Очерк истории казахской советской литературы

HammaKnneeca HeTBepocrmnncM cnixomopcimc «3moioh Korea, hb- .TOCita OflHKM H3 cauux My3biKa.n,;ihix H 'iyACCHbix npoiisBeaeaiiH. B Hem tpacoiHo nepeflaioTca KapniHbi oxpymaioiiKfi Piijwep npiipoAU, bhau Aji- TaltCKHXrop, xapaicrepHCTHKa caMoro pHAjepa, cKJioiiHBiucrocboio roaoBv nepeaxo3»hiiom Bcex ero coKpoBHtu—napoAOM, hoGahk moaoaux Ka3axoB- pa6ox»x, Bhmieaumx H3ayjibHoft cpeabi, aTenepbocBaimaroiuaxcoiiHa.nicTH- xecxoe npoiraBOACTBo. HaroicaHhuii b crane napoanux mothbob, «3onorofi Korea. — crpoAnoc n HaneBHoe craxOTBopcilHe, iiBamomcecn meaeBpoM OAimiiaAUamcnoxiKoro Ka3axcnoro craxocnoweimfi; 0110 MoweT cayiKHTb iipKHM40iia3aTeabCTB0Mbucokoio yponHii noBTHiecKoroHCKyccTBaH. .tineali- cyrypoBa, flocriiniyroro hm b pe3yjibT,Trc Aecaraneraeii anrepaTypiioft Aen- H. flxraHcyrypOB aioGobho pncyer pycocyw seMaiw, iia3binaer ee poA- nofi, nocnecaor rpyaoniodKe pyccKHx .nopeii, nOAHcpKHBacT oGiuHocrb ko- peHiiux HHrepccoB pyccxoro paGoaero, KpecrbHHHHa h Ka3axcxoro l-pyxce- Bima. ApyxGe pyccKoro H Ka3axcKoro napoaa nocuaureiibi ero cthxh «TpH OcoGemio nonao 3Ta uucab Bupawena b Goamuom ciowerHOM cth- xorBopeHKH «MocKBa — Ka3axcraH», iianHcaimoM b 1930 roay. 3>o npon3- na uoMouib Ka3axcraay no npRBUBy napniii. Flo cboiim pa3Mcpast h ann- \"cckom umpore cTiixorBopenHe «MocKBa — Ka3axcran. mojkho orHecrn k waupy no3Mbi. B new mhu o6pa3u Mockbu h Ka3axcKofi crenn. MocKBa oaHUeTBopacT nejiiiKiifi pyccKHfi napOA; xax ctonmia CoBercKoro Coto3a ona JB.iaeTCfl onaoTOM bccx HauKfl. Crenb— o6pa3 HccTapn yrHeTeanoro, 3a6H- roro, npe6biBaiomero b paCcrae h Hywae xaaaxcKoro iiapo^a. Tenepb ona 6,'iaroAapn CBeTy OkthGph h pyKOBoacray KoMMyimcra'iecKOfi napTHit, aa- 6oijimii noMown Mockbu npocuyjiacb n npnoGuumacb k >k1131m, cra.ua cbo- Co/uiofi, ciacTJiHBofi. rioe3fl H3 Mockbu Be3er b crem, pa6oanx juia 6ec- KopbieiHOil, 6parcnoft nostouui naaaxaM. BccKpafinaa CTenb ncrpeaaer nx rocTenpiiHMHO. rioe3fl, BbiuieAumfi «3 Mockbu, onnueTBopaeT C0103 cjhib- onixca nofl jiyaaMn OkthGph HAeanoB HGnaropoAHoii uc.m eayiiwx b noe3- AC caMoOTBepwenHUx repoeB Oicra6pa, rennue o6pa3u auHeumax' Ka3ax- ckiix rpywemiKOB, HCKoraa npo3a6aBUmx d 6e3JKH3HCHiiofl CTemi hoaoGhc bucoxiuiih KJiy6KaM nepeicara-none, — Bee no ncpeaano b apKHX Kapmuax c ray6oKHM h npOHHKHOBeHHUM3HaimeM *H3im. C™xoTBopcHne *Mocnaa— Ka3axcraH» —yCeAHTejibHoe cBiucereabCTBo rBopaecxiix ycnexoB H. AwaHcyrypoea, pacKpuamero b nommecrax oGpa- 3ax naeio npywGu aapoaoB n ocoGeimo naeio Bunaiomefica ponii BenHKoro pvccxoro iiapoaa KaK crapniero h 3adoraHBOro 6paTa b ceube napoaoB CCCP. nosr-rjiatuarari, noBT-Tpadyn. nocroaiuio oreaHKaiomHilca Ha Bee Kpyn- Hue oSutecTBemio-noAHTHaecKHe cofiunia coBercKOft biioxh, cncreMarHMecKii BbiCTynaeT Ha CTpaimnax ra3enJ. TeMaraxa ero npoiiaBeaemiii craHOBHTca umpe, namiTHnecKaa muoib ocTpee, arHTamiOHHaa cn.'ia BecoMee. B tot nepnoA b Ka3axcraHe npoxoAHJia KaMnaima KOHtjiHOKauHH GaScKiix nacr- Chia h CKora, a TaKace pacnpeAeAenne mix GoraTCTBcpeAH HeHMyinnx. Or- pawan ocTpue MOMeura KAaccceofl GopbGu, H. flwancyrypoB b TeaeiiHe oAiioro roAa iianncaA Afie necHH h noBMy. B Aenb BbixoAa AeKpera 0 koh- (jiHCKatnmiia CTpammax ra3eru «EK6eKini Ka3aK» nOHBHAoeb croxoTBOpe- hhc H. flxtaHcyrypoBa iHarn., b kotopom oil rosopirr ycraMH GaTpaKa:

tncpt nee name. T X irriK aJ B 3T0M leTBOpOCTHBIHH BbipajKSHO 'lyBCTBO KJiaCCOBOH HeHaBHCTH 6aT- paKOB K 6aaM, npaBioibHoe noHHMaHHe hmk osoeft hoboh poan b jkk3hh P rio3AHee H. fl*aHcyrypoo ny&raityeT noBMy «Kon<i>HCKauna». raas- HbierepoH ee—6aTpanH, y Koiopux npo6yaKaocb loiaccosoe co3Hamre. Koh- 4>HCKya HMymeCTBO CBoero KpoBHoro Bpara— 6aa MyKflHa, 6arpai<H peum- TejibHo H3rOHaKW Wo U3 ayjia H OTbicKHBaior KJiaa, np&aycMOTpiireamo sapuTufi KOBapHUM 6aeM b Ma3ape, rue noxopOHema ero poaniH. 3aTaBB HenaBHCTb, nojiHuft 3Xo6u MyuaH H3JiHBaw cboio ayniy npa npomaiiHH c popiiuMH MeciaMH: CKo.ibKo wejiBH b 3THXcn©Bax, THnitWbix ana HenpiiMHpHMoro, mo ywe SeccH.ibHoro KnaccoBoro Bpara. B hkx h 3aKJiKiaeH y3JioBoS momoht, b ko- TopoM CKOHueHTpHpoBaiia Bca apaManmecKaa CHjia nosMu. Bonpocbi MeJKAyHapoAHofl kh3hh, 6opb6bi MHpoboro nponwapHaTa npo- thb HMnepna.ra.3Ma, HauHoaajibHo-ocEo6oflHTe.ibHoro aBHacemia bo BceM MHpe 3a«HMaioT 3HaHHTenbHoe MecTO b no33HH H. JlataHcyrypoBa. Cthxh «Bo hmh Koro?», nocBameHHue aBHxceHHjo amviHiteKHX uiaxTepoB, b 1926 rosy Burn-in b cbct B cfiopHHKe «CaraaaK». B CTHXOTBopeimH «napHHCcxaa KOMMyna*, onyS.iHKOBaiiHOM b «Tiami», nost roBOpHT: 3ena« KSKOBa! EcTb orom. y » « > neTMenb... noKa3UBaa, mo Be-nuKoe geno napHxtCKifx KOMMyHapoB Hauiao ncunioe ocymecTBaeHHe b Cobbtokom Cox>3e, mo neMepKiiyume HaeH KOMMynu npn- TarHBaioT k ce6e see nepenoBoe nporpeccitBiioe a’eaoBeaecTBO, H. Hwaxcy- rypoB BucTynaeT cipacrauM neBuoM coBpeMeimocTH. B 1929 roay oh ne- aaTaeT Ha crpanmiax ra3era «En6eKmi Ka3aK» irepcBeaeimvio hm na ua- 3axcKH0 a3HK peBoaiouHOHHyio nccHio 3HaMeiniToro tj>paimy3CKoro naca- 3Te.iH BHirropa fwro «B THCKax cuepTH». Oahhm H caMux BHaiiux npotianeacfiMi'i H. flacaHCyrypoBa Ha TCMy MextayHapoaiiofl wh31ih HBnaeTca Bbiaaioineeca CTHXOTBopeHHO «rHManan», noaBHBiueeca b 1929 roay na crpaHHuax -rofi see raaera «E>i6eKUii na3an». 3 3 33rioBOaoM k co aanmo stopo npoH BeaeHiia nocayxouiK pa pa immHcca b tom see roay coouthh b Mimim. B craxOTBopeMH pacupbira ne Toabxo 6 0cyabGa HHAHftcKoro Hapoaa, ho h yayuiH CTb Bcex bocto'ihwx napoaoB, aotbstob,3 66peiiHe, HanHcaiiHoe b BHacBonpocoB Haxoaauoixca noa htom KoaoHHaabHoro pafictBa. «rHMaaaH» — cthxotbo- 66uioe o o meHHe, aBjiaerca naoaoM cTpacnioro BaoxiiOBeima noma. aKaioaaiomee b cc e onb- 6B 3TOMnpoH3®caeHHH Haiu.nH rapMoiiHHecKoo paBHOBecne iop.aa Hco- aep*aHHe. r.iy oKaa, noaaHHHO WH3HeiiHaa Haea, powaemiaa caMoil aeft- OTBHTeabHocTbio, c 6oabmHM MacrepcTBOM BupaxtoHa noaTOM.

B. R •'Ishhii npeacKasbiBa.i b cBoe epeMn, mto napoau BoctoKa noa- BKHyrcanpotHB HMiiepua.iH3Ma, nopByT okobu h liena Koaoimajibiioro rHe- la. PHcys b CTHXOTBopeHHH«rHMajiaH» KapTHHhi THJKejioro noaoweHHHMace noKopeHHoro HMnepHaJiHcraMH BocroKa, no»T BbiCKaabmacT Bcpy b bcjihkvio auy h cBeT.ioe Gyaymee bocto<ihnx napoaos: PowaeHHMH b c-reira h nocTosiHHo CBH3aHHbifl c HB0, H. .teancyrypoB HHKoraa He 3aGbiBaji o ee Jiioanx. CTenb BocneBaeTcsi noaroia b iiepa3phiB- eoSCB83Hc Ka3axcKHMnapoaoM,.BconocTaiuieHHH ero npoiuaoro m nacTOH- mero. CTenb BCTpeqaeTCH b Tairax CTHXOTBopeiiHHX nosia, KaK «B aeniirb ten, «3tot, bhaho, cqacrbeM 03apen», «riepeaoBHKH ayaa», cOreiib ce- *W », «06HOBaeHiiaa CTenb*, «OrneHHaa ap6a» h «MocnBa— XaaaxcraH*. ToBopn o npouuiofi xhshh ayaa, na3axcKofi crenn, noaT aajiHBaer a craxax bck) cboio ayiuesHyio cuopGb a c noapimiHUM nacpocoa jkhbohh- cyer ee aacrosmee. Bo3bMOMana npiiMepa oniicaime crenB b ero npon3BC- leminx irepBbix aecnTH coBercKiix Jiet. Hapaay c bcjihkhmh caBaraMH host noKa36iBaer rayOoKo yKopeiniBmaecH nepewanca craporo. 3ro —eme «e- pacceaimasi reMHora, pe.'fiinio3Hafl 33KocHe.iocib, ocTaTKB ycroeB H Tpaaa- ueScraporo (Jieoaa^ibHo-naTpaapxa.ibiioro oGmecraa, Tame couaaabHbre no- poxH, Kax B3fiTomin'iecTiio, Kapbepa3M, KJieBera, flBypyniHjiqecTBO a t. a- Oiiii sceraa BboMna.m y nosra 'ivbctbo oTBpameaaa a nopowaaaa eaxae, pa35HUHe caTBpaaecKae CTHXOTBopeHan a (peab’eToiib!. K TaKHM nporaBeae- HH8MMOWHO IipHMHCJIHTb: «BojIOCTHofl BeAC6M0eK» H sHtO rOBOpHT... OH. xoraaBuxoaiiT k aapoay?* (1920). «Cboauhkh» h «4asnisisi Myjuui» (1921), «CHBaB KoObuiaa (1922), «Hy h coGaicas, «HecnpaBeaaHBaH noaaTb* a «blKimjji6afi» (1923), « y poainiKa® (1924), a TaK*e npoH3Beaemin noc- Jkahhx aer «Bafi a GaBGauie* a «3anoseab yaepuiero Myjuito, b kotopux now o6pyuiHBaeTCH c pa3nmeii campofi Ha TeMHbie cropoiiu «n3iin ayaa PoAmS*cTenb a oboB Hapca H. flwaHcyrypoB HaaGoaee noaHO o6pa- coBai b no9J.se «Crenb», noHBHBOieftca Ha crpanauax ra36Tbi «EH6eKuii Ka- stoB' anaqecKoB noawe, nocBflmeimoii aecHTiiacTHio na- saw b 1930 roay- B noar o6o3peBaeT 3iiaMeiiaTeabHbie nepaoau na3axcKo8 aaxcKoa pecnyOaiiKii, aiiacptooTdaah,akKB,OapTbaoiMcpbyieHrrepTGosoeupMKeeracnwaoess:iiKaibaipcbrBioihnioiucrWynHnpa3oeHmTba, oM3gaaoxarcoyhcasThuphiayaiHoaaapcboyHaabuaG.By. pHnaa.cajKHjpwewaTbHHHncyorsayMcpeToo—i!paaMnaeyecarKpoHerMfol;ycTTnaajTpKHeyuio, b npoiuaoM Ha nepBOM o6pa3 Koroporo Heo6xoaaM noyry aaa pa3BHTHH Hapoaa. B Haaaae nosMU xapaKTepacTHKy: 251

B Koime noSMbi H. .HwaHcyrypoB o6o6maer ary xapauTepHCTHKy cjio- Ilo caoeity cioaeTy «CTem>»— HCTopaaecKoe noBecrBOBamie, nuyiuee ot jump jmpaaccKoro repoa. Eaaroaapa 3TO«y HCTopiiKo-cjHi.-ioccijiCKHe bh- BOflu HHcaTe-ia aaioTca lie b c|)op.\\ie CecnpiicTpacTHoro onucaHHH, a b Bale no3THiecKoii Jiereaibr. 06 stom moucho cyjuiTb aawe no iia3BamiHM r/iaB: «PaccBeT», «Ak Ta6aH»7, «y3H pa6CTBa>, «>KaTna». «rioxoa na OTap»‘, eCKiiTaiina*, «>Kiucjih BaflcwH*4, «Boana», «CBo6oaa», «npeaBecTHHK Okts6p>i», «Be3 BpeMeHK*, «Pa3ryji aTawaiiOBs, «KpacHaa 38e3fla» a t. a. Maraa noBMy, apKO npeaciaBaaeuib MpaaHbre co6bmia aajieKHX ape- Mea Ho Bamero cjryxa. Tan we aax no e.-ryxa caamnero na xo.i.ue crapua, Aohochtcb rya ro.’iocoa H3 miihvbihhx snox. 3tii cthxh OCTaB-iHiOT y 'iiirarejia ciWbHoe BnewameHne; HacTpoemiocrb h o6pa3HOCTb iix HaxoaflTcn b onpeaeaemioB 3aKOHOMepHOft B3aaM0CBa3ii: KaptHHa, Bocco3aainiaa noaroM, HaueBa'eT Hacrpoemie, a nacTpoeHHe boc- nojiuaeT napTHHy. TViaea «y3u pafictBas pejibecjmo B0cnp0H3B0AHT MyaeHiia cTapaaa 11 pc6enKa; «}KepTBa» eocco3,aaeT o&MK ruieimoiS aeByiiiKH, 6pocaiomeBca B Bonry, aTo6bi H36aBHtbca or ynaateHaa; «noxoa na Orap» — KeubiHocH- Myio TawecTb wh3iih aapoaa, npauieamero b oTaaamre ot npHTecHeiiaft ko- aoHH3aTopoB H aeiicTByiowHX c hhmh 3aojjHO Ka3axcKHX (JieoaaaoB; «>Kh- aeaa Baflcuii* orpawaer Kapnniy npousawia Hapoaa c poxhumk MectaMii. CoSbiTna 1916 roaa h pacxarbi OaraSpa, B3BOjmoBaBinae Ka3axcKyio crenb, BOcnpaHHMaioTca nirraTejiaMH b no3Me «Crenb» Kan mWojihh Mory- aeS cHMipoiiHH. 3pKHfl o6pa3 craporo 6oabtueBHKa, Buxoaua H3 na3axcKofi cpeau Ajih6hh flwaa™.ibflHHa no3T MacrepoKH noKa3aji b He6ojibiuofi raa- se «KpaoHaa 38e3aa>: B ochobhoB raaae hosmu «floujiaa> H. flwaiicyrypoe ueaaer uiapoKoe xyaowecTBeHHQ-ipHaoco(|icKoe o6o6meHae, rOBopaT o 3aMe'iaTCJib«bix no6e­

m ipyflOBoro Hapoaa b ctohh, AocTHrHyrux aa roau CoseTCKOft BJiacra noa MVAptJM pyKOBOACTBOM .tchhhckoh napiHH. B nocaeaHeB rjiaee nosMbi now, oco3HaiomHH ceOa b pojw TaMaau Ha iipasaiiHKe lO-aeira Ka3axCTa- Ea, aaer npocrop cbohm mhcjihm, HiiHBan paaocib b Topwecmemux na- TerfwecKHx craxax: B 3thx cTiixax '[actHe noBTopsi, oOpaiueiiHsi h B0CK3im;aHna iOHocuT ao iHTaTeJisi BOCTopweiiHbie qyBCTBa noara, npimaior craxy bo3- oimieHHbrfl toh h cn«y. Earn Oh see sto lie Ohjio npoHHKHyro CTpacTbio, npoiOBCAejiHe He HMeao Oh TaKoro WHSuepaaoCTHoro 3ByqaiiHS h npno6pe- •io 6u xapaxTep xoaoanofi nanuiueiiHofi oau. ripaBjimoe, apxoe lyBciBO, BbicoKHii anpHqecKH0 naijioc npujator no9Me H. AwaHcyrypoea ouy h npHBjteKaTejibHocTb. B r.'iaBe «Toii Oaerap* host noKaahiBaeT ceOa tob pojiH TaMa.ibi Ha nHpy, to b poaH HeyroMHMoro axbma Him CKaaure-m, to scaaroma Ha kpm.mtom cuaKVHe BflOXiiOBeHHS, bo bcio Moay> CBoero BosiHTecKoro aapa nocnenan BcenapoaHyio paaoerb. ripau^a, nosMa He CBoOoana h ot neKOTopux cepbe3Hbix HeaocTaxKOB. Oaa coaepiKHT b ceOe oaho6okh0, a HOTOMy HeaepHuft, noxa3 BaWHeScuero \"cropHTOCKoro Bonpoca o B3aiiMOo™oiueiinsix Ka3axcTana u Pocchh xaK TO/ibKo KOjiOHHaauHHX, oCTaaJiaa npn stom b tchh nporpeccHBiioe 3Haq©HHe SoOpoBoabHoro npHcoeaHHeHHa h HcropHaecKH c-aowHBUiyioca apy»6y pyc- oxoro h xaaaxcKoro HapoaoB. noaiay «Cienb», xotsi OHa HMeeT h HeKoropwe xyaowecrBeHHbie h kom- 03 3H Hiuioiiiib'e HcaocTarxii, mowho, oanano, HaasaTb BfaiaaiomHMcs npoH -. 03BWeiiHeH H. ilJKancvrvpoaa. Ona noaaoaKT CBoeo pa iibi# irror ero TBOp- 3 jierlecraa a nepBHe aecaxb paOoTH, HBaaeTca, c oahoR ctopohh, jihte- 3 03PaiypabiM Bon.iomcHHeM cvflbObi Ka axc:<oro siapoaa b o pa e CTena, a c 3ApyroB—HHTepecHHM oOpanuoM noarii'iecKOH -leTonucH acropHH Hapoaa, CBOeofoa HbiM HCTopuKo-cjjHPiocotJjCKHM nponsnefleHHeM. riepHoj M3CCOBO0 KOJwieKTHBH38UHH H HacryruieHHH Ha Ky.xaqecxBO h OaficKHe saeMCHTbi, nepnoa nCTyryiemia b crpofi npoMHULnemtux raraHTOB nepBoB nsmuieTKB h ihhpokoto paaBimia couHa.iHciHqecKoro copeBHOBaHH* nau.M cBoe OTpawemie bo Miiornx npoK3BeaeHHHx H. jlwaHcyrypoaa. 06 3TOMronopsT ywe caMue Haanaumi ero CTHXOTBOpeHHfi 1931—1932 roaoB: «Ha pa6oiy», «3JieBaTop>, «TpaKTopncxy». .nocraraftre., .Xjiohkoboa-

