeTefi. TepoHiia paccKa3a «K-iaTiia 3efinen», Bwpociuaa b 3awn- xoiHofi ceMbe, BbicxynaeT npoTHB mbcthux. GoraxeeB, npoTHB hx hbchahh H ofiMana OejiHaKOB. OHa xobopht Hapony:,«CoBexcKHfi 3axoH oxpaHaeT Mow CB06oAy, a Bepio b CoBexcuyio BAacTb*. B. MafiAHH noKaauaaeT, axo Tenepb AeByuiKaKa3aolKa ocBoCoAH.iacb ot BeKOBennofi 3a6HTOCTH h no- KOPHOCTH. B paccna3ax B. MafiaHITa 20-x foaob co3Aana uenaa n.TCa;ja repoeB— fibiBuiHXCaTpaxoB, KOTopbie CT3JIHTenepbrocyAapcTBeHHbiMH n oSuiecTBeH- HbiMn AcaTeaaMH. B «PaBiionpaBHH GeAnaKOB* (1923) nepnwM bojiocthhm npn CoBeTCKofi BAacni H36HpaeTcn ByxaSafi, 6hbuih« cayra eoaocTHoro KavwM6aa h Kyqep Gaa KapHMa. Tepoft paccKa3a «Bo.toctho(1 Ky.ibxaK> (1925), paHbme h ne noMuuuinBUiHfi bwAth aa nopor Gaflcxofi xyxHH, Te­ nepb yiHTca rpaMOTe, 3HaK0MHTcn c KHiiraMH, 3aBoeBbmaex aBTopirrer y CBOHX 36MAHKOB. KyAbTafi, H36paHHWH BOAOCTHUM 113 0'ICPeAHUX Bbl6opaX, BHaiaAe nponn.iaeT poGocTb nepeA hmvuihmh oflnoayAbuaMH, honoTOMCTa- HOBIITCH 'leCTIlbIM, npHHUHnnaAbHWM ABHTeAeM, AAH KOTOpor© HHTepeCU Tpyaoaoro napoaa npeBHiue ncero. Bot otpubok H3 stoto paccK33a, rae H3o6pawaeTcn, Kax KyAbxafi pa36HpaeT waAoGy Goraxen: 235

— Barny Maaauiyxi weny yBC.i Bam me cayra? —Jta, 9To we HaxajibCTBO... iicaKHe cayra na roaoBy ae3yr..Mower 6un>, noMowere uxe BoaspatHTb moio weny... Sroro 6y30iepa naao 6a aaM —Cxoabxo aeT cayra wiia y eac? —Ofl-Gofl, He cnpaiBHBafiTe, c Maaux aet on y Mena BocmiTHBaacs. Beat a ero caeaaa MenoBexoM. KaK rOBopHTCH, rflaoxoMy MeaoBexy caena- emb ao6po, a oh reGe— cbiihctbos. Baaeal... — CHa3aa cTapHK waaoCuuM —Xopoiiio. Haine aoMofl. Ecaa ymaa Moaoaan arena—Tan Beab cefl- qae weHiuHHa CBo6oa«a. Ecax ee yBea Bam cayra, aHawr ohh nonpaiiii- •iHCb apyr apyry. Ecau ohh 3a6paaH y Bac MacTb HMymeCTBa, 3K3Mht ohh paGoraa'ii iia sac... OaHano ohh noCTynnaH BenpasHabHO. Haao 6biao hm sr!----- ---------- nac HMymecTBO, npHiiaaaewaBuiee o6ohm, — cKa3aa Kyan- B 9thx OTfteTax Kyabrasr MHTareab hciio biuht, mto ok 3HaeT cBoe ae- ao HcMeao npoBoaHT b )KH3Hb 3aK0iihi coBeTcxoro cxpon. B noBecTH «KoMMyHHCTxa PaymaH* (1922) nncaTeab noxaatJBaer nyTb pocra KaaaxcKofl weHiiwHbi PaymaH ot paaoBofi 6arpa>tKH ao o6mecrBCH- iioro aeaTeaa. B nepBuc roabi CoBeicxofi aaacTH ona npHoGmaercn k 06- lueCTBCHHofi paGoTe, BnepBue Bwe3aiaeT 3a npeaeau CBOcro ayaa Ha bo- aocTiiyio wencxyio itoHiJiepeHiwio. H36paHHaa aeaeraroM ye3aHo8 xoH(|>e' peHUHH, PaymaH npne3>KaeT b ropoa. B cboS aya OHa noaripamacTca ywe npeaceaaieaeM ayacoBeia. no iiaymeiiino cruieraHKa fleMecHHa ee liyw 11BaxeH BWCTynaeT npoTHB PaymaH, noacTpexaa ee K npoTHB03axoHHbiM no- CTynKaM. PaymaH aaer omop csoeMy My«y, hx othouichhh CTaHOBHTCst HaTHHyrbiMH. B 9to BpeMH Paymaii nocbiaaiorHa TpHroaa ymrrbcnb croali­ ny pecny6aHK« » BMecTO nee npeaceaaieaeM ayacooera ct.ihobhtch BaxeH. IlonaB noa BaHnime Hexoropbix BpawaeGHbix saeMeirroB, BaxeH oxa3bma- ercH Ha cxaMbe noacyaHMHx. no CBOeM B03BpameHHH PaymaH cHOBa H36n- paeTcn npeaceaaTeaeni ayacoseTa, a Baxeir H3 3axaioMCHHH npHC3i«acT o poaHoS aom. y *e o6pa30BaHiiaH, 3Haioman cBoe aeao Paymaii npomaer Baxeny Bee ero oSnau 0 npHHHMaet ero b cboH a o m . B noaymyTaiiBo8 <|>op- «Moii BaxeH, Tenepb nOHsia, kto Bpar h kto apyr?» — Paymaii cm- Tarer, mto OHa aonjKHa noMOMb BaxeHy craTb Ha hoth. B o6pa3e PaymaH noxasana Heno6eanMa« cHaa-HOBoro. Echh b nepsoft Mac™ MUTaxeab BHaHT PaymaH xax eiue lie nopiiaBHiyio co crapbiMii o6biMaHMH aofipyio ixeit- mH«y, to b nocaeaHefi MaciH ona BbicTynaeT xax axTHBHtjfi aesrreab. Ho npHBcex o6eroHTeabCTBax PayuiaH ocTaercsi McaOBexoMc GoabUioB GyKBbi. B noBecTH yGeaHTeabHo noxa3aHu h,tcBkhB poor Paymaii h nocTeneH- HOe ocBoGowaeime Eaxena H3 naeHa CTapux npeapaccyaxoB. HenpiiMHpii- Mue npoTHBopeMHH Me»ay hobum h CTapbiM b JKH3HH xa3axcxoro ayaa cocTaBaaiOT ee ocHOBy. CaMnaraH MHTaTeas oxa3HBaioTCH Ha ctopohc kom- MyHHCTKH Payuiaa h MecxHoro, Moaoaoro cexperapa ayacoBeTa XCaxcbuibi- • noBecTb «KoMMyHHCTxa Payma«», b caoe BpeMH nepeBeaeimaH Ha pyc- ckhB H3bix, noayiHaa npH3HaHHe BCecoi03Horo MHTaTeaa H npHyMiiowHaa caaBy csoero aBTopa xax Maoropa xyaowccTBOHHoro caoea. B roabi KOH<t>ncKauHH3eM.n1xpvnHbix Gaea h xoaaexTHBH3auHH Meaxux xpecrbHHcxHx XO3H0CTB B. MafiaHH, naa no ropHMHM caeaaM HCTOpHMecxHX coGuthB, OToGpawaa b cbohx xyaowecTBemibix npoH3BeaoHHHx peBoaiouH- HamHBxaMH* (1928) imcaTent

