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GojiesiiemibiM 11 bsaum iie-ioBCKOM. Xora Pa3anoB He uoKa3Uaaeiea 6oAb- rae nepen 'imaTe-ieji, ero HeHacumaa waAKOcTb, Tynan wecroxocTb, xo- BapcTBo, 'lyBCTByioiCH Ha npoTHweimu Bcero poMana. BeciecTHuR, npe3peH- aiifH Chkopckhh Bbnvia.uiT He tovU ko aOBepemiUH npeAcrauHTeaeM Paaaao- Ba, ho Hero noAofiHeM. 3to Kanpaa toto6pas, kotopnR noMoraer HHrareAto ray6we noHHTb Pa3aiioiia, BtwmbH 3aKOHU Kanara-iiuMa. TpaKTOBKC, ae-ieu, TOJibKo euie Iiafinpaioupifi chav. Bbixoacu H3 cpeAN mbi- KHX KyHHOB, yuiaKOB CTpCMHTCfl CTaTb KpyilHHM npOMhlUJAeHHHKOM. B o6pa3e ymaKoaa pacxpNBalorca CBoficTBeHHue KanitiaancraM acp- Tbi— <3ecnpe.ie.UHaa aA'mocTb, waAua nawiiBbi. M b to we Bpeua oh 11a- xo.iht oOumfl a3biK c paOo'iiiMH, yMera noaoRra k K33axcKHM GeAuaxaM. 3ts oBuiiiTeabiiocrb abAnerca hhbcm hhnm, nan uihpmoR, CKpbiBaiouieR ero TeMHbie saMHCAH. OahoB H3 npaami croAKHOBeiiHfl MewAy PnaanoBbiK h yuiaKOBbiM bbhach Bonpoc oO oruiaTe Tpyaa paGoiHX. yiuaxoB BNCTyna.i iipothb yMeHbuieHHa 3apnaa™ xa3axaM. CTpeMHACs CiienaTb H3 hhx xaApo- bhx pafioaHx; aeficiBya no npmmHny— «aafl nornaAH OBca baoboab, Gyaer Jiyuuie h ana Te6n», oh xo’ier oTKpbrrb inxoay ana Ka3axcKHX AOTeR. Hr. yraaKOB Taxwe naoTb or iijioth KamiiaAH3Ma h noroMy-TO nerxo 0Txa3N- Baerca ot cbohx iiaiHHamin ahuii>TOAbKo ohh CTaitoBHTca noMexoR k 060- rauiemiio. Mopaabiioe naAenne ymaxoBa. npHcnyWHHxecTiio nepeA npew- hhm DparoM, Pa33H0BUM, xopomo pacKpuBaiOT HsnaHKy ero thhaoi-o abo- paHCKoro ABMOKpamMa. HapaAy c sthmh <|>iirypaMH aaTop noxa3UBaeT H Apynix npeACraBHTe- AeR uapcKoro caMOAepwasHH— Chkopckoto. npHcraBa CoxoAOBa, Akvav Co3AallM B POM3HC H THIIH'ICCKIIC 06pa3bl Ka3aXCKHX 6aeB. XyMaH — naTpnapxa.ibHuil xaaaxcxHR dieoAan, Hfhahk— Ae.ieu iioboio Tana, 3e- HaBuinflcH BonpocaMn KyroiH-npoaawH. XyMan KpaRHC Heyxniow, Tynoy- MeH; Mihahk npoiiimaTe.'reii, xHTep, Teprie.'imi, yMen. Abtop npOTHBonocTaa* aaeT hx APyr APyry He TOAbKO no connaabiioMy noAowemno, ho ho xapax- repy h y»iy. Co3AaBaa o6pa3 >KvMaHa. imcareAb b carepHiecxoR (fiopMr BucMeHBaer ero r.iynocTh, Tynyio BAaciHocTb. HraAHX we. nan Aeaen, xo- pouio noiiHMaeT. mo naTpirapxa.ibiioe xo3hRctbo GecnepcnexTHUHO h AOArc HenpocywecTByeT. Ho oh c iiQAb3ofi a.™ cefla npHaepwiiBaercs acex BUroA naTPHapxaAbHO-poAOBbix oiHouieHHfi. B »tom hctoihhk ero chan. Poao- able oGuqaH no-npewneMy BuroAHN aah Hero. BueniHe HrnAHK BbiraaAHT BeAHKOAVUlHNM H 0T3blB'IH8NM, HO no 3ABH0CTH HpeBOCXOAHT >KyMaiia. AbtoppHcyer HfHAHxaKyAbTypiiNN qeAOBexoM, kotopnRnoeroaHHOpa- Tyer 3a to. qroGu b xa3axcK0R crenn co3iiaBaAHOb npoMuuineHHHe oGrax- ™, a «5eAH0Ta yxoAHAa na npoH3BOACTBo. ripH stom Hra-uix He Mor He BHAeTb, mto npoMUiuAeiiHue paGo'iiie, npHineAmHe H3 ayAOB, lie Tax poCnn h noxopHN. xax paHbtue, ohh 3auwiuaioT Apyr Apyra. MuorHC H3 hhx— Cem. )Ka6aR h HapTaR. cnh ByAan6aa. —flaiOT e.My pemBreAbiiaR omop. Xoth 3btop h roBopHT o BiieuiHeft AoGponopHAoqHoc™, ot3ubbh!iocth Hra- AHKa, MU He BHAHM CBH3H 3TOfi XapaKTePHCTHKHC BHyrpeilHHMH 'lepTaMH a nCHxanorHefi 6aa. IlHcaTeAb cxyno, ho xpacoqiio ofipucoBaA WH3iib, coniEajibHbie otho- hichhh, 6brr -rorAamiiero xa3axcKoio ayAa, crpeMRAca mHpoxo noxa3aTb H3Mei(eHHH wh3hh oOuiecTBa, phcvh h Taweaoe noaoweHHe xa3axcxH>: fiaTpaxoB, pa3opeime t3khx 6e33amimjux xpecTban, xax, HanpHMep, Cear. h noxaruBaa o6oraiueime npHTecnirreAeR Tana OMapa. rincaTeAb yaa'iHo noxasbiBaeT xapaKTCDHue AAa OTCTaaofl naTpaap- XaAbllOfl WH3HK KOBapOTBO, HHTpHraHCTBO HAPVrHe BCPTbl. flpODIAaa JKH3Hb
ewe, TSTJK&flaH>KH3Hbb ce.MbCii oGinecTBc; hx CTpaaaaan noKasaiiu b 3ax HaabiKOLU, Konem, Kvhiuh, Ha3biKy.ib. Pomsh «npo6yixaeHKufl xpafl* no KyiibTVpe nacbiaa mokct 6mti>npn- mcpom iWJi MnorHX Ka3axcKHX niicaT&iefl. PaccMaTpasaa ero xynoaiccTBCH- Hbie ocodcHHOcrif, uhi npewae BCero tobophm o npaBamioM ocBeuicnmi as- topom oOmecTBenHOfl xsh3hh Toro Bpe.MeHH, o ero ysceHiiii npaBii.ii.no pac- craBHTb b poMane coiutaabKUe caau, iiaweraTb nepcnexraBy roabko -ito 3apo)Kflaiom(ixca an.ieHHB iiosoro, 3acenirrb khiitv MHoroaiicaemibiMii nep- coHawaMH, aocTofmbiMH nepa OoJibiuoro xvaowHiixa. PoMan hb/ihcicb ho- bhm STanoM TBopnecxoro poera T. MycpenoBa. Kaxcaoe coObiTae, KapraKU npapoau, nopTpeT ae-iOBexa. HBHweHHH ero MbicaH, B3aiiMOOTiiomeHH»i jnoaefi oh CTapaerca npenoflHecru xyaowe- cTBeHHo npaoaneo. riocrynKH xawaoro repoa a'ama b cootbctctbiw c ero xapaKTepoM, aeAcTBiia rayCoxo o0yc.iOB.ienu, pcab onpcacaena xapaxTe- poM Mbiuiaemia. Bo aceR csoeft HenoB-ropHMoCTH 3ane'iaT.iei>aiOTcn b naMa- tb iie To.ibKO raasnue nepcoHaJxa— Eaibxan, ByaaiiOafl, Can XyMaa, Hra-iax, no a Taxue BTOpocreneHHue nepcoHaiKH, i<ai< Macrep CaHauOafi, KaaauOaA, npiicTaB Coxohob h apyrae. JlHaaora nepcoiiajKeS nepeaanu b poMane MacTepcKH, Kawawii repoa roBopHT cbohm B3MKOM. CaoBa BvaaHOaa co3byhhu ero xapaxrepy « nocTVHKaM; Maaepa npnaaBaTb aaa'iHieabHOCTb csoeMy pa3roBopy noHcyma Bafiwaiiy. Ecjib pe<n> XyMaaa rpyOa h HenoraiHa, to CJiomi HrnaiiKa yMHbi, OoraTbi tohkhmh orreiiKaMH. H pyccxae KanmaancThi. a pyccxae pa- Oonae oTaHiaioTCH cBoefi pe'ibio. hsukom. B poMane «Ilpo6y>KaeHHbiii i<paii» MacTepcKH Hcnoab30Baiia xyaowe- CTBeHHaa aeTaab. Bot Kan, aanpaMep. nHCareab paccKa3HBaer o xyiuieH- hux OaeM HnmiiKOM itasronax a o OaRcxax npacneuiHHxax, pasraaaUBaB- niax 3TH HOKynKH: cOahh raaaaT Bepxmoio Kowauyio oCuiHBKy, apyrae— BayrpeHHioio OTfleaxy H3 TeMHo-xpacHoro caitbsua. — Bot sto H3 30jiora, hto-jih? —tobopht kto-to, nparsopimcb HC3iia- khuhm a Mtejian noxnamn noxynxy. — Hy nan aero awiiniTbi npaxacaerccb a hhm pyKaMa?! Hx aoJUKiio Ohm. bchkhH pa3 tiaao oOTHpaTb MarxHMH noflyuiKaMH H3 coOaibero Mexa. qeaoBeiecKHe aanoHH aa hhx aeficTByior cjiobho aa. — roBopaT BaTupaui, He pa3peinasi hhkomv aoTparaBa-rbca .to ifcasroHOB*. Taxae aeTaaa, xax axT ypMHHxa BorKHHa no c.iyaaio aocraBKH Xa- Oaa b OonbiiHuy, crapaHHe oxoTiiaxa Bep/ieaa yroaHTb cbohm paccxa30»i yruaxoBy, cxHTaRHe Bafiwana no v.rauaM Omckh b noncxax aoMa ymaxo- Ba. HaxoHeK. yxoa cuHa KypeHX03-Xoa>KH x Hraaaxy. xopoiuo aonoanaiOT coOofi npaBaHBUe xapiniiu npouiaoro. OaHaxo h b 3tom npoiraBeaeHHH T. MycpenoBa HMeiOTca 3HaiHTe.’ibiiue aeaocraTXH. Ecan OTpauaTeabHire oOpasbi — Hrn.iHKa, XyMana, Ps3aH0- sa, ymaxoBa, Caxopcxoro— aaoOpaweHU b poMSHe jxhbo, to stoto ne.ib3n cxaaarb b noanofl Mepe b othohichhh noaoixiiTeabHUX nepcoHaweS H3 pa-. OoneR cpeau. yOeaHTeabHU o6pa3U ByjiaHflaa, EjiH3aBeTbi, CTapHxa UIh.to, a apyrne repoa —BaRuierap, Bhxob, Maxafl.io— OaeaHbi a cxeMaTHHHW. Abtop npxo H3oOpa>xacT orpauaTeabHue ctopohh >kh3iih CTaporo xa- 3axcxoro ayna, ao nopofl oh nepeHacbintaer CBoe H3oOpa!xeHHe HaTypaaa- cTimecKHMH aeTa.niMa, a nopofl acaociaTOMHo chjibho 3aocrpaeT b aapoa-
iihix xaparcrepacranax necTHOCTb, repoa3M, apyweaioGHe, ryMaaaocrb, ot- ShlBHHBOCTb. Co BC6M tcm poMaii «npo6vwaeHiiufi xpaftx b TBOpaeCTBe micaTeaa 3aiiHMaeT iicKAK>4HTeabi!o Bawiioe Mecro. IIIiidokhA oxBar HapoaHofi wh3iih, eyaefi cipanu, rayGaaa H3o6paweHHH, bucokob xyaoweCTBeiiaoe Macrep- ctbo, HPKtiii iiauKonaabiiufl Koaopar a MOHVMCBTaabHOCTb o6pa30B— bcc 3to cooGmaer eMy Mepiu noaAintaoii anonea jkh3hb Ka3axcKoro aapoaa apoiuaoro eroaeTas, T. MycpenoB— oaaa H3 BHAHetax cobctckhx nacaTeaeS. Ero Mnoro- qacjieimue iipoH3BeaeHaa— nbecbi, poMaabi. paccaa3bi — ae ToabKO ofiora- maioT coGoS Hauiy aaTeparypy, cnocoGcTBya pocry ee apyrmux waHpoB— npo3bi a apaMaTypraa, ao a OTKpuBaiOT uoBbie nyTH Risn ax aaabHcBuiero nacaTeab ae ToabKO BupaGoiaa cboS xapaicrepHbia craab, npoaeMon- crpapoBaa ae -roabao MacrepcTBo aeKCHKa, ho a apaconiocrb, o6pa3Hocn>, rayGaHy MHiuaeiiHH. B iipaMB«Axaa-ccpe—Aktoktim oh BeaHKoaenao orrOMHa Geauft cthx, caowemiufl iiapoaoM, npnaaB eMV Gorarwfi phth. OnbiT nacaTeaa mokho Gbiao 6u Hcnoab30BaTb aaa Toro, htoGh npaaarh HOBue HHTOHauHH h pht- mu HauiHM neciiHMh nosMaM, oGoraTHB hx hobumh (popMasia. Hbine TaGaT MycpenoB— npeaceaateab Coio3a nacareae# Ka3axcra- aa, flcnyTar BepxoBaoro CoBeTa CCCP, apyriHuft oOmecTBeHiibifi «eareab, aKaaemiK AKaaeMHH naya Ka3axcxofi CCP. TpeGoBaTeabHuS KcBoeMy TBop'ieciBy, TaOnT MycpenoB BKec apynHMfi BKaaa o ayabTypy Ka3axcxoro Hapoaa, b npouecc pa3Biirra ero xyaoxte- CTBeHHofl MbicjiH. Co3aaniibie hm o6pa3u BaaH, Koaapa, Kapa6aa, Axaaa, HayaHa. AkGoth, ByaanGas, Hraaaifa, )Kynana, Eafiwana, AMaiireahau, KeTe, Kaapraaa irpeacraBasuoT caMbie pa3aH>muc snoxa, pasaHRiiyio cpeay, OTKpbrBaa 'liiraTcaio hobbii'i, HeoeaoMuii paaee Map, oGoraiaaa ero npea- cTaBACHHn a ayBciBa.
rA B H A E H MyCTA4>HI TiiopqccKaa Giiorpa<t>HH raGHAena Mvcrailimia — 310 hctophh *H3iiH iiHcaTCvia. nojiyqiiaraero HoayowiiocTb uiiipoxo paaacpHyTb acc cropoiiu caocro japosaiiHn GjiaroAapa OKTn6pi>cxoa couHa.iiicTKqecxoft pcbojhouiih. HauHoaaabHofl no.iHTHxe Kommvhhcth>icckoh napnni, Gepe*no Bbipauiiioa- loweii napoAHue TB.iainbi. IlaiaB cnoli nvTb nepHopaGoqHM, on cra.i npin- iiaHiiu.M <iUTaro.iHMH .-ntop ato pom h rocy.iapciucmibiM aeaie-ieM. hocbhthb- ■uhm cBofl Tpyj cjiyweHHio Hapoav. 3a anaauaTh imp jibt CBoefi TBopMecKofi AOiiTejibHOCTH ra 6HA0ii MycracpHu iiamiea.fi qerape poMann. AeCHTb HbCC. MIIOWCCTBO paccKa30BH oqepxoB. Hai.iB c HeOaibiuiix pac- cxa30B, HcycTaimo paGoran naj co 60S. oil nocrrcneHHo OB-iaAenaer GcuibiijoS smi'iecKoB cpopMofi. rioc- .leaniie nnriiaaUaTb jicr 6ujih naiiGo- Jiee njioaoTBopHbiuH rojaMH ero TBOpiecTBa. PoManu. HanwcaHHue b 3th ro.ibi. nojivqH.ni mnecTHocTb hc Tojibxo b Kaaaxcrane, 110 11 bo bccm CoBeTcxoM Coio36, a tax*e bo-mho- rnx CTpanax 3a pyGewoM. Haqiman c poMaHa cLUnraHax*, usaaiiHoro na KaaaxcxoM H3bixe Bnepoue b 1945 ro- Ay. Bee Kpyniibie npoH3nejeHHn Ta- GnAciia H3.iana.iHca Ha pvcckom naw- xe. OcoGeiiHO nonyjiupcH y Hac h MaH T. MycTnijtHHa «MHJiJiHOHep». Bnepsuc onyGjiHKOBaHHbirt na Ka3ax- ckom aabixe B 1948 rony, oh 3a KopoTKoe BpcMa rpH pa3a nepeii3.iaua.i- ca na Ka3axcK0M h w a paaa na pyccxoM jwhksx b Mocxne. Oh 6hut raxwe nepenojcn na H3biKit Miiorux Gpbtckhx ikipoaob CoBercxoro Cox)3a, a 3a rpaHHUCfl H3AaH na amviHflCKOM, <)>paimy3CK0M, nojibcxoM (ABajxabi), HeMenxoM, iiciinucKOM. KHTaScxoM (ABawAbi), qeuicxOM (A3awau), Goarap- CKOM H f yMHHCKOM mblKBX. B coAOKJiaflc «0 xaaaxcxofi coBeTcxofl npo3e> hb III CT.e3.qe nHcarejielt Ka3axcTana b ceurdCpe 1954 roaa nucaTCJib FaGitT Mycpenos otmcth.i , ■rro MeWAV Abvmh <rbe3ja.MH b xaaaxcKOft npoae sapoAHJiocb iioboc nannaB- jieime, orpawaioiuee couHa.iHCTnqecxyio AefiCTBHTejibiiocTb, nocBHUieinioe 23-24'
rjiamibiM Bonpocau Hauiero ah« h npo&neMaM 3aaTpauinero: «TaKaa xopo- maa touchum 3aaoweHa b nepBvio oqepeab a «UlaraHaKe», «Mhjmmokc- pe» I'afiHflCHa Mycra<t>HHa, H03fliiee to we mbi bhahm b apyrax potuunx « noBecrax: «Cup-,flapbH», «nepone Mecauu*. fc/Iopora b rpaavmee», <flajibiine npocropM». 3ro noiioe HaaHHaerca c poMaHOB fa6Haena Mycra- floaowHie-ibHue nepconawH r. Mycrarpmia—ato npocroe aioaH Tpy- na. B cbohx npoH3Be;ieHnax imcare-ib noKa3HBaeT paaosoro TpyweHHKa. HOBoro coBercKoro qenoBeKa, yMeiomero npoaBHTb ce6a b pafiOTe h noay- TOBUiero aeScTBHTejibnyio CBoOoav npa CoBercKOfl Baacra. Ha CTpaHHuax khht r. Mycraijima rcpoa Copiotch 3a CBeraoe Cyaymee, cTpeMBTca ycxo- pHTIi IlOCTPOCHHe KOMMyHH3M3. OCllUIOCTb HlltepeCOB K WH3HeiIHblX VCTOeM- newtiS c BHTaTe.ieM, hbuikm coBpeMemWKOM. aeaaer repoeB r. MycraiJiBna uiapoKO iionyaapubiuH. •xCouHaaHCTHqecKHft Tpya— opraHH3arop hoboto qenoBeKa, a hobbS 'leaoaeK—opraHH3aTop couHaaHcroqecKoro rpyaa* (M. ropbKitii) —raxo- Ba TeMa npoHSBeaeHHA r. MycTadwna, Bunieaniero H3 Heao rpyaoBwx Macc. qxaBHHTeabHO neaaBiio paccTaBiueroca c khpkoS h craHKOM. Beab h caMok aoaroe opewn pafioTaa «a ruaxrc bmcctb c (Svavuuimh nepcoHawaMK CBoe- ro poMaHa «KaparaHaa». Biiaqane oh 6ma qepHopa6oq«M, noToM ncnoJiHaa 06a3aHH0CTH noMoiUHHxa MexaHmra, itoMOiiimwa caecapa, 6ua h Mania- micToM, h TOKapein. Ha ocHOBe co6cTBeHKoro WH3HeHHoro onura. naKoiueu- Horo b TpyaoaoH KoaaeKTHBe b peayabraTe CTO-TKiioaeimfi c paaiJHqHHMH juo.ibMK. oh H C03aaa BnocaeacTBmi b cbohx npon3Beaeaaax MHorooftpas- Hue THnbi -iioaefl c paaan'iHbiMH xapaKrepaMH h cyabSaMH, b3htmmh in «Bepao roBopHT Hapoa: sHeyMeaoMy u b imipoxoii ctchh TecHO, a vmc- aoMy naprno Be3ae Mecia xb3tht». Ho iieT ana aioSoro qenoBeKa HHuero MHaee h Caiiwe, tom upas. rae oh poaiuiCH « poc, CBoSoflHUii. K3K BonbHao nTHua Ha npocropax crenefi. Koraa eaernb no cTapofi rpyrnoBOH aopore, Beaymefl k noatiowmo «Kepa.iara», a hotom noaHHMaenibCH Ha ropKy. apeBHHH .lew.™ aacKaer tboS B3op. Bee 3aecb shokomo. Bee cmotpht na -re(is h BeeT renaon. 3aecb th CKanaa BepxoM Ha nanoaKe. aeaaa avK H3 i-h6koto TaabHHKa, bot 3a-rorr- TaiiHas nonaiioqua, rae arpa.m b acuKii2, a bot tvt cnpaBanaH cBaae6H«e HHpbi, iipaesa Henemi. a tvt 6ua» examur c KOKnapoM®, bot Mecro cocth- 3aHwfi fiopuoB— Bee HanoMHiiaer o aaaeKOM aeTCTBe h KaK-Cyaro yau- ripoiuao pobho naraafluaTb aeT c Tex nop, KaK a BsCapajicn Ha sty B03BbiuieHfiocTb h oOospeBan poaiibie MecTa. Paiihiue aecaTHaeTHaMH h“ MCiiaBiijiiei'B cTemiue npocronu Tenepb crana Hey3HaBaeMHMH. BnepeflH; TCMiieH, pacKHHyaacb Kapa-Hvpa. Boraxapa qvn, BHAHeeTca ena.-m, bo Mrae. Bot h >Kayp-Tay. PaccTOHHiie Mewav 3thmh abvmh nyHKTaMH, «axo- ahuihmhch na flepery Hypu, paHhme mowho 6uao npoexarb Ha pe3so8 ao- uiaa« 3a cyTKH. Tenepb Hypa npeBpaniaacb b Mope, a nycTUHiiaa Me- CTHocTb, Koiopyio. fiUBaao, h B3opo.« He oxBarauib, o6*HTa aioabMH. KaparaHaa pacKintyaacb no3aaH. B aaaeKOM npomaoM 3aTepniinafl b sthx crenubix npocropax na HenpuMetHOM MecTewe, rae fiu eaBa mot pa3-