HBCKH0 K0.1X03—HOliSfl JKHSHbb, «MeJIOAKH CHJIbl*, «rcpoH naTH.leTKH>, .CeS-Buceuafl*, «CoiwaabHaii noviowb*. B 1932 ropy H. flwaHcyrypoa co3aaeT noaMy «3acprafl». GcMibuiHHcrao M33THX CTHXOTBopeHHfi ne>iaTa.nocb Ha CTpaHHixax ra3eT. 3.io0oAneBi(ocTb, ny6jmnHCTHTOOCTb, araiauMOHHaa iianpaaieHiiocrb, one- paTM&HOCTb MHOTHX H3 HHX, HOCHBIUHX HHOPfla neaaTb CnelUKH, K COWHJie- hhk>. He GbiJin no.iKpcnaeiiw xyao»ecTBeHHbiMH aocTOHHCTBaMH. Mhoihc CTHXH OCTa.IHCb Hea0pa60TaHHblMli, KaK 6bl HepHOBMMH. B IieXOTOpblX H3 hhx BCTpeiaioTCH cyXHe, o6uure (jipaau, aysCTBa H03Ta Bupawenu aen-ia- B noaiae «3Hepnifl», BocneBaiowefl .Zliienporsc, ncTpe<iaerca HeMaao 0611131x (}>pa3, nwibix npH3MBOBh HaayMaiiiiMX o6pa3cm. S t y a o m y , hccmotph Ha aKTya.ibiiOCTb TeManiKH, Hejibaa OTHecra k TBopaecKHM aocrawemiaM B 0BH3H c nocraHOBJieHHeM Heiirpaauioro KoMHiera BKI1(6) or 23 anpeaa 1932 roaa b Ka3axcraHe 6bia pacijiopMHpoBaH Ka3Ann a araaaii Ka3axcTancKHfl opraHH3aiuiOHHbi0 KOMHieT Coio3a cobctckhx nucaTejieS CCCP. npenceaaieaeM 3ioro KOMHTeTa 6mji Ha3Ha'ioii oaitii H3 bhahgiIujhx noBTOB— Hjibac JlwaHcyrypoB. Ha nocry pyKOBoaHreaa Coio3a cobct- ckhx nncaTe-Tefl Ka3axcraHa H. flxtaHcyrypoB npo6bui aenape roaa, npn- aaraa Bee cboh ycnana k TOMy, mto6m BOcnHTbiBarb Mofloaue Kaapu nasax- craHCKHX HHcarc-iefi h pa3BHBatb Ka3axcKVio coueTCKyio .iHTepaiypy b fly- xe coniia.iHCTH'iecKoro peajiHBMa. B 1934 rosy, b aoiuiaae o cocroa- hhh h 3aaaiax KasaxcxoO cobctoko0 AHTepaTypu, caeJiaHHOM Ha I cT>e3ae CoKm cobctckhx iiHcaTejie0 pecnyOflHKii, noaT nocTasHa paa tbopicckhx h oprajiH3aaHOHHbix BonpocoB. B 1933 roay H. Hwancyrypon iiamica.i Oo.ibUioe npeawcaoBHe K co6- paHHio co'iHHeHH0 ocuoBonoaoJKHHKa Ka3axcKO0 rmcbMei'HOii aHTepaiypu A6aa KyHaH6aeBa. B stom npeaHcaoBHH, o6o3peBaa jkh3hchhmh h TBopac- ckh0 nyTb BejiHKoro noaTa, on BHCKa3a.11 aKryaJibHMe h neHiibie mmcah, cBa3aHHbie c BOnpocaMH AHTepaTypHOro nacaeaHH h no33HH A6aa. B 3TH )ke roflbi H. JlwaHcyrypoB nepexoawr ot MaaeHbKHx oiepnOB, pacoKa30B h (JieaoeTOHoB k 6oaee 3iiainre.'ibHbiM npoaaniecKiiM npoH3Bcae- S ;Ka30B h ipciiLCTOHOB, HanHcaHHbix BTeaeuHe aeca-iH c Hc6ojibiHH»i\" jfCT. np03aHiecKHe npoH3BeaeHHa c HexoTopUMH Ao6aBJieimsiMH 6ijjih ne- peH3aaiibi b 1935 roay no« Ha3BamteM «B nyra*. Bee ero oaepxn h paccK03M 6biaH nocoirmeiibi hobhm hrjichhhm H co- 6biTHaM, npoHcuieaniHMb khuiixckom ay.ie b 20-x h Haaajie 30-x roaoB. Tpya KpeCTbHH, 06beaHHeHHMX B KOJIX03U, H CTpOIlT&lCH Wefle3HO0 aoporH— oc- •HOBHbie TeMM npoH3BeaeHH0 H. flwajicyrypoBa b npo3e. B KpynHbrx oaepKax «Koaxo3 hm. Craairna*, «B hobom nyrH* imcarejib pacCKa3UBaer o naoaoTBOpHwx aeaax rpyweHHKOB ay.ia. O BHeapeHHH ho- bo0 KyabTypa h tcxhhkh b CecKpaHHoii Ka3axcK0fi cTena nOBecTByeTCH b paoc*a3ax «Hypma», «riepBoe hmh», «Ha6aH h aspon.ians h b apyrax npo- HSBeaeHHax. H. ZlixaHcyrypoB CTpcMHTca ooMHCJiHTb onpyxiaiomyro ae0- CTBHTeabHOCtb, aejia, mmcjih, 'lyBCTBa cbohx coBpeMeHHHKOB. Jlioan npoac- HHB1HHXCHBar.TOflOB H CipeMJlCHH0 CTaHOBBTCH r.iaBHUMH repoHMH ero TBO- peHH0. HecMOTpa Ha oraeJibHbie xyaoxtecraemibie aocTHJKeHHH np03aH<iecKHX npoH3BeaeHH0, paccKa.abi H. AxoHcyrypoBa BuraaaaT nepnUM onbiTOM He- OKpenurero Macrepa. B ero paccKaaax ewe Her apKHx aeaoBeaecKHX o6pa- “ HxoaorHaecKoti pa3pa6oTKH xapaKTepos. Tpya kojixo3hhkob h paooHHx He noayiaeT o6pa3HOro orpaweima h o6o6weHHa, mcateab hm-

taetca nepeaaTb ero He w um noKaMM, a b npocrpaiiHUXAHaaorax h mo- Hoaorax repoeB. B nepBbix ero oq'epxax oiAHBHe or cthxob BCipeiaeTca pa® Hefipew- noaeii h neflopaSOTOK. B i c MHoro cyxoro onHcaTejibcraa a paccyixaeirafl. flpaBfla, b paccxa3e «Ha n,yiHe moj..k.h..o. H__a_&_ixi_aa_T_b__crpeM.ieHHe n care-ifl nepeftra k 6ojiee coSpaHHowy csoateraoMy nocrpoeHHio npoHasexe- KopoTKHe paccKa3u «tia6aa h aapon.iair*, «Hepa3raAaHHaa 3araflfta», •3KCTpemiaa noMouib» nocTpoeiibi iia KoiwpentOM aoBteTe, noJTHU lOMopa hK3aeBKii. B hhx qyBcrByerca npHCTpaCTHe nHcaTe-'ia k (pejiberoHy. MacrepcTBO H. fliKancyrypoBa xax npo3aHKa Jiyquie Bcero npoaajiaeT- cs b ero oneparaBHbix, ra3eTHbix (|)e.iLeTOi]ax. yMeiiae BOBpeMa h ocTpo noAMetuTb xapaKiepHhie HUflocTaTXH, co3«aTb aombie cantpHiecKHe xap- ihhh—OflHa M3 noAO*HTejibHb<x qepT, npHcymiix ero TaaaHTy, ■flyqiuiie m npoiUBeaeHHfi, cBRjeTeAbCTByKHnne o carapmecxoM yx- •lone raaaHTa iiHcaTejia, 6buih H3,iaiibi iiefiojibuioft KHHjKeqxofi nofl HasBa- HaeM«KyK»10. CpeaH hhx ocoOeHHO xapaxiepHbi: «Caobo KaMbic6aeBy» C , <ycjiyra 3a ycayry, 3a iihbo—Meaox* (1922), «Moaoaett, flpyjxox i6a8» (1928), «LUa.ii(bi6afl» (1925), «npaBO> n apyrne. B poMaHe «T0Bapmiw» mh hmecm fleno ywe c BoapociUHMMacTepcraoM H. flwaHcyrypoBa Kan iincare-ra. SucprHiHbiii h flaxofl'iHBbifi Ka3axc«Hi\"i loHoaia 6eaK»K Caaan, nonaB b npeapcBOJiioiuioHHbie roabi H3-3a nyacau a KaOaay k 6anM, pa6oTaeT y hhx CaTpaxo.M.HcnuTaa ropbKyio HecnpaBeaaH- BOCTb, CaaaH b KOHue kohhob BMecre c t3khmh *e, xax oh, np03peBiiiHMH «MH3xaMH npiiHHMaer yqacTHe b noccraHHH 1916 roaa. nosAiiee bcc ohh eraiiOBBTCB axTHBHUMH 6oabiueBHCTCKHMH opraHH3aTopaMH peaanxjuHOH- no86opb6u. Hepea hhx b poMaHe pacKpuBaerca npe»p'eBo.iK>HHOHHaa 66cTaHOBxa RKH3Heiiiibie npOTHBOpeqna b xa3axcxoM ayjie. Muorae cnowHue hbjichhh wh3hh iroro ayaa HapHcoaaHbi b peajiHCTHqecxoM naaHe. HaapHMep, b raa- K iB'e.iblii Bexce.Tbo yfie.MTejibHO paocxasMBaerca o tom, xax ana 6paTa, Cajaii ii Ta»n, rioiia.iaior b chjikh 6aa; npaBAHBO npKa3bmaxm:a Taxae Henacbmibie h xOBapHue axcri-iyaiaTopbi, xax LUajiMeiiTaii. Oanaxo ecjiH paccMaTpmsan, poMau «ToBapHWH» c hoshiwS comia.iH- crmecxoro peajiH3Ma, to b HeM mojkho iiaft™ HeMaao HeflocTaTKOB. IlHca- tbh, ne cyuen co3«a-n> umpoxoro nojioTHa h HeabHbix o6pa30B, xoropue xor.ix 6bi xyfloacecTBeiiHO oTpaaHTb BCTyn.iemte xa3axcxoro Hapoaa Ha nym PeBOAKIHHOHHOfl 6opb6bI. IlpHqHHOfl 3T0My 6bliIO, C OflHOH CTOpOHU, OT- cyrcTBHe y H. /IwancyrypoBa onbrra b npo3e, c apyroft —Boofime cfla6oe pa3BHTHe waHpa poMaHa b xa3axcxofl .iHTepaType. Ho aawe npn othx He- iOCTaTxax poMan sTosapmuH* Ha,io no cnpaiiefljiimocTH oTHecm x qwcny ayquiHXuponjBeAOHMH xa3axcxofi coBeToxofi npo3u Tex Jier. npo6v« CBOH CHJ1U b waHpe ApaMaTyprHH, H. flwancyrypoB lianHcan aa norae.niHe roabi Hecxojibxo nbec: «MecTb», «Typxcn6» h «HcaTafi —Ma- xaMfier*. nbeca «Mecrb», nanHcaimaa Ha TeMy xjiaccoBofl 6opb6u Bayae.H abeci. «Tvpkch6», nocBHiueHiiaa pa3o6.iaqeHHio npoHCXOB BpawaeOHbix 3,ie- mchtob Ha CTpoHTenbCTBe TypKecTaHO-CH6npcKo8 MarHcrpa.ni, 6bum npofi- nbiMii pafoTaMH noSTa b ApaMaryprHH. Ohh hmc.'ih mhoto HexocraTBOB H He.ii.flebox xoMno3HUHOHHoro nopsAxa, nosroMy Heao-iro npoflepwa.mcb na cue«e. nbeca «Hcaraii — MaxaM6er». HanacaHHaa b 1936 roay h He yc- neBmaa yBHflCTi, cueHbi, 6u.ia xpynHHM ycnexoM n03Ta » apawaiypraH. B refl oh npaBHAbHO ocbctha npHHHHU BosmixaoBeHHa BoccraHHa Macc,

iic.jiMBiiiHxcsi b 30-x roaax upomaoro ctojicthsi npoTHB ara uapcxax nopa- (SoTHT&neii, Ka3axcKHx xbhob a cyjiTaHOB, co3aaa noAHOKBOBHbie ofipasu MjKe-.rueHHbix pyKOBOAHreneft noBCTaHuee— HcaTaa a MaxaMfieTa. Bo- raThiii noOTaaecxail h3hk H. /IwaHcyrypoBa 3ByaaT 3aecb co Bcefi csoeS ckaofi a 6oraTCTBOM. FayOoKoe noniiMaaHe CoeBofl no3aaaH MaxaMOera, nepeaamioe aepe3ero cueHHaecKHfl o6pa3, HBAaerca raaBHhiMaoctohiictboii n.becu tHcaTaS—MaxaM6eT». Cboh iiocaeflHHe roau H. flwaacyrypoB ycaaeHHO pafioTaer b o&iaera xypowecTOeaworo nepeBoaa. Hapaay c HefioabinaMH CTHxaMH oh nepenoaur KpynHwe npoa3BeaeHHa; b 1935 roay Bbraycaaet B c6opHaxe «Krofi» BOab- Bb.fi nepeBOfl «raBpH.niaflbi» nyuiKHHa. Ko ahio CToaeraa co mm CMep- th reHHa.ibHoro pyccaoro no3Ta H . flwaHcyrypoB 3aBepinaeT nepeBoa ere poMaica «EBre.iKH OaeraH*. PoMaH (Sua noMcmeH b BwmeauieM aa xa3ax- CKOMH3L1KCB 1937 rOAy K)6HJIC0HOMTpeXTOMHHKe nyuiKHHa. Bonpoc o KaaecTBemiofi caopoBe nepeaoaa Mower Bbi3BaTb paa.n.aiibre, npoTHBopeaHBbie rojiKOBaBHH, C Bamefi ceroAHaaiHefi Toaxa 3peHaa, nepeBoi Bbiuicj. Be BnoJiae yflOB.ieTBopHTeJibHb!M, ii5o nepesoflBHKa bo mhopom cko- Baa nocTaB.ieHiibu'1 hm b nopaaae o6a3aTeabHoro ycaoBHH npaanan afico- JiioTHofi CTpoijjaaecKoft a pHTMaaecxoft tomhocth. Ecjih He npHHHMaTb bo BKHMaHae onuT A6aa( Koropbiii nepeBea b BOJibHOM cniae OTje.ibHHe ot- pbiBKH 3aMeqaTcjibiioro poMaua Beaaxoro pyccaoro no3Ta), to nojiaufi k 6ujieCBoeHaH6ojxee 6au3KHft a noaaiiHiiHKy nepesoa «EBreHHR OHeraaa*, caeaaa- Kbifi H. ZlwaHcyrypoBbiM, 6eccnopHO, BpeMa Haa6oaee 3Haaa- rejibHbiM flBaeime.M aa3axcKofl nepeaoBofi jiHTCpaTypbi. nocjreAHi.fi. caMb.fi njioaoTBopBb.fi nepaoa aeaTejibaocTH H. ZUxaacy- rypoBa (1930— 1937) xapaKTepa3yeTCn ero KpynHhiMH aocTHWeHHBMB bo Bcex waHpax JimepaTypu, b tom aHcae a BbiaaroiaHMaca ycnexaMH b no33HH. riposaa, aiicao aanacaBHux npoa3BeaeHafi 3a sto bpcmb HeBeaaxo, He b njiaHe MacrepcTBa ero noasHa 3BaanTcai>no Bbipocaa h oapecaa, ero B 1935 roay B Ajiua-Are bmxoaht TpeTafi cSopHHX JIwaHcyrypOBa— « Kraft*. B aero H3jipewae onyGjiHKOBaHHbix npoa3BeaeHafi 6burn BKjiroaeHb. CTHXOTBOpeHaa «neBeu», «raMaaaa» a noawa «Krafi», oSHapoaoBamiaa b 1929 roay Ha CTpaHauax wypHaaa «)KaHa aae6aeT». CTHXOTBOpeHaa «iloM6pa», «KaBKa3» a n03Ma «Kiofim..»—Hosue npoH38eaeHHa. Bcfiopi.HK raawe Bxaraaeao aaa pasiibix BapaaflTa (crHxoTBopHb.fi h npo3aaaecKHfi) nepeBoaa necHH M. Topbaoro «EypeBecniHK» a BoabHb.fi nepeaoa aTaBpa- B tom we, 1935, roay OTaeabiiofi KHarofi Bbiuiaa caMaa Kpynaaa no ofi-bCMy noaMa H. flwaHcyrypoBa «rioxofl». Oaa fiuaa nanacana aeroM 1934 roaa a aecrb aHaMeHHToro aearacRHHcxoro noxoaa. flo3Ma «rioxoA», —6aaropoaHb.fi nopwB nosra Bocnerb BeaaKHfi apa- THaecm.fi noxoa, B3B0aH0BamuHfi Bcex coBercKHx awaefi, npacoeaaHHTb CBofi nosTaaecKHfi roaoc k BCCHapoanuM oTKaaaaM aa aro co6b.Tae. Oa dm, aro noABar i ipoeB H3BecreH eMy aauib d nosTOMy nosMi noayaHaacb aoxyMeHTaab- Ho-xpoHHKaabHofi aetonaebra noxoaa, caa6ofi n oOpacoBKe aeaoBeaecKHX

B HosOpe 1936 roaa noaBH-iacb 3HaMeHHra>i no3Ma H. flataiicyrypoBa •Kyaarep. BUiueamaa b hcckojm.khx HOMepax raacrb. .CouHaAHcrixV 3aKCTaH». Ona Obiaa noeaCAHeft H3 onyOjiHKonaiimjx Tpy;«m nosra. KaK ucaonaao oxcHAaib, «Kyaarep» nBHaca 3Chhtom ero TBopacctBa h bmoc- otxiiiii™ <W\" IM 113 BhUaiOWHXca iipoH3BeAe'iHfi Ka3axci;ofi coaeTCKoii Bbiiue ywe roaopHjioob 06 oahom Boabmost TcneiiHH, n.-maao KOTopoMy fiuao noaojKeno eTHXOTBopeHHeM «no3'eu» h kotopoc Co BpcMC.iCM npoao- * uo b TBopaecTBe H. Jl«<ancyrypoiia uwponoe pyc.no.. Aaaec nocaeAOBaao 1E9293rsoe'aleyHbllea°iypK.aia3aaexcK«>'lKxaunaecHaeaehSHKcijose,noKacr3raorpoo.ieoBpKoOsMt «oKnyioC.ai»H.KBOBasatohb nosMc no3T noKaaaa ce6n CoabiiiHM 3iiaT0K0M h toiikhm isCHH-reaeM K83nx- c»o0 MV3HKH. B Heft 6bi.n H3o6pa>xeH ko6u3hct 113 poaa Caxea no jimchh aluxafiaS. Hoar na3Baa ero « hboxoau?m caaBiioro rnara*. Bneuj.'iiiii nopr- ?er MaaKaCan MactepcKH HapncoBaii oahhm HeCoabiiiHM Ma3i;ow: H. flwaHcyrypoi! roBopHT o KecTHpaiomHxca Bne'iaTaeHiinx, ocTanmiix- cs c .WTCTBa b ero naMsmi ot Bnpryo3Hoii iirpw MaaKaOaa. Oco6eHHO CMibao 3anciaTaeacn b iohoB Ayiue Kioii «Beaas Bep&aioAiraa*11, Tax Kaic coaepwaHHe ero h CBasaiiiiofl c hhm acrehaw nosr ycauuiaa H3 ycT caMoro Maaxa6a>i. Kpaco'ieo ncpeaaBas ary aereaay, noaTco3Aaa b ramie «K.iofl» iipenpacHbie KapTHHbi H o0pa3bi: Kax MHoro b stom •reTBepocrHUWH tohkoto nosTHHecKoro nyTba, xax tO'iHhi, npcKpacHbi h oCte-Miibi KapTHHbi: h cepaji cTefib, h rayxaa no'ib, h Kapap.aB, 3BeHHiiuift KoaoxoabTOxaMH, H iipHHHTaiouWH 6eaaa Bep6aiOAHua, aacaabHo ysaeKaeMaa KapaBaiioM! B xoime nosMbi host nepexoAHT iia MawopiibiS toh, xax h noAofiaer saneaa.ie H3 iiapoAa. 03apeimoro iiobuh ciacraHSHM- BpeMeHeM, noiomero HOByio 5o;;pyK) necHio, necHio CopbPbi, h B.:oxi(0D6nMUi1 naipoc PopbtjM CMCHaeTyKopeHHBiuHeca c ACTCTBa b rpyAH noara mothbw 6e3HaaewH0fi Bhobi, B03Bpawancb b 1935 roay K re.vie Kioa, H. flwa»cyrypOB c03Aaer nosiiy tKyiiuii* (nepeBOA Be. PowAecTBeHCKoro)13. Tenepb a poaa raas- 17-241

Horo rcpoii BbtcrynaeT lie ctapuii K06W3HCVH3 Martu, a mojoaoS AOM6piKr 3H3 poaa yflcyH. Oh HcnojiHser Kiofl nepea xshom Kene, GewaBiUHM H3cre- neft Lloiirpa/ibiioro Ka axcrana b Ce.Miipeibe. BaoxHOBeHHaa «rpa ao«- OpHcta 0'iapoBa.ia Jiioaefi: Ho npHXoTH cecTpu Kapamaiu-xaiiyM, Kene aHiuaer Moaoaoro Hcno-i- HHT&mi CBofioflu, oraaer ero b coftcnieiiHocrb Kapauiam. C iobho imma, nonaicnaa b ceTH, GbeTca TaJiaiiTjuiBbiB lononia. He Bbirepneo THWeerH xaii- 06ckhx oGha, moaoaoh AOMdpHCT nnaaaer b rjiyGonyio neaa.ib. Oh Bbicnasbi- BaeT bck) ropmyio npasay yraeTaiejiax: OcHOBnaa aaea nosMbi «KvB“i>» («My3biKaRT»), HamicaHHofi b ponaH- THaecKOM mnone,—wapaay c noKa30M MHororpatmux acTeraaecKiix xa- aecTB h rayGoxHx whshchhux Kopnei) noayjeHHOfi b napoae MysbiKH paso- CjiaaHTb BpanaeGHOCTb sKcnjivaTaropcKOft cpeflbi HCKycerBy. 3ry iifleic near cyraeji BonaoTHTb b MacrepcKH nepeaawibix peajmcTHiecxHX Kapranax. «Kyaarep»'*—sto nocjieawui. narenmecicas nosMa H. fliKaHcyrypoBa iia TCMy Ka3axcKofi neciiH k mvshkk. B Hefi mh bhahm npocrop noBTHBecxofi MbitviH, luiipoKoepyc.10 cTHxa, Hanomeimoro iviyGoKiiMHayMauH h qyBcrna- OchoboA nosMbi «Ky.iarep» nocnyiKHJio TparH'iecxoe coGnTHe H3 wh3- hh H3BecTHoro neaua h K0Mn03HT0pa AxaHa-cepa. Oanaxo noaMa, xotb HcropiiiecKiie (paicru jier.iH b ee ocHOBy, He npo- eraa xpoHKxa, a 6u.ii>, CTaisuiaa JiereHaofi, BSJieaeaHHoB HapoaHOfl cJiaH- Ta3Hefi. 3ror croiaB HcropH3Ma h aerciiaapHoe™ h baoxhobh.i H. ilKaHcy- rypOBa. B3hb b xaaecTBe (JiaGyau obhh H3 caMbix tbjkcjthx ncpHoflOB WH3- hh Axana, noOT Ha3Ban hosmv no HMeiiH aioGnMoro kohh Axana— «Kyjta- C nepBbix cthxob nosMa oqapoBUBaeT aaMe'iarejii.nwmh KapTHHaMii npexpacHbix KoKicTaacKiix rop, rae H nponcxoanna b aeftCTBHTejibHOCTH TparcDHa axbiHa. CpeaH bthx rop oahhoko JKiiBer GeJKaBiHHfi ot jHoaefi h norepaB- uihB Bepy b wibbb AxaH— neuen h host. cayWHTeJib Kpacora. nepea tcm Kaa npHcryiunv k paccK.i3y o TpareaBH » h3hh Axana, no9T npHKOBHBaer BHHMaHHe 'iHraTe.19 k CKMKetHofi -iiiHHH nosMbi Taxoft 3araaonioii xap- (flep. M. JhjKOHuHa) Kto 3Tot CTapeu? Hto 3a nepen npH6«i k Gepe3e? H nosiaa aaei OTBCT Ha 9TH BOnpOCbl.