nepeaaeT aTMociJiepy Oaficxoro floMa npH H3BecTKK o KowiJjiioKauKH HMy- «...B 60JIM1108 KOMiiare nonyMpax. Qaa bcs 3a6nTa BGiuaMH—KOBan- u«e, c y3opa.MH cyiiAyxH, Aoporwe KOBpk, caoweimbie b orpoMiibie tiokh; i‘£3iibie Beam AOMamirero oCHxoAa. nocepearaie xOMHara iia UBeracTOM KOape, onepuracb o6eHMH pyxa.MH o noa, HarnyB roaoBy, chaht xomkh ao- MaCeSnea. On naaaeT, caeabi Texyr, cxaraBaacb BHH3 no ero Oopoae. Hto caymaocb, hto HaAo AeaaTb b Aa«Hyio MHByry— oh caM toakom He 3iiaa. ToatKOHyncTByeT, ksk Bee BHyTpn ropHT ot aero-TO. — Ryma moh, >ito nponcxoAHT? — cnpocHaa 6afi6miie XaMaa, boBah — H10 Tenepb c. «eHa? Bee kohhcho! — cxa3aa Cefinen h IlHcaTeab h b stom np0H3BCAeHHH noAaepxHBa'er npeBocxoacrao 6eA- hjkob naA 6oraTUMH, noKa3MBaer. <ito nwibKo OeANaxii SBJiaioTca CTpoHTe- aaMHHOBOS WH3HH, a-ro y hhx CBervioe OyAymee. raaBHHMH repoaMii pac- CKa3a BNCTynaiOT OeAJiaXH, SuBiime CaTpaxH CeftneHa—ApbicraH, KyaH- -W«, TyTKbmi, BbmxefliUHe H3 caMofi ryma HapoAHbix Macc, npeAainnje Co- mexoft BaaciH moan. IlHcaTejib noKa3biBaeT h nporasopeaHs BiiyTpH csmoB OaBoxofl eeMbH: Manillas arena 6aa h ero eAHKCTaeiinaa no'ib MapwaH oTKaabiBaioTea exaib BMecTe c CeCnenoM h XaMaji-6aS6iime. B fioAbmoM paccxa3e « y noxiiowaa Kox-Tepexa» (1929) onHCLiBaercs, ksk 6biB!iiiiH 6afi OMap, pacnpoAas CBOe HMymecTBO, nbiTaerca 06-MaHHbiM ----- ------ ------- Moaoaoro KOMMyHHCTa Xaxnna so BpeAHreabCTBe. iHcaieab oaem, tohko pacxpbtBaeT ofipa3 Kactma ZlayroBa, npo6pa oca b opraHU CoiieTCKofl BaacxH, a noAsepxHBaeT OAiireabHOCTb cobc lofleft, [ia30(5aanii!iiiHx ero. PaaBHuft repofl sroro paccxa3a— (J>hhhi X axvin b nepHOA -nepre.6..a.3.H..p,o..B.K..H..p..a.f.i.o.m...io..r.o—neii.T-p-a---- mo ”KOK-Tepea ............ b KBaprape OMapa. Xo3aHH XBapTHpw paAyeica sroMy, a aosb ero PaxHaa nbiTaeTca Bjno6nTb b cefia Xanana. B nepBbie ahh X a - xan noAAaeTca bahhhhk> OMapa H CepeT noa 3aiUHTy BpawAeSHue sae- MeKTH. 3a 3to Xaxnn noayaaeT cTporoe npeaynpewaeHHe ot ayabHbix xom- MyHHCTOB. On BOBpeMa paono3HaeT HeiicKpeiiiioctb Paxnabi h wemroca Ha yiHTeabHHiie PaCnre. CioxeroM paccxaaa nocaywH-ra co6biTHH, nponcxoAauure b jkh3hh xa3axcxoro ayaa b nepHOA oerpofi xaaccoBoft (iopb6bi,— KOiKtuiCKaumi 3eMeab 6aeB h xyaaxoB, oprammuitH xoaxo30B. rincaTeab MeTxo pacxpbi- Baer neaxoaormo xpecrbaH, xoTopue xoaeCaiorca npn npoBeaeHKH Mepo- npHaTiiS no opraHH3aimji xoaaexTHBHbix X03hBctb. Myxbmi ApbicTaH(5aeB b oahohmchhom pacexa^e (1930) —cofiapaTenb- imB o6pa3 $aabiHHBbix okthbhctob, xoTopue bo MHorax pafioiiax Ka3ax- craiia b nepBbie roaw xoaxo3Horo CTpoaTeabCTBa nenawaan noaHTHxy nap- thh. Myxbmi ne nomiMaor noaHTHXH napTHii, a teM, kto aepwHTca npa- axabiioro xypea, 6e3aneaamiomio 3aaBaaeT, hto sto, moh, «neperHO, npa- BO-neeaAKH# yxaoa» h t. n. IlHcaTeab npeAocTeperaeT 'iHraTeaefi or TaxHx aroaefl. xax Myxum. ho b to we BpeMa Aeaaer npaBHabHbiB bmboa. hto hx mokho nepeBoenKTatb k bubccth b paau cTpoHTeaefl hoboto oOmecraa. Oahhm H3 3Fia'mrejibiibix no o6-beMy npoa3BeaeHHfl B. MafiaHiia »bah- erca nosecTb «Ha roxy* (1933). npeAceaaTeab xoaxo3a «Xaamu» xoMMy- hhct EpTaB B03rnaBxneT 6opb6y npoTHB nparoB xoaxoaHoro crpoa. buy noMoraior TaxHe npeaaHHue Koax03KOMy Aeay aioah, xax Opnranap A6-. Apax, xoaxojHima Ty.Mapma, xoMcoMoabuu XaM3a a Karapa. OwBuiaB pa- OohhB C0BX038 OMapOex. Chh 6aa Xycyn, cyAKBOinfica necxoabxo pas. TaflHo BpeAHT xoaxo3y. riocoGHiixaMH Xycyna BucTynaxiT caercmoA xoaxo- 237

3a Aocxowa, npoaaBeu Am>»annap, Koropwe hbahiotch caenuM opyweu BHe3anHO noaoHBUierocH b stom ayjie KyrnaHa— eAHHOMbiiUAenHHKa >Ka- KHna. Bnaqane eparau cnocoOctByioT h HeKOTopaieqjieHMapTe.m, noBepiie- uiMe hx AeMaroraaecKHM peiaM. Ho xoraa BpoaifTeJiH Ha>iHHaioT otkpmto pacnpocrpaiiflTb KAeBeTHHqecKHe CJiyxH, kojixobhhkh BUCTynaioT nporaa hhx. BpeflHTCJiH 3anyrHBaior yqeraoe a em b KO-ixo3e, noxuuiaiOT c roxa 3epHC. Ana Toro, qTo6u Ayqnie ocymecTBHTb cboh BpeAHTeAbCKHe 3aMbiCAH, >Ka- KHn ribiraeTca BcrynHTb b kojixo3, ofliiaxo ero naaH pyiziHTca. Toraa on nu- TaeTCs yHBHTOWHTb Koaxo3Hbifi aKTHB, CKpbjTbca h opraHH30BaTb 6anny. Ho 3to ewy He yaaerca. Koaxo3hhkh y6«BaioT ^Kaioma, sacraB Ha Meoe npecTymieHHH, a ocranbiibix coo6ihhhkob apecroBbiBaior. B stom npoK3BejeuHH B. Ma&iHH xopouio H0Ka3biBaer ynpenaeiiHe RWIX030B, HAefiHbiS poor koaxo3hhx BOHjaxoB, T3KHX, HanpHMep, KaK Ep- raft. B HefioAbUioS noBecTH oh cyMea co3Aarb okoao a«chth o6pa30B, Ha- AeneaiiMX HHAHBHAyanbHHMH qepraMH, ncHxoaorHqecKH yOeAHTejibiibix. Tax, b o6pa3e EpTaa mm bhahm qeAOBeKa paccyAHTeJibHoro, BHHKaioiuero o toh- kocth Aejia, qyTxoro k OKpywaioWHM, CAiiTejibiioro k npoHCxaM BpcAHTC- Aefi. nosecrb B. MafiAHHa «Ha Toxy» HeeoMHe»HO oaho H3 Han6o.Tee Ta- AauTAHBMx npoH3Be,KHHii Ka3axcKOii AHTepaTypu Ha KOAX03nyio TeMy. PoMaH B. MafiAHHa «A3aM3T A3aMatoBHq» (1934) HBAaerca nepBofi nacTbio 3aAyMaimofi hm TpHAorHH. 