MecTHTbcs He6o-ibuiOH ayji, ceroaHH uihpoko paapoccn KpynHbift uenrp yroAbiiofi npoMbmijicHHocTH. Do.ibiuoH ropoa, npeKpaciiUH, xaa rojiyfioii MHpa*, npoCTiipaeTca aajieKo-aa.ieKo na 3anaa. rJocejiKH Kaunas Ak- KyayK, Kbi3biA-KyayK, Bynna, uo3iiiiKinne BOKpyr crapoii Kaparanabi, Te- nepb caHJiHcb c ropoaoM. CoBeTCKaa Kaparanaa. saxuaTwaan Kapa-Hypv. Taiiercsi ao ca.uofi Ulepy6afi Hvpu—» TaK BcnoMHHaeT I\". MycraipHH poaitbie Mecra b cuoe.M o'lepxe cTyraii «epae» («Ha poaHoB 3eMAe»). ra6naen MycTa<i>mi poahacs B stom apaio b 1902 roay, b mbcthocth CapTeGe, y noAHOKHn XCaybtp-Tay, Ha Gepery peKH Hypu. 3th MecTa ceflyac OTHeceHM k TeabMaHODCKOMy pafiony Kaparatiami- ckoB oOaacTH. OTeu r. Mycrai)>HHa hmc.i ckpomhuB aocraTOK, KOTOpuB oGecnciHBaa nywau ero ceMbH. ileTCTao Gyavwero nHcareaa npoTeitaao b Poahom ayjie. TpaMOTe TaGHaen o6yaaaca v ayabHoro mvaah. B 1916 roav oh b Te- ■leiiae roaa yhhjich pyccxoMy H3biKy y HeKoero ZU<ycyna MayKyMOBa, paGo- TaBiuero Ta6e.ibiu.HKOM na CnaccKOM 3aBoae. 3aTeM oh nocrymui b saBOA- CKyio pyccKo-KaaaxcKyio niKOiiy, rae npoGtiA MeHee aByx act. EoAbiue eMy ywe He npnuiAOCi, yAHTbca. OcraaHB iukojiy, ra6iraeH c 1918 no 1925 roa «BecHO« 1925 roaa a npHexaa ymm>cn b ctoahuv Ka3axcraHa— Ks'uji- Opay, — paccKa3biBaeT I'. MycTacfmH. — Ha y'leGy nocrvnHTb He yaa.iocL. noSTOMy h npmu.iocb Miie paGoTarb. PaGoTaa perHC-rpaTODOM hcxoahuikx ii BxoaauiHX GvMar b BepxoDHOM Cvae Ka3axcraHa, a npHoGpea npiiBbi'iKy HHTepecoBaTbca ra3eroB... C ocean 1925 roaa naiaa nwcaTb MeaKHe 3aMer- kh b ra3CTy «Ei(6eKiui uasau* («TpyaaiUHBcH Ka3ax»). B CAeayiouieu (1926) roay — o'lepKH, <J>eAbeTOHhr h. noapawan «HcnoBca« AK6one» Ca- Ka3axcKaa .lHTeparypa 20-x toaob— JiHieparypa anoxa BoccTanoBJie- hhb HapoaHOro X03aBcTBa nocae mhpoboB a rpawaaiiCKofi boBiim. Hapaay c poctom HHaycTpHaabHbix npeanpHaraB b HauieB cTpaHe, b ayjiax n ne- peBiisix ua'iaaacb nonHTHKa HawHMa Ha KyaaxoB h Gaea. Oh aGujia cBaiana c npoBeaeHHeM KOAAeKTHBHaauHH h AHKBHaaiuieft Kyaaiecraa KaK Kaacca. KpecTbHHe-GeaHHKH Ka3axcKoro avaa, c paaocrbio BCTpeTHBurae CBoGoay, npHHeceHHyio hm OKTnGpbCKoB Comia.-mcTHiecKOH peBOJiionHefi, noBCe- MecTHo BHCTynaan npoTHB Gaea, aKcn.iyarapoBaBUiHx hx Tpya Ha nporn- weHHH mhothx aer BeanoTa npHHHMaaa aKTHBHoe yaacTHe b opraHH3amm H yKpeilACHHH COBeTCKOTO CTPOH. B 1925 roay UK BKU(6) hphhha pemeHHe: «0 rro-raTHKe napTHH b xyaowecTBeiiHofl AHTeparype*. Buaa co3aaHa AccouHauHH riooACTapcKHx nncaTeaeii (PATH!). AccounauHn Ka3axcTancKHX npoaeTapcKHX nncaTe- Jiefi oKpenjia h Bupocaa b 6opb6e npoTHB nponBAeHHH Mecruoro HauHOHa- jiH3Ma Akthshumh opraiiH3aTopaMH AHTepaTVPHbix cha HBABAHCb CaGHT MyxaHO!! (BnoCAeacTBKH paa act (n6Hpanimii”icn na nocT npeaceaa- TeAn Coio3a coBeTCKHX nHcaTeaefl Ka3axcTaHa)H Hhwe H3BecTiibie. a Toraa toalko uaHHuaBuine cboB TBop'iecKiiS nyTb nncareAH C. Cefl(()yAAHH. H. iXiKaHcyrypoB. T. MycpenoB. F. MycratimH, A. TawnGaeB. T. /KapoKoii. T. OpManoB, K. AGabiKaaupoB, >K. CbraabiKOB h apyrae. Bee ara AiiTepa- ropbi nocBHtuaAH cboh npoH3BeaeiiHH H3o6pa>Keimio (UiacconoH Gopbdbi b ayAax, KOH<|)HCKauHH 6a0CKHX xo3aficTB h npoBeaenaio K<vi.ieKTHBH3auHH.
PaccKa3H h noBCCTH BeHM6CTa Maftaana «KoMMyHHCTKa PayuiaH*, «nsr- HaauaTb flBopo3», raCHTa MycpenoBa «ZlBa 03epa». «Cocean H3 CHHero aona», noaecTb /Kneitraaim TnenSepreiioea «Mciieiibie». nossia A6aHjiban TawHCaeBa xKyarapa* H3oCpawaioT ocBoSowaeiiHe ayabHofl OeaHOTbi ot 6aBcKoro npoinnoaa h itaiano o&benaHeHaa ee b apTejiH nocae KoiajmcKa- HHM3PMe,ib OacB h KyjiaKOB. BaTpa'iaBuiae Aoariie row non riioroM iiena- BHCTHbix 6aes, nepcoHaxiH sthx ripoH3BefleHH0 He roabKO BUCTynaiOT npo- thb cBoux yraeTaTeaefl, ho, cBpochb hx apMO, cbmh cTanOBBTCH opraaa3a- TopauH Mecraoro ynpaBaeHaa b ayae. B 9tot caMbifl nepHOA h itaniHaerca TBopiecxaB pafiora P. Mycra- (JtHHa. rtpHe3a b croAHuy, pa6oTa b cvae h oOweime c AHTepaTypiiofi cpeaoa sacTasHAH (Syaywero micaTena raydoKo saAVMaTbca Haa *H3iibio CBoero iiapoaa, 3Hai:OMSCb c aasBjieiiHsiMHTpvaamHXca, Koropue nocTynaaa b cv- Ae6iiu'e opraiw, oh craji iwcaTb He6oabuiae craTbH, pa3o6.ia'<aiomne 6aes. ra6H/(CK Me'iTaer cTSTb imcaTeaeM, qrofibi rayOwe oTpa3HTb aaaeHHa Aefi- CTBHTeAbHOCTH. B 1927 rosy b wyp-.iaae «JKna kycu* («PaHHHe hthuu®) neqataera pacci<a3 T. Mycrai|)HHa «Capcen h MyKauis. 3ro h 6bia ero nepsufl tuar or raseTHbix 3aiaeT0K a crareft k xvAOJKeeTBeHHofi npo3e. C aroro BpeMena ra6Haen ywe MHoro h 'laero BbiCTynaeT nan iiobc-viiict, H3c6pawaa «H3in. CejHHKOB xaaaxcKoro ayaa, oCBoCowaeaHbix BeaHKoft OKTa6ptCKofi couaa- aHcraaecKofl peBoaioimefi, BCTynaioaiHX Ha nyTb couaaAHCTaqecKoro ctpoh- TeabCTBa. B stot nepHOA pacCKa3u, omcpkh a craTba T. MycTa(l)HHa neaa- laioTca b ra3ere «En6eKuiH Ka3aK» (Hune «ConnaancTHK Ka3axcraa»). * riepEbifi c6opHHK paccaa30B r. MycTaibHHa 6ua onySaaKOBaa b 1929 roAy b ropoAe Kaua-OpAe noA Ha3BaHaeM «Ep IXIoSuh*. B npeRHcao- bhh k KHare aBrop nauieT, *rro creweT aas Kiiara b3Bt co caoB caMHX 6ea- hhkob, ea a aauib nocrapaaca oOoOuuiTb h n3o0pa3HTb b sioft Kaare to, CaMbia o&beMHCTUHa 3aaiaTeAbHbia no coaepwaHHio paccxa3 H3c6op- aaxa— «Ep IUoAuh*. B aeM noaecTByerca o tom, Kan y fiuBiaero OaScxo- ro nacTyxa LUofibma apocbinaerca mtacconoe co3Haaae, aax oa BCTynaer b orKpbrryio 6opb6y c 6aeM Kypjkhkom, kotopuA Aoarae roAM BKcnayaTH- poBaa a yraeTaa ero. B paccxaae H3o6paHteHa KOHtpHCKauHa HMyiueciBa 6aa KypxcHKa a o&beAHHeHHe 6eAHaK0Bb apreaa, aaaaao ax caMOCToaieai- hoS tpyaoboB WH3HH. B Haqaae paccxa3a UJoflbJH. kotopmA Aoaroe BPena 6aTpaaaa Ha Baa, BHyrpeHae 0C03aaBaa CBOe HeAOBoabcrBO, He ymeeT eme npoHBHTb ero b AeftcTBaa, Ho nocTeneHHOoh ctbhobhtch axTiiBHUM Bopuom 3a^yapenaeane coBercxoro crpoa. noAHHMaacb ao opraHH3ait)pa coi03a Boabiayiohomouu>b Aeae npoBywAeHaa kaaccoBoro cosHaHHa UJoAbiaa a era BCiynaeHaa Ha nyTb HenpaMapHMofl 6opb6a npoTHB 3KcnayaTaTOPOB OKa3biBaeT ero Maaaumii 6paT BoaaT, 3tot MoaoAoR A»HraT, y KOTOPoro paHO npocHyaocb xaaccOBoe caMoeo3HaHae. BCTynaeT b komcomob. Baaro- Aapa xaeBeTe caeaoBaTeaa KapaTaey, cxpUToro Bpara, 3aiuHWaBiuero hh- Tepecu CaeB, Boaar nonajaer b Tiopbiay a orryaa naiueT nacbMo UIoSuhv, npa3biBaa ero OTOfrra pa3 Hasceraa ot Baes, oBbeAHHHTbca c 6aTpaaaMH a BeAHBKaMH, a 3areM nepeBTH K otkputoS HJiacconoB CopbBe. B paccxaae noxa3aHo, aax b npouecce BopbBu nporaB yraeTaieaeS pacTeT a C03pe8aeT oOuiecTBeHiioe coanaiiae UIoRbiiia. Ho eMy He cpa3y yaaeTCH oaepata-rb noOeav aaa 6aeM: npenHTCTBVKiT a aiofla. co3HaTeav«o Hrpaiouuic Ha pyxy fiaflcrsv, a KoaeCaromaeca KpecTbaHe, noao6iibie Ulaa-
Taio, y KOTopux eure He OKpeium iix ncumra'iecKHe v6ewaeHHn. He Ayuan hii o icm, KpoMe CBoero Majieiibiioro xoaafiCTBa, sth aioah CHavajia bctv- naior b naeHbi apTe.nn «Kowhh», a norOM yxoaht H3 nee H3-3a- noaerpeK;:- TeabCTBa GaeB, noBepHB TOMy, «rro «apTeabHoe ao6po—xa3eHiioe, 3aBTpa we Moryr ero oroOpaTb*. TaKHe we. nan noaxyaaimHK MaaKaiifiafi, Bbicrynan UpOTHB K0ll<l)HCKaUHH HMymecTBa KypWHKa. npH3blBaiOT KpeCTbRHCKVK) Maccy OKaaaTb KypwHxy «poacTBeHiiyio» noMouib; ohh pacnpocTpaiiaior -TOWHbie cnyxH o tom. 6yaro ckot Bee paBHO 3a6epyr «a BoeHiiue nywaw. a caMHM, iraqero He AOCTaHeTCH. EAHHOMhiuuieHHHKH GaeB aeaaior KaeBeT- HH'iecKHe aoHocbr Ha UIoflHHa, cTpeuscb ero norvGHTb. IlpeoaoaeB bccbos- MowHbie TpyanocTH b GopbGe c KaaccoBbiM Bparon, UIofibiH b icoHtie kok- uob BCe-TaKH OKa3UBaeTcH nofieaHTejreM. Ha ero crapoHe CoBerCKaa Baacn.. Hapoaiibie Maccbi, pyiroBOAHMbie npeacTaBirre.'iCM pyccxoro napoaa 6ojibiijo- bhkom <t>HaHnnoM. «Ep lllofibiii* HanncaH whbo. SMOUHOiiajibHO. OGpaau ayawiux GeAiui- kob, AoGwiaioiHiixcii CBoero MecTa noa cojmueM, HanHcanw c mybctbom ray Goxofi CHMnaTHK, a xapaiaepu vriieT2ie.iefi-(5aeB h Ky.iaKOB BU3H8aiOT kc- iiaBHCTb h npe3peHiie. nHcareJib pircveT hx nan aioaefi. He HMeiouwx mma- khx apymx ue.ieft h HHTepecoB, npo'ie nawiiBU ckotb, aah npnyMHcwetin>i Koroporo ohh cnocoGiibi Hare Ha .noGue npectynaennH. CBoeo0pa3He paccxa3a «Ep lUofibiiia 3aoioqaeTCfl b tom, hto mica Tejib. H3o6pawaH opraim30Baimvio deny GeAiiamiHX rpynn, Gopioiunxcn npo- tub 6aeB, KOHKpeTHo h hoapoGho nona3biEaer paGoTy coK>3a «Kow>m», ko- Tepbift b to Bpesia EOsr.TaR.'ia.T KaaccoBVio GopbGy b ay.ie u OKa3bniaji ana- 'iHie.ibjiyio noMomb napTHH h cobstcxhm y*ipew,teHHBM B-ero nepeycrpor:- lOiaccopas GopbGa Mewav Gamin 11 GeaiiaxaMH .-iowhtch b ochobv ace.-: paccKa30B 3TOTO cOopHHKa. Abtop HOKashiBaeT, t.o b wecroKoS GopbGe Kaacc, Tepsiiouuiii cBoe rocnoacTDo. ne caaeres 6e3 Goa. Uen-'mscb aa B-iacTb, Gan crpesiBTCH Hcno.ifa30Barb cboh nocaeaime bo3MO*hocth. Ohh lie CKyruiTCH na nojKynbi H b3htkh, 'itoGij yiiHiTOWHTb BHCiynaiomHx npOTHB hhx OeaiiBKoB. OaHaKo KOBapHae 3aMtacjibi hx hc ocymo- ctb-ihiotch. B paccxaiie «Kex» («MecTb») onucbiBaerca riiGe.'ib GaEcxoro ebiiia Maycu.MGafl. Koropbifi nuraaca omieBeTap* h ycTpaHHTb co CBoero iiyra Gaipaxa E;ieycH3a, yqacTBOBaBiuero b ero pasoGaaqeHHH. B 6opb6e c k-mccobumh BparaMH, GaHMH. GeAHHKH pacryT nax Gap-' Ubt. Ohh npHoGperaior HOBbie KaqecTBa: yMeHHe pacno3iiaBaTb Bpara, re pomecKyio CToBnoCTb, GecnomaflHOCTb K 6biBimiM xo3neBaM wh3hii — Garni. Ho lie BCe GeaHHKH h ite cpa3y AOcraraioT abicoitoro ypoBHH KjiaccoBoro ca MocoaHaHHa. CpeflH hhx BCTpc'iaioTCH JiioAH. erne iiaaojiro coxpaHmoi'iuie b Aviue nepewHTKH npoiii.ioro, lie weaaiowKe npmmMaTb yqacran b oGme- cTBeHHOii GopbGe, aaGoTHiUHecsi miibKO o cbohx .ih 'Ihux HHTepecax. B pac- cxa3e «flpa3r« IUaraTaa* («UIaraTaii.uw maTaru»( nHcareab ^pa306aa- («K,ocujhiHbin a3rbiHbi»), KOTopbiii. CHanaaa noKaaas ce6a aKTHBiibiM 'i-n- hom coma, 3aTeM HcnoAb3yeT b cbohx HHTepecax AOBepHe Macc. Oh Gaper B3HTKH, K-iOBeuieT Ha iiopHAOHKbix Aiofleft. B KOHue kohuob ero pa3o6na- aaiOT h BuroiimoT H3 coi03a. Pa3o6jiaHaa raHJiyio Mopa.ni. paHee roenoACTBOBaBUiero itaacca, nHca- T6Ab noKa3biBaeT oGHmuaiiHe ckpomhhx iipoctmx AioAefl, nocTpaaaBUiHx or iipoH3BOjia GaeB h bojiocthkix ynpaBUTeaen. B pacCKa3e «KauiKUH» («Ber aeu») GeAHaK KyaT BMecTe co cbohm otuom UJaGaHOM 6aTpa>iHT y Oaeii. H3-3a HenocHAbHofi paGoTu UJaGaH c.TOMa/i Horv. A Gafi, hhhh pacnpacv iiaA crapHKOM. buuihG eMy raa3. He b CH.Tax CTepneib H3AeBaTcabCTBa na.i otuom, KyaT GpocaeicH Ha Gasi 11 naOiiBacT ero. KyaTa npHTOBapHBaioT k