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3hi h fluim, nan araara iia npHBH3H», «B nefie aaponnaiiM KpywaT, cronss oSAafcaa, «yiiHjen caoft kochk, 3apmeT u nocnpaneT Bowan*, khhoxoaucm 6ha cJiaBHoro maras. Oahhm h3 acTOTHHKOB. mrraioiHiix TBoptecTBO H. A*aHcyrypoBa, 6wia pyccKaa AHTepaTypa. Ecah BHaiajie host BocnpifHHMa-a ee HAeti. ayx, 3Crc- THiecKyio xpacory aepe3 110331110 h ncpenoau A6aa. to noaAHee oh caiao- CTOHTC.’ibiio 3aiHTtiBajiC!i pyccKHMH npoi[3BCAeiiHHMH b noAAAiimiKax. B20-:; roaax oh HawiiHaer h ca.MnepeBOAHTb npOH3BeAeHHH riyuiKHiia, AepMOHTO- sa, HexpacoBa; b 30-x ropax, nepeBOAH TaKHC b&iihkhc tbopchhh, Kan «raBp«AHaaa» h «EBremift OnerHK*. na3axcKHfi no9T 3aHMCTBVeT H3 hiis mhoto hoboto h nm cBoeii H033HH. HaKoneu, Hexia/ioe B.niHHHe Ha TBop- uecTBO nosra ona3ajia coBpeMeHHbie cmv pyccKHe coBCTCKiie rmcareAH. OTKJfHKancfi Ha MofiojiieBiiue coOmthh no npHMepy flesibana Bcaho- ro. nosT-JKypHaaiicT iioctohhho ctpgmhtch ycKJiHTb amraiiHOHiiyio 11 bocim- TaTeabiiyio cropoHy cbohx ctiixob. BbicHCHBaa 11 pa3o6,ia>iafl TaKire abackup, Kan 6iopoKpaTH3Mh b3htoii- khtoctbo, nepswHTKH 4>eoaajibHhix oObmaen h hpbbob, noc.ieACTBiis TeMHo- Tbi h iieBeiaecTBa. BpeAHTeAhCKKe AeficTBHH 6aeB h myaa, H. ilaoHcJrypoB mraieT MHoroHHCJieiiHHecthxh, otopkh h die.ibCTomj. TaKKM o6pa3oM, b ero TBopiecTBe, KaK h b TBopnecTBe B. MaaKOBCKoro H A- Beanoro, o«Jjop mahctch h BHABHraerca 11a bhahog Mecro waup nosTHTOCKoii caTHpbi. 06pamemie H. Amancyrypona k nepeBoaaM npoinBeaeimft M. TopbKo- ro, B. MaaKOBCKoro, A. BeAHoro, A. >KapoBa, M. yTOiiHa. a TaKwe Teip, Te0He xapaKTepH3yeT ero KaK nosTa. iioctohhho iiwymero H ynopHo H3y- •laiomero mhpobyio itowhio. XapaKTcpnofi ocoOcHHOCTbio I1033HH H. A*anc-yrypoBa HBjiaerca TaKHtejiHpH'iecKaaOKpameimocTb ero ctiixob.O tom6u mi micaA, KaK6m hii nan no3T, oil jMaer sto ot Bcefi avtuh. Bo bccx ero craxax orHCM nojif- xaioT ropaniie 'lyBCTBa; b iihx He Hafrra xoaoahoctii, paBHOAyuiHH haii <i>ajii,mn. HiiAHuiiAya.iH3M 11 bctctctbo mvwaij ahpiikc H. AwaHcyrypo- r,a, 06 3TOMcBHAeTCJibCTByioT TaKHe ctpokh ero cthxob, K8K «Hauia 6y- AyiHHocTb—uiHpoKHe npoCTopu*, cBccKpaHHaa CTenb Moa, onopa, 0611- TeAb», cCoKpoBHiua—cnasHbie HeAPa. x.tc6om CAauHbie 3eMAHmoh», «Cne- niH. Moft aoiKAb, Moa MociiBa. mm wawAeM homoiuh TBoefo, «B ay.-i npii- 6biAa orHCHHaa ap6a, poaiiofi, h th eraa paBHbiM cpcah paBirsix*, «Poah- Mbift, iuiipoKon.icMHfl, b Tpeyx oAeTbiB, Mofl M.'iaAiuiiil 6par». «Bocnpaiieiiii.. woft HapoA, Bocnpaiienib*, hah TaKO# bot otpmbok:

Ta«ae cthxh MoryT BcxoanTb tojibko ot HHcroro cepaua. 3to naaMeii- aoe, aapmecKOe BesHHe h npHaaer iio33hh H. flasancyrypoBa oco6yio apxocrb. H. flatancyrypoB He mojkgt 6tm. x-iaaiiOKponnuM, ficripaMH'iiibiM. xoraa noer o JleHHHe n KoMMymicTHiecKofl napTHH, o coiwajmcTH'iecxofi wimne h apywfie napoaoB, o Ka3axcxoM Hapoae u bg.ihkhx ppeo6pa3oaa- iraax b KaaaxcKofi cretin. B nopruiecxOM roaoce, BuphiaaiomCMca m ero <WAH, He HaBra hh oanofi aownoii hah qywaofi ctpvhkh. KoHeaHO, He Bee cthxh H. /iJKaiicyry-poiia buupiii H3-noa ero nepa b paBtioH cTeneiiH cboCoahumh ot norpemiiocrefl h HeaocraTKOB. CpeaH hhx HweioTCH HanHcaiiiibre b cneuiKe hjiu iieyaa'iHbie, He3peaiire, co cxeManni- humh ofipaiaMH, MHoroc-iOBHbie. Hapn.TV c B03BbiuieiiHbiMH, o6pa3HUMH. •laKOHHHHUMH H .ICrKO MHTaCMblMH CTHXOTBOpeHHHMH, B eTO P033HH HMCIOT- ca k HaayMaHHbie, tpomosakhc cthxh c oraeabHUMH, tpvakhmh nja tre- hhb h noiiHMaHiisi c.iobhmh h bi>ixojihihhmh 3a rpaHH nosTHHecxoB ueaeco- o6pa3HOCTH, 6e3BKyciibiMH acccHancaMii 11 ajuniTepanwiMii. B3HTaa b ucaom po33hh H. flwaucvrypoBa — nossna raySoxiix ayM a SoabuiHX qyacTB. 3to no33mr BhicoxoiiaeftHasi, npiiBpHBaa, oAyxoTBopeHHaa KpbuiaToR MeMToii. poxi/ieinias hchum TaaaiiTOM. GojibUMM no.ieTCM mhcah xyAowHHKa; ee copepwaiiHe oxBaTbiBaeT r.iaBHue soaenna snoxa, aocne- aaeMbifi eio repoft—hspoa, KoMMVHHcTH'iecKaa napTHH, Biviyiuaa 3TOT Ha- POAk KOMMynii3Hy. rio33HH H. jlwaHCyrvpoBa 6biJia HaHOoaee C0Aep*a- teAbHOii b nopy CTaHOB.ieiiHfl Ka3axcKoii cose-rcKoB noP3HH. H. flwaHCyrypoB— MiiororpanHhifi xyaowHHX, oh h ApaMaiypr, co- W buihHTanyio Ta-iaitTAKByionbecy, KaK tcMcaraB—MaxaM(5er», h npo3aHK, iianacaBUiHH po.wan «ToBapHiuH» u mhoto xopouihx paccxaaoB, oaepKou, i|>eAieTOHOB. Ho H. ilwancyrypoB no HaType cbocB, no cicaaAy yMa, avhih, acreTHKecKHX BKycoB (Smi, raaBiibiM o6pa3oM, noarou, ocTaBHBUiHM noroM- xaMfiecueHHbie noSTit'iecKHe tbopchhh. noaroMV b hctophh Ka3axcKofl co- bctckoBAHrepaTypbi Mbi h paccMaTpHBaeM ero KaK nostra.

CAEHT MyKAHOB MynaHOB poaiiacn b anpeae 1900ro- aa B ayjie j\\e 2 Tya3apcxoii bojiocth Ku- 3uawapcxoro ye3.aa Akmohhhckoh oG.iacTH, cHoroptKoacKoro pai'iowa KycTanaiicKoii 06- jiacw. Hro otcu MyxaH lUyxcfiyau iicnu- Taa B >KM3iiH Miioro ropbxnx .nmuemid, oGhbhh SafiCKHe nopora. ByayiuHii rnca- ocraaca ciipoTofi: norna eiay 6bi- eu, qytb iicwwe—Maxb. BbiByataoH Obtji 3apa- CaMOCTOBTejIbllblMTpy- MaOaiiOM, Ta6yHiUHKOM. Jo6oaKoro Bpe- CaMOCTOH- Beaaxaa OxTaGpbCKaa comiaaKCTHMecKaa peBoatoiina OTKphinaei nepea U MyKaaoBUMmnpoxyioaopory. B 1919rosy oh nepee3waer b ropoa Omck. nocrynaer Ha xypcu yniTeaefi, roraa we nyGaiixyeT cboh ctuxh «OTpaaa Moa» (1917), «ToM.iCHiie» (1918) h «0 nywae*. riosauce C. MynanoB paOoTaer yiiirreaeM, yaacmyeT b paflorc MecTHoro Co»aena. B 1920 roav oh Bcrynaer b paau KoMMyHHcnmecxofi napran Co- BoiCKoro Coio3a, BunoaiiaeT pa3.reqHbic napTiiBiiue nopyqeiiiia. B 1923— — 1926 roaax on yiHTca iia OpeHGyprcKOMpa6i|iaKi: h BnepBUc 3HaaoMHTCH

TMax-pOMaa b craxax «Oiywani». B 1926—1928 roAax, b nepitOA pa- iBrrS3r?-c,i??aTe HBKa3axcK0ii accoruiaium npojieTapcKHX micaTcjiefl (Ka3Allll), C. MyKanoB nauiCT craTbH, tab DbicrvnaeT hpothb 'lywraft co- BCTCKflMak>ahm HABO-iorHH KaiuioiiajiHCTOB. B 1928— 1930 roaax oh pa6o- Taei peaaKTopoM BHXOAHiuefl b rieTponauaoBCKe ra3erhi «Kcnec ayuau» (tCoaeTCKHBayci»). B 1930— 1931 roAy C. MyKanoB cosaaer iiosmu sYroab—Ko«\\iymi3M» dlpociophi Aaa-Tay*. B-1931 — 1935 roaax oh ymrrcs b Mockobckom UHCTHiyre Kpacaoii npo$eccypu. B bth roaa oh iiHiueT poMaa cTeMip Tac» |«)Keae3Huft KasieHb*), noBMy «Ak, aio» («5eAbifl MoancAbo). B 1936— 1937roaax C. MyKanoB— npeaceaaTe.'ib Upaiyieimii CoK»a cobctckhx no careneS Ka3axCTaiia. Hanncamtue b stot ncpuoa cthxh «fleHb Kojixo3Horo ayxa>h «Caobo —CoBercKott Armhh», nbeca «B ahh 6opb6u», poMan «3a raaoxHoe 3iiaMB» (no3AHee nepepa6oTanHUH h 03araaBACHHbiil «Boraro3»). aBTo6Horpai|)H4ecKue paccxasu cIIlKaxa wh3hh»- SBmmCb OcuibiuiiM tbop 3CEKHMA0C7MJK6HHBM DHCaTBAH. B40-x roaax C. MyxaiioB HaniicaA poMaH«Cup-Hapbsi», HCropHqecKvio rparsAHio «lIoicaii Ba.wxaiiOB*. B 1954 roay sumea c6opmni ero oaepKOB «nyreuiecTBenHiiKn», cPacuBerafi, poahsh CTen», «Ha ue.niHe b doahom xpaios. Huiie riiicarcvib paCoTaer iiaa poMaHOMtCTCmuie bojihu*, b koto- po« OToSpaiKaorcn caMOOTnepweimufl rpyA ubahhhhkob. B 1950 roAy oOmecTBCHHocTb pecnyfijniKK hihpoko orMerroia SO-Aertio coaiib pojKAeHHB H30-iieTHe TBopqecKofl AeaTeabHocrH C. MyKaHOBa. Bhi- coxo oueiiiiiiaH 3acayni nsicarejw b pa3BHTnn coBercKoB jiHteparypu, nap- ikbhnpamiTOJibCTiwnarpaAHAHero opaeHOMTpyAOBOro Kpacworo 3na,«eiiH. C, MyKanoB ue to.h.ko xyaojkhhk c.ioBa, ho h o6ihcctbchhuBAesTe/ib, -lenyraT BepxoBiioro CoBeTa Ka3axcKofi CCP. aKaacHiiK AicaAeMHH nayx Ka3CCP. aocnojiHHTb ynymeimoe: HHax. B cTHXOTuOpeHHH^ Toin; 6arpaKa» no3T orofipawacr THXceAoc noao- iKeniie 6ecnpaBHbix Macc. Ot nepBoro Anna noBecrBya o 6e3paaocrH0fi ao- reMHoTe h HCBejKecTBe. Ec.ni b nepBbix npoiueeAeimux C. MyKanoB roBopiiT o 6eciipaBim6eA- iMKOB 0 HX HyjKABX, TOB 6o.1Ce H03AHHX JlHPHHeCKHX CTHXaX—«CbOOO- Aa*.(1919), «Cuh 6eAH«Ka» (1920). «Kxo He HMeer cBoero nyra, nycrb k,;ct nauiefi aoporofl* (1925) — pHcyeT apwiii oSahk HapoAHbix Macc. no- •lyiHBHlHXCB060AV HB3HBUWX BJiaCTb BCBOHPyKll: 267

C. MyKaiioB 30ner Kpeimit n yMHOwaTb 33Boe riosT, paaoctHo BCTpCTKBuiHfl OKTafipbCKyio pcBoaioumo, rayfioKO BC- PHT eft. Euiuuiie fieaitHKH h CaTpaKH craiioBHTCH raaBHbiMH repoHMH ere cthxob, a npH3biBuk 6opb6e, coaH/iaTejibiioMyTpyay — jiefiTMOTHBOMno33Hii. 3ro apKOpacKPbiTob craxoTBopeiiHH«Kto lie iiMeercBoero nyra, nycTbBaer tiaiueB aoporoft*: ripoc,-if]B.iBHOKTa6pb,C. MyaaiioBbcrHxoTBopeHHsx «Kpacnbifi yrojioi<». «X03bBctbo lUoKnwras (1926), «MoAoqHbtft 3aB0a», «nauiHa» (1927), «/Ic- hhh» (1927), i/IoBqaa Tirana (1930), «KoHBefiep» (1933) h apyrax Hetobi, ko pHcyeT BaoxnoBeHHbie KapTHHU coBpeMeHHOfl JKiuiiii, ho h pa3Mbiuinaer o OyaymeM. Kpaarry hoboB WH3HH CBofioaiibix napoaoB, liaBceraa pa36H»- iiihx uena paBcraa h KoaoHna.iH3Ma. C. MyicaHOB sidko BocneBaeT b CBOey CTHXoTBopenHH «KpacHbtfl nepeii». ycnexH couKajincra'iecKoro crpoHTejn.- cTBa host o6pa3iio HrayBoKo CBB3biBacT c actiTcjibHOCTbio KoMMyHHCTHqec- ckoHnapTHHh ee rcHHa.n,Horo aowaa — B. H. /leHHiia: fopu B3pUB3IOT II IKepTByiOT WH3l!bK>,— MacTepcKH iicno.ib3yn HOBbieMCTatpopMu, C.MyxaHOB Bocco3aaeTCBer- abiii ofi.iHK Hauieft PoaHiibi. B cTHxoTBopeHHHX «MoaonibiB 3aB0a», «riam- HH» host paccKa3b»aeT o bhcokoB co3iiaTejibHocrn aioaefi cBoOoanoro Tpy- aa. 3th npoH3BeaeHim hb.ibh>tcb cBoeo6pa3HbiM npoaoaweHHeM ochobiioB Mbicjiii, Bbipawemiofi b ctiixotbopchhh «Xo3hBctbo UioKiibiTas. Ecjih 6ea- hbk UlOKnbir b npewHeMcraxoTBopeiiHH noayqaeT b noMOWb or Cobctckoh BjiacTH ckot h ceMeiia, to Ha moaoihom 3aBoae no3T noKa3UBaeT ero cpeaii MHOwecraa tbkhx we GeaiisKOB, uan h oil, Koropbie TaKwe o6n3aHU cbohm cqaCTbeMKomMynhcth^cckoh napTHH: uiu> Oh CtHXOTBopeHHe «rio: TyanapoB*1 nocBamaeTCH Ka3axcK0My iiapoav. QBnaaeBuieMy hoboB Tex oft. B xvaowecTBeiiHOM othotuchiih oho otJik-

Mere* or npeai*aymnx. Oiuiaico 3Aecb amop qpe3Mepno yB.ieKaerca (poAbx- .ropHUMH $op_MaMH, cpaBHHBafl, cKaweM, xoa uauiim c axaioposi cxa3oq- iioroKona TafiOypbiaa. Pa3yMeeTca, Taxfle xy'AOwccTisemibie cpeacTBa, Heii3- facHUe Ha onpeaeJieHiioM nepexoAKOM srane pa3BHra>r jiHreparypu, He ho- rjnrayBoxo a nojino B0CiipoH3BecTnto noBoe, 'rro nommaoci. b whshh' napo- Ochobhbim HMOCTaTKOM i!poji3BeAennfi iio3Ta3Toro BpeMeiiH ao-iaercHTo, aro oh 3aaacryio yaoBJieTBOpaerca TeM, mto o&iexaeT Hoaoe coAcpwaime a CTapyio (Jjqpmv. B otot nepHoa TeMbi H3 Wii3iin pafioqero xjiacca 3anHMaiOT Bee 6oAb- mee Mecrob Ka3axcKoii coBercxofi .iHTepaxype. npeoaoaenasi cTapue (|)o.ibi<- •ropiibie(popMbi, C. MyxaiioB b JiapaaecKOMCTHXOTaopeHHK «Baaxaui» H3o0- pawaer Hoayn wiuiib xaaaxcxora Hapoaa, CTpextacb ao6hti>ch rapMOHaqe- oxoroeaniicTBa (JiopMbi h coaepwamia. Ho b Haqajie csoeftTeopqecxoSaea• re-ibiiocTHoh Gojiee nomio h npanaHBo BocnesaeT witaHb fiaTpaxa, HeweAH pafioqero: host apue pwcyeT to, hto xopoiuo 3HaeT caM. Iiapaay c jwpiiqecxHMH npoH3BeAeii«siMH bo btopoS noxOBHHe 20-x ro- 3ob C. MyxaiioB rmuier paa nos.M. B nosMax «Baa6one», «KpoBaBoe 03e- po», «Bpoflbi OxTSiCpn* oh vrayfiaaeT TeMbi CBoeii no33HH, ycHXHBaer ee couaajibiioe 3ByiaiiHe h co3aaeT KpacoqHue o6pa3jj. 3th npoH3Beaeim«, ocofieHHonosMhi «BaTpax» h «Bpoau OkthGpsi*, tax we Kan h poMan «Oiy- iuaui», HBHJiHCbTBOpqecKHM ycnexoM He TcuibKO C. MyKaHOBa, ho h Bceft xa- aaxcKofl coBercKofi jiinepaTyphi. B 3th roau Kasaxcioa cOBeTCKaa 11033113 hihpoko pa3pa6araBaeT TeMy couHaaacTHqecKoro npeo6pa30BanHa xa3axcxoro ayaa, a raxwe paBiionpaBHa xeHimm, npoAO-awasi TaxHM o6pa30M jiymuHe TpaaauHH AopeBcunouKOHHoS .HfrepaTypbi. PacKpenouieiiHio xaaaxcxofl weimuiHbi nocBauieHU npoH3Be;ie- khb TaKHX riHc,rrejieii h nosroB, Rax C. CeilibyajiHH, B. Mafiami, H. flwan- cyrypoa, M. Aysaoa, P. MycpenoB, T. MyeraiiiHH. UJ. HManfiaeaa, C.HoHeH- TaeB, H. 5afi3axoB, A. ToKMaraMCeroB, X - Cbi3flbixoB. 3ra axTyaabHefluias reMa iramaa CBoe xyAowecTBeHnoe OTpaweime h b JtHpHqecxoM cthxotbo- peHHHC. MyxaiioBa «Mosi 6a6yuixa», rae host pacyeT o6pa3 crapofl xaaaui- KH, CTaHOBHUieiiCH B PHAM CTpOHTCAefi HOBOS WH3HH. B nosMe «BaaCone» nosr pa3o6aaqaeT Mopaabiibie ycTOH naTpnapxajib- HoxfieoAajibHOro oOuiecTBa, nonapaBUiero npaea wchiuhh, h b cyflbfie Baa- fione, pacKpenomeHHofi coBeTcxofi B-iacrbio, noxa3biBaeT BeaH'iHe 3aBoeoaHHil coimajiHCTHqecxoB peBoarauHH. B nosMe «KpoBaBoe 03epo» C . MyxaHOB pwever xapTHna xaaccoBoii ®opb6bi b ayjie, xoropaa pa3ropejiacb Boxpyr Bonpoca 3eMaenoab30BaHHa. Xora b 3tom npoH3BeaeiiHH no3T crpeMiirca pacxpuTb HenpHMHPHMoeTb npo- rHBopeqHH Mewav xa3axcxHMH fiaaMH h 6mhotoB. oh He Mower aocraToq- ho rxyfioxo h yOeanrejibiio oCocHOBatb BpawfleCubie Aohctqhh t3khx 6aes, MxiuaejRT«aEM5»c,aajTbjiwipi nbaboxifCs»iMaTfeHelfxhlcaKxHKpa«voCuBCMiahMieksepo.HTeyb0nJ3KpeavpMxoo»aanitutua»,nboh«.raiHohpTmHe'oie6TcCaKTTHap.’ainyxpiaoo»3,(pS«eeXBAoHu3ioihrifyBt,cttabxoToHbUBHnIoCoskT-.- CrawernyK) jiiihhio itosmh noar crp iht Tax, qro6bi qepe3 o6pa3 raaBiioro jeflcTnyiomero Jiaua noxa3aTb npoi 2cc npoOywachhh av.ibubix 6aTpaxoB. Ho, x cowajieHHK), b stoB n> wiy^ Ko3bi6aK eeAer 6opb6y hdothb KAaccoBbix BoaroB. MoraiOT Ko3bi6axv H TyAbwaH noAVAHTb c 6aa KvAafi- aii tpya. Bctvithb b paAbi KoMMVHHCTOqecxoii napTHH. aKTHBHHM CTDOlireAeM HOBOli WH3HH. HoAKHMaH 3TV i BpeMeHH TeMy, pacya oCna3 Ko3u6axa, ib

aaerca h b o6pa3e fyjiLwaH, KOTopaa aHiueiia khboi-o oCaamia. B iiosite MHoro pHTopHKH. BaeflHbiM noay'iHJicn nopTper SeaHHita LLlyHaKa, Hciiurap. urero Ha ce6e bcio rawecrb «H3Hh,' h apyriix nepcoHawefi. riosMa «Bpo,ihi OnTa6pa» nanucana na reMy (popMHpoBamia Kasaxcxoro paSoaero Knacca. B iieii noar crpeMurca co3flarb o6pa3u pa6o'iiix-Ka3axo8. noi<a3atb hx yiacrae b coBMecTHofi SopaOe c pycckhm npoaerapnaTOM npo- thb 3KcnayaT3TopcKHX miaccoB. I'aaBHufi repofi nopuu TeMHpTafi, c flererea H03HaBuiHfi rojioa, Hyway, amuenHa, 0Ka3aBiu»cb na 3aBoae b OMCKe, BCipe- 'iaerapywecnoe OTHonieiine cbohx TOBapHwefi-pa6oiHX h npHHHMaeT yiacrae b 3a6acTOBKe. PyccKHfi pafiowfi HBaH paccKa3UBaer eMV o KaaccoBMX npo THBopeiHHX h 6oph6e. rio3.HHee, yiiacraya b noanoabKofi oprann3annH, Te­ MHpTafi caM nejer noaHTHiecKyio pafioTy cpeflH BOCCTaBtuax tophskob JleH- CKHX30JI0THX IIPHHCKOB. rioBCCTBya o wibhh TeMHpTaa. C. MynanoB BMecre c TCMonncbiBaer HCTopanecKHe coGbjthh, npoHcxoaaiiuie BOKpyr repoti. B nepnoa. peBoaiouiw TeMHpTafi— ootb H3 opraiiHsaTopOB MaccoBofl nOjiHranecKOn paQoru cpe- « h wnrejiefi Cnaccaa. ylacTHHK rpawaaHCKofi Bofinu h aaeH napnin, oh fiecnouiaaen k BparaM. no OKOHiamni bobhu oh cTaHOBHTca ceiiperaaeMbo- aocTHoro KOMHTera naprmi, munonaerca b cTpon-rcabCTBO HOBoro o6u;ecrBa. OanaKO, noAHHMaHb nosMe Bawnyio TeMy h CTpe.Macb aaib npaBiHBMP KapTHHU oSmecTBeHHofi JKH3HH. noyr otxoaht ot raaBHofi neaH H rayfioKHii o6pa3Hbifl noxa3 noAMenaeT nopofl noBcpxnoCTHbiM onHcaHueM. Xn3HeHiib[i! nyrb TeMHpTas loofipawoH cxc«aTH'mo, ero ncHxoaoraa He pacKpbira. He- peCpacbman TeMHPTaa c oanoro Mecra Ha apyroe, noar b ochobhom omicy BaeT era Taweaufi nyrb, Byway, Ceaiiocrb. Snasoau pafioru TeMBpras na CnaccKOM3aBoae h CercTBo ero H3 naena bo BpeMH rpawaancKOii boBhh npoH3BoaHT BnenaTaeniie HaavMaHHbix. H Bee we noaowwreabHoe 3nancHHe sTiix no3Mjura pocra Ka3axcKofi airreparypH onpeae.in.'iocb TeM, >ito b iiii\\ BnepBbie b Ka3axcKofi coBercKofi aHTepaType 6bran co3aaH&i o6pa3U pafio hhx h SarpaKOB. KpynHHM BiaaaoM C. MynaHOBa b Ka3axcKVK> coBercKyio airrepaTypy BBHacn ero poMaH «Cayuiain», CBHaeTeabCTByroiiwfi o bwcokom ypoBHe mo- aoaofl pacTymefi Ka3axcKofi coBeTcaoB no33HH Tex aeT. Xora clower poMa- Ha nocrpocn Ha MOTHBax crapHHHbix npeaaHHfl, oanano 6opt,6a Ka3axcKo9 MoaoaewH 3a CBoCoav afoniocrH pHcyerca nosTOM b Hepa3pbiBHoB CBH3H c pacKphiTHeM KaaccoBbix npOTHBopeinfi, naamiii TpyaoBOro Hapoaa. ncm MacrepcKH co3aaa sipKHe, npapannbie o6pa3u Moaoaax repoeB— 6eaimi!a AaTas h KpacaBHUMCayoiam. Hepea HiiTareaeM BCTaeT -raweaaH aTMOCibepa couHaabiioro HepaBencr- Ba, wecTOKHX 33K0H0B, HpaBOBh o6uHaeB iheoaaabnofl snoxH. TaaBHue repoH poMaHa—AaraB HCayuiaui, hx 3aBenibteMeaTHh B03- BhimeHiihie aaeaau npHBaeKaiOT niTa-reaa csoefl hhctotoB. I'aaBHhiM HaeS- hhm v3aoM npoTHBOpeMHfl b poMane BBaaerca counaabHoe HepaBencTBO, npe- narerayiomee hx aioCBH. Tpareana repoeB, ofivcaoBaeHiiaa oOmecTBeaHU'! crpoeM, rpaKTyerca nosTOM c no3HUHfl coBpeMeHHOCTH. n^T CBH3bmaer 6opb6y 3a CBoOoav oraeabHofi aHMHOCTH c naasraaMti HcyabOaMH HapoflHux Macc. 3tot HaefiHbifi mothb ocoOeimo aceH b ofipaae ocHOBHoro repoa poMana—Aaraa. Oh noaioBHa aonb HMemiToro 6aa Tae- y6epabi hoHa oTBeaaer eMVB33HMHocTbio. Ho npoTHB Hero Boccraror TeMHbie CHau 4>coaaabHofo ayaa. B Copb6e 3a cboio aioOoBb npoTHB ycToeB rocnoa- CTByiomero Kaacca rafinyr aioCaiune apyr apyra Moaoaue repon. OSuiecTBenHweoTHomeHHa noxa3aHbi BpoMane nnaBamio, \"(leaHreaMio, bo Bcefi hx caowHOCTH. riosTOMy oraeawibie aB.ieHHa h o6pa3bi npiioCpe- TaiOT rayfioKoe couHaabiioe 3naMeHne. BaTpauKaa wn3Hb Am a h ero 6ec-

