Очерк истории казахской советской литературы

Ooabinasi 3to xejia. H see we oqeHb MHoroe mowho noHstb hs noaxeKCTa nbecu, oTaeabiiux 3iraqHTeabHux «HaueKoB». TaKHM «HaMCKOM» iiBaacrroi smiaoa yxoaa H3 OKpyweiiHH rpynnbi Taneice, flbeca 3aKaHiHBaerca TaaceauMH, Tpani'iecKHMH cueiiaMH, ho >111x3x631. lie HenuTbiaaeT ayacTiia oniaaHHH k Ge3KaaeWHOCTO, noTOMy 'ITOapaMaiypr iiona3aa HaM orpoMHoe CH3U iiapoaa, kotopuc noaHHMyrcs K HOBOii riaeca cHowue pacicaru» pneyer THnH>iecKHe HiwieHHS H3 hch3hh aope ao.iiomioimoro Ka3axcKoro oGmecraa, bcpho h rciy6oico paacpunaeT miac- I'oByio cywHocxb HanHonaabHO-oCBo6oaHTenbHoro A8naceHHH 1916 roaa. A cKOJibKO 3aecb nojiliOKPOBHbix ofipaaoB, MOHyMeiiTaabiiux xapaate poBl ripewae Bcero xotctch CKa3aTb06 o6pa3ax >KaiiTaca h TaHene. B hhi; Bon.ioiueHbi Miiorae BhicoKiie KaiecTBa, npHcyimie Hapoay. MencHii cxpeaoic. CHJiai h Ha ace pyicn MacTep >Kanxac, noraa ripHin.ia nopa, cea Ha kohs. b3sji b pyxii opyacne h B03raaBna BoeexaHHe. Cepbe3iibie HCnuxaHHH Buna- th Ha acuiio >KaHxaca: xyx h Tpy/was qecxb GuTb BoacaxoM BOCcxaBUiax, 11 Taaceaasi aHMiiaa flpaMa. Ho JKairrac He naaaeT ziyxoM .xawe h xoraa, xo- rna pyxoBOAHMoe hm BoeexaHHe xepnnx nopaaceime. Oh rHGHeT b 6opb6c- 3a CBo6oay H cuacxbc iiapona. He MeHee Bupa3HxeaeH H o6pa3 Taiieice. 3to — >ieaoBex HcnuTaBimw MHoro xpyaiiocxeft, HcMa.io noBHaasniHii b jkh3hh. Oh necxeir, npaMoaynieri a ocTpoyweH. 3x0— hcthhiiuh npenciaBHTeab 11apo.ua. Hecwaxpa Ha CBoii ywe npexaoiiHufi B03pacx, oh cmbjio BcxynaeT B GopbGy 3a napofl. OGpa3bi, noaoGHue TaneKe, BnocaencTBHH >iacxo Bcxpe<iaioxcH b apyrav Kimrax M. Ay330sa. H 9x0 He cayiaiiHo, noxoMy >ixo mrcaxeab Bceraa, 113 BceMnporawenmi cBoero TBopnecxoro nyra CTpeMknca 3aneiaT,iexb o6pa3bi niriHMHbix npeacTaBHieaeS napoaa. B o6pa3e yam-can Canu nHcaxejih pacKpua cnoacHUfl, npoTHBopeia Bull xapax-rep. B Hanajie nbecu yiHTe.11> npHMhiKaeT k noBCTanaaM, ho hx cypoBbie iipaBU ero nyraioT. 3xo CTaiioBHTCii ocoGeuHo hohhtho, xoraa. VBaeKiiiHCb pacnyTHOfi aceiioB BonoeTHoro ynpaBK-rena BhGhoi, npo3Bamioi! >Ky3TafljiaK, Cana no ee TpeGoBaHHio 3acxynaeTCH 3a Hypnaiia, GpaTa bo- .locTiioro ynpaBHTeaa. k ocBoOowaaex ero H3 pyx noBCTaHueB. Manco-re .iiocTbCanu cxa3aaacb h b tom. hto oil noBepica b aoGpbie iiaMepeiWH iiono• ciHoro ynpaBHTe.m MmiKana h yieiioro iiamiona.iHcTa KapHMa. MHoro BpeMeHii noHaaoGHjiocb aaa Toro. htoGu Cana oKomaieabHO h TBepao ne- pemea Ha CTopony BoccTaBUinx. Tenepb 011 no-itacroameMy BHanx, hto npea- ctanHTe.-iii rociioacTRyiouiero K.iacca hbjihiotch ero kpobkumh BpaxaMH, H co CKop6bio 11 ropaocTbio roBopHT o HtepTBax, xoxopue npHiiocHT napoa bo hmb eBoGoabr. He cayiafiHO 3aK.noiiHTe.ibiibifi MOHOJior nbecu aBxop OTaaer Cane, moho.toi\\ npoHHKkyxufl Bepoft B noGeay Hapoaa h npoHCiimouuiS co imaabiioe coaepwaime npoHSBCaeHHH. 06pa30M yurrena Canu nncaTe.ib noKa3UBaeT. KaKoit caowiiufl nyib npHuiaocb npoilTii Ka3axcKoft aopeBOJiionHOHHoS HHTejuiHreHUHH, npewac Cpean OTDKuaxeabHux repoen nbecu Han6onee CH.ibHoe BnenaTaeMHc upoH3BoaHx o6pa3 >Kv3TaiuiaK. B Hefi nncaTeab noanepKHya Mopaabiioc pasaowcane, xapaxiepHoe aaa npeacTaBH-xeaefl omcHBinero Kaacca. Moaoic ih na3BaTb o6pa3 pacnyTHofi weinnHHU xapaKTepiium aaa Toro BpeMeHH? Kohctho, b napoae weHuum, noaoGHux ^(y3TafiaaK. we 6uao. Ohh noaBaa •racb amub b GaBcKofi epeae, cBHaexe.ibcxByH o ee MopaawioM pacnaae 11 naaBHraioinefica rHGeaH, Hcjibaa CKa3aTb, mtoGh o6pa3u apyrnx oiPHuaTeabiiux nepcoiiaateH nbecu GbuiH Buseaenu c TaKofi ace pa3o6aa>iaiomeii ocTporog h xyaowe- cTBeHiiofl cnaofl. Tame nepcoHaacH, xax MafixaH, Hypnan, KapHM. hmck-

owe HecpaBHeHHO OoHbuiee 3Ha'ieinie win iioiuioiiichhh saMMCJia oxa3aaHci. saK6u BTeiiH, xoth ii HanHcaiibi jkhbo h peajmcTii'iiio. iJiyeoxoMy pacxpbmiio xapaxrepoB cnoco6crByeT it H3ux ntecu cob iiwS, o6pa3i(UM, naiHbie mhcjih ii amla.MHKH Atiajioni, naTcriiiecKHe moho B sawnoqeHHe caeayeT cxa3aTb, ito nbeca «Houiuc pacxara» fl&naer caHeTO-ibKOnepeaoMHbiM momchtom b tbopmcctbc micaTCjin, ho h ceptea hum HocrawenneM K33axcKOfi apaMaTyprHii. B 30-e roflbi M. Aya30B napaav c nbecaMH co3flaji Tax>xe Goaunoe xo- .unecno paccKa3oB h noBecrefi. Kskobw hx rewaraxa h ocoGeimoc™, mto uoBoro BHecjiH ohh b jiHTeparypy Tex .tot? B paccKa3e kFI.tchom k ruieiv» iincare-ib 3aaaaca ueauo cosaan. 06- pa3U nepeflOBHKOB couHajiHCTH'iecxoro WHBoriiOBOxcTBa. TaaBHax repOHHH paccxa3a Maxna.i — noiipxa h TeaiiTHima xo.ixo3a «EnnHH» —sto xeaoBex. 'iccthoOTHocauwiicii k caoeiay aejiy. Ona -hoGht kojixo3, aopojkht ero aoG- poMHqecTbio. /Iloan naaTST eS wiyGokhm vBaxceHHeM. MaKnaji — sto o6pa3 hoboto nenoBexa kojixo3hoh aepenHii. o6orameu- noroKpacOToft caoGoanoro Tpyaa. Abtop npaBAHBO iioimaH, xax Saaroaapn HOBhiMycaoeiia.M WH3HH HSMenHaca avxomiufi mhp mcimiiniu, pacuiapHjica ee upaBCTBeHHbiii Kpyro3op. Hapsiay c sthm eaeaycT OTMerarb, mto nocaea- irae raaBbi paccxasa cxeMaTHHHbi a upa.MO.TOiieiiHbi, h k TOMy ace nepena- CHineHMcjiOBeai<aMH io)XHOKa3axcTaHCKoro AHaaexTa. Heciin6aii h KyawaTafi hs paccxa3a «Cjieau» raxwe, noaoGHO Max- naa, aioaH hoboh snoxti, Koropbie cboh aiinibie amepeca coieTaiOT c Hirre- pecaMH K0.1XO3HOH WH3HH. Ho oco6eHHOcrc> aroro paccxa3a b tom, bto 3aeeh repoH noKa3aiibi b pa3BHTitn, ohh xpemiyr h MywaiOT b 6opb6e c sparaMii Pacci<a3bi «KpyTH3iia», «Oxothhk c GepxyTOM*, «CTenn 11 necKH* no TeMaTHKe, coGuthhm h aawe no xapaxTepaM repoeB bo mkotom HanOMH- iiaiOT h aononHHioT apyr apyra. CxameM, CaMaT, AHiua, naiiuiHH H3 pac- CKa3a, «KpyTH3Ha» wan A uihm, PafixaH H3 paccxa3a «CTenn H necKH», I’«k6o.i h3 paccKa3a «Oxothhk c GepxyroM* HBjmioTcti BonaoweHHeM naxoaMHBOcTH, TBepaocm, npHcyunix cobctckhm aioatiM. CxoaKu no cyab6e, nocrynxaM 11 OTpHuaTeabHHe repon: Cynip h Kama H3 «Kpy- th3hm» JKexceii h Acxap hs paccxaaa «CrenH h necxHs, Camex H3 «Oxot- iiaxa c’ GepxyTOM* ripeacTaBHTeaii npawaeGiioro xaacca, H3niaiiHbic 113comiaanCTii'iecKoro oGmecrua, ohh crapaiOTc* noAopBan, naui ctpofl. aopyrar, aoMaioT, npeaaT npn bchkom yaoGnoM cay>iae. Ho hx Bpeanreai»- ctbo pa3o6aaqaeTca 11 Bpara Hecyr cvpoByto Kapy. Taxoc HHefiHO-xyaowecTBeimoepeuieHHeresibi kh HaxoaHM11b paccxa3e •Oxothhk c GeDKVTOM* Zina oxoTHHKa. BenGoa K >KaHH6eK, coOiipaioTCii (Tax PHaaHHaeTCH paccxaa). H Bapyr GpHraaHP xolieBOaiecxoro 3aB#aa OcnaHxya cooGmaer hm HenpHHTHyio Been.: yxpaaeHO HecKomxo Konefi. OcnaHxya npocHT onbmioro_ oxoramta bexGoaa nowib iiohcx ti. jthx xonefl b ropax, a xcTam » noHMaTb Bce°BpeMH°^Haae*- 2 OTOCOn^TIIUBHOXOTHHK?CHeMa.3o' BblC.ieaHBUIHB H aHKIIX 3Bepefl II iinbbT „ . M tojkg HC oepneTCH c iivctumh pyxaMH. BexGo.i 5 3 » “iS . ~ . 0,01.0

KOHCTBHe, oh 3opoK h Ha&moaaTejieii. 3th KaiecTBa noMonm BeKOony nofi- MaTb BparoB, KOTopue yxpa/ni KOHeA h y*e co6pa»7HCb nepefira rpatmuy. B uejioM paccaas peajiHCTioieH. co6mthh 3aecb noisa3aiibi c WH3iieiiHoA y6efliiTMbHocTbio, xopoiuo npoayMana mothbhpobkb xa«Aoro smraoaa « nocTynxa. ripaBaa, xoHeu paccKa3a cxeMaraueH, .imueii AmiaMHKH, vro oc- -laO-ineT nne'iaraeHHC. Ho rjraBHHM b paccxa3e «Oxothhk c OepKyTOM aa- .raeTCa npexpacHuA o6pa3 SHeprHHHoro, ayweBHoro KOJixo3HKKa, 6e3rpa- imuio npeaaHHoro cTpoHreiibCTBy hoboA wh3hh. Bee paccKa3bi M. AvssoBa, nocBHiueimue H3o6pa>xeimio koboto icxo- Bexa, 3aKanHHBaK>TCH noOenofi coBercKHx jiraaeA. 3ra no6eaa nan 6u chm- BoaHSHpyeT MoryuiecTBo couHaJiHCTH'iecKoro ctpoh, moho-ihthoctb namero ofimecTBa. nepeiHCjieHHbie bubic npoii3Beaemia M. Ays30Ba uaiiHcaHU c pa3H0A creneiibio MacrepcTBa. Ecih b paccKa3e xOxothhk c 6epxyT0M» xopoiuo ii306paiKeHbi xapTHHU npHpoAU, xapaxrepH repoeB, to b paccxa3e «CTenn « necKH* co6uthh pa3BHBaioTCH xotii h fliuiaMirmo, ho ncHxoaorHH re- poeB, hx BHyTpeHHHS mhp noi(a3anbi 6aejiio. B pswy Ha3BaHHbix npoH3BeaeHH0 paccKa3 «KacemiiH KyObiAbicTapto («npeBpameHHe Xacena») h no CBoeA TeMaTime, h no xyaojxecTBeHHHM oco6eHHOcraM 33HHMaeT oco6oe Meero. y*e no Ha3BaHHio paccKa3a bhbiio. pro repoeM ero HBAxeTCH hckuA Xacen. noaCHHM, ito sto— oahh hs xa3axcKHX yieHux-iiauHOHanHcrois. Koraa-To oh 3aiiHMaa «bucokhc nocra®, ho co BpeMeneM, no noHanibiM npnHHHaM, 6mji oTCTpaiien ot pyxoaoacTBa h bcch ayiuoft B03iienaBHAeJi h HOByio JKH3HL, h jnoaefi. Ho hto 3HaaHT ero HH'iTOJKnaa HenaBHcrb no epas- iieiiaio c Mory'ieS nocrynwo Hapoaa. floaCTaTb Xaceny h ero weiia XCa- mhjih, onyCTOineHHaa h onycTHBinaaca memiiHKa. B xomie kohuob 3th jiioah cmmaioTca BMecre co cbohmh eAHHOMbiuiJiemraxaMH, Bpoae KacMMxaHa n AMaH6aa, CTanoBaTca nopaMH a nonaaaioT b TiopbMy. 3tot paccKa3— 6ecnomaflHoe pa3o6jiaaeHHe uauHonaJiH3Ma. ripaBaa. 3T0 pa3o6na>ieime hact b wopanbuoM n.iane. B paccxa3e He AOcraTO'mo noaHo noiiaaaHa ta coiwajibHaH CHaa, Koropaa BuiimC-ia noiBy y nauno- ua.THCTOB.—coBCTCKHeaiOAH. XaceH npocro caMopa3oCaanacTCa. Hy, a earn 6u oh fleficTBOBaa 6anee TBepAO H yMeao, 3naMHT cyabGa 6«aa 6m k HeMy CHHCxopHTeJibHee? TaxoA Bonpoc He mot Cw B03HHKHyTb, ecaii 6u mrcaTe.ib HHTepecHo 3aayMan b paccxa3e o6pa3 Ca-rowa. poaiioto 6paTa Xa- ceiia. CaaHM— uejioBeK noBbix BsrasuioB. ctopohhhk hoboA jkh3hh. Ere MOpaAbHas imcTOTa craHOBHTca 0'ieBiijHofi npH cpaBHeiutu c oSpasoM XaceHa. ilyxoBHaa OTiywueiiHOCTb 6pan>eB no Mepe naaeHHSi Xacena ycHJiHBaercfi h, HaxoHeu, nepexojHT b pa3puB. 06pas CanHMa b stom pac- cxa3e HBnaeTCH 3iia'iHTexbHi*M xvaoixecTBeimuM AocTHixeimeM, xotb M. Ay330B h jihuihji ero 6oesoA HacTynaxeubnoA axTHBiioc™. Hexb3a He 3aineTHTb, <ito b 3tom paccxa3e uaMHoro coBepiueHHee, >ieM b ffpyrHX npoH3BeAemiHx M. Ay33oaa 30-x tobob. CTa.ro xyao*ecrneHHbie npHeMu h cpeflCTBa. 3xecb He TOJibxo cohhmA h o6pa3HbiA h3hk repoeB^ ho h MacTepcxH HanHcaHHHe neA3aixH. HMCiouuie rav6oxHfi cmucji, h noBTex- CTM, CTaHOBBIHHeCB 1HHPOXHMH CHMB0.1HMCCKHMH o6o6meHHBMIl. HjIH noA* TBepjKACHHB HarneA mucjih npHBeaeM aieAYK>mnA citpubok: «Oh Bbiuie.i Mcuma, paBHOAyiDHHA xo BceMv. CToaaa BecHa. ilem, 6bi.i ccuiHe'iHuA. hp- khA. Taxae BecnoA sroro roAa a AjiMa-ATe BUAaBaJiacb peAKO... BnepeaH OTieTjiHBo piicoaajmcbropM. Ero B3rjiaA neMHoro saaepjKaacH na Boabiuo.vt AaMa-AraHcxoM naxe. Ho xpacora h 3araaoqHocTb rop, yxoasuiiix b o6jia- xa h 3ac.ioHBBiuHX Beet He6ocBoa. He B3BOAHOBana ero. Mro eMy ao stoS

■lywofi, aajieKOfi h xoaoahoii Kpacoibi, ecAK d nyoie ero nyciOTa h 6e3pa3- .AII'IIIC. A ropu ceroflHa Gmah ocoGeimo npcxpacHbi h ncaiiaecraeiiHU. Haa bh- mh KHnenn oGnaaa — ohh to onycKaaacb k aemiofl 3eneaa cochobux ae- cob: capbiaan eepuiHHbi, to cjiobho peaKiie XAOnba BaTbi hah Kay6u buma acrKo yn.ibiBa.m b cropoHy crenH. M Toraa CHona oTKptJBa.iHCb B3opy TeM- iio-CHiiiie r.ibiGbi caaA, cHewiibie KOHycu BcpimiH, necTpue xpeGTU rop c aa- uemiBiuiiMHCH Koc-rac kaombhmh TyMaHa. HeT, He 3Ta BOAHyiomaaca, ABHwymaaca aapTHHa, a Boabinofi Anitia- AthhckhB nHK npHTariiBaa k ce6e Bsop Xaceiia. M areaa, newiiaa, caoano uepGjnojKbH luepcib, neaena TyMaHa creneTca no cxaonaM Bepimiau h Ka- jKoica, mto flawe ropbi 3acriJJiii nepeA hcio b MOJi'iajniBOM BOCXHUieHHH. H XaccHy Bflpyr noKa3ajiocb, mto cefiqac 3Ta KaMeimaH rpOMafla HaABimeTca ii pa3aaBHT ero». 3ra napTHHa noBTopnerca b paccxaae neoAiioKpaTHO, oHa we h 3aBep- maeT ero, B03HHKaa nepeA rnasaMii paaoGaaneHHoro. Mopaabao pa3aaBaeu- Jioro XaceHa, Koroporo CTpawa yboaht b TiopbMy: sHpko CBeniaa nyHa... H Koraa CBopanHoa.m Ha apyryio yaimy. Xacca B3aporHy.i: euy noaaaa- aocb, mto Bojiboxofi AjiMa-ATHiicKHfi mm BiiHMaTeabHo a c npe3peimeM I'.ia- A « na Hero. Oh, MoryyHfi, rpamnnufi. nofleaaa... OnaTb noGeAHA...* Ra GoabuiiiM coaepwaHHeM aanoAiieH 3tot ciiMBOAHMecKHft ne(i3a>K. 3ra Moryqaa rpaiiHTiiaa BepniHHa kbk 6u Bonaomaer HepyuiHMOCTb horoh comiajmcTHMecKOfi KH3HH, KOTOpvio, He cMoryT BOKOJieGaTb HHHawie chah. B 3tom paccaa3e, b ero comkom. o6pa3HOM aabiKe, b ni'moKpOBHbix xa- paicrepax, b hpkhx neB3ajKax ywe MyBCTByeTCa aBTOp, co3AaBuiHi'i BnocjieA- ctbhh saaMeHHTbie poMaHH 06 AGae. H3yMeiiHe h pa36op noBecreii k paccKaaon, HanHcamibix M. Ay330BU« b 30-e roAbi, noKa3biBaeT. mto k cosAamno peanucTanecKHx poMaHOB 06 AGae oh iipiicrynii.i yMyapemibiii onbiTOM, ripouieaimia cepbe3Hyio H aah- Teabayio uiKOJiy wacrepcTBa. B 40-e roAU M. AyP30B AOcmraeT hobux ycnexoB. B bth roAbi, kpomp. pOMaaoB 06 AGae, oh co3Aan -rpareAHio «A6aii» (1941), nbecy «Cun caraT- Ta> («B Mac HcnbiTaiiHii*), B coanTOpcTBe c A, AGameBbiM nbecy «HaMuc rBapAHHCbi* («rBapAHH Mecra»), Gjjibiiiofl paccKa3 «Acu.i naci.iAeps (•CToBaoe iTJieMM.), nocBHiuemibiii TpywemiaaM wiiBOTHOBOACTBa Ka3ax- craiia (1947), h MaorHe nyGAHimcTiiMecKiie, HayMHO-iicc.ieAonafe.ibCKne, ah- TepaTypao-KpHTHMecKHe craTbH. B 1945 roAy. k cro-ieTHio co ahs powne- hhb neniiKoro noara, M. Ayascs namica.i tbkwc miGperro onepu «A6aii» H cueHapHH xyAOXtecTBeimoro KimoctmnbMa xIlecaH A6aa». 3ra npoa3ne- aohhh no TeMaTime, coAepwaaaio, cioweTy nepexAHKaioTca c TpareAiiefi 06 AGae. ribecy «A6afi» M. Aya30B Hanacan b coaBropcree c pyccaaM nncaTe- JieM71. CoGoJieBUM. H pe3ynbTaTon TBopMecaoro coApyxtecrBa npeAcraBH- Tejiefi AByx .iHTeparyp Gw.to npoii3BeAeHae, acnanaeaHoe peanacraMecKofi TpareAiiH He oxBaraBaer Bceil *1131111 a Bcero ToopaecTBa AGaa. Taaan oGunipHaa sajtaia ire bxoahab b sajiucen bbtopob, Aa h paMKH xcaHpa ire nosBOjiaJia ocyiuccTBHTb ce. ribeca nocBameiia nocncAHOMy nepHoay jkibhh AGaa, Koraa aaaoo.iee uihpoko pasBepHynacb TBOPMecKHe cii,ibi seAHKoro nosra H mucahtoah. AGaft noKaaan b TparmecKofi GopbGe c dicoAaAbiio-poAOBbiMH 3aKOiiaMii n nepewiiTKaMH crapux npaBoBbix ycToeB, b GopbGe npoTHB naHHCAaMH3Ma, Koropufl HCKaA npHGewHma b Ka3axcKHX crenax.