iThuiKe. Oanaxo oh yGeraeT m aauixracHiia h, jiHuieimuS bcomojkhocth iiepnyTbCa b pojiHuc Kpaa, craiioBiiTca Gpoasrofi, noayiaa KHHixy «Kyax- fier*eu». Toju>ko nocae OxTiiGpbcxofi coiwaHHCTHiecxoB peBOaiouHii KyaT no3BpawaoTCa b cooii ay.i. B paccKa3e «Eh& k Gipairis («Cox>3 Tpyaa») imcareah iiBofinawaer iipeBocxOflCTBOKoaaeKTHBHoro rpvaa Haa eaHHO.iHMHUMh nepsue uiara ap- XoTd r. MycTad>HH iipaBii.ibHo noimwaa cmucji h uc.ib 6opb6bi Messy fiaaMH h GeanswaMH, on eme He Bjiaaea b Ty nopy noo6xo,iHMbiM Ma- CTCPCTBOM, llOBTOMy h paccxa3bi c60PHHKa «Ep UlOitblH* liaXOABTCHHa He- BbicoxoM xyabsecTBeHHOM ypOBHe: hx ckiwct paaBHsaeTCH c.iaGo, oGpa3u aioaeft cxcMaTHHHbi, CTHJib uepoBen, SUNK 3aqacTyio 6eaeH h cyx. HecMOTpa Ha HajiHHHe Bcex bthx HeaocTarKOB, CBHflere.iLCTBoBaBiuHX o Kpafiiieii HeonbiTHOCTHHaiHHaiomero aBTOpa, cGophhk «Ep LLloituii* ywe b to apeMH noKa3as TaGHaeHa MycTacpmia ksk aeaoBexa c 3opkhm ryiaaou, cnocoGiforo k npaBaHBOMv oGoGweimio cbohx *ii3HenHbix HaGaioaeiiHfi. B 1930 rofly T. Mycrai|)HH B03BpautaeTCH b cnofl poaiiofi xpafi —Ka- paraHay. TaM oh nocTynaeT Ha biiobb oTxpbiBiueecH npeanpHHTHe, BbinoJi- hhh pa3iiue paGoTU, He rpefiyioiiuie KBaaiitpHKauHH. «Koraa a npHexaa n Kaparanay, 3aecb 6uao nHTb-iuecTb nnoxoHbKHX 6apaxoB, ocTaauiHxci) eme or anramaii. HMeaocb 30— 40 MeaoBex paGomix. HaiaB paGory b xa- MecTBe 3eMaexona, no3»te a noGtiBan Ha pa3Hux paGoTax, o'lHiaaa, uanpH- Mep, we.ie3o ot psaBiHim h, upofiax HecxoHbxo sranoB, eraa, HaxoHea, to- xapeM», —nauier TaGimeH. Okojio aByx aer oh paGoiaa TaxHM o6pa30M Ha npoiraBoflCTBe, a 8 1932 ro;iy ero nepesoanr b pejaxiiaio mera «Kaparanflbi npoaeTapHam* («npojieTapnaT Kaparaiuu»), HbiHe KaparaHamicxaH o6.iacraasi ra3eTa 60«CoBeTTix KapaFaHabi» —«CoBeTcxan KaparaHjas). TaM oh pa Taji flo iiaiaaa 1933 roaa, xoraa b r. HoBocnGHpcxe OTKpuaacb raacra «Kbi3u.i ry» l«KpacHoe 3HaMn») Ha xa3axcxoM H3hixe. xvaa h Gbuit nocaaHa ra3eTHHC paGoTHHKHH3 Ka3axcTaHa. I'a6naeH Mycradmn oxasaacii b hx HHcae. loan, npo»eaeHHb!e b .HoBocnGHpcxe. HMe.iH Goabiuoe 3hiaueiiHe jyia Ti'opiecxoB 6Horpa<|>HH P. MycTadwHa. Xots b bth roaH oh b ochobhom 3a- iniMaacn hc xyaosecTBCHnofl SHTeparypofi, a jxypHaaiicTHXofi, ho paGora b GoabUioS ra3eTe pacuiHpnaa ero xpvro3op. 3aecb nyCanxyiotcH ero (peaberonbi, oiepxH h Meax«e paccxa3bi. B cGophhk oiepxoB h paccxaaoB niieare.ra, H3aaHHbifl b 1953 rosy no* na3BaHHeM «>KufibrpMa 6ec» («/lBaauaTb H3 npoiraBeaeiwfi roro nepiioaa BKaxmeiihi toshko paccxa3b! «TyTKbra» («riaeHHbift»). slUbmuaaii TyFaHK03bi» f«flrneHOK, po;k,iC'iiiijh I|3crexaa*) h O'lepx sAsbinTUH xe- peMerrepi*' («Wyaeca BeaHKana*). O-iepii « llv;ieca BeaHKana* HanHCan b 1934 roay. Oh BcecTopoHHe ox- iiaranaeT )XH3Hb 3aeoaa HMeiw CraaHna b 3anaaHoft ChGhph. B stom o'iep- kc aiiTop nHiuer 0 cobctckok nepeaOBOii texiiHxe h o ax>aax Tpyaa, ocbohb- HIHX3Ty TCXHHKV. OaioBHbre nepconawn npoH3BeaeHHH—nepeaosbie coBercxHe .ma\". iipocaaBHBUiHeca cbohm cavoorBepiKeHHHMTBOpxecxHMTpyaOM, TaxHe, xax, paSoHHH-KaBax /KyMa6ex Hypra3HH. O XyMaGexe HypTa3Bne nHcaTeab ycabmiaa eme a nyTH, xoraa exa* — «Oh Ha paGoTy h c pa6orbi tia uauiHHe C3anT, —cxa3aa oami H3 iiaccawnpoB. Octa/ibiibie noaXBaraaH:
— y Hero KBapnipa H3 qerupex KOMiiaT... Oh, oft, BeAb erne b npoumoM roAy a ero bhaca cbohmh coSctbcii fbiMH rjia33Mn: oh Torja 3eMJiio Konajil Kan oh Cucrpo Bbipoc!** Ciiorpa(|)HH >KyMa(5eKa— orniOAb He Hctuiio<ieii>ie. Ona THnnana aah- ■HHorax cOBeTCKHX TpyweiiHKOB. Ha<iaB fiaTpamiTb c 12 jieT, on ao 1916 ro- Aa npoBOAHT cboio )KH3Hb b aioahx. y pyccmix KyyiaKOfi; b 1916 roAy haxo- Ahtch b TpyAOBOH apMHH. riocjie peBo.'tiouHH, b nepsue TpyAtiwe roAw Co BercKofl imacTH, BMecre c mhohimh juoAbMH, HaxoAHBiUHMH npneraimuio okoao npoMbUUAeHHocTH, oh nocrynaeT na 3aBOA. B cboc’m oaepite aBTOp, pacKPhmaa «H3neiiHbi0 nyTb 3aBOACKoro pa6o- aero H pHcya rpaiiAno3Hbie AoCTioKenna u havctphaabiioro rarairra, Bocne- BaeT no<5eay iioboHsnoxn, AaBiueH BO3MO*K0CTb cboOoaho pacKpuTbca ra- lamaM lenoBexa H3 Hapoaa. Ecjih paccKa3bi nepBoro c6op>mKa nocBameiiw b ochobiiom oahoS Te- Me, to coaep*aiiHe npoH3BeAeH«B r. MycTacimHa, HamicaHHbix b Hoboch- SHpcxe, pa3Hoo6pa3HO. /Inana.'iciH ero HHTepecoB paeuiHpaeTca. Tan, oyepK «SlrneHOK, poiKAemibift H3 creicAa* (1935) nocBamen nona ry nepubix oiiutob no HCKyccTBeHHOMy oecMcncnnio whbotmnx, a paccxa3 «riAeHHbili», nepBbiH BapnanT Koroporo hoa Ha3BaHHCM «K.Hiiay» l«ribiTKa») 6ua H3AaH B 1937 roAy b nepBOM HOMepe JKypHa.ia «9ae6ncT MaiiAaHbi® («JlHTepaTypiibift <|>poht»), pwcyeT 3BepCT&a ipaumcTOB, koto- ptie, npuBaa k bascth b TepMaHKH, HanmaiOT npec.'ie;ioaaTb kommvhhctob. «npoBeaeHiibie mhoio b HoBOcnOupcKe 5—6 act, b c.Mbicae iiaKonaeHaii anbiTa h 3HaHH0, aah Mena HBHAHCb KaK 6u yiiHBepcHTeroM*,— roBopHT r. MycraiJiHH. 3Aecb oh saHHMaercn caMoofipaaoBaHneM, HaiHHaeT 3naKo MHTbCH c pyccKOii AHTepaTypofi, HHTaer KnacciiKois. B 1938 roAy ra3eTa «K.bi3un ry» 3aKpbinaeTcH, h T. MyCTa<|)Hii B03Bpa- maeTca b AaMa-Ary. Tenepb on Bceueao orAaercH AHTepaTypnowy TpyAy h TpHHHMaeTCSI 3a pOMaH «©\\lip He &IUM» («>KH3Hb HAH CMep?b»). Oahobpc- MeHHo oh nHoier paccKa3M H nbecH. PaccK83bi T. MycTai|)HHa b stot nepnoA b ochobhom nocBSweHbi ABy»t TpMaM: TawCAOMy AOpeBOAiouHOHHOMy npouiaoMy («KvAMereH aaaMs) h HOBofi >kh3hh B03po)KAeHiioro peBOAKJAHefl HapoAa. B wypHaae «3fle6iier MaHAanu* A\"? 6 3a 1938 toa onyfimiKOBaH pac- cxas T. MycTa(|>HHa noA Jia3BaaaeM «Ta3apran aAaxmap* («06HOBAeHHbie ik)ah»), KoTOpufi HanHcaH iia pacnpocrpanenHyio b to BpeMa h b pyccKoS nOBeTCKoft AHTepaType TeMy «nepeKOBKH» AWAeB. 3Aecb bbtop paccKa3bi- eaer o aioahx. Koiopwe 6wah ocyjKAeny 3a yroAOBiibre npecTyruieHaa. no- SbiBajiH b HcnpaBHTeAbHO-TpyAOBbix Aarepax h, onpaBAaa cefia aecTHbiM rpyAOM Ha CTpOHTexbCTBe KaHaAa, BepHVAHCb nepeBocmiTainibiMH, 3to — AeficTSHTeAbnocTb Toro BpeMeHH, xoth eme n HeflocTaTonno apxo o6pHCOBaHiiaa iieysepeHHbiM nepoM moaoaoto imcaTexa. H3 ApaMaTimeeKHX npoH3BeAeHH0, HanHcaHHbix ra6iiAeH0M b Te roAU. naHfioAee o6i.eMiio8 aD.'iaeTca HeTUpexamriafl nbeca «Ma3acH3 MCHMaii* («Becnoi<oBHbiB rocTb»). JXeflcTBHe ee npoHcxoaHT 3mmoB 1923 roAa b t«- MeHHe oahhx cyTOK. Ho 3Ta nbeca h no HAee, n c xyAoxsecTBeiiHOfl tohkb 3peima He hbahctch yAa-ieS micaTe-ia. Abtop liaoOpawaer ksk b nepBue i-OAbi Cobctckoh babcth HecKOAbKO xhtpux napiien oCManyAH cuynoro 6aa h rAynoro Bojiocnioro ynpaBHTeAH-KapbepHCTa. Xoth TaCnAeu MycTad)HH ii HOAHHMaA HOBbte A-'ia AHTepaTVpw ero Bpe xeHH Bonpocbi, nepeAKO micaa na miKeii eme He TpoiiyTbie tomh, oihpoko «cnoAb3ya MaTepaa.'i >khbo8 AeScTBHTeAHiocTH, ero ni)0H3BeAenna no ahtc- paTypHOMy MacTepcTBy Bee eme He 6mm ua aoa« ho8 Bbicore. Pafioru sthx
JieT HsjifljiHCb xax 6u noaroroBKoit niicarejia k C03A3Hhk>era STanaux npo- H3BeaeiiH0 Coamioft anH'iecKoil <t>opMu, b kotopux oh 0Tpa3HA HaaBonee cyweciBeHHhie ctopohu HapojHofi jkh3hh. CboS nepBuft poMan «0Mip we eniM* («JKH3»b hah cwepTb») r. My- crai|MH3aKOHMHji b 1939 roAV- PoiaaHH3A3H b 1941 roAy. B pasBHTHH Ka3axcKOH coBeTCKoS JiHTeparypbi xpHAuarae roAbi xa- paKTepn3yiorca pocroM moaoaoH KaaaxcKoS npo3br. . HaOnpas chau, AHTepaTypa CTaHOBHTCHHeorbeMAeMofi qactbio oBwena- poAHoro Aejia crpoHTCAbCTBa conHa.iu3Ma H OKa3HBaeTCH Ha nyTH K hobo- My noAbeMy. Ka3axcxHe nHcaTeAH crpeMHTca k co3A3mhio peaAHCTH'iecKHX IIpO113BeACHHH Ha OCHOBe rAyfioKOro H3y'leilHH AeBCTBHTeAbllOCTH, B C03By- uiiH c Hefi, b CQOTBeTCTBHH c TCMnaMH ABHJKeiiHH o6mccTBa, Haywero BnepeA- JIioah TpyAa H3xoa«t CBoe npo'iHoe mccto b xyAOWccrnciiHux npo- H3B6ABHHaX. OCBOeilHe H3UJHMH nHCaTBJlHMH MBTOAa COUHa-lHCTHieCKOTO peaaH3Ma nponcxoaHT b wecroKofi BopbBe bpothb narypa.iH3Ma h 4>opms- B 9tot nepuoA pa3BHTHa Ka3axcKofl coBeTCKofl AHrepaTypu co3Aaerca paA BcAbiDiix npo3aHaccKHX npoH3BCAeHiifl a iibec: poiaaiiu CaBiira Myaa- HOBa, I'aOflojia CaaHOBa, 1'aOnAeHa MvcrailiHHa. Carrapa EpyBaeBa, nbecu M. Ay330Ba, I'. MycpenoBa, nepoue nbecu A. A6iniieBa. H36aBjie«He Ka3axciaHCKOfi crena or cpeAHCBeKOBoB OTcraAOCTH, npc- BpauieHHe ec H3 xpaa bkc'ivhchbhoco CKoroBOACTBa B arpapHO-HHAycTpn- ajibHbifl aeJia-iiicb ochobhoB tcmoB .iiircpaTypbi Toro nepnoaa. Ka3axcxaa coBeTCKaa np03a h ApaMaxypnia bcaca 3a pyccKOfi AHTepaTypofi CTpeMUTca k orpaweHHio peuiaiomHx nepeMeii b WH3HHcobotckoB crpaMb:. B pyccKOfi AHrepaType 3a 3Tor nepuoA BpeMeitn coaaaiiu TaKne poMaiiu, Kan «UeMeHr» <P. r.iaAKOBa, «Bpe.MS BnepeA* B. KaraeBa, «Co-rb» JJ. JleoBOsa, «rHAP-i- neHTpajib* M. UlariiiiBH, b kotopux noxa3an rcpoH'iecKHfi TpyA naninx aki- AeB h H03oe CBoCoaHoe pa3BHTHe 'leAeBexa b ycaobkhx miAycTpnajni3ann» crpaHbi b nepBofi naTHAewe. 3to Bocaoe peanncTimecKoe iianpaBneHHe pvcckoB AHrepaTypu Buao npHcywe h AHTepaType Ka3axCKOH. xots 3AeCb oho pa3BiiBaA0Cb na Menee bucokom yposHe, AOcrynnoM moaoaoB npo3e. Kasaxcbaa AHTepaTypa xpn/i- uarax roAOB axTUBHOyiacTByeT b Aene comia.iiicririecKoro cTpoHTeAbcTBa. Oco6oe Mecro b Ka3axcKofi AHTepaType 3aHHMaior Ana poMana: «Mok poBeciiHKK* C. EpyOaeBa h «>KH3Hb hah cMcprb* C. MycraifmHa, nocBnuieH- Be3BpeMeHH0 cKomiaBuiHfica TaAaiiTAHBUil moaoaoh micaTeAb Carrap KnyGaen a CBoeia poMane burca o6pa3u coBeTCKofl MOAoaewH, npHHHMaB- uieS yqacmc b co3AaHn« counaAiiCTipiccKofi npoMbiuiAeimocTH KaparaHAH h BAOBotBiuefl cbok) AOAio b AeAo ee pacusera. repofi poMana hmojoS hh- xienep PaxweT, npuBUBiunfi b KaparaHAV nocae oKOHMamis BUcuiero y'ie6- iroro 3aBeAenna, bcio cboio 3i:eprnro h snaHiia OTAaer bo hmh ee BvAYiuero. UHcaTeAb ii3o6pa»aeT APywOy KapoAos, B3aHMooTiiomcHmi xie*Ay pvcckh- MHAIOAbMH H npeABTaBKTejIHMH Ka3axCKOH COaeTCKOfi HIITeAAlireHUHH, BOC- iiHTaimori napTHefi. PoMan r. MyCTacbma «X>i3Hb hah CMepn.* aBAaeTca TaK«e oahhm »3 nopBux npoH3BeAeHnii 6oAbuioro waHpa, nocBameHHUX TeMe paBoaero KAacca. B poMane «3o6pawaeTca HayajibHufi nepHOA P33bhthh yroAbHofi npo- xiuuiAeHiiocTH b KaparaHAe, CTDOHTeAbCTBO maxT. rioK33biBafl oSaiik KaparaHAU, npHHaflAemawriefi ao peBOAioiuiH aH-
ivihBckrm KanHTa.-iiicTaM, niicaTe.ib H3oCpaiKaeT, Kan oiia HSMeiiHaacb 3a toam CoBercKofl BAacM, kbkhm cra.'ia KpvnHbiM uempoM yroAbiioR npo- MbiuiAeHHocTH. Oh noKa3NBaeT repoHiecicHii Tpya paGoHHX na O.naro napoAa HpyKOBOAamyio pojib KoMMyHHCTHHecKoR napraH. Ha nyTH rcpoeB BcrpenaeTCH mhoto rpyaHOCTefi. IlepcoHasKH poMana pacryT b GopbGe c hhmh. Pvkoboabt arofi 6opb6oft iia'iaAbHHK max™ Top- 6aroB h ceisperapb napTHfiHoii ORramraanHii Epxmi. Hm noMoraxw >iecTHbre h ipyAOAH)6HBbie paGouie, TaKne, Kan Bopaui h Xaiia6HAb. C iojkct poaiaHa nocrpoeH Ha KOHtJwiHKTax MeatAV AioabMH, GopiouiHMH- ca 3a noA'bfiM npoMbmuiCHHOCTH. h KAaccoBbiMH BparaMH, ctp6mhiuhmhch yiiHHTOWHTb co3AaHHoe, pa3pyiuHib nocTpoeiinoe. OpraHH3aiopawH h hchoahhtcjihmh sthx BpeAHTeAbCKHX 3aMHCJiori, HanpaBJieHiibix iipothb noA'bexta npoMidiiuienHocrw, hbahiotch crapwe hh- *eiiepbi: Boakob, JIhchuuh, 3aiincB. CoBaaKTbic. Ho, HecMOTpa Ha CTpeMAeniie nHCaxtyia noiiaaaTb AioaeB couHaAHcm- 'lecKOfi npoMUmaeHHocTH B hx 6opb6e 3a HOBoe, b poMane HMeioTcsi sHaw- Te-ibHue HeAOciatKH. B hgk Her omvmemiH GoAbiiioft h caowhoB jkk3wh TpeTbeii yroAbHoB 6a3U CoBercKoro Coio3a, 3aHoso nocTpoeHHofi h Bbipor- uiefi b roAH CoaeTciioi) BAacrn. CaaGoe pa3BHrae oioaceTa, G-ieAHOcib H3ofipa*eHiiH. mhojkotbo Mea- khx 3IIH30A0B h Aeiaaeii. no cywecTBy He cBsraaHHbix c coaepwaimeM po- Mana, b iiewaaoK tiepe noMemaaH hchoBoGpacoBKe xapaierepoB aeBcTByio- hwx ahu: noAOWHTeAbiihix— HaiaabHHKa max™ PopGaTCBa, Epamia, or- pHuareabHbix— Bo.woBa, JlHCHUhina, 3aiineRa. B poMaHe HeAOCiaTOimo no Ka3anbi nyTH p33bhthh npOMbiuiaenHOCTH, MexaHHaamin maxT, noMomi. floHGacca H Be;tyman poab pvcckhx paGoi.Hx. Xopomo 3iiaiouiHfl HCM3Hb maxTbi H3 AHHHoro omjra, imcaTe.ib hc ynyc- xaer, oaiiaKO, H3 noaa apeiinn Teniy paGoiero naacca. yaiiTUBaii npexunic ouihGkh, oh b 1952 roay Hanncaa hobuB posian «Kaparanaa», cioweT ko- Toporo b H3B0CTH0H Mcpc coBnaaaeT c cioweroM «>KH3Hb hah CMepTb», ho 3HaitHTcabHo rAvGwe ii noAHee oxnaTunaer jKioHb TpywcHKKOB Kaparan- AHHCKoro GacceBna. B 1940 roay T. MycTacj)HH Hanncaa paccita3 «Kyaaran KV3» («Pa3py ■ueHHbig yrec») o CTponreanx Ajituh h He6oAbiiiyio iibecy «>Kapuc» («Co peBHOB3HHe»l, nocBHiuefiHyio npa3A«HKy couHaaiiCTHHecKoro TpyAa Ha Boa ts nep3bie rojiu Bcahkom Ore’iecTEeHHofi boBhli BbiiuaH b CBeT ero He- GoAbUiHe nbecH «/lHBcpcaHT», «A.'iuHfaH KeiCK («OTMuieime»), «BacK» naae TiaaeK* («ShbtK moh — Bpar moB»), HanHcaHHNe Ha BoemiHe i* mh. OAHa«o 3TH TpyAbi r. MycTacbHHa He iirpa,™ cywccTBeHHoR poah b en> TBOpnecKOH 6Horpa<i)HH. Bee oiih Guah npoGoil nepa nHcaTeasi, KoropbiS nH meT ita pa3Hue Texiu, OBaaAeBaeT pa3AHmibiMH HsaupaMH, yiHTCH, mueT. B roabi BeaHKofi OTeiiecTBeiiHoii boRhu V. MvcxachHii nDHcrynna k paGoTe iiaA pom3hom o UlHraHane Gepcaep.e, npocaaBaeHHOM MacTepe-npo- coBOAe. nocTaBHBUieM mhpoboh pckopa no noayneHHio bhcokoto ypoiKati npoca. Poxiaii TaGHAeHa MycTatfrmia «UlHraH3K» Bnepnue H3Aau ii ckom H3biKe b 1945 roay, btopoo AOpaGoraHHoe H3aaHHe Bbiiuao i ay. Ha pvcckom H3UKe on H3aaH b MocKBe b 1947 roav. cuiopjaKsec.T'UaBJn—3rta6onoRapkbG»6o—pabGcpeooMbnbaotHackophvxkicoAobinoobaaixecftibaioocmahcUvxpIhoerBoaBonSeaTxCaKnopaiHioGPaoAnaeoocxfrnlH.wue3actc•:ypiyUwAeHiiHBoKrHo