crpaCTHOpa3o0.iaiaeTofiuuan Ka.iuMa, wecTOKocibcTapux diikuiob. Akthu- huaBTOpcKiie oueiiKH nciixoaormi AjiTaa. Oiih auahmaioT rnon « cocrpana- nomraccKHfi oftpaa. ' **C’ BoccramiiHfi nporiiB (iieoja/ibHO-GaficKoro oOuiecTBa h ero ycroeB, A/i- TaSayBCTByei cBoe OeccHjme, ho Bee ace peuiaer npco.wierb .iioPuo Tpya- boctii, -iHuii. Obi ocBoOoflirrb cboio jho6hmvio. rioHUTKa c opywiieM BpyKax oraaTb ee y nenaBHCTHory xteuiixa ycH-iHsaeT KOMi!03HUH0iiHyK> 3aB83Ky poMaHa, npiiBOAHT k ocjioikiiphhio maiiMOOTHOUicHHft Meway A.-rraow h Oaa- hh. BTpyaHyio MHHvry k Ajrraio Ha noMOuib npiixoaar Ocahakh, y kotopux oOmas c hhm cyabOa. Bv.ecre c 6aTpaKOM KaScaposi A.nafi xpaaer Civ­ ilian! H3 BpawaeOnoro aarepa EpMeKa h, cxpbiBaacb ot npecaeaoBaieaefl, 6e*HT b Jiecmje aeOpn b ropax. Ho 6erjieuaM He yaaerca yilm ot cbohx npecaeaoBaTcjieii. a cboio cBodoay, Aaraft 11 Cayiua B o0pa3e Caymarn nopT nacKpbmaeT THHceaoe noao*eHHe Ka3axcKHx aeByioex. Tpareaiia r.'ianmax repocB H3o0pa)«eHa b poMane xax capacTBHC atecTOKOCTHoObiaaeB npouiaoro h couiiaai.iioro iicpaBeHcroa. Hx nocrvmui. BHyrpeHRHRmhp, ncHxoaorHB onpeaeaaioTca pa3BHTHeMoCiuecTBeHHofi Oopb- tu. B cooTBeTcTBHH c iipaBaiiBO/i aeScTBHTeabHocTbio bbtop noKaauBaer. TO) xaK Obi iih cTapaancb raaBHbie repoH Hafl™ raOaBJiemie ot nieTa Ha ocymecTBHTbca. ToimMue npecaeaoBaTe.m.MH, oKpy»emibie oriifiM, Boaofi, ahkhmh 3BepaMH, oiih raOnyT. BercTBOAaTaa, Caymani h Kaflcapa. He Ha- meauiHXceOe noaaepwKH cpeaii aioaeR. b HeoOwraeMue, rayxae Mecra no9T pacyer c ocoGofl chjioR. ileflcTBHa raaBHux repoeu poMana pa3nepTNBaioTC« b OopbOe hpothr BparoB. PacKPbiBaa npaBOBbie vctoh. couHa.ibHNe nopaaKH, oOwian. Tiiwe- ayio TpareaHio aioaefi, nosT co3aaeT 3Ha>iHTeabHb!e xyao*ecTBemibie oGpa- 3u. CaeaveT oTMeTHTb, HTOrepoH poMaHa HMeior H3BecTHoe cxoactboc pa- 3oiapoBaBiuHMHca b CBoeM oflmecTBe repoaMH npOHBBeflemifi [lyuiKHHa h B npouecce paflorw naa oOpa3anHA.iTaa h Ciyuiaui host Hcnaib3yer apxae xyaosKecTBeimue KpacKH. Oiyuiaui —WHBoe Boiuioiueaiie HHCrofi bioSbh, HacToamefi ApywObi. Ee oflpa3, B3r,iaau. xapaKTep, aucoKoe >ieao- Beiecxoe boctohhctbo noKa3anu nncare.ieM c OoJibiu™ MacTepcTBOM. Xa- pairrepyCjiyiuaui cooTBercTBveT npcKpacHhifi BHeuniHii oOjihk, hokhuRCMex, npBBeTaHBocrb, 3aflVMMHBocrb. Bo hmh cBoeii aioObh k Ajrraio oHa 0TKB3bi- Baercaot OomcTBa h c.iaBbt, oHa hchht npeBbiiue Bcero MopaabHHeaocro- aHCTBa le.ioseKa. CayoiaiH oOoapaeT H BAOXHOBaaer Aaraa na OopbOy ax oflmee cqacrbe:

X oth C. MyKanoB iraiuea yaa'inbie (liopMtj H3o6paweHHH npoTHBopemifi npomaoro, on ropacT hybctbo Mepu, Kowa ofipHCOBtiBaer riepcwHaaiina n B3r;iHAU Ajiraa HCaymam: b hx vera oh BKaaaHBaeT MoaepHH3HpoBaHHue cywaeHiiH o K-iaccoBofl HecnpaBejuiHBocTH. rTpeKpaciibic neibaiKH HapHCosaHHue pyxofi ncaammoro uacrepa, aaioTcn b poMane b tcchoh cishbh c DHVTpeHHHMH nepewHBaminMH repoee, yni.TOEaiOT jCTCTiPiecKyio cm.ay npoH3BeaeHH>i, noMoraiOT ayiuie nocnpHHii- h BbicoKoe uacrepcTBo cio*eTHoro nocrpociiHH— xapaKTepnue ocofieHHO- cth poMana «Cayuiain», xoth h 3to 3HaHHreabHoe npoHSBeaeiiHeC. MyKaHO- sa. He .airaieHO hpaocththor. BaoXHOBaeHHHS uihpokoh iinjvcrpna.iH3aiiHC'H h Svdhum poctom npo- MhHuaeimocTH b KaaaxcraHe, C. MvKaHOB nHUieT noaMbi «yroab—kom- MyHH3M» h «npoeropi>i Aaa-Tav». BocxHmemibia HCBiiaannuMH TeMiiaMH cotwajwcTHiecKoro CTpoHTejibCTBa, oh. OAKaxo, orpaunmiBaeTca noxa koh- cTaTauHeft coCuthB, oBiuhmk cjioaaMH BocneBaeT aocnniiyrbie ycnexH, BcaeacTBHe Hero hosmu no.ayuaioTCH cxeMaTBiHUMH. OrK.iHKancb Ha BawHeBuiwe co6uthh jkhshh Hauiefi crpaHH, C. Myxa- hob nHUieT nosMy «Bejihifi MeABeaw. b kotopoB crpeMiiTca noKa3aTb repoH- Hecxyio 0opb6y coBeTCKHX aroaeii — noKopHTeaeii cthxhh Cesepa. Ho 3flecb n03T npHOeraeT k HaHBHUM a.iaeropHHM, k ofipa3aM nepHoro h 6caoro MeflBeaeii..Boruiomaiomax cthxhio CeBepa. C. MyKanoii nhrraercs noKa3aTb repoH3M neaiocxHimeB qepe3 pa3roBopu anix abyx aaaeropHie- ckhx nepcoHaweft. 3aMUcea noyra He noaviaer 3aecb no-raouemioro sonao- meHita. B nocaeayK)iUHfi nep«oa, ynacb na npoH3BcaeiiiiHX MaaKOBCKoro. C. MyKanoii 3naHirreabHO noBbiuiaeT xyaoxtecTBemiHfi ypoBeiib cbohx nDO- ■ H3neaemn'f. B paHHHB nepHoa CBoefi aeareabHOCTH C. MyKanoii Hepeaxo 06- pamaercsr k CaKeny CeflifcyaaHHy, Hbe tbophcctbo, oco6chho noaiaa «CoBei- CTaH», oxaaaaa CaarorBopHoe BAHHHHe Ha ero rnmnio. Oco6eHHoro ycne- xa aocTHraeT C. MyKanoa b noaiiTH'iecKofl aHPHKe. JIvhpihmh ero npoH3Be- pono», «(jiobo —CobctckoB Apmhh», «3apaBCTBvfi, iIlOAHHMan cBoe cepape Kan MaHaa-r* h aPvrne. B 3thx nooiiaiieaemiax C. MvKaHoa BHCTynaer v*e KaK 3peaufi xvaowhhk, ctohuihB Ha ho3huhhx couaaaHCTH- HecKoro peaaH3Ma. Oh raytSoxo pa3pa6aTUBaeT tcmv pvKOBoasmeB poaa KoMMyHHCTH'iecKoii napraH b 6oph6e 3a nocTpoeHHe hoboB wh3hh, HCnoab- 3ya ywe cboh, opHraHaabHue cpaBiieKHH. o6pa3Hbie BupawenHH, MeTai&o- pu, ho He nopuBaa cb«3h h c tphahuhamh HapoaHoro TBopnecTBa. Hacae-

aya ontu MasmoBCKoro, C. MynanoB bboaht b Kasaxcayio no33Hio Hoeue <t>OPMfal CTHXOCAO*eHHH. Orpawaa repoHiecKHfi naifcoc CTpoirreaeft TypucHGa, C. MyKanoe co- 3aaer no3My «BopoHofi kohb», KOTOpaa HBiiaacb CoabinoH TBopaecxofl yAa- ae0 nosra, oahhm H3 oGpaauoB Ka3axcnoii coBercKoii 110331111. B bto0 nosMe r.iyfiOKO CKaaaaocb ruiOAOTBopnoe BAHaime MaaKOBCKoro. «Ecah xacaTbca $opMbi, —nHuieT C. MynaHOB, — to b cbobm noeACAHeM npoitaBwioniiH a pa36aBaio crpoKM. BosbMew, k npiiMopy, Taxyio crpoipy: Ecah nacaTb cthx, rpynnnpysi c.iooa no CMHCAOBOMy HaanaieHHio, to noaoGnoe paciipoAf-neHHe Heaepiio nepe.aaBa.io 6u coAep*a«ne. He HMea npeacTaBAeHHa oG lniTOHauHOHiikx CTOpoHax aroro BOCbMacaowiioro cthxo- TBOpeHHa, BHTaTeAb Be noiia.i Gm cwbicaa caeAyiomHX crpoK: Ecjth nHca-rb cthx, rpynnapya c.TOBa no cmhcjiobomy Ha3iiaieHmo, to oh BbiraaAeii 6bi t3khm oGpaaoM: Kawuuac xapa aflrapuM, (VpnafMH uo.i waBfHpHM) Cyfleri—(Sonar, fleui-or, ' Ho ecAH noAXOAHTb c no3HUHil TpaAHUHOHHoro CTHXocAo»eiiHa, to b hhx TpyAHo GyAeT HaflTH no9TM‘iecKVK) (pop-ay. CBoeo6pa3ae Taxon cncTeMH aTOM HCOCTOHT, HToGu pa36HBaTb CTHXOTBOPHbie CTPOKH no CMUC-iy, CTa- lemie caob, He Aonycxatb paAn Goibiiiero iHCAa cAoros AHumne cAOBa, He cooTBCTCTByioiUHe MbiCAH, BbipawacMofi B CTPOXe. TaKOB MOfi OnUT». OTHCKHBaH HOBbie (fcOPMU OTpaJKeHHB B H033HHHOBO0 *1131111TPVAOBO- ro HapoAa, C. MyxanoB iioA'iinraeT chctcmv ceMH*, BocbMH- h oiimiiia,wa- wcAOWHoro xasaxcKoro CTHxa TpeGoBaiiHHM iiuTOiiauiioiiHoro TreiiHa, a He ppaAHUHOHHOii HancBHocTii; pHTMHiecKHc pa3Mepu, cAOBecHbie H ciiHtaxcH* aecKiie oGopoTbi oh npHMeimeT b saBHCHMocra ot coAcpwaima, naeiUioro 33MUCAa. Hoar HaxoAHT nonue cpaBiienna. opHriiHa.ibiibie .lexcn'iecKHt; oGopotm aah nepeAa'iH orAeAbHux AeraAeB, nanpHMep a-m oimcaHHsi paoora kom-





/IiipH'iecKHft repofi b npoii3BeAeminx C . MynaiioBa ycTpeMJieH b 6yay- mee, ero Menu poMaiiTMmibi, ho rjiyGoKo cBH3aHMc ceroAHHuuieS GopbGofi. rpawaancKHii na<t>oc no3Ta AOCniraeT ocoGoro Manana b rex npoHSBeae- KaflX, we on roBopHT o pyKOBoaameii pomi KoMMyHHCTHiecKofl napraH o B. H. JleHHHe. nocroaHKoR tcmoh nnoH30eaei(HH nosra HBAaerca apyxcGa aapoaoB, HaeH coBeTCKoro naTPHOTH3Ma. B OTpaweiiHH hx C . MyxaiiOB rjiy- 6oko nepeKJiHKaeTca c TacbvpoM Pvjihmom, CaMeaoM BvpryiiOM, Mnp3o Typcyu-3aae h mhothmh apyriiMH nosTaMn GpaTCKH.x pecnyGniiK. Bbreoitaa ouenKa GoeBofi chjiu nos3HH. aaHnaa b cthxotbopchhh C . My- xaHOBa «Cjiobo — CosercKOH A pmhh*, cGanwaer ero c B. MaswoiicKHii. B CMXOTBopeHHH Ka3axcKHfl noaT paccKa3biBaeT o pcuih coBercKofl jiHTepary- pa. BflOXHOBjiaiowea coBeTCKHX Jiioaefi Ha 3auarry Poahiiw h CTpom-enbCTBo KOMMyHHCTHiecKoro o6uiecTBa. B npeHCTaBJicHHH H03Ta— cthxh accouHHpyiOTca c MyJKecTBenrmm bokhctbom, 3T0 «6ecHHcneHime noaKH, apMHH, Kopnyca*. Taxaa xapaKTepiicTHisa coseTCKofi aiiTepaTypbi Tea Gonee npiieM.'iewa cefiyac, Koraa BhicrynaiomHe b cahhom ctpoio jnrrepajyphj 6paTCK»x pe- cnyfijiHK hbkouhjih Gorarafi onur, cra.'ni Morynefi CHjiofi b KOMMyHHCTHae* ckom BOCnHTaiiHH Tpyaauuixca. flpKOe npeACTatijieime 06 aKTKBHOM BMStua- TCJibCTBe coBeTCKofi aHTeparypw b wn3Hb AaiOT TaKHe npoH3BeAeHHA, khk nosMH ra0ypa rynaMa «riyTeiueCTBHe no TvpkchGv* h cTHXOTnopHbiii cGop- hhk «5I hay c BocTOKa*; iiosmm Mhp3o TypcyH-3aAe h ero «HiiAHiiCKHe GajixaAbi*; nosMa CaMeAa Bvpryna «MHTaa /leHiiHa*. naTpHOTH'ieCKHe cni- xa «yKpaHiicKHM napTH3aHaM», «MocKBa»; nopMa^JKoMapra BoiiOMGaeBa o MocKBe* h ap- B ocuoBe stiix npoH3BCAeHHfl, BouieAuiax b 3onorofl 4>oha MuoroiiamiOHa.ibiioii coBeTCKofi AHTeparypu ae*aT remm napoaiioro cia- CTbH, C.’iaiibl PoAHHbl H FlapTHH. CxOAHbie B HAOmiO-TCMarH'leCKOM OTHO- meiuiH, 3th npoH3BCAenns( oTAH>raioTCa APyr ot APVra CBoeo0pa3HCM ko.io- pHia. xyAOJKecTBeHHbiMH ocoGeiiiiocT»MH. Ohh oGorawaiOT HamiOHanbiibie TpaAHUHH COBCTCKO0 AHTepaTypbi. Akthbho tbopha no9T b nepHOA BexHKoB OTe'iecTBeiiHoii bohiim. B ero riojiHTmiecKOH .nipHue uihpoko yTBepwAaerca sepa b nofieAy: B roAM OreHecTBeHiiofi Bofluu C. MyxaHOB cosaaeT paA neGonburax craxoTBopeHHS o coBeTCKOM narpH0TK3Me. CpeAH hhx mojkho iiaaisaTb: «Befl, He hmas*. «CMepn> d>auiH3Mv!», «H a Boopyxawca*, co3ByiH«e no CBoeMy conepwanmo no33HH B. MaaKOBCKoro. Ecjih BeaHKHfl npoaerapcKafi HOSTCayBCTBOMBbICOKOH rOPAOCTH rOBOPHT OCBOefi AK>6bHK POAHlie, TO H C. Mynahob b 3thx CTHxax BocropHteHiio noeT o naTpnoTH3Me cobctckhx moaefi. Buconaa poMaiiTHKa, MerKHe cpaBHeiraa, Kpacomibie »mrreTU, aaxo- HHMHblll B3MK— BCC 3T0 CTaHOBHTCa HeOTbeMACMblMH KaMeCTBaMH n033HH C. MyKauoBa. TeMa ciacTAHBofi >KH3HH cobctckhx aioaefi. CTpoHTe-ibCTBa kommv-



toiee uiiipoKoe counaabHoe no.ioiHo. C. MynaHon ctpcmhtch 3Aecb oro6pa- 3HTb6opb(5y KpecrbaiiCTBa c KyjiayecTBOM, noAiiTii'iecKiie a«ra CoBeTCKOii B-iacTHno yKpenneHHKi counajmcTHHecKoro CTpoHTe.ibciBa. Bopbfia nepeflOBhix npeflCTaBHTenefi TpyAOBEJX Macc KosufiaKa, Caran- 11AbiKa, A-imu c Cubiuhmh Can.Mir KacKbipfiaew TyAbKHfiaeM u kx upraneui- HHKaMH, iianHOiranHCTaMH A6enoM n XaflpynaoH, cocraBnaer luefuibiii crepwcHb npoH3BeacHHsi. Ho caeayer OTMemTb, mto couHa.ibtibie npeoOpa- MBanna, cBH3aHHbie c HOAKTHiecKoft jkioubfo, aaioTCH nraareaeM cxeMa- totho, HeySeaHTejibiio. OiaGo pacKpux B>iVTpeniniii mhp repoeB, hx nepe- KHBaHHa h nocTynKH. BpawecKHe npoHCKii we nonyvaioT AOAwiioro omopa. iiao6opoT, cropoHHHKH paCKy.ia'iHBaiiHa npe.acTaBjiaroToa nHcareaeM cjia 6UMH, IiepeiliHTejIbllblMH AIOAbMH. Heyaaaen o6pa3 XCayramapa— cexpeTapa napTHiiHoii opraHH3aiuni. OhHeonpaBAbiBaer cBoeft poem noAOJKHTeabHoro repoa. Ero aeiicTBHH npo- nmopeqaT wn3iieiinoB npaisae; earn oh HCAOBOnen, TOTiac noAUMaeT Ha- raflKy; rae 6u hh noiiB.ia.ica >Kayramap, oh bhocht ryaa pa3flop h ckaoky. HaefiHO-xyaoJKecTBeHHaa TKaiih poaaiia CBHAerejibCTByer o tom, hto RHcaTeab, noAHHMasi oahh h3 BawneHiuiix >KH3tienHbix sonpocoB, Bee *c eme He mot OTo6pa3HTb AeraTBirrCAbnocrb c iio3hhhm couHaaraTHHCCKoro peaaH3Ma. B 1938 ro«y C. MyKanos iianncaji pOMaii «>KyM6an, *aaay» («3ara- AOBHOe 3HaMH»), B KOTOpOMOTp33HA nepHOA 1912— 1920 roAOB. 3to npo- H3BeaeHHe HBHAOcb pe3y.nbTaTOM apeaoro MacTepcTBa h rayOoKHX hck3hhh. BucoKaa HfleftHOCTb h xyAowecTBCmiocTb ciiucKajiH npoiBBcyieHmo urapo- Kyio nony.'iapiiocrb. 15 3iia'iHTe.ibH<> ii3MeHeHH0.M BHAe stot poMaH (noa Ha3BaimeM«EoTaro3») H3A3H b 1948 H 1953 roAax; Oha nepeneAeH na pyc_- CKH0H3blK, B3MKH HapOAOBCTP3H IiapOAHOS AeMOKpaTHH H GAeAaACHOAHofi H3.hoShmux KHHr iiauiKX qiiTareAeit. Kan H3BecTHO, TeMa 6opb6bi hoboto 'lenoseKa upothb scero kochoto, orwHpaiomero aB-'inerca .ichtmothbom cooercKofl AHTepaTypbi. Bciiomhhm poManbi M. Ulo.TOXOBa «THXHfi flon»— anoneio K.iaccoBOii Gopbfibi b nepHOA nepBOfi HMitepHaAHCTHqecKofi h rpa>K,iaHCKoii BoSiibi, b kotopoR abh apaiiii O&IKK oGHOBACHHOil Pocchh; A. OaAeeBa «Pa3rp0M», fl. OypMaiiona «Ha- naeB», H. Octpobckoto «Kan 3aKa.1a.1acb cra.ibs, c-iaeamae repOH3M co- bctckhx AioAefi. riepeKAHKaacb c hhmh, poMaH C. MyKaiioBa «EoTaro3» H3o6pa*aer pcboaioiihohhvio 6opb6y 3a hobyio wn3Hb Ka3axcKora Hapofla. B nepBOfi nacTH poMaHa nHcare.ib noKasuBaer rawenoe npouiAoe Ha- Poahux Macc HaKSHyHC HMiiepHAAKCTHVeCKOfi Boiiiibi. ooocrpeHue K.13CCO Bbix npoTHBopeiHH; bo btopoS aacih BCKpwBaei bphihhn bOohiikhobckh.i HauHOHaAbHO-ocBofioAHTeAbKoro ABHKeHHH ua3axoB B 1916 roAy, prayer *H3llb K33aXCKHX TpyAHIHHXCH, IlOAAcpaiaBlUIIX peBOAlOUHOHHOe BUCTyn.ie- iffle pyccKoro npaierapnara CBoefi 6opb6oB 3a iiauHOHaabHyio HeaaBHCH moctb; naKOHeu, b TpeTbefi >iactH C. MyKanos ormcuoaeT noOeAy Pcbo.ho miH h ycraiioBACHHe CoBeTCKOii E.'iacTH B Ka3axcrane. CBKAeTejib h yaacTHHK raoGpawaeMhix hm peno.nouHomiux co6biTHB, C. MyKaHOB cyMCJi lie toabko tav6oko ocMbiCAHTb Biiiancmibiri MBTepHaj'. no h BonnoTHTb ero B hpkhx pcAOBeuecKHX xapaicrepax. B otahahc ot npe- AUAyWHX cbohx npoH3Be;(eHnfi b poMaHe «BoTaro3» nraaTeAb iiaHQojiec hoaho noKa3UBaeT pyKOBOAHiiiyio poAb napTHH b peBo.nouiiOHHOM Abhjko- hhh Macc, oiHpoKo OTo6paiKaeT o6mecTBeHHO-noAHTH'iecnyio jKH3Hb Ka3ax- citoro HapoAa. Onapaacb 11a peaAbHbie diaarbi, on bocpdohsboaht hctodh- WKyio AefiCTBHTeAbHOCTi, Ha ochobc MeroAa conHaAHCTHHecKoro. peaAH3Ma. Hauia ncuan, bucoko oueiiHAa iiobuB POMaw. Tan «JlHreparvpHaH raaeras niicaAa: «Ha crpaiinuax powana CaOHTa MynaHOBa 3aneiaTAeH pamiHii nepHOA HctopHH CoBetCKoro Ka3axcrana. h tot, kto xobbt hcho npCACTa-