3tot poMan, chhck3buihh ce6e AioCoBb urapoKHX qHTaTeAbCKHX Maoc, hbhach b cBoe apewa 3HaqirreAbHbiM npoH3- BeAeHHeM ke xoabKo b TBopqecTBe micaTCAH, ho h bo acefi «a3axcKOfi co- BCTCxofi AHxepaiype. B HeM onHChraaioTca co6uthh 20-x toaob. B pe3y.nb- TaTe noSeAbi OKia6pbCKOfi peBOJHOUHH k ba3cth npHXOAHT rpyAOaofi Ha- pofl, npeAcrasHTeAH Koroporo 3aK3AHiOTCH b 6opb6e c BparaMH h CTaao- BflTCB aKTKBHMMH o6meCTBeHHHMH fleaTCAHMH. B poMaHe (|)HrypHpyioT H npeACTaBHTeAH 3KcnAyaTaropcKoro KAacca, Koropwe CKopGaT no CTapoMy pewHMy, Bpara OKia6pbCKOii pcBOAioumi — HauHonanucTbi Bpoae BopcwK- Caeaa, Byxapfiaeaa H PaxHMa UlernpoBa, Koropue xotht 0praHH3OBaTb b ropoAe Kapacafl Tafiiiyio opraHH3auHio cCapbi-Apxa*. A na nponaraiiAM ' cbohx BpaxtaeCiibiX B3rAHA08 BopcuxOaeB nuTaertii HcnoAb30Barb jnojteS, noAb3yiomHxCH AoeepiieM Macc. Oahhm H3 hhx HBAaeica A3a.Mar A3aMaro- bhm (era nacTomn.ee hmh Kowsabk KypKHAAexoB) — qe.ionei( ofipaaouaH- liHfi h aBTopHreTHufi, moaoaoB pa6oTHHK rySepHCKoro 3eM0TABAa. A3aMar A3aMaroBHq wchhach iia poACTBeHHHiie PaxuMa — MapiiHM. C sroro mo- MeHTa oh HaqmiaeT OTXoAHTb or npanHAbiiofi napTmiHoft »thkh, nonanaeT b qyacyio aah Hero cpeAy. PaxbiM nuraeTCa HcnoAb30saTb ero b 6opb6e npoTHB CoBeroKoft BAacrH. C 3Tofi ueAbio on 3H3KOMHT A3aMaTa c 6oraqoM KafiAapoia h ObiauiHM 6eAorBapAefiiWM JKycynoM. A3aMaT penoMeHAyer npHHHTb b napTHio Xycyna h TeM caMUM craHOBHTca ctopohhhkom Bpaw- Ae(>Hoft rpynnM PaxbiMfi IUernposa. C aroro AOXHoro nyTH A3aM8Ta bh- boabt KOMMyHHCTH— naqaAbHHK 3eM0TAoaa AAeKceeB, Apyr AetctBa UJefi- MepABH, 6AH3KHfi lOBapHip no paSoTe Tafiiua h ApyrHe. OcofieHHO A.ieKce- cb npoHBAaer 6oAbuiyio 3a6ory 06 A3aMaTe; oh pacapbiBaeT nepeA hhm ah- ho PaxbiMa h ero eaHHOMMUiAe«HHKOB, nocbuiaeT A3aMaTa A3aM8TOBHqa b flweTbiKynbCKHfi ye3A. 3ABCh A3aMar pa3o6AaqaeT BparoB KOAxo3Horo crpoa, 3Aecb cpMBaiOTCH BpaataefiHbie nnaHH PaxbiMa. «EpwnrKT TypAHOaeB, yexamnHfi Ha pa6ory b fljKeraKyAbCKHfi yeas h KynHBHinfi ce6e no 3TOMy nouoAy hobm!! nopT(j)ejib, hbhach oOpanio; AAHMXojKa AmHpoB, e3AHBUiHfi k A3aMary A3aMaTOBnqy no BawHOMV jicjiy, To*e BepHynca hh c qeM; aobkhS 3yAKaH, noAyqHBuiHfi Heua.no rocyAap- CTBeHHMX CpeACTB HK06bI AAH OpraHH30BaHHOfi HM apTeAH «UIayHKyAb», nonaA noA cyn. ...PaxHM 6ma 03aAaqeH. Mto Bee aro anaqHT? H sto nenaer cboII qeAO-

nex, A3aMaT?! On Beflb nepenyTaji Bee KapTbi Paxbrny! Kto npeBpaxnji aroro xpoxxoro roxyoH b ncTpefia n Kan XHUiHHKa HanpaansreT na jnoaefl?... A PaxtJMpacCTHTbiBaa Ha Hero xax Ha Haaexaiyio onopy, ayMaji, »ito Aaa- siaT6yaer noaiyumo noMora-rb h coaeiicTBOBaTb eMy». B 3tom ye3,ie c noMombio mccthux 3ktiibhctob AaaMaTy A3aMaTo- BHay yaaerca opraHH30Barb H3 6eaHfluxHx ceMeii ceabCKoxo3HftcTBeiHiyio apreab. TaKHM o6pa3ow, oh OKOHnaTeabHo nopbiBaeT CBS3b c rpynnoB Pa- XKMa Ulerapoaa, pa3BOflHTca c pa3BparHoft, norepaomefi 'le.iorie'iecKHii 06- aax MapmiM h n36«paeT npaBH-ibiiufl nyrb. B nepBbix eacrax poMaHa A33M3T A3aMaTOBHi BNCTynaer nan 'ie-'ioBeK, aioOaimifl ace rruumoe h xpacaaoe, xax MarKocepaeqiibiil HHTea/iHreHT, KOTOpufl a He 3aMeHaeT, hto orxoairr b ofimecTBeHHoft AcareabHocTii or naprHHUbix npHHiumoB, oiphi- Baercnot CBoeffl cpeau. Abtop vSeflHTejibiro noKa3biBaeT h 3a(5ay*aeHHH, h B03BpameHHe ua njrrb hcthkhuB raaBiioro repoa poMaHa. Xopoiuo noK33aHb poMaKe poet, npodyjKaeHHe k co3HareabHoS 6opb6e 6hbuihx CaTpaxoB Meaey H Xaxyna. 0<5a ohh aKTHBHO yracrayioT b pac- KpUTHH fiaiUHTCKOH UiafiKH KaUHOHa.IHCTOB, CTaHOBHTCH OopUaMH 3a C03- saHae ce.ibxo3apTe,-ieii na ocuone H3rHaHHa n h30,ihuhh BpawaeSHbix a.ie- HHiepecep o0pa3 rafiuin. Oiia, >uieH KoMMyimcraiecKOH napTHH, an- THBHbifi aesnejtb ry6epHCK0fi napT0praHH3auHH, hpoboaht b ye3aax amiB- liyio pa6oTy no OKOH'iaTejitKOMy ocBoCowaeHmo n BocnuxaHHio xa3ax- ckhx weniHHii. B AweTbiKyjibcKOM yesae OHa BMec-re c AriaMaroM A3a.wa- TOBHqeMpacxpbiBaeT Tafinufi saroBop nocaanuea PaxuMa. no OBOCMy CIOWeTIIOMV pa3BHTHIO poMaH «A33MaT A3aMaTOBHH» H3- aaeica MHoronaaHOBUM. MacTepcxn onacbiBaa caMufi caoxanafi irepnoa 6opb6u 3a KojijicKTHBH3auHio b K33axcK0M ayae, aBTop npananBO noxa3H- EaeT paccTaHOBKy xaaccoBUX chji a nx npoTKBopeiHH. Bopb6a repoeB po­ MaHa 3axaHMHBaeTca no6eaofi nepeaoBbix .uoaeB o6wecTBa— KOMMymiCTOB Hpa3o6aaqenHeM Bpawae6Hbix BaeMetiTOB—oxBOCTbfi aaauiopflbmueB. 