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JIiojih h <t>aKTbi, ormcamihie b iipoh3B6JXBhhh, iic iipocto BbiMbicen HHca- re;ifl, ohh B3siTbi M3 «H3Hii. IIpocoBOAa lUuranaKa Iiopcucua 3iiaer bch Co- seTCKaa cipana. Ero CKyAbirrypa ctoht nepej KasaxcitiiM naBHAboiioM Bee- coKWHofi cejibCKOxo3aftcTBeHHoii BbicTaBKH. OanaKo oGpaa UlmariaKa b po- Mane T. MycTa<|>HHa SB-merca xvAowecTBeniibiM oGoGmemieM, a ne npocTOfi xonaeB jkhboto UlHrauaKa. 3ro — b hcthhhom CMhicAe oGpa.i TiiiiH'iecKHii. yaana aBTopa coctoht b tom, n o b naoGpaweHHii 3itaMCiiHToro npocoBoaa. ero TpyaoBofi AesrreAbHocTH HeT hhk3koB HCKvccTBemiocTH. Abtop ne npH- micuBaeT eMy, crapOMy aeaoBeKy, KaKHX-AHGo CBepxeereCTHeiiiibix Kavecre Goraxapa, He H3o6pa*aeT ero, BonpeKH KH3Hemiofi npaBAe, Bi>icoKooGpa3o- itaHHhiM cneuHa.iiHCTOM-arpoHOMOM. UlHraHaK HapncoBau lean ckpomhhK iipaBAHBHfi 'lejioBeK, c rayOoKHM npaKTiiuecKHM 3iiaHneM 3eMAeacAHH, ko- ropafl xora h HerpaMoreH, ho Ta.iaiiT.TOB h tpyao-hoGhb. BoopywemibiS ItCTHHIlhlM OriTKMH3MOM. OH BblHOCAHB, HeyTOMHM, BO MTO Obi TO HH CT3AO to6HBaeTca 3aAVMaHHOfi uejiH. Ero ciwa — iienpeKAOHeimoe yOe»AeiiHe. He oTCTynaa nepea TpyAHocTaMH, oh habt k naMeneHnofi ueAH ynopHO, Gea KOJieflamiii, B pouaiie Hewaao 3iiH30A0B, xapaKTepH3yK>mnx UlaraHaKa Max pana- ToibHOro xosnmia. OGxoah noAH co3pcBinero npoca, oh caM OT6HpaeT ko- •locbs, npHroAHbie Ha ceMeHa, caM HpoBepaeT xaiecTBO oGpaGotKH 3eMJiB, »3MepHH r.iyGHHV BcnauiKH. yB.aeKaacb npocoBOACTBOM, UlHranaK He 3aMWKaeTca b xpyry HHTepe- I'OB, CBa3ainibix TO.ibKo c aioGhmum acaom. HafiAiOAaTCAbMbiS ne-iOBeK, He- ycraHHO iiiu.ym.Hii cpeACTBa AAH noA^ewa GAarococToaima Hapoaa, on 06- HapvWHBaeT cneflbi'hphcvtctbhsi He<j)TH Ha 3eMAe CBoero K0AX03a. He Gyay'iH y3KHM npaKTHKOM, HTHopHpytomHM HayKV, LUHraiiaK b to we BpeMa lie coraaiuaerca c MHeimeM niOAefi. KOTOpue noiaraior, no Hay- Ka cnocoGHa peuiitTb Bee npoGAeMbi Ge3 itomoiah npaKTHtot. Aeficiaya b corAacHH u Apy*6e c MOAOAbiM arpoHoMOM CepreeM H oTHOcacb c Go.ibinHM ViiaateHHeM k ero snanHaM, IIInraiiaK caM HHHiuiaTHBeH H iieiisMemio npo- aiuiaeT caon TBopiecKHe cnocoGHOCTH. HenpiiMiipHMLiA k npoTHBHHKaM jkhboto oGuiero Aeaa, oh hbahctch iipHMepHbiM BocnaraTeAeM H 'ivtkhm crapniMM TOBapHineM. «PaaocTb JKH3HH— b yisaweiiHH aPVT k Apyry. Bu Bee Apyr aah Apy- ra caobiio Gu roc™. A rocrefi Haao AioGHTb u rio'iHTaTb!* — pobopht oh. H Bee Bepar ero CAOBav. «yBai«aa apyr apyra, ohh npHBUKAH GbiTb Bew- •IHBHMH H C aVJKHMHS, — nHtlieT 3BT0D. CaM He OKOHHHBH1HH A3JKC lia'iaAb- boh uikoam, IIIirraiiaK AacT o6pa30BaHiie cbohm aeTHM. O.iwaGeK — yiQHHK h npeaaiiHbifi apyr UlHraiiaKa. B o6pa3e OawaGe- :.a aiTop yMeao H3o6pa3HA OTcranoro cKOTOBOaa-eflHHOAHiHHKa, B coana- iiHH roToporo A3ACKO He cpa3y yiMaabiBaercn mucvii, o iieoGxoAHMocTb ■lOMKH CTaporo yKAaaa wh3hh. B Ka3axcTaHe Tax we. nan h b ncmpc Poc- chh. Obiah nofloGHbie OAwaGeKV KpecTbHHe, Koropue. noxiapaaci. na npo- r.oKSUHio iipaiKAefiiiux saeMCHTOB, Gewa.iH ot KOA-ieKTiimisauHii. O.Di(a6eK — oahh H3 HHX. Oh Gewaa ot KoAxoaa coecom He noTOMy, mto Gohach rpy- •ia hah TpyaHOCrefi. TeMiibifi, 3anyraHHbiii Bpa>K.ae6HOii nponaraiiaofl '•e.io- jiex. oh oGepera.i CBoe Ao6po, cocTOHiuee H3 o.iHoro BepGAioaa h Aayx ao- liiaaefi. PoGKilii O-iwaCPK Goktcsi aicrHBHCTOB, tie bcpht iim, crpcMnci, no crap;:line yxobiTbcsi ot oSmecTBeinioft kh3hh b CBoeM yray. Korea\" ero iiorTiir.-ro HecnacTbe, oh, cneAyH3a IUwraHaKOM. HaxoaiiT npH- K»r b KCAxo3e «KypMaH». noflaBAemibiii ropeM, on cTaiioBincn yrpioMbiM h MOAMaAHBbiM, ho tccTiiocTb h CToiiKOCTb b Tpyfle Bee 6o.iee yKpenAHiOTCH b new. O h pa60Taer b Koxxo3e, lie xa.neu cha, h ct3hobhtch oarniM H3 ne- ocaobhkob OpwraAbi UJiiraiiaKa, Goproinefica 3a bucokhh ypowafi npoca.
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mail, KOTopue »e Moryi eme ocboOoahti>ch o i HexoTopux nepewHTXOB npouuioro b cbocm cosmhiih. Ohii jih6o He yMeioT aojiwuuM o6pa30M Ha- npaBHTb cboh TpyflOBbic ycHAHH, ah6o neHTHH, OTCTaabie JixiAH. C hhmh BCTynaioT b 6opb6y aKTHBHbie h co3HaTejibHNe noeaTopu. Pomhh iiaHHiiaeTca c oficyjKAeHHa hobopo n.iana KO/rxo3a eAutaHreab- £W». Ha oScywaeime bnhochtch asa napHariTa. Oohh rpHHaaaewHT npea ce,aate./HOxojrxo3a >Kaxuny, a Biopofi—era 33HeCTHTe.no, JKonapry. >Ka- xunOTCTaHBaCTCBofi BecbMa CKpoMiiHi) naaH, coorBeicTByiouiHH ceroaHHui- ireiay ypoBiuo Koaxc3Hux cun h cpeacTB. n.iaii >KoMapra—floabiuoil n iHOjKHb-H—HarpaB.?eH Ha mumoe oCuoa-neiiHC mnxo3a h onHpaerca Ha BCeCTOpOHHIOIO HOHOUlb OSmeCTBCHHOCTH. XoTH K0.1X03, pyxOBOAHMblft JKaxbMOM, H CMHTaCTCH nepCAOBHM, HO Jiywiie roaxoaiiHKH eco bkaht, m ohm He MO-yr ABHraTtra crepei b COOTBeiCTBHH C HOBhIMH TeMnaMH COIlHa.IHCTH'ieCKOlO CTpOHTCJlbCTBa. Ohm CTHraiCT VJMHronem Koaxo3a, npea/iowemibifi JKaxbmoM, 3SHHweHHHM. IlJiaH, rpea-noweHHbiii )KoMaproM, HpeavcMaTpHBaer poet xoaxosiioro ay.Jia co ypoBHH KpvnHoro xyAbTypnoro ueirrpa. Oh 3aaepsier paflxoMb nojiHoS ero peanbHocTH h npK noaaepwxe nap- THihiofi opraHH3aium H nepeaoBHX kojixo3hhkob ero njian yrBepwaaeTCH. IIpeABHAH, hto euy, HerpaMOTHOMy >ie.ioBei<y, jicko 3anyraTKs hph BHHOJiHeiiHH caowworo luiana JKoMapta, a hdh HccorjiacHH oh Mower oc- raTbcn b oflHiionecTBe, XCaxMn noaaer 3ai!B.ieimc 06 orBo6owaeHHH ot aoawhoctk npeaceaaTejiH, h JKoMapTa H36npaiOT Ha ero Heeio. fla.ibiiefl- inec roBer.TBCB3HHe K30<5pawaeT kohxo3 b npouecce BbmoHHCHHH 3aaa>iH, l OCTaBaeHHoS JKoMapioM. riHcaTejib noxa3HBaer icpTbi HOBoro b WH3HH H3MeHeH«e xapaxTepoB Jiioaeft Ha ocHose npeo6pa30BaHHS Koaxo3Horo x«3aScTBa—yanoBax TeMa npOH3BeaeiiHH. r. MvcTaipHH mmier 0 ko.ixo3c, BaoxHOBaemiuA poMaiiTHxecxHM nacpo- com Hauiefi coBpeMeHHOCTH, fleaa Koaxo3a, ak>ah, hx WH3Hb h Tpya— Bee 310 octaBaneT y MHTareaB wHBoe Bne'iaTJteHHe. MHorae nepcoHawH poMa- Ha. hx pCHb H xapaKTep. BHyTpeHHiiS 11 BHemimfi o6,ihk — apKO hhahbhav- ?HH3HpOBamj. EubiuhA npeaceaarejib Koaxo3a JKaxbin oOaaaaeT fioabuiHM ohutom, HoweT paspeuiHTbm>6oi X03nftcTBemibi9 sonpoc. K He3HaK0M0My aeayJKa- Kbin, oAHaKO, ripoaB.iaCTiieaoBepne. Ero ruiaHaa.ibHcBujeropasBHTHs koaxo- 3aHecooTBeTCTBVCThokum3aaaHaM.nocjiobsm )KoMapTaoh. «HeaoMepnnaa, hhct Ha3aa». no mhchhio we flCaxuna, MoaoaoMy xeAOBexy He aocTaeT wHsueHHoroonbira. Ero cneuiianbiioe o6pa30BaHHeu pyKOBOACTBOxoHxper- liNM aeaoM—aBe pa3JiH\"Hbie BeuiH. jKaxuny xaweTcn, hto iioBbifi naan «iiec6orHOBaiiHaa 4>aHra3HH». a caM )KonapT—npocTO«6yHTapb». )KaKbin— necTHLift neaoBeK h KoMMyHHcr. Oh CopeTca c JKoMapTOM He sa nor.T rpeaceaaTejiB, fiopiccb He 3a napbepy. Ecjih kto xo'ieT crarb upeaceaaTeaeM, a Mory 6brrb h eropoweM*.— roBopHr oh. >Kaxun SopeTca 3a to, xtoCw ero aic6hmuA ko.ixo3 He noCTpaaaa ot «6e3paccyaHux h He- BepHux Me>naHHfl». flawe nocae ocBofiowaeHra or aobwhocth npeaceaa- Te.TH 3TH Mbic.iH aoaroe Bpewa ne roKHaaiOT era. Korna oh ycauuiaa, hto /KoMapr co6«paeTCn npoaaBarb koaxo3hu# ckot, HToObi 3aMeHHTb ero no- pOAHCTb'M,— cTapHK aawe Hcnyraaca. •Ebi.i Koaxo3 cnoKoflHUM, KaK npocTOKBania, CoraTCTBo era 6uao ue- npHnocHoseiiHO, a oh Bee nepeMyTHA. Heaero MHe renepb TepHTb h Heacro foaTbCH*, — ayMaer oh, BCTynaa b Copb6y c XoMapTOM, Oh ciHTaeT ono- po» aaa cc6u npeaceaaTeaa paH0H“O''o Coreta Erwana H ceKpeTapH nap- TiiflHoro KOMHteTa CaTana, KoropuB yOeaHBiuHCb b peaabHOCTH naaiia )Ko- MapTa, 0TKa3UBaer b noaAepwKe npeaceaaTeaio Koaxo3a. Oaiiaxo XCaxun
Takhm oGpaaoM, b xoac GopbGbt (SmbiuhR npeACCflaToab xoaxoaa n,mn- iiaei- 0C03HaBaTb cdoh ouih6kh. B kohim xmira on ornpuro npaanaer ceSa roOewaeHHbiM. XaKbina H36HpaiOT 3aMecTnreaeM npeaceaaTeas xoaxosa. B nocaejUHx raao.ix poMaHa onnobmaeicH ronMeCTiiaa pa6oTa srax abvx 3aneMaTeabKbix aioacR no noaroTOBxe k yGopxe ypowan. HoBbie naiaaa H3o6pajKaioTcs o poMaiie a cnnsu c o6pa30M X o Map- ra. xKoMapT — arponoM, okohhhbhihR ceabcKoxo3aficiBeiniuii HiicriiTyT. 3io — iioBaiop, cyMCBuiuft noanan, koaxos na BbicoKHii ypoBeiib. Oh r.iySo- ko noHaa h ocoaiiaa KOHKpe-rHbie sajami aroro noa-bCMa. no MiieHHio X o - MapTa, ■icaoBOK. KOTopuH aaaaacii ueabio oGHOBHTb npnpoay h x<H3Hb, aoa- »f« yMCTb oprami30uaTb n w jiiouph h MoGnaraoaaTb oce pecvpcu. B Kaiaae CBOefi AemeabiiocTH XoMapT npHiueaca ne no ayuic nexoropbiM pyKOBOflHTaaaM paAona. He coraamaaci, hath Ha nepayio nonaBiuyioca pa- CoTy no CBoefi cncUHaabiiOCTH, oh naia.i BbiGiipa-rb aaMHHHCTpaTiiBHO-py- KOBoaauiHe aojiikhocth. Ho y Hero npn stom h Mbtcan ne Guao o xapbepe. Oh xotea TOJibKO nojiynn-rb CBoGony aas ocymccTB.icHiin cBoero Co.ibinoro 3aHbtcaa no npeo0pa3onanmo hcksnk xoaxosa. Boopyweimbii) rtepe/ioabiMH naeaMH, peimirejibHuli n Hey-roMHMbifi b pa6oTe, mojioaoA arpoHOM, Kan Toabxo npnexaa b Koaxos «AnaHrejibflbi», Gua H3fipaH aaMeCTHTeaeM npeaceaaTcaa n naqaa GopbGy 3a Gyaymee caacTbe xoaxosa, BOccTaa npoTHB Bcero CTaporo, OTimpaioiuero h odkiib- XoMapT aKKypaTeH, aiicuHnaHHHpoBan b paOoTe, xopouinfi BoenHTa- reab. noanrHiecKH 3opKiifl, oh pa3o6aaaaeT BpeaiiTCabCKne achctbhh qy*- jxhix Koaxo3y aioflcfi, xax Afiaap, noMoraeT Bepnyrbca b oGiucctbo nepeBO- cnniaHHbiM b Tpyac aeimno h 6oaTyHy BeilceHy n rpyOnany BafiMaKany. nepconawii powaHa f MycracpHna pa6oTaK)T, Me>rraH>T, omuGaioTca, pa3ay.MbiBaioT, Koae6aiOTca, HcnpaBanioTca. y XoMapTa, HanpnMep, Towe hMeiOTcn HeaocTaTKH, cBoflcrBeiiHue MHoriiM aioahm. On npoaBaaer mioraa aaMHHHCTpnpoBaiiHC, a b aioGBH rroa'tac aonycxacT aerKOMbicaiie. Oanaxo JKoiwapT yMecT aea.n'b BHBoabi H3 cbohx ouih6ok, n qyscTBo otbctctbch- hocth b Komie kohuob OepeT Bepx, 3acTaBjiaer repon noa'iHHHTb cboh no- ciynxn pa3yMy n coBeem. B poMaHe «MnaaH0Hep» HeMaao o6pa30B MoaoaewH. 3to—cexpeTapb napraiinoft opraHioamm, yiHTeabHnua Xana-r, 6pnraanpbi BafiMaxaH h Xam-Gex. xioaoaan >KCniUMHa-KOMno3HTop Ajwa n apyrno. HanGoaee HiiTepeceH n 3HaiHiejieH o6pa3 aoiepH XaKbina —XawaT, Okohxhb HiicTHTyT. on3 paGoTaeT 3aBeayx>men yieGHofi qacrbio ceMii.ieTHefi Hcxoabi b K0Jixo3e. npaBaa, b poxiane Ma.no roBopHTca o ee paGore b iDKOJie. riHcaTeab, snanMO, pemna noxa3aTbXaiiaT raaBHUMo6pa30Mxax ctxpeTaps napTHiinofi opranii3auHH H Bowaxa xoaxcniioll MoaoaewH. XaHar — ncaoBex c hobumh B3r.maaMH, Gc3rpaHH>mo npeaaHHaa Ha- poay. xecTKax, npunuHnnaabHan xoMMyiiHCTKa. no-mnH'ic CTpeiUeHHe^ K 3HailHnM, HCTIlllHaH KyabTypHOCTb— o KbinoM H XoMapTOM.'xaHaT OTHioab ne aammuaeT CBoero oma Xaxb Hao6opoT, no3H3KOMHBUiHCb c RjiaHOM XoMapra, ona. peuiH-reabHo h c ao Bbicrynan npOTim oTua, CTanoBHTca Ha 3amnry nepeaoBofi Mbican. i Moran OTuy ocosiiaTb ouihGkh, X a n a t cyMeaa cran onn Hero aoGpuM Ho ho H3oGpawaeT raaaxHM. He aerxo aaerc« laHBHHe, Koropoe oh sbiBaeT na cauoaioGHBoro orua. KpoMe to- aioGht XoMapra. i a XoMapta. AaMa, — ee 3aflyuieBiiaa noa-
we h ilepewiiBaKHH/AOMapra, B poMaiie «MiiaaHOHep» npOTHnonocTaaaeHhi pita Tuna pyKonopirreaeS. Ecaii ceKperapi. pafioHHoro KOMHiera naprmi CaTaH Carunfiaea noK33Hii KaK yMuufi, roaKOBhtfl tohobck, to npepccpaTeab paSoHHoro HcnoainiTeab- Horo KOMHiera Ecwan HpwcKOB—ksk iicBuaepwaHHufi, fiecneiHUfl, ieao- bck. He cnocofiHuS caMocToareabHOMHcaHTb.' «MHaJiHOHep»—TaaaHTHHBaa Kiiara, noica3braaiowan nooepy xoaxoa- iioro cTpoa b Harnefl crpaHe, repoiiiecKiic peaa cobctckhx aiopeii Ha nyrii k KO»iMyiiH3My, pacKpuuaiomaH homhioKoaaeKTHBiioroTpypa. HeCMOTpa 11a HMeiouweca b pOMaHe HepocrarKH, oh airraeTca c 6ojib- UIHMHHTOPOCOM. ABTOp SKOIIOMHblMHcpepcrBaMH pHcyeT Miioroo6pa3Hy»> JKH3HI. Kojixosa, KapTHHiJ ceatcKoA npapoau, Tpyp KOjixosiiHKOB b none. C Conbiuofi aio6oBbio H3o5pawaeT aBTOp)KH3iicHHLie ny™ napopa, po- WaHTlIKy COBCTCKOft 3I10XH. rioaojKHTe.ibHbie repoH pouaHa T. MycraipHHa—hc fiecnaopHhie c{>aH- Ta3epbi, ohh aioph ipypa h peaa, KOTopue cnabHo iiyBcmyioT, cMeao Mea- Tawr ii peniHTeaMio nperBopniOTcboh Me>iTW. /[awe ctapHKH, lyBCTsya KaK ncccrapoe ofiHOBaaeTca, npHBeTCTByiOTaoCpue nepeMeHHayatnoS WH3HH. 3H3'iHTeabHoe Mecro b pOMaHe OTBeneiio npoTHBopeiHHMMewpy o6ofi- mectnaewibiM h epwioaHMHUM xo3a8cTBaMn. yKopemiBmeeca Benan.1 ayncTBOcoocTBeiiHocru cpa3y H3WHTb neab3a. riponiB coficTBeHimaeCKiix rcpcwHTKOB Hywiio ynopHO h poaro fiopoTbca. H acxop TaKofl 6opb6u lie Bcerpa ophh h tot we: ec.TO6yxraaTep Afipap, Koropufi nyreMHenpaBiiah Hero yaera Tpypa npRCBoiia 3apa6oTKH Koaxo3HHKOB, pa3o6aaaeH b ocyw- peH, to Beficen, pio6hbihh8 6oabiue caoBO, leni peao, nop B03pe8cTBHea boaaeKTHBa HcnpaBaaeTca. riHcaTcab, H3o6pawaa Haiuy cerommiUHioio peficTBrneabHoCTb, BHHMa- TeabHo h 3opKo BraapuBaeTca B 6ypymee. 0(5pa3 Ky3iieua AxMCTa B3ar >'BTopoMnax HeKaft chmbo.t »roro 6ypywero. Axiaer—HCKycHbiR Macrep, MeadseK Tpypa. 3apa6aTHBaer oh Miioro, whbct xopouio, crpeMHTca nepeaeciH ropopcayio KyabTypy b KoaxosHyw WH3iibit bo miiotomycneBaeT. Ho b poMaHepan AxMeTa c03A3hHcayccTBea- Hbift KOH<twiHKT. Taroract yxopoM 3a ckotom, HaxopaumMca b ero aaqHOw io.Tb30BaHHH, Ky3Hen CTpeMHTCH cpaTb ero b Koaxo3, a B3aMen noayaaer bcc Heo6xopHMue ency npopyipbi H3 KoaxosHofl KaapOBOfi. IlHcaTeab xorea nopHaTb hobm9 BawHuS Bonpoc, KaK6n nopcKa3aH- hhRcaMoii wH3Hbio. no ero MHeiiHio, Koaxo3HHK, oTpaBaa cboi'i Tpyp Koa- x°3y, poaweH noayyaTb ot iiero Bee Heo6xop»Moe pan wh3hb, OKOimaTeab- HO0CB060PHBlHlICbOT «MyaeHH0» ePHHO.IH'IHIIKa. Ha nepBHH B3raap Kawerca, no b Mucaax, BucKa3amibix airropou »epe3 o6pa3 AxMeTa. ecn. poaa npaBpu. B Haoie BpeMa, b iiaqaabHufl ne- pHop nocTeiiciiiioro nepexopa ot coiinaaH3Ma k KOMMyHH3My. Heab3a He H|IH3HaTb, HOPHIHOe X03HfiCTB0 BOMHOTOMCBH3blBaeT pyKHaiopaM, Tpy- paipiiMcapanofimecTBa. C3Tofi cTopoHbi, boB3raaaax h riocTvnKaxAxMeTa imeiorcH HCKOiopue noaowHTeawibic ciopoHu. SIcho, no Ax’mct, KoiopbiS lpypHTca- b noaiiyio Mepy cbohx Bo3MOKHOCTefi paa Koaxo3a xoieT H36a- BHTbcaot HH'moroxo3aftcTBa. OpHaxo Bonpoc o amthcm xo3aScTBe HeTaK- to npocr. npH ycaoBHHcywecTBOBaHHa ofimeCTBeHHofl co6cTBeHiiocTHop- HOBpcMeHiio c Koaxo3HO-rpynnoBofl ynpomemibie peuieHna sroro Bonpoca lie Moryr yCKopiiTb iiauiero npaxopa k K0MMyHH3My. I'lopo6iioe peuienne Tax flaa Toro. >ito6u penjHTb aonpoc o hhhhomCKOTeh npHycape6Rbix