B «ripaMe» OTMeiaaocb. mto C»6ht MvxaHOB «co3aaji noaaHHHO bh- /laiouiuiicii tpm. licropHiecKH oepiio OTo6pa3HBiuufi pcBo-iiomioHHbiii ne- HcropOTecKHS noaxoa C. MvKaHOBa k oCuxecTBemibiM coOhthhm bh- pasKaca, irpewje Bcero a npasHabHofl oueHKe napoanoro noecraiwsi 1916 roaa. rincaTeab noxa3biBaeT. 'ito HaunOHaabHO-ocBo6oaHTeabHOe aBHJKeHHe He ocTaerca b paiuxax crnxHiiHocTB, a noereneHHO noaHmiaerca AO ypoBHB co3HaTejibHofi fioppfiu Macc. 3tv HHHaMHKV BoccTaHHH nHcaTeab khbo h Kpacowo nepeaaeT b pa3BepHVTbix anraojax, iepe3 aeficTBHa m3- cTepcKH HapHcoeaHHux repoeB. SaeweiiTbi co3HaTe/ibiiocra h ycnex CopbOu arax rep<ieii oh CBH3hiBaer c peBoaiouHOHHbiM aBHwenHeM pyccxoro npoae- Tapnara. Xyaoxcuax npaoanBo pacKpHBaer KapTimu BCTvnaeHHa napTraaii- CKOro orpaaa AMam-aa b KpaCHyio Apmkio, paaoCTb BcrpeaH xpaciioapMeii- ueB c napTH3aHaMH oTpaaa Acxapa. yneaenuin\\iH ot pa3rpoMa. 1loMomb pyccxoro npoaerapaara xaaaxaM b HauHOHaabiio-ocBo6o;in- TejibHofi 6opb6e—lie sniBoaHHecxce aBaenire. 3to— xapaxTepnoc npoao- -ieHHe apyiiiCbi iiapoaoB, noaroToisaeimoe Bcexi xoaoM hctophh. BpaTcxaa 3a6oTa pyccxoro napoaa o cyabSe xaaaxoa broxoaht raaBHofi muchbio >re- pe3 Becb pomaH. Kohkpctho OHa BMPaweua b samHTe AManraa pyccxHM JiecHHKOMBepe3HiibiM, b meftHOM pyxoBoacrBe BoccTaiiHOMco cropoiibi pyc- ckhx peBO-iiouHOiicpOB Ky3iieuoBa. ByaaroBa u AnroHa, noMoraioiiuix AManraio h Acxapy cbohmh coBeTaMH h VKaaamiaMH, b 6aaropoanux aefi- ctbhbx yiiHT&iibiiHiiu. cnacaiomeft BoTaro3 or MecTH BQaocTHoro ynpaBii- Teaa Hr6aa. WyoctBo 6parcxofl Apyxc6bi pyccxoro Hapoaa ocofieHHO Tenao BHpa*eno HKcaTcacM TaM. rae on noBecTRyeT o rarxcabix a«ax napoanoit KaaccoBbie npoTHBopciwa xa3axcxofi creiiH pacxpbiBaKiTCH b poMane bo Bcexr ciioe.vi MHoroo6pa3im h caowHocm KvabMHHamioHHoro nanpHate- HHH OHHAOCTHiaiOT Bnepiloa PeBOaiOUHOHHWX CoOblTHfi. B IienpHMHPHMMfi kohiIuihkt c noaHHBUlHMHCa Ha 6opb6y MaccaMH BcrynaiOT oCbeameHnue cirau pyccxoro xyaanecTBa, uapcxiix hhhobhhkob. xa3axcKHX Oaee. riHca- Te-'ib aaer rayfioxo HHaiiBHavaansHpoBaHHue ranbi BparOB peBoaionHH: MrSaa, BafiTofiera, Aaexcea KyaaxoBa, KomxHiia. Capfiaca, Ky3ryH6aeBa, MaaHapa, Ba3apxana h apyrax. npoTHB hhx BOCcraioT MoryaHC cnau iiapo- aa b aime ero nepeaoBbix npeacTaBHTeaefl: EaaTaSexa, KeHixeTaa, AMan- Taa, BypxHTSaa, TeMHp6exa, BoTaro3. Kawaufi H3 noaoWHTeabHbix repoeB sroro poHana oraimaerca HenoBTopHMUM cBoeo6pa3»eM. Acxap /IocanoB—o,ihh H3 raaBiiux repoeB— Buxoacu H3 napoaHbix HH30B, ayabiibifi ymreab, CTaBUiHfi peBoarouHOHepOM. Koraa noaoaofi yaa- Tcab BnepBue nonaaaeT B ava Hi6aa, oh avMaeT aHUib o tom, xax bubc- cth napoa H3 TeMnoTbi h OopoTbCH c HeBewecTBOM. Oh npHaaraer see cboh ciurbi, htoOm oTKptiTb b avae HHTePHaT h npHBaeib x yaeOe aereS 6eaiiii- kob. Ho BaacTb—b pyxax xmmioro HTfiaa. h noTOMy Acxap exopo oco 3iiaeT CBoe OeccHaHe, xot« He miaHT eme nyrefl H36aBaeHHH Hapoaa ot yrHeTeHHH. IlHcaTenb BBoaHT Acxapa b cao»Hbie vchobhu. yBaeneHHbifi npocBe- THTeabCxiiMH HaeaMH, Acxap He MoweT noaHaibca nume nporccra no aaDe- cy ayabiiux 3anpaBHa. Ho BCTpe'iH c iiobumh nioabMH, c Ky3HeiiOBhiM pac- reHBaiOT ero Haaio3HH, nopoHcaaroT b HeM peBoaiOHHomioc HacTpoeHHe. Oanaxo, noHHMaa uean penoaioiiHoimofi 6opb6u, Acxap b to jxe BpeMa He

imcer HCHoronpeAcraalienhh o hvthx 3to» GopbGu ii na ncpBUX nopax cor aepuiaer oiunGKy xoTopaa ivn, He era.,a a.ih Hero pokoboh. HaCun o npe- locrcpewemwx Ky3He«OBa, on u rieTepGypre np.( BCTpe'ie c EaaapxaHOM pacxpuaaCT e.wy cboh Bar.iaaij ii BMecre c Dy.iaTor.biM nonaftaer b jio- Ho xax 6n iih Gha TpyAOH iiyTb noanaibimiKa-peBo.iiouHoiiepa. Acxap aeorcrynaer. Mepe3 DVKOBO.WTC.’ioii iioAtioAbiiofl opramrcauHH napTHHGojib- uicbbkob oh 3iiaK0MHTC;'. c TpyAar.ni Jlewwa. A BoopywnnuiHci. 3iiaiiHHMii «apKCH3Ma-aeHHHH3Ma, i-avGoko ocMbic/iiiBaer HapOAHOe iioccTamie 1916ro- ia, aaSoTHTca o tom, htoGh coeAHHtrrb vchahh noBCTamteB c 6opb6oii pe- BMiomioiiHoro npo-ieTapima Pocchh. HaxoAHCb b cdoac napofla, on acp- xut Tecnyio CBH3b c PRBOAiomiOHepaMn, bbabt noAno/ibiiyio pa6oTy na iJjpoiiTe, V'lacTByeT b <i>enpa.'ibCnoi! 6ypjKya3HO-AeMoxpaTH>iecKofl n Bcam- koii OKTOOpbCKofi comia.nicTii'iecKofi peBOJiiomm. B oOpaae Acxapa nH- .•are.ib BonaoTH.’i Miionie nepThi peaAbiibix repoeB rpa*aancnoii boShm (Oo.ibmcBiiKa A.ihGhh ZlwaHrH.ibAMia. Toxarna Boxima). Kax onbintbin opraHH3aTop, no nopvieiuuo oGaacTHoro xoMHTCTa nap- ™ Acxap BeaeT noAirra'iecxvio paGoTV b ropoAe. B ncpHOA GopbGu oTpa- job Kv3HeuoBa, AManran. AnTona c a.iaiuopAbmcKHMH KoinpoeacvifoiiHOHe- pasiH Acxap naxoAHTcn b caMoii rviue coGbiTBil. HaanaMenman nocAe cBep- aenna xoAiaxoBireB KOMnccapoM apMnn oh pvkoboaht pa3rpoMOM GanA, oprailH3yer CoBAenu; nepebie Coiicra Acnyraroi! cosAarorca b Tex ayaax, ne iicKorAa BaacTBOBaan cJicoaiiau HrOaft n BafiToGer. Tenao ii Anpiimo pacxpHBaeTca b powaHe aioGoBb Acnapa ii BoTaro3. BopbGa c KaaccoBUM Bparo.M, ata * ah noGeAbi 11 npeo6pa30Bamin wh3hh HeoTAeaiiMbi ot erpeM.iemm Acnapa k amiHOMy cnacTbio. OGpa3 Acxapa b usaxcxofi AHTepaType— iioBoe 11 Kpvnuoe HBaemre; on — «'ie.TOBeK hoboh mucih, noBoii 3110X11, pesOAioiuiOHHofl 6opb6u. Taxofi oGpaa, Taxofl poMan. noxa3hiBaiomHfi pcBoaiomiomivio Gopb6y nauiero HapoAa cpbah nac, co3,ia.i noxa TOAbxo Ca6HT MvxaHOB*7. Ho Acxap b powaHe— He rcpoft-OAHHOixa. rincaTe.ih iiocroamio pn- cyer cro cpeAii APV3efl h ciioabhwhhkob. bo B3aHMoonioiiieiinax co cbohmb eAiiHo.MbiiuaeiiiiHKaMH h c .hoGhmoR AeBviuxoS. BoTaro3— apxo HHAHBHAvaAH3HP0Bamibiii o6pa3. OHa He sacreHTOBa npoGxa, xax MHome ee CBepcTHHUbi. B nen micaTCjib cosaacT ofi-inx nepe- ;WBofi AeByinxn, nojiyiimiueii ropoAcxoe nocnnTaime h oOvranmeflcii a pyc- ckoh iiixoae. B toah yneGhi OHa Aa.'iena eme ot noiiHMaiinn xaaccoBoS GopbGbi h ApyJKHT c Aonepbio KyAaxa. npocTOTa, iienocueACTBeimocTb, co- verancb c BHenmefl xpacoroft, npHAaeT BoTaro3 ocoGvio oGanTeAbiiocrb. OHa iiaurraiia, yMHa, VB.iexaeTcn eCTecTB03HanneM. Pa3BHBan ee MiiororpaHHuS xapaxTep, micarejib bboaht cboio rcpoimto b xtnaiib. >Kii3Hemuje TpeBO/inemin BoTaro3 iiannnaiOTCH c toro MOMCiita, Koraa «Ha nonaAaerca Ha r.na3a HTGaio, n AocruraiOT HauBbicuiero iianpmKeHHs. xoraa oxa3biBaeTca b .’TOBviukc. vctdochhoh hm. OropBaBUiHCb ot ihkoau h nortaa b rawe-ioe no.to*eiine, AeByuixa nDOHiixacTCH hybctbom tavOokoS KeKamiCTH x oGmeCTBeHHOfi necnpaBeAjTOBOCTH. Ee crapniHe 6pan.H aoecro- mhm, cuoxa AeiKHT hph cmcpth, a ona nonaaaer B pyxH npiiciieumHKOB HT5an. Ho Tenepb Boraro3 — He iipexiHaa HanBiian aeBO'ixa. B ee peuiH- TWibiiux AeiicTBHHX HyBCTByeTCH Gyayman peBOAiouHOHepKa. MywecTOCimo npcoAQAeBaeT OHa Bee TpyAnocTii, HaxoAacb cpeAH paGomix, OHa iiaminaeT Miioroc noiiHMaTb B JKH3HH, 3axajmeTcs B TpyAe. BoTaro3 nonaAaeT Bnana.ic b cpeAV HamioHaAHCTOB, ho, yGeAHBiDHCb

b hx noaJiHHHOM.imie, 6e3 KOJieSaitHft BCTaeT Ha nyrb 6opb6bi. cwwio au- crynaer nporra KytiaxoBa h Capbi6aca, nuTax>WHXca ee omieneiaTb. He- npHMiipHMan K BparaM, oHa jho6ht cbo8 HapOA, npHHHMaeT y<iacTHe B boc- CTaiiHH. noayiHBsaxajiKy b muiHTimecKOH 6opb6e, BoTaro3 b nepHOArpaw- aaHCKoS BOHHbf seaeT pafiory cceaii naprH3aH. BoTaro3 aRTHBHo uucTynaer nporou aaamopauimeB. B OTBer Ha npn- 3biB 6vpwya3iibix HauHOHajiHCTOB k iiaceaeimio 22 BoaocTeft npHcaarb km Ha noMomb otphah, ona oprauH3veT ayjibHVio MOJioaewb Ha 6opb6y c 6as- mh h hx npHcneiuHHKaMH. Bopnci. 3a yctaiiOBneiiHe CoBeTcxofi BjiacTO. ona BUCTynaer Ha MHiHHrax. cpbraaer MacxH c KOHTppeBOJixmHOHepoB, co 3HaMeHCM b pyxax ocrpeqaeT otphau Kpacnofl Apmhh. Tax Boiaro3.npH- xoaht k peBOjuouHH. Ho b oCphcobkb ee o6pa3a HMeiOTCH h or.neAMme He- aocrarKH. no 3aMbrc;iy nHcareJia BoTaro3 Aoaroe BpeMH iiaxoAHTCSi b floue y Ajibkcch Ky.iaKOaa. 3aecb aBTop poMaHa He Hcn<Mb30Ba4 b03mo>khoct:> iuhpoko noKa3aTb hx 6opb6y h rjiy&xe ottciihtb o6pa3 BoTaro3. He anomie coOTBeTCTByeT ee MywecrBeiiHOMy xapaKTepy HaMepeHHe noeccHTbCH h He- OCTOpOJKHUe ACHCTBHHBAClIb KB3HHTCMIipSCKa. BoTaro3 BUBeaeHa KaK «ofipa3 MOJioaoro noKO-ncHHH xa3axcxHX wch- uuih, coaeflCTBOBaBuiHX OopbOe Ka3axcxoro Hapoaa 3a ycraiioB-neHHe hoboh Tax we itax mAcxap, Eoraroa whbct laHHHHMH Hapoaa. Haefluaa 6m- 3ocTb h eaHHCTBo cyAe6 ewe fioawne c&MwaiOT Acxapa h Boiaro3. Hx Bucoxaa. nicTaH aio6oBb powaaer peoiHTeabKocTb b 6opb6e 3a noByxi B roabi peBo.'iHommh rpawaaHcxo® boShh BoTaro3 fiopercH. naeioM it ruieqy c AcxapoM. BcrynHB B napTHK), OHa axTHBHo Bxaioqaerca b o6uie- CTBeHHyio padory: yqacTBver BAesrreAbHOCTH MecTHoro CoBaena, noMoracr nojiHTH'iecxoMy BocnHTaHHio xaaaxcxnx wenuum; BiiocaeacTBiw ciaHOBHT- ch cexpexapeM ye3anoro KOMHTeTa xoMcoMoaa. B poMaHe «BoTaro3» b hihdokom naane OTo6pawaercH wh3hb Hapoa- hux Mace, coiaaHtj 3aMeiaTeabHbie oCpaau ee nepeaoBbix npeacTaBH-reaefl. B (lecnomaauoH 6opb6e c BparaMH 3axaaHi0TCH c.naBiibie napoaMbie 6opubr AMaiiTaS, BajrraOex, KenweTafi. TeMHpOex, BvpxHT6a8, AeaH h apyrae. Oim oanuetBopsiot cofioA MHororpaHHbifi o6ahk Hapoaa. ero ncHxoaonno. AMainaii — noa.iHHHhiii pyxoBoaHTeab Haiinoiia.ii.HO-ocBo6oanTeabno- ro aBHweHHa. rioaofiHo cbohm apV3bHM—Acxapy h Boraro3—oh BHaqa- ae Ma.io BHHxacT b o6wecTBeHHVK> WH3Hb, BoaHHoqxy 6opeTcn hpothb npn- TecHHTeaefi eo.iocTHoro ynpaBHTeaH Hi6an a ye3aHoro HaqaabHHxa Kohixh- Ha, OTCTawiaH cboio qecrb y ryCewiaropa CyxoM.-wnoiia. B noHcxax cnpaBeatraBoera AMaiirafi noacioay craaxHBaeTCH c npoii3- bojiom. He b CHjiax nsGaBiiTbca or Hr6aii, oh miaqaae aaaex ot muc-to npnauBaTb napoa x aoccTaHHio, ho. B03BparaBuiHCbH3 ccuaxH. scTpeqaerea c pyccxHMH peBo.nioUHOiiepaMH m vaiiaeT ot hhx o x-iacconoii 6opb6e, o napTHH 6o.nbUieBHKOB. Mbicab o BOCCT3HHH iiaqmiaeT rjiyfioKO oBaaae- BaTb HM. OcoOchho spxo pacxpuBaeTCH xapaKTep A.MaiiTaa a nepno.T BOopyweH noro BOCCTaiiMH. AMaiiTax) Hejierxo, tcm 6o„nee, qro. He noHHMKH nojiHTH'ie- cxoro cMbicJia BocCTaHHH, 9Tor MywecTBeHHbrii qeJiOBex .leflcTByet b otpub” ot neno.niouHomioii 6opb6a pyccxoro npoaerapiiaTa. Thw&iio nepewKBaeT oh nopaweiine BoccraHHn, Ho wmiib cpe^H pyccxHX uafioqHx (jiopMHpveT ero MHpoB033peiiHe, npeaonpeflejiaeT yqacTHe b pcbo-houhoiihom BUCTynae- hhh pafioqHX. CpaBHHTeabiio HeaaBHo oh ,ieflcTBoiia.;r hpothb HxCaH b oaii- Hoqxy h noTepnea nopaweiwe. CBoeS ue.™AMainaii aoChhch ahiub 6opqci.

OMecre c napoaoM 3a ero HiiTepecbi. Tenepb AMaaraR xopouio noHHHaer, ito b OopbOe c caMoaepMtaBHeM mowho Ao6nri,cn nofleau jiimib npywHeM. Xoth b POMaHe TcMHp6eK h BypiuiTSaH arunoAii'uibi, hx xapairrepu j'ftaaTeabiibi. 06a — 6aTpai(H HTCaa. ho. iiecMOTpii na oaHiiaKonoe co- uaaabuoe noaowCHHO ohh OTAHaaiOTCH apyr or apyra xapaKTCpaum h 06- pa30MMbicjieii. TeMiipOea— He OyHTapb, a 6e30TBeTiiNfi TpywemiK, no3iiaB- muR boo THwecTb OaTpauKofi aoah. BypKHTGafi — apyroro CKAaaa. On Bceraa aepwirrca cbo6oaho. ocTpoyweii, TpyaoAioOiiB. coo6pa3irreaeH. 3th ?eproiKii CBoero xapaKTepa BypKHTfiafi o6u>mo hpohbahct b othouiciihhx c pasHUMH, a bot c HTOaeu oh npeavnpeaiiTe.'iea. Taxoe noBeaeime moao- -oro fiarpaKa Bbi3Baao ii HCAOBepite APY3efi-norOAKOB, n oco6oe pacnoAo- *eaae Hr6aa. Ho BypKHTGafi xopouio ocosRanaA cBoe iioao/Kefiire n He nor Haft™ apyroro Bbixoaa, KpoHe KaK BunoAHHTb iiopyteHiin Hi6aa. He HMea bo3mo>khocth BhifiTH H3 3TOTO3aKOAAOBaiiHoro Kpyra, oil r.'iy6oKo He- naaiuea xo3aiiHa. Kan 6h conocTanaan xapaKTepu AByx OaTpaxoB, C. MyKaiioB npaB- mo noxasbiuaeT Tawe.ioe 6ecnpaBHoe noJioiKeHiic Ka3axcKoro TpyxteimKa. IfsHaBiicTb TeMiipCciia h BypKirtfSaa npopuBacTCa iiapywy, Koraa ohh CTa- hobhtch aKTHBKUMH OopuaMii 3a cnoOoay. ri03T0My nno/me MOTiiniiponaiiu raeBHhifi nporecT BypKHTGaji, npHBH3UBaiomero 6aa k XBOCTy Jiomajui, h apocn. TcMHpOeKa, OTpy6HBUiero tojiobv CBoeMy xo3HHiiy. PayCoKati HCiia- aHCTb k Bpary nopowaaeT hx caMooTBepweiwocTb. PucKya cofio'i, BypKirr- 6afl cnacaeT BoTaro3 H3 iuieHa; TeMHp6eK noMoraer AMaiiraio c rpynnofi nonCTaHUCBGewaTb 113 TiopbMU, vfiHBaer npepaTena KowaiiTaa, npHMKHyn- uicro k BoccTaBiuiiM no 3aaaimio pyKOBoaHTeAefi Kapare.ii.iiofi sKcneAHUmi. Hachhumh pvKono.THTeaHMH noBCTaimecKoro ABH/Kemia craan Ahtoh Tpiraa h Ky3iicnoB. «6yaeM 6opon,ca, — tobopht rpo3a. —aah aroro ecrb SBe B03M0JKHOCTH: .’II|60 COeSHHHTbCH C KpHCHOH ApMHefl B UCHTPaablloil Pocchh, ah6o napTH3aiiHTb Ha Mecre h BCTpeniTb apecb iiacrynaioiuue oa- cth>. B 3thx cxyiiux cfioBax Bbipawena ueaaa OoeBaa nporpaMwa peBOAio- uhohhux aeficTBHfi. H xoth pyccKHe peBoaiouHoiiepu noBBaaioTca b pouane He oacro, niTaTcab iioctohhho omVmaer hx npiicvTCTBiie. Ohh chobho hc- spHMbiMH iihthmh CBa3blBaior b eaHHoe h ctpohhoc neaoo nee iipoiraBeae- HHe. rpomht an AMaiiTafi b toah rpa»aaiicK0fi boRhu 6aiiAHTCKne uiafiKii apara hah, opraiiH3ya napTH3aHCKHe otphau, BCTynaer c iihmh b Kpaciiyio Apmhio, apccTOBbiBacT ah pyKOBOAHTeaeS aaaiuopAUimeB, bo Bcexi stom oiuyuiaerca cahhuR 3aMbiceji. 06aHi< HapoAa h ero npeAcraBBTeaeS BUCTynacT tcm ap'ie, Men rayCwe pacKpbreaeT nHcareab KaaccoByio 6opb6y a 3BepcTB0 yriieTaTeaefi, ocoCeii- ' HOT3KHX, KaK HT6afl. HT6afi — MaTepuft xiiihhhk. CTaBumfi bo-tocthum ynpaBHTcneM. Ero onopoii HBHAHCb uapcKHC hhhobhhkh. 6an-d>eoAaAU. flBaauaTH act H«5afl craiioBiiTca boaoctiium. o6oflAa c noMouibio om- ckoto ry6epnaTopa Bcex cbohx conepHHKOB. Ero otch BaAcaKaa He npiuui- «aeT npsMoro yiacTHa b ynuasaeiiHH BoaocTbio. ho. npKBaeKaa K ceCe avab- hux crapeiiiuHH, Tax hah ima-ie nouoraer cuiiy yapenaTbca y B-iacTii. Bah- HaiiuiHi'i npiicneuiHiiK HtCoh — EaHK6a8 ne coaporaerca hh nopea KaKHMii npecrynaeHHHMH, aeflCTBycT B otkphtyio. HTGafl naciiabHO BuaaeT HeBecTKy 3aMyjK 3a nepBoro noiiaBiueroca ae- •TOBeKaToabKo noTOMy, ito ee aeBepb 0TKa3aAca ycTvmiTb cmv CBoero coko- aa.«3rymlCy arnaA toR croponoR», tobopht HTfiaR, H 3a6npaeT y oxot- HHKa nonaBinyio b KanKan aiichhv- «Oh AaA htoakv Moefl coOaKe>. — e 3THMH CA0BBMH HTGafl SIldllBaeT AO CMepTH eAHHCTBCimorO Cbllia OeAHHKa. Oh CTpeMHTca nocaAHTb BoATa6eKa h KeiDKeTaa b TiopbMy 3a to, ito

•re on<a3aJiHCb OTAaTb eMy b weiibi BoTaro3; HecnpaBejMHBO oCBHHaer b BopOBCTBe AMaiiraa h noaBepraeT ero roHeHHHM. HacHAHB Hrtjan ijoctohhho noaaepjKHBaiOT uapcKne ihhobhhkh h ero iipHCi.emHHKK. Xoth BOCcraBiuH.Mn yaaerca vSirrb HT6aa, ho b pe3y.ibTaTe iioaaepjKKH uapcKHx B-iaciefi na Mecro vfiHToro BCTaeT ewe 6oaee KOBap- boaocthoh —BafiroOeT. Ecjih paHbme <umh aaainopflbiHCKoS napnra MaaHap noABjraaJicHokoao HTSaa, to b KOHue poMaHa oh aefiCTByeTBMecTe c BafirofieTOM. Pvkoboahtcvti, aaauiopabiHueB Ba3apxan noAsepwHBaer HuocTpaHHyio HHTepBeHutHo. flo nocaeAHero 6opiotch KyaaKOB h Capufiac c noBctaimaMH, nbn-aiorca hshytph BpeAHTb HauHoiiaabiio-oCBOt5oaHTeah- rOB'peBoaiouHH—Ba3apxaHa h MaAHapa. B oOpase H-rSas roicaTeab co3aaeT tan Ka3axcKHx 6aeB roro Bpeueiui, HeiuaAHO ofiHpaBiuHx 6e33amHTHoe HaceaeHHe. CpUBaa c Hero Macay, aB- Top ySeAHTeabHO HOKa3biBaeT, Ka.K, paabirpuBaa Ha aioahx paTb aauuiTHH- aa Macc, MTfiaft hpocht b to *e Bpeua napa o Boemiofi noMoimi, BTafine nocuaaeT BaacTHM chhckh MoOH.iH30BanHux. flncaTeab cyMea rayfioao ne- peaaTb ncHxoaorHio aroro 3aoro Bpara TpyaauiHxca. Ofipa3 Hr6aa — oahh H3caMbix caoxiHUx h CHAbHbix oTPHuaTeabHux oCpa30B xasaxcKofi aiiTepa- PoMaH C. MyxaHOBa «BoTaro3» npHMeaaTejieH cbohm xyAowecTneiiHo- KOMno3HH»OHHbiM nocrpoeHHeM. B pOMane apxo noxasaiia HCTopHiecKan poab npoaeTapHaTa—MonuibimiKa KamiTaaH3Ma, npaBAHBo OToSpaweiro pyxOBOACTBOKoMMVHHCTiiqecKofl napTHH. B canihie TpyAHue MHiiyru, xoraa BCTaeT Boripoc o cvflbfie BoccraBuiHx, hx baoxhobajhot aeHHHCKHe HAen. 3th momchtu nepexaiiu ocoOeinio jkhbo h BoanyioiHC. C. MyxaiiOB rayfioKO cBH3UBaer iKH3HeHHUfi nyn> cbohx repoeB c co- HHaabHoS 6opb6ofi. «jlernHe Ha nepBufl B3raaA, ho tpvaho pa3peuiHMue odwecTBeiiiibie aaaccoBbie npoTHBopeana Oaaroaapa TecHOMy nepenaeTeHH.'o c cyab6oft raaBHtix repoeB poMana «Boraro3» ao xoiiua khhth coxpaHHior HanpaxtciiiiocTb, c caMoro naqaaa npaKOBUBaiOT BUHwanae MHTare-aa*9. C poctom ApaMaTH3Ma bo B3aaMP0TH0HieHHax MeJKAV noaowHTeabHhi- mh h OTpauaTeabHbiMa repoaMH B03HHKai0T hobmc ocaowHeHHa, HOBbie npo- THBopeana, kotopuc 3aTeM nepexoAaT b OTKpbiTyio, Oecnouiaanyio 6opb6y AByx aarepeB. Pncya b ihhpokom naaae KapTHHy o6iuecrBeHHoB KH3HH, iih- caieab napaaaeabHO BeaeT uecxoabKo ooweTHbix aHHHfi, 3aHHTpnronuBaeT MHTareaa iieo>KHAaHHbiMH nepexoaaMH ot OAHoro coSuthb k ApyroMy. rioaoJKHTeabHhie repoH pauana. HcnuTHBaa paA neBbiiiocHMbix tpva- Hocrefl, AofmnaioTcmrioCeabi. HAeBnaa h xvAOwecTBemiaa ueHHOCTb npom- BeAeHHa b tom H coctoht, HTO 3Ta no6eAa pHcyerca yOeAHTentHo n npaP' Oahh cofibiTHB oSycaoBAmaiOT APvrHe. Pa6oTa Ha rrpHeraiiH h opraHH- ah KpacHofl Apmhh. 3aT0ieHHe CaanxH, B3aBuicfi Ha ce6a 3a6oTy o BoTa- ro3, cMepTb Macara, peuiHBmefica sauumm, I5oTaro3, paccrpea Kyaaxo- hum yafiepreiia, naeHeiiae Acxapa— Bee sro powaacT HOBbie coOuthh » o>3Aaer, t3khm o6pa30M, MOraBHpoBaHHoe pa3mmie croweTa, komho3H- HHomiyio CTpoHHOCTb. 3h8komctbo Acxapa c OpvH3e hdh coacSctbihi Ky3- neuoBa h BvaaTOBa, yiacTHe ero b noanoJibHoR naprHHHofi pa6ore h b bo- opyaceHiioM BOCcraHHHnpOTHB napa—3Ha>mTe.ibiibie 3rariH b wh3hh mail-

XyAO*ecTBeHiibie AOcroimcTBa poMatra «BoTaro3» onpeaeacau yiieiiHCH uoiiaomaib HcTopimecKae coGlithh b HanpaxteHHoM cioweTe. OAiiaxo b kom- nMKUHH npOH3BejoirnH HMeiorca oraejibHue 3HH30Abi. KOTopue BbratiBaioT B03paweHHe. Bot BypKHTGaH noACJiyiuiraaeT paccxa3 BojrraGexa, cooGmaio- wero AcKapy o HaMepeitiisx HTGaa B3HTb b menu BoTar03. BypxHTGafi y3- liaei 06 HCTHHHofl iiejm npHXoaa AManraa, noACJiviuan cro pa3roBop c Ac- KapoM B flpyroM mccto. TaKHc mombhtu b poMaiie BCTpeaaioTca AoBojibiio lacro h HHor.aa npiijaioT noBCCTBOBamno HaaeT HCxyccTBCimocTH. He yGe- arre-ibHO naMepeHHe BoTaro3 hokohmiitii c co6oB nocae -roro, Kan oiia cua- caerca or BparoB. riitcaTc-'ib Ha.ne.3HJi cbohx repoeB iipKoii peneBoft xapainepHCTitKOii. no- xa3aa b hx pa3roBopax yM, noauTHiecxyio HanpaBjieimoerb, mapoTy co- mtajitnoro Kpyro3opa npocrbix jixiAefi H3 napoAa. B peiax cbohx nepconaateii C. MyKaHos VMeJio Hcnaib3ver iiapoAHbie nocjtoBHUbi h noroBopKH. Ecjih pe>ib avAbnoro GapbiuiHHxa Ba3ap0aa h ro- pojcKoro TOproBua XanGupGa* HacbimeHa cjiob3mh ToproBoro oGhxoab. rope'ibKy3ryH6aeBa tobopht o non.ioft ayrne BasiTOBHUxa. «Taxas Tiracejiaa pa6ora 6vact ctohti. Tbicauy pyGnefi*. — roBopHT oh AcKapy, npHUieauieMy k HeMy no Aeay Atfairran. Acxap, b cboio ciepcAb. tobopht Gojiee khhwho, ynoTpefiAsier no.iHTHiecKJie TepMHHhi. HcnoJib3ya jiyimee H3 HapoAnoro H3btxa, C. MvKaiiOB CAHBaer cboh Muc-iH c cywAemiHMii repoeB, coaaaer ocoGbie oGopotu peiH k chht3kch- ■leciiae nocTpoemiH, bto npuaaer xyaoixecTBeiiHOMy cAOBy aaTopa GojibUiyio MacTepcKH pnever C. MyKanoB b btom poMaiie ncHxoaorHio repoeB. llpeKpacua BoTaro3, Korja oHa, TOcxyii no Acxapy, nponaBUieMV 6e3 BecrH. HeoKHAaiiHO y3HaeT o era npe6wBaHHH B OmckoB TiopbMe. BHpaweHHe pa- •tocTHh naACWAbT, coMiiemift h TpeBOrii. CMenaioweecH Ha ee -nine, Ae.iaior repoimio 6AH3KOH cepAUV PHTareAH. B3BOJiHOBaHHO noKa3hmaeT aerop Tpe- 60KHyio Hon. nepc.3 apecTOM AcKapa- Bee Ay’imee. hto npoHBAHerca b no.TOiKHTe.ibiibix repoax. oGpaweno x HapoAy, ohh jkhbvt h Oopiorca bo hmb ero cboGoan. Ecjih paabiue Acxap «e Mor noHHTb, Ajia Hero Gacryiom.ne paGonie buuiah co 3na,aeneM b py- xax, to, Mywaa b fiopbfie. oh caM 30Ber kx Bbime noAHHTb 3Haiaa pcboaio- uhk. fluajior rpo3H H AMaiiTaa. BHCTynjieHHe EoTaro3 na MiiraHre nacbi- menu naipocow yTBepiKAeiiHa hoboh jkh3hh, nepeAaioT peBOjuouHOHHUfi luaMemiuii nopUB napoAHHx Macc. PoMaH C . MyxaHOBa «BoTaro3» — sto apxoe noBecTBOBaiwe oD hcto- pmecKHX cofiuTHax B IKH3HH xa3axcxoro napoAa. 9Ta KHirra yam- *mraTe JieS akiGhtl PoAHHy H cobctckhh napoA. BOcnHThiBaer b hhx OJiaropoAHbie vaieeraa OopuoB 3a cBeraoe Gynywee. nocae powaBa «BoTaro3» C. MyKanoB co3Aaer cboh anTo6aorpa(tinn'- vxae paccxa3u «IJJKoaa >KH3iiH». ripoii3ue,ieHHa 3Toro waHpa nojiyni.™ niHpoxoe paciipocrpaneHiie b pyccxoS KAaccHiecxofi AHTeparype (HanpHMep, Tpiuioraa Jl. loACToro). 3aMexaTeAbHbie o6pa3uu MeMyapHHX npoH3BeAciiKfi. b kotophx GaorpatpHa repoa coxeTaeTca c uihpoxhm noxa30M noAHTHxecxofi whshh oGmecraa, coa- Aa.3 M. ropbxuft: «ZleTCTBo», «B aioahx*. «Moh VHHBepcHTeiH». npoaoA- wan ropbxoBCKHe rpaAimim. MiiorHe HHcareAH Tax*e cosabah paA aBT06H0- rpaipHxecKHx npoH3BeaeHH0. <P. raaAXOB Hanncaji «noBecTb o AcrcTBei., ■■BoAbHHuy», «^ hxvio roflimy*. C. AAhh— «6yxapy», C. MyxaHOB— “Mon MCKTeGbl* («UlKO.ia J«H3HH») h t. a.

riieBHO noBeCTByer C. MynaiiOB o Taweaofl floae OeAHHKOB h 6aTpaxo;t b npomaoM, o BeBewccTBe h TbMe, Koropue avuihah Ka3axcKHfl Hapo.-,. pa3ofiaa'iaer npHTceiiH-rejiefl Hapoaa, 6acB h mvaa. B «UIko.1C JKH3HH* Oil 31IBKOMBT IKTaTeaH C ttaacCOBOfl 6opb6ofi CBOHX rcpoeB. B 3iom npoH3BftaeHiw aeficrBviouuiMH anua.MH BHcrynaioT XCau- iichc m pm APyrwx nepcoHaiKefl, vine 3iiaKOMUX HHTaTeaio no ero KHHrs «Moh MeKTe6b!». Ecah b nepBOM iipoH3BeacHHH ohh — SejcTByiomiie 6ai- paxM, ofiiiBaiouuio nopora GaBcKHX aomob, to bo btopom —ohh ywe yiaT- ch, crpoHT HOBoe ofimecTBO. nncareab rav6oKo paCKpUBaeT 6opb6y Tpy- aamnxca 3a ycraHOBaeiwe CoBercKofi BjiacTH b Ka3axcTane, noKa3b!Baer to HOBoe, qro powaeiio OxTaSpbCKofi oeiio.nouiieii. Ochobhhmh cotibiraaMu b paccKa3ax cTaan: opraHHsaxiHa KoonepaTima. npocBeinTe/rbuaa pafiora Ha ceae h t. a. ripoBe/iemte arax MeponpHarafi cpwBaaH Bparn. PlHcaTeabc SoabiiiHM HCKyccTBOM pacKpbiBaeT hx npoiiCKH. Ban Bop«a6afi, Afica >i CyjiTaH BMccre c aaaiuopabumeM ASuaaeM npHcBaHBaioT Tosapu, kotopup npeana3Ha>iajiucbaah KooneparaBa.,B o6pa3e ACbi.iaa C. MyxaHOB co3Aa« aprafl ran xaaccoBoro Bpara. B 6opb6e c Bparaian b nepHoa iiauHOiiaaHSaiutii aeM.in 3aKaaai0Tca re- poa, CTpOHTejm hoboh )xh3hh: Cokojiob, yrap, BaaAHMup To3aT, JKaxun KHCTay6aeB, BafiMaraMfieT H3T0AHH. O0pa3hi craiiuHOiniux paCorax Bcxceirra h HypKHiia, oTBawnux 6op- UOB3a peBOJiioumo. nomoraioT miTaTearo avniiie noHBTb oOcTaiiOBxy, bmco- K«e CTpeM.ieinia peBoaiouHOHepoB. B cbohx npowaBeaeimax imamm nos- TH3HpypT iiapwiiioe hckvcctbo. B craxoraopHbix nocaaHHax moaoaoB Hero oh pacxpbiBaeT aymeBHoe cocrostHHe repoeB h b to we BpeMa noflqepxn- BaeTrawecTb npouiaofi ikh$hk. Ero repou Hcnoab3yioT no33ino KaK onywnc nncara.'ib apico noxa3biBaeT npHBcpwcHiiocTb Hapoaa k neceHHo-nosraie- cKOMy TBopqecTBy, ero atoSoBb Xo Bcesiy npeKPacHOMy. Oanaxo, yBaexaflC!, MHoroMHcncHHUMH <|>aKTaMH, 3anenaTAeBiUHMHCH b ero C03HamiH, nncaTCJib HecKcwibKo ocjiaSnaeT xyaoatecTBeHiivio chav npoimeaeHHB. AaauiopAbiHiu. 3aHHMaBiuero nocr anpeKropa TexmiKVMa. oh o6pncoBb!Baer Saibiae xa>. ayxOBiio onycTHBUicroca qeaOBexa. tom xax KOirrppeBoaioiuioHepa. riHca7e.iib He flocTaTOHHo KpHTHiecKii hoaxoaht k (poAbKaopHOMY m.-i- Tepiiaay, noaoary ocTaHaBaiiBaerca Ha BTOpocreneHHbix Bonpocax h Maai aiianiTeabiiux noSOMHbix 3nH3oaax. paccaaOaaa TeM caubiM KOMnoaHunio. OnncbiBaa avabiibiR 6ht, nHcaTeab BocnesaeT rocTenpHHMirrao CBoero na- poaa, ho c.iaCo noxa3biBaer TeiieBbie ctorohu ayabHofl * h3hh. B ueaojt «MoH MCKTO0b!» H «UlKOaa WH3HH», 3BTOP KOTOPbIX TBOPTOCXIl P33BHB30: ropbKOBCKHe TpaaHUHH, upananBO BocnpoH3BoaaT oOcranoBKy mauHTeab- Horo nepHoaa xotchh Ka3axcKoro Hapoaa. PoMan C. MyxaHOBa «Cbip-flapbH», nocBHmeHHbiB Tpyav cOBercKHX aioaeii — npeo6pa30BaTeaeS npHPoabi, noavina noaownToabiiyio ouemcy ho III ca>e3ae nHcaTeaeii KasaxcTana. B ponaHe onHCbiBaioTca TpyaoBbie noaBHra CTpoaTeaefi opocirreabHoro Kaiiaaa b 6e3BoaHo8 nycrbiiie. 6opb0a cobctckhx aioaefl 3a aaabiiefiuiee' pa3BHrae ceabCKoro X03a«cTBa, cbh3h iiayKH c nepeaoBbiM ohutom kohx03- hhkob. IUhpoko ocBemaeTea pyKOBoaamaa poab KoMMyHHCTimecKoa naprair b pa3BHTHH ceabCKoro X03aficraa. 1aamibie repoH posiaHa— lloaeBoii, Cbip6aii, Mayaer, JyabHap oapuia, BaBwaH, CaMapKaH, Hayaaba, PaxMCT— ne -roabKo aKTHBiibie CTpOHTeaH, HO H Ooeilbie 3aiUHTHHKH PoflHHU. Mx B3aHMOOTHOUleHH5T apK<; oaHueraopaiOT C060Bapy)n6y HapoaoB. HwareHen noae^P nn„„ 13 .B.e.a..v.u.p..i.x..r.............., Ha. Qh BblCTynaer

caMOOTBep*eHHbiM (SopuoM 3a iipcTBoneHHe CMejioro njiana' ontecrH now* Cup-ilaDbH b nycTHHio n Hcnonb30BaTb Hx jwn nywa napoaa. C. MyKanoB noKa3uaaeT ero Ha nepeaHeM Kpae Copbfibi 3a npeoOpa30BaHHe npapoau. Ho peBoaiouHH no.TCB0fi, HecMOTpa Ha Bee ctpbmjiphhsi, lie CMor npe- TBOPHTb B*H3Hb CBOH SaMHCllU. BCH }KH31lb STOro 'IC.IOBCKa nocBsmena c.iyweHWo Hapoay. B wcae nepnux oh no 30By napTHH naeT na CTpon- tmbctbo opocine.'ibHLix KaHajiOB. OanaKo npn oGpifcoaxe o6pa3a floaeBoro, crpeMflCb noa'iepKHyTb ero aBTopH-reT cpe.au Ka3axos, aBTop naaensieT ero >iepraMHHecBoficTBeHiibiMH pvcckomv xenoBexv. Macrep bucokhx ypowaeii, Cup6aA, nefiCTByer xax eaHHOMbiuuieHHHK h apyr rioneBoro. Ecjih flo-ieiioH craHOBHTca opraHiiaaTopoM oOBOaneiiHH 3eMe;ib h Hcnonb30BaKHfl boa Cup- JapbH, TO Cblp6afl — KHHUHaTOPOM COpeBHOBaHHil K0.1X0311HK0B 3a nojiy- rare pexopaHoro ypoixaii paca. CupGaB— He3aypnaHasi naTvpa, caittopoaoK, nejiOBex oGnaaarouiHfi ch- neaHOMy hm aeay. riHcare-ib He 3aTyuieBbiBaeT HeaocraTXH CBoero repon, TaxHe. Hanpn- Mep, xax ero peaHrHO3H0CTb hjih neaoBepHe x hobhm arpoTexHHxecxHM Me- pcnpHXTHHM. >Kn3Hb nocTeneHHO y6e>xaaeT CupGaa orxa3aTbca ot orcra- -tkx B3raaaoB. no3aHee. coaeTaa cboA onur c aocTH*cimawH HayxH, on Ao6nBaerca Go-ibUJHX ycnexoB. B ero xapaxTepe nosnsjiaiOTca iioBbie aepra. Tenepb nepea nm-areaeM npeacTaeT hc.’iobcx schoB mucjih, hckpphhhh, capaBeaJiHBuii. 3th noaoJXHTeabiibie aepTH HaoHonajibHoro xapaxiepa b oG- pa3e Cbip6aa OTMeraji K. Chmohob b aoxaaae.Ha II Bcecoio3iioM cbe3ne iracaTejieii. CupGaB xax oGoGmeHHbiB o6pa3 BoGpaa b ce6a ay'iuiHe 'leprbi nepeaoBbix aioaefl CBoero napoaa. Ero nporoTHnaMH aBHaacb nepeaoBHXH ce-ibcxoro xo3aHCTBa, nanpHMep, 3iiaTHbiii upocosoa UlHraHax bepcHOB, H3- EeCTHuft pHcoBoa HGpafi JKaxaeB. Chipfiafl b poniaHe He oaHiiox. v Hero mhoto nocaeaoBaTeaefl. BMecre co cbohm TBopxecxHM xojiaexTHBoM Cbip6afi oaHueraopneT TpyaoByxi re- poBxy. xapaxTepH3yx)myx) avxoBHbiB o6anx Hapoaa. CaMooTBepweHHbiM TPvaoM npoHBHaa ce6a Moaoaeixb, BOcnirraHHasi b coBercxoB nixoae. 3to— BaflwaH, TvahHap. ABOapma, flayaer. CaMapxan, Haiaaba. Baitwan— neaaBHKH BbinvcxHHX Mockobcxoto HPPHrauHomioro BHCiHTyra. riocae ero oxoHaaiwa oh Ha3HaaaeTCa pyxoBoam-eaeM ctpoii- rejibciBa xaHaaa. C nepBbix anefi MoaoaoB crieunaancT \" \" *””* aaercHs aeao. B peweHHH caoJKHbix npoH3BoacTBeHHHX BaBwaii onauaeTca iia Moaoaeixb. Boabinvio noaaepacxy oxa3UBaei BeraMa cexpeTapb paflxoMa PaxMeT. OGpaa Bafiwana —oaiiH H3 ueHTpaabHbix B poMaHe. HecMOTpn Ha3to, nncaTe.no He vnaaocb pacxpbiTb b HeMMHororpaHi )Bex, Baft- Hercxoro pyi<onoanTcan, ero ncHXoaorHK). Erne MHJiOoiiiJTH: cJBahoyamlmiTea8rnBopGneeMpcoiKcfbo3iiani>eaei^iHocuuoiTeHOMpfaic!i3\"iarornBoopnupHAeaavaaereorii6apicictopioiahnkov^uh3iacohcTb.HHuWMOiiiUHbmiBiehHanenooTetccTaHoBneaiamBocoixbaibnnhaa-- « ceMbe.'KpafiHe cxeMaTHWhi » aawe npHMHTHBHbt ero nepewHBaima, cbh- 3aiiHbie c mhkmoB H3MeHOfi weiiu ry/ibnap. BepuyBUieScH c (ppoirra HiiBa- rioaoSHbio HeaocTarxH npHcvmn h ofipa3y CaMapxaHa. CaMapxan — o BbicTvnaeT b arofi poan. ripodjeccnefl HaaeK-ipeoii.nxeaxBa6fbliixavHcjatonbhoC.aMapxaHa. b poMaHe nef.icTByiOT M_o_n_oa_b_ie_c_r_p_o_H- Te-WHOBoro: Raynor, AfiCapuia, TyabHap h Haranbx.