5. MaSann tafoxe npasaHBO h TaaaiiTaHBO K3oCpaxcaeT cosercxyio aeft- creHTeabHOctb, 6opb6y Ka3axcKoii SeaHOTH 3a co3aaHHe ceabxo3apreaH b noBecTH «riiiTHaanaTb aaopoB*. O erpowteanx HHMxeiiTcxoro CBHHHOBoro saBoaa h KaparanaiiHCKoro yroAbHoro 6aeceaHa nHcaTBJib ny&wxyer ce- pino paccKa30B h xyaoweciBeiiHUX onepxoB noa oGiuhm H33B3HHeM «Ha crpoflxax rnraiiTOB* (1934). Ero nepy npHBaajiextHT 6oaee Tpex aeciiTXOB ifeaberoHOB, oiiyg.mKOBaHHbix b pasHhie roabi Ha cTpaHHuax nepKOHHiecKOH K'ia™. B hhx nHcareab raeBiio BucrynaeT npoTHB Bcero koohoto h oTcra- •toro b jkh3hh cTopouHHKOB cxaporo, KoTOpue Memaior cobctckhm aioaBM b npoanHiKCHHH Bnepea no nytH KOMMyiiH3Ma. TBopiecTBo Maftamia oxasaao 6oabmoe Baimniie na pa3BHTHe xa3ax- cxoS coBeTCKofi npo3bi. B ero npoH3BeaeHrax MHororpaHHo pacKpbmaiorcH WH3iib xa3axcKoro ayaa b roau coitHanHcraaecKoro CTpoirreabCTBa, Te Be- aaxHe H3MehteHHii, xoropbie npon30UMH B wh3hh rpyaoBbix Macc. OcoBchbo yjaBa.TOCb B. MaB.iHHy KopOTKne paccKaau, a-'ia kotopmx xapaKtepna koh- KpeTHocTb n 3aKOHH0HHoCTb aoweTa, tohkhB awpH3Mh aerKHfi K>Mop b pac- KpuTHH xapaKTepoB repoeB. Mafi.iHH aacTepcKH BaaaeeT aaKoiiHBiiofi Ma- Hepofi H3JiOJKeHHH, C03aaeT iipKHe cKy.ibmypHbie o6pa3bi. no.iowiiTe.ibm,r- MHrepoHMH paccxa30B MaSaHHa Bceraa BacrynaiOT npeacraenreaH Hapoaa, nacaTeabc JiioOoBbio pacyeT hx nociynKH h xapaarepbi. B. MafijiHK BHec 3Ha<mteabHU0 BKJtaa h b apaxiatypreio. Ero nbecu ««l>poHT», «HauiHawHrHTbi», «UIyra», «riopaaKHTaaTaHCaa*. «Mya.ia UlaiH- uiap>, «AyabHaa nixojia*, «BenHaHHe», «flBoSHofl xanKaii* «Omkh» h

«5Kaa6bip» b CBoe BpeMst He cxoahjih eo cueHbi pecnyO.iHKaHCKiix xeaTpoB. OaiioaKTHtie nbechi «Taflnoe co6paHHe», «CHOxa h CBexposb* nona3biBa.ia HOXjeKTHBa xyaowecTBeHiiofl caMOAesiTeabHOCTH. ilpaMarmiecKHe npon3BeAemin B. MafiaWHa iianiicaHbi b ctreercKHe roau, noBTOMy coOmthh npouiaoro b hhx xpaxTyioTCH c nosHiuiA coimaan- CTH'iecKoro peaaH3Ma. ribecw ero nocBamenbi caMbiH paaramibiM TeMaM: HamiOHaJibHo-ocBo6oaHTeabHOMy ABHweHHio 1916 roaa («>Ka.ifiwp»), Ox- TH6pbCK0fl peBoaiouHH H rpawaaiiCKofi Boflne («HaniH flWHrHTbis), opra- HH3az|iiii K031X030Bnocjie KOHtpHCxauHHHMymecTBa xpynHux 6aes («<1>poht», «nopaaKHTaaranCaan), xpHTHxe nepewHTKOBcraporo («Myaaa UlaHoiap*). Kan bhaiio, tgmh nbec aKTyajibiibi h saTpanmaior Hacyuuiue Bonpocu, nocraBaeHHbre KoMMyrntCTHiecKofl napxHefl nepeA coBexcnofi jiHTepaxypoii. C raydOKHMonTHMH3MOMApaMaTypr noxa3UBaex b cbohx nnccax nofie- Ay coBercKoro crpoa, flpy*6y HapoaOB. Rax B hobth'kckhx h npo3ame- ckhx npoi!3BeAeHHHx, Tax h b naecax mca-re-ib neyexaHHO paapaOaraBaer aKxyaAbHbie Te.Mbi 20-x i-oaob, xapaOTepHbie ana Ka3axcKHx aynon: pa- 3o6Jia'ieHHe npecTymibix Aetmnfl 6aeB h Myaa nepeA TpyABiAHMHCH, 6opb6a c nepoKHTxamh nponiaoro h'hx hochtcaamh, pacxpenoweime xa3axcKHX xteHiuHH h Apyrne. CpeAH ApaMaTyprH'iecKHX nporaseAeHHfl B. Mafinmia caMoii sna'iH- TeabHoft no cbohm xynowecTBemibiMaoctohhctbbm HBaaeTcanbeca«<I>pOHT». Ee repoH, B03raaBHBWHe K0AX03H0e ABHweHHe (GubiuhA 6aTpaK ZlocaH, ceKperapb naprafinoii oprammiiwi ayaa OpuHOaft, cexpeTapb paftxoMa naptHH MaxMyAOB), BucrynaioT nan 6opnbi 3a BHeApeHHC b >KH3Hb hobux MeponpHHTHH napTHH h npaBHTeabCTBa. Btodum 3Ha\"iHTeawibiM ApaMaiypninecKHM np0H3BeAeHH6M HBanexca nbeca «naiun AWHrarbu, nacBimieHiian coSuthsim rpajKaaHcxofi boAhu. ynacTHHKH HauHOHaabHO-ocBoSoAHTeabHoro abhjkchhh— 6oabmeBHKH )Kaa6bip, Tancux, Myxuui, Ei|ihm— BcxynaiOT b Kpacnyio Apmhio h rpo- mht BHyrpeHHHX BparoB MoaoAOfi Ka3axcKo0 pecnyGaHKH— aaauiopAUH- ueB Tima >KaHTaeBa h KepeeBa. B TpeTbeS aCTyaabHofl nbece Maflamia, «UIyra», raaBiias repOHHa IUyra CTaHOBHTCH wepxBofi (JieoflaabHO-naTpHapxaabHbix o6hinaeB. Kax h b OAHOKMeimofl nOBecra, Ulyra Bnbece BUCTynaeT c npoTecTOMnporHB 3a- xaCaaeHHH xasaxcxHx JKenmim. B nbece «nopnaKH TaaTaHGan* nHcaTeab pa3o6aaiaeT nepernGnm- kob, npHxpbiBaiouiHXca aeBauxHMH ao3yHraMH. B carapHiecxoM naaHe noxa3aH oCpa3 MopaabHO pa3aojXHBuierocH Ta.iTaHfian. flpaMaTypranecKpe Hacaeane MaflaHHa HB.iaercs nenHbiM bkabaom b pa3BHTiic TearpaabHoro HcxyccTBa pecnySanKH. Ero My3biKa.ibHaa nbeca «>Kan6bip» y*e qeraepxb Bexa He cxoaht co caemj. B CBoe BpeMs npbecencya6aMnKaHfla.HHa 3aHHMaaH neHtpaabiioe Mecro b penepTyape TearpoB BeiiMflcT MaflaHH 6bia oahhm H3 ocnoBaTeaefl cOBpeMeHHofl npoifceccH- oHaabHofl xa3axcKOfl anrepaTypiJ. Oh 6es ocxaTxa oTAaa cboS orpoMHufi TaaaHT Aeay peBoaxmHH h paaBimno couHaaHCTH'iecxoft no co.xepiKaiiHio h HauHOuaabHofi no 4>opMe xyabTypu KaaaxcKoro HapoAa.