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CKHft cpoK h 0f>H0BHBUJne jKH3Hb pecnySaHKH, aoaroe BpeMH He Haxoaam AocTaTOHHoro oTpaiKeHHHb xa3axcxofi coBeTCKofl jiHTepaiype. npaeaa, Sh ah HanHcaHbi HeMHOiwcJieHHbie necHH, cthxh, paccKa3bi h oaepKH, pncy»- m«e OTaejibHue nepHoau nH,aycTpHajiH3auHn Ka3axcraHa. Oauaxo Bee aro, CCAH B3HTb BUeAOM, He HBHAOCbCKOAbKO-HHfiyflb yaOBAeTBOpHTejIbHbIMnO- K330MKopenHHX H3MeHeii«0 XH3HHpecnygaHXH. IJJiipoicoe pa3BepTUBaHHe tcmh npoMbiuiAeHHoro Tpyaa b AHTeparype itara npewae ecero HanSoAee onepaTHBHUMH waiipaMH nnoabi —oqepxaMa HpaccKa3aMH. OiepXH T. MycTai|)HHa o flwe3Ka3raiie, M. UlyxOBa oTeMHp- Tay, C. OwapOBa o Baaxauie HBHAHCbcBoeo6pa3HbiM noacrynoti k Bcecro- poHiiefi pa3pa60TKe sroit tefciu b AnrepaType. rio3AHee nonBHAHCb poMaiibi «Kaparaiiaa» r. Mycra$ima h «npo6ya- /icHHbift i<paii» r. MycpenoBa. B sthx poMaHax onHCbiBaercn (jiopMHpoB3Hne xasaxcxoro paCoiero xaacca H nytH ero pa3BHTHa B npouuioM H Hacroa- ilOCTHaeKHH K333XCKOH AHTepaTypbl BXyflOWeCTBeHHOM H306pa*eHHH eoBpeMeHiiocTH 33BoCBaaH eB noHCTHoe Medo b MHoroHauHonaabHofl jrnie- parype CoBeTcxoro Coio3a. HHKoaail Thxohob b CBoefl CTaTbe «3a hobhB noabe.M coBeTcxoB MHoro- HauHOHaabiiofi jiHTcpa-rypbi*, OTMeqaa HeflocraroMHoe BHHMaHHe k xch3hh paSoqero icaacca b jiBiepaType CparcxHX pecnvOAHK. nHiueT: «£cah npo33HKH Ka3axcTaHa Moryr yxa3aTb paa pOManoB h noBecieS, uocBaiuCHHbix, uanpHMep, Te.ve H3o6pa)KeHHs wh3hh pa6oqero xaacca, to b XaawHKHCTaHe ao chx nop He co3aaHo hh oanoro xpyrmoro npoHSBeaeHHa o MoaoaOM paSoieM xaacce pecnyfiJiHKH, b yKpaiiHCKOil— croab SoraToS TaaaHTaMH— AHTepa-rype 3a nocaeaHee spe.Ma rowe HeT 3HaqBTeabHux npo- H3BeaeHHlS Ha ary Terny. B raTapcKofi AH-repaTyDe hh B np03e, hh b n033HH Her 3anOMHiiaiomerocH o6pa3a coBe-rcxoro pa6oqero, a oua HtieeT xuifl PoMaH T. MycpenoBa «npo6yiKaeHHbifi Kpafi» noCBHiueH HCTopHH xa- paraHaHHCKOropyaHHxa. Abtop npaBAHBO noica3biBaeT Haqaao pafioru npo- .MbiuiaeiiHbix npciinpHninfi b KaparaHae, HCTopHnecxyio apyx<6y Mextay IipHeXaBUlHMHTyaa pyCCKHMH H K33axCKHMH pa66HHMH, pocT HHTeAAHTeH- 11BH. A poMaH T. Mycia<t)HHa cKaparanaa* noCBHiueH noxasy hhoto nep«- oaa, nepHoaa noccTaHOBACiiHa coBeTcxofl KaparaHau. B poMaHe BeaeTca peib 06 yxpenAeHHH xa3axcxoro pa6oxero xaacca, peopraHH3aiiHH h noai>- eMe npoH3BoacTBa yroabHoro SacceSna. Abtop rayOoxo h aeTaAbHO H3yina Ty >xii3iib, xOTopyx) 3aavMaa oiincaTb. fly™ pocra » noabeMa xaparaHaHH- ckoh yroAbHoif npoMUuiAennocTH noxa33Hbi b ero KHHre apxo h npaBaxBO. riepea raaaaMM qHTaTeaa nocTeneHHo CTHpaeTca h OTerynaer cTap'oe, Tepaa OfiHy 3a apyrofi cboh no3HUHH, MeHaOTca camjR o6ahk npoMtic.TOo h no- creneHiio BupacTaeT ropoa Kaparanaa — poaiioe aemme coBeicxoft BAacTH. HeB3pa'mbifi pyaHHK, xoraa-To fipomeimuii cbohmh xo3aeBa»iH, oxpaHHBiroiil- ca TaxiiHii oaHnoAxaMH, xax Epmok, craHOBHTca 6oAbiu«M coupeMeiinUM npeanpaaTHeM, C03Ae xoTopo'o BhipacraeT KpacHBbifl cobctckhRropoa. 3axo- HOMepHOCTii counaAHCTHMecxoro pocTa acHo bhaiiu He TOAbxo bo BiieunieM BHae ropoaa, ho 11boflAHxe AH)aeii. CTpoHTeabCTBOM KaparaHaw pyxoBOaHT KoMMyHHCTHiecxasj napTHH. UapTHSHOe pyxOBOaCTBo b stom poiiane pacxpbiTo 3HamneAbno yaamiee, *HBee h 9HeprHMHee. qeM b «lUHraHaxe». riHcaTejib noxa3HBaeT naprHii- Bbix paCoTHHKOB b ryiuc Hapoaa.
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«HB2CT ceCsi xpyroM y3xo jhixiiux tcm. Era HMnyjibCOM hbjihctch CB»3b c napoaoM. HiiAHBKAya.TbuocTb CBoero TajiaHxa oh pa3Biniaei jbohko: oh co- hcpuicHcxByeT b ceCe to nepTU, Koiopue b iieM HaiiOoJice cii/ibiibi or npn- h—BMBcre c TCM—TaKiie H3 3THX iepr, Koiopue b hcm naH6oaec iiciiHvu napoaoub9. IaaBHaa oco6ciiHocrb tbop'icctbh ['. Mycratfrima Taxwe 3aKJiKmaeTc« B npoH3BCA6HHHX T. MycTa(l)iina WH3Hb n0K33aua b abidkciiiih. C ray- CoKoil ncpoi’t b fiyaywee nucarejib Mo6HJiH3yer bojuo HHTaTeaa na upeoao- jieHiie Bcex nperpan 11a nyra x KOMuyiaisuy, on noAHUMact BawHtie abb iiapoAa Bonpocu hpa3peiuaeT hx c totkh 3pennB hhtcpccob HapoAa. H ren- AeHiuifl, HHAeaaiB miciiTCJia Hciibi, 01111 cBHACTeabCTByiOT o napoAHOCTH ero rBOpaecTBa. PacxpuBaa Bcpxbi KOBaxopcTBa, npHcyiuHC coBCTcxoMy >iejio- xexyi micaTe.xb yam rpaKAaii HaincB CTpaHbr caMooTBepwemioMy caywe- hkh) poAHHC, HHTepccBM CoBCTCKoro rocyAapcxBa. 3to lie 3Hamrr, OAiiaKO, hto rafinaeii MycTaipim nnoaiic TBOpaecKH PHaH6axecPc.xa6h?M MecxoM cro paCkra Bee emc ocraeTca Kouno3MUHB. KoHtfuiHKTbi ero npoB3BeACHKfi lie Bceraa pacxphiBaxiTCa c wiohchkoBy6e- .IHTCJIbHOCTblO. ClOlKeT llCpCAKO SblBaeT HeAOCiaTOHHO C06pailllblM. A STO B cbok) 0’iepcAb BCACTiiiiofl pa3 HK ciiHweHHio peaaH3Ma o6pa30B cro npo- 113BCACHHB. . O&nememioe pa3pemeime paaa ko>[(|>jihktob, KOTOpoe cme hmcct mccto b poMaHax T. Mycraijimia, Taxace KapyluaeT xoMnosHUHOHHyio uejiocxHOCTb Bonpocu riinH3aiiHH hbjihiotch ajih nucaTe-ia TeM yiaciKOM ero TBop- HCCTBa, Ha XOTOPOXI OHAOAWeH 3aOCTpHTb CBOe BHHMHHHe. B cro nocaeAHKX xmtrax bhboahtcb paa oaiioTHnHux nepcoHawefi. 3aMeaaeTca cxoactbo noway o6pa3aun BaBTeHa («Kaparanaa»), Kafibmia («UlHraHax»), Beflceiia (<Ma.iuiHOHep>). Hepe3 3th o5pa3U niicaxeab xoaer noxa3aTb ynpaMux JieHTaeB. KOTOpue dpeMaica npowHTb iiaaapoBiAHHy h bo ito<5u TO HH CTaAo yBiuibHvrb or paSoTU (<T3M, rae acrxo, ohh BHHsy. ™“ >rje Taweao, ohh HaBepxyx). KawauB H3 hhx b otac.tbhocth noxa3aH WHBO H Bblpa3HTe.lbH0, 110 CCAH CoCpaTb 3T1I 06pa3U H3 pa3HUX KIIHr BO- cahho h nonpof5oB3Tb cpaBHHib Meway co6ofi, mowho hcho yBHadb hx pa- 3HTC.TbH0CCXOACTBO. B HSBecTHofi Mepe hoxoikh apyr Ha apyra XaH ai (*MnaaH0Hep») h Apaax (<Kaparaiiaa»). Hm aaiiu h HexoTopue o6uiHe 6iiorpa$H'iecKHe 'lepra. Ohh o6e aocpomio oxanmiBaiOT 3ao>mue imcTHTyru, 3ao>iHO yaaTca i) acnupaiiTypc n ycneumo nHiuyT aHccepTaaHH. MefipaM, lie 6paBuiHlt b py- kh khhth na npoTaweiiHH MeTupexcoT crpaHHU poMana, b kohhc cro Towe iiBmeT AHCcepTaumo. Bmahmo, y aBTopa ocoCoe npHcxpacTiie x HaaejieHHio cbohx repoeB xaHanaaTCKHMH cTeneHHMii. ------ b npoH3BeaeHHnx r. MycxacpHHa BCTpeaaiOTCH 9nH3oau, b ..oTopux Haea nepeaaeTca lie vepe3 jiHTepaTypHHii o6pa3 b ueaoM, a b BHae npaMofi peni repoeB. caoBaMH, hoxowbmh Ha Jicoynni. Peib npeaceaaTeaa Kcaxosa XoMapTa Ha cofipaHHH b KOHae pouana «rMHAAiionep», nocBaweB- \"«• OxrfiOpbCKHMTopjxecrBaM, h peib MeBpaua b ----- ------ * ----- — 4xyuni>. cn -M„ 1952. crp. 261.
waira «Kaparanaa», nocnaiueiiiia 10iioBoft weseaiioiiAoporn,0'ieHi. iiozowh opua na ppyryio, naiibi Tpa(|iapcriibi. Ojuiiiko I'hOhagh MycradiHH micaTesb pacTyiuafi, nocscpyiomee H3 cro npOH3Be- JiemiAnpeactaaaaeT co6oii mar i HapopHocTb TBOpTCciBa T. MyCTa<|)HHa o6HapywHBaerca ho tosoko b iWefiHOMcopepwamm era npoii3Bepe!iiiii, nohb hx a3biKC. BcbohxpoMaiiax. paccna3ax, nbecax r. MycraipiiHuiapoiai n<«ib3yercH OoraTcrBaMH HapopHofi pen:. On yMeeT SactaBHtb nawporo cBoero repon roBopHTb caoBaun, coot- nercTByiouiHMHera npocjieccHH, xapaioepy hnosoweiimo. 33uk nHcaresa 110- HflTeHumpoKOMy HHTaTCJiioh 6oraT ii3o6pa3ifTeahHHMHcpepcrBaMH. Bo3bMeu pan npiiMepa peaenyio xapaKTcpHCTifKy rjiaenoro repos po- Masa «UInraiiaK». UlHranaK Bcerpa roaopst npsMO, He MacKHpys cbohx aaMcpeiiHfi, pe3Ko h KaieropniHO. Era mucsh cbcwh, pen. 6oraTa h copep- maTejibHa. riHcaie.ib ofioramaeT peib Illm-aHaKa iiapopHMMii norocopKaMii aKpusaTbiMHc.aoBaMH. Myppbie pciH MHoro BHaaBuiero b whshh UlHraua- xa aaxBaTUBaioT miTaxcas. «Ecrb jih Tyr kto, komv otcu aaa, ecrb jih xyr kto, BiipeBuuifi, mto eMy paaiir* — rosopHT oh, npoca pa3peui«Hsa tiepeHO- ■ leBaTb. Korpa LLliiraHaK ocTaiioBHitca y Kailua, a tot ne names >ieM era yrocTHTb, cTapHK cKa3as: «fycb wapeer, Korpa naceica na xpaee, a Kopmyn wiipeer ot toto, kto liawpaiics. Mis we HeKopiuym». «He rosopHo 3a3HaB- mcMca, roBopH o pacrepmiuieMcat; «He roBopii 06 yromeima, roBopn o po6- |iom naMepeHHH* Ecsh UlHranaK iish >KaKun, xopomo 3HaioiuHe HapopHufl B3hiK, otsh- \"aioTca BesHsaBUM KpaciiopciHCM, npHcyiUHM crapuM siopaM, to XoMapi ia'oMpeewflpbapMoMpaan3oroBBarp.HMByacitoaT<}b>nHH3aBebcT6HoosbflmuHeHpCeTBkeiihcwBoheiMjmroiiBtOupkHotm.rsEacpsKhO,mHoe- nuxopa 3a npepesu nopM SHTepaTypHoro H3bwa, to psa XyMafiaa. h Bail- TCHa xapaKTepCH npocroS, rpyGoBarua souk avsbHbix Ka3axoB. riHcaTesi, yMeeT paTb noiyBCTBOBatb >iepe3 peaeayio xapaiaepHCTHKy pa3SHaaa Mew- ay siopbMH: hx ofimecTBCHHoe nosoweHHe, B03pacT, KysbTypHbifl ypoeeHb h HHpiiBHpyasbiibifi xapamep. Ho peasiicTiiaecKH B0cnp0H3B0pa pern cbohx repoes Ka3axoB, r. My
ch raHHOH, 3a3HaBuicMycd— so He6a py- KClfi flOCTaTb*. i cupofi 6epe3i k BUTomiT, 6caa H H3 JKCCTOKoroMeJioBexa riHCaTeai. OTBOflHT I iihx oOwiaeB. UlyTJiHBbi (afiracbj) —Bee aro noMoraeT pacxpuraio oopa30B nepcoHawea. OaaaKO r. MycraijHw He yfle-MCT aoeTaroiHoro bhhmbhhb npoueccaM P33BHTHH a3Hxa, TeM 3HaraTeabiiuM H3MeHeHHaM, KOTopue npoHcxoaar a acm b HacToamee Bpebia. noatoMy repon iwcaTeaa, xuBHb Koropux cr ................. . _ , e HaOjnoaacTcs. 3to in MycTaitiHH HCflocTaToino npHcayuiHBaeTca k oco6eHiiocTHM a3MKa coBpeMcmiofi MoaoaewH. A h3hk Haul c kawauM toaom Bee Sojibuie a fio.ibuie pa3BHBaeTCH. TaaBHUMH ocofieHHOCTHMH HHAHBHAyaabHoro nouepxa T. MycTa<])HHa bbjkiiotch: CTpeM-ieHiia k KOMnaKTHbiM npeajioweHHHM, nepeaaqa 6o/ibUiHX Mbicjiea MaJiMM KOAHiecTBOM cjiob, yMCHHe nepeflaTb iuupoxyx> KapTHHy XH3HH uepe3 neSojibiucfi 9uh3oa. CaeayeT CKa3aTb, hto nncaTeab aaaexo He Bceraa ucnoabsyer sth cboh ocoCeHHOcTH. Oh cxyn b nopTpeTHux xa- paKTepHciHKax. B ero Kimrax BCTpeuaeTca Majio ueaocTHbix nopTpeTos nep- coHaxteR. riopTpeT no 6oai,uieS iacTH 3aMCHaeTcs aerxHMH Ha6pocxaMH.. uiTpaxaMH: «iepHoycbift xiirHTs (EpMeK), «no.iHbifl, iieSoabworo pocTa, bo- aocbi c npoceabKW (Kosaob), «CTpofiHufi uiaTen> (MefipaM). Pa3yMeeTC!i, Mbi aa.ieKH ox Mbiam, mto6m coBeTOBaTb nucaTeaio co3aaBaTb noapoffooe MHorocrpaHUMHoe omicaHiie HapyxHocrn Kaxaoro repon, npeaBapsHoiaec ero noHBJieHHe h aeficTBHa. «He.ib3» nHcaTb nopTpeT repon Ha uejiwx ae- cnra CTpaHKnax, flaTb ero oImihk, ero pocr, CKa3aTb, xaxoft oh H3 ce6n, h noTOMnycnaft 3TOTrepofi HaiHiiaer aeficraoBaTb. 3to— HenpaBH.ibHbiR Me- Toa. 3ro He aaHHMaTcabiio, He cueimiHO, noroMy hto ctoht Ha MecTe. 3io ciaTHKa. ilopiper repoa aoxwen npOHBHTbcnH3 caMoro aBHXCHHH, Gopbfiu, BCTOHKHOBeHHHX, BHOBCHCHHH. riOpipCT B03HHK3eT H3 CTpOHCX H MOHtpy ctpoMKaMH, Mcxay c.noi!3MH, rohmiikhc-t nocTeneHiio, H nrraTeab yxte ca:-i npeacraBuneT ero cefie 6e3 Bcnxoro onncamia*,— roBopHT AaeKceS Toa- B TBopiecTBe T. MyCTa<t>HHa ecTb cboh HeaocraTKH, ho oh—nHcareab pacTyiuHfi. Ecjih npocaeaHTb ero TBopuecKHH nyTb ot tiepBux paccica30B ao nocaeanero poMana, to mojkho acno yBHaerb, mto, iuar 3a uiaroM ocBaHBaa MeTOa coUHaaHCTHHeCKOro peaaH3Ma, aDrop nocreneHHo ocBo6o)naaeTCH or upHCymHx ero TBopiecTBy HeaoHeroB, ero TaaaiiTxpenHCT, cthul CTaiiOBHT- ra CBoeoapee h ap'ie.