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aoSncuiOBime 20-x roaoB Bocnpoii3noAHT khshb, AyMbi, 'lasiHHH.-iioaeft cbo- SoauoroTpyja. Cbohmh noSMaMa «CapoTKa» h «Cjiymam» oh aocimrMBaer HCHBBHCTb k (J)eoAajibno-naTpHapxaJibHOMy ctpoio, cbeprHyioMy peBonio- 8 30-x roaax nHcaiejib, TBopiecxa pa.iBiiBan rpayiHUHH Bejiaxax xy- jojkiihkob cjtosa— MasKoBcKoro h ['opbxoro, biiocht MHoro noBoro b xa- 3axcxyio coneTcxyio no33Hio, ocoOemio b nojiHTHHecxyx) jiapaxy, crpeMHTca aofimbca eaaiiCTBa (fcopMbi h coaepwatiHsi cbohx nponaBenehuA. Ecjih b npoH3BefleiiHsx 20-x roAon b po.m rjiaenbix repoeB nacaTejm BbicrynaJiH 6eaHHKH h 6aTpaxa, cCpochbuihc c cefm ueiw paCcTBa, to b 39-x roaax hmh CTaHOBHTCH npeo6pa30BaTejiH jkh3hh, crpoHTejm couaa- B ero TBOpuecTBe o6pa3hi xkbhiixhh CBMaere-ibCTiiyiOT o tom, 'rro naca- reat B peiuetiHH npoSjieMbi C03aanaa o6pa30B nojiraxHTeJibHux repoeB noA- BHMaer Ha Hoayio cTyneab bcio Ka3axcKyio jnrrepaTypy. BoTaro3 npaxoaaT k peBoawuHH TpyanbiM nyTCM, yMacTByeT B oOmecTBeiiHOfl jkk3hh; AflOap- my h TyabHap BocnaraBaeT cosercKaa uiKoaa, ohh CBoCoaaue jhoah, Tpy- -wtcb aa 6.1aro poAHHbi HapaBHC c MyjKiaHaMH. Ecjih Ko3bi6ax noKn.ian b 6opt6e npoTHB 6aeB a xyjiaxoB, to SubuihA 6aTpax C.up6afl — b 6opb6c 3apacHBer Ko.TX03Horo xo3nftcTBa. OcHOBHbie repoa npoH3Beaeimfi C. Mv- saHOBa— npeflCTaBHTejm paaiibix noKOJieaaft — coajraau c no3annft conaa- JucraqecKoro pca-aasMa. Tan, ecjin b MoxaHe BaaiaxaHOBe mm bhahm nepe- JlOBoro npeflcTaBHTejia xa3axcxoro napoja, CopiomerocH 3a AeMOxpaTH«e- CKHe hack npoTHB couaajibHofl aecnpaBejoiaBocTH, to o6pa3u notaaHHa a lepHMiueBCKoro noxioraior HaM rjiyOxce ocmucjiutb acropaHccxae kophh fipaiCKoA ApyaiSbi napoAOB. Ecjih b cyab6e Acxapa pacxpuBaeTca nojmaa ipesor jKH3Hb peBOjHOUHOaepa, to conepinenao b npoTHBonoJiownoA o6cra- HosKe noKa3UBaeTcn WH3Hb MHpaoro Tpywemwa BaBwana. 3anoMHHaioTCH oCpa3hi t3khx npeacTaiiHTejiea pyccaoro napoaa, Kan ByjiaTOB, Ky3HeuoB, Tpo3a h rioJiCBoii. npoH3BCAeiiHn C. MyxaiiOBa BociiHThiBaiOT anraTejia b JiyxeHenpHMapa Mocra KsxcnjiyaTaTOpcKHM KJiaccaM, 3ob>t Ha 6opb6y c xjiaccoBUMBparox TsopiiecKoe pa3BHTHe TpaAauaS icapofliioii no33HH H no33HH Adaa, aacjie JOT TopbKoro a MaaKOBcaoro curpajiH orpoMHyio pojib b pa3BHTaa scrcni 'iecxHx B3rJi«A0B C. MyKaHOBa, b coBepuieacTBOBaaBa ero xyAowecTBemio- ro MaciepcTBa. B xa3axcKoft coBeTCxoH jiarepaType C. MyxaaoB, npewAe Bcero, Bb'- ctynaeT xax aBrop ocrpo aojxeTHbix npoH3BMemiii. Hcxycaoe BeAeaae ck * enioll jihhhh npHXOBbiBaer BHHMaaae 'lararejia x >kh3hchhoh cynbfie r< poea a aepwaT cro b poctosihhom HanpHJxeiiHH. PacxpbiBaa o6pa3bi aefici evEomiix .n,u. oh noxasb-'or rp.\"o;»HTeJibHbix repoce b THnHiecxHX o6ctos teabCTBax iiamero BpeMCMH, rJiy6oxo ocaemaeT pOJib napTHAHoro pyxc BOACTBa. Jlymiife npoH3BeAeima C. MyxaHOBa B H033HH, npo3e, APaMaTypraH, a Taione ero JiHTepaTypHO-xpHTH'iecxae BbicTymieakb h TpyAbi no Teopaa jih- teparypu aaiiHMaioT BHAHoe xiecro b hctophii xaaaxcxoft coneTCKofl Jiare- parypu, odorautaxrr xy.ibTypy xa3axcxoro aapoAa. 19-241

mvxtap AyaaoB Myxrap OMapxanoBH'i AyB30B poaiiacfl 28 ceimKSpfl 1897 roaa b ypo- mhiuc HHurnCTay A6aeBCKoro paiioHa CeMHnaaanniCKOfi o6aacTH. Ero oreu OMapxaii a aeayiana Ays3 Cbi.m c tohkh 3peiiHH cBoefi cpeau « a m KyabTypHUMii: xoporno 3H3jih c-rapimHyio apaScxyio rpaMOTy. no coceacray c hhmh pacnoaaraaca aya A 6aa, c kotopum y poacTBeHHHKOB Ay930Ba 6u- ,-mxopouine oTiioiueima. TaKHH o6pa30M, aeTCTBO Cyaymero imcareas npo- xoanao TaM, rae c HaHSoabiueii chjioS oiuvmaaocb Banflime BeaHKoro nos- •ra-npocBeTHTeaa. 3to oBcroaTeabCTBo oxasaao fioabiuoe BawiHHe na 6yay- wero iiHcarean h Ha ero TBopnecKyio cyabfiy. B cbohx BocnoMHHainias «MhccaercTBa CTaaHi!3bgcthhnpo- H3BeaemiH ACaa. Mofi aeaymxa Aya fiwa ero apyroM. Heayuma 3acrasaaji Hac, bhj’kob, no Mirory pa3 nepe'iHTbiBati. H oparHHaabHbte v. nepeBoanne cthxh nosTa. OcoCeiiHO cTporo Tpe6oBaa oa, nT06bi mh 3HaaH HaH3ycTb nHCbMo TaTb- HHbi h oTBexHoe nHCbMo OweniHa. HaM TaTbHHbi H OHeriiHa, aaa Hac BaxcHo 6bi- ao BbinOaHHTb HaK33 fleayUlKH H Mb! CT»- paTeabHo 3aynnBaan bth cthxh». rioasHH A6aa npofiyjniaa b ayrnt Oynymcro nHcaTeaa bucokhc h CBerauc nyBCTBa aio6BH k jkh:!hh, k Hapony. M. AyasoB npoHec hx >iepe3 Miiorae roflbi. Cthxh A6aa, napoaiiue aereHau- CKa3aiiHa, necHH, Koropue b H3o6iuih* xpannaa naMHTL aeaa Ays3a, bh3H- BaiOT y Myxrapa ocrpbifl HHTcpec k xy.- aoxtecreeiiHoil aHTepaxype. EMy Tencpi- xoneTca uuoro 3Hari,, yqe(5a CTaHOBHTCfi ero 3aBeTH0B mcitoB. H bot aaa* Ka- cuMficK ne3eT ero b CeMnnanaTHHCK h ycTpaiiBaeT b CTpoMeioanoe Mycyab- MaHCKoe Meapece. Ho BCKope oanHHaauaTHaeTHHfi M. Ay330B nepexoaHT b HHTHKaacciioe ropoacnoe yiHawme. ITocae ero OKcnmanHH (b 1915 roay) M. Ay330B nocTymta b CeMHnaaaTHHCKyio ym-iTeabCKyio ceMHHapnio b tom « e ropoae. 3aecb oil c OoabuiiiM ysacneiiHeM wraeT npoimeaeHHa xyao- fiejKHbix KaaccHKOB. noa BannHHeM npoiHTaHHoro M. Ayasoe caM Hamnaet

npo6oBaTb niicaTb He6o.ibnme paccica3u, ctkxm. 3 to Guaii ncpBiie onuru iBopiecTBa, Kone'iHO, He npeAKaaiianaBiuHeca jyla neaa™, ncpBbic nopuBu raotuecRoro baoxhobchuh. TBop'iecKHfi nyrb M. Ays30Ba Ha'iHiiaerca c 1917 rofla, b nepnofl iie- •ihkhx HCTopii'ieCKHX norpaceHHii. OanaKO niicaTejib b paqaae CBoero tbop- lecrsa lie cy.Mefl myOoico ocMUCAHTb Bcero 3Ha'iensia coBepuiaBinnxca co- SHTHfl. noOToiuy cpean nepBbix ero npoH3BeaeHHR BCTpeiaioTcn TaKiie, a Koropbix owywaiorca cfleAu coMiieimfl, KOfleOaiiHii h aawe lymflbix Haw sir.isiflOB. TojibKO 6naroaapa iuioflOTBOpnOMy bahhhhio no6eaonociibix Mae# KoMMyHKCTH'iecKon napTHU, penoaiouHoimofi AeflcTBHTe.ibHOCTH, Oflaroaapa CBOHMHCyTOMBMblM HfleiiHbJM HCKaHHBM M. Aya30B CT3JI OaHHH H3 BHfl- hhx npeacTaBHTeaeft He toalko na3axci<oft. ho h Bcefi coaeTCKoft airrepa- iypu. Oano H3 cbohx nepBbix cepi,e3iibix npoH3Be/icHH>i— nbecy <Eimhk- Kc&k» M. Ay330B nannca.1 b 1917 roav, naKanyiie 4>eBpaflbCKoR penoviio- uhh. 3ra nbeca flBflaerca He TQJibKO nepBUM npoH3BCflemieM nHcarcAH, or nee fieper iiaia-io bcsi na3axcKaa apaMarypraa. B ocuosy m>ecu nofloweaa pacnpocTpatieHiiaa b na3axcKOM napoae aerenaa o TparmecKoR aioObh. CiMbHofl cropoiiofi nbecbi aBaaeTca to, mto b Hefl npaBaHBo pacKpbi- Tbi npawiibi TparimecKOfl yaacra, Koropaa nocrar.ia iohux baioO-ichhux Eii.pik h KeCexa. M. Ay930B cyposo pa3o6fla<iaeT oObiaau h upaBU, kochhc tpaaaiiHH 4>eofla.ibiio-poflOBoro crpoa. B stoR coaaH oco6eHiio xapaKTepec o6pa3 6hh KcHriipCati — oaHoro H3 ochobhux riepcoiiaweii ribecu. 3to oh, npoaaBUiHcb 3a B3HTKy, npm<a3LiBaer npeaaTb E hahk h KeCexa MyimeAb- KOAK33HH. ripil 3T0M OH XanwecKH CCHflaeTCH Ha oObliaH OTUOB, pejlHTH03- huc aonihi, iiaKoiiu uiapHaTa, kotopmc onpaBflbiBaiOT AioOoc npccryn.ieHHc. Bo6pa3e KcHnipCaa M. A v330b Bonjiorafl Bee OTBpaTHTeabHue qepTU <jieo- aaabHo-poaoBoro crpoa. H.mchho Oflaroaapa cbohm hpkhm ofiaHMareabiibiM MOTHBan yra nbeca M. Ay330Ba noaowHTeabHo BMfle.iaerca H3 MiiowecTpa ero pammx npoii3BeaenHi'i. OojjbKJiopapa Tenia onpefle.TO.ia h• CBoeo0pa3He xyflowecTBeHHHx cpeacTB nbecu, ee H3UK, fliia.iorK. Abtop MaciepcKH h meflpo Hcnoflb30Ba.it ijecb CoraTCTBa Hapofliioro H3MKa, noroaopKH, iioc-tobhuu. H Bee we nepBue BapHan™ nbecu crpaflaflH cepbC3HNMH HflefiiibiMii . Ofliia H3 rflaBHHX ee ouihOok cB83aHa c o6pa30M poaoBoro cyflba, Ohh KapaueHAe. riHcaTeflb CTapaerca noKa3an> KapaMeiwe ryMaHHHM, 0T3ub- ’iHabiM 6HeM, 3auiHUiaiontHM cnpaBeflflHBOCTb. H iieBOflbHO HaiKHaeuib ay- aarb, hto aKofiu b (lieoflaflbHO-xancKyio snoxy cyuiecrBOBaflH «xopouiHe». «0T3biBiHBuc» 6hh h ccflH 6bi Bee OIIH Obifla flofipuxiH, Kan KapaMeiifle, to cnpaBeflflHBOCTb Obi, naflo noJiaraTb, BOCTOPwecrBOBafla. 3Ta omaOKa moao- floro nacaTefla oOtacHaeTca He3pefloctbio ero noHaraft o cyinHOcra <peo- .qaabHo-narpnapxaflbHoro crpoa. Teai He uenee nbeca npoiHO 3aKpenaflacb b penepTyapax TeaTpoB pe- cnyOflHKH. ripHiHiia sroro b tom. aro M. Aysaos mhoto paa Bosnpaiuaflca k paOore Hafl nbecoil, cosaafl HecKOflbKO BapHaiiTOB, oihctha ee or Bcero, iTo Hecflo neian. HfleftHofi Heapeflocra, h AOBefl o6pa3u repoeB flo bucoko- roc0BepmeiicTBa. nocaefliiHfi Bapaanr nbecu bouim b naTyra KHary mec™. TOMHoro coOpaHHH coiHiieiiHfl nncarefla. H ceiWac mowho c-Meflo yrBepw nan, qro b 3tom Bapnanre nncaTeflb cyMea yOeflHTeflbiio h arko noxasaTb crpaniHyio npaBfly, KpOBaBUe flefla flaflenoro HreMnoro npomfloro. nepBUfi sapnaHT «EHflHK-Ke6e«, Oua HaiaaoM .i^epaTVPHoro nyra M. Ayaaosa. Ho npewae ieM crarb npo*eccHonaflbHu« nHcaie.ncM, oh npo- fflei cepbe3Hyro uinofly OaibiuoB rocyflapcTBeimofl paooTH. c Ooraer b CeMHnaflaTHHCKOM ryOncnoflKOMe, b ryoepiicKOM i

nocTy ripe/icejaTeJiH ryfiHcno.iKOMa h b Ka3l_lHKe b OpenGypre. H Hapaay C 3THM— aHTCpaTypilLie 33MblCAbl, 1IOHCKH TeM, CKWKGTOB, MeiTU O Cepb03- HOM, BCecropOHIieM 06pa30BaHHH... B 20-e roau M. Ayp30B 3kthbho pafioTaer b waiipe KoporKoro pac- CKa3a, a Taxixe co3Aaer npoH3BeaeHiin xpynubix jxaHpoB. Oaiiaxo cpeaa hhx mojkho BcrpeTHTb H raxae, KOTopue HanHcaHhi c wyjxabix HaM HaeS- hnx no3BUH0. ripeca «Kapaxo3» («Wepiibie nia3a»), Hanpasiep, Hacumeua Ty.MaHiioil chmbcwihkoB, aoaweHCTByiomefl Bbipa3HTb BechMa aajiexyio or HCTHiifai Mbicab o crpaaaHHH, Kan nepBoiicToiiiHKe no33HH. B noBecTH «Kufl- .w («Taweabie BpeMena») Hcxa>xeHHO npeacraB.'ieH cMhica Haimo- HajibHO-ocBo6oaHTe.n>iioro ABHJxeHHH Ka3axcKoro Hapoaa b 1916 roay. Hpii- MHHy BoccTaHHB M. Ay330B VBiiae-i He B noaaTHKe rpafiewa a xoaoKHaJib- Horo niera, npoBoaHMoii napcxHM npaBHi-eabcrBOM, we b HioiibcxoM npiina- 3e uapa o Mo6nmi3auHH «HHOpoaueB» ua ThuoBbie pa6o ™ a 3JioynoTpe6ae- HHnx t|)eoaaaoB-npaBUTeaefi b cbb3h c bthm yxa30M, a b iiewix OTBJieieH- 30HHX MOTHBaX. OaHaKO Bee T He aaer ociioBaHHfi jyia Bbisoaa, >ito 6yaTo H3-aoa ne- • pa M. AyaaoBa b nepBue roaw ero TBOpaecrBa lie BbmiJio ira oaaoro pea- jHCTaaecKoro npoH3Beaeiiaa. Byav'in aecTHbiM xvaojkhhkom, raySoao naax>- ohbiiihm 6oraTc8myxj ycTHyio 110331110 a robin Hapoaa, oh He Mor He xo- cHyrbca b cbohx npoH3Beaeimax cypoBofl npaBau aeScTBHTeabHOcra. 06 3tom cBHaeTejibCTByioT HeKoropbie paccKa3u 20-x roaoB, nanHcaHime M. Ay330BbiM b CTporo peaaacraaecKoB MaHepe. /Ivmmie aa sthx paccKa30B Bornaa aaTeM b cSophhk «Kapaui-Kapaiu», H3aanHbiB b 1936 roay. Paccaa3 «KoppaHCH3aap xyHi» («Cvab6a 6e33auiimibixs), iianacaH- iibiH n 1921 roav, HeoaHOKpaTHO neiaTaaca a b OTae.’ibiiux c6opHHKax na- careaa a b aHTeparypaux xpepTOMaTiiax, ripeaHaaaa'ieaiibix aaa cpeaHHX fflKoa: cefitac ero mojkho Hafira b aaTofi KHHre inecrHTOMHHxa nacaTejia. 3 tot paccKa3 noBecTByeT o CTpaumbix cofiHraax H3 jkh3hh aopeBO.no- HiiOHHoro ayjia. C caMoro naaaaa nacarcab bboaht Hac b TpeBo>KHyio, Ha- npajKeaayio aTMOctfiepy. CBHcrauuifi, npoHH3UBaiowH8 ao KOCTefl Berep, ayiouiafi c rop ApKaatre, B3MeraeT h aeceT chojkhvio iibiab; abb HeH3BecT- hmx noao3pHTe.ibHbix nyTHHKa; crapaa, nojiypa3pymeHnasi 3HM0Bxa, tomiio «3a6biraa xeM-ro Beuu>»; aaaee, «b noayBepcTe, ua MaaeHbxofi ropxe, c xo- •ropoB BeTep cayji secb cHer. BO3Bbiiuai0Tca aBa MoriuibHux xojiMHKa, oahii no6ojibiiie, apyrofi — coBceM MaaeabKafi* — Bee pth aera.iH Bbi3bmaioT Ha- crpoeHae TpeBOJKHoro ojKaaaHaa. KopoTKo paccKa3aB o aayx nyTHHKax— bo.'iocthom ynpaeKTeae AKane a ero apyre Kaarae, nacaTeab 3aTeM noapoSno oOpacoBbmaeT noaojxeHiie .noaeB, npHioTHBiuaxca b abvx crapbix 3hmobk3x. 3to— apaxnaa CTapyxa, KOTopofl nepeBa.TOao sa BoceMbaecaT, caenaa JKeHUuiiia aeT copoxa h ee TpaiiaauaTHaeTHaa aoab ra3H3a. A b Moraaax ua xoaue noxopoHenu xo- 3aaH sroro aoMa X^amin a ero Maaeahaafi cuh MyKaui. Crapyxa co cac- 33MH paccKa3b!Baer rocraM o CBoefl raj*e.ioB a ropbKofl jkh3hh. C aroro mo- MeHTa nacareab yjxe noMTH He iipa6eraer K aBTopcKHM OTCrynaeHHHM. H3 paccKa3a crapyxa craHOBirrca hcho. kto ohh. kcm ohh 6bMii panbuie, Kaxoe aecaacTbe nociarao ee cbma JKaKHiia. CKOabKo ohh HaTepneaacb Heenpa- BeaaaBOCTefl h H3aeBaTeabCTB or cbohx poaHiefl, Kax ohh ayMaxir jxarb aaabuie. 9tot npiieM nosBoaaa nacaTeaio oxBaraTb eaaiiuM B3raaaoM mho- me coSbinia, aaMeTHTb mirepecHbie xapaiaepu. OTaoaa a CTpoSHocrb, aeT- KOCTb KOMIT03HUHH paCCKasa. Ho rope juoaetl, hx Tajxeaaa cyabfia He rponyaii Axaiia n Kaaraa. HanpoTHB, ohh «eme 6oabuie Haxa3aaH 6otom Haxa3aHHUx», 3BepcKH Haa pyraBHiHCb Haa TpHiiaauarnaeTHeil Fa3H3ofl. Ono3opeHHaa aeBoaxa y6eraer •J92

83aoMa h TH6HCT Ha uorunax oma h GOpaTta. PaccKxa33 saKannnumra Kan- TBHofi Tpani'iecKofl cMepTH I”a3H3bi. p Kuma'B X!Ln0„LMfva ^ Ka3He HnaPcMHCjITbaH,H0KTOB-nfnepPeWacra\"BaHMTHejia.MMHa npOTHBOIKWRMKHUX KOToporo sbjihkjtc* Asaa, MaTaB, h mhp OessauiHTiioii, o6e3AOAeinioft GeaiiOTbi. HMemio b JTOMrjiy6oKOM npoiiHKHOBeiiHH B CMbic.'i oOwecTBeiiHMX oTiiomeHHfi crapo- roayaa, b kotopom npouBeTajia ahkhR npoH3Boa, HeBewecTBO h 3a6HT0CTb MMKwaeTca peajiHCTHHecKaa uennocTb paccxa3a. K TOMy speMeHH, xoraa M. Ays30B nacaa btot paccKa3, oh Qua xopc- aio3HaxoM c npoH3BeaeiiHSiMH pvcckhx nHca-reaefi. Bhahmo, noarOMy b pac- “a3f aaweTHbi HHToHauaa «EeaHoft JTh3U» H. M. KapaM3HHa. Oanaxo \\ M. Ay330Ba Her roaoro noapawaKHH pyccKHM nacaTeaaM: coGhthh, omi- CMHUe b paccKa3e, B3HTW H3 3kh3hh xasaxoB, b xapaxTcpax repoeB bcphc noaaepKHy™ hx iianHOiia.ibHbie uepTbi. B ucjiom «Cy«b6y 6e33aiHHTimx» bokho Ha3Barb TparimccKoii h TpaypHoR MeaoaaeS, cxop6miiefi o Taweaoft W>6e o6e3aoaeHHux atoaefi. Oahhm H3 aymiHX npoH3BeaeHHfi M. Ay330Ba, Hanncamibix b nepBufi ncpHoa ero TBopieCTBa (1927), hbjihctch nOBeCTh «Co6biTae na Kapam- Kspaiu*. B Hefi micaTeJib pacci<a3biBaer o ropbxofi, TaxceaoR cyai>Ge 6eaiifl- Ka EaxTbiryaa. Oh WHBer b ropax, 3aHHMaeTCH oxotoA. Ho oahoB oxorofi HenpowHBeuib, ro.io.tt h tiywaa mnxaiOT EaxTbiryaa na onacHuB nvrb bo- poBcrea. MoweT OuTb. Bee Gn.io 6bi xopoiuo, eenu Obi He coBecrb.Oiia uy- iMa awHrHTa, MCtuaaa cmv cnoKOfino wim.. H bot BaxTurya HaeT k bo- aocTHOMy ynpaBHTe.no >Kapacnaio, BToObi paccxa3aTb eMy 060 bccm h npo- c«Tb3am.HTbi. Ho JKapacnaii sacraBHa EaxTbiryaa CHOBa BopoBarb, rpaOuTb ra6yubi BpaJKaeOnoro poaa. A xoraa Bpawaa yraxaa, JKapacnafi npocrc BHaaa EaxTbiryaa cyav CueB. rioTPHceimbia TaxHM npeaaTeabCTBOM, awn- ratCHOBa OewHT b ropu, 3aTeM yOHBaeT XCapacnan h nonaaaeT b nopbMy. B nocaeaHefi cueHe ocywaemibift Ha KaTopry Baxrarya rosopirr CBoeMy cwy: «yqHCb, moB cuh! Mofi nyTb Obia 6e3paaocriibiM h neBepiiHM, a th JMweH BaiiTH BepHyio aopory*. nowaayfl, b 3thx caosax Bbipawena raaB- raa MHcab npoH3BeaeHHsi. rioBecTb «Co6biTHe Ha Kapaui-Kapaiu* OT.wiaercH bucokhmh xyao- *ecrBeHHhiMH aocTOHHCTBaMH. BeaHKoaenHhi ropHbie nefl3ajKH, npaBAHBU h yGewreabHbi oOpa3W EaxTbiryaa, ero weiibi h PKapacnan. riHcareab lepKHBaer He roabKO BHeuJHHe nepTU cbohx r h rayOoKo,'yOean- Tejibiro, tohko pacKpueaeT hx ncHxoaoraio, ayxoBHbifl mhp. IloBecTb n0Ka3aTeabHa H xaK nepexoa nncaTeaa or Maaux i(x)pM npo3b. * nmpoKOMy peaancru'iecKOMy noBecTBOBaHHio. B nefi ywe ofieraHao oG- HapymHBaioTCH HeKOTopue croaeBbie ocoOchhocth, neptbi TBopaecKoro CBoe- ■ )6pa3HH, KOTopue BnocaeacTBHH Tax noano npoaBasuoTCHbsnonee 06 AGpe. Hiax, M. Ay330B yixe b nepBbie roau raop'iccTBa cosaaer bucoko- xyaoixecTBeHHbie, pea.iiiciHMecKHe npoH3BeaeHBH. 06 btom Heo6xoaiiM0 Ha- HOMHWb, Tax xax ao itocaeaHero BpeMeHH MHorHe peaaHCTHaecKBe bciiiii HHcaTeasr He noayHH.iK Bepnofi oueiixii h aiiaieirHe ayauiHX npoii3BeaeHHii. HanHcaHHbix hm b nepBufl nepHoa. iioo6me He npHHHMaaocb bo BiraMaHHe. HosTOMy TBopMecxan 3B0arouHfi nucare.iii. caowHan H bo MiioroM itpothbo- PMHBaa, oxa3aaacb HepacKpu-rofl. nepBbift nepHoa aarepaTypHofl aenTeab- hocth M. Ay330Ba 3axaH'iHBaercH nanaaoM 30-x roaoB. B 3to BpeMH b JKH3HH iiaiuefi CTpaHbi npoH3omaH OoabiHHe H3MeHeiras. noa MyapbIM pyXOBOACTBOM KoMMyHIICTH'ieCKCS napTHH COBeTCKHfl Hapoa aocrar 3HaiHTeabHbix ycnexoB b crpoHTeabCTBe coiwaAMMa H noBea pe- niiire.n,Hyio GopbOy npoTHB nepexcuTKOB npomaoro. a. 3TOMy MOMeHTy 3Ha- HHnabHo abipoc.ia xaaaxcKaa coBercKaH HHTeaaHreHUHH, Bbraieaniaa aa ryuiHHapofliibix Macc. B Ka3axcrane. xax h bo BceS Hamefl ctpaiie. noaHfi-

•iscb TaweJiaa HHaycTpiia, oxpenao conHa-iKCTHnecKoe ceabcxoe X03S(iCTB«. B KyjibrypHOM oO.niKe nauiero napoaa Taxwe npoH30iuan SHamneabHue imienemiH. Bee sro oKa3ajio peuiatortiee BAHSHHe Ha MHOnix micaTeaefi, 3 tom liic.ic h Ha M. Ay330Ba. Oh 3kthbho ynacTByer b peuieHHH 3aaaa, iMHPrirae'MHX napTKeii b napoaom nepea airrepaTypofl conHaAKcranecKoro peajin3Ma. Ecah ne c4HTan> HexoTopux ero npoH3Beae»Hfi, ne Bbiaepwau- uihx HcnuTaHHe BpeMeHeM, hm C03aaHH naecbi, hobocth, poMaHH, ncpBan Ka3axcKaa anonea, xoropue boidak b 3oaoTo9 itiona xy.ibTypu nauiero iia- poaa h no npaBy curraioTCH AOcnuxeHHeM He TOAbxo xasaxcxolt, ho h Bcefi cobctckoh aHtepaTypu. B 1928 roay M. Ay330B okohmii.'i (l>n;iojiorn'fecKHH ipaKyabTeT JleHHH* ipaacKoro ymiriepciiTeTa, 3aieM acmipaiiTypy Cpeanea3HaTCKoro rocyaap- CTBeHHoro yHHBcpcHrera b ropoae Tanixeme. H bot v «e mhoto neT mu 3Haeu M. Ay330Ba lie mibKO xax (foabiuoro nHcaTean, ho h Kan yuenoro H npenpacHoro neaarora. ,flo Hanaaa pafioru naa poManaMH 06 A6ae M. Ays30B niicaji b ochob- hom b Mtaiipax apaMaTyprHH, paccxasa a noBecTH; uapnay c sthm CHCTeMa- THiecKH Bea h nayiHO-HccaeaoBaTeabCKyio pa6ory. Oco6eiiKO naoaorBopH: b tc roau M. Ay330B pa6oraa Haa co3aaHHeM apaMaTyprHuecxHX nporaBe- aeHHS. On nanacaa 6oaee aaaaua™ coficTBemibix nbec na caMbie paamn- hub TeMbi h nepeaea Ha xa3axcxHfi h3hx paa npoH3BeaeHHfi mhpoboS ii pyccKOft KaaccaqecKofl, a Taxwe coBercxoii apaMaxvprHH: «PeBH3op» To- rojia, «Oreaao» H «yxpouienne ctpohthboR» lileKcnupa, «ApHCTOKpara» H. IToroaHHa, «JIio6oBb JIpoBaa» K- Tpeneaa, «04>nuep <j>,roTa» A. KpoHa. 3th nepeBOAH oOoramaaH Kaaaxcxoe TeaTpaabnoe HCKyccTBo h noBu- rnaaH, orraHHBaaa m3ctopctbo caMoro nepcBoaMHxa. B Te roau fioabnioe feme He Beaymec) Mecro b TBopiecTBe M. Ays- 30Ba aaHHMaaa coBpeMeHHan TeMaTHKa. Hm C03aana nepBaa xaaaxcnaft iibeca na peBoaiouHOHHVio TeMy «3a OxthOpb* (HHcneHHPOBxa pouaH.i Jl OvpMaHOBa «MaTew», aonoaneHHas MaTepnaaoM H3 * h3hh xa3axcxofi HiiTeaaHienuHH). 3a 3to Bpewn oh Haimcaji: naecu «Tac Tyaex* («KaMen- itoe onepeHHes), «Ax-xaHhin» («Beaaa 6epe3a»), «Tapiuc» («Bopb6a»). «AaMa fiaruHaa* («B hO.tohcbom caav»), «IUexapaaa», («Ha rpamme*): noaecTH h paccxaau «UIa™aj[an» («KpyrH3Ha»), «Biaexxe 6iaex» («riae mom k naeiy»). «l3aep» («Caeabi»), «BypKiTuii» («Oxothhk c 6epxyroM»). \"Kym mcu acKapn («CTenK h necxH»), «Ym xyH» («TpH ahh»). 3ra npons BeaeHHH pa3an'mu nan no xyaowecTBeHHUM xaneCTBaM, Tax h no rayOHHe aBTopCKoro 3aMUcaa. HanpHMep, nbeev «A.iMa 6ai-uiiaa> (1937), nocnsmeHKyio jkiohh co- BeicKHX CTyaeiiTOB, M. Ays3on npeanoaaraa uanncaTb Kax BeceauR Boao mub c jkhbumh, OCTPO oaep'ienHUMH qeJioBeiecxHMH xapaxTepaMH. K co- wa.TeHHKi, peniHTb 3Ty 3aaany iiHcaTe.n, He cyMea. nepcoHaWH nbccbi ( ocoSemio CTVaeHTUh acnupaiiTbi) b 6oabUiHHCTBC cbocm ne yMeiOT npiiMeHim, b »H3Hii cboh TeopeTH'iecxiie 3natnin, OB.’iaaeTb VKHBUMaeaow. HcxaxjneHBe cocTaBaseT aHHib oamr repoR, CaaiiM, bcc yueiouwB h Bee npeaBHnnm.Hfi. KoHewo. Taxoe H3o6pa>xeHHe CTyaeH>iecTBa ne cooTBeTCTByer WH3iieHHofi npaBae. XvaoacecTBeHHocTb nbecu CHHJxaerca eme h TeM, tto bbtop caHmxo.v nepeHacuTHa Hefioabinyio Beuib TaxuMH co6uthhmh. xoTOPue Moraa 6u ne- ribecy «Ax-xaflun» «Bejian Cepe3as, namicaHHyio HMecTe c A. Tawii fiacBUM. Taxwe He.ib3a c'lHTan, tbopmcckhm aocTHixeimeM nHcaTenefl. Abto-

pu nurajiHCb noKa3aTb 6oPb6y 3a cboRoav u uc3aniicHM0CTi> Tpyaauuixcq Ka3axcraHa bo BpeMsi rpawaaiicKofl Boliiibi, no pemuTb 3tv rcpoaiecKyio ieuy hm ne yaaaocb. theca «llleKapa;u» <«Ha rpamwc*), Hanacaiuiaa M. Aysaoabm a 1937ro.iy, paccua3biBaeT o 6aHTejibHOCTH cobptcxhx jnoaeS. B ocuoBy nbe cunaiowenu coobithh, npoacxoaninae b oahom ii3 norpami'iubix paiioHOB. nocrpoeaa ona aa CTOAKHOBeHHH xexuv nppAcraBHTejiHMH BpajMeCnux KaaccoB. Pa3.in>mue cyabRu h CTpeMJieHHH nepconawefi nbecu, hx Haniepe- ™ « xapaKTepbi bcho onpeae.isnoTCfl no uepc pa3BHTiia Komp.'WKTa. riteca oneiib AHHaManaa no cajweTy n c nepBOfi ate chchw 3axBaTbi saer iHTaTe.ia, BoaaeKaeT ero b bo.tobopor ApaMaTHHecaax co6biTH(i. C tastabiM ajcroM nee ocrpee pa3Bopa<iHBaeTc» OopbOa Meatay cobctckhmji — n.iaMemiNMH naTpiioTasm, necTHUMii TpyateHHKaMii h BparaMii. apoSpaBHiHMHCH b pyKOBOACTBo Koaxo3a, a raxate 3a6poineHHUMH k HaM its-3a rpaHintbi. Tamiuc Bparn nopnuiH i«uixo3Hoe aoCpo, ceana cMjry n pasaaji cpeja ko.ixo3iihkob, yfinBajia tecrHHX cOBercKHX aioaeii. Ho hh>ito neiiorao noMeuia 11> VKpenneHHio iiobom atH3irn. iihbto ne cnacao npejHTe aeflor pa3o6aa'iemia. CoBe-rotae aioah pacKpu.ia h pa3rpoMi!AH BpaatecKoc me3,io. ribeca aaKaii'UinaeTCH 3iiaMeiiaTe.n,itoii caeiiofi npa3AHHxa yBepeH- hhx b CBoefi cnne aioaeii, pa3oO„TaqHMiinx reMitwe nfijia npeaareaeS n nepAo aepamnx b csoe Ryaywee. Abtop ne ynpomaeT Ropbfiu mokav abvms nponiBono-iownuMH CHJia- “ii, pacKpuoae-r r.iyOOKO h npaBAHBo Bee ee npa'iHHbi h npeanocUAKH. 0«na H3 oryiiiMHTe.'ibHbix qepT nbecu — nonbinta C03flaTi» b o6pa3e hojio- sntrejibHoro ncpconaata napTafiHoro tiaRoriniKa. 3ry 33Aa*iy M. Aya3oa BnnojiHHA, Mu HMeeM b BHAy o6pa3 cexpeTapa pafiomioro KOMarcra nap- nra Mypara. Ero c nomibiM npaBOM mo* ho Ha3BaTb oahhm H3 naa6oAee yaaiHux noaowiiTeJibiibix repoeB b Hauiefi jnrrepaTvpe, b tom aacne h a apaMaTypmi. B o6pa3e MypaTa boiuioukhu opraHroaTopcitHe cnocoRno- on, AeaoBBTocrb it HaxoA'iHBoeTb, npncyuuie HacToaiuHM napTafiaaM paOoT HKK3M. npcauo mom peuiHTb KaKoB-JinRo Bonpoc, on I'JivSoKO B3yqaer ero, ■rapaeTca npeacTaBHTb Bee pe3yAbTa™ HanaToro aena. B onacHOii cxBaTKe cHapyuiHTCAHMH rpammu Mypax BHineji nofieaaT&iieM, noTOMy hto cyMe-i tcBsaTbBOKpyr ce6a KO.-i.'ieKrmi H3 pemaTeabHUX, aecraux it nepiiux Jnoaeii pafiOHa. B nbece xopoiuo noaa3aHa OecnopbiCTiiaa npeflamioctb kojixcohhkob KoMMyHHCTn.ieCKOfl naprHH, Koropaa co u a n AJia aax hobyio caeTAyio *»3iib a cae-iajia hx xo3aeBaMH coRcrBeHHoR cvabRu. Ohh He npocro mo­ rtal h sautHiuaioT naoTHio a ee aoJiaTHKV. ohii roTOBbi aa ,iio6bie atepraw “PHEbmoJiiieiiHa 3aaaHiifi napTaa. Taaosu b nbece oopa3bi nepeaoBUX koa- X03HHKOB Awapa, /Kapawna, Capceaa a Konaa. ribeca «UleKapaaa» a noabiHe ae noTepa.ia CBoea ueHHOCTBHe TtwibKo Horouy, mo ee TeMa aKryaabaa, ho h noTOMy, >ito b Hefi cosaaabi npaBaa- awe o6pa3u cobctckhx -iioaeii. B 30-e roan Moaoaan Ka3axcaaa apaMarypraa craHOBaTcn aKTHBHOii chaos. 3to oR-bacaaerca TeM. are noacH.-mcb nocToamiue Kaaobi nacaTe- AeS-apaMaTyproB. B tot nepaoa BHHMaaae apaMaiyproa npaB/ieKa-ia Kan iipoSaeMbi conpeMCiiHoS cobctckoH aeScTaaTeabaocTB, Taa a acTOpa'iecKaa TeMaxiiKa. n PH>iew, acropa-iecKae apaMU Rbraa nocBHiaeabi ca«uMpaMHM- uum nepaoaaM TaK, b nbecax «Kvpec Kyiiaepmae. («B ahh 6ppb6H») C. MjataHOBa. .Bopati. (cBypaa*) Ul. XycaaaoBa. uTepea M » _(«ray6o Koe mcpos) A, Ta*H6aeBa_H3o6pawai^a^UTfra i^awaaHCKofl boShb. a nbecu <Ko3U

Ha ochobo iiapoaiiux cna3aHHH co3aaHu Myauxaabiiue nbecu M. Aya- 30Ea «Bexer* u «ABMaa — LU<wmaH». Meura MoaoaewH o CBOfioae, BaaropoaHaa BePHoerb b -hoBbh— co- aepwaHHe nbccw «AfiMaii-IUoanan». Ona bch npoHHKHyTa 3aopOBUM.Hapoa- hum joMopo.M, a to h eflKHM capKa3MOM, xoraa pe'ib 3axoflHT o mian/urnon ii narjioM tjieoaaae Korn6ape Him BUCoxOMepHOM 6ae MaMaHe, noxBaasio TaaBHUMR k iioaoWHTeabHbiMH repoHHBMH nbecu BBJiaiOTca ceerptt A0MaH H IUoanaH, ctoBkhc, Haxoa'iHBue a ocrpoyMiiue aeBymxH. B stok OTHouieiiMH apaMaTypr nojmocTbio npHaewHBaetca Hapoanofi aerenau, no- Topaa Taxwe nasuBaerca HMenaMH repoHHb. B ueaoM eMy yaaaocb bocco3- aan> Ha diene sth oCpa3H hmchho Tax. xax ohm HaaaBHa 3aneiaTaeaHCb b nauaTH Hapoaa. H Bee we Heabsa He 3aMeroTb, uto. cTapaacb noaHocTuo coxpaHHTb cioweT, Bee coBuraa aereHau, M. Ays30B ocaaBHa ee counanb- Hyio ocTpOTy. B nbece «BexeT» noxa38Ha 6opb6a iiapoanux Macc npoTHB sxcnaya- TaropoB— xaHOB h cyaTaHOB. ripaBaa, 3aecb rowe ecTb mothbu CBoBoanoii hkjBbh. ho ohh HBaHR)Tca amnb yacTbio oOrncro coaepwaHHa nbecu. A hi nepBufi naan BMaBiiracrca cyab6a Hapoaa, ero 6opb6a 3a CBoOoay. Hecxoabxo no3we M. Ay330B Bucryrma c nbecofi «Ko6aanau», C03aan- HOft Taxwe Ha ocuoue CTapHHHoro repoHiecxoro snoca. Moryaae repoaie- cane xapaxrepu, rayOoxne naTpHOTimecxHe qyBcraa xapaxTepHU aaa 3T0f nbecu. EcTCCTBenuo, hto Taxoro peayauraTa nHcaTeab mot aoBHTbca amu'. Baaroaapa yMeHiuo tbophcckh BonaoraTb Bee BoraTCTBa HapoaHoro npoH3- BeaeHra: ocrpufl TparnuecKHn kohiIiuhkt, xpacomiufi, MHorouBeTHufi H3UK Monoaora, ana.iorH h aaxe oTaeabiiue peiiumui HanHcanu b ayxe bucokoB PHTOPHKH, HacUUteHU IlOCaOBHUaMH, apxHMH MeT3(t>0paMH H CpamieHHHMH. B paay nbec M. Ay330sa, iianHcamiux b 30-e roau, ocofieiiHo npa- cTaabHoro BiiiiMamia 3acaywHBaer nbcca «Homiue pacxaTH» (1934), xo- ropaa CBHaeTeabCTByer o nepexoae nwcare-'m ua iio3huhh coHHaJiHCTHie- cxoro peaaH3Ma, a Taxwe o ero Boabiuux TBOpnecxiix bosmowkocthx. no TCMe oua ncpeoHKacTca c noBecTbio «Taweauc BpeMeHa*, noroMy hto Taxwe nocBHiuciia coBhthbm HauHOHaabiio-ocBoSoaHTeabiioro aBHWCHrot 1916 roaa. Ho ecaH b nosecm acxaweHHo, HeBepuo noxa3aKa HcropHie- cxaa aeflCTBHTeabHOCTb. to b itbece cHouiue pacxaTU» nacaTeab noauo- crbK) npeoaoaea cboh npewHHe ouihBkh h msctcpcxh pa3penina B3>rryic 3aecb oh pHcyeT BoceraHHe xax MaccoBoe, niHpoxoe liapoaHoe aBHwe- ime. HenocpeacTBeanuM nOBoaoM x BocoraHHK) 1916 roaa Bua, xax h3bc- ctho, npHxa3 uapa o Mo6nan3annn xa3axcxoB MoaoaewH Ha TuaoBue pa- Boru, ho npH'iimu ero aewaaH ropa3ao rayBwe. 3to 6ua BapuB HapoaHoro raeBa npoTHn xoaoHKaubnoB noamHKH uapH3Ma, npoTHB aBofilioro meTa: co CTopoHM uapcxKX hhhobhhxoh h «cbohx», xaaaxcxnx ([leoaaaoB, Baen sxcnayaTaTopoB. CMUca BoccTaHiiH HanOoaee noaHO nepeaaiOT eaoiia oano ro H3 repoeB nbecu Tanexe, oOpamcimue x ye3aHOMy HanaabHHxy Ka3aH neBy: «Bor mu 3aecb Bee h3 JKaaaHamicxoB Boaocra, Bee HHiune BeaHS- kh— h aacTyriHTbca aa Hac HexoMV. HauaabCTBo aHiUb H3aeBaeTca na.'i naMH. Bbia y Hac Kaonex 3eMaH Capu-xoab, rae whuh ax>an itbth crap- iiihhctb. Hobot ywe tph pa3a iiaM ypesaan ary36Maio. Xoatrrcayxa, 6yaro eme xotht OTpe3aTb. Hy, xyaa HaMaetbcsi! flawe b npomaOM roay 3eMan He XBaraao, ckot nacTH CTaao Herae h napoav npHmaocb oieiib Tpyano. A ryT elite h Boaocriiofl ynpaBHTeab hopobht ypBaTb, eMy, Mai, 3hmobky CTpoirrb Haao. A bu nocMoTpHTe, ua Bofluy 3a6HpaioT Toabxo Harnax nap- Hefi. Boh b poay MaxTuBafi, orxyaa caM BoaocTHofl, TpHauaTb ayaoB, Tax

H3 BHX oh He sanacaA hh oahoto AHCHima. Pa3ue sto neAo? Oh. bhaho M1CT, iroobi MU coBceM yiK oCiiHmajiH. a t3m— aowHcb aa h noMHpafi Her, xopomero naM Henan. neiero. Ecjih xoTirre bto6u napon iiero-HH6yab BEHaTBOpHJl, BepHHTe Halim 3eMJIH. A CIHICKH cocTamiaHTe. KaK Iiapoa cxa- * eT- BEAb mhcok BoaocTiioro ynpaBHTeAH awhbhh, mu c iihm hc coraac- BH, cuhob cbohx no 3TOMy cnHCKy He AaAHM, Jtymie pacCTpejiaflTe Hac aaecb, Ha Mecie. 3 to — npocbGa h wcAamie Bcero Hapoaa*. H3 3thx caob Taiiene CTaHOBHTcn aaioit npH'imia BoccraHHH, a xaioKe II UCJIH BOCCTaBlUHX. noBcranuu h hx pyKOBOAHTenn. Tanexe k >KaHTac. c cauoro na'iaaa ooiflBHJM BOftny yrHeraTejiHM bo hmh cbohx KAaccoBUX HHTepecoB. 06 stom cBHAerejibCTBycT pasroBop >KaiiTaca c viHTejieM Cana, Koropufi He cpaay nomui npoBOKaiuioimue npneMU Bo.iocTiioro ynpaBHTeAH h ero o6pa30BaH- «oro apyra nauHOHaAHCTa Kapa.'ia: «J1 He Taxofl rpaMOTHuft 'leaoneK, nan bh, ho Korna ceAJio TpeT cnHHV, noHCBOAe noHR-raeTcs HHOXOAb. Bee mu no- lyBCTBOBaaH Ha csoefi cnmie THwecTb h xHTpocTb BonocTHoro ynpaBHTEjia. [losTOMy mu h iiayMHJiHCb ticuo ace BHAen>». ' fleiiCTBHTeAbHO, OHH OHeHb X0P0UI0 BHAeAH H(lOHHMaAH, MTO BOAOCTHUC ynpaBHrami h mhhobhhkh oBMaHUBaioT h npeaaioT napoA. H Bee x<e Boccraii- araebo MHoroM eme 6bun c.iaOu. HeonuTHU. naHBHU. ohh lie moi-ah AefiCT- BOBaTbcnAOHemio h opraiiH30BaiiHO. B nocAeAiieM aiere nbccu >KaiiTac, no- naaumfl b OKpyweHne npara, pasMbiuiAHCT: «Haao 6uao HacTynaTb epasy h bccm BMecre, a v Hac He 6uno HHKaicoro corAacHH. Ecak 6u He sto, pa36n- im6u mu scex itpoBOnHfiu h ye3AHUx HaqaAbHHKOB». ManoopraHH30BauHHe noBCTaHuu b TeieiiHe sceii ribecu npepeKaKxra c boaocthumh h ye3AHUMH HaiaAbHHKaMH, nuiyr h ot6hp3iot chhckh awh™ tob, M06HAH30BauHMX Ha TMAOBbie pa6oru, vboaht b ropu boaocthoi-o ynpaBHTena MaflxaHa, yroHHioT cxot 6aes H r. n., to eerb BepmaT BCHKHe MaAosiia’iHTCAbHue Aeaa h H36e- rawr peuiHTeAbiiofl cxb3tkh. Ohh nance He ToponaTca nana3aTb boaocthoto vnpaBHTensi MafiKaiia, a ec.iH h ydraaioT ero, to coBepmeHHo cAyaafiHo. 3ra HepeuiHTeAbHOCTb, HeopraHH30BaHHOCTb, nocTOHHHue onacemin 6u ah npHHHnofi nopanceHHH noBCTanueB. ToAbxo Koraa hx oxpywaioT KapareAb- ime orpHAU, ohh Ccpytch 3a opywne ii cohpothbahiotch ao nocaeAHefi mh- Hyru. Ho Aawe ecAH 6u ohh h pa3rpoxiHAH boaocthux ynpafiirreAeS. hh HOBIIHKOB H KapaTCACft, TO BCe paBHO OHH He 3H3AH Ou, HTOAeAaTb Ha Apy roa AeHh nocAe noCeAU, Tax Kan y hhx He 6hao itHKaxoft onpcACAemiof- iporpaMMH. 3 to 6ua cthxhi”ihh0 nporecT— k toabko. Tot we /Kairrac ro- bopht pacTepHBineMycH Cane: «TepneTi, mu ywc m motah. HacnAHH h H3Ae- BateAbcTBa eraAii HeBUHOCHMU. H3MoraAH h o3ao6hah nac. H mu Haua.ih COnpOTHBAHTbCH, MU B3HAHCb 3a pyWbH H CadAK. Hew 6u BCe 9T0 HH KOH- iHAocb, ho na Aynie cthao Bce-TaKH Aerae. riocMOTpHM, mto eme nouiAer aaM cyAb6a». BoccraHHe b xoime kohuob 6hao noAaBAeHo. Xamac h MHorue Apy- r«e nosCTaHUbr norad.™ b wcctokoh Ghtbc c KapaTeAHMH. Ho MacTb H3 hhx nos npeABOAHTeAbCTBOM Taneite cyueAa BUdpaTbca wa oKpyxceHHH. 9 tot unCOpaTHHKH, HO BOCCTailHC pa3rpoMAeHo He A\" BcmjxiiyTb >iepe3 HeKoropoe BpeMH. M bo r 3nH3oA nbeebi HMeeT cepbe3Hufi cmuca. riycrb nornfi >KaHTac h MiiorHe ere 0 B0CCT8HHH BCTaHyT ■wahO.cBnoodAOoHfiCHAueeHHTeaHTcaxHe.ene BU3UBaeT mucah h Apyroro nopaAKa. H3Be- CTHO, HTO HaUHOliaAbHO-OCBOfiOAHTCAbHOe ABHWeHHe B KaMXCKHX cTensx B 1916 roAy opranHiecKH c.aHAOCb aaxeM c BeAHKoB OKTH6pbCKofi couhsah CTHHecKOH peBOAioUHeft. M. Ays30B He noKa3Usaer, KaK aro npoH3omA0, A» •---- •'---o cAeAaTb b npeAeaax oahoh mecu. uthhikom