HJibflc AWAHcyrypoB Habflc AwaHcyrypos — ojihh H3 Tex KpyimefiuiHX noyroa, KOTopue 3awiaAUBajiu (jiyiiAa.MeiiT moaoaoA Ka3axcxo0 coBeTCKofl aiiTepaTypu. Hro TUairr, Bnepsbie npoHDimmiificn b rOAM ycTaHOBAeHHH CoBeT- oKoil BJiacTH, pacusea c tophccctbom Honoft siioxH. Kax h Apyrae cobct- cx»e BHcaTejiH, H. AmaHcyrypoB CbiA oahhm H3 rex, kto Bbiiueji 113 ope- am paaOyjKemibix peuo-'iiouHcrt HapoAHUX siacc a Bcrynna b AirrepaTypy no uiHpoKOii aopore, OTKpuTofi aah hhx HOBOfi Hapoanofi BjiacThio. Pa3y- MeercH, Ha stot nyTb nsicaTeJiH h hosth BcrynaAH no-pa3HOMy. Oakii, euie ne ciihb HCKMeiieS boh- noa AMaiircAbAbi, buouih 113 OKonos 1916 roaa 11 Oypa rpaixaaHcKoS sofl- hm,apyiHe B3B.aunepo b pyxii, 6yAy>m 1fepaxaMH, TpeTbH fibuni BbiHeceHbt a rpeOacreieiiiin H3tcmhux-ayAOB, itor- Ja napoAiiaa BAacrb aana Aetata Oca- iiom npasa 11a VHeHbe. Haxoneu, BCTpeqaAHCb h t3khc, KOTopue xotii h npnin.an 113 ayaoB, noemeao peBOji.iomiH HMeAH He3iia>m- lejibiibie, Tax hah miaxe noAyaeii- H«e aiiaHHB h xoe-KaxoS AHTeparyp- nafi ohut. Bot k hhm-to h othochtch H.ibnc Awaiicyrypos, kotodnO b 1920 r. b CTiixoTBOpeHHH «Mofi no- PUB> C nOA'b€MOM TOBOPHA O CBOefi 3aBeraofl ucaii, coBnaaaioinefl c ne- •mmh H crpeMAeHHBMH npo6yjKgeii- noro HapoAa: 3tot MOAOAofi roAoc Btjpaixa.a iicoaoakjioc crpeMAeHHe x hoboS jkh3 aa, b iicm 3By.iaAa AyxoBHaa aiiepniH, CBoficrac-HHas moaoahm npeACTaBH teaa.M ocBo6o>xACHHoro peBOAiouneft TpyAOBoro HapoAa. ripaBAa, y nosra c HC3Ha'IHTeAbllblMH HOKa n03H3HHBMH K HOAHTHHeCKHM OIHUTOM, CCTGCTBGH HO, B03HHKa.no npH BHfle ,pa3iioro poAa HecnpaBeAAHBocreft 11 nepextHT hob npouiAoro, Bee eme cyuiecTBOBaBUiHX b ayAe, omymeHHe HeyAOBAe

TBopeHHocTH, itopoaHBUiee b ero pyHHHX cTHxax neocHMHCTJwecKae hot- KH. Ho, CT3B ilJieHOM KOMMyHHCTHHCCXOft napTHH, II03T BCKOpe H30aBHJI- ca ot HaCTpoeHHii rpycrH h yiibauin h yBepeuHO noanaa cboB no3THiecKH6 roaoc. BocneBaii nepBOHaiajiwitie MeponpHHTHH, npoBojitMbie CobctckoS BaacTbio b ayae, oh b to we BpeMa orraBHBaa cbob earapHaecKOe nepo, pa3o6aaiaa a eaxo BbicMeHBaa nepewHTKH craporo. npoH3BCflenHH 20-x roaoB cBHaereabcTByiOT o HeyKJioHHOM pocre H coBepmeHCTBOBaHHHraaaHTa H. /IwancvrypoBa. HaHfioaee 3HaHHTeabHHM npoH3BeaeHHeM, HarmcaHHbiM no9TOM b nep- Bwe aecsTb aer TBopaecKoi'i aeareabHOCTH, 6btaa nosua «Crenb», nocBa- weHuaa 10-aeTHK) Ka3axcicofl CoaeTCKofl pecnyCaHXH. nosua 9ra yTBep- AH.ia 3a hhm, HeaaBHHM BhixoaueM H3 ayaa, caaBy 6ojibiuoro coBeTCKoro nocaeflyiomHe ceMb act 6u jih neproaoM pacuneia nosTHaecxoro aa- . poBaHHa H. ilwaiicyrypoBa. ycwieHHO pafioTaa naa coBepuieHCTBOBaHH- eM CBoero MacrepcTBa, oh aociHraeT hobux 6ojibiuiix ycnexoB. H3-noa ero nepa buxoaht raxHe Kpymiae BbicoxoxyaoweerBeHiibie noaMU, nan sKjoH- nm» h «Kyaarep»'. KpoMe cthxob h nosM, H. flwaHcyrypoB iiHuier KopoTKHe paccxa3u H oaepKH. OcofieHHO niHpoKyio noiiyaapiiocrb npnot5peTaior ipeabeTOHH, onySaHKOBaHHue Ha cTpaiinaax raaer. VMemie no;iMCTHrb bcc 6c3o6ps3- Hoe h ypoaaHBoe b wh3hh h xapaxrepax aioaeB. cnocofiHocrb ocTpo h eaxo BbicMeHBaTb sto b HpKBX caTHPHqecKHx o6pa3ax cocraBaaeT OTaiiHHTeaB- Hyio iepTy ero (j>eabeTOHOB. 3a nocaeaHHe roAH CBoero TBopaecTBa H. flwancyrypoB nanHca/r powaH «ToBapHiUH» h nbecbi «MecT!.», «Typx- ch6» h «HcaTaB—MaxanfieT*. H. flwancyrypoB BB.raaca oahhm h3 ayiuiHX h nocTOSHHNX nepe- boathkob npoH3BeaeHHH pyccKHx iiHcaTeaefi h tiostob. 