ACKAP TOKMAPAMEETOB TBop'iecTBo Acnapa ToKMaraMfieroBa, oaiioro «3 bhahux noaToo, bhbc- iiinx 3Ha'iHTCjibiibift bkjisa b paaBimie Ka3axcKofl coBercKOH jiHreparypu. ntuibayeTOfl 6o.iuuoii nonyanpiioctbio cpeaii imipoxijx iiapoaHbix Macc. riosi c nepBbix jier pcbojuouiih BocneBaeT couHaancTimecKyio aeficT- BHTeJIbllOCTb. OTK.HIKaeTCa Ha Bee IICTOpHHCCKlie H nOJIHTHIBCKHGCOSbilHHB IKB3HKiiameil CTpaHbi. XapaKTepiioft ocofieHHocTbio Toop'recraa A. ToKuaraM6eroBa aBjiaerca Bpxan no.iiiTHuecKaa 3aocTpeHH0CTb ero npoH3Bcaennfi. 3ro—nornmne- cxaa JiHpiiKa CH.ibHoro arirramioHHoro 3Ky'ianii», c npiicynuum eB xyao- KecTBeHHbi.Mii npHBMaHH, HfleBKoBna- cumemiocTbio h apno BbipawemibiMii
Mar»M6eT0Ba mijiHoe mccto aamiMaioT tpmhuhh ycrooro nosrmecKoro TBopieCTBa crapofi uiko.ih, coxpaitii8iunccn no chx nop b naMHTH AlOAeR, KOTopue h nonuue JKHByT Ha poAHiie nosra. Ha TeppHTopmi Ka3aAHiicKoro, KapMaraiHCKoro, Tepciib-y3flKcnoro. BruioTb no HiuiiiKCKoro h fliihi-KvpraiiCKoro, paRonoB K3Ha-0pamiCK0it oO •laCTH b CBoe npcMfl Bbipocjia uenaH rueiwa Tajiairr.nHBbix noyroB, co3jiaB- iuhx CBoeo6pa3iiyio nosTHaecKyio umony. Oaiiiim H3 nepiiwx ee npeacraBM TPaeii Obiji OMap UIopanKOB. K coBpeMeHHHM nnejcTasHrcaaM sroft rpyn- nu iiostob mowho oraecra KyaHUuia BaihiaraM6eTOBa. Oco6emiocTbio stoRnosTHiecKoR uiKo.ibi 6nao to, hto ee npeACTaBHTe- jih hoith Bee 6uaii rpaMOTHbiMH. Ohm micajin cthxh h nonyjtHpH3HpoBa.nc hx cpeflH Hapoaa, C0CTfl3ajiHCbMeway cofiofi, crapascb OTAHwrbcsi oparop ckhm KpacHope'iHeM, ocrpoyMiieM, Haxoa'iHBOCTi.io, co3aaBa.iH necHH-jKhipbi. lOMOpHCTHaecKiie KynaeTb! h lacTyuiKH Ha OuTOBue TeMU. riosTH 6uah xo- pomo 3iiaK0MH c KJiaccHaecKofl JiHTepaTypofi y36eKCKoro, TaaxoiKCKoro H TvpxMeHCKoro HaponoB. TBopaeciai ocBaHBan hx ayauiHe o<5pa3au, ohh co3- Aaunif nostro, cioxemie neciiH, 6acHH, cthxotbophuo ckh3kh. Hx npoH3- EeaeHHH koa.hckthbho o6cy«najiHCb h TuiareabHo OTaeauBaancb b xyao; wecTBeHHOM oTHomeHHH. HaxoaiHBOCTb, ocTpoTa h TOiHOCTb BbipaweHHii OTaii'ia.TH 3thx M03T0B. ^IpaMaTH3M cioweTa noaM, ray6oKoe coaepataHHe KOpOTKHX CTHXOB Xap3KTCpH30BaAH HX TBOpieCTBO. BcroMmian cboh nepBbie AHTepaTypHbie yBjieiCHHH, A, ToraiaraM- Seros PHcaa: «Oien moR yBAenajica CTHxaMH, HHoraa caM cohhhsa hx. Oh 6bia CoabUiHM aioSHTeaeM anmecmix hosm, ycepaHo co6«paa hx h 6epejx- ho xpaHHa b nepenaereHHbix nannax. IIo3)Ke, xoraa a Hay-maca rpaHOTe, > oh noaoary 3aciaBJina mchh HHTaTb sth nosMH ocayx h caM caymaa hx c rjiy6oKHM BimMaimeM. B to BpeMsi b K3mji-OpahhckoR ofiaacTH 6uao mho ro iiostob: OMap UJopasKOB, KaHAuOKycyn, KeTe-JKycyn, AairnypyH 11 apyrne. B ociiobhom ohh yBAeKaAHCb aRnacaMH. S cnHCbina.i hx npo«3Be- AeHHH h 3a'iHTbiBajca hmh. Mhoto CpOAH.T h h no ayaaM BMecTe c nosTaMH HMnp<)BH3aT0paMH H neBUaMH*HCnOJlHHTejIHMH»*. nosTHaecKoe cocTH3aHiie A. ToKMaraMCeToaa c KyaiibiuieM BafiMaraM- 6eTOBUMb 3araanax, ero cTHXOTBopeHHe o Gcahocth, o cxynoM6ae JKaHxo- Gt-Jie cosAaHbi iimchho b CTHjie HapoaHofi aKUHCKofl no33HH. 3aHMCTByn r.ivOoKO HapoAHuR caTHpHiecKHfi CTH-Ib npeflCTaBHTeAefl stoS hosthhcckoh iukoam, oh lie orpaHHHHBaACH paMKaMH hx TBopHepTBa, a o6oraiaaa sth TaKHM o6pa30M, onpeaeaniomitM MoMeiiTOM b TBopiecTBe ToKMaraMOe- TOBa HejIbBH CHHTaTb TpaAHUHH CTapofl nOSTHHeCKOfl 1UKOAU, KOTOpoR OH yB.ieKajicn b iiaiaae CBoefl AeHTe-ibnocTii. no3*e, xorAa oh yiHAcn b co- botckoR uiKOJie,' 3H3KOMHACH c pyccxofl AHTepaTypofl, c n033Heii A6aa, c npoH3BeAeHHHMH nepBux npeACTaBHTejiefl coBeTcxofi AHTepaiypu, t3khx. xax C. CefiipyAAHH, B. MafiAHH, H . flwaiicyrypoB, C . MyKaiioB, b ero TBop- ■ lecTBe npoH30iuAH xopeimbie H3MCHemiH. MHoro.neTHHH pafioTa b. peAaiiUHiix pecnyS.THKaiicKHX ra3eT CxaronpH- btho CKH3a.iacb Ha TtiopiecKOM pocTe hosts. noBuiuan cboR o6uieo6pa30Ba- TeabHbiR ypoBeHb, ok He nepecTaeT yiiHTbca y jiyiuiHx npeACTaBKTejiefi pyc- ckoR AH-rcpaTypu. Bu/iamiUHecH tbopchhh ka3cchkob pyccKofi H033HH. TaAaHT.aHBHX nos- tob coBeTCKoR snoxH—A- BeAHoro. B. MaaKOBCKOro, A. Be3biMCHCKoro— cK33biBaiOT orpoMHoe HAefiHoe h xyAOwecTBeHHoe n.iHsiHHe Ha 110331110 A. ToKMaraMtieroBa.
A. ToKMaraMOctOB na'iaa micaTb cthxh c 1921 tojia. Ilcpnoe npoiiniu-- •* Karopoe oh ony&nHKosaji a 1925 row a raacrre «EiiGcKiui KaaaK- ixoTBOpeHiie «riopTpcT Jleinma*. C aroro iipoMcnu cthxii, popmm. r, (fceJibeToiihi MOJioaoro aBTOpa nocTonimo nvG.om<yioTcn b raacnix «EH6eiuui k aK». «JIeHiiimiiJi wac», n wvpnaae «Oac6hot acmeiicKyccrno>. fro cthxh ii nosMU H3aanajiiici. OTaeawiuMH KHaraMii. a iicpBUil cfiopiiHK ctiixob «Ilecnb o Tpyae» bhuicji b 1928 row- C \"rex nop on nunycraji b cbct fiojibuie ABaiinaTH OTaejibHbix H3aamin cbohx cthxob, rn.ee « now. H36paiiHue npoH3BeAeima A. ToKMarauGeTOBa bhiiuih b 1953— 1956 ro- i:iaax.pyB~CCK-1O-9-M5-8H3rboIwKe. H3(3paHHbic CTHXOTBopeiiHH A. TonMaraM6cTOPa A. ToKMaraMfieTOB bbahctch aBTopoM noaM: cHa yaimax Bepainia», cCthxh o pajiocTH*, «C.iobo, iianucaimoe Kposbio*, «15aTbip Aah>, *Hcna- hh»», (EAHiiaa ceMba*. «KpacH03HaMemiuA awafiany*, «CKa3aii»e o BC.iwKa nax» h «BecHa arpoHOMa*. Ero paccKa3u h ipcai.eToHij nocroamio ny&iH- xyiOTCH B ra3eTax k ;i<vpiiaaax. H m HamicaHhi' raxwe Apaxia «Xa3per Cya- A. ToKMaraMfieTOB npHHaAAeJKHT k »wcjiy rex tiobtob, kotopwe pa3- Hoo6pa3HeMtcm h x<anpoBcbohx npoH3BeAcinnl bkocht3iiamiTeahHbifi iiK-ian b xa3axcKyio coBBrcKyio aarepaTypy. riapTHa h npaBHTeabCTBo bijcoko oueHaaa 3acayra A. ToKMaraMGeTOBa b pa3BHTHH coBeTCKoii AHTepaTypu, HarpajWB opaenoH TpyaoBoro KpacHoro 3aaMeHH b 1939 rosy h opaeHOM OreqecTBeHHOli BOilnu 1 creneHH b 1945 roay. B 1955 roAy oOmecTBeHHOCTb pecnyfiaaKH OTMeraaa 50-aeTae co am powaeHHH A. TOKMaraMGeroBa. TBopnecKiifi nyTb A. ToKMaraM6eTOBa, neBua comia.-iHcninecKofi aeii- crBHTeabiiocTii, OTMenen neyroMHMUMH noarimecKHMH HcxaHiisMn. B npoH3Beaemiax paaaero nepHoaa oh BocncBaeT b ochobhom cbo6oa- iiyio x<H3Hb Ka3axcK0H OeaiioTU, nocae BcahkoA Okth6plckoA peBoaiouiia ________ _e noSeabi b KJiaccoBofi GopbGe iipothb GaeB. rio3T, nupoc- a fleanoft KpecTbHHCKoil ceMbe, 6nji xopoiuo3H3K0M c ropbKoA cyAtiGoA KasaxcKax 6cahhkob, oGpeieiiHHX b npoui-noM tia waaaoe cymecTDOBaime. h nosTOMy Taa Bocropwenno BOcnpiiHjj.fi CBofioay, Koropyio npimccaa iim coBeTcKaa aeacTBHTcabiiocTb. rioaTOMy biiojihc ccTecTBeimuM (iBxaerca tot naTpiioTH'iecKiiS naipoc a Ta xyaoHtecTBeimaa KoiiKperaocTb, KOTopue OT.iHaaiOT ero cthxh 06 ayabiibix TpyweHHKax. BuBume GaAcKHe na6amj, nacryxH, cayrH, CTaBiime iibmc paBHonpaBiibiMii naenaMH oGmecTBa,—jiio- 6iiMbie repoH no3TiinecKHX npoH3BeaeiiHfi A. ToKMaraMGeTOBa. IIost otoG: pawaeT KAaccoByro 6opb6y b K33axcK0M ayae, poct oCinecTBeHiio-nojiiiTir- “ICKOrO caM0C031iaHHH II 3KTHBHOCTH Ka3aXCKHX TpyaaWHXCH B TaKHC MO- MeHiw, aaK nepeaea naxoTiiux h ceHOKOCiiux jtoahA, KOH^pcR'auiiH HMy- mecTB GacB, 3aroTOBKH x.rrc6a h t. a- IIo3t noKa3HBaer b cxiixax, mto tpy- AaiuHeca GeAHHKH, pyKOBOAHMbie KoMMyHHCTiwecKofl napTHefl, hk.iimotch onopofi iioboA >KH3Hn b ayae, MTO Bee CTapoe, Kocnoe, KOHcepBaTHBHoe, CBR3aiiHoc c peaKUHOiinoil cymHocn.ro Hcjiana, it'00.7,1.TMio-fituckI!Mil ne- pewiiTKaMH, oBpe'ieiio iia riiGeAb. Tan, b CTHXoraopeminx «BecHa», «JTeTiiccBOycrepimo»io, K«)HanyppKyp3oa»,y«rHanuoR“yvio- TpaKT . WH3Hb 6MBU1HX Gcahukob:
9to cTHxoTBopcimcHanHcano b 1927 roay. Hoar ne orpaKHMHBaeTCfl co- aepuaHHeM, oh pncyeT xapTHHU BeceHHeS npapoau, rapMomipyiomHe c Tpy- floauM piiTMoM. Haxajiacb BeceHiiaa crpaaa, Ha iioahx KpecTbsnie nauiyi, u ayae noaimjiHCb repBbie TpaKTopu. rioaTa HHTepecyer npapoaa He cana no ce6e, a b tcchoB cbh3h c TpyaoBUMH npoueccaMti Hapoaa-co3HaaTeaa. B cbohx ppoH3iieaeHiiiix 30—40-x roaoB noar uiiipe h noAHee oxBaiu- BaeT Tpya TpaxropHCTOB, KOM6aiiHepoB, arpoHOMOB, kojixoshhkob. Oh cBoeapeMeHHo i.oaMenaeT Bee to HOBoe, mto nponcxoaHT b kh3hh ay.ia. B btom othoujchuh xapaxrepHO CTHXOTBOpeHHCo nepBOM aHe hoboi-o roaa—«Haypy3a»!, kotopuh paiibiue OTMenaaca Xax 3aBepnieHiie xo3HB- cTBeHHoro roaa h na'ia.io hobux 3a6oi h xaonox no xo3HficTBy. Tenepa noar BKaaauBaeT b aro noHHTHe hobuh CMwca, Hosyio iiaeio. KpecTbane- CeanaKH b aHH «naypy3a> lie AOBOjibCTByiOTcs npa3AHHMHbiM seceabeu c TpaaHUHOiiHbiM yromcimeM 6ec6apMaKOM (BapeHOii 6apaHHiiofi), a BMecre c HOBbiMroaoM HaiHHaiOT HOByio ixH3iib, BCTynaa n apTC.'iMu oTMeaaa ero BUXoaoM Ha BeceuHe-nojieBue pafiOTbi: ‘Moaoaoii, He o(jiopMHBUinSca noaT eme toraa (1926) xopoino noiiaa raaBHoe Hanpasaeiiiie hoboRwibhh b ayae, rayOoxo ocMbicami, no caacrte Tpy*eHHKOB3aaowcHOb coimajiHCTH'iecKOMxo3afiCTBe. B noa3HH A. ToKMaraM6eTOBa mojkho 'lerxo npocaeaHTb, Kax pa3BH- BaeTCa couHaaHCTHaecxaa x<H3Hb b ayae h xax BMecre c Hefi pacTyT re- poH—npocThie coBeTcxHeaxiaH. B cnixorBopeimax xHobuB aya», «Maax», «3aBTpa», «yaea», HanHcaimbix b 30-e roan, oroGpawcH xoaxo3HbiB aya,' rae ecTb TpaxTopu, KOMSafuiu, cetuixH h rac aaBiio orxa3aaHCb ot crapwx npiiMHTHBHUx MeTOAOB3eMaeaeaHH, rae cbo6oahuA neaoBex o-aa xo3skhom JXH3HH, 3eMaH, Tpyaa. Btbkhx rpox3BeaeHKflx, xax «KacxeaeH», «Ulayabaep», «Ha crpawea, a Taxjxe b nosMax, oiepxax h paccxa3ax, HanHcamibix b 1934—1940 roaax, noxa3biBaxiTC(i xoaxo3hhkh, iioiiue a mm, xoTopwe ycneuiHo ocBamaioT nyCTMHii. npoBoaxT b hhx xaHa.au, BiicapaioT b npoH3BoacTBo nocaeaHHe AOCTWKCHHH CeabCKOX03dfiCTBeilllOil HayKH K TeXHHKH. B rpOH3BeaeHHHX nocaeayiomero nepHoaa (1940—1955) -xFlecm o BeCHe*, aflem—bxoaxo- 3C», checHB o 3epHe», «KoM6afm», «Becna arponoMa*— noaT aaer HOBue xapTHiibi TpyaoBbix CyaHefi KOaxo3a, noaBHroB aHiaeR Tpyaa. C paaBiiTHeMHauiero oOmecTBa H3MeHneTcft xapaxrcp k o6ahk repoeB noara. 3to y*e He repon cthxob 20-x roaoB: UIoHHxapa, KoH6arap h 384
Wire, Koropwe c s pyKa HMOTUroft KOBbtpjl.ill MH, »eM Macrepa bucokhx ypoiKacri, nepenoriiiKii ce-ibCKOro xoiiti KCTopue BbiCTynaioT b npoH38eaeHHsix 50-x roaon. K<uixo3Hbie MacTepa— Jiio.au c paaBHTMM ofimoorBCiiiiijH coaiai de33aBeTHo npeaaHHbie mrrepecaM napTHH h napo.ua. B ricpnux npo aeH.iax nos.u ero repoii (illoniiKapa, Kofl6arap), pnaocTiio Bocnpmi ^e 6hjihH .IHIlieilb! nepeiKHTKOB. ra, arpoHOMa A.nr6eKaI, KOTOpblfl c 3, noaT piicyer o6pa3 KOMMyHac- pa3BHTIie X03SiiCTBa K laviiibix ocHosax. OfmiccTneiiHo- nO.IHTHieCKIie H3MeKeHMH, npoHCXOiumuiHf croc CTpaiKCHHC b npoH3BeacHHHX A . T0KMaraM6eT0Ba\" B hhx BcecTopomie ii r.iyOoKO pucyeTca KWixo3na;i ikhsiii., repomiecKiiii Tpya kojixo3hhkob. Float cosaacT npnyio ra.iepera peajihcthicckhx oCpa30B ko.ixo3hhkob, no- •TOMiiiTejibHux h oTpimaTOibHbtx. Thkch TaopiecKHii ycncx mowho 061.51c- ' *................ c paHHC------------ ' ---------- - - K'xopouio 3HaKOMoS TeMaTHKe, nepeaacT ayMbi h lacTpoeima (5.ni3xnx cro cepany nioaefi. B ero npoHSHeaeHHHX He ToaaKo aoXHOBCHHo BOCncBacrea co3HaaTejibHHfl Tpya x.'iefiopocoB h ikhbothobo- ob CMp-HapbimcKOii ao.iKHH, ho h ocrpo BbicMeiiaaioTCH, pa3odaa>iaiOT- a nponnaoiiKsi CiopoKp.rriiSMa, aHriirocyaapcTBeHHoro oTiiouieHHa k 06- leCTBCHnoii coficTBcimocTK h apyrHX nepejKHTKOB npomaoro. A. ToKMaramCcroB He orpaKiiqHBaerca Kojixo?Hoii 'iewofi, oh imuieT thxh 11a MeiKayiiaponHyio, o6opoimyio TCMaTHxy, o apyacCe iiapojoB, o ilpywCa HiipoaoB BocneBaeTCR iiobtom kbk bimhuoh cn.ia b ycaouHHX omiaaHCTimccKoro oGmecTBa, r.ivfioKo nvcTHiimaa cboh kophh b neapa toto ofimecTBa («Ean!ian ceMbH», «HepyuiHMan apy*6a» h up.). B cth- OTBopeiiKHX 50-x roaoB, nocBamemibix apy>K6e pyccxoro, yxpaHHCKoro h a3axcKoro impoaon, ii3o6paweHHe repcK'iecKHX, naTpHorimecKHx TpajH- iih coBeTCKoro napoaa noaHHMaeTCn ao Co.ibmiix HaeiiHO-xyaoweCTBeH- nx oOofiiueiiHii. Ho ocodoe noaTimecKoe MaCTCpctBo A. ToKMaraM6eTOBa pcaibiacTCH b npoMBeaeHimx o KOMCOMc.ibiiax. o Hauiefl cobctckoR hmo- ewK, rae iian6o,ice apKO BomiomeHa Kpcn coBeTCKoro narpnoTH3Ma. 3ra cma npoHHO yTBep.iii.iaci> b cro TBOpnecTBC c nepBbix jieT. Hai!6o.iee y/ia'iiibiMii h b hachhom, h s xyaowecTBcmiOM othouichhh 3 CTHXOTBopeHHfi paHHero rrepiioaa aBJisiovcn: «IlopTpeT JleHHHa*, crli «niiCb«o OatiiMbi k 6pe-\"' ' » , «yiamnScat, «OrBeT «Komc «3ami WemCep. B 3THX cTHXOTEopcimnx most nona-iunae- aiieprHio, caMooTBepweHHuii I,TpcoyuaHaarHcpCoTiHuHMC,CKoro oSmecTBa. Ce 3t cTapaeTCsi nepeaaTb ot hmchh MMMUMsaao^M.'K «M e o M0.10a0M_n0K0.1e.iHH crpoHre. 13T B03BDauiaeicH hov.j. He cjiyqaRHo b nepBoe we aecatHaeiHe opnecTBa A ToKMaraM6eroB 6u.i Ha3Ban JiiirepaTypHoii oCiucct- Cthxh MyixccTBeHHbix aeByuixax 0aT„ Me Cay.ie™cK)x!cthuc JinpHneCKHe cthxotbopchhh o KpaciioapMeiiueB, Maplu ByaeHHoro. iianacaHHbie c Oojib 385
jioaewbio h CTajni ec jikiShmumh neCHJiMH. TepoimecKHS naifcoc h iwaMCHHaa crpacTb no3Ta o6orama»>r naeiiHoe coaepwaHite h xyaoweciBeiiHbie ocoGchhocth ero TDopiccTBa. noaaBirao napoAHaa npociOTa, jiy3biKanbiiaa Bupa3Hre.ibHOCTb. 6oraTCiBo »3hkobhx npacoK, rayCoKHH aapH3» b coacTaHHH c roparaxi KpacHopcaacu cociaB- .ibbot xapaKTepHyio ocnoBy iiosTiiaecKoro MacrcpcTBa A. ToxMaraMOeroBa. /lnpimecKoe cTiixoTBopeiiHe A. ToKMaraMSeroBa o aCByuixc Oaniue (1926 r.) npaoCpc.10 uiHpoKyio H3BeciHocrb b napoae. B hcm pacKpuBaera ci'peMAcmie Kfl3axcK0Haeoyiiixii k ahwoS cbo6oac, k paoiionpaBino, noxa- 3hiBaeica 6opb0a yqameficii MOJioaeiKH iipothb Bpeaiibix iicpkkhtkob nporn- ■PaniMa! 51micbiio noajmua.— C»oDa°c puomn bmp^ k1' He noSaciUb. <Paraxa. b Tonaa, rioaa Opar TBofl saopoe h >krb. lOHOiua yTcuiacT cccTpy, KOTopyio 3a xa.ibiM OTAaioi b wciiu ciapa- Ky, ii OJHOBPCMCMIIOyxopaeT oma, npeaynpeacMH He aeaaTh no3opHoro Taxoe CTOAKiioBCHHe sieJKfly otuom h cuiiom b nepnue roau CobcickoS pjiacTH 6buo oniiHM H3 nponn.ieHHH 6opb6n hoboto co crapuM. rioai no- Ka3b«BaeT coBeTCKyio Moaoaewb Beaymefi HenpHMHpHMyio 6opb6y iiporHB 4>eoAaabHo-6aBcKHX nepeiKHTKOB. B cTiixoTBopeiiHii <Hauia Cay.iea, iianHcamioM no Morariaw pyccKoS necHH«KoMcoMo.ma flyna*. nosT c ropaocrbio BocneBaer Moaoayto xa3ax- CKyio aCByuiKy, xoiopaa, BupBanuiHcb 113 neBo.™, nonyiaer o6parioBannc. CTaHOBHTCB MOAHOlipaBHUM rpaWflailHHOM, aKTHBHbIM X.ICMOM oGlUCCTBa, haxoaHT cboc iiacioaiace caaerhe. Mo-ioaewi,, BocneTaa iioarow, Bceraa BHCTyaaeT opraHHaaTopOM 11 axTHBHbiM CTpoHTeaeM HOBoii *H3im, Bcay- mefl canofi b GopbGe nponiB 6aeB 11 mv.ba. A. ToKMaraMGcroB a b nocjieayxmuix cbohx npoii3BeaeHHHX nocnenaer repoHHecKHe noaBiirn conercKoro napoaa, Koropuft cbohm cosHaaTeJibHUM TpyaoM nepeaeabiBaer wii3iib, ycneuiHo noxopaer cthxhxi. B nonyanpHefl- u:cm b Hapoae CTHXOTBopemtH, nocBameanoM 3aBepuieHHK> CTpoaieahCTBa Typxcx6a (1930), noar noxasbinaer yaapHue TeMnn nepBoii cobctckoS na- TaaeiKH. B 3tom npoH3BOaeHHH npo3Byiaa Hacromwiii ihmh Tpyay: HrpwiT Mycxyau m aapcii
ihx, crpoaniHX HOByio xchshi,. ' '■ B nepHOfl BeJiHKofi OTeiecTBeHiioii noihthi A. ToKMai pMuoiiaAioaBruHofirbauryueopijooihxflo*.Hna«aflr<ep|B>nypouoTHiiKTm»a,e-cC«KBHtaixHfinacTceripiyx»no,JTi«Berioimppoee>mm,iai«ii:iK«p«robipakHn;i3Ko»iai:in«/ani3Kop6pycK»aJcu6io»aB,»*,«,M««lnrlopa--- • pon, nooeaHBUiHe CMcpTb*, «riecHsi o PoaHiie*. « n aoim Moaoflbix KasaxcKHX bohhob*, «J7io6hmo(I», «PaaocTb». 3THCTHXOrBOpeiUdl noCBBiuenhi pasffinmm sn«3oaaM Boeimoro BpeMeim, CoeBue h TpyaOBhie noARiirH cobctckhx aioaefl. B ofliiHx iiHcaTe.ib npii3u- Baer napoa k repoHiecKofi, caMOOTnepiKemioii SopbSe, k nonnofi noSeac naa BparoM; b apynix pacxpHBaeT 6oraTufl ayxoBHbifi Mllp, -THpil'ICCKHC Bi'pewHBaHiia cobctckhx coaaaT, hx rcpoimccKiie noaBKrH Ha (ppoiiTax Otc- aecTBeHiioS boi’ iiu. CnixoTBopeiiHe *.Haeint iie<j>Tb!> nn.-merca oaHH,\" nf*OH3BoaenHH nosTa, b KOTopoM oh lie tojh>ko npH3biBa tbhhkob 3 m6u, ho h yaanio nepeaae’- \"* B 3T0M CTIIXOTBOpeilHH nna.MeilHblfl npH3WB K HecjlTHHHKaM, THeB 11 He- HaBiiCTb k <|>auiHCTCKHM 3axBaTHHKaM nopofi ycTynaiOT mbcto tohkiim box- nyiouHiM \"lyBCTBasi; Tocxe Maiepn no cnocMy cuiiy-conaaTy, .hoShmoB me nu no Mywy-(|ipoiiTOBiiKy. IIost nnuieT: CTiiSoTBopeHHe 3aKJi!o>iaeTcn npH3bipoM: Sojibiue hciJith, KOTOpan iiym- iia hc ToabKo jijih noSeau, ho h' a.'m Sucrpeduiero bocct0hob.ichhh pa3- pyuieHHbix ropoaOB h cea, aaa ynpenaemm MorywecTBa Hamefi Poaiimj, aan cvacTbM 'leaOBeKa. 3to-cwabHoe aniTaiiHOHHoe CTiixoTsopeime—naoa bucokoB Mhic.au, ropnqero cepana H ray6oKHX hjbctb. MHOtiie CTiixoTBopeiiKH A. ToKMaraMScroBa npeBpaTHaHCb b nony- •TBpiibie necini («3auiHTHHK icaacca*, «KpacnoapMeeii», «Haui CBeT», «Pa3, aBa, TpH> h 6oaee ncoaHne — «Ha TypKCnSe*, «Moaoaue bohhu», 6hmoh») . rio3T onHpaeTca b cbocm TDop'iecTae iia Tpaamum napoanux Ka3axcKiix necen, oaHoBpeneHHo yiacb MacrepcTBy y tskhx pyccKHx nos- TOB-neceHHHKOB, KaK B. JleCeaeB-KyMai, A. CypKOB, M. HcaxoBCKHfi. B HCK-OTOpblX H3 3THX CTHXOTBOpeHHft-neCeil 3ByaaT HOBblB PHTSI, tro- Bhlil MOTHB, 3BHMCTB0B3HHbte H3 PVCCKOfi 110331111, HO B TOJKCBpOMHTBOpHCC- kh liepeocMbicaeHiiue, caMoCbiTiibie, HanpiiMop b ci'HXOTBopeHHH «JIio6h- moB», HanHcaHiioM ho MOTHBaM pyccKofl «3acTOabHofi»:
3ra necHH—BOHHyioiuee rmcbMO, HaiwcaHHoe bohhom c (jipoHTa K CBOeii jho6hmoR. B hcm BbipaweH ropHXHfi naipHOTH3M cobctckoto bohh3, ero CTpcMjiBitiic k noOeae, oavxoTBopenHoc rjiy6oKBM, npomiKHOBemiHM yyBCTBOMk jiioBiiMOfl aeByiuxe. 3th cthxh HacbiweHbi saeMeHTaMH hoboR (jjOpMM. KOBOH piitpMbl, HOBOR HHIOHaUHH, HOBOrO 3ByXaHII8, lipmueflUIHX B xasaxcKyio no)3H» h3pyccxofi. A. ToKMaraM6eroB licnoahayer mothb pyc- ckoB necHH jym -roro. xtoSh ccraaatb laKOil tckct Ka3axcxoB necmi, koto- phiB6m eupawaa ayMbi, xyBCTBa Hauiefi MonoaewH. H3EecTHo, xto MacrepcrBO nosra onpeae.inercsi, ripewae Bcero, ero yMSHBCMeo3aaBaTL npaBaHsuR o6pa3 xe-ioBOKa c ero oTHOuienneM k o6- usecfBeHKMM HBaeiiHSM, a TaKwc'Hcno.TiieHHuc xyBCTBa xapTHHu npHpoau. B iiooriiyecKHX rpoiniie.ieimnx A. ToKMaraMfieiOBa HeHaao npexpacnux rrciinawiibix 3apncoBOK. Bor Kapiuua Bexepa b ero nosxie «Ha crpawe*: Host c rayfioKHM BO.raeHKeM BocneBaeT xenoBexccKoe CMacTto, cBer- jivio x-h3ui. MOJioariKii na 4'one npeKpacHofi npHpoau. Oh He npocro pncy- it, a noKasMsaer ee b khboR CBH3Hc cobbtckhm xenoBexoM. Koraa noar nCpaiuuercH k CBoeodpa3Hofi Kpacore H npHxya-XHBHM KaptmiaM Moryxefi C«p flapb!i, EeaHMecTBeimoro Aaa-Tay h A-XTaa, to nepea 'lmaTeaeM He- M3MCUHO bitper o6pa3 TpyaoBoro HeaoBeKa, noKopmomc-ro ary npHpoay. oCBa«8aiomero ee necMetHue 6oratcTBa na 6aaro hoboto couHaancTH'iec- KOro oCmecTBa. Ana nosTa npnpoaa cyuiecTByeT He caiua no ce6e, xaK bo hh o6oco6aeHiiufi MMp, OHa xpacHBa, npewac Bcero, n cb*!3h c ccoHaa- TejibHUiMrpyaOM xenOBexa, c ero WH3HbK) h xvbctbom. CTHXOTBOpeHHe iSiWioroe hhoj>, HanpiiMcp, nocBHiueno roxa3y 6oraTCTB h HenoBTopa- Mofi xpacoTU BoCTCXHOro Ka3axcraHa, rae rpyaarca repoH PyaHoro A-iraa. 3to obho H3 xapaxrepHbix oco6eHHOCTeii .umpaTypu couHaaiicni- xecxoro peaaH3Ma. Kpacory AaTan, Aaa-Tay, KoKxeray, HpTbiuia, Cup- flapwr BOcneaaaK bcsoe BpeMsi h nosnj 6ypwya3no-HaHHOHaJincrHxecxoro roaxa, Haeoaorn 6acB h ij>eoaaaoB, ho b hx H3o6pa>KeHmi npnpoaa oTCTpa- HHJiact ot HCH3HHxe.TOBexa h npcacTaB.iaaacb xaxHM-To aaraaoxRUM He- oObHCHHMbiM mhpom, xaxoR-To cBepxbecrecTBeHHoR chhoR. Ohh npocro juo6onajiHCb STofi xpacorofi, npeicaoHHHCb nepea cmiaMH npapoan. CoBeT- cxne we nosTbi, b tom xHcae h A. ToKMaraM6eroB, ace HBjieHHti npHpoau CfiiiTbiiiaiOTc TpyaoMxeaoBexa, pacxpuaaioT hx cyuiHocTb b cbs3hc pa3yM- Hblrrt BnpeKpacHHMBIiyipeHHIIMMHpOMTBOpUOBHOBORWH3H1I.
now ne aaMbiKaeTcii b paMKax npocioro omicaiina itaprai! npHpoaiii win upoueccOB rpyaa, oh co3aaer croweTHue craxii. Taxiie npoH3BeaeHHn noaia. K.ax « Carman cexiba*, «nepBHfl Mo.ioanan*, «KpacHo3HaMemiMH WKaiijiay*, noaiibi ray6oKoro aiipiuMa a b to we Bpeiun—sro cicwcTiiue erHxii (i iKH3Hii rpy.ioBoro napoaa. OiiooiibiM TBopwcKHM mothbom b .inpiixe A. ToKMaraM6eroBa erca nocncBaiiHe repoH3Ma eoBeTCKoro napoaa. B ero nosimi apxo hijiib- aeHti HOKOTOpuc ocoCeiiiiocin xyaoHiecraeaHOro BbipaweHiia, noarmccKoS o6pa3a coBercKoro waoBexa, otBawHoro HCMe.rcro b fiopb6e, caMooiaep- ckoi'i .nucpaiypbi. QaiiaKo KaHifltJH noai RO-CBoeMy H3o0pawaeT aBjieiuw couHs.mcTii'iecKort aeilcTBHTeabHocTii, Haxoanr cboS nyTb k xyaoacecTBeH- uoMynoKa3y * 1131111. rcpoimecKHc noaB«rn ae.HOCKHHHeB, nanaHtmueB, OTBawmax cobcickrx Tax npocro, no c rayfioKHM hybctboh Bocncna.i on repoioM aioaefl. noxopaioiimx cpeamue npocTpaiiCTBa, nopa h cKeaHbi, cypoByio npiipoay Ceacpa (cTKXOTBopeiiKe «BbicoTa»). noaT ropaurca Tpaamwefi cobctckhx aioac-i., oaimaKOBO npoaaaaio- uieflca h b TpyaoBCM noaBKre crpoHTeaeii hobwx acpor, h b cmc.iom pep- 3aHHH TBOpieCKOH MbICJIH. IlOflBHr COBeTCKHX .1CTMHKOB, BliepBUC B HCTO- PBH 'ic.TOBO'iecTBa iipo.ioiKHBHiHx nyTb aepe3 CesepHu/i ho.hoc. b Hexoio pwx npoH3BeaeHiiax nosTa H3o6pawaeTca xax. CKa3o>niaa aerenaa; stot nepeaet pHcyerca noaBHroM, peaabHUM ro.ibxo a.ia 'le.ione'iecKoii ipw- Bot CTpeMHTe.il Mitpa. HeoaOBH- (aH°KoMeTa, ksk -iyi hoboi-o CBeraor Bcae.aiaymcioixbbbttcoktotcr<oaMcoaMaeOrJ,ienTeap.eKCjeiciinKpaiiioMTOcpaiiboilH3n0o6apaa>iiKr< repon3Macr'ni- Maa kob, TaCTHieCKIIMH MeiTf a3BHTae b ero CTHXOTBOpeimH «Kto :kii3 Mapuipyr*.
B Bonaoiueium cBoero saMMcaa now ncrio.'ib30Baa ohut pyccKofi nos- 3i>ii, no Oua aaacK ot noapawareabcTBa. Oh y«a<iHO H3fipaa npHewu nOBto- peiiHH h noCTOSHHoro HapacraHHH BHyTpeHHero pHTMa CTHxa h aoBnnca hcmhoxhx pc3yjibraT0B: B 3tom CTHXOTRopeiiHH, oTiiHMaiouicMCfl ( ctbom BHyTpeHHero co- AcpwaHHfl h xyyiojKecTBCHHoii (fopMbi, OTTO'ieimocTbio pa()iM, rayBoxoS HHTOHauiiefi HMy3HKaHbHoS BHpasHTenbHOCTbK), Mbicjib Bee Bpexra iiapacra- ct h jiera.-iH3iipyCTCsi. 3aecb nepea hbmh BbipacTaeT BeaHHecTBemiafi oB- pa3 Morywfl PoaiiHu, Koropaa noKopa.ia 3cm.iio h HeBo, nofieaHaa Bpa- roB, nocaraBiuHX na ee ceoBoay, h TBepaofi nocTynbio aBHjKercn Bnepea. TaKoro poaa naTpHOTHHecKHe criixoTBopeima A. ToKMaraMfieroBa 3ax- BaTUBaioT 'iniarcaa bucokoA xyaostecTBeHiiocrbio, CBoeo6pa3Hofi hosth- ■lecKoS HHTOHaiiaeii, apKOii Bhipa3iiTcabHOCTfcio. no3T, ocTasaaCb opnrHHanbHbiM, yMeao HCnoab3yer Bbipa3HTejibHue npiieMMHapofliion n033HH. B cTHXOTBOpenHHX c/JaeiUb Hecjm,!*, «Ktoch-ii.- nee Ha Ke6e?» Hapyrax, HarmcaHnwx c Bo.'ibiuoS 3M0UH0Ha.ibH0« chhoB, opraHH'iecKK coaeiaiOTca HOBbie, HosaTopcKBo npaeMU, c Tpa/uiiwoiiHo-Ha- po/iHoB oparopcKPfl (aeKaaMauHOHHOfi) <t>opMofi Tojiray. HapoaHue <|>op- mm necHH «TaKiiax» (nanoMimaiomHe nacryuiKH) b nosTHiecKOM TBop'ieci- bc A. ToKMaraMfieToba TaxiKe oBHOBaemj. TBopaecKoe ocBoeiiHe Hapoaiio- nosTHHecKiix Tpa/wmiH o6oramaeT xyaoweciBeHiiocBoco6pa3iiyK) <|)opMy iipoTOBeaeimfi nosra. Bcuibiuoe anaicmie a noOTHnecKofi npaKTHxe A. ToKMaraMBcroBa hhc- iot npaeMU noBTopeHHH, KOHTpacTHue conocTaBaeHHH, MV3UKaai.mje hh- /Ian roro, htoBm rayBace pacKpun. TeMy rpyaa, host TaK*e lioab- ayeicn npaeMaMK noBropeHHn k HapacraHHH. /IexciiKa noSTa BoraTa, on xopouio 3«aer poaHOfi h3Uk, HapoaHue pe- A. ToKMaraM6eTOB hbhhctch Bobbihhm h crporHM MacrepoM pni|>MOB- kh craxa. Oh BHpryo3iio Baaaeer HcxycCTBOMcraxocaoweiiHH. Aa.iriTcpamiH h acconaHcu yBejiimHBaiOT xyaowecTBemiyio s^^ckthb- Hocrb ero cTiixa. Mu bhahm b new My3HKa.ibHO-3ByxoByio rapMOHHio cao- IOB, BiiyTpeiiHKHO pH(]>MOBKy c.r,OB, napaaaearoM MucaH a ae#CTBHii: BupawcHHa «noa aynolis, <moa coaimcu*, rapMOHHpyn Meway coBoB iiapaaaeabHofl o6pa3Hocibio, ycnaHBax)T eaHHCTBo BHyTpeHHero 3BynaHHH
si npeapaiuae jieScTBHe Ha ' nosr nHiueT cbo(5oaho h MHoro, oncpaTHSHo otkiiiikiiiicii 11a aan OsaaKo HCKOTopfaie H3 ero cthxob iieeyT Ha ceGe CJienu ciicuikh MaraMfieTOB yMeeT Jia-rb pea.'mcTKHecKHii o6pa3 b R033HH, no b pux ero CTHXDTBOpeHHHX o6o6moHHH HOT, b hhx Iipocro 3apH<|)Mona Maraaiio CKOimpoBaHHbie chaiaN. Tbkhm o6pa30M, p».i ero ctiixoti oKaaiiiBaerca jmuieHHbiM rayBoKoro coaepwaHHa h xyaowecrnc TpoMKiie c.aoBa, puTopHiecKHO Bhipawemis noAMeHmoT b mix nosTi; Mhicab. Xoth H3biK h 3aecb CoraT, oh sto OorarCTBo Hcnoxb3ver p TeabHO. Oco6eHHo hcho sto cKa3biBaercn b crwxax, 1710 host m HCKpmHHecKH npiiMemiTb k HOBOMy coaepacaHiuo TpaaiiuHOHHue cj aapoanofl no93HH. B oahom H3 cbohx cTHXOTBopeHHfl nosr nacaa: (FJodcrp. nepsood) Taxoe narpoMawaeaHe pa3iiope'iHBUx exon h cpaBnenn Ha aeOeflH- TBopemie HeBpa3yMHT0.ibHHM. Pa3Be xyHHaa HOMb noxow line Kpbi.Tba? Pa3Be cnepKan, rpeMsr h rpoMuxaa, noio MOTbird? A. ToKMaraMSeioB Hanncaji paa noaM. 3a He6ojibuiHM HCKjiioqei (iianpimep, «CK'as:un;e 0 nc.imianax»), Bee ohh HanHcaHbi Ha coBpci HueTexiw. 3th noswh! k«.k fibi paapeJitiiOTCs) Ha HeTbipe r^yenu: «Kaiou x caacTbio*, «KacKejteH», «Ha CTpawe*, «nyreBKa b xtH3Hb», «K,pacH03iia- veHHbiii awafiaay*, «BecHa arpoHOMas), •2. O ropoii'iecKKx noaBHrax coBeTCXHX JHOaeS b MHpHoe Bpena h na BOHHe («CTa.HHUCKHfi \\iapiupyT», «BaTMp Anna, «fepoH, noSeAHBuiue csiepTb*, cOosMa o repoax*). 3. O MexsayHapoaiibix coGlithhx («Ha y.nmax Bep.iHHa», «Hcnamni», «Tcmho« homlioj., «Ha peflHCKOM 6epery»). 4 no3Mbi-To.irav («Ha b&jihkom dipoHTea, «KoMcoMoabCKoe caobo», «EorOTCiBo Ka3a.xCTaHa», «riecHH paaocTH*, «YAapHHK h nosr*, «npa- °\"1bCpeaH hhx oco6o DHaeaniOTCH TpH noaMu: «Ha yanuax Bep. fTeMiioft iioHbioa, «CtaaHHCKiiS MapmpyT.. B hosmc Bep.nK- Ha» (1932) A. ToKwaraMfieroB npoTHBonocraBaaeT iBncTca .THCTHxecXHft H coK.'ia.iHCTH'iecKHH. B nepBOfi Haem Ts*e.ian «ii3Hb paSoiH.x 8 CTpaHe. rce roonoacTsyer tpau:ii3M. I'aftoim ofipeMeHu 3aect Ha Hiiineiy h SecnpaBiie. rxyfioKo TporaxeabHU ctpokh, i onKcbiBaaeeTTxccjiaae6rrao.pBe 6e33aimmioft MaTePH h ee pefieiiKa, ocraB ;oropbix r.oaue noKasMBaerca BHyTpCHHee paMOWCHHt 6ypHtya3Horo oGmecToa, ........ riponiB lepsioii peaKUHM BbiCTynaeT t tobht KpoBonpoaHTHyio pj'KOBOaHMHH PepMallCKOfi I OMJJ HHCTimCCh1 KOHKHli pafiovHil “ c SpHCioM TeabMasoM. KanHTaaHCTH'iecKOMy MHpy n npoTHBonoCTaBxaeT^BexH^c^omVb.ii ofipaa eoBercKoro ^ “ ecxoro o6iuecTBa. VcraMH TeabMaHa aerop yTBepwaaer, hto CNnena Cow aseTCH eaHHCTBeHHofl iiaaewHoii onopofl h 3HaMeHewto e 3a CBo6oay h cnacTaH- tom KanHraxH3Ma TpyaoBoro Hapoaa BJTOWH3Hb. 391
OflHano noaxia CTpaaaer h cepbeanbiMH HeAocTaTKaMH: a npoii3Bejc- uhh hct enHiioB CKWKCTiiofi jihhiih ii KOMno3iiuHO«HO0 imjiocthocth. Abtop to onKCUBacT HHiuciicKoe no.iojKcmie CKinaioiHKxcH no yjiHuaM Eep.iima Maicpn HpeCeiixa, to npocTpaiiHo noaecTayci o MHpoBOfi peBO/uoiumh 06 ycnexax Cobctckob cTpanu. H tom He MeHce nosMa «Ha yarniax Bepaa- «a» aBHaacb b cbcc BpeMa 3HaH»TenbHbiMcoeuTiiesi b TBOpiecTBCA. Tok- CioiKCTHyio ocHOBy 1103Mb! «CrajiHHCKHft MapuipyT* cocTanm bc.ih- Kmi noABHr, coBepmeHHbiii oniawHWMH cobotckhmh aeriHKaMH. JToar hc- TopHieCKII flOCTOBCpHOOnHCKBaeT 3T0C06birae. BecnocaflouiiuBncpexcT b Abtepmiy 'iepe-j Ceiiepnwli noaioc no csoesiy >epoH3My He ycrynaoT Jiic6oMy (jiaHTacrnaecKOMy Bu.vujcjy H3 ycTHO-noa- Ti.iieci.oro. (po.ii.iciO|iiioro npoHcaeaeiiHH. 3ro cofibiTOe Bocnean Muortie coBercKiie noaTu. A. ToKMaraMfieTOB yaanio nepeaaer cneuinjmHecKHc xapTHHu npm poabi, cypoBofl cthxhh bo BpeMS nepe.iera (nypra, 6ypa, cypoBbiii Mopo3). no xoay fleflciBiia, ksk 6m b cooraercTBim c HacTpoemiHMH repoeB, host H3MeBaeT h KapraHu npHpo«bi. XapaicrepHa, HanpHMep, Taaaa ceer.iaa
b |)c3yj!i/;me b 31iihcckoH no33HH mu lie BHaiiM ero TBopiecKoro pocTa. Ero nosMU 40-x roaoBMa.no tom or.niinaiorcn ot naniicaHHux b 30-e roau. A. ToKMaraMficTOB H3BecTeH iiiTaTe.naM He tohlko KaK nosT-aiipHK, ho ii KaK caTHpiiK-ijie.nbeTOHHCT. Ero caTKpimecKHe npoH3BeacHHii bhcc.ih 3namiTeabHuB Bxaaa b Ka3axcKyio coBeTCKyio jiHTeparypy. OcoSeHHO no- nyaapHU ero CTHxoTBopHue carnpH'iecKiie (pe.ibeToiibi, b Koropux oh 6k- hvot nepe>KHTKH npoinaoro- G caTHpHKecKOM waHpe niicaTCJiH, KaK H3BecTHo, nucryuaiOT nporKB orpHip.aTeJii-Hbix SB.’iemifi coBpe.Me'HHoS hm wh3hh. B.naro/iapsi TBopnecTBy Kpu.ioBa. TorojiB, CaaruKOBa-UIe.'ipHHa, HeKpacoBa, Rexona, MamoBCKo- ro. R. Bemioro caTHpa b pyccKoii ameparype npeBpamnaCb b 6oeBOfl, BOHHCTByioiUHfi waHp. B KasaxcKOfi awrepaType caTHpil'ieCKaa no33Hn b aHue tzkhx hostob, Kax A6afi KviianCaeB, Ca6HTJoiteinaeB, BenM6eT MaflaHH, H-nuac flxiaii- cyrypoB. pa3BHBaaacb ua o6pasuax pycotoS KaaccHuecKoS caTiipu. B pa3BHTHii caTHpHieCKoro waHpa b Ka3axcKott coBercKoS homhh 6o,ibuiaH 3acayra npiiHaaaeiKHT A. ToKMaraM6eTOBy. O h H3secTeH TOta- Te.U0 KaK MacTep KOpoTKHX lOMOpHCTHTOCKHXHCaTHpHMCCKHXCTHXOTBOpe- Hiifi, ife-nbeTOHOB h 6aceH. 3th ero npoii3Be/remia otjihh3iotck Haefinoft HcaeycTpeMJieHHOCTbio, cii/iofi xyaowecTBeHHoro o6o6meHiia. CoaepJKaitue pro caTHpHTOCKoft no33Hii pa3BHBaerca b TecHOii cb«3h c nauiefl .tci'icibh- le.lbHOCTblO. B nepBue roau peBoaioiiHH. t. e, b cepeaHHe 20-x roaoB, h b na'ia.ie KoaaeKTHBK3auHHcaTHpimecKaa n033iin A. ToKMaraMfieroBa Sana 6oeBUM naeflHUM opywHCM b 6opb6e nporHB ocrareoB BKcnayararopcKHX kksccob —6aea u Ky.naKOB, xoaiKeii h uyjui, npOTHB6yp«ya3Hbix HauHOHa.nucroB. Cbohmh (pcabeToiiaMH h caT«pH>iecKHMH CTHxoTBopeiiHHMH nosT npHHHMaa aKTHBHoe ynacTHe bo Bcex aawiibix MepoiipHHTHX. npoBoaHMux b pecnyfi- JiiiKe noa pyKOBoaciBOM KomMyiincihtockoiI napTHii. K sthm Meponpiis- thkm, npewae Bccro, othocstcs: nepeaea ceHOKoctiux h naxomux yroanfi, pacKpcnoiueHHe weHiuHH, KoHcjiHcKaniia HMymeCTBa y 6aeo, KoaaeKTHBH3a- ima ceabCKoro X03aficTBa. C 1926 roaa Bn.iotb ao nocjieaHHx jict A. ToKMaraM6eroB nyCaiiKy- er cboh (pcaberoHu h carapHiecKHe cthxh b oG.-iac-mbix h pecnytSaHKan- ckhx ra3erax. CoaepiKaHHe ero carapu pa3iioo6pa3Ho h b to Hie opeMii ►OHKpetHO ii 3KTya.ni.no ho siiaqHMOCTH 3arpoHyTux o6mecTBeHHO-noati- THKecKHX tcm. Ee iiaeH Bceraa hpko BupaiKOiiu. B TaKiix cbthpH'iecKHx CTHXoTBopeHHnx, KaK «Myj]jia-cneKyjiHHT», «Koro mu BWTpaB.nneM?», «Ky- uufl», «3aK0H-cyab»», «Bojimohok», «noa03pnTejibHoe iuenT?,iibe», nosr pasofiaanaeT npoHCKH6aeB, Myna H apyrax HOCHTeaeft (beoaaabiiux Hpa- bob. xOTopue 3aMacKHpoBBHHo BucTynaaH npoTHB CobctckoS BaacTH, no- nnpaaH coBeTCKHe aaKOHU. B c6opH«Ke carapHnecKHx h iomophcthtockhx CTHxorBopemifi, ranaii- hom b 1929 roay4, A. ToKMaraMfleTOB rneBHo pa306aaqaer bcskoto poaa B3BT01IHHK0B. nOKpOBHTeabCTByiOmHX 6aaM, KKeBCTHIIKOB, npOBOKaTOpoB, onouianioiuHX h H3BpamaioiHHx hhhhio KoMMyHHCTHMecKoS napTHH h Co- bctckoto npaBHTeabCTBa. HenpHMapHMoe oraouieHMe no3Ta k sthm TunaM
“ CTHxoTBopcHHii: tQuicop'iOBwnafib, «06y3a.iTb B caTHpimecKofi rio33HH A. ToxMaraMGcTOBa aaTparwaaii/nu 11 noniio- ch MOKAynapoaiioH noaiiTHKH. Host k,tc« mht aipc-cimiiijx ..v —|‘C-'im- CTH1CCK1IX XHUIHHXOB, 3aMHUUIHBUIHX nOCHIHVTh 1121 IK‘3aillR'HK<K'Tl, ll'l'llipft POflHHU. B $eabeToiiax 11 ca-rHpH'ieCKiix craxOTBopeiiHBx nocaeayiomiix aor A. ToKMarauOeTOB crapacrcs BUKHraib oiticm caTiipai nopoKii, iiMeiomiie uecio b xaisHH HauiHX OTjeabHbix npeairpiiamu h yapoxaemiii: pacxHiue- HHe o6mecTBeHHofl coSctbchhoctii, oHXOffrHpaTeabCTBO, iicpaaHaoe otho- meiiHe k pafioic, GiopoxpaTH3M, GyMawnyio BoaoxiiTy. Bo mhoihx cboux npoii3BefleiiHHX host GHxyeT ypoaaHBbte aeaemin, Bcrpe'iatouiapcn b iiobb- aemiii OTjcabHUX jiioaeft, HaapHMep, Mopa.ibiio-GbrroBoe pa3aowenHe. oGu- BaTeabumiia, xaeseTHimecTBO, xyamaHcTBo, pacnytiiemioctb. B iiexoropbix «ro craxoTBOpcimax aaiiw oGpa3bi bcsikoto po/ia 6e3acjibKHK0B 11Go.nyiioB, liaHocimnix orpoMiiuii yiaepG aeay. Ilosr BKCMeHBaeT H pa3o0j(aaaer nx nyG.iHMtio, Bi>i3biBaa nceofimee npe3peHae a OTBpamemie k stum ormeneH- U2m Hamero oGwccToa. Coaepwamie caTHpOTeeKHx cTiixoTBopeuxii A. ToKMaraMGeraiia hcho orpaiKaorca aawe b hx HasBairaax: «Xanyra c cyMxaMH*, cjlleBiiTb aeasir», «Cisi>KaTeab», «I<acefiHaa xaTypa*, «Orapbiii 3aTb», «XajiTypuuiK», «Cex- peru a.iaiioro>, «I5o,iryn», «MeCTHOe cjiobo» h apyFHe. Bee 3Tii (JieabeTOHbi a caTiipimecxiie cthxh natiHcanij ocTpo npHHiumHaabHO, c iipxo BbipaweH- iioii iiaemiofi saocrpeHHOctbio. npiiCMbi A. ToKMarauGCTOBa Kax caTapaxa MHoroo6pa3iibi. Tax, na- npiiMC]), on yaaino npHMeaaeT npiieM oayuieBJieHBsi Bemefl. B caTiipii'iecxoM craxoTBOpeMHii «}Ka.ioGa waaoGbi* (1927) A. Tox- HaraMGcioii xpHTHKyeT 6ropoxpaTii3M ojiroro paGoranxa, xoTopufi noxo- poiiii.i n apxiiBHOii nhiJiH >xaao6y 6eanoro xpecxbHHHHa, 6aTpa'iiiBuiero y Gan, 9ra >xa.ao6a, 3acTpaB y Giopotcpara, cawa oGpamaeTcs b paGoee- Kpccib>mexyx> Hiicnexumo: ;;a -lee host ycTaMH jxaaoGbi tpcGycT ot hkiiobhxko b reft paaoOpaTbcB, npoHii3npyer Haa GiopoxpaTaMH, bmboj •oGiuBecr(oLeneHibOeCTToMii.e «J1huom k aHuy» (1934) A. ToKMaraMGe ct xo.ixoaiiyxj Mo.ioTii.rny c HepaaHBhiM xoxxo3hhxom. B i bopaTci* o HencnpaBHoCTKX 11lacTbix rpocToax mo.ioth.ikii, 3. .xbu.oe.HfxBlTcbnH.ppeDeaoB3GyHpx.Booi3bcaTiH,aH„MTbetm.«o.ce•tTaMoO.iHOaTict.BixaaxHt..piaoccTbObHanaMuyeahyieoeHaeoaae.rnoo,liea 0 snpeab tecen ymepG KaaaexTHBHOMy xo3H8CTBy. Ko.ixo3Hhk npH3Haer Bee iieflocraTKH x aaeT mojoimj K o c ,„ 6 ,„ . A. 1 . .. ,,,, rTajiKHBaeT xoaxo3HHH nxvr.c Haia.lbHH- xcM^'paftaeMOTaeaa^KocTa116aeBum. Koaxoanbifl n.iyr, npHwe-mi.ift b Heroa-
necTb, fieciroKOHica o npH6jiu>KenHH Dccemtero ceBa h oSpawaerca 3a no- Mouibio b pafeo, a KocTaH6aeB OTCHJiaer ero oSpamo. HaiajibHHK tobo- piiT njiyry: cHe Mewaii, a 3aiwT cocritBaewieM i!OCTanoBaeH«a». A iaa nan •ijayr bcc euie nacraHBaeT 11a CBoeS npoci.Ce, HaiaabHHK yrpoHiaer €My TtM. ito «3anaiUCT b nocraiiOBJieHHe*. A. ToKwaraMSeTOB no.ib3yeicsi iax- we npiieMOMoavuieBaeHaa skiibothux. H 6acHe «May» h «5I» host ormcHBaer BopoBCKHe cpeaxH kouikh a MhiuiKH, opyayioiaHX Ha x.iefmoM CK.ia.ae. 3aec.b BbiBeaena Bbiwe Mepu BC3ropaHBUiaaca n pacnoacaBuiaaca Mtsiub, Koropaa &iaroaapa Secxo- 3SlHCTBeilHCCTH HeKOTOpbIX pa60THHK0B WBBCT B nOJIHOMiOCTaTKe. H 3T0 ae.iaet ee iiesaBHCHMoit aawe nepea koiukoA. Mopa.ii> fiaciiH HeaBycMHc- aeHHa: mra pa3o6aa»aer pacxHTHTeaefi HapoaHoro aofipa, ewe Bcrpenato- Tax aaKaii'iHBaerca ara Oacfia. B Sacne «KyKyuiKa» host bucmchbbst ii pa3o6iiaiaCT TCMHue caea- kh HeKOToptix npofiaox, 3anycrHBiuHX pyKH b rocyaapcTBeHHbrii napMair, CBB3aHHbIX C apVTKMH nO.lofilllJMM HM .llOabMH, nO.iyMHBlHHMH «OCTyn K o6mecrBeHHofi coCcibchhocth. flbaHCTBO, pBawcTBO, BWMoraTeabCTBo— laxoBa hx 5KH3Hb, Taxosa ne.ib hx cywecTBOBaiiHa. Host Bupawaer CBoe BonMymemie no nosony Toro, ito HCKoropau npoflaoxaM, MoweKHHKaM Koe-rae whbctcb ewe BOJibroTHo. CrHxoTBopeHHf! noaoSHoro poaa o6wiho nocTpoeHbi Ha aimaMH'iHOM cK»Kt'Te. Haeii hx siena, cTHxoTBopeHHe ueaeiianpaBHeHHo, KpHTHKa nona- aaeT b nejib. HanpHMep, b nocneaneM 0ejiberoHHOM cthxotbopchhh no?T. 6imyn Heroaiibiii firopoKpaTHHecKiiii KamtejispcKHii Meroa pyKOBoaCTBa, Mo6njiK3yeT jiioacS ita ofipamoiiyio noaroTOBKV k BeceHHeMy ceBy. B cTHxoTBopemiH «K>iCCHHaa iiarypa* A. ToKMaraMSeroB eaxo Bti- cMeiiBaer HeKoropux Moaoaux Jitoaefl-SenopyieK, KOTOpwe coBepuieHiio He npHcnocoSaeHH hh k ipyay, hh k (pHiniecKOfi Ky.ii.Type h cnopry, hh k BOCHHOMy aeay, ho b to we BpeMH oveHb ropabi h bwcokomcphij no onto- lueHino k oKpywaiouiHM. B roabi BeaiinoiS OTenecTBeHnoS boiIhm A. ToKMaraM6erOB hocbsthj psia i|)eJU>eT0H0B, Caceii h caTHptmecKHX cTHXOTBopeKKft BOnpocaM Meway- HapoaHoft tioaHTKKH, aoeiiHoii TeMe. B TaKHX ero caTnpHuecKHX npomaeae- imsix, KaK «Kot, noipawaiouiHft .ibBy», «B aay» «HaCTyn.ieHiie no Spio- KaM> h apyrHx, pa3o6.raM£ioTci[ iiBepcrea (jiauiHCTCHHx aaxBamHKOB. Ho HHoraa, crpeMBCb KpHTHKOBaTt h moC.iHHan, OTpHnaTejibiiue bb- aeHHsi h HeaocTaTKH o pafioTC oTaeJibHUx aioae/i, rioar Heso-ibHo cKarUBa- eTCH Ha noaHUHH yupoiaewiecTBa («HeTbipe 6hiKa», «>Kajio6a 6uKa» h t, a.). HeKoropbic ero (pcjiberaiibi h CTHXOTBopeHHsi CTpaaaior aewiapaTHB- iiocibio h MeaKoreMt-eM. CaTHpHnecKHe npoH3BeaenHsi A. TonMaraMOeroBa pa3HooSpa3HH no CBOHMXyaOWeCTBeilllWM (pOpMaM H WaHpOBMM OCOSeHHOCTHM; OHH npea- ciaB.niiu h b BHae 6aceH, h B BHae nySJWUHCTim.ecKHx (JsejiberoHOB. B hhx aerKaa myraa, riepexoaawaa b aoCpuii iomop, aepeayeica c eaKMMcapaa3- mom. Bee 910 aB.isieicii cBHaere.ibCTBOM 3pe.iocTii canip>iecKoii no93HH A. ToKMaraMOeTOBa. CaiHpa A. T0KMaraM6eT0Ba BOHttcTBCHKa. B ero caTHpH'iecKHX npo- ii3Bcat'HHsix KpHTHKyeTca Bee ypoa.iHBoe b xapaKTepe h aeflcTBHax woaeS. Psw ([le.ibeTOHOB h craxoTBopeHHS oh nocBauiaer 6opi.Se nporHB pac- xmueiiHa oSuxecrseHHOit co6cTaeiiHOCTH. C caMoro aanana CBoefi TBopnecKOfl aeaie.ibnocTH noyr Beaer amHB-
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