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qecKoe BByiamie Bcefi nbece. nepBas KHHraanonen «A6afi» BbinyweHa b cbct b 1942rosy, BTopaa— 8 1947 roay. C Tex nop stot poMaH MHoroxpanio H3flaBajics na xa3axcxoM 83i,iKe, 12 pa3 H.a pyccKOM »3bixe, nepeBOAHJica na suukh Miiorax Hapoaoii y nac h 3a pyGewoM. Pomsh o6 ACae noiue/t b ayxoBiiyro cokpobhihhhuv oaiuero Hapoaa. OTJiHHHTejibHaa ocoGeHHOCTb pouauoB M. Ay330Ba 06 A6ac coctoht n tom, hto b iihx peoiaxyrcH TaxHe npoCaewy, Koropbie cBH3MBaK>T npouwioe c coBpeMeuHOCTbio. riiicaTeviL, nan npaBHJio. lie Se3pa3.iHqen k npouinoM) Oh BCMaTpHBaeTCH b rayOnny hctophh c H03imHfi coBpeMeHHocra. CneayeT OTMeniTb, hto hctophh ecxHfi wanp HMeer ocoGoe 3HaqeHm ajia Ka3axcKofi coBeTCKofi PHTepaTypu, BhiTexaxuuee H3 cBoeoGpa3HH na HHOliaJlbHOft JKH3IIH, pa3BHTIIH Ky.lbTypbl Ka3aX0B. B AopeBO.iioiwoHHoA Ka3axcKofi .iiiTepaType b ochobhom Oh.i pa3a», JKanp no33Hii. PaccKB3bi HGpan AaTbrncapiiiia. npo3a A6an, Hexoropbie npo3an>iecKHe npoi(3ne,nenHfl Cy.iTanMaxMyfla TopafirupoBa h CnaHAHHpa KoOeeBa Gm.ih .nimb 3aqaTxaMH peanucTimecKofi npo3bi. B npoH3Bc,iciiHHX nepe«OBhix aoppBoaiomioHiibix xa3axcxHx nosroB h npo33HKOB mowho BCTpeTHTb npaBaHBHe cueiibi H3 wH3im Hapo.ua, HO noaHoro OToCpaweiiim BawneBuiux coGmthB Toro BpeMeim ohh He aaioT. 3to otkochtcb aawe x TBopqecibv A6an. KoiieuHO, b 3aMeHaTeabHbixnpoH3- Beaeimax AGaa BonaomeHhi HaHiiHB. Men™ h wejiaHHH ero poaHoro iiapo- aa, 3ane>iaTaeHi>[ THiumecxHe qepTH snoxH, b xoropyio wii.i no3T. Ho Gec- cnopen h tot <|)aKT, hto ue3peaocTh iiauHOHajibHofi nHCbMeHHofi jinrepaTypu. oTcyTCTB/ie BHefl caowhux npo3aaHecKHX wanpoii noMeuia.™Ta.iaiiry A6aa paBBepHyTbca b noanyio cany. AGafi, xax h apyrofi KpyriHbiR xa3axcxHH iwcare-iib HGpafi AnraHcapiiH, iipocro lie b cwiax Gun oxBBTHTb noayBc- KOByio HcropHio aejioro Hapoaa. A WH3Hb Ka3axcKoro o6mecTBa btopoh noaOBHiiu XIX Bexa, noraa tbophjih AGaB h HGpaB, Guna Hacbmiena cjiow aefiuiHMH coGhthhmh, CBHacrejihCTBvioiUHMH o poctc nporpeccHBiiux chji. To we caMoe mowho cxa3aTb a o Tiion'iecrRe rnicareacfi nana-ia XX sexa— C. Topafirbipoea, C. /loHCHTacaa. C. KoGeeBa. Ho ecnH b pyccKOfl coBercxoft amepaType HCTOpHHecxaa poMaHHcraxa 3aHHMaer Gojibmoe mbcto,-iiecMOTpa Ha to, hto b npoiuaoM Bexe y pyccKHX Gbiaa nyiUKHH, Toroab, TypreneB, CaaTbiKOB-IIXeapHH, ToHHapoB, Hexpa- cob, TojictoB h HexOB, xoropbie rayGoxo noxa3aaH WH3Hb Pocchh CBoero BpeMeiiH, to Tax we HeoGxoaHMbi Guam HcropHqecxKc npoH3BeaeHim xaaax- cxofi JiHTepaTypu Hapoay, onenb Maao 3iiaBiueMy o csoeM npouinoM. Tloa- TOMy npoH3BeaeiiHa M. Ay330Ba, C. MyxaHOBa, T. MycpenoBa, nocBmaeii- iiue npomjiOMy, oTBe'iaan h oTBenaiOT iiacvwHbiM Tpe6oBaHH«M xa3axcxoro HHTaTeaH, oTHioab He (lujiancb nonbiTxoft vBth or npoGneM coBpeMeHHOCTH. Ko BpeMeHH co3aaiiHH pOMaHa «A6a#» b xa3axcxoB cobbtcxoB npo3e Gbia Haxonaeii cepbeaHbiB TBOpnecxaft oihjt b oGaacTH 3hhhcckhx waiipos. B 3tot nepHOA noaBHjiocb neMaao np0H3BeaeHHft h Ha HcropHHecxyx) reoy. cpean KOTophix nepBoe mccto npHHaanewHT pOMany C. MyxaHOBa «Bora- oco6emobM. Ay330B, 6e3ycji0BH0, bo mhotom onapajica na TBOpnecKiiS onuT to- BapHWefl no nepy, oOaacra HcropHHecxoro poMana. Oanaxo it caMoh 3aaoJiro ao poMaHa «A6a8» npoiuea Goabiuyio mxony xyaowecrBeH- Horo^MacTepCTBa^^B^^ 0nbir. HaxonjieHHbiB xa3axcxoB coBercxoB ame- parypofl, hh coGcTBeHHue jiocthwchhh He CHHMajiH Tex orpoMnux Tpy«Ho creB, xoTopue B03imxaaH nepe;i M. Ay330BbiM b paGoTe nan snoneefl. M nepBasi 113 hhx—oBaaaeiiHe MaTCpiiaaoM.

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xOBHOii hhctoth, hbwhocth h daaropoacTBa. B nepeeoa nncbwa TaTbSHU Adail, HccoMiieiiHO, baowhji h cboB wH3HeHHuB oiibiT, pacxpun b HeMaywy CBoefi B03;iK)6aeKH0fl Torwan. BayMiHBofi h mhjioh CaaTaiiaT, Bocnea hx neiTU, ne'iaab h tockv. H o6pa3 TaTbfiHbi cjihjich c odpa30M Kaaaxcxofi /leByuiKH. JlyxoBHoe poactbo Adaa c nymxHHHM, TecHyio CBa3b Ka3axcxoro no3Ta c pyccKOfl .nrrepaTypofi M. Ay330B noxaaan B3BOJiHOBaiiiio a npaa- O/iHo BpcMa M. Ay33ona ynpexaaH b tom, tro b nepBofi xunre «A6aa» ho flocraToaHo y6c.viTe.ibHo noxa3aHU o6pa3bi pvcckhx jnoaefi, oco6eHiio rex, Koropbie 3aayMaiibi xax no.iowHTejii>Hbie repOH. Ha nepBbtfi B3rJiaa 3tot ynpeK KajKCTCHcnpaBCiuiiiRbiM. ho ec.™ npHCMorpcTbca 6.ikwc, to oh caM co6ofi ornaaaeT. He caeaver 3afiuBaTb, hto nan b nepBOfl, Tax h bo BTopofi KHiire po«aHa aBTop npewae Bcero CTpeMHTca noxa3aTb *H3Hb h aeaTMbiiocTb Adaa. ero pa3BHTHe 11 C03peBaHHe h ctpoht npoH3Beae- nae b nojiiioM cooTBeicrBHH c otoB ochobhoh saaanefl. EcTecTBeHHO, to ana 3Toro neodxoaaMo 6biao uihpoko noxaaaTb cpeay, b Koropofl poc 6y- B nepBofi KHHrc aefiCTinie npoKCXOAHT raaBHbiM o6pa30M b ayae, Beflb lOHbifl AdaB .iHuib lopeaxa Bbie3waa b ropoa. H 6u.io 6u iiaTa*KoB, aaiibio cxeMe, ec.ni 6 M. Ay330B cahihkom paHo Bbipaaa A6aa H3 ero coe- flbi, sacTaBHa 6m ero TaiiyTbca k pyccxofl Ky.ibType h HCxaTb pvcckhx apy- 3efi b tom B03pacTe, Koraa eme He 3aavMHBaK>TCHo cMHcae wh3hh. Bnoa- He ccrecTBeHKo, hto A6aB noxa Beceam-ca b xpyry cbohx poBecHHKOB, yqa- CTByeT b noMHiixax Bowen, e3aHT x poaniaM CBoeB weHH. Oh eme ne co- 3pcji ayxoBiio a.™ o6meHHa c npeacTaBHTeanMH nepcaoBofi pyccxofl Hirrea- jmreiiuHH. HMeimo b stom coctoht oaaa hs iiphhhk Toro, hto b nepsofi khh- re poMaHa lie duao nonowHTeabiibix repoes H3 pyccxnx aioaefi. Ho ywe bo btopoB Kimre nosBaaeTca o6pa3 MHxafiaoBa. Hexoraa MHxaB.ioB dun cocaan 3a cboh peBomouHoimue vdewaeiiHn, ho ccuaxa ne c.ioMH.ia ero, He 3acTaBH.na CTaTb peHeraiOM. H B ccbiaxe. oh CTapaeron nafiTH a.m cefin noae3Hoe aeno: 06 stom cBHaereahCTBveT ero apvwda c A6aeM, ero ropanaa 3ahhrepecosaHHocTb b aaabHefiuiefl cyabde noaTa. MHxafinos npeacraer b poMaHe h xax doabinofi nuc.iHTe.ib h xax ripocrofl aymeBiibifi HcaoBex. Oh ckop6ht 0 Tpyanofi wh3hh xa3axcKoro Hapoaa, BMecTe c AdaeM 3aayMuaaeTca 0 ero dyayweM. B odpa3e Miixaii- ■ TOBa M. Av33ob MacrepcxH nepeaa.i o6jihk apyra Adaa Maxas-inca, yieHH- xa H. r. MepHumeBcxoro. Boabmofl yaaqeit poMana asaaiOTca weHcxne o6pa3M. Pa3Hue no xa- paxTepaM, no ayuicaiibiM xaiecrBaM, naxoHeii, no B03pacTy, ohh cocpeaoro- HHsaioT d ce6e Bee re daaropoaHUc h o6aHTe.ibHue xanecTBa, kotopumh doraio cepaue xa3axcxofl wchiiwhu. OcodeHHo 3anoMHnaioTca HcaOBenHaa, npaBaoaiodHBaa 6a6ymxa 3epe h BaVM'iiman, cnoxofiHaa MaTb Adaa— yawan. H ecjm Adafl c aeTCTBa npoHHxca aiodoBbio k cnpaBeaaHBocTH k odeaaoaeHHOMy Hapoay, to b stom doabman 3acayra, npewae Bcero, 3epe Mhoto ropa BUHecaa YawaH. JKecroxHB npoH3Boa KyHandan, H3ae- BaTeabcrea h ocxopdneHHn co ctopohh apyrax ero wch, nocroaHHaa ToeBO- ra 3a cnacTbe aiodHMoro cuna — see arc npnaaer ee odaHxy cxopdHbie h TparHiecxHe nepTH. Ho b sthx vcaobhhx wemiiHUa cyMe.ia coxpaHHTb TBepaocTb, hvbctbo codcTBeHHoro aocTOHHCTBa, ayuieBuvio TenaoTy. y.iwan duaa ana Adaa He TOAbKo modameft Matepbto, xoTopaa nocBH- rajia cmy bcio WH3Hb, Bee doranrrBO avuiH, 110 h vmhmm, nneaycMOTDHTe.Tb- hhm apyroM. B roau iohocth oHa du-ia ana cuna HyTKoi! avxobhoB Ha- cTaBHKueB, Koraa oh bmpoc h noTanvaca x V'lede, y.iwan noMOra.ia eMy na' 3tom TpyaHOM nyra. Koiiemio, He Bceraa Maib noHHMa.ia aymeBiioe 308

coctohhho AOaa. OHa oqeHb oropqHJiacb, Koraa y3Hana, nro AGafi coOh- paercH weHHTbca Ha AfirepHM. nepewHBiuaa bcio rpa3b h yxcacbi n<uiH- raMHo» ceMbH, OHa He xoaeT. itoOm Bee aro noBTopraocb h b jkhshh ee Chma. Eli HcnoHBTHO, iro Aflafi, weiiHBiiiHCb Ha iiejiioGHMofi /liuibae no Boae orua, Bceraa TOCKOBaa no iiacToawefi, Gonbiuofi jiioObh h mto Afirc- PHM CTajia aaa Hero TaKOi) aioOoBbio. Ho 3Ta npoTHBope'iHBOCTb y.iwan ecTccTBeHHa a-ia weiimiiHbi Toro BpeMeHH h npyra. H ecaH Obi iwcaTejib yMoaqaa o Hefi, o6pa3 yTpamn On cboio npaBaHBocn. h yOeaHTeabHocrb. PaaoM c yMyapeHHbiMH onuTOM weHiiiHHaMH M. Ay330B co3aaa 3aiae- MaTeabHUe o6pa3bi Ka3axcKHx aeBymeK h cpeaa hhx ocoOeimo BO-iiiyioimS o6pa3 TorwaH, stot chmboji HeyBaaaeMofi u bciiioH juo6bh AOaa, nepB& BOXHeHHe npoOyaHBinefica ayiUH no3ra. riaTpnapxa.u,m,ie oObiqan noMeiuaaa hm coeaHHHTb cboh cyabOhi. Ho c«aa hx nioObh He ocaaOeaa c roaaMH, He noGaemw hx jtevm, KoroptiM He cyxcaeno Obi.io cObiTbca. 3 to ocoOeHHo nojiHO qyBCTByeTCH b cuene xoraa A6aH, 3a0ayanBiuHCb bo BpeMH Oypana, nonaaaeT b aoM Toraian. 3to lyBCTByerca h b crHxax, b Koropbix AOafi fobopht o CBoefi 'ihctoH HeyracHMofl jiioObh. /lioGHMaa jKeaa AOaa AfirepHM bo mhotom nanoMHHaeT Toraan — Ta- aamjiHBaH. HCKpeuiiHH, npeaamiasi. AOafl KaK, 6bi HaBceraa ox/iaaeBimiH rrocae noTepH Torwaii, CHOBa oOpeTaeT bcio noJiHOTy qyBCTBa, BCTperaB AflrepHM. 3ia JKeHUiHHa aan AOaa — noBTopeHire TorwaH, hmchho Tan BoenpHHHMaeT ee iinaTe.ib. Bcrpeqa c AfirepHM Bbi3BaJia y nosTa TBopqecKHfi noateM, qro BncoiHc ecTecTBeHho njin irroro nopbiBHCToro, BneqaTBHTeabiioro qejioBexa. M hoto HejKHoerH bjiowhb M. Ay330B B H3oCpaiKeHHe aioObh AOaa h AfirepHM. H ara aioOoBb H weiiHTbOa AOaa BocnpHHHMaiOTca hbmh xax npo- tcct npoTHB CBoefi npowHTOfi JKH3HH. npoTHB npoH3Bo.ia cTapbix oObiqaeB. FloqeMy KyuaHOafi h ero 0.'iii3Kne npe3HpaiOT AfirepHM h CTapaioTC-i aepxoTb B3anepra ee necuu? 3aecb He ToabKO neBewecTBO, HeHaBHCTb, ho h cTpax nepea ee HcxyccrBOM. Ho roaoc BhtcoKoro HcxyccrBa 3arjiyuiirn> HeBo3MO>KHO. H Koraa AfirepHM cbohm npexpacHbiM roaocoM onaaKHBaaa BHe3anHO yMepuiero Maaeiibxoro CbiHa TaKewaHa. aawe qepcTBbifi h we- ctokhB KyiiaHOafi yKpaaxofi cMaxHya cues'/ co csoero caenoro raasa. ripn- 3H3HHe AfirepHM Ouao noOeaofl Bbicoxoro HCKyccTBa Haa Kockoerbro $eo- C Ooabiuofi aioOoBbio BuiiHcaHbi b poMane raxwe o6pa3u aeBymeK— Ca/iTanar, KepHMOaau, CaaHxo. Cyabflbi hx oqeiib hoxohch. BceM hm ho cywacHO Obuio BbifiTH 3aMy)K 3a .hoOkmux. Ho He Bee oira caeno noKopa- iotca CBoefi THwejiofi yqacra. H ecaH Torwan noxopno nomaa 3a HeaioOii- Moro qeaoBeKa, to KepHMOaaa iiam.ia b ceOe mvikcctbo yfira’co cbohm B03jiK)5.'ieHHbiM Opa-'iOaeM. Tojibko Koraa ee eiiJiofi B03BpauiaiOT qeaoBeKy. Koropbift ynJiaTHji 3a nee KaauM, oh3. onycromeHiiaH h y«e paBHoayunian ko BceMy, mhphtch co cbocB cvabOofl. y Ca.THXH Ooaee peuiHreabHufi xapaxTep, ona cnocoOna 11a aKTUBHufi npoTecT H coBceM He coOnpaercsi ixoKopiiTbCH cyabOe. Ona npeanoqTeT yMe- peTb, qcM jKHTb c HeatoOiiMhiM qe-iOBCKOM. Cacafl 3a cyabCofi Ca.mxH. Mbi ire TOJibKO bhshm wecroxoCTb (|)eoaaBb- hhx nopaaKOB h TpaaHipift, 110h pemirreabHyio OopbOy xa3axcKofi aeayuiKii npoTHB 3Tofi jKecroKocTH, cTpeMBeiiHe ee k cBoOoae h cme pa3 yOeacaaeMCH b ryMaHHOCTH AOaa, b Tecnofl cbB3H ero TBopqecTBa c ayquiHMH ycxpeMJic- hhhmh Kaaaxcuoro napoaa. BcnoMHHM, qro 3HaMCHHTaa Oaaaaaa AOaa «^Knaa Koraa-ro y xana Kpacasaa acByuiKa...» 3aiiHMaer ocoOoe Mecto b ero TBOpqecrBe. floar co- 3aaa b neft yBacKaTeabHbifi. B3BaiHOBaiiiibifi, poMaHTHqecKHfi o0pa3 aeByiu-

kk. Koropaa ua.ia wepTBOfi iiecnpaBeaaHBOCTH, npeanotna CMepTb Mywy- orapHKy. M. Ay930B noaiepKHBaer, mto 6anns.nA Haneaiia AGaio cyabGofl Caaa- xh. AGafi He npocro nepecKaaaa coGhthh, KOToptie ero B3BO.iHOBa.flHHcbh- aereJieM kotopux oh 6ua. Oh rayGoxo ocmmcjihh hx, iioahhji ao ypoBiia xyaowecTBeHHoro o6o6menna. Tax pacKpuBaeTca peaaHcnmecKHfl xapan- , OchobhoB KOH0.AHKT poMana— KOiKfcjiHKT AOaa h ero apy3CH H3 na- po.ua c KyHaHGaeMu ero (beoflaabiio-6aBcKofi cpeaofi. Pa3HoraacHH Mewny praoM ii cbmoM HMeioT aaaeKO He ceMefiHwfi xapaxrep, ohh nepepacraioi o-oCTpyio 6opb6y Meatfly hobmm. HapowaaiowHMCH, h crapuM mhpom. Kyiiaiifiafi — Bbipa3HTeab HHTepecOB oTMHpaioiuero K-iacca. Koropufi ywe HC'iepnaa bcc cboh bo3mowhocth k p33bhthio. ByayiH ara-cyaTaHOM. KyaanGafi nonHpaa npaBa h aeaone'iecKoe aoctohhctbo npocroro Hapoaa, npMWKaa CTapefiuiHHaMH poaoB. fiaaMH h aTKaMimepaMH. XarpbiH, BHpTyo3Hufl b HHTparax h nofljiocTH, KyHanGafi h peaurmo yMeer Hcnoab30Baab b cbohx HeiecTHbix saMbicaax. HanpHMep, yOHficrao Koaapa oh onpaBAUBaer 3bkohbmh uiapnaTa. H hhkto cHaaaaa He noao3- pesaeT, 'rroKyiiaiiGaio riOHaao6Haocb yGaTb Koaapa OTiiiOflb He no BeaeHiiio uiapHaia. a noroMy, htoeiay npHraaHyaacb 3eM.ia HecqacrHoro. . Co6«paa Marepnaau o KyHauGae Ha poflHiie, M. Ays30B cabiuiaa He ToabKOo HtecTOKOCTHa aaiHocra noKofinoro cyaTana, ho h o ero aimeMepKH. xaHJKccTRe, noK33HOH iueflpocTH; nee 3TO Hauiao npaBansoe Bbipawenne a oGpaae eraporo ([leoaaaa. Co CMepTbio KyuaiiGaa GopbGa lie ocaaGenacT: oCTaancb ero HacaeanH- hh h eflHHOMbimaeKHHKH—TaaewaH, HcxaK. MaBGacap. y bhx Her Kyuair GaeBCKofi xb3Tkh, pa3Haxa. peuiiiTeabHOCTH. Ho ohh He ycrynaior CBoeay oruy b KOBapcTBe, noaaocTH, HtecTOKOCTH. Ha CMeHy oaHOMy KpymioMy xhui- hhkv iipmiiaii MHorne 11 iioMcab'ie. Cbohmh aeflcTBHHMH H xapaierepaMH ohh caOBHo aorioaHHiOT o6pa3 KvnaH6aa. nHca-reab Gecnouuuwo pasoGaaaaer hx wecroKOCTb, CTHHiareabCTBO. B3aTonnimecTBO. rioyroMy BnoaHeecTecTBen- ho pa30Hapoi)3iiHe AGaa bo Bcex cbohx poaH'iax, ero npe3peHHe k hhm. H k3k He npe3Hparb. caaweM, Xnpemue HOpa36aa, KoTopue npHKnauBaaHCb AoCpoweaaTeaaMH Hapoaa, a bo BpeMHcnopoB H3-3a acByniKH CaaHXHHaG- paan b3htok y hpothbhhkob h npeaaaK AGaa. B powaiie o'ieHbnoapofino paotpbiBaerca ayxoBHoe o6nHiuaiiae, Mopaab- Hoe.naaeHHe HacaeaHHKoB KyHaHOaa, hx noaHaa iiecnocofiiioctb noaarb ».H3Hb huacTpoenHeHapoaa. Ohh eme noaa aepwaTca cnaoii cTapbix TpaaH- uhH, ho ywe Heaaaexo to BpeMa, xoraa 6yayT CMeTeiibi c iicTopuneCKoro nyTH HOBbiM noKoaeHHCM. 11a nporaweHHH Bcero poviana iiHcaTeab iioabo «A6aB» — npoH3BeaeiiHe Goabuioro counaabHoro pa3Maxa. rayGomix .oGoGuteiwB. Ho sth Ka'iecToa poMana He ao.-iWHbi 3acaoHHTb or nac h yny- meHHBaBtopa. B nepeofi KHHre poMana. HanpHMep, mhoto MecTa oTBeaeno onHcaHHio poaoBbix pacnpefi. rioapo6HO noKa3UBaa TpaamiHH, oGpaabi h oGuqan CTapux KasaxcKHX ayaoB. aBTOp nonaac He Mower yaepwaTbca ot hx HaeaaH3aiuiH; pHcyeT i oTpacaiouiHe KapTHiiu HacHawa KynanGaa naa fieaHOTofl, ho iiqith HHie- ro lie roBopHTo tom, k3k wnan npoCTbieaioaH b ayae caMoro ara-cyaTaHa. M. Ay330BOTMeraHBo npeacTaBaaer. htoWH3iib craporo xasaxcKoro ay- aa Gbiaa cypoBofi hwcctokoB. H napaav c H3o6paweimeM xopoomx Kaaecru Ka3axcKoro napoaa, on CecnomaaHOocywaaeT TeMHOTy h napaapcKne nepe- whtkh, Korophie uapsian b wh3hh crenH Toro BpeMenn. Ho, TeM He Menec, necaTeab HHoraa caHuiKOMyBaeKaerca H noapoOno oniicbiBaeT Tarae asae- hhb, aoTopbie HesacaywHBaiOTsroro. flpaafla, Koe-aTo mowhoOTHecra h3a