3a KopoTKHii ne- pRoa cBoeft TBopiecKofl neHTeabHocTH oh nepesea noaMy «raBp«aHaaa» r pOMa.H cEbbchhA OnerHH* nyriiKHHa. KpoMe Toro, oh 3aHHMaaca H3y- qeiiHe.u HCTopHHKasaxcKofi coseTCXofi aiiTepaTypu. rio3T 6oabinoro MHororpaHHoro TaaaHTa H. flwancyrypOB ywea ot Hac b pacuBere cbohx TBopiecKHx c«a. HecxoabKo ero uiHpoxo 3aayMaH- Hbix Kpynabix npoH3BeaeHHfl, naaaTbix b anmecKou naaHe, Tax H ocTaancb He3aBepmeHHUMH. raHCKOfi oSaacTH). PaHO noTepaB MaTb, oh BocnurbiBaaca otuom. Ero o ,^ flwaHcyryp EepcyrypOB HMea Hefioabuioe o6pa30Baime, HHtaa h micaa Ha poflHOM B3biKe, xax aroCHTeab aaHHMaaca c6opom nosTHiecxHX npOH3Befleimfi aSracOB, neceH h apyrax o6pa3UOB ycraoro napoanoro TBopaectBa. CpeaH 3a6oTaHBo noaoOpamiux hm pyxonHceft 6uaH npoH3- BeaeiiHH A6aa, UIepHHB3a, MaxaMOeTa, Ea3apa, AxaHa h EHpwaHa, a Taxwe 3anHCH afiTucoB, npoHcxoaHBUiax Mewav axhinauH Cyx>M6aeM h Kyii6aaofi. AceTOM H PhicwaHOM, JKaHaxOM h TyEexOM. KcMnapOaeM h UIoweiiOM, BapwaHOM h Capoft. MuorHe H3 hhx H. flwaHcyrypoB ony- (uwxoBaa b coBeTCXHX aabMamxax h wypHaaax. Hapaay c aio6oBHbiM oTHOineHHeM x peaeBUM 6orarcTBaM poaHoro B3bixa OTea oyayiaero noaTa HMea npHCTpactHe x peMecay. Oil 6ua hc-

KVCHWMCanOJKHHKOM H, KpOMO TOFO, yMefl C OojlbUlllM MaCTepCTBOM o6- padaraiiaTb w&ne3o h aepeBo. CxponiB b BocnHTaHHH pefieima, oh cywea ncpeaaxb cboh 3H3hhh cuny.. rioTOMy-To H.imc /IwancyrypoB ywe b aciCTBe yMeji BHTaTb, xopomo nCTb noa coScxBeHHbiii aKKOMnaHCMCHT Ha aoiifipe. CMuuijieiiiiufi, cnocoOmjft pcCeHOK yuacjieaOBaa ot oxua 6aa- ropojwyio crpacTb k HapoanoMy necemiOMy XBopaecrBy a o6pa3«0My H3bi- sy, no.™6H.i hx CBoeB ioho8 BocnpimMmiBoft aymoii. 0 cBoeM aeTCxne H. flsaHcyrypoB c bojihchhcm BcnoMHHaex b noaMO «Kynarep»: a C flCTCTBa npHKHKSa KC.TOBCCHUMpOABHKaM, H cayiua.1 crapHHN aercH.w h npcaaHta. ^ ^ Haaa.ibHoe ofipaaoBamie H. flwaHcyrypoB nonyiHJi b KaparaniCKOil K23axcKo8 iienojinoH cpeaHcii uiKOJie. rioc.ic oxoimaKHa yqc6n (1911) ao 1920 ro.ia oh whbcx b ayjie. IOnouia filmier aaayuicBHhic jiHpH'iecKiie cxh- xh. K ca*a.ieHHio. MHorne H3 pthx cthxob cefiiac yxepaim2. B 1920 rosy, nocjie oCBoCo/KAemm Cpeaneft A3hh ot KOHippeBO- Main, H, ilwaHcyrypoB eaer b TauixoHT h nocxynaeT Ha aByxroaHBHue xypcu npH Ka3axcno-KHprH3CKOM neaarorHHecKOM HHCXHxyxe. OGyqaacb xaM, oh oaHOBpe.Meimo paCoxaex KoppcKropoM b peaaKUHH merbi «Ak- xioji», rae npHoOpexaex HeKoxopuB ohut ra3exH0B paCOxu. Okohmhb b 1921 roay Kypcu. flwancyrypoB B03BpamaeTCH b CeMHpeqbe h paOoxaex iiapo.tHtJM ymreJieM b Be.-ibroraHCKoii uiKoae Tajiau-KypraHCKoro ye3- flawe B TauiKenre, coBMewaa yae6y c paOoxoB, H. fl*ancyrypoB He 6pocaex iiov3hk>. HeKoropuc H3 cthxob, namicaHiibix b xe flBa roaa, - oa neaaxaer b aaMa-axHHCKHx rasexax «Tiauii» h «Keaeft epai*. Oco- 6eiiH0 caeayex oxMexHxb cxHxoTBopeHHe «KoMMyHHexHaecKo8 napxiiHs, ony&MKOBaHHoe b 1920 roay na CTpaiiimax rasexu «Tiami». Ero mowho na3Baxt oahhm H3 nepBux bo Bcefi Ka3axcKo8 iio33hh ripoH3BoacHHH, no- CBameHHbix KoMMyHHcxH‘iecKoB napxHH. B 3thx cxHxax nosx BupawaeT ripeaaiMocxb Ka3axCKHX xpyaauiHxca BeaHKoS KoMMyHHCTHiecKoS napxHH, Bosaaraex Bee Haaewau Ha ee Mya- pyio h cnpaBeaaHByio noaHXHKy. B cxHxoxsopeHHH «TpyaaiHHMca», na- HHcaiiHOMb xom we roay, nosx, paccMaxpHBaa CoBexcKyio Bjiacrb KaK Macrb xpyaHWHXca, npH3biBaex Ka3axcKyio 6eaHoxy K xpyay H 3h3hhio, noxoMy axo xoabKO B 3xom, no MHeiwio nosxa, 3ajior ee oxoiiaareabHoro OCBOSoataeBlIH. B CXHXOXBOpOHHH «Mo8 nOpbIBS nosx rOBOpHX, HXO H3- 6aBHXb OeaHoxy ox Hywau mowho xoabKO b o6meB Oopbfie. B cxHXoxBopeHHH «B 6ypaH» nosx paccKasbiBaex 06 yrHexeHHH 6aeM HacxyxOB, b cxHxoxBopeHHH «BoaocrHo8 BcficeHSeK*— o HeiecxBbix npo- Hcxax Heo6y3aaHHoro Boaocruoro, aeBcrsyiomero 3aoano c 6aeM, b cxh- xoxBopeiiHH «Mxo rosopHT...?* — o npoaeJixax B3HxoiHHKa, ncnoab3yiomero caywefiHoe noaoweHHe b cbohx kopucxhbix neasx. BepHyBuiHCb a aya b 1921—1922 roaax, H. flwancyrypoB Ha>iHHaex ray6we h npHcxaabiiee BCMaxpHBaxbea b ero XH3Hb: HOBue couHaabHbie BBaeHHa h npoTHBOpepHa nepBUX aex ycraHoBJieitna CoBercxoB Baacxa BeeSoabuie npaKOBueaiox BHHMaHHe nosxa, rax Kan oaiiOBpeMeHiio c yiH-

reflbCTBOM oh BejieT paGoTy cpeaH GeaHnnKHX h GaTpauKHX caoeB Hace- jichhh, BCTynaeT b opraHtiaoBaiiHbifl b Te roau coioa GeaHOTu. B TBopqecTBe HcaaBHcro yaeHHKa, cTaBiuero yaHTejieM, npeoGaaaa- or 6JiH3Kaa eiiy TCMa yaeGbi h yaeHHaecTBa. B CTHxax «Bceil MoaoaeiKH», sIOhum coaoBbflM», «KaHH Mojioaux», «JIeroM», «B jicthhiS 3hoS». «OccHbio» oh cTpacTHO 30BCT MoaoflejKb k iioBoii JKH3HH h yae6e. HanpH- Mtp, B npoH3BeaeHHH «JI Gyay yaHTbCH* host roBopirr, o6pawascb k B 1922 roay no»r npne3H<aeT b Araia-ATy h ycTpaHBawca Ha paGoiy b peaaKUHio ra3eru B (jieBpaae caeayiomero roaa oh ywe 3aBe- ayei AjiMa-AiKHCKHM K33axcK0-KKprH3CKKM HHCTHTyroM. OcoGchho naoaoTBopHUM aaa- H. flixaHcyrypoBa Gu.ih 1923—1924 roan. 3a sih asa roaa nosT nanncaa okojio 50 CTHxoTBopeHHfi. BcuibniHH- ctbo Ha hhx Guno Han.eaataiio Ha CTpaimuax «TiJiiui». riojioiKMTC.ihHw.M ana pa3BHTHH TBopaecTBa .UmaHcyrypoBa Ghjio H to, 'ito oh o6pamaeTca k nepeBoaaM, ocymecTMaer nepeBoa tbkhx cthxo- TBopeHnii riyuiKHHa h JlepMOHTOBa, Kan «MepKecu», «KHH«aa> «y3HHK», «Ha CMepTb no?ra» Ht. a- 1924 roa b jhh3hh ii TBOpaeCTBe AxaHcyryposa 3aHHMaeT ocoGoe MecTo. 3to— roa ero BCTynacHHa b paau KoMMyHHCTHaecKofi napraH. TBopaecTBO noara-KOMMyiiHCta GhiCTpo noaHHMaerca ao 3HaaHTenbHbix bhcot; cthxh ero oGorainaiOTca HaeftHO-TeMaTHaecKH, saocrpaiOTCH itojih- THaecKH, coBepmeHCTByioTca xyaowecTBeHiio. CKopGa BMecre c HapoaoM o 6e3BpeMCHHofl, norpncuiefi bch> CTpaHy KOHaHHe B. H. JlenHHa, H. ZliKaiicyrypoB naiincaa CTHXOTBopeHHe «y»iep .neHHH», b KOTopoM BOiKab Hapoaa h reHHii peBoaiouHH aaa b o6pa3e KanHTaHa, Beaywero KopaG.ib k cBeTy H3-HenporaaaHofl mmu. K STofi TeMe noaT B03BpawaeTcn HeoaHOKpaTHO, a ero cthxh o Jle- hhiic npHoGpeTaioT Bee Goaee rayGoKiiii cMuca, Gdibiuyio nosTHaecuyio ii Haofiiiyio 3aBepuieHiiocTb: ^■a'^nuM HKa7°«NHeTTCH(^Per' IlOOT iohx CTHxax o B. H. JleiiHHe H. flwaHCyrypos yGeaHTejibiio ro- Btrrpea ro nyTb k caacTbio aioaeft yna3aH JIchhhijm h aro B cepauax i aohxchu 6epeab ero BeaHKHe saBerhi, nai<a3bi h HaaHiiaHHa. ohx npoH3BeaeHHHX 1923 roaa noar HiKihiBaer OKTn6pbCKyio. peBO- iBeaHKHMaHeM», oTKpbiBniHM napoay nyn> k caacrbio h cBo6oae. caabiBaeT ee b nepaapUBHofl cbh3h c B. H. JleHHHUM. C BocroproM npeoOpaaoBaiiHe cpeaHea3HaTCKHX pecnyGaHK b caMocTonxejibHbie

HaWiOM.rn.Hbre pecrryO.iHKH, no3T muieT CTHXOTBopeime «KorAa n03ABHr.ni topra HauHfo. Bceo6wnfi noateM, BceHapoAHoe .iHKOBariHe xopouio Bbtpa- XeHHB3T0M KOpoTKOM, HOBHpa3HTejIbH0MCTHXOTBopeHHH: H. H*aHcyrypoB noHHMaji, vto noflAHHHOMy neBuy 6ypno pacry- niea wh3hh HeooxoAHMO BcerAa hath b nepsux paAax, ire OTCTaBarb or B03pacrarowHX ee TeMnoB, a aah 3Toro hbao ymm>ca, npHoepeiarb rjiy- tiOKHe 3H3HHH. B 1925 rOAy host ye3HtaeT B Moony h nocTynaer b KoMMyiiricTH- WCKHfi HHCTIiTyT JKypHa.THCTHKH. y*!HTCH OH XOpOlllO, lipOHBjlmt (SoAbUIlie chocoChocth. B3HBWHCb 3a yiefiy c ono3AaHHew, xiaario noCTHraa pa- AocTb h rpyAHOCTH ce, noST KOon'orjiHBO H3y>iaeT HCTopHio, ^>haoco4>hio, HHtepaTypy u acypnaJiHCTHKy. Flpn 3T0M oh He fipocaer a cboio AHTepa- TypHyiO AeHTeJlbHOCTb. 3a TpH rOAa yicCbt b HHCTHTyTe H. flacaircyrypos lramrca.i HeHbiue ctHXOTBopeHHii, qeM b npeAbiayiUHe roau, ho 3ra cthxh 6uah 6oaee co- AepKaTeabiibiMH, BecoMbiMH h 3HaiHTej!bHbiMH; no3TH<iecKHB rojioc ero npaoCpeji 6oAbiuyio Olay. Btuiioe mccto b TBOptecTBe nosTa 3Toro ne- pHOAa 3aHHMaeT npOMiJuuieriHan TeiaaTHKa. Ann npHMepa moikho npw- i-ecTH t3khc ero CTHXOTBopeHHH, Kax «Ha 3aB0Ae», b kotopom noxa3aH MocKOBCKHft 33B0A «Cepn h M ojiot*, h «OrHeHHan ap6a», nocBHweHHOe cipoHTeabCTBy wejie3Hoft Aoporn b CeMHpeabe. B CTHXOTBopeHHH «Ha 3a- Boae», noKa3UBsa hoboo aah Ka3axcKoil AHTepatypu nnneiwc— npouecc OTaaeBapeHHfl, H. AxiaHcyrypon BonaouiaeT ero b npHBbiMHhie Ka3axcK0My 3th cthxh CBiiACTe.ibcTByioT o MaerepcTBe nosTa, 06 o6pa3HOCTH H tomhocth ero onHcaHHfi. ripaBAa, omicbiBan Biierumiii bha saBOAa, oh ewe He BHHKaeT bo BHyTpeiiHHfr MHp paOoqero HcaoBCKa. Ho 3aTo oh ctbbht b aaKJiioqHTeabHfcdX CTHxax SoAbiuyro npofiaeMy, KOTopyro aobhcch npeTBO- pHTb b KH3Hb ero HapoA, MeHTaeT 06 HHAycrpHajiH3aaHH poAirux ctenefl: 245