CTOTCBoeo6pa3HH era xyAOJKecrBeimwx npweMOB. Mhothc *axra h co6nthb. KaK y*e OTMcia.iocb, aBrop Aaer b bocitrhhthh repoeB, u cootbbtctbhh c ypOBHBM HX pa3BHTHB, nOHHTHBMH, TeMnepaMeHTOM. Ho npaBOMepHOah, MTO M. Ay93°B HHoraa npocro orpaniiMiiBaeTca nepeaaqeii b3mbaob repoeB Ha coGbiraa h He noxa3biBaeT CBoero othoiuchhh k hhm? no Hauieixy mhchhio, npu'iHHa yKa3aiiHbix HeAOcraTKOB xpoerca HMeimo b TaxoM boamiom hah lieBOJIbHOM o6T»eKTHBH3Me. Mu OTMC'iaaH, mto aBTOp c 6oabinoii aio6oBbK> noxaaaA ApywGy AGaa h MHxaBaoBa. Ho h 3aecb oh Huoraa H3MeHner 'lyacTBy Mepu, yBAexaeTcn !i aacTaBJisier MnxafiAOBa pacexa3biBarb A6aio o cBoefl noatioAbiioA peBo- .hoiuiohhoA AeflTejibiiocrH, 06 hctophh h xapaKTepe ocBoOoAHTejibiioro abh- ixeHHB b Pocchh, b B3BecTHo0 Mepe ocoBpeMCHHBaa ero hohbthbmaar/nuu. PoMaii HBJiaerca He TOAbKO BepiuHHofl TopwecTBa nHcareJia, ho h noGe- AoS Bcefi KaaaxcKOH coBercKOH upoau Ha nyTax oBAaAeiiHa mctoaom coiuia- AHCTH'iecKoro pea.iH3Ma: «ripeBocxoAHUH poMaH M. Aya30Ba «A6afi»... npoACTanjineT coGoio GoAbmoe xyAOHcecrBeHHoe coObirae b iiameA coaeTcxofl AHTepaType... 3to He TOJibKo BAOXHOBeHHbiii paccxa3 o mvacchom xyAOWHHxe—aro h noBecT- soBauHe o nejiOM napoAe, o ero HcropHaecKofi cyAbOe*1, — nHcaa h3bccthi>ih cobctckhA AHTeparypoBeA B. Epmhaob. riepeBeAeriHuft na MKorne bsmkh Mapa poMan M. AyasoBa yAocroH-icn BucoKOA oueHKH h co CTopoHU BUAaioiuHxca 3apy6e>XHbix AeaTeaeA AHTe- paTypu—Jlya Aparona, Ahhu 3erepc, Ha3HMa Xhkmctb h mhoi-hx Apyrax. Hobuh poMaH M. AyaaOBa «nyrb A6aa», K3AaHHhi0 b 1952 roAy, bb- .laercH npoAOAweHHe.w poMaiia «A6afi». B HeMTaxwe noBecTByerca 06 AGae, 06 HCTopHH li 1KH3HH Ka3axcKoro napoAa B HOByio anoxy. Ecah b poMaHe «A6aA» uihpoko noKaaaaa Amman >kh?.hi> noara, ero OTHomeHHe oGmecTBy, to b poMaHe «riyrb A6aas> nacaTCAb 3aocrpneT BHHMaHHe na cbsi3hx AGaa c uapoAOM. 11a moGpaixenHH ero TBopaecxoro nyra B Hepa3puBHOM eAHHCTBe c oGmecraeHHoA AeaTeAbnocrbio. «nyrb AGaa*— 9TO KHiira oG A6ae rpaxaamme, ilimiocoibe h noare. KapniHoA oceHHero TyMaimoro Ana oTxpuBaerca poMan. 3aTeM hact xapaxTepHCTHKa nosroB h neBUOB— Apy3efl AGaa, a npe«Ae Bcero—raaB- Horo repoa. Phaom c hhmh BeceAHrca MOAOAewb: axchthto cocmaaioTca b AOBKOCTH, BepXOBOfi e3Ae, CnOpaT OAOCTOHHCTBaX CBOHX OXOTHHMbHXGepKV- tob. Ho BcKope BeceAbe oGpuBaerca. npiicKaKaBUiaA A6ah npimec crpaui- iiyio BecTb o tom, mto cun Taxemaiia, A3HM6aft, coBepuiHA paaCoftniiMHfi iiaGer Ha MHpHoe naceAeHHe ayAOB. KawAbifi no-CBoeMy BocnpanaA sty BecTb. Ecah y AGaa, Marania h flapMena oHa BU3BaAa rHeBh OTBpameHae, to Taxoft AOBxaa, xax UlyGap, itaMa.inpmcHAHBaTb,HeAb3aab TaMaeM-HaGyAh noiKHBHTbca. Oh Aaace nocoBeroBaA AGaio lie BMemHBarbca b aro acao. «CiiOBa oGhau, TpeBora... Bee onaTb AaixeT na Bac... HapymiiTca Bam mhp- iihiBTpyA, oGopByrca cthxh h necHH... Bot aero a 6oiocb»,—roBopHT IUy6ap. «riycTb BOBce crHHyT cthxh, ecAH hm Hyweii noxofl a THiuima! —oGop- BaA A6aA, OKHAHBaa IUyGapa cepAaraM B3rABAOM.— Mto to Meaemb? Bot xax bh paccywAaere, tabab Ha KOBapcTBOh HaCHAae! TorAa lie 30bhtc ceGa axbiiiaMH!* y * e b stom anH30Ae aBTop HaMeaaeTB3axMOOTHoinenHe repoeB, paexpu- Baer pa3HHny MeixAy hhmh, xoTopaa xax Gbi npeAonpeAeAaeTHeoGxoAHMOCTb QopbGhi. CHOBa ao3HHxaer rAaBHaa Tena nepBoro posaana—TeMa GopbGbi Me»Ay OeAHHxaMH h npeAcraBHTeAHMa rociioAcrayKimero xaacca. B hobom poMaiie TeMa XAaccoBoft 6opb6bi noAyaaeT BcecropoHHee paaBHTHe. Tenepb 6opi>6a npHHBAa ApyrHe (JiopMbi, ona bo mhotom oTAmiaerca ot GopbGbi ano-

xh KyHan6aH. Ecah paHbrne iipothb rocnoAcrayiomero KAacca BbicTynaais AHUIb OTBaiKHUO OAHHOAKH. TO CeRqaC KeaOBOabCTBO H POnOT OXIiaTUBajlH 0'ieHh mhothx, a bo mate HeaoBOJibHux BcraAHt8khc MywecTBemiuc h pe­ rnHTeabHue ak>ah, nan Ba3apa.iw. HaoHJiae Taxewana h A3HM6an He ocTaeTcn 6e3 nocjieacTBHfi. BaTpaxii A3HM6aa no npHMepy Hou 0Txa3MBai0TCHrpaOHTb ceHOHa ayrax 6eaiiaK0B. TaKoe ynopiioe npoTHBOfleficruHe pa3BopaiHBaeTca b 6opb6y, oco6eHHo nocae Toro, xax H3ccmakh B03BpaTH.ica Ea3apaAbi. H bot awhthtu aynos, BKOTopbix whah Ba3apaabi h AGbi.iraaij. He b cnjiax 6oAbiue TepneTb h3ch- ahh h iraaeBaTeabCTBa co ctopohh Taxewana, nanaaaiOT na ero crana. 3to H3 paaa boh Bbixoaamee co6MTHe, bo raaBe Koroporo ctoha Baaapajibi, B36y- AopawHAo bcio CTeiib, crpauiHo HanyraAO 6aeB, a SeflHOTy 3acraBHAo 3aAy- Marbca HanTeM, no 6e3 OopbOu. bhahmo, iieB03Mowiio H3(5aBHTbca ot yrne- B ponaHe «riyTb A6aa» pacKpuBacTcn hoboc cooniotueHHe cha 6opio- maxca CTOpoii. K Taxewany h Mcxaxy, nocJieaoBaTaiiaM KyHaHflaa, npHCoe- AHHHAHCb Tenepb LUyfiap, y Koroporo noa.'iocrb coqeTaercH c kobbpctbom h *ecTOKOCTbio, yKapeimie h Opa36aB, KOTopueb nepBoii Kimre poMaHa 6m- .ih Apy3baMH iohocth A6aa, a Tcncpb craAH kpobhumh BparaMii h nosra, h Tex HAeR, kotophieohcrpeMHAcn pacnpoCTpaHHTBb crenH. Lferib y hhx o;iHa: noTyuiHTb CBeT Bcero hoboto, HAvmero ot A6an, 6e3pa3AeAbno EJiacTBOBaTb ma HapoaoM. B hx nocrynxax, 3aMhicnax pa3o6Aaqax>TCH Te qepnue, ahkho CHAM, KOTOPbie roCHOACTBOBaAH BCT3P0MK333XCK0M06lUeCTBe. Bopuom nporaii aapBapcTBa h npoH3BOAa 3Aecb, xax Hb nepBOM poMa- iie, noxa3an A6afi, BMpawaxjiuHR 3aBenitie cTpeMAeHHH HapoAa. Ecah b po- Mane «A6aR» nporpeccHBHMe h AcMoxpaTiiqecKiie chau 6opoAHCb npoTHB yrHeraTeAefi b oahbo'ikv, to bo btopom poMaHe ohh BUCTynaioT ywe opranH- 30B3HH0. Paubine A6afi AHuib H3flaAH OKa3UBaA noaaepwKy 11 coqyBCTBOBaA Ba3apaAbi h HapxeM6aio, Tenepb oh ctha hx Hepa3AyqHMM apyroM h eAH- HOMbraiAeiiHHKOM. Ecah A6afl Bbipawan boaio HapoAa h ero qaamiH b cbohx CTHxax, to Ba3apaAM h £apxeM6afi b cbohx AeiicTBHHX xax 6u KOHueirrpH- poBaAH npoTecr HapoAa. SHaKHTCAbHo uiwpe h ycToBiHBee ctbao HenocpeACTBeHHoe oxpywemie A6a«. Cpena 6ah3khx eMy AiOAeS Mbi bhahm TaxHX npocBewemiMX moao- amx AiOAefi, aaK A6hui, tbkhx TaAaHTAHBMXnosTOB, xax ZlapMen h Mararn. TaxHM o6pa30M, nHcaTeAb, noxa3biBan o6ocTpeHHe 6opb6bi, HOBMe chah. BucTynaioiAHe xax Ha toR, Tax u na ApyroR CTopone, pacxpMA rAyfiorae npoTHBopenHH, B03HHK3BmHe B WH3HH K33axcKoro avAa roro BpeMeiiH. Ecah b poMane «A6afi» M. Av33ob cocpeAOTOMHBaA BHHMaiiHe Ha H3o6- pawciiHii fiAaropoAiioro bo3acRctbhh pyccxoR xyAbTypH Ha orcTanyio wh3hh erenefi, to 3Aecb noAPo6HOnoKa3MBaer BKOHOMHiecKoe aHaqeHae npHcoeAH- HeHHH KaaaxcTaHa x Pocchh aah wh3hh Ka3axcKoro HapoAa. 3to oqeni. xopomo noHHTHo A6aio h 06 stom oh tobopht cbohm yqeiiHKaM. Bot OAHa «A mto we t3koc Ha caMOMAeAe Pocchh aah moaoacto noxoAeimn xa- 3axcxoro HapoAa? A6afi oObca B3rAHA0M CAViuaTeAefi. —Pocchh—oto npewAe Bcero crpaHa c bhcokhm ypoBHeM «H3Hh. aeH3MepHMo 6oaee BbicoxHM, mcm v Hac, b iiauiefl rAyxoS crenH. Pocchh— 3TOMyApbie xiimth, namicaHHHe HacTOHinnMHmmcahtsahmh; sto 6ecqHCAeH- Hue ihkoah, 6H6AH0TexH, Aeqe6Himbr; sto MHoroAioAHbie ropoaa, tag wH3Hb HAer coBceMHnaqe, qeM b Hamefl nycTbine; sto JKCAC3iiaHAopora, nparaeA- uiaa HHiiqe bCnOnpi>; 3tonapoxoAM, nAaBaxjumeno HpTbimy; stohpyccxHe (|)a6pHKH, 33BOAM, MacTepcxne. H mh, xa3axH, noAyqaeM ot Pocchh qacrb roro, qro powAaercH b hcR ee bmcoxhm vpobhcm wh3hh: mm nonyqaeM »

oaeatay, h oOynb, h ynpawb, h ronopu. h nii.iu. 3to bhabt Bee... Ho mu MoweM noayqm-b h to, ito Bawaee btoto: sHauna, npocBeiueHae, yMeHbe Bee- th 6oph6y npoTHB HacHAbHHKOBran, Kan Beaer ee aaBHO y*e pyccKHfi Ka poa. Bot 3to Bee ii ecTb aaa Hac Poccaa!>. Xopouio noKaaaHa B pOMane xuuHb aioaeB Tpyaa, npocroro napoAa. KpynHUM nJianoM aanu cyabdu Bowaita jxaTaKOB flapneMdaa n darpaxa A3HM6aa — Hcu. TiDKeaaa, HHiuencKaa jrnraHb lie ydnaa b hhx cepaeqHO» aodporu, lie Hccyiuiuia KpacoTU qeaoBeqecKHx mvbctb. Konequo, wn3Hb na- poaa, ero Mamma 11 b poMane «A6afi» duan pacKPbira noapo6no h raydo- ko. Ho b hobom npoH3BBACHHH 3Ta TeMa pa3BHTa Ooaee noAPo6Ho. 3Aecb M. Ay33oB He npocro oimchiBaer wH3Hh Hapoaa, ero TpanmuiH h odbiqaii, ho h noKaauiiaer ero OHTHMHCTHqecKHe ycrpeMaeHHa b 6yAyiA.ee, xax oaho H3 npexpacHbix h 6aaropoanux KaqeerB HapoAHoro xapaxrepa. H Boofime akwh Tpyaa b poMaHe «IlyTb A6aa» — na nepBOM naaHe. Bee BHHMaHHe nacaTejib cocpeaoTOqHA Ha jkh3hh napoAa—raopua hctophh, ero nporpeccuBHbix ycTpewAeHHSX, ero 6opb6e 3a CBoe ocBOdomaeHHe. H aro Biiojme ecTecTBeHHo, noroMy hto poMaH onHcuBacr fiiwiee nmamiii ne- Phoa hctophh Ka3axcTaHa, noraa ywe Haqaaocb npo6y*aeHHe KaaccoBoro co3iiaHHH HapoAa. B poMane oqeiib Miioro 3nH30AOB, pucypoupix peumreai,- Hue AeScTBHH napoAHbix Macc. Ho nucareab He orpaHHqHBaerca o6mefi xapairrepHCTHKofi napoAHoB Maccbi. Oh pacupUBaer ee iionue naqecrea nyreM coaaaiiHa KOHKperHux o6pa30B jiiOAefi H3 HapoAa. PoMaii «riyTb A6aa» OTaiiqaeTca 6oraTCTBOM caMbtx pa3Hoo6pa3Hux qe- AOBeqecKHX xapaKTepoB. Oahh h3 hhx 3naKOMU HaM eme no poMaHy «Adafi». c ApyrHMH mu BcrpeqaeMCH BnepBue. Ho Te, hto nepemiiH h3 nepBOro po- MaHa, crajm MHororpaHHee, nncaTeab yraydna h paaBMA hx xapaKtepu. rio-npencHeMy Boaiiyer h paAveT o6pa3 raaBHoro repon poMaHa — A6afi. Ho ecjin paHbiue qiiTarejib anaa A6an Kan 6opua toabko npoTHB wecTOKOcru h BapBapcTBa (beoaaaoB, to Tenepb A6afi nona3aH » nan cypoBufi kphthk peaKUHOHHUx AorM Hcaawa. 3to ero KaqeciBO ocoOeimo vdeaHTeabiio nona- 38ho b nepBoS raaBe poMaiia— «riyTb A6aa». H3 paaroBopa A6aa c yqeHH- k3mh mu y3HaeM, nan raydoiro oh nouaa bpba acaawa a nan aa.ieno yrnea or boctomhoB peaHrao3HoB (paaocodiHH. Xora Ada# b cbohx craxax, a oco- demio b «Ha3naaHnax», h OTAaBaa H3Becmyio AaHb peam-HH, b ueaOM oh othochach k Heii KPHTHqeCKH. 06 3tom CBAAereabCTByeT ero TBopqecTBO. BnoaHe Bepoamo, hto A6afl He HMea bo3mowhocth otkphto H3Ao«HTb cboh B3raaau Ha HcaaM. I\"Io3TOMy h b poMane oh deceAyeT o MycyabMaHCTBe anuib b y3K0M xpyry cbohx apy3efi h yqeuBKOB. /Ipyraa TpaicroBKa stoB qepTu AyxoBHoro o6.ima nosrra BuraaAeaa 6u HCKyccTBCHHOH h ocaadwaa 6u peaaBCTHqecKyio CHay o6pa3a. B poMane «riyrb Adaiu noar no-npe*HeMyH3odpa>KaeTcn qeaoBeKOM. 3a6oTauwMca o Hapoae, neBUOM Hapoanoft iiyacau n neqaaii. 06 stom xo- porao CKaaaa Adaio Ba3apaau: «A tu? Tm TpyAoaiodHBuS xaedopo6, tu ceirreab. HapoA noayqaeT ot Teda cekieiia HOBOii jkhshh, ToabKO OAKoro we- aan rede: nycTb aojkhtch tdoS ny-n> Bee nmpe nepeA rodofi, nycTb mer on Bee Bume! riycrb dyAer oh uihpokoh, sepao# aoporofi, no Koropoii noroHer- th KapaBaii ncero TBoero iiapoaa*. B 3Tnx caoBax He toabko aaiia oueHKa TpyaaM Adaa, saecb HapoA yCTaMH CBOero ayqmero cuHa d-iarocaoBaaer A6aa Ha noaue 6aaropoAHue jienHnn. no*aay8, bo btopom poMane M. Av33ob aiiaqHreabHO pe*e nacaerca TBopqecTBa nosra, qew b poMaHe «A6afl». Ho noraa xacaeTca, to tobopht o TBopqecKOM npouecce c ravdoKHM BoaHeHHeM. c tohkhm npoiiHKiioBenneM b ncHxoaornio nosTa. non stom M. Avssob crapaeTca noaqepKHyTb campH- qecxyio oerpory adaeocKiix cthxob.

Oatiaxo xapamep A6aa-noara o6HapyixHBaeTCH He TOHbxo b Tex raasax, rae HenocpencTBeHHO pacxpbiBaeTcn TBopqecKHfi npouecc. BbiBaioTcayiaH, noraa oncaTeab He npaHo, a kocbchho tobopht o tbop- ’■ecKHx HMnyabcax CBoero repos. Ocofiemio Harjinano 06 stom cBnaereab- CTByioT sniQOAU, b KOTopux H3o6pa>xaeTcs ayuieBHoe cocrosHHe noara. M. Ay330B nepeHOCHT b poMan mhcah h HacTpoeHHH A6as hs Tex cthxob, KOTopue HaHfiwiee coorBercTByiOT aamiofi CHTyauHH b poMaiie. A 3Ta ch- TyauHs, b cbok) oqepeab, HaMesaer, kskhmh avuieBiihiMH ABHweiiHHMH pow- aeHO TO HAH HHOe CTHXOTBOpeHHe. KaK B03HHKero 3aMblCe.1. B hobom poMaHe M. Ay330B HaxoaHT h apyrae bosmowhocth aaa yrayfiaeHHs o6pa3a noara. BcnoMHHM, hto BOKpyr A6as rpvnnHpyeTcs Ta- jiaHTJiHBan h TpyaoJiioOHeas Moaoaewb. aero He 6uno b ncpBux KHHrax. H Tenepb, aoraa mu crapaeMCH onpeaeamb oO-'ihk noara A6aa, mu Heaoa- 06whu 3a6uBaTb o ero OKpyxeiiHH, noTOMy hto oho o6oramaer naiua npea- CTaBaenaa A6ae, pacKDbiBacT HOBUe ero xaiecTBa. A6aft He ToabKo h3viha nacaeaiie pyccKHX noaroB-KAaccHXOB h ycBowi hx peaaHCTHHOCKiieTpaaaixHH, ho h no3HaxoMHACs c HCTopneBocBo6oaiiT&'ib- Horo aBHxeeHHa b Pocchh. ripaaaa, on He noaHHJics ao noiiHMaima aaxo homcphocth peBanoiwomiofi 6opb6u, h lie Mor 3Toro caeaan> b CHAy hcto- pHiecKHX yCAOBHfi. Bwecre c TeMb oueHKe BieoaaabHux yco6HUh pa3aopoB oh kcXoaha H3tcx HaeaAOB, 3a Koropue OopoJiHCb aeaTeaw ocBo6oaHTeabHo- ro aBHHteiiHa Pocchh. Ilepea iiaMHywe He ToabKo host, ho h KpyiiHbift MUcaHTeab, BoAbUioB <|»iaoco(|), Bepno ocMucAHBaioiUHfi xoa HeropHiecxpro pa3BHTHa. B hobom poMane M. Ay330B HaeroS'iHBO noa'iepKHBaeT 3Ty cropOHy ayxoBHoro o6ira- Ka ACaa. Tenepb A6afi rayfioKo 3HaaH3HpyeT SBAeiiHH jkh3hh, HiueTh nepno onpeaejiaer ax cmucji. A6aft lie toabko safioTHTca o Hapoae, pa3aeaaeT ero 3aBeniue Me™. Oh Myapufl HacraBHHKTa-nainvniBofl moaoacikh. aejiHTCH c neB cbohm <5ora- ruM TBopqecKHMoiihtom. riosTOMy Bee. kto aioCht HCKyccmo, nossmo, ts- C o6pa30M Moaoaoro noaTa HapMCiia rmcaTeAb CBH3UBaeT raaBiiyio MHcab poMana. HMeuno oh, iohuB no3T. BuuieaniHji H3 Hapoaa, a He poa- CTBeHHHKHA6as, npuiiHMaeT ot BejiHKoro coBpeMemiHKa ero Meira, 38muc- au, ero nosTHiecKHe TpaanuHii, ero roTOBHOCTh 3auuiinaTh napoa. 3to h aaKOHOMepiio. Tax xax noaraqecKoe Hacaeane A6aa aB-raerca AOCTOSHxeM Bcero Hapoaa. B npaBAHBhix neciiax flapMeHa A6aio hvahtch raiioc HexpacoBa, h oh buboaht CBoero -noSHMua Ha nyTb, H30paHHbiB neaiiKHM pyccKHM nosTOM. McTHHHbifi nosT, ayMaiouuifi 06 HHTepecax Hapoaa. lie HMeer npaBa AMJib CKopOerb o ero Hywaax h neaajiax. oh.aoawch sBSTb napoa K6opb6e hcan 6uTb SopuOM. 3ry o6a3aHHocTb nosaaraer na noara noBaH HCTopHiecKaa snoxa. H bucokhm npn.wepoM cavjxchhh Hapoay HBJiaeTCa aah noarOB Hex- He^acoBa noqeMy ” 0afi TaK ^opll‘,0 coBeryeT cBoeuy yneHHxy yiHTbca y KpynHefiuieB *Hrypofi pOMana «riyTb A6an» aBaaerca Baaapaau. HeH3MepHMo Bbipocno ero 3iiaqeiiHe no cpaBHeiiHio c nepBUMH xiraraMH. Ecah BpoMaHe «A6afl» Raaapa.'iu AHuib aep3XHii, nanopHcrufi h peHiHTejib- iiufi, ocTpoyuHuB h KpacHOpeiHBhiB AWHrHT. to b nocaeaHCM poMaHe oh BOJKAb 6eaHOTu, qeaoBex Co-ibiiinx 3aMUCA0B. bucoxhx HaMepeHHfi. K yro- My ero npHBeiw h raweaue >KH3HeiiHUe HcnUTaHHa h o6memic c pyccxHMH apy3bHMii b ccuaxe. B3BO.’iHOBamio pHcycT M. Ay330B apywfiy AOaa h Baaapaau. OchoboB 3Tofl apyixou HMaeTCH^ire ToabKo B3aiiMHaa cHMnaTHH, a ofiiune HHTepecu,

CpeAH no.iowHTCjibHUX repoeB powana «n.yTb A6an» c.ieflyer OTMenrrb oco6o o6pa3 A6miia. Oh nOKa3aH aaa nenoBea He3aypsAaoro yMa. A6hiu yqHACS B nerepfiypre h, B03Bpamancb Ha Aero b poAiibie apaa. oxotho Ae- .raaca COCBOHMHAPV3MIMH BCeMH HOBbIMHMblCAHMH HBIieiaTJICHHSMH, HO- -iyieniibiMH b ueHipe pyccaoB oGmecTBCiiHofi muc-ih. EeceAU c cuhom no- MoraiOTA6aio Miioroe noHsm, h vncHHTb. A6hiu noxasaii b poMane He TOAbKo aaa neaoBea o6pa30BaiiHufi, bociih- TaKKufi Ha TpaAHUHHX pyccaofi AeMoapaTHaecaoB ayAbryphi, 110h aaa ieno- aea bucoho ryMaHHbifi h MHorocTopomie OAapemiufi. Ero B3aHMOOTiioiueH!in c akiGhmoB weHofi MarHiu, c upyabSMii h poAcrBeHHHaaMHan.imoTca aaa Gw 3apoAbiuieM hoboB MopajiH H CeMbH. Eecenbi AGaiua c otuom n ZlapaeMfiacM CBHAerejibCTByaiT o tom, hto ero TpeBowar cyAbGbt napo.ia, hto ero npHBJieaaeT TpyAHufi nyrb cjiyweHHH napoAy. OAHaao b nepBofi aHHre poMaua «rivTb AGan* AGhui TOJibao buc- icasuBaeT GjiaropoAHue mbicjih h bcact B3BOAi[OBainibie h yMiiue paaroBopu. ho He npeAnpHHHMaer HHaaaHX aOHapeTHbix AeficTBHfi. Pa3Hoo6pa3iibi b poMane THnbi orpHuaTejibiiux repoeB. Ecah b nepBOM poMaHe BonaomeHHeM Bcero aocnoro h wecroaoro Gun KvHaHGaii, to 3Aeci. Bpara AGan ywe HacaeAHHKH craporo dieoAa.'ia, H3Me.ibiaBuine 11 BMpow- HanGo-iee ynopHO H otkputo noara HeHaBHAeJiH OpasGaS h XHpemiie. • Hhoto H3o6peraTejibHocrn ppobb-ihiot ohh, itoGu BpeAHTb A6ax>. C nep- abix ao nocAeAHHX CTpaHHUpoMaHa njiereT cboh ccth Opa36aB, hiuct 6e3o- uiHGoKHtfe cpeACTBa, aoropwe Mor.m Ou nory6nTb AGan. Ha Bee havt Bpa- ™, AHUib Gw BbipBaTb H3 ero pvk tot cneniAbmiK pa3yMa, aoTopuS 3a*cr no9T bo Mpaae naTpnapxaAbHoft whshh. Opa36aB co6HpaeT Boapyr ceGa GaeB h 6neB, aOTopue lie aioGht AGan. noAaynaeT ropOACaHX iiauaAbiiHHOB. 3aoGhuB HHTparaH HureT ceGe cokshhbob h cpcah poACTBeHimaoB AGan h aaxoAHT hx b AHue TaaewanaH A3iiM6aa. Bee aocHoe. 3Ao6Hoe, weeroaoe h peaauHOHHoe Bonnoraji M. Av33ob b oGpaae Opa36aa. Opa36afl h JKHpemue bo mhotom AonoAHaajT Apyr APyra. Ohh Hano- MHHaaJT ABe ctopohu oahoB MeAaAH—aero HeT y oa«oro, o6H3aTeAbHc iiaflAeiub y Apyroro. Ecah Opa36aB—aeaoBea rpyGo OTKpoBeiiHhifl, npn.Mo- AHHefiHbifi, iieyMOAHMbifl b CBoeft 3Ao6e h Mecra. to >KHpeHiue—Tim bhp- Ty03Horo, foHKOro, paciernHBoro noAAeua. Taaoaaii h Hcaaa ropa3AO MeAbie no cbohm xapaarepaM, xoth h He Menee OTBpaTHT&ibHN, >ieM Opa36afi. Bbipoxaeiiiie aocnyAocb hx 3HaiH- TeAbHO CHAbHee. r.iaBiioe b hhx—waAHOcn., HenpeoAOAHMaa wawaa na- KoAopHTea o6pa3 A3HM6aH. B HeM mhoto oGiuero c KewaHOM. Ho aoe b ueM oh oT.-iii'ieH ot hhx. A3HM6afi ti tok, ho y Hero Apyrae ripHeiau GopbGu—noAAH'iaiiHe BTHXOMOAay. M. Aya- 3ob MacTepcan oGHawaeT ero AHueuepiie. ABVAHMHOCTb, AaeT eMy 6ecno- maAHyio capKacnracKyio xapaaTepHCTHay. B A3HM6ae n aaer vwe hckhk hobwB ncnxoAorH'iecaHfi ran, ir — ..... c|ieoAaAOB, a caopee HanoMHHarouuifl Dbiuapn ncpBoiia'iaAbHOro iiaaonAeHHa. H3o6pa>aeHHK> GopbGu AGan iipothb HOBbpc BparoB 6ypwya3HUX Ha- UH0H3AHCTOB H naHHCAaMHCTOB — IIOCBBIUeHa B<:h nocieAHBH KHiira poMaHa, lOAannan b 1956 rouv. Hto orAHHaeT ee or npenuAVWHX aHHr? HaoGpawemie counaAbHoro HepaBeHCTBa h 6opb6u iipothb Hero sbah ca coAepwaHHCM h sropofi KHHrH pouaiia «rivTb AGaas. B ary 6opb6y b- nmaiOTcn caMUe pa3Hoo6pa; e counaAbHue rpvnnu. Ho e sepHyru aapTHHbi »

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m’CKOjibKo jier. Ho ot stoto poMaH He npeBpaiuaeTca B HCTopHqecxyio xpo- iiHKy, ero xyaowecTBeHHue aocroHHCTBa He CHHWaioTCH, a xapaxTepu re- poes pa3BHBaioxcfl ot raaBH k rjiaBe. HeMKpynHce no MacuiraOaMcBoeft aesne-ibnocTH HCTopimecxaa ahm- moot., tom Goraqe h MHoroo6pa3Hee ee cbh3h c onpywaiomefi cpeaoii. M3o6paiKeHHe hx Tpe6yer npon3BeaeHHa eaojKHoro h MHoroimaBiioro. Bee arc H.'ieerMecTOb3nonee06AOae. OHa HacuineHa combimh pa3iioo6pa3HbiMX co6uthrmh, H3 KoTopbix xawaoe HMeeT onpeaeaeHHoe 3i(a>ieHiie b p33bhthh 3aMucna. Hmciiho noyroMy asrop co3aaeT Hecxonbxo napaanenbiibix cx>- JKCTHblX JIHHHB. pHa.1, yB«3aTb caMue pa3Hoo6pa3Hbie cyflb6bi repoeB. M. Ay330B ycneumo peinaeT STy 3aaaqy. B ero poMaHax HeT iih oanoro 3nn3oaa h hh oflHoro coGuthh o6ocoOaeHHoro ot raaBHoro KomlwiHXTa. Bee ohh, oG-beaHHeiiHue oGmefi HfleeB, cBH3aHhi b eaiiHUfi ocTPuft h npaMaTHqHHB ckmkct. Bcbomhhm Haiaao poMana «A6afi»— iiospameime A6aa H3 Meapece. 3aecb Bee abiiuirr iiokocm, boctoptom, paaocrao. Ho ot cnoxofiCTBaa ckopo lie ocraeTca n caeaa, A6afi. Koroporo oreu npHraacHn Ha cobct 6neB, y3iiaei o cipauinoM co6biTHH— npeacronweii kh3hh Koaapa. C/iosa Cues noTpacan iohoio AGaa. Ho oh erne lie cobcbm nonaa, mto sto 3iiamrr; kto TaxoS Koaap, lie MBecrHO lie TOabxo repoio npoH3BeaeHHs, ho h qirraTejiio. rio3TOMy BTOpyio rnasy aBTop naqmiaer c noBecTBOBaHHH o Koaape. Tenepb 'iHTaTe.no, y3HaBiueMy o TparHqecxoB cvabGe Koaapa h iiecqacTHoit ero choxh Ka.MKH. cTaiiOBHTca hcho. qro ohh oKJieBeTaiiu 6hhmh h KyiianGaeK. Ho onHTb-TaKH HeH3BCCTH0, qeM Bee aro KOHqiiTCH. Bo3bMeT jtk eepx enpa- seflBHBOCTb h.th BOCTopiKeCTBVCT no*b h KjieBeTa? Mm-aTeab c HeTepneHHeM HtaeT oreeTa. H n«caTejib He mcjijiht c OTBeTOM. Koaap h KaMxa, Hecnpa- BftwiHBO ofiBHHeHHue, npeaaHhi MyqHTeabHo# cMepTH. Tax MacTepcxHM, 3ax- BaTUBaioiuHM CTOjiKHOBeHHeM npOTHBono.iowHUx uaqaji M. Aya30B pa3o6jia- qaer eiHueMepue h ifcanbuih dieoaajibiibix’ ycroeB. Snonea M. Ay330sa nacwmeHa jwpii'iecKHMH OTcrynneHHHMH. 3to— oana H3 ero xyao*ecTBeHHbix npneMOB. ripiiMenacMbie c Go.ibuiHM yMeimeM h TamoM anpH'iecKiie oTCTynneHHa ne napvmaioT KOMno3HUHomiofi uenocTHOcra poMaHOB, a, HaoGopor, Kan Gbi aonojinaior h o6o6waK>T coGhthr. repoa snonex oxa3biBax>Tcn b caMhix paaaHqHbix wH3HeHiibix oGcrosnejibcreax, » npocro HeB03M0ixH0 6biao noxa3aTb hx pa3BepnyTo. lie Hapymaa ctpoBhocth II qeTxocTH X0MH03HHHH, He ocaaGnaH BneqaTaeiiHs ot raaBiiux coGbrraB. B aupHqecKHX oicrynaeHHax nncaTejib JiHuib nepecKa3i>iBaeT Te coGuraa, xoTopue lie cBa3anu c raaBHUM KOHifcaHXTOM. ripHBeaeM ABa npHMepa. OaHH H3 ocHOBHbix repoeB snoneH. Ba3apaau, B03BpamaeTca H3 ccua- kh. Ho b poMane iieT H3o6pa>xeHHa MecTa ccrukh, cxHTamifi repoa b qy- jxhx xpaax, noTOMy n o sto naaojiro yseao 6u aBropa ot toh epeau, rae npoHcxoaaT rjiaBiiue coGbrraa ero npoMBeaeHHa, h 3aMea.TOao Gbi paaBHrae CKMxeTa. O WH3HH Ba3apa.'ibi b ccbiaxe qHraTeaio aaioT npeacraBJieHHe m- pHqecxHe OTcrynaeHHa, npeacTaBaaiowHe co6oH BocnoMHHaiiHH repoa o npo- flpyrofi npHMep: M. Av33ob noapoGHo iraoSpajKacT to cqacraaBoe Bpe- mh, xoraa AGafi Gbi.i paaoM co CBoefi B03mo6.'ieHHoB Torwan, Hanaao nx axiGBH, ho lie nHUieTo tom, noqeMv hx paBavui.iH. OaHaxo nHcaie/ib He mot npocro o6opBaTb3TynHHHio. 0CTaBHTbeeHe3aBepmeiiHofi. rioaroMy b nocaea- nefi raaBOnepBoii xhh™ oh noxa3UBaer AGaa VTOMaemioro raweabiMH yrpa- T3mh, BcnoMHnaioiuHM TorwaH. H Tenepb qHTareab c rayGoKHM BoaHeHHes y3HaeT o npouaHHH noyra co CBoeii B03aioG.ieHiioii. ^iHpuqecxoe orCTynae-

.me H36aBn.io imcaTCAHotAonoAKHTCAbHUX mothbhpobok hcBB3aiiHHX c hh- vih hobux, pa3WHwax>mHX noBecTBonaime noapoOnoCTefi. .Hoctohhctbo snonen 06 A6ae coctout eme h b tom. uto b hcm sicho -lyBCTByeTCSi aBTopcxaa ho3huhsi, ropnaan jiio6obi, iiacaicjin k aoOpv h He- .laBHCTb k 3Jiy. Mu qyBCTByeM ee. aBTOPCKVio no3Humo, b oiiemie co6uth», xapaKTepoB nepconawefi, hx B3rAHAOB Ha WH3Hb. PoMaHu 06 A6ae nonHU nexaioro h ropimero AHPH3Ma, BOAiiyioineii po- MaaTKKH. Hnaqe h nc Morno 6uTb b npoH3BeaeHHH. nocBnmeiiHOM ae.aoBexy TBopqecTBa. Ho .mpHaHu He Tonbxo Te cuenu 3noneH, KOTOpue nocBiiwenu A6aio. JlupHKofl npOHHKHyra n aBTopcKHe oTCTViuieHHH. 11 neii3aJKH. h pemi repoes. Bee sto he cvwaer paawaxa iroiiccTBOBaHHn, ne oc.ia6.aaeT ADaMa- TU3Ma h octpotu 6opb6u, ho npaaaeT ocoGhiH apoMaT, oco6uft OTTeKox cth- SbuxoBoe MacTBpCTBo M. Ay330Ba npoaBJiaeTca h b nopTpeThofl H pe- -leBoB xapaKTepucTHKe, h b 3btopckhx orcTvnaeHHax h b neii3a)Kax. IlHca- re/ib noAHocTbio onjia.ie.i BceMH 6oraTCTB3Mii Ka3axcKoro napOAiioro asuxa, KOTopue HaKan.aHBa.iHCb BexaMH, h meAPOpaccuna.a hx no CTpaxfmay cbomx poMaiioB. Ho oh He orpaKHHHJica sthm, oh oOoraTii.i xa3axcKm1 .iHTepaTvp- Huft h3uk, bbca b nero HOBue cjioBa h peieima. Koiiemio, Ka3axcKHil H3bnc eme ao pcbojiiouhh nupaGoTaa CBoft CTpofi, cboh iiopmu, ho H3UK pea.iHC- THqecKoR xyAOwecTBeiiHoii npo3u onpeae.iH.ica jmuib noc.ie BoaimKHOBeir.ia a pasBHTHa3tofowanpa. H TpyjHO nepeoueHHTbto3Ha'ienHe, xoropoe hmciot poMaHbi M. Aya30Ba ana cvac6 coBpeMeimoro Ka3axcKoro .THrepaTypHoro a3UKa, hah ycu.ieiiHH cro xyAowecTBeimux B03M0«H0CTefi. BusaiOT c-iynaH, Koraa micaTe-iH. OBAaneBiime 6oraTCTBaMH HapoaHoro asuxa, no-HOBOMv nepeocMuc-iHBaioT caoBa. 6uTVtomne B Hauie BpeMa. hah bboaht b .iHTepaTypnufl oChxoh CAOBa vCTapeanme, oTKpuBaa b hhx apKHe Bupa3HTejibiiue bo3mowhocth. 5l3HKOBOe MacTepcTBo M. Ayssosa coctoht ae TOJibKOb t3khx otacawiux tiaxoAxax. Oho— h b ordope C-IOB, b vmchhh nocTaBHTb c.tobo Tax, hto ero vwe iieB03M0WHo 3aMeHHTb, nepecTaaHTb na Apyroe MecTO-flosTOMy npeAAOweHHe v M. Av330na Bcewa toiho h hoaho nepeAaeT MucJib aBTopa, a aHTareiieM oho BocnpHHHMaeTca Rax cocraBiiaa aacTb xapTHHU hah o6pa3a. CniiTaKCHaecKoe CTpoeime d>pa3u v M. Av33osa oaeHb cAOWHoe h th6- Koe. Oho MenaeTCH b 33bhchmocth ot xapaxTepa h rAy6Hiiu mucah. Haute Bcero nHcaTe.ib noAb3yeTca caowhnm npejAowcHHeM, Tax Kax ohono3BOAHer nOAHee nepeAaBaTb MHoroo6pa3Hc WH3HH, co6uthh. ncuxoAormo reooeB. He.ib3(i ynycxaTb H3 bhav Toro <baxTa, oto M. AV330B HMeeT AeAO c HCH3M0 h AKiAbMH npouiAoro Bexa. a 3to He Mower He OTpawaTbca ua H3u- xe npoH3BeAeHHH. C ncpBUX we CTpaHHUsnonen mu y6ewAaeMCa, hto H3ux ee noAHocTbio nepenaer HCTOpH'ieexHft xoaopht shoxh, noAHocTbio coot- BeTCTByer mhpobo33Pchhio, xyAbTVpitoMy ypobhxj h xapaxiepaM repoes. Tax, BcAOBax KvHaH6an, Bowen, Kaparaa oaeHb Muoro HH0cxa3aHHft h na.we- kob. A b peaH /lapxeMdaa h Ba3apaAU mu hcho bhahm MHCTOTy, supa3H- TeAbiiocrb, npHcynme HapoAHOMy H3uxv. SI3UK A6aH Taxwe rnOox h MHoroaBeTeH. oh OTAHaaeTca oCpa3H0CTbio. xpacoaHOCTbio. noaTii'iHOCTbio. Pe'ib noaTa BcerAa tomho nepeAaeT to hah HHoe ero AyuieBHoe cociohhho: MeliTaTe.ibHocTb, BAOXHOBeHbe, pasAyMbe. no Mepe pa3BHTHH, B03MywaHHH A6an M. Ays.ion MenneT h peaeByx) xapax- TepHCTHxy. B aeTcxiie h lOHomecxHe toah b pcmh A6an 6uao MHoro x>Mopa, oh CTpeMHACH roBopHTb b pHtJ>MV- Ho bot A6a(i naaHHaeT 3iiaK0MHTi>ca c pyccxHMh Muc.iHTe.iHMH, c npoH3BeAeHHBMH pyccxHX nncaTeAefi, nepeBo- AHTb hx ua xa3axcxHii n3HK. h b peaa ero b sto BpeMH noaB-iaiOTcn xhhw- nue BupaweHHH. Oh ywe CTpeMHTCH MUCAHTh no-pyccxH. H aro BnoAHe on- pasAaiio pa3BHTHCM o6pa3a. I—241 321

PoMaiibi M. Ays30Ba nocBHiuenu npouiaoMy, reM He Meiiee iianncaiiu OHH COBpeMeHHUMKB3aXCKHM HHTepaTypHUM H3blKOM. ApXail3Mbl aaeci> oieiib peaxH h npHMBHBiOTCH to.'ibKO b pe>m repoeB hah b Tex caynanx, xoraa H3o6pawaioTCH nepewHTKH npoiuaoro. Konenio, apxan3Mbi ae BOii- ayr b o6hxoa coBpeMeiiHoro HHiaTejia. Hx (byiiKUHfl coctoht ahuib b tom. 'ITOGlI C03ABTb KO.IOPHT Toil 3ITOX1I. XoieTcH oOpaTHTb BKHMaune iHTaTeaefi eme Ha oany noapoGnocTb. B nocaeaHefi KHHre fFIyib A6aa», ocofienno b nepBoa rxaiie, oqeiib qacTo BCTpeiaiOTCa peAHr«03Hue, xiuoKHUe BbipaxceiiHa. n paB.ua, sro HHiyTb He MemaeT hchocth Bocnpirarasi, nocKOJibKy peaurK03Hue H3peueHHH ynorpeG- ahiotch JiHUib b pew cjiywHTejieB xyabTa h oqeiib peaxo b pe«mA6an, xor- aa oh pa30<xnaqaer HaMecTiiHxoe aaaaxa. npuMeneHiie noao6Hbix chob ne- o6xoaHMo nHcareaio aw Toro, qTo6bi noxaaaTb Kpyro3op aioaeit H3 peaHnr- 03Hop cpeau, ravfiwe DaCKDbITb HX BHVTDeHHHfi MHP. TaKoiiu ocodeiiHOCTH H3biKa M. Ay33oiia, Koropwe b coBOKynHOCTH onpeatvimoT ero CTHAHCTHHecxoe CBoeo6pa3He 11pe3K0 0TAK>iaK>T or B3Nna apvthx imcareaeii. Koraa mu 3aayuuBaeMCH naa Tew, nan aocrnr M. AyrMOB Taxoro bw- coxoro MaciepcTBa, to na naMBTb npnxoaHT He TOAbxo ero Goabinofi Ta- .'iaHT, ho h nocTOBHHue TBopaecxHe noHCKH, ocBoeime onUTa pyccxoii xaac- CHqecxou AKreparypu, yneSa y JiyHiUHX wacrepoB coBercxofi aHTepaTypu. HaiiOo-'iee naoaOTBopHUM Gu.to aaa M. Aya30Ba bahhhhc JI. H. Toa- croro. Ou r.iyCoKo H3yiaa MacTepciBo Beanxoro pyccxoro micaTean b C03- aaiiHH THiiHMecxHx xapaxTepoB, ero npHeMU ncHxoaornnecKoro aiiaaxsa. B KHHrax M. Ay330Ba aacro ncrpciaiOTca momchtm, xoraa aBTopcxan pear. He3aMerno nepexoaHT b mohoaot repoa. 3tot iiphcm raxwe xapaxiepeii npewae Bcero aah cthah JI. H. Tojicroro. Cpean apyrnx xyaoHcecTBeiiHHx iiphcmob M. AysaoBa caeayer Ha3Ban. Heco6cTBeHHo npaMyx) pe>ib, npn KOTopoii b aBTopcxoe noBecrBOBaHKO BKpanaHBaioTca BUpaweiiHa, xapaxTepHue aah MumaeHHH, B3raaaoB repoa. o xoropoM paccxa3UBaeT bbtop. CucTeMa o6pa3Ho-Bupa3HTeabHUx cpeacrB y M. Ay33osa noaaocrbio cooTBercTByoT HaiiHOHaabHUM ocofiemiocraM repoeB. hx npeacraBacHHHMH xyabtypHOMy ypoBiuo. Bor xapaxTepacTHKa B3aH.M0OTiioiueHHa ronoro A6as c othom: «C caMbix paiiHHX aeT Maabmw iiphbhk caeaHTb 3a ABHJxeHHHMii opoaeii oTua, —Tax ohuthuB nacryx caeaHT 3a oCaaxaMH b roa awyTa,8— h 3a 3Ty HafiaioaaTeabHOCTb oreu Henna ero (kuibiue ocraabKux aere6>- 3aecb tohxo orreHeHbi He roabxo xapaxTepu nepconaweii, ho h noatepK- HyTu uauHOHaabHbie ocoSchhocth hx Mbiuiaeima, xpyr accouuamiB, cboA- CTBeHitux Hapoay-xoqeBiiHxy h cxotoboav. B cbohx crHxax h noaMax pacxpua GorarcTBo Hapoanoro xa3ax- cxoro B3uxa, Miioroo6pa3He ero BupasHTeabHux cpeacTB. Hapaay c sthm oh oooraraa xa3axcKHfi aHTepaTypiiuii H3ux hobumh BUpawciiHHMH, bb&i HOBue peqeBue oSonora, xoropux He 3Haa »3ux (fco.ibxaopa. Abtop. xoto- pua HHiuer poMaH06 A6ae. He Mojxer He cturarLCH c othmh aocnoxeHin- HMM3b' iK1a16A,Mo,0a>nK.CTM.,.npA?vfl3T3HobMHbMc0BoxeviaioswneocnTeBeeHnHoaunxoohcoSMeimioirooco-6repfai 3HnoOarooTypeacwKoaeror 3THocofieHHOcTH, noAiepxHBaer HX B pe’iH A6aa. b ero Monoaorax h pen- no’ieMy poMaHU M. Ay330Ba oxasaaii ■oe 6oabiuoe BaHflime iia Ha- uiy HauHOHaabHyio aHTeparypy? apyroro xpynHoro nncaTean

P. Mycpenoaa: «PoMaau «A6afi» h «rivTb A0aa» hc TOAbKO cnocoGcrBoua-. ah OKOHiarejibHoMy CTaiioBAcimio wanna xa3axcxoii coBercKofi npo3u, »o h noBHCHJiH ypoBeHb xvAowecTueui[bix bkycob h npeacTaBaeiiHH 'mraTean. H onuTHbie, H Ha'iHHaioiiwe nHcaTeJiM c jikiGoblio yqaTCH Ha poManax ofi AGae. H aro lie c-iyiafluo. Tax kbk MHorae o6pa3u pouaHOB M. Ay330Ba. ucoGeuHO o6pa3 A6aa, noAHHTH Ao Goamuhx oGoGmeHHfi, ao ypomia «3Ha- komux ne3HaKOMueB». MyxTap cyMeA noxasaTb BHyrpeHiiHfi h BHeuiimii oGahk AGaa thkhm, kbkhm oh caoachach b HaineM npeacTaB<ienHH». PoMaHbi «A6a8» h «rivTb A 6aa», BomeauiHe B 30AotoH <|joha Airrepa- Typbi coUHajiHCTHaecKoro peaAH3Ma, iioahajih Ka3axcKyio coBercxyio jiiitc- paTypy Ha HOByio BticoTy, pacxpbiAH ec HeorpaiiHHeiiHWe TBopiecxne B03- MOWHOCTH. riocae OKOimaima snonen 06 AGae M. Ay330B HanHcaa MHowecroo npoH3B(Viemift, paa.iH'mbix xax no coAepwaiiHio, Tax H no ofrbeMy, ho TecHo CBH3aHHbIX C COBPeMeHHOft TeMaTHKOH. C GoAblUHM9HTy3H33MOM BOCnpHHH.'IHHHcaTeAH Ka3axcTaua BCeHapOA- Hoe ABHixeHHe 3a ocBoeime uenHHiibix h 3ajie>KHbix 3eMejib. Oahhm H3 avhuihx npoH3BeAeHHfl, nocBauieHiibix ocbochhio neviHHU, HBaaeTCH o>iepx M. Ay33ona «Tax powAen «TypxecraH», Bnepabte onyGan- KOBaHHbiH b ABeHaAUaToft KHHre wypHa.ia «3acGhct >xaHe HcxyccTBO* 3a 1955 roA. O'lepx paccxasbiBaeT o coaxose «TypKeCTaH», co3A3hhom Ha neaiiHe b ypoiHiiie >Koh. no ciowery, coGuthhm (nepBbie tpyahocth, npeoAo,ienne hx, TpyAOBbie no6eAbi) oqepx xax 6u iianOMHHaeT APyrne npoH3BeAeHHH c Heammofl TCMarHKoii. Ho Tax mo-kot noxa3aTbca -nmii, na nepBbifl B3m »a. Hph Gonee BiiHMaTeabnoM 'itchhii He tpvaho 3aMeTHTb h 3Aecb CBoeoGpa- 3He nHcarejibcKou Manepbi M. Ay330Ba. Oho ckbo3ht h b aBropcxHX OTcryn- jieHHBx, h b nefi3a)«ax, h b Anaaorax. h b nCHXOJiorn'iecxHX Aerajurx. Bee 3To cBiiaeTejibCTByeT o tom, hto racaTenb He npocro OTAaeT AaHb axTya/ib- iiofi TeMe, a ctpcmhtch k cepbe3HUM xyAowecTBemibiM oGoGmeHHBM. Oiepx «Tax rowacii «TypxecTaH» coctoht H3 mecTH r.iaB, Tecuo cbh- 3aHHMX MeJKAy coGofi. CoGnthh, HaiaBHiHeca b nepBofl raaBe, pa3B«BaioTC'i h ycHAHBaxxrcH b nocJieAyxiiAHX raaBax. ^HHa.MHiHoCTb, noc.ieAOBaTe/ib- nepeA B3opoM 'iHTarejia npoxoAST aioah, pa3AHMHue no xapaxTepaM n cyAb6aM. Oco6eHHo 3anoMHiiaercH o6pa3 AHpexTopa coBX03a CTporoBa. Oro— 3Hax>uiHfi pyxOBOAHTeAb, onMTHbifl h sHeprHHHbifi opraHH3aTop, ne- AOBex ocrpofi h GoAbiiiofi MbicAH. On He Gohtch TPyAHOCTeB, KOTOPUX Tax MHoro B03HHxaer npn co3AaiiHH hoboto coBxo3a, HanporaB, rpyAiiocTH Sa­ naashot ero, Bbi3UBax)T B hbm HOBbie ciuiu. niicaTe-ib noxa3HBaer ero ry- MaHH3M, 6oraThlfi AyXOBHhlB oGaHK, BWCOKHe 'IVBCTBa H MBICAH. M. Ay930B He yuamuBaer o tpyahocthx, GecnoiuaAiio pa3o6Aa>iaeT Tex, kto cnexyAHpyer na hhx, kto nuTaeTcn HcnoAb30BaTb hx kophcth paAH. 3to eme GoAee ycHAHBaeT peaAHCTHnecxHB cmuca oaepxa, ero yreepWAaiouiHii naipoc. B 1955 roAV M. Ay330B B cocTaBe cobctckoB Ae.'ierauHHAesTeAefi xyAb- Typbi noceTHA H hahio. Pe3VAbTaTOM 3toB noesAXH Gbuia xHHra oiepxoB oG Hhahh, KOTopyro M. Ay930B BbinycTKA b 1956 roAy. OqepxH paccxa3biBaioT o JKH3HH H hahh, ee HapOAe, xyAbxype h Gutc, o ee qyAecax n 3araAxax, o ee HacTOfiiueM h GyayweM. OqepxH, HMeioiUHe GoAbuiyio no3HaBaTeAbiiyx> ueKHoeTb, 3HaxoMHUuie xa3axcxnx <iHTare.'ieS co CBoeo6pa3iio0 H BeAHxoft cTpaHoii, 6e3ycA0BH0 Cbirpaior nawnyio poAb b yKpen.'iemiii MewayHapoaHUX xy.ibrypHbix CBaaeii.

M. Ays30B H3BecTeii HeTOJibKOKaK Kpyniibifi nacaTeJib, BHaiibifi apaMa- Typr, ho h Kaa iictophk jiHrepaiypu, yaenuH-AHTCpaTypoBeA. Oh—aKaae- mhk AKaaeMHHHayK Ka3axci<oii CCP, 3acayx<eHHuii aearejib nayKH Ka3ax- craHa; b TCMeiiiiemhotux aer MHTaei JieKUHHno hctophh .ntnepaTypu a Ka- saxcKOM rocyaapcTBCHHOH vmiBepcHTeTe hmcuh C. M. KHpoBa. Ero nepy npHHaaaeKaT MHoriie iiavnio-HccaeaoBaTeabCKHe craTbH h Monorpadraii no hctophh Ka3axcKofl h KHprH3CKoA AHTepaiypu. ripasaa, B HeKOropblX IQ hhx, ocoOeHHO pasiHHX, HHcareab BhicKa3HBaa ouiHfio'iHue nojioiKeHHa. Ho ofiiaee 3118'ieHiie uayiHUx HCcaeaoBaiiMfi M. Ay330ua onpeaeaaeica. Konea- ho. Hepthmh ouiiifisaMii 11 xipoTUBOpeiHaMH, a rayfioKHMo6o6meHneMjure- M. Ay33oa aBjiaeica oahhm H3 nepsux nayiHux 6Horpact>OB A6aa. Oh MHOro noipyanaca naa TeM, htoOu co6paTb h H3aatb CoraToe Hacae- aue BeaiiKoro noma. Iloa ero pyKOBoacTBOM co3aan Kamrra.UHbifi KoaaeK- THBHuii Tpya «Hctophh xasaxcKOH amepaTypbi*. B btom tpyae oSoPmenhi HoaccHijiimBpcaaKb! CoraTbie 4>aKrmecKHe Matepiuuibi. CBa3aHH«e c yer- HbiMHapoaHHM TBopqecTBOM, oTpawenu nocaeaiiHe aocTHKenaa Ka3axcK0- ro airrepaiypoBeaeHHa. OaHaKO He.ib3a VMaaqHBarb h o tom, mto b oraeab- Hbix raaBax khh™ 6um aonymeHU oiuhSkh MeioaoJiorH'iecKoro xapaKiena, HeKoropbie HCTopHKo-.THTepaTypHbie npouecchi npouiaoro He noayuuiH saeca ray6oKoro MapKCHCTCKO-aeHHiiCKoro aHaaioa. Abtopom oanoro H3 Oojibiiiiix pa3aeaoB «Hctophh». nocBaiueHHoro Ha- poaHHM CKB3KaM, 6bui M. Av33ob. BnociieacTBHH oh BHamtreabHO nepepa- ooTaa ii aonojiHiui arycboio paCory. B iicnpaBaemioM BHaeona Haneoataiia b wypHaae «9ae6neT warn; n-KyccTBO* 3a 1956 roa. B BTofi Monorpai[)HHM. Ay330Ba mu HaxoaHM ueaufi paa lmrepecHefi- 1HHXCOofipajKeHHHo BpeMeHH C03A3HHH KaaaXCKHX CK330K, 06 HX ocofieii- hocthx. Abtop KaaccHipHUHpyeT ckb3kh no rpynnaM, onpeae-iaeT CBoeofi- pa3«e KawaoH 113 rpynn. Cepbe3iioe aoctohkctbo =>Toii paSoiu coctoht eme h a tom, pro M, Av33ob Hccjicayer ckh3kh He H3oanpoBaniio, a b csaSH, b cpaBiieumi c (paiwuiopoM coceamix napoaoB. Bee bto caeaa.no ucc.-ienoBa- HHe M, AyaaoBa o CKa3Kax KpymiuM aocraweHHeM Ka3axcKoft coneTCKoH 4>OabKJ10PHCTIIKH. K aiicay Maao HCcaeaoBaHHbix, iio«th Hcp83pa6oTaHHUx npo&neMaa- rneroaHTepaTypoBeaeHHa caeaveT OTHecra b nepByio 0'iepeab npo&ieMyn«- TepaTypiiux bahhhhh hTpaamiHS. PeuieHiia ee muer cefinae Bca coBeraiaa aHTepaTypoBeaaecKaa nayKa. OSimipHaa cTaTba M. AysaoBa iTpaaniBia pyccKoro pea-ipMa h Ka3axCKaa AHTepaTypa* aBaaerca lacrbio o6uua noHCKOB. OiiyO.-iHKOBaiiMaa bo BTopoii KHHre aabmaHaxa «/Ipy*6a Hapo- AObj 3a 1343 roa, sra CTaTba noaymua BucoKyro oueHKy coBercKoA o6me- 3aecb Ai. Ay330B e.___ THe KaaaxcKofl .iiuepaTypu ao n rioc.oe OKTafipbCKofi p.......... ca onpeaeaHTb ee liaiuioHaabHue ocoSchhocth. BanaHise ho nee pyccxoS AHTepaTypu. Ha ocHoee *aKTiiHecKHX MaTepHaaoa hbtop noKa.ueaCT, to aaaa nepeaosaa pycCKaa oOmecTBeHiiaa mucab aymuae nminBeneHiia pyccKHX no3T0B h HHcaTeaefi. HX DeanHCTHqecKHe TpaaimHH BuaaK.me«yc« caTejno-npocBeTHTeaio H6paio A.iTUHcapH™v,EBMHKoMyHn o ^ HA6a^ ™ Zlaaee b ciatbe roBopHTca o bahhhhh pyccKoS KnaccmecKofl jiHiepa- \"a TBopnecTBo bhahux npeacTaBHTeaea aopeBoaiouHOHHofl KasaxexoS

TBOp<tecTBe coBpeMemihix xa3axcxHx npo3anxoB h noaroB, pa3Bimno pthx rpaaHUHfi. OTMeqaa cepbe3iiue aocthhcchhh b stoS o6.iacTH, amop craBHr ueaufi pn.i hobux 3aaaq a BonpocoB. B ue.iow M. Aysaon npHXoairr k 6ec- cnopHOMy BbiBoay o. tom, hto Ka3axCKafl peaaHCTH'iccKaa -imepaTypa, oc- . HOBM KOTopofl Cbi/iH saaowemj A6aeM, Ha pasawmbix aianax CBoero pas- bhthb omymaaa b.thbhhp pyccKOii .iHTeparypbr, ec Jiymnix TpaanuHfi. Oa- Hano pyccKO-itaaaxcKHe jnrrepaTypHbie cbsi3H ho Bceraa 6hjih oaHHaxoBbi. B aOpCBO.'IIOUHOHHHH nepHoa OHH 6bI.HI OaHOCTOpOHHHMH, h60 OTCTa.IblK B 3K0H0MHiecK0M H KyjibTypiiOM OTHOiueiiHH Ka3axcran lie Mor aaTb HHqero HOBoro h noBJiHBTb Ha Kyjibtypnoe pa3BHrae pyccxoro oOmecTBa, yuieauie- B coBercKyio snoxy, Koraa Bbipocna h oxpeiuia HOBaa Ka3axcKaa jihto- mioUrepan'pHbie cbsish npHiitum coBepiiieimo paTypa, namioHa.ibHan no (popMe, comia.ntCTHqecHafl no coaepwaiinio, jiii- xapaKTep. M. Ay330B b craTbe «OOmee jiejio cobgtckhx jiKTeparopoBb noapoSno pa3Bna Mbicjib o tom, hto b coBOTCKOfl -wrrepaType TBopqecioie bjihbhh>i HBaaioTcn npoueccoM He oaHOCTopomwM, a MHorocropoHHHM. 3Ty mhoto- cropoHHOCTb, Mnoroo6pa3Hc .iHTepaTypiihix cBH3eii oh CMHTaeT oaaoS ns npHHminuaabHbix, ochobhux ocoSeiiHOCTeft jnrrepaTypu couHa.racTiiMcoKorn pea.iii3Ma. B CTaTbfix «0 poManax HexoTOpbix Haimonaabiibix imcaTeaeft*, «0 xa- 3axcKOM jiHTcpaTypHOM H3MKe», «Ha nyiH k peajiHcraqecKoO jipaMe*. Hann- caHHbix 3a nocjieflHHe roan, M. Aya30B xacaeTcti axTvaabHefiniHX Bonpocoa nanieft JiHTeparypbi. OcoGoro BHHMaHim aacayjKBBaeT noc-ie/maa cTaTbs, Haniicamian Ha ocHOBe aoxaaaa, caenaiinoro Ha III PecnyGaHxaHcxoM Cbe3fle coBeTCKHx nKcaTeaeft Ka3axcTaHa. B sroft craTbe M. Ay»30B aaet coaepH<aTeJibHbifl oGsop xasaxcxofi apaviaiypraw, ana.TH3npyeT ee OTaeas- Hbie npoH3BeaenHH. BMecre c TeM oh ocTaHaMHBaercn Ha HexoTophix reope- THqecKHx npoGiiewax peajiHCTiiqecKoS apaMH. aeaHTca cbohmh mhphhhmho 11TBopqecKOM Hcn0Jib3OBanHH onhrra pyccxofi mhpoboH xaaccHqecKofl aoa- MaiyprHH, a Taxace ayqiiiHX cobctcxhx apaMaTyproB. K naTHaeCHTHaeTHio co aHa CMepTii A6aa Bcecoxonoe oGiaecrBO no pac- upocTpaiieiiHio nojiHTHqecxiix h HayqHbix 3iiaiiHS BbinycTH.io XHHry M. Ays- 30Ba «BeanxHft xa3axcxHii iiapoaiibifi host Aflaw KviianGacBB. Abtop pac- cKa3bmaeT o jkh3hh h TsopqecrBe AGaa, HaMeqaeT nyrn HCcaeaoBairaa ero M. AyssoB, BMecre c n. AiiToxoabcxHM h M. PbuibcxHM, Gua aBTopoM coaoxjiaaa Ha II Bcecoio3HOM cbe3ae coBeTCKHx nacaTeaeS «nepeBoau xy- aowecTBemioH .TMTcpaTypu napoaos CCCP». hobux (paKTax h BbiBoaax, o jkh3hh h TBOpqecxoii aeaTcabHocra A6aa. Be3yc,TO3iio, stot Tpya o6oraTirr He TO.ibxo aGaCRcaemie, ho h hbhtch hobnm CBHaere.TbCTBOM ycnexon xa3axcxoft kphthkh. M. AyssoB HBaserca xpyn- HeiiuiHM 3H3T0K0M KHprHSCKoro snoca «MaHac». Ero nepy npiiHaaaewHT caMoe Goabiuoe HccaeaoBaHHe 06 3noce. IIpe3HaHyM BepxoBHoro CoBeraCCCPB 1945 roav bmcoko oneiraaao.i- roaeTHHii, naoaoTBOpHMfl nHcareabCKHS h iiayqHHft Tpya M. Ay930Ba H Har- paana ero opaeHOM TpyaoBoro Kpacnoro 3HaMeiiH. A b 1949 roay aa poMan «A6aii» nncaTe.no npHcyiKaena CTa/iHiiCKan npeMHH nepBoS creneHH. B cciiTHfipe 1957 roaa ofimecTBeHnocTb pecnyCaiixH idhpoko OTMeqaJia 60-JieTHe co ahh powaeHHH h 40-JiCTHe TBopqecxoS aearejibHocTH CBoero bu- aaiomerocH nHcaTena. 3 tot loGHJiefl npeBpaTHaca b npa3flHHX xaaaxcxoii KyjibTyphi. C nojjMOCTKOB TeaTpOB 3Byqaan apHH H3 onep, naniicaiiHUX Ha jmfipcTTO M. Ay330Ba, cueiiu H3 ero nbec, MOHO-rorH H3 ero BejiHKo.iennoii anoncH. B sth hhh CTaao ocoGchho hcho bh/uio, xax MHoro caeaaji nHcaTcai,

.Tiifl pojwoB Kyjibrypu, jt.in ayxoBiioro pa3BHTHsi CBoero napo.ua. Flomuy iaa cepaenio h B3BOAHOBatino 3ByiajiH no3ApaBJieHHSi no CJiyqaio aarpam- aciih* M. Aya30Ba opaenoM JTemnia, no c-iyiaio npHcywaeiiHfl eMy 3Baan« :«ic.iy/Keniroro aeaTejin HayKH Ka3axcnofi CCP. Ho ne TcuibKO TBopqecrBy (xotp oho hbabotch raaBimM aejioM wh3h« imcaiejin) oraaercboii cimbi M. Av93ob. Iilnpon npyr era rpaxcaaHCKofiaes- rejibHociH. On—aenyraT BepxoBHOro CoBeTa named pecnySnHKH, uieHCo- DPTCKoro KoMnreia 3auuiTu MHpa, n.ieHpeaKoajiernn wypHajioB «HHOcrpaH- H3Hjurreparypax n «CoBercKoe BocTOKOBeaeHHe*, naen KoMHTera no npH- cyjKACHHio JlemiHCKiix npeMiifl, «Men flpeanaHyMa Coio3a coBercKHX mica- ■re-aeii CCCP. JTymnie npoiraBeaeima M. Ay330Ba o6oramira nainy Kyjibrypy, co- miajiHcmqecKyjo no coaepwamno, iiamiona.ibHyio no c[iopMe, h(5o ohii Bbipa- 3HJ1H AyXOBHbl^MOTpeOlIOCTII UIHPOKHX «aCC MHTaTOaCH, CHHCKa.IH JKMSoBt cokoBlecra, Kan cjiy*ennc CBoeMy napoay.

rAEMT MYCPEnOB TaGHT MycpenOB 3a cboc iio'ith TpHfluanuieTiiee AHiepaTypnoc tbop- ••lecTBOco3Aa.T p(M npoH3Be.aemn\"i. noavmiBiimx uiiipoKyio H3BecniocTb. ribe- obi MycpcnoBa. ero poMamj h paccKa3bi 3aHHMaiOT bhahoc Mecro b Ka3ax- CKOfi coBBTCKofi Ky.ib-rype. riepeBCAemibie Ha pyccKiiii si3biK itpOH3BCflemin micaTeJin CTa.m aoctohhhcm Bcecoio3noro uHTare-iH. Ero TpareflHH «Ko3bi- Kopneiu u Banii-Cjiy» GbiJia nocTaBaena Ha cueHax pyccKHX TeaTpoB u tc- aTpOB upyrHX GpaTCKHX pecnyGaiiK. PoMaH «CoJiaaT H3 Ka3axcrana» nope- iieaen Ha Miiornc hhukh b Cobctckom Coio3e h CTpaHax Hapoanoft aeMOK- I1poH3BeaeHHH TaGHTa Mycpcno na uiHpoKo OToGpaiKaiOT «H3in> 3axcKoro napoaa. B ero nucarcjib ckom aKTHBc — n|)OH3BeaeHHn, 3axcKoro napo/ia n X IX Bene, iibeca, oTpaJKaromaH coGuthh peBo.iioiiHOH- aoro nepHoaa, iipoH3BefleHHn o ..... hh coBeTCKU.x .iioaeii. ripeflCTaBHTe.il> cTapinero nc hhh Ka3axCKiix HHcaTeaefi I . Mycpe- hob CTanOBHTca CBHfleTeaeM Kpaxa Bcero CTaporo, KOCHoro, CBHflexeJieM KpyilHbIX CflBHI'OB B HCTOpH'ieCKOlI AeflcTBHTeflbHOCTH. Oh h caM y<iacr- ByeT b coflepiKare.-ibHOH, GoraTofl WH3HH cBoero BpeMeim. TaGiiT MycpenOB poflHJicd b 1902 rosy Ha TeppirropiiH HUHeumero ripecHoropbuoBCKoro pafiona Kycra- naficicoii oGaacTii. Otcu ero Ghji Kpe- crbHiiHiioM-GeflHHKOM. B 1916 ro;iy Gaii3KHe poflCTaemiiiKH yB03«T TaOa- Ta b yGaraHCKHfi pafioH h oraaiOT b pyccxyio umofly. Mepe.%,ma rofla npii ooflCHCTBHH yiHTe.™ Bexera OTCT.ieyoaa I'a6HT noeTynaer b TlpecHoropb- KOBCKyio iuko.iv . PeBoaiouHoimbTC roflbi oh npoBoflHT b 3T0fl liiKoae. flo3A- nee, b 1926— 1928 roaax, oOy'iacTcn ua pa6i))aKe b ropoae Opcii6ypre. /Ictctbo HHcaTejia npomjio b Ka3axcKOM ayjie. HMeimo Torfla oh no- -ny>iHji BcccTopoiiHee npeflCTaBJieime o narpiiapxa.ibKOM yx/iaae ay-nbiiofi

JKH3HH, boo'ihk) BHjieji boo necnpaiieAJiHBocTb OoraTbix k 6e«HbiM, pa3H0- oGpaaiiwe ipopMbi 3KcnjiyaranHH, ofliimnaHHe h 3af5«TOCTt KpecTbHHCTBa. C aeTCTBa .niahOMKTca on H c OoraTofl ycTHofi napoaiioB no33nefi.' C BAoxiioBCHHGM H jiioSoBbio aacjiviniiBaerca powaeiiiibiMH KpuaaTofl (baara- 3Hefl napoaa BOJimeOHbiMH CKa3KaMH, neciiflMii h nosMaMH, yBJieKaeica nccHHMii A6aa, a 3arcM, b nepnoa yqe6u na pa6$aKe, — npoH3BeaeiiHHMH riyuiKHHa, JlepMOHTOBa, KpuJioria h no3)KCToacroro, roro.ia, flocrocBCKO- ro a MexoBa. OcoOemio 3axBaraBaeT ero MaxcHM TopbKHfi. riocjie pa6ct>aKa PaOHT oCyaacTcn b Omckom cejibcK0X03aBcTBeHH0M HHCTHTyre, pafioTaer na orBeTCTBewibix nocTax b Ka3axcKOM rocyaapaBea- hom ii3aarcjibCTBe a HapoanoM KOMHcoapaaie npoceewemm; 3aTCM ciano- BHTca pcaaKTopoM ra3eTbi «Couua.iHCrin Ka3aKCTau» h iipoaceaareaeMKo- MHTera no fleaaM hckvcctb, B sth roan oh aKTHBiio yqactByeT bo Bcex MeponpHflTiiax Ky.ibTyptioro (bpoirra. BcTvnaa Ha .iiiTepaiypnoe nonpnuie b nepnoa KOHifcHCKauHH HMyiue- cTBa -II,i H KyaaaecTBa 11 KonjicKTHEHsauHii cejibcxoro x03Hf(CTBa, Mycpc- noB oflpamaci biiaMaiiue, npewne Bcero, na BaiKiieiiniHe coShthsi Tex aer. B KOHue20-x h iiaqa.ie 30-x roaos MycpenoB nannca.1 «Koc II]a.ncap», clynopu-ibics, «BecnpepbiBHb!fi pocr», «TyiiHCJib», «Ilo6eiK;tciiHUii ecpa- c|niab», «UIar Ha3aa, ana inara anepea» (noaaHee 3Ta noBecrb China Hane- 'laTana non na3BaHHeM criepBue inarm). BbiuuiH ero paccxa3u «Coceaa H3 cHiiero ao.Ma», «Ck33kh « h3hh» h up. Bee bth npoH3BeaeHHH oipawa- B nexoTopbix npoH3BeneHHHx xasaxcKofl JiiiTepaTypu, nocBamemrax nepBona'iaabHOMy nepnony KOjixo3Horo CTPoiireiibCTBa, bcc BHiiMaHae yae- aaaocb SKOHOMHxe Ktyixo3noro xo3HftcTea H K-iaccOBofl 6opb6e b ayjie 11 ynycxa-iHCb h3 bhay iraMeHeima b riciixo-iormi cbmhx KpecTbHH. H3o6pa*eHHe sboukmuih ncHxoaoraH jih'ihocth 3aHHMaer 3naqiiTe.u- Hoe Mecro b npon3BeneHKHX I\". MycpenoBa Ha TeMy Koaxoanoro crptw- TejibCTBa. B oniihx h3 3thx nOBecrefi h paccuaioB 6h.i oro6pa*en Ha- HaabHbiS nepuoa KOMeKTHBH3auHH, KaaccoBofi 6opb6u («Koc UlajKap*. «CoeeflH H3 CHHero A0Ma», «nepBue uiarn*), b npyrax— noKa3aHU xap- thhu y*e^oil)opMHBUiHXCH K0.1X030B, HOBan >KH3Hb ayna (*Tynopbuiue>. Paccxa-.i «Koc Uia.'iKap* TO'mee Cbi.io 6u na3BaTb xynoxiecTBeHiimi oqepxoM. B new npucyTCTByiOT yqacTHHKii co6biTHit. ko nx nofiywnetniH orincbiBaiOTca BHe cb»3h c y3.qoBhiMH KOHifcjiHKTaMH. riHcaTe-ib oSphcobh- Bacr !KH3Hb BnepBue co3aaBaeMoro b Ka3axcTaHe Ko.ixo3a b ypoqHBie Koc LUb.ii.-Hp. I. n:iq.3.ie rroii inenciiiin oh 3hbkomht qm-aTe.™ c 6aeM Ka- cumom, KoropoMy npH«aiwe!KHT 3tot npexpacHbia yroaoK npHponu, h ua ipOHe SToro Oora-rcTBa noKa3biBaer miraai, pasopemiux 6enn*K0B Bpoa» KyceHa. Bo btopoB qacni oqepita naccKaauBaercH o B03HHKiioBeiiHH kohxo- 3a Ha toh we Caaronanioi) 3eMjie. o paaoerH TpyweHHKa. B.ianeiouien eio. UIhpoko h conepware-ibno piicvctcb wH3iih nepBoro Ka3axcxoro koji- X03a, noKa3HBaeTca hobuh avJi. 3naqHT<yibH(ie Mecro b stom paccKa3e ot- BOflHTCH onacaiiHio npHponbi b Teciiofl cbhsh c iiepewiiBaHHHMH nepcoHa- Boaee no-iiio I\\ MycpenoB pacKpuBaeT TeMy KOJiaexTHBraauHH ? CBoeM nepaoM 6o.ibuiOM paccKa3c «riepBbie inarH>, nocBsiuieHHOM KJiacco- Boii 6opi.fie, BpeaHie-ibCKHM aKTaM CaeB h KyjiaqecTBa h CopbOe c hhmh SeaHHUKHx Mace. PoaoBHTUH 6aii Ecuabfiaii, Bce eme nojibsyionjHiicH HeorpaHHqeHBOfl BJiacTbio b ayae.- iienpiiMiipHMuii Bpar. KOjixo3Horo crpoHTejibcTBa. Euy yflaerca npoBecTH Ha nocr npeacenaTcaa npaBjieHHH Ko.ixo3a omioro hi

qepHbie 3aMbic.ra—pacmaTUBacT lieaaBHO opraHH3oaaHHoc koaxoshoo xo- 3aScTBo, rpa6«T o6mecTDeimoe HMywecTBo, aoboaht aprejib ao noAiioro pa- 30peilHH, AAH Toro -IToObl npHIIVAHTb KpeCTbBH 0TK33aTbCH 01 KO.'1/IOKTH• BH33UHH. EcH.ibfiaii — HSBOpoTJiHBufi, KOBapHuB H CTpauiHbiif Bpar, He pa3o6AaqeHHbiii h He norepHBUiHfi ewe csoero bahhhhh Ha tcmhux, nojiM- THHecKH ne3pe.'ibix xpecThHii, Koropbie ckaokhu npHCAyuiHBaTbCii k era cjiOBaM. EcHJibfiaft xopomo 3iiaeT, xoraa h Kan npoBOAHTb upeCTyrmyio ara- rauHRj cpcah OAHocc.ibqaH, yMeeT npHTBOparbca CMiipeniibiM, 6e3o6HAHbiM, cepAoOonbHbiM h 0T3biB'iHBbiM 'lejioBeKOM. Ot jiHCHBbJX yBepeHH# oh nepe- xoaht k npsmoB arHTaiiHH nponiB KOHX033. EcHJibCali lie oahiiok. Ha ero cropone Myjuia Cyrep, kotopuii Taxwe CTpeMHrea 3aayrarb BepyiouiHx. FIpoTHB npoucKOB KJiaccosbix BparoB BhiCTynaer rpynna koaxo3hhko» bo rjiaBe c KanupoM h KapiiMOM. B paccxa3e oco6eHH0 oCaaTeaeii o6pa3 Kafipipa. CKyno HapHcosaHiibiii. oh xeM He Menee ocranAser aneqaTAeHHe uejieycTpeMJieiuioro, cnono0Horo, He fioiiwerocn TpyAHOCTefi qeAOBexa.' Ka- Phm xoth h yqacTByeT bo Bcex 3HaqHTeAbiibix co6mthhx, ho ash 6onee cxe- Csoeo6pa3eH y.eroA rwcaTe-ia b co3jauHH o6pa30B xoaxo3hhxob. SIpxo pHcyer oh TaKiie o6pa3hi, nan HanpHMep, iiHcapq >I<aHTiJKa. xojixo3hhkob AKana h KuitiiaaraHa. C fioAbuiofi xyaowecTBeHHOH BUpasHteabiiocTbio nucaTCAb pacCKaabiBaeT o koaxo3hux coopaiiHHX opraHH3aKHOiuioro nepuo- Aa. MeTKHe, iioaahhho napoAHbie cAOBa. npou3HociiMue Ha coCpaiiHax, ray- 6oko xapaKTepHsyiOT o6pa3bi Ge3biMmiHbix repoeB, nona3WBaiOT poor hx HOAHTHqecKoro co3iiaiiHH. JlnaAorH MacTepcKH nepeAaioT HactpoenHe Macc. B fiecnoKoficra.; KpecTbHH 3a AeAa Koaxo3a. 3a oCuiecTBemibie CoraTCTsa xopoiuo owyma- iotch qepTti iipoOywAaiouiHXCH xoaneB. no peqeBOMV xoAopHry a HacTpoe- hhio fiefliioTU, npHcyTCTByiowefl Ha coOpaHHH, qaTareAb cyaHT o 3apow- AaioiHeMCH b Maccax miTepece k 3Ao6oaneBHbiM noAHTHqecKHM BonpocaM. B pacci<a3e BbiBeACiiu ABa hrkhx o6pa3a. Ohh, caobho 6jiH3Heuu, Ha- CTp.ibK0 noxoHCH Apyr na APVra, hto hx moikho 6uao 6u npHHHTb aa oahh o(5pa3. Bot xapaKTepHCTHKa 3thx nepcoHa»efi. KufiiiaAraii h Axaii o6a npocrCAywiiue, o6a «xpoMbie», o6a «cAenbie», o6a «Aypiibie». (noujAemb— nofiAyr, CAOBa He CKamyr, ho buiioahht no- pyqeHHe). Hh c-iOBa no-pvccKH, hh rpaMOtu no-ita3axcKH—Bee mhmo hhx npoxoAHT. Be3poaoTHue b TpyAe, 6e3OTBeTHue b 6brry, ohh h c nop- M3MH BHpafiOTKH CnpaBAHAHCb UiyTH. A bot nopTpeT Axana: «nocKOAbKy aawe caMhie BCCKHe apryMentbi He aocththah ueaH, Axa« cnepBa iiaAeA myfiy, CBepxy naxiwyA Kymi (bcpxhhh oAeWAa c noAKAaa- xoft H3 Bep&iiowbero hah OBeqbero pvHa), CBepx hx HaTHHyA xaijn-aH. Ha- xao6yqHB noBepx Bcero TyMax (wanxy), nepenoscaAca HaTyro xroxanbiM peMiieM h oTnpaBHAca na no<raoe AewypcTBO. B raxoM BHAe Axan xoiiqHxa- mh ycoB He nomeBeABA 6bi. naBaAHCb Ha Hero BMecTe Biarue xoAOAa noa- crynoB ChOhph, caMofl Ch6hph. AaAbHefi Ch6hph h Boo6me accstkob Ch- fiiipeii. JlHUib oahoto CAeAOBaAO onacatbca— ynaaH Akbh, nocKo-ibanyo niHCb iia Aopore, eMy bpha ah VAaAOCb 6u caMocTOHTCAbno noAHHTbCH». Hpkhmh xapaxTepHMMH uiTPHxaMH sbtop Bocco3AaeT ueabHbie H npaB- AHBue o6pa3bi sthx abvx AioAefl. whbux, caobho BbiXBaqeHHbix H3 caMofi ryWH HapoAa, nepcona>xeft. noAo6Hbie Axasy H Kbiflnajiranv ycAVJKAHBue unpocToibHAHs Bcrpc- qaAHcb panbuie b aio(Som ayAe. Ohh 6uah TepneAHBbi. TpVAOArofiHBbr, ho yriieTemioe noaojKoniie h HHmeHCKoe cyweCTBOBahHe ewe SoAbrne ycyryO- AHAO HX npOCTOBaTOCTb h HeyKAiowecTb. HyBCTBa qeAOBeqecxoro AOCTOHHCTBa v 3thx saCHTWX ii H3MyqeHHhiv

wii3Hbio aroaefi naimiaiOT npoOywaaibCH c ycTaHoBjemieM CobmckoS BJiacni. P. MycpenOBc iiphcvuwm eMy iiiacTepcTBOM noKa3wnaer nocreneH iiiie iipiioOmeiiHe k hoboh jkh.hi h Anana h K«iina.irana. Ohh uaiHnaioT npiicMaTpHBaTbca k oKpy*aioiniiM hx KonxoBHHKaii, oco3HasaTb ce6» xo- aaenaMHnojio*eiiHH, a 3aTeMco3HaTeabiio, aKTHBHOBnatO'iaioTca b kmxob- IUkpoko H3BecTHUMnpoH3BeaenneM P. MycperiOBa Ha Koaxo3Hyio Teuy atuneicii «Tynopbuiue». B stom paccKa3e riHca-reab nona3UBaeT Honoe b KOPXO3HO0 *1131111 II le H3MGH0HII3, KOTOpue IIPOH30IU.1H B IICHXOAOrilll KpecTbHii. Ka3axCKHe KpecTbmie no ofii.eaimeiiHH b kojixo3 aoaiKHU 6uaa CTOJIKHyTbCfl C pa3JIHmlblMH HOBUleCTBaMH. flo cero BpeMGHH K0J1X03 «Hi>- Bhifi nyrb» HMea aeao c 'iCTUPbMa BiiaaMH cxoTa. CunHefi Ka3axH He npii- 3HaaaaH, h Bapyr imthm bhaom pBiiaocb cTaao -rynopuaux jkhbothhx. Biieapeime b xosuBctbo cnHHOBoacTBa aoawHo Oujio conpoBomaanca pa3- pyuieHiieM h npeoaoaeHiieM cTapux, kochhx peannio3iiux npeapaccyaKOB, B Cliay KOTOpUX CBHHbH CTHraJiaCb HeiHCTUM WHBOTHbIM. B paccxa3e nacareab He xapaKreproyeT cbohx repoeB TiiiaTeabuo a nocaeaoBaTeabHo, a aaeT hx b aerimx 3apncoBKax. Hapaay c BbrneaemibiwH b o6uihx leprax itmrvpaMii CaaeHa h Ecena oh BBoaHT oOpasu 6e3biMHH- hux npeaciaBHTeaeii mace h riOKa3UBaei cjimkhuB npouecc H3MeHemia BaraaaoB aioaefi h upeoaoaeima yKopeHiimunxca nepcwHTKOB CTaporo npii IIOMOIUH TO'IHblX, WH3HeHHO-aOCTOBepHblX, HpKMX aHaflOrOB. B 1934 roay MycpenoB nanHcaa uinui paccKaaoB o MarepH, b kotc- PhB oh Bmnoqiia iaK*e n cboh BO.ibHhic nepesoau «HTaabHHCKHX CKa3m» M. PopbKoro. B paccK33ax iiHcare.ia, nocBflmeiiHbix ua-repH Ka3auiKe, bha- ho CBoeo6pa3Hoe noapa*aHHe P3hh€my (KiMaHiH3My ropbKoro, TpH h3 hhx: «Grapaa MaTb», «Pa3raeBaHnan MaTb», s[loa 3anun-oil Ma-repH», bo mho- iom nanoMHHaioT «HTajibHuctiHe cKa3K«»'. B yie6e,r. MycpenoBa y PopbKoro npoanii.-iHCb CMeaue hohckh hobo- ro, caMo6uTHoro B poMaHTHieCKOM H3o6pa*eHHH AefiCTBiire-ibiioCTii. H3 ero paccK33on o MaTepH mo* ho BtiacjiHTb paccxa3 «CTapaa waTb», rae pea.ui3M ray6oKO co'ieTaeTCH c poMainmofl. 3th paccKa3U b cBoe BpeMH HMe.-w ycnex. Ohh curpaiw noaowmeab- siyio po-’ib b nepHoa CTaiioBaeiiHH Ka3axcKoB coBercKOii npo3u. Ho ohh. pa3yMeercn, lie HBHJmcb BepuiHHOfi b TnopMec-ree hx aBTopa. yaaiHUM, no- Ka33BIUHM POCT MaCTepCTBa XyaO*HHKa, HBH.'ICSI BKJlIOieHHLlfi B 9T0T UHKa b roau Bofliibi pacc«a3 «PepoHHH-MaTb». b kotopom oficTaiioBKa h 4>Hrypu liaUlHX COBpCMeilHHKOB— COBCTCKHX ,HOAefl— Blipa3HTC.lbIlbl H KOHKpeTHH. T. MycpenoB— Mac-rep HOBeaabi. Ero oaccK33bi komuo3huhohho crpoS- hu, hx iiaefiHo-TCMaTH'iecKoe coaep*aHiie KoiiKperao. H3o6pa3BreabHHe cpeacraa Hcnoab30Banu c hybctbom wepu n TaKTa. KpaiKoii penaHxoS. MeiKHM caoBOM noaiepKHBaeT oh HHoraa caMoe xapaK-repHoe b cbohx re- poax. CoBepuieHCTBya CBoe MacrepcTBo Ha paccKa3ax h iicCoabuiHX nose- cthx, nncaTeab CTpeMHTCH uepeftiH k 6oaee KpymiuM *aHpaM; MHoromj vihtch, MHoroe iimer. y*e b ero nepBUX pacci;a3ax 'lyBCTByiOTCH 3aaaTK« TaaaHTaHBoro apaMaTypra. Oh npe*ae scero MacTep anaaora. Kaxoe ero npoH3Beaeime He B3HTb, MycpenoB b peaax nepcona*efi sicho pacKpu- naer hx xapaicrepu. Oh VMeeT BuroaHO Hcnoab30Ban> apaMaromecKyio 33- iiH3Ky, onHcaHHe dbicrpo h 6vpho npoxoaaimix coSmthB. ilpaMa-nwecKHe vaeMeimi oco6eHHo 3aMenibi b ero pacci<a3ax «Pa3rneBamiaH MaTb», «Cra- paa MaTb» h apyrax. A oraejibHue raaBbi paccKa3a «riepBue uiara» npocrf nanoMHHaioT cueHHiecKOe aeficTBHe, nacaTeab ocTaBaaeT 3aecb aeropcKoe

nonccjBOBaime 11 noKa3UBaer coCunra 11 koiiiIi.ihktu >icpe3 AnaAora nepco- TaKaa MaHepa nncbMa CBWAexeAbcrBver o ero no/irorouKe k omiaAe- hhio hobumh wanpaMH. TaCHT MycpenoB— oahii H3 3a<iHHaTMefi Ka3axcicoii coBeTCKoii Apa- MaTyprHH. Ha>iaB c npo3hi, HOBejui, MycpenoB b 30-e roan npoGyer cboii chjibi b apa.MaTH>iecKHX np0H3BC,neHH!ix. llepBUM ero TBopemieM Gbino ah- Operro njia MysHKaAbHofi m,ecu «Kbi3-/Kn6eK» (bhocacactbuh npespamen- Hoe B AHfiperro OAHOHMeiiHoft onepu). My3biKaAbHah apawa «Kw3->kii0eKo — oano ii3 nonyAapHbix h aioGhmux napoaoM npoH3BcaeHHH. B CBoeii ntece Apaniarypr, HcnoAb3yn Bapiiaur impoAHoft noanu, 3anHcaHHbiS My- cyn6eKOM Ulefixiic-naMOBbiM, OTfipacbmaer 3aAO*enHVio b iieM aiia'ionno aMeHrepcTBa (nepexoA baobu bmccto c HMymecrBOM bo BAafleime 6ah- waftmero poACTBeHHHKa Myxca) h yciiAHBaeT mothbm cboGoakoiT afoGbii, riocAe «Kn3-^<H6eK» MycpenoB cBoe ocnoBHoe BHHMaHHe yaeAaeT co3AaHHio ApaMaryprHuecKHX npoH3BeAeHHft. B Ka'iecTBe TeMbi oh H36Hpa- eT nanGo-iee HiiiBOTperteinymne, 3iia'iiiTe.'ibHbie b hctophh Ka3axcKoro Ha- poaa coCbiTHH. B 1936 rojy on muneT nbecy o napoAHOM repoe AMaiireAb- A« HMaHOBe. Ho srra OoAbUiaa TeMa He cpasy yAaeTCH imcaieAio. K Heii imcaTCAb B03BpamaeTCH cnycTH' 'lerbipiiafluaTb act, HaKonwa Go-ibuiofi oiiut TBopnecKoft pa60Tbt. B 1939 roAy 1. MycpenoB C03AaeT TpareAHio «Ko3n-Kopnem h EauH- Cay», a b 194! roay — ApaMy «AxaH-cepe— Aktoktm*. FTepBaa HarincaHa no MOTHBasr H3BeciHofl Hapoanofi hosmu o bcahkoBak>6bk AByx moaoahxaio- Aeft, a BTopan—o 3tiaM0HHToM Ka3axcKoMneBueh KOMno3Hiope. OGa npoH3Be- AeiiHH HBii.'iHCb KpyniibiM AOCTHJKeHiieM K83axcKOH coBeTCKoii ApaMaTypmM. Ohh OKa3aAH SoAbUioe bahhhhc Ha pa3BHTHe Haiuero cuemmecKoro HCKyc- CTBa. OCe nsecbi HamicaHbi b poMaHTHiecnoM ayxe. riocae hhx MycpenoB nepexoAHT K cosAaunio peaAHCTH'iecKiix npoioBCAeHHH. B roAbi boAhm oh rmmer nbecy «FIoakobhhk Hvaob*. Iio b hcB cKa3aA0Cb neAOCTaTomioe 3iiainie (JipoiiTOBoii hch3hh, nbeca HeAOAro npoAepwaAacb na cuene. npoH3- BCAenHeM, nariiicaHiibiM b Avxe comiaAHcraiecKoro peavnmta, BepHo oTpa- 3hbuihm BawiiefluiHe HCTopHnecKHe co6mthh, hbhach HOBbift BapnaHT Apa- mh «AMaiireJibAiu»- Ta6HT MycpenoB — 'leaoBeK TBop'iecKHX HCKaiiHfi. Ho ero hobum npo- 3aK‘iecKHM HAH ApaMaTHqecKHM npOH3BeACHHHM M03KHO CyAHTb, K3K HHCa- TeAb, nocrenemio coBepinencTByH CBoe xvaoiKCCTiseiiHoe MacrepcTBO, pac- niHpHeT MacuiraObi H3o6pawaeMbix coGmthB. r.ayGoKO BHHxaer b hx oGme- CTBeHHo-HCTopHnecKyio cvib. B ochoby TpareAHH «Ko3bi-Kopneiu h Batm-Caya AerAa OAHOKMeiiiiasr noaMa o aio6bh, 3acAyJKHBinan mHpOKyio nonyAHpHOCTb cpeAH Ka3axOB a coceACTByroinnx c hhmh napoAOB. Oaa HMeer HecKOAbKO BapiiaHTOB, Kaw- Abin H3 hhx HeceT Ha ce6e ornenaTOK pa3AHHHbix snox, B3rAHAOB pa3AHi- HHx o6mecrBeHHbix npocAoeK. HeMaAO b hhx HaHOcnoro, qyiKAoro napoAy. Ho bo bccx BapnaHTax, pacnpocTpaHHBiuHXcs b napoAe, BOcnenaeTCH crpa- CTiian Ato6oBb h 6e33aBeTnaH APV*6a, paecKa3biBaeTCH o TpareAHH neyAaii- rneiicH akjCbh, pa3o6AaqamTCH HOCHTeAH kociIux, BpawAeSiibix cha. B CBoeii nbece ApaMaTypr He HAeT CAeno no cronaM iiapoAHoii nosMu. a, HcnoAb3ya ocHOBHbie co6mthh, no CBoeMy HHTepnperapyeT hx. B nbece coxpaHaercH h hacSho 3aocTpaeTCH BCe Ayquiee, neMOKpaTHinoe, mo HMeeT- ch b napoAHofl nosMe. A btop yrAyG.'iaeT xapaKTepu, ycHAHBaer inofipawe-

line 6opi>6bf mokav HaciusieM h qeAOBexoaraGHeM. bboaht irocbio o6p33h. xax, nanpHMep, XaiiThixa h >KapKbina, yray6aacT npoTHBopesHfl Hnanpn- WeHKOCTb co6mth0. B o6pa3C luaMCHKofi aioCdh ab.vx moaoaux aioacB aBTopnpexAe Bcero BocneoaeT hhctotv ayiuii, repoH3M, Avqnme qepnj npeacTaBHreaeB napoaa. Ko3U-Kopneux h BaaK-Cfly— nepeaoBaa MOiioaewb cBoero BpeMemi. flpaMarypr pa30&ia>iaer npejicraBHreaeS rocnoACTBYioiuero <|>eoflaAL- noro xaacca. Hepe3 o6pa3H KapaGaa. )Kanraxa, KoAapa oh tobopht o He- cooTBercTBHH cymecTBOBaBiuHx Ha nporaKeHiw aojiroro BpeMeiiH naTpaap- xaabHO-AOMOCTpoeBCKHX 3aK0H0B, oGbiqaeB ibeoaaabiioro oGmecTBa a aa- crux noMbieaoB nepeaoBbix .noaeii, kx CTpeMAeimfi k cbbtaoh ikh3iih. Pa3yMeeTca, b stoS TpareaiiH Her KJiaccoBofi 6opb6bi. OcHOBHaa Haea, ueab rparcttHH—ttbcpwachhc cboGoam ahhiiocth ae-iOBCKa, cboGoaw aioGbk. B caeTe GopbGu npeacTaBHTeAeS hmvlhhx miaccoB c nepeaoflofi cbo6oaojiio6hbo0 MoaofleWbio asrop pacxpbiBaeT cyulHoCTb (peoAaabHoro naacca. Heo6y3Aaniiaa aaaaocTb k GoraTCToy, noraotHBUiaa Bee hh- Tepecw KapaGaa, KOphiCTO-'iKiCanbie npoiicxH JKaHTbixa, ae ocTaaaBAHsaio- lueroca hh nepea xaxHMH npecTyn-ieimsMa. noKa3Hoe TiuecaaBae, rpyGocn* a 6e3ayume Koaapa—Bee sto Bocco3flacT oGahk npeacraBaTeaeS 4>eo- flaabHoro xaacca. Bot 3ih-to oficToaie.ibcrBa noaHHMaioT 3naqemie nbecbt o aioObh AByx cep.ieu no SHaaeiiaa HCTopirtecxoro naMHTHHKa, BOcnpoH3ao- Anurero ofiasiKTowaumero oGmecTBa c ero coimaabHUMH B3raaAaMHa ncH- Coxpaaaa HaeSayio ochobv h raaBaeaiuae coGhthh .aapoannaecKoS no3MH, niica're.ab bboaht iioubie nepcoHajxn, HOBue 9nH30Abi a' oiGpacu* BaeT Miiorae cueHU, BCTpeqaioiunecn r aaaer Koaapa aa ayn KapaGaa, noroHa BaaH 3a rpa6iiTenHMn, GopUSa Ko3u 3a qecrb Baaa a ap. 3th H3MeHeiiHHHe HapvmaioT, OAHaKO, hh rapMOHHH, hh komiioohrhok- •100 CTpoftHOcra nbeCH. HaoOopoT. ohh ycaaiiBaiOT ee ApaiaaTraM. Maoro BbiarpiJuaeT nbeca ot roro, qTO aBTOp BbiGpachmaeT TaxHe amraoAbi. Kan apaObiTHe Kosu-Kopneraa noA bhaom qaGaiia b aya Baan, s y UIok- Tepexa h BOCKpeiueHiie Koau-Kopneuia, BCTpeqaiouiHeca b iiapoAHux JKecTOKocTb h cxynocTb KapaGaa ouivmaeTca cpasy a o oTKpbmm 3aaaaeca. CraHOBHrca hcbo, noqeMy Taxofl 'le.ioKeK o Baan 3aMyat 3a aioChmoi-o Ko3H. Ee noaowemie yxyau JKaHTuxa. «To.ibK0 th wowenib nafiTii ee!.. Otmiuh. h : noao-ieiiHeM qyMbi c HMeiiew Baan! H36aRb we, Aa Gyact npoioiaTO hmh bt wecTBa!> roBopm- KapaGafl XanrUKv. «noTpy*ycb, Kapexe... norpywycbs, —toboput XaiiTbin, b 3THMCBOK) rOTOBHOCTb lia JIlOGyiO nOABOCTb. B 3T0T MOMeBT BOaMHIOTCa MaKnaa h KyHeneii —m,itcpi: Ko3u-Kopnema h BaHH-Cay, uanoMBHaKi- WHe KapaGaio 06 ero aobhcm oGemauHn BtuaTb BaaH sa Ko3H-Kopneuia. Kapafiafi KareropHnecKH OTKaaHBaCTca ero BunoBiniTb. Tan npoTHB cboGo- m AHBHOCTH BaaH flcraer onpeAeaeimaa rpynna, cnaoHCHHaa CBoeS koc- HOCtblO. B nepBofl ace KapTHne nHcateab noKa3biBaeT h APyrHX HOCHTeae0tcm- hob chah, nocaraiomHX na ambhocti, BaaH. 3to— KoAap, AflAap HTaHKbi. KOAap, ae cyMeBiBHfl noAqHHHTb Baan cBoe0 boac, coBepuiaer rpaGHreAb- ckhr Haaer Ha aya KapaGaa. TaK y*e b nepBOMAeflCTBHH nbecu noxasM- Baiorca abb rpynntj Aioaefi, havuwx bpothb BaaH. C TaxoS we hchoctbio

oGpHCOBbiBaioTCH nepconawH, npoTHBo.iefiCTuvioiuHe hm. B ncpBofi KapxHiie BasiH y3HacT ot annua JKapKbma o wh3hh Kosbi-Kopneuia. rio tomy, nan OHa OXHOCHTC8 K 3TOMV H3BeCTIIIO, MOJKHOCYflHTb O TOM, 1|T0TOncpp Basin hsiito He OTjiyaHT or AioOHMoro Koau. Bo bxopoB KapTime aBTop 3>iaK0- mht 3pHTejieft c Ko3bi-KopnemeM. HyBCTByeTca, mo oh ropsnio aioGiit BasiH H we ocTaHOBHTCH hh nepeA 'lein, qrofiu Gam. c Heii BMecxe. CoGuraa, no- .aymiBiUHe npomyio 3asH3KV. 3aXBaxuBaiox 3PHxe.'!H h 3acxaBAaiox ero c iianpajKomicM WAaTb paaiinaKH. B aaJlbHeflmeM aBTop euie Gonee yCHAHBaex ocxpoxy coCwTHii. I<03bi- Kopnern h BasiH-Cay BCxynaioT b GopbGv c AeRcxByiomHMH npoxHB hhx ch- aaMH H nocxeneHHO o.xoaenaiOT BparoB. Ho b sxoii 6opb6e caMbiM onacHUM HBAaexca XaiixbiK, h6o noneMHOry Koaap h KapaGaR oTCTynaiOT Ha 3a«- hhh ii.'ian. Ko3u-Kopneuiy yaaexca « ^)H3HiecKH h MopaabHO no6eAHXb Ko- aapa, XHnHHHbiMH qepxaMH Koxoporo bbahiotch rpvOan ciuia, TeMHbie uo- Co3HaHHe cbocB BHiibi noGywAaex Koaapa ycTynHTb conepiiHKy. nocTe- neHHO OTCTynaeT h KapaOaft. Ka3aaocb Gbi, <ixo MioGaciiHue, noGeaHB b OTKpbixoft GopbGe cbohx rJiaoiibix BparoB, aoawiih Guam coeAHHHxbca, ho ohh TpanmecKH rH6HyT H3-3a KOBapubix npoHCKOB CBoero cupbiToro Bpara— BopbGa npoTHB Ko3bi-Kopnema h BaaH-Cjiy— 3to h oxKpuxhie Ha- aaflKH Koaapa h KapaGaa h tavGoko 3aMaCKHpoBaiiHbie khtphth )Kanxbi- Ka. BopbGa 3a pacKpenoweHHe ahhhocxh h cboGoay aioGbh HB-isiexca b nbe- ce He TtyibKo CopbGoii c napxHapxaAbH0-<t>eoAaAbHoB BAeoAorHeii h otjkh- BaiouiHMH npaBOBbiMH ycxoHMH. ho h co BceS oCmecxBeHHofi, couaaabHOH HaeoaorHefl xoro BpeMeHH. Ctpos ApaMaxHaecxyio koaah3hio Ha rjiyfiOKOii HCxopHMecKoR ocHOBe, aBxop cyMeji pacuiHpHXb oGmeCTBeinioe, coiwajibiioe 3iia'ieiuie CBoero npoH3BeaeiiHsi. OGpa3 Baan H3aaBHa H3Becxeii Hapoay no norryaapHoft nosMe. B mma- xhh Hapoaa BaaH-Cay — chmboa ropaacB. 6e33aBexHofl npeaaiiHocxH, Ha- CToauiefl aioGbh. IlHCaxeAb nojiHOCXbio coxpanaa jiyaniHe AOcxoHHCXBa BaaH. Ho on MeHaex b CBoefl nbece HeKoxopue, BecbMa cymecxBeiiiiue moxhbh- POBKH COGbIXHfl. B HapoAHofi nosMe «Ko3bi-Kopneui h Baan-Cjiys jno6oBb bhboahxch Kax aBneHHe <|>axanb!K>e, ofivcJioBjieHiioe «eweKa6hiAOM» (cxapHHHbiB oGbi- ■lafi AoroBapHBaxbCa o noMOABKe weHHXa h HeBecxbi ao hx posKfleima). Mo- .xoAbie jhoah, npeflHa3iia'ieHHbie APVr APvrv poAHxeaaMH, aoawhbi Gmah noAioGiiTb APVr APVra HeH3Ge«Ho. A b nbece aaoiHyro aioGoBb acbvujkh ApaMaxypr o&bacnaeT BnoAHe peasibHo. OHa B03HHKaex nepBonaaa.xbHO nan HHxepec k cyjKenoMy, Kax wejiaHHe VBHAexb weiiHxa, xax cipeMjieiiHe ko BCeMy CBexaoMy b WH3HK k ncpexoAm- b nacxoamee CHAbHoe hvbctbo. KorAa AeByuixa, yBHACB kjhoihv. hbxoahx b Ko3bi-Kopneuie cboB naeaA. Xapaxxep BasiH Hofioa.i b ceGa jiviuiHe qepxbi CBoero HapoAa. /IroGnRb k Ko3bi-Kopnemy ne mojkcx Gbixb noHHTa b OTPhiBe ox CTpeMAeHHfi BaaH ko BCeMy npexpacHOMy, coexAOMy. Rjix aee Ko3bi-Kopneui noewAC BCero •laxoBeK Hpc3BbmafiHofl 'mcToxbi avuih. cnpaBeAAHBOcxH, xpaGpocxii, onopa 6e33aBlHTHblX. BucoKOAHpnqHuB h b xo we BpeMa BnoaHe anniecKHii o6pa3 Baan bo- ujioiuaex b ce6e Av«mine qepxu Ka3axcKofi fleayuiKH. «Moraa ah a Aawe BcnoMHHXb o cMepxa. ecAH 6bi xbi 6ua wrbI.. Toraa a Becb mhp Moraa 6u oGnaXb ox caacxba... 3 roTOBa Gujia oGAaciian. Kaw- -Ibili AHCToaeK... Cnexb paAOCXHyio necHio KawAoS xpaBHHKe...», — tobopht Baan nepeA CMepxbio, MbiCAeHHO oGpauiaacb k Ko3bi-Kopneoiy. B xpare- ahh BaaH — repOHaecKaa Haxypa, yMeiomaa Copoxbca 3a cBexaue HaeaAU, CMeAbift hcjiobok, 3HeprHHHbift Gopeu. Oila 6e3 cxpaxa ycxpeMAaexca b no-

roHio 3a orpaOiiBMHM ee ayji Koabpom. floSAHee. Koraa Kapa6aio yaaerca oOMaiiyTb Ko3bi-Kopnenia h OTKOMCBaTb b HeraBeCTHOM HanpaBAemm, OHa neacT 6opb6y c KoaapoM, BbicKa'ibiBaa npn stom bcio cboio CH.iy h ynop- OOpaa Basil y MycpenoBa othkvu> lie nporaBope*iHT npanse whshh: repoHaecKae nocrynKH cobepiua.iHcb aeByrnKaMH KaaauiKaMH h b re <naa- .leHHbie BpenteHa. B repoHiecKOM anoce iiapoa co3aaBaji o6pa3u fieccrpam- Hbix, aiieprH'iHbix repoHHb, h bthmh McpTaMH micaTeab iiaACAHA Bairn. BaaH b naece cHAbiia He TOAbKO OTsarofi h ctoSkoctwo, ho h hhtca- .aeKTOM. Hah csoero BpeMenn oiia xopouio o6pa30BaHa. B riepBoii Bcrpeae c Ko3w-KopneiueM yMHoii pcibio BacTaBAaer OHa iiacropoJKHTbCH 6ecne>moro Mo-iofloro Sarupa. B 6opb6e c KoaapoM BaaH cTpeMHTCH noBeprayTb Bpara MencHMH. pa3auuiMH caobbmh. 3th 'lepro, cBoeo6pa3Hue b oCpa3e Bam. Tame cooTBeTCTBViOT HCTopHiecitoS npaeac. Bupawemiofi b iiapoAHOM anoce, rAe BcrpeMa.iHCb VMHue, KpacHopewBue. HaxoAiHBbie weiimHHtj, KaK, HanpHMep, repomia «Ep-Taprbma», xena 60- raraps Ak-Xvbyc. Kosbi-Kopnem Tame Bomiomaer bucokhc Me.ioiie'iecKHe HAeajiu CBoe- ro HapoAa. Ko3u—aro qecTHbifi, cMeaufi Corarbtpb. OxBaieimwii naa- Memiofl AiofioBbio. oh bo hmh ee oSpexaer ceCa Ha nepaBHyio 6opb6y. Oh AOBep'mB. ho oh hh ot koto He noTepimr neeupaBe;ui11bocth. Cboio -nofionb Kosbi-Kopnem coxpaimeT b 'ihctotc. JXna Hero iieMH- CJIHMa JKH3Hb <5e3 AKlfiBH. no CBOeMY POMailTHHeCKOMy OTHOIneHBIO K ak>- ShmoS h 6e3MepHoS CTpacru oh 6ahsok k <t>apxaTy h McAWHyHy, h3bcct- iiUM repoaM BocroHHbix AereHA- Ko3u-Kopneui Menee 3H3kom c npeBpamo- cthmh wh3hh, 'ieM BaaH. B naqaae nbecM Mbi bhahm ero iieonurabiM, 6ec- ncuHbiM xwourefi, xoTOpuii h He AyMaer BHHKaTb b cmuca oKpywaioiueH ero AefiCTBHTeJibHocrH, 'leaoBe'iecKHX OTHOUieniifi, aah xoroporo cymecray- h>t TOJibKO ero JHofioBHhie nepejKHBaHHH. TaKHH on ocTaeTCH ao xohim Pacxpbreaa Aymuneaepra xapaicrepa Koau, ero oOasiiHe, mcareAL b to we BpeMHHecmot a iie.ioM vray6HTb h BcecropoHiie pa3BHTb ero o6pa3.Oh Bocnpon3Bea ero jnmib b opecuie ax)6bh h bhcokhx Ayiuemiux nopuBOB. KapaCafi — chmboa HeHacbiTHofl jxaAHOcra, CKynoCTH. B pe3«o campii- qecKofl (|)op.«e co3AaeT ApaMaTypr KaprHiibi, b kotopux pa3o&iraqaercH crpeMJieiiHe npeAcraBHTejieS 3Kcn.iyaTaTopcKoro xaacca k iiawiise, k Haxoii- .leimio 5oraTCTBa, qywAbie qeAOBeqecKoft npnpoAe a.iqiiocrb, HeHacbiTHOCTb. On ranep6oAH3HpyeT o6pa3 Kapafiaa, 3ao cweerca Has ero HMMeHHbiMit 3aTeaMH, Bca ue.ib xoropnx 3axAx>iaercii B HaKoroieiiHii ckotb. Ho KapaSaS tie BHA11T hh neAefi, hh pe3yAbTaT0B stoto HaxorweHHa, HcnbiTbiBaer TOAb- ko oahh 3a6oTbi; He 3HaeT h hb xo'ier 3iiaTb, aah koto mhoxckt cboh CTa- Aa; cneniHT H36aBHibca Aawe ot eAHHcTBeHHofi CBoefi HacAeAHHUhi BaaH. 6oacb, mto 011a nonpcAHT AeAy ero oSorameima. On crpeMHTca noaopowe npoAaTb BaaH, 'itoCw npHyMHoWHTb cboh CTana. B KapaSae npHTymijiHCb Bee qeAOBeqecKHe 'ivecTBa, oh wiibct bo hmh oahoA wawflu iiawKBU. Kapa6aS—npeacraBBTeAb ifceoAaAbHoro KAacca, ho b HeMorcyTCTBvioT npHcyuwe ({leoAaAbHOi! BepxyiuKe CTpeMAeima hath nyTHMH cbohx %xtuob. weiaHHe Bo3r.iaBAHTb cboB poa. KHHHTbca crapbiwii o6u>iaaMii h MHoroe Apyroe. On c caMoro iiaqajia Hapymaei TpaAHUHio «cwena6M.i> bo hms cBoeft Bbiroau. B iiapoAHoR H03Me MOTHBMpoBKa Hiiaa: raw croBop Baaii h Ko3U 11a- pyuiaeTca BCAeACTBHe AypHoro npeA3HaMenoBaHHa, cy.iamero hm b 6yAy- meM HecaacTbe. Ho ncpepaCoraiiHbin o6pa3 Kapafiaa —othioab He npoH3BOAbHhifi bu- Mbicc.i aBTopa, a BOcnporoBeacHHe H3aecTHoro b napoAHO0 naMara. b Ha-

poaiiOM TBopiecTB? o6pa3a, orpawaiomero b ceGe nepru rjnoxH, Ha'i.i.'iu npoHHKiioBeHKB b crenh KanHra.THCTH'iecKHX OTiiomeiiHii. B anoce «Ko3H-Kopneui u BaaH-C.iv* oOpaa Koaapa miTepnpCTii- pyeTCH no-pa3HOMy. B oano.w BapnaiiTe Koaap— npeacTaBHTe,ib xaAMbin- khx arpeccopoB, b apyrOM — raTapcKHii caiioBHHK,- b TperbeM —aawe pao. tviyra. Ho B xaxoM 6u buae oh hh Bcrpeqaaca, on Bccraa BbiCTynaeT Kan OTpHiiaTe.ibiibii'i THn. MyopenoB coxpaiiaeT ary ocoOeHiiocrb, pacya Koaapa npe«CTaBHTe.ieM sKcnjiyaraxopcKOro. ipeoaajibHoro xaacca. Koaap BiiHTa.i b ccGa ncHxojrorHio, oGbiqau, cTapue npaBoaue ycroii $eoaaaH3Ma. Oh cyanr o repoMMe, qec™, coaecrii h ;iio6bh no ycTaHOBHB- uihmch b ero cpeae iiohhthsm; no-iiiocrbio BoenpHHSB Mopanbiio-aTHqecxHe iiopMhi CBoero bpcmchh — aeaoBCKHe TpaaauHH, CTapuHHbie oGbiqaw, cneavn hm, oh He 3aayMbiBaeTCH iiaa cnpaaeanHBOCTbio Haw HecnpaBCajiHBoCTbio cbohx nocTynKOB. nocxoabxy on 6oraT n aocT'aToquo ch.tch, to oh yBepeii. hto Baaii BbiftaeT 3a Hero aaMyw. EMy h b roaoBy He iiphxoaht, qro Basil Mower HMeTb cboh B3r.'iaau, mowct pacnopawaTbca caMa CBoeii cyabGofi h nwraTb jhoGobl k apyrOMy qeaoBeKy. Oh cam-aer 3a THrqafimee ocxopGae- HHe, 3a HacMeniKy Haa cBoeii qecTbio OTxa3 aeByuiKH ot ero jiioGbii. riocae oSeutaHHft KapaSaa Bbiaarb 3a Hero aoqb, oh ywe He coMiieBaerca b CBoefl noGeac h npaBOTe: «...Pa3 oreu cxa3a.11, 3HaqnT, Tax 6yAeT»,— peuiaer on. Oaiiaxo HHcareab pa3BHBaeT 3aTeM ero o6pa3 b apyroM CBeTe. Mb( na- 'iHiiaeM BepHTb b HCxpeiiHOCTb jiioGbh Koaapa k Baaii. BmoGaeHHbifi b ae- ByuiKy, oh BCKope h caM HaqHHaer GopbGy co cbohmh neaocTaTKaMH, busm- uaioiuHMH ee HenpHH3Hb. B ero ncHxoaoriM HacrvnaiOT nepejiOMHhie mo- MeHTbl. «BHKem, CKOBaHHbiii H3HX CTPeMHTCfl OtTbaCIIHTbCB, H3MyqeHlia« ayma pacxpbiTb o6i>hthh, naeTbio pyKH bhchyt. Pa3Be He GyaeT sroMy xoii- aa?!» — roBOpm on Basil. noxowe jt.Hsto Ha aefiCTBHs qe.ioBCKa, cqirraB- uiero 3a3opHbiM, ecjiH eMy «He npHBeavT HeBecry, tia Konenax He ynpocar era craTb wenHXom?* nepeGopoa cefis. npeaocTaBHB GaaH npaBO cboGoa- noro BbiGopa, Koaap waeT or Hee orBera. Oicioaa HaqKHaercs pa3aBoeiiHe Koaapa. GopbGa Meway yKopeHHBWHMHca b m m ibeoaa-'ibiio-STH'iecKHMH noHHTHHMH h qyBCTBaMH qeaoBeqHOCTH h .hoGbh. Tenepb oh aoGHBaeics aioGbh BaHH He CHjiofi, a Maraocrbio h BimMaimeM h aawe He npensrrcTBy- er apywGe Meway Basm n Ko3bi. OaHaxo npoOywaaiouwecsr b ero ayuie qeaOBeqecxHe qyBCrea ewe He npoquu, oh Bee ewe HaxoAHTca bo BaacTH BpeMeimo OTcrynHBWHX, ho ray- Goko yKopeiiHBUiHxcH b hcm cbeoaaabHHX nonarafi. rioa BanaHHeM XaiiTU- Ka oh CHOBa noanaaaeT noa BaacTb npewunx b3!\\hhaob h ocaenacimuH hmh cOBepwaeT y6nfiCTBO. Koaap — pa6 oGbiqaeB CBoero BpeMCHH, CBoeii cpeau. 03apeiiiibiG cbbtom aioGBH Ko3bi-Kopnenia h BasH-Cny, oh caM Tanerca K qncTbiM OTiiomeHHHM, k qeaoBeqHOCTH, noxa, HaKoHeu, He cpbiBaeTCH noa rpy30M crapbix nepewHTKOB. Tax pewaercs Tpareaaa Koaapa. >KaHThiK— 3to nopowaeiwe onpeaeaeiiHofl cpeau. Crana nepea coGoii 3aaaqy o6oraweaaB, oh aoBKO Hcnoab3ver oGbiqaH <t>eoaaaii3Ma. B neM co- cpeaoTOqeHhi lianGoaee oTBpaTHTeabHbte qepTU ero BpeMeHH: 3aofi yMucea. xoBapcTBO, xpafinsa wecroxocTb. «npocra Mena Gor, earn cayraTcn Gypany paaortiaTb CTaaa. a MHe yrnaTb hx. JIioah-to npocTST, xonb cxopo CTanyr BeaHqarh Mens no hmchh h oTHecTBv*. bot TaxoBa iJ)Haocoi])Ha Xairruxa. Ha nyTH x oGoraweHHio oh He coaporaerca hh nepea xaKHM npecrynae- HHeM, He cmioHseT roaoBy hh nepea xaKHMH 3axoHaMH Mopa.ni. >KaHThtx nbiTaerca ncnoab30BaTb b cbohx HH3MeiiHbix ueaax aocroHH- CTBa h HeaocTarKH xawaoro qeaoBexa. Bo36ywaaa B Kapa6ae 0e3Mepnvio waanocTb, oh b xoiwe kohuob npHBOairr ero x pa30peiiHio; 6e33acTeiniHBO nrpaer na rpyGocru. .'iowiiom Hecroaio6HH. pcbhocth Koaapa; Hcnojib3yer aoGpoayuiHe, qecniocTb h aoBepqHBoerb Ko3H-Kopnein h Baan-Cay.

«Ko3H-Kopnem a EaaH-Cav*—o.iho H3 cawux npeKPacHux, Maerep- ckii HariHcaniibix npoa3BeaeHaii i<a3axcKoii apaMarypraa. JIpKHe odpaau, cpaBHCHHH, a<t>opH3MU, meflPo 'lepnaeMue nacaTeaeN H3 COKPOBHUIHHUM HapoaHOTO H3NKa. HOMOTafOT TOUHO, npaBAHBO BbIBGCTH HnoKa3aTb xapaKTepu repocB bo Been MHoroo6pa3HH h caojkhocth hx pa3- bhthsi. CaabHue qyBCTsa. opaniHajibane a nojiaoctbio pacapbiTHe xapaa- weHite, nepexoaauiee b dypayio pa3Ba3KV,— Bee sth cpeacTBa H npHOMH, npenoaHociiMbie c 6ojh>uihm MacTepcrBOM. CAHBaiOTCH b oaho rapMomme- Bcaea 3a TpareaHCfl «Ko3hi-Kopneiii n Ba«H-Cay» F. MycpenoB 3aBep- uiaeT b 1941 roay apyryio pa6oTy— apaMv «AxaH-cepe— Aktokth* (sTpareaaa nosTa*) o csodoae aiodoa a amiiocrH, Tecao CBH3aHHO0 c npo- daeMofl TBopaecKOro Tpyaa, Mecra xyaowaHKa b o6mecTBe, 3aecb raydjxe, qea b m.eco «Ko3H-Kopnetu h BaHH-Cays pacKpuT BHy- TpcHHiiH Map MCaoBexa. doaee tohko odpacoBaaa neaxoaoraa, apao hhah- Baaya.'iB3apoBaHbi xapaKTepu. raaBHuS repoB nbecu, nosT a komiio3htop Axati. —anno peaabao cy- wecTBOBaBuiee (Axaa poaaaca b 1843 r. a yMep b 1913 r.). Baarae apaMaryproM coOutbh othocstch k ceMaaecsiTUM roaaM npoui- OchobhoB aHHaeB apaMhi «AxaB-cepe— Aktokth* aBaaerca dopbda Moaoaux caa 3a csodoav aaqiioc™ npoTas cTapwx dieoaaabiiux hhcthtv- tob, TpaaauaoHHbix nopaaKOB. Hocafeaa ayqiuax qepT aapoaa, dopuu 3a aapoaBHe rvMaiHicraqecKue naea AxaH, Aktokth. Eaaxa, Map3aa, )Kaa- Keaaa 6opioTca nporaB ctopohhhkob padcTBa a OTacmaiomeft (beoaaabaoB aaeoaoraa—xa3pera Havana, 6oraaa JKaaMyxaaa. aKuaa Cepaaaa. llpoTecT repoa Tpareaaa, nosra a neBua Axana, npoTHB tcmhoth, kochoctb, aecripaBeaaaBOCTH, ero Map0B033peaae, B3raaaa Ha wa3Hb ecre- eTBeaao coaeraiOTca c TBepaHM xapaKTepoM, TCMnepaMeiiTOM, yMOM. Boph6y Meway AxaHOM a HayaHOM H3-3a 3BepcK0ft pacnpaBbi aaa Map- 3aefi, KaK h aa.-ibHeSiuyio dopbdy, BcnuxBVBiuyio Mewav rpynnoB AxaHa a cTopoHHHKaMa HayaHa a JKajiMyxaHa, aeab3a paccMaTpaBaTb ToabKo ksk cToaKHOBGHHe qaeraoro xapaKTepa. riacaTeab odHawaeT kophh ycroeB <tieo- aajibaoro ofimecTBa, noKa3HBaeT 3aD0JKaeaae hoboto. Odnqaa (beoaa.maMa Ha nportoKCHaa mhothx bckob yKopeasaacb b WH3HH KoaeBoro Hapoaa. TaaBapa poaoB, Oe33acTeH'iHoo npHKPMBaacb KyjibTOM poaCTBa, SKcnayaTHDcmaaH 6miihkob. npHCBaHBaaa Tpya cbohx aeaMymax «poaCTBCHHHKOB», pacnopawaacb ax MaaoqacacHHHM ckotom h cKyaauM aodpoM. Hanii3bma.iH hm cboh B3raaau. Bee bto npaTvnaaao C03naHac aapoaa, oropuBaao 6e3rpaimqm>ie bo3mo»(hocth aaa orpadaeaHB H avxoBHoro nopadouieaas 6ecnpaBaux Macc. B apaMe «Axaa-cepe— Aktokth* paHee Cecnnamibie aroaa, 6e3ponor- ao ncniHHHiomHecH cbohm doraTHM «poaCTBeaHaKaM», y»e OTKa3HBaiOTCfl ot noBUHOseaHa, CTpeMflTCHcawa hbBth cnpaBeaaaobie peuieaaa Hacymaux JKH3HPHHHX BOnpOCOB. ilpaMa 3aKaa'iaBaeTca nopaateiiaeM Moaoaux caa, CMepTbio Aktokth. Ho 3to ae 03aaqaao oKoaqaTeabHoB node,in ctopohhhkob HayaHa Haa nporpeccHBHHM aBawenaesi. HocaTena bhcokhx qeaoBeqecKiix aaeaaoa TepnaT nopaKienae, bo hm vaaeTca npofivaKTb b Hapoae qyBCTBO caMOcosHa- iwa, npoaoWHTb nyTb k Sopade 3a CBodoay. B apaMe «Axaa-cepe—Aktokth* nacaTeab C03aaa apKae THnaqecKae

22—211

o6pa3u neftcTuyiomiix jihu- AxaH — hsjiobck iiefliowunitoro wiiBoro y&ia. crpacTHoro TCMnepaMeHTa, tqhkhx iiohhthK h 6oAbinoft flyuia, aro caowhum o6pa3. HanGo-iee o0pa3OaaniiLm no CBoeny BpeMeHH, nocaariiBUiHii cboh CHjiH TOMy, mto6u rnyOoKO mraiian. wii3Hb, Biianajie oh crpeMHTCH nafira npaBay wh.hhh b pejmrHH, ho He HaxoanTee.riHcaTejib HaqHHaeT nbecy cTo­ ro apaMaTH-iecKoro MOMeiiTa, Koraa AxaH rxyGoito nepewHBaeT CBoe pa3c- Axaw He npocro noKHaacT Me'ieih. oh 6ewHT H3 Hee, noiiim bcto we- CTOKyio npecrynHocrb ee 33kohob, 1ito6m 3are.M BcrynHTb c Heft a 6opb6y: «Ecah 3th KorrH, cXBaTHBUiHe iiapoAHbie Maccu 3a rop.no. He pa30*MYTC« h a iie b cu/iax noMoib ak>ahm, bto 3a noAi,3a ot raxoft * 11311112. Tax Ha- xoaht Axan cBoft nyTb. Oh cTaiioBHTCH neBUOM Hapoaa. B nepoofi h BTOpoft napTHHax aBrop nOBecTuyer 0 BbicoiiHX naea.nax h nporpaMMe wh3hh Axana. a 3aTeM uihpoko pa3BepraBaeT H3o6paweiiHe ere xapaKTepa h hybctb, nap,an rayCoKKfi iicnxo.iornqecKHsi aHajm3. B xapaKTepe Axaiia Bbueneiia ABe KpvnHhie oco6chhocth: oh noar- IpH.lOCOlf), 3aflyMHBaiOUUlftCH H3A WH3Hbf0, H CTpacTlIblfi CIOPOHHKK Bcero HeaoBeMHoro, BucoKoro, 6aaropo,iHoro. <J>hhoco<1)HH AxaHa HecxOAbKO yBO- Aht ero ot * 1131111, a BpeMenaMH 3anoanT 11 b oOnacTb TeoAoriw. Ho bak>- IxneHHaa b *H3Hb, lUiaMemiaa naTypa He MoweT VAOBAeTBopHTbcn 6e3*H3- neHHUMH. cyxHMH pejmrH03Hb!MH aorMaTaMH. yCiiBaioiuHMH caMoe xyqiuee b le-iOBene. AxaH pa3pUBaeT neneiiv OKpywaioweft ero tcmhotu h HaxoAHT b *H3hh CBoft nyn,, CBOe npH3B3HHe b 6opb6e 3a GjiaronojiVBHe HapoAa- BceM cbohm cymecraoM Axan ak>6ht xpacoTV. C.mucji jiioSbh ok bhaht kc b npociOM B.ne'ieHHH, a b 6onee ravfioKHx oraouienimx AioAeft. /[paxiarypr c yiueqeiiiiCM pacKpuuaer CTpacTHue u newline qyBCT- Ba AxaHa k Aktokth. Axan cqHTaer Aktokth CBoefi sepnoft cnyriiHuefi. cnocoftHofi pai.aeJiHTb c hum Bee thtoth *«3Hh. 5opb6y 3a Aktokth oh CBH3blB0eT C CopbCoB BO HMH TBopqecTBa. Ecah cyaHTb no ApaMaTHqecKoft 3ai»i3Ke. A ktokth, HecKO.'ibKO nanc- MHHaa BaiiH-Cay, b to we BpeMH bo mhotom ot Hee OTAHqaeTca. 06pa3 BanH-Cny oOpuconaii b KpynHOM anuiecKOM imane. o6pa3 AktiJkth — b AHpnqecKOM, oh 6o.nee ncHXOAOraqecKH ToqeH 11 coflepwaTeneH. Aktokth — aohb CBoero opeMeiiH. Biiaqajie 011a He pemaercs Ha ot- KpbiTvio 6opb6v 3a cbok) HesaBHCHMOctb h cBofioAV aiofiBH, lie cpa3v bu- cna3biBaer HenpH93Hb k HapeqeHHowv weHHxy JKaAMyxaHy. OHa npecae- AyeT eAHHCTBeiiHyio iical — npHraaciiTb Ha cBaflbfiy 0T3biBqiiBbix, 6ah3Khx eft aiOAeft h noBeAaTb hm o CBoeft OecKOiieqHofi nevaan. ri03liaKOMHBIUHCb C AxaHOM, VBHAeB B He.M WHBOe OAHUeTBOPeHHe CBoeft MeqTbt. A ktokth 0C03HaeT bcio rayfiHHV hbchahh, coBepmaeMoro Han Heft. B Heft HaMHiiaer noAHHMaThcs mvbctbo nporecra k cbohm npHTecHirre- asm. Owa Boccraer npoTHB KOHcepBaTHBHHX Tpaanmift; cTapaeTCH 3amn- THTb AxaHa, a 3areM oxoHqaTeAbHO nophiBaer co ct3phmh oOuqaHMH h or- KpHTo nepexoAHT Ha ctopohv CBoero Aio6HMoro, ito6h 6opoibcsr He TOAb- ko sa cbok) cbo6oav h AioftoBb, ho h 3a Ayqoiee (SyAVinee. 3th qepru b 06 pa3e Aktokth, co3ByqHwe qyBCTBaM, ncHX<uionm Mitomx K33axcKHX Aeay- rneK, ncpeaaiibi b ApaMe c ocoGchhhm baoxhobchhcm h MacTepcTBOM. T. MycpenoBUM co3Aanu Tanwe ofipasH AioAeft H3 napofla. epeaft ko- Topux oco6eimo HpHBAeKaTeAbHu BaATa h BanyaH. BaATa — Buxoaeu H3 Hapopa, qeAOBeK orapuTOft avuih, cnpaBeaAHBHfi, MywecrBeHHUft H npaB- AiiBuft. Oh He npHflepwHBaeTcsi cAeno crapnx TpaAHUHft, a caM hiuct nym K cnpaaeAAHBOCTH, npaBAV * r3hh. CtoCko 3aiUHmaH cboio npaaory, oh He xoqeT hath na noBOAy v raaBH CBoero poAa— >KaAMVxana. BaATa noHHMaeT, noqeMy 6eAHHKH He motvt vwHTbCa c thkhmh bopo- thabmh, Kax JKaAMyxaH H HayaH. Oh peuiHTeAbHO sucrynaeT nporHB hkx.

HHTb B cboiix pyxax AyxoBiiyio u cbctckvkj saacrb. ameroca o&befti Ba.rra 3iiaeT, qro He oahhok. v Hero CCTb onopa b napoae. B Apawe MKoro orpHuaTeai.iiux nopcoHaiKeii-npeacTaBHTeAoii axcnaya- raTopcKoro xaacca, h cpean hiix. npeame Bcero, Hayan-xa3peT, xpyiiHuft Pan iicxycHO npHKpbiBaKHiuiiiCH pejinriieii. 3to— bbbopotahbum xiimmiK, eTRCMsuuiHCH Hcnoab30BaTb pe.'iitrino He TOAbKO BKcnayaTamiH iiapoaa, ho h a.'ih ero ayxoBHoro nopaPoineiiHH. no Mepe cbohx caa oh CTapaerot 3aiMHTHTb crapbie nopnAKii it AepmaTb napoa b TCMiioie. Ero ueai>— Cbm, <CMeTJiHBbiM Myaaoft cpeAH HecMbiuiaeiinoro iiapoaa*. Oh lie OCTaiiaBJiH- oacTcn name nepea TeM, uoPbi BbtiiecrH >ivA0BnmHbifi npitroBop cisoefl coP- CTBeimoil Beene—3aKonaTb wiiBbCM Map3Hio, wenmmiy co CBeTaoil ayuioii II CBOpOAOAIOpHBblMH BBrailAaMH, OCbHHHB CO B CBUTOTaTCTBC. Oil JKeCTOKO Coperca c BOflbHOAyMueM— rywaHHCTOM AxaHOM, HPHroBapiiBaeT Aktoxth. HapyuiiiBiiiyio AeAOBCKHe TpaaiiUHii. k ahkomv Haxa33HHio y no3opHoro CToaPa. XirrpocTb, KOBapCTBO, npoHHiiaTeabHbiii yM, coicTaioinHiicn c otkpo- bchiioB rpyCocTbio, peuiHsiocTbio lie ocraHaB.nmaTbCH hh nepeA KaKHMii npecTyiiAeiiiiHMH, cocTan.imoT cymiiocTb oCpa3a Hayana, aeaaioT ero Tiim;- ■lecKofl dmrypofi cteoAaaa toB anoxn. XaaMyxaii — Bbixoaen H3 3HaTHofi ccmbh, HexorAa aepxaBinufi B cbo­ iix pyxax iiccMCTHbie 6oraTCT8a, B-iacTb, ho tcnepb yTpaTHBiueii Becb cooli Oaecx. y Hero y*e HeT ciiahi TuraTbcx c HayanoM, hot Pyaymero, bch ero caa»a ii BAHHime ocraaHCb noaa/ia. XOi-iMyxaH ne muer cnpaBcniiBOcrii, oh xohct iia HacH.me OTBSTinb HaciiaiieM. Bot noieny Tax 6biCTPo cPah- JKaeTCH ok c xa3peroM HavaHOM h cHOBa cranoBHTCH BAHHTeabiioii nepco- iioft. H pe'ib, h nocrynKH XaaMVxaHa iiOACTaTb ero muui.ichhio ii xapaxTe- py. «FAe ate Bauia ciiaa, o ayxh npeAKOB?! He iioa xpbinieB an Bauiero ao- Ma ryAHT xoPbra? HacaawAaeTecb cbohm noxoeM...* B stom iwpeicHHii — bch cyTb xapaKTcpa XCaaMVxana. JlHcaTeab He ToabKO B0cc03Aaa bhciuhiiB o6aiik ii onpeAeaHA copnaabHyio cyTb XaaMyxaHa, ho h MacrepcKii oPpn- coBaa ero neaxoaonno. rincaTcaio yAaaocb b enoefi TpareAHH noAMBTHTb h AOBoabno uihpoko HOKa3aTb o6mecTBenHO-noairrH'iccKne ocoPeiiiiocrH oniiCMBaeMoA 9noxH. ho oh HCAOCTaTomio rayPoxo noxa3aa pa3Me>KCBaHHe xaaccoBhix caa b xaaax- ckom ayae, ycHaeHiie KaaccoBux npoTHBOpeMHfi, xaaccoooB PoobPbi. B nbe- ce He roBopHTCH h o Taxon BawHOM iJiaKTOpe, xax BaHHHHe pyeexoro Hapo- Aa ii pyccKofi xyabTypu Ha >XH3Hb xa3axcxoro napoAa. C bthm cBH3aHbi He- AOcraTKH b oPpHeoBKe oPpa3a Axaiia. B h3bccthoA Mepe b sthx HeAocraT- xax noBHiieH h caM dpotothii. Axaii — cobpcmchiihk APaa. Ho oh He noA- hhach ao ero ypoBiia, ao noHHMaHiiH iicropimecxoii poan h 3HaieKi<n BeaH- xoro pyeexoro napoAa aah cvacP xa3axcxoro HapOAa, He noHHa nporpec- CHBiioro 3HaieHHH pyccKOH xyabTypu. Buecumfl cbohmh necHHMH 3iia<iH- Teabiibifl BKaaab xyabTypy cBoero HapoAa. Axaii, no cymecray, oxa3UBaeTCH b cTOpoiie or caowiioft coiwaabHoR PopbPu xaaccoB. Ho no Hpxocra ApaMaTH'iecxoii Koaaii3HH, norayPHHe h ciuieocHomioro KOHi|)aHKTa, TecHofl o6ycaoBAeniioCTii aeficiBHii repoeB hx BHyrpeHiiHM Miipo.M, noCyiKAeiiHHMH, (|)Haoco4>iieil, no umpoTe oxBaTa couHaabiiux Bon- pocoB— TpareAHH) «AxaH-cepe— Aktoxth* motkho othccth x incay BHAa- loimixca npoH3BeAeHH0 xa3axcxoft aiiTepaTypbi. B 1956 roAy T. MycpenoB 3aBepuiHa cbok> paOoTy iiaa hobum »a- pHaiiTo.M apaMu «A.MaHre.ibAbi>; nepBuS BapnaiiT Pua Hamicah hm ABaa- uaTb aeT Haaaa. 339

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