(Itep. B, Comma) Mto6w coaaatb noaaHHHyio noaamo, hjokho rnyCono noHBTb h npo- lyBCTBOBaTb napoflHyio neciiio, BoenpHHHTb H no/iioOHTb ee BceMcepaaeM. A3T0HCB03MOJKHO0e3 31iaHHSl n03TH10CKHX 06pa30B, fiblTyKHUBXB HapOAe, napauwx B aa3ypu aeOe/iefi, nauByuinx c BecenmiMii xpaxaMH cepux lyceii, Bep&nioaHUbi, 30Bymeft Bep&niowoHKa. C-raxoTBopenaa H. R»caHcyry- poaa noxa3biBaioT, hto oh xopouio 3HaK0M c (Jjojimuiopom, scierHKofl na- poaa, xyaojKecTBeHHMMH npH6Mamh ero TBopaecTBa. B 1928 roay nosr BbinycTKJi b K3bui-Opae cfiopHHK cthxob noa Ha3- BairaeM «CapaHaK»s (caraBax— pemeroa lopra, xapxac; cmucjioboB nepeBoa Ha pycCKHfi B3HK- «ocHOBa»). rioaT, H3BeciHbiB paHee AHiUb no OTaeabHbiM CTHxoTBopeHHaM, Hane- aaTaHHUM b ra3erax («Tiauii», s/lemuimiji wac», «Ayua», «)KapiuH». «KeaeB epni», «3Bea reHairi*, «Xana Meicren*) h wypHaaax, cran re- nepb H3BBCT6H BceMy KasaxoraHy KaK aBTop ueabiioil khhth. BunymeH- Hufi b nepHOa B03pocuiero MacTepcTBa nosTa, cfiopHHK Bofipa.i b ce6a . PM noBTHaecKH ciinbuux, reMaTHHecKH hobhx, cbcjkhx no 3BVMaiiHio cTHXOTBopeHHft, HanHcaHHUX hm B Te'iemie mecTH-ceMH net. B stom c6op- HHKe, xpoMe 3HaKOMbix ywc npoH3Beae\\mfl, mh BCTpeiaeM craxoTiiopeiiHa, b KOTopux H3o6paiKaeTCH npHpoaa poanwx mbct: «ripnBCT, stem!*, «Bec- Bofi», «JleT0», «CTpcMHTcabHan moh Akcv», «EyaymH8 6op», s/leTHee yrpo». 06paniaoT iia ce6a BKHManne cthxotbopchhs «3noxa», HanHcati- Hoe no o6pa3uy «He VB-ieKacrcn bchkoS bcshhhoS* A6aa, a TaK*e jih- pHiecKoe ctnxoTBOpenHe « y Morn.iu.,.2, « JIchhii y«iep» h cJIeHHH >khb», h, HaKonett, CTHxOTBOpeHHH, nocnsnneiinbie MoaoaeiKH. —«MaTepHHCKaa .lb080Bb>, «JlHCTbH H KOpHH», «M0J10fl0My JKHBOTHOBOay*, «C03HaTC.lb- hoh MoaoaewH*, «riHcbMo cuna k MaTepn*. PlOMllMO 3THX CTHXOB, B cfiopHHK B01II.1H npOH3Be;iOHBiI, IlOCBiimCH- siue ayjitHoB jkh3hh: «riepenoBHKK avna», «MaiuKa», «riopa ceHoiiocoB*, «KaMeHb», «BepeTOHo», «MbiJiO». «Ctpo8ch, 6eansK». O Konxo3ax U . /IwaHcyrypon micaa ropnao, c noHHMaHKeM r.iy6o>iaiSuiHX caBHroB, npoHc- xoaamux b JKH3HHayaa: 247

BcpHyBWHCb H3 Mockbu no.CJTo yae6u, H. Awancyrypoa nocTynaeT na paCoTy b raaery «En6eKUii Ka3aK» (hmiic «ConHa.ancriK Ka3aKCTaH»). Eoamuhhctbo HOBbix npoH3Be.ieHn(i Bosia neiaTaercsi Ha CTpaHimax arofl leaera. I!epBi»fl c6op»HK noaTa h nepHOAHiecitoe iioiiBaeiiHe hobux, no.tiio- seHHHX no cbohm xyaoHtecTBeHHbiMflOCTOHHCTBBMcTHxoTBopeKHfl Ha crpa- mmax pecnyOiimcaHCKoB ra3eTU aeaaiOT hmh H. flataHcyrypoBa nonyjiap- i pex.reTHHfi pafioTa b peaaKHHHraaera chnoeiuui Ka3aK» (lazs—iyoi) GeccnopHO coBnaaa c hoboB, cpaBHHiejibHO bhcokoB cryneHbio pa3BHTHa TBopaeCTBa H. ,fl)KancyrypoBa. Tenepb nosr Bosspamaerca k npexaiHM Te- MaM, AopaOaTHBaeT h pa3BHBaer hx, bhoch b hx TpaKTOBxy Bee HOBbie mo- tkbh. HanpHMep, npH.iepwHBaacb rpaaHUHH Bcrpe'iarh SHaMOHaTeabHyio flaiy BeAHKoro OnraOpa. hobumh nocBameHHBMH. .HwaacyrypoB npHBer- CTByer KawAyio AaTy craxaMH, OTpamaa b hhx bcjihkhg npeo6pa30BaHHa h ycnexH cobctckoB snoxH. CTHXOTBopeiiHa «Bo’inKHii OnTa6pb», nanHcaa- hoo k 11-fi roaoBUWHe CoBexcxofi BJiacra, h «TeMn Oicra6pa», noramueH- Hoe 14-actHio OxtaCpa, ntwraee npewHero oxsaTHBaioT Tewy OnTa6pa h bco 6oJiee apxo ocBemaioT pyKOBO.ismiyio poJib KoMMyHHcraiecKofi napTHH b 6opb6e 3a nocrpoeHHe coitna,iH3Ma. Bcjih CTHxoTBopeHHe H. BwaiicyrypoBa Ha npoMbiuuroHnyio reMy «Ha 3aiB0fle» poAH.iocx b pe3y.ibTaT8 noJiyiemibix BnenaTAeiiHM na mockobckom 3»Boae, to TaKiie npo»3BeaeHHa, nan «06HOBjieiiHaa crenb* h «3ojioraa aauiaa, crpawaiOT B03HHKHOBeHHe npoMbiimeHHocni b canon Ka3axciaHe, BU3BaBmee paaocnibie lyBCTBa no3Ta: XOTH B CTHXOTBOpCHHH «06HOB.ieHlia!I CTdlbb H rOBOpHTCH O B8JIHKHX H3M©HeHHsx (b qacrHOCTH, o pa3BHTHH npoMbiuMeHHbix npeanpHBTHfi b Ka3axcraHe) b o&hhx aepTax, ho bto ho npocro pHTopnifecKHc ciOBa, a ofraarae paflocrabiM baoxhobchhom o6pa3Hbie nocrpoeHHH; nosTOMy oho h OKa3UBaeT Ha utTareAH onpeAe-iemoe screTHiecKoe B03A0ficT3He B cth- xoTBopeHHH we «3oaoTan Mama* 6epeicH, HaofiopoT, oaho KOHxperHoe npo- H3BOACTBO. 3to—coBercKHft Phaaop: