Толыбеков С.Е. Общественно - экономический строй казахов в XVII - XIX веках

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thh, K O Topbift He MOJKeT He npiHBecTH nejiOBeqecTBo k hoboh TexHHnecKOH peBOAiouHH, k HOBOMy npoMbmiJieHHOMy nepe- BopoTy. H aynH an MbiCAb b C C C P HeyeraHHo pa6 oTaeT HaA TeM, HTo6 bi 3Ta Morynasi sHeprwH, HaMHoro ycHAHBaio- u;aH .B.iacTb nejioBeKa HaA npnpoAon, 6 biAa uinpoKO hc- nojib30BaHa a a h uejien pa3BHTH5i o6mecTBGHnoro npoH3- BOACTBa. MejiOBeKy ahbho M3BecTHa c n o c o 6 nocTb boaw n p eap a- maTbca b nap. H o 3to ee cbohctbo c x a jio noJie3HHM oGm e- CTBy TOJibKo TorAa, K-orAa hm BocnoJib30BajiHCb aah to to ,. HTo6bi ABHraTb napoByio ManiHHy. IIpoMbniiAeHHoe ncnoAb- 30BaHiie napa 6uj io KpyuHUM m a r o M b hctophh otfmecTBa, b pe3yAbTaTe mwpoKoro npHMeHeHHH Koxoporo n aM iioro noBbicHAacb npoH3BOAHTe;ibHOCTb o 6 mecTBeHHoro TpyA a. /ZpyrHM npHMepoM Moryr CAyxcuTb . noJiHOBOAHwe peKH. Bfawio BpeMH, KorAa jhoah orpaHHHiHBaAHCfi ynoTpe6AeHHeM BOAbI peK TOAbKO AAH IlHTbH, nOTOM peKH CT3AH HCn0Ab30- BSTb AAH pbl60AOBCTBa, BOAOnOH CKOTH, 33TCM HpH nOMOIUH appHrauHOHHbix coopy>KeHHH a a h HCKyccTBeHHoro op om e- hhh noAeft; nocTeneHHo pexa c ia A a cjiy>KHTb boahhm nyTeM aah aoaok h n o3'AHee — napoxoAOB, em e no3AHee CHAy peKH CT3AH HCn0Ab30BaTb AAH nOAyMCHiHH 3AeKTpHlieCKOH SHeprHH. Ka>KAbift cnoco6 HcnoAb30BaHiiH peKH m napa o t- pa>Kaer H3BecTHbifi ypoBeHb odinecTBeHHoro pa3BHTHH. B e 3 CKOH,OToBpeyTACHTfBi yTiOpmyHAXa AOCTHJKGHHH B o Ca SCTH HP3M3eBHHTTaHT5b1 TCXHH- HeB03M0>KH0 6 bIAO 6 bl O6 HC- noAb30BaHHiH b itpouBBOACTBe ynpyrocTH napa h ABHraTeAb- HOH CHAhl BOAbl. «,HAH 3KCnAyaTaUHH ABHraTeAbHOft CHAbl BOAbI Heo6xOAHMO BOAKHOe KOAeCO, AAH 3KCnAyaTaUHV! ynpyrocTH napa — napoBan ■MauiHHa»1. T ohho Ta x np>oKHe3BtOoAtCTBhta..*hHHhbhixo An e Ac ne ofi c3oG6mHahcn, oTAObH3H0eBea,n HeHe AJOAbMii a ah nOJie3HbIX CBOHC.TB, KSK-TO: &AKOfi (J)AOpbI H 4>ayHH, ecrecT - BGHHoro nAOAopoAHH noqBbi, noAe3Hbix HCKonaeMbix h t . a .— onpeAGAaiOTCH npe>KAeBcero HaAHHHhiMH opyaHHMH T p y A a n npOH3BOACTBeHHbIMH HHBbIK3MH AIOA^H. JIioa-j b npouecee oomccTBeHHoro npoH3BOACTBa BCTyna- iot MejkAy co6oh b onpeAeAenHbie oTHOzuettna. B 3aBMcn- mocth ot xapaKTepa cpeicTB npoH3BOACTea sth o 6mecTBeH- Hhfc OTHOlUeHHH, B KOTOpbie BCTyPHIOT npOHBBOAHTGAH Ap>T c ApyrOM, 3TH yCAOBI'*, npH KOIOpHX OHH o 6MQHHBaiOTCH 1 MapKc K. KanHTa^, t. • 1952, cTp. 392. .£

; ' CBOHMH pa60TaMH HyqaCTByiOTB COBOKynHOM IipOH3BOACTBe, 6yjiyT> KOHeqHo, pa3AHqHH. 3naqHT onpeAeAenHWH ypoBeHb :v- p a 3BHTHB o6mecTBa h ochobhoh bha e r o MaTepHa^bHoro npo- H3B0ACTB3 OflpeAeAHAH XapaXTCp OTHOllieHHH AIOAGH K npn- poAe, x 3eM^ie. 0 6 3TOM roBopHT ocHOBHhie cnoco6u hc- nojib30BaHHB jnoAbMH seMJiH Ha BceM npoTjnxeHHH qeAO- BeqeCKOH HCTOpHH. Ha 3 ape pa3®HTHH qeAOBeqecTBa 3g m ah cJiyJKHAa ecTecT- BeHHofl KJiaAOBofi roTOBbix n.ioAOB a « kmx pacTeHHfi, npH- •CBoeHne KOTopbix o6ecneHHBaAo cymecTBOBaHne AioAeft. JJaAbiue ona co cbohm h ropaMH, AecaMH h BOAoeMaMH, rue BOAHJIHCb AHK-He >KHBOTHbI€ H pu6bl, CTaHQBHTCH ap©HOH A^^ peryjiBpHofi o x o t h h pbitfoAOBCTBa. C nepnoAa np'HpyqeHHH jiioAbMH ahkhx >KHBOTHbix h Ha npoTHJKGHtHiH Bcero cymecr- •BOBaHHH KOHeBOrO CKOTOBOACTBa KaK CaMOCTOBTeAbHOIX) BHAa o6uxecTBeHHoro npoH3B0ACTBa o h a cJiyjKHJia ecTecTBCH- HbiM nacT6nmeM a a a AOMaujHHx j x h b o t h b ix ; npn noAyxoqe- BOM H OCeAJIOM SKCTeHCHBHOM CKOTOBOACTBe 3eMAH CAyJKHT Me TOAbXO eCTeCTBeHHbIM naCT6HmeMt HO <H CTaHOBHTCA ♦ecTecTBeHHbim cchoxocom , a npH 3eMAeAeAbqecxoM X03flfi- cTBe oHa y>xe B bicTynaer xax o6pa6oTaHHbie noAH, (j)pyxro- Bbie caAbi, BHHorpaAHHKH, HCKyccTBeHHbie jiy r a « ceaHoe nacT6Hme. R jih p eM ecjia h npoMbiuiJieHHocTH 3eMJin cAyaKHT 'HCT04HHXOM BCeB03MO>KHbIX nojie3Hbix incxonaeMhix, 6es KOTOpblX He MOJKeT C6pbe3HO pa3BHBaTbCH HHKaKaH npo- MbimjieHHOCTb, h , HaKoneu, npoH3BOACTBeHHOH nAomaAbio H apeHofi TpyAa a a h MHoroTbicflqHOH apMHH p a 6 oq n x » a xpyn- Mbix 3aBOAax h cJ)a6pH'Kax, xax npn xariHTaAH3Me, r a x h npn :CouHa;iiH3Me. Bo Bcew stom OTpa>xaeTCH n p ou ecc pa3B«THH npoH3B0AHTejibHbix ch a odmecTBa h n p o u e c c pocTa BAacTH ^qejiOBexa naA npHpoAOH. 3 tot 4>axT noAHepxHBaji <P. 3 h- reAbc, xorAa nHcaji: «CaMbifi TpyA craHOBHAcn ot noxoAe- hhh x noxoAeHHKD 6 o A ee pa3Hoo6pa3HbiM, 6 o A e e cOBepuieH- MblM, 6(Wiee MHOrOCTOpOHHHM. K OXOTe H CXOTOBOACTBy npHdaBHAOCb 3eMAeAGAHe, 3aTeM npHAOHne w TxaqecTBO, *o.6 p a 6oTxa ^m c tb aa o b , roHqapHoe peM ecA o, cyAoxoACTBo»1. Ka>KAbiH u ia r b pa3B-HTHH M a T e p H a A b H o r o n p oH 3 BOACTBa o 6 m eC T B a OTKpbIBaA B 3eM A e BCG HOBbie H HOBH€ HCTOqHH- KH Cpe/ICTB npOH3BOACTBa, XOTOpbl^ TTOCTenCHHO :HCI10A b3 0 Ba- JlHCb AlOAbMH B KaMeCTiBe M a T ep H aA b H O -n p O H 3 BOACTBeHHOH O a3bi AAB C03AaHHH p a H e e H©H3BecTHbix o r p a c A e ft npoH3- 1 3m eAbc 0 . AnajieKTHKa npHpoAbi, M., 1955, CTp. 138, 10

BOACTBa. A KaJKAan H3 3THX BHOBb nOHBHBUJHXCH OTpaCJieH npoH3B0ACTBa -HMejia npwcymee eft cpeACTBo TpyAa hjih ocHOBHoe cpeACTBO npoH3B-OACTBa. HanpnMep, KoneBoe c k o t o b o a c t b o , xapaKTepH30BaBiueecH p a 3BeAeHneM AOMarn- MHX >KWBOTHbIX H yXOAOM 3a »HMH, p e 3 KO OTAHMaeTCH no ■CBOHM CpeACTBaM Tpyaa OT 3eMAeACAHH, CB5I3 aHHOrO c o 6pa60TKOft M {HCn0Ab30BaHHGM npOH3BOAHTeJIbHOH CHJIbI JijioAopoAHH noMBbj. 3 to 3HaqHT, hto oh h oTAHnaiOTCH A p y r o t A pyra. n p eacA e Bcero no cbohm opyA'HHM, o 6i>eKTaM h p e3yjibTaTaM T p yA a, no CBoeft TexHOJior-HH. A TexHOJiornn npoH3BOACTBa noKa3biBaeT «aKTHBHoe oTHom em ie qeAOBeKa k npnpoAe, HenocpeACTBGHHbiH n p o u e c c npoH3BOACTBa e r o >kh3hh, a BiMecre c xeM m e r o odm ecTBeHHbix ycAOBHft JKH3HH h npoHCTeKaioiAHx 513' hhx AyxoBHbix npeACTaB- AewHifo1, : piaBH oe TexHOJiorHqecKoe omHMHe KoqeBoro c k o t o b o a - CTBa ot nam eH H oro 3eMAeAeAHH c o c t o h a o hmghho b t o m , mto b nepBOM T p y A npHAaraAcn k jkhboth m m ( p a 3neAOHHe h yxoa 3a h ^ m h ) , b o -btopom — k 3 eM Ae. ^H KorpaBH oe n a cT - 6Hiae C BOABbIMH HCTOHHHKaMH MAH CHe>KHbIM IIOKpOBOM, ' KOTOpbIM riHTaAHCb >KHBOTHbie, B b IC T yn aA O B KaqeCTBe AHLUb npHpoAHoro ycAOBHa npoH3BOACTBa. T p y A ckotoboa^ b ochobhom H a n p aB A eH Ha p a 3 B eA eH H e m n p e o 6 p a 3 0 B a H n e ^KHBOTHblX C A eA b lO HCn0Ab30B3HHH MX B KaMGCTBe O p yA H ft CBoero T p y A a b npo«3BOACTBe H yncubix eM y npoAyKTOB. B n p o u e cce A A M x e A b H o ro pa3BHTM5i c n o e r o T p y A a c k o to b o au nocTeneHHO o tK p b iB a A H to oaho, to A p y r o e n oA e3 H oe c B o ft- CTBO Bbipam H BaeM bIX HMH JKHBOTHbIX, TeM C3MbIM yB C A H - MHB3H HCTOHHHKJH Cp€ACTB CymeCTBOBaHHH. Ilo a T O M y n pH paCCMOTp’CHHH BOnpOCa O6 HCTOpHHeCKOM pa3BHTHH CKOTO- BOACTBa He C A e A y e T yn ycn a T b M3 B H A y, ^to M H orne n o A e 3 - Hhie ciBOHCTBa h npoAyKTbi, AOcraBAneMbie ajoahm coBpeMOH- BbCMM AOMaiHHHMH JKHBOTHbIMH, nOHBHAIHCb B p e 3 y A b T a T e AAHTeAbHOrO pa3BHTHH.2 1 Maptzc K . KanHTaji, t . I, 1952, c T p . 378 (89 c H o c n a ) . o6pa3oM2 «O buh pa3BOAflTca b nacToamee BpeMn y uHBHJiH30BaHHbix HauHH r^aBHtiM paAH rnepcTH, noTOMy mto btot npoAyKT, b pa3JiHM- Hofl o 6p a 6 o T K e, n o fly M U A rp o M aA H o e h p a 3H O CT opoH H ee 3HaM eHne r j i h Haniefi >kh3hh. H o, c n p a u iH B a e T c a , mot jih T a K o e 3H aq eiiH e c h a t u x c JKHBOTHOrO BO JIO C n p e A B H A G T b TOT TCM H blH A P e B H e filU H fl MCJIOBeK, K O T O * phifl Bnepfibie C T a A Ae^iaTb n o n u T K H oAOMaiiiHHTb O B u y ? ApeBHeHiiiHH noay^HKHH H a m n p e A O K M or crrapaTbCH A e p > K a T b npn ce6e OBixy p a A H MRca, paAH m nypu, ho He paAH rnepcTH b co6ctb6hhom cMbic-ne CAOBa, OSblMaft CHHM aHHH mepCTH >KHBOTHOrO M OT yK O pG H H Tb Cfl TOAbKO T O T A a , 11

• H3BeCTHO, HTO B yCJIOBHHX p 33BHTOrO ceJlbCKOrO X03AH- CTB3 6bIKH H JIOIUajfH HCn0Jlb30Ba.THCb Ha p a 3JIHHHbIX^3eMJie- AeJibnecKHx nepeB030MHbix pa6oTax >h jxnn BepxoBOH e3flbu C ra^o poraToro cK ora cjiyxcmio rjih npaH3BO,ncTBa MOJioKa, MHca, ko» h, HaBOsa ;yifl*y,ao6peHHH h TonjinBa. OBueBOfl- ctbo -HMe.no pasjiHHHbie h anpa*Bjiehhh b saBHCXftMOCTH ot KOH'KpeTHbIX npwpOAHblX H 3K0H0 MHHeCKHX yCJIOBHH. B ochobhom oho AaB-aJio uiepcTb, no>Ky, m h c o , cajio w OTnacTH MOJIOKO.1* M cT O p H H P33B H TH H CKOTOBOACTBa nO Ka3bIBaeT, hto To^bKo © pe3yjib*f^Te noBbmieHHH K y jib T y p b i Be/ieHHH xo3«H C TB a y o c e ^ J ib ix 3eMJie,zie.nbueB h p o c T a npoH3BO- ^!HTeJlb!IOCTH fHX T p y A a CTaJIO B 0 3 M 0 > K H b Im c o A e p a ta H H e 6 o jT b u io ro n o r o jio B b H c x o r a Ha o rp a H H H e H H o ft n .n om a;u i 3 eMJiH h n o B b im e H H e e r o npojotyKTHBHOCTH. 3 to 6huio ^ o c T H r - HyTO nyTCM C03AaHHH HCKyCCTBeHHOH KOpMOBOH 6a3bl H yJiyHUieHHH n o p o ^ >KHBOTHbIx/M eJIOBeK CBOHM TpyAOM H eycTaH H o h3Mchhji n p n p o A y , b h3Ct h o c t h , ecrecTB eH H bie jj>u KOTpaBHbie n a c T 6 n m a 3aMeHHJi H CKyccTBeH H biM H BbrrOHa- MH, nOCeBaMH IH 3arOTOBKOH CeHa, OHJIOCa, 3epHOBbIX KOpMOB, KopHen.no^oB, x y ^ iu n e n opoA bi jkhbothbix — jiym uHM H, hto npHBe.no K 3HaiIHTeJIL>HOMy nOBblllieHHIO npO/iyKTHBHOCTH >KHBOTHOBOflCTB a .2 HenoTopbie npo^ynTbi h OTAejibHbie nojie3Hbie CBOHCTBa >KHBOTHbIX eme B He&BBHeM npOUIJlOM H B yeJIOBHHX KOHeBOrO^ -CKOTOBOACTB3 BOBCe He CVlUCCTBOBajIH HJIH 6bIJlH HHHTO>K- HbiMH no cpa&neHHK) c SKcnjiyaTHpyeM oft.njiom aAbio h c Ha- i<or^a a-ih qe/ioBOxa CAe.na.nocb BbiroAHHM ocTaBJiHTb jkhbothoc whbum uocvie CHHTMB c nero mepcTH» (KameiiKo H. O. Hayqnwe onepKH Tom- cKoro Kpavi. C6. ny6jiHMHbix jieKUHH. T omck, 1898, CTp. 107). 1 «CoepeMeHHbie HanpaBiienHa b onueBOACTBe (mepcTiio-MHCHoe,. Mflco-ca/ibnoe, CMyuiKOBoe h Mo/ionnoe) cBHAeTejibCTByiOT o tom, k3khx pe3yAbTaTOB Mo>KeT a o 6 htbch nejioBeK, npHcrioco6.n$!H nopoAV k cbohnt SKOHOMHqecKHM TpefioBan hh m» (Borojiio6cKHH C. H. rfp o 6.neMbi npOHC- XOJKACHHH, 3B0AI0UIIH H ITOpOAO06pa30BaHHJI AOMaiUHHX JKHBOTHbIX, T. I. M .— JI., 1940, CTp. 16). 2 «yBeAHqeHHe KOAHqecTBa cKOTa h y.qymuoHHe 3gmjih aojijkhm hath pyxa 06 pyny, oaho HHKorAa He moivio cnjibHo o 6 roHHTb Apyroe. Be:* »»eKOTOpOrO VBeAHqeHHH KOAHWeCTBa CKOTa BPHA ah B03M0JKH0 CKOABKO- HHOyAb 3aMeTHOe yAyqiljeHHe 30MAH, HO He MOKGT ObITb H CKOJIbKO- mifiyAb 3HaquTeAbuoro yBejiwqeHHfl KOAHqecTBa CKOTa 6 e3~npeABapHTejib- Horo yayquieHHfl 3eMAH, h6 o n npc'THHHOM cAyqae 3GMah He MorAa 6b? npOKopMHTb ero. 3 th ecTecTBe.:»H.>e npennTCTBHH a a h bbcachhh Aymueir cHCTeMbi MoryT 6biTb ycrpaneHu AHuib b pe3yAbTaTe npoAOJUKHTe/ibiioro TpyAa h 6epeH\\AHBocTH» (C mht A a 3.m. HccjieAcnaHHe o npHpoA^ h npw- MHHax 6oraTCTBa HapoAOB, t . I. M.— JI., 193,^ CTp 19 7 ) 12

JIHIHUM norOJIOBbeM CKOTa. 1 n p H KOHeBOM CKOTOBOA\" CTBe JKHBOTHbie He MOrJIH AOCTHHb TOH npO^yKTHBHOCTH H pa3HOo6 pa3 HH nojie3Hhix cbohctb, KaKHe xapaKTepHbi- /xjih >KHBOTHOBOACTBa b ycjioBHHx oceA*noro 3eMJieAeJiHH. O B u a h Bep6.uoa y KoqeBHHKOB b crenH h nycTbine 6 hjih ochobubimm h VHHBepcaJibHo nojie3HbiMH >KHBOTHbiMH. HanpHMep, Bep- 6 jik>a c j i y m u j i Kan BbioqHoe >kh bo th o 6 npn nepeKoneBKax, HCn0^b30BaJlCH JXJIH BepXOBOH e3AbI, 6b\\Jl OCHOBHOH THWIOBOft CHJlOH RJIH KapaB3HHOH TOprOBAH, KpOMe Toro, OH flaBaJl >10AOKQ, MflCO, mepCTb H KO>Ky nOTpe6- JieHHH. M n orH e H3 sthx nojie3Hbix cbohctb AO M aui- HHX >KHBOTHhIX 6bU\\H OTKpbITbl JIIOAbMH B pe3yAbTaTe ^JiHTe^bHoro npouecca TpyAa h HaKoruieHHn onbrra p h a o m noKOvieHHft jnonePi b Teqenne b c k o b . 0 6 9tom roBopHT raKOH cJ>aKT. R o HeAaBHero n p o u u io ro oahhx h Tex >Ke >KHBOTHbIX B p a 3JIHqHbIX MaCTHX CBeTa OAHH HapoAM HCnOAb30BaJlH HCKJIIOMHTeAbHO KSK patfOHHH CKOT, JipyrHC KaK MHCHOfl, a TpeTbH KaK MOAOHHblH CKOT. KoqeBHHKH, CTOHBUJHe no epaBHeHHK) C nepBOdblTHO- oxoTHHqbHM o 6 mecTB0M Ha 6ojiee b h c o k o m ypoBHe p a 3- bhthh, m otjih noJiyqaTb, xoth h © HeaHanHTejibHOM KOJiHMecT- Be, pa3JiHHHbie npoAyKThi ot o ah o to h toto >xe bhab c k o t 3. OAHano ohh He ’MorJiH pa3B0AHTb Hantfojiee ueHHbie b h a b i h nopOAH >KiHBOTHbIX. P a 3BeA0HHe HX BO3M0>KH0 TOAbKO B ycAOBHHx oceA A oro 3eMAeA0AiHH. B c b h 3h c nepexoAOM ot nepBodbiTHOH oce/yioft h noJiyKoneBOH >kh3H© jiioaefi k nojiHOMy KoneBOMy o6pa3y >wh3h h n p o « 3ouiAO £3MeH6HHe cocTaBa ct ana. npeacne. Bcero H3 Hero BbinaAa«na cBHHbH Kax JKHBOTiioe, «ecn o co 6Hoe k 3HanHTeAbHbiM nepeABHJKej HHHM. n o 3T0H HCe'npHH'HHe nOCTeneHHO Bbl6bIBaA KpynHblH poraTbiii c k o t . .O ch obh nm h b h a ^m h CTaA kohcbhhkob e r a jth OBUbI, K03bl, Bep6AK)AbI H AOUiaA'H. 3 t H BHA^I JKHBOTHbIX OKa3aAHCb Ha.H6oJiee npuroAHbiMH A-aa Kone'Boro o6pa3a JKH3HH B CypOBbIX yCAOBHHX nyCTbIHb, noAynycTbiHb !H cyx o-5 5 «MHorHe H3 9thx BhiroA, BpoA^t HanpHMep, yAoCpeHHa no/iefi ckot- CKHM HaB030M, MaAOKyjlbTypHblM HapOAaM C O B ep m eH H O HeH3BeCTHbI. Apyrne ohh H3BJieKaiOT b HeH3MepnM0 Menbiiiefi creneHH, *ieM m u . M u HMeeM Tenepb Ae;io vjkc c KyjibTypnuMH nopo^aMH AOMaiumix >khbot- HblX, o6jiaropO>KeHHUMH MHOrOBeKOBbIM HAH Aa>Ke MHOrOTbICHHeAeTIlHM no^OopoM h yxoAOM, h TOJibxo BCJieACTBHe 3Toro naM oaho >KHROTHoe MojKeT AaTb HHorAa 6o/n>me 6jiar, neM Ham npe^oK H3BAeKaa H3 ueAoro cTaaa* (MaxcHMOB A. H. Ckotoboactbo MaAoxy-abTypHux napoAOB.— y^eHbie 33IIHCKH HHCTHTyTa HCTOpHH PoCCHfiCKOA aCCOUHaUHH HayMHO- HccAeAOBaTeAbCKHX HHCTHTyTOB o^mecTBeiiiibix Hayx, T. II. M., 1927, CTp. 10). 13

■r CTenwMX TeppHTop«H. Bee CTaua h Ta6yHbi y KoneBiHHKOB ^ Kpyr^bifi roA HaxoAHJiHCb na noAHO)KHOM KOpMy h b Koqe- - bom nepeABH>KeHiHH, coBepmaeMOM c ueJibio ciAeHbi ecTecr- BCHHblX naCT6H m . y T3KHX KOHeBHHKOB OCHOBHblM CpeACT- bom npoH3BOACTBa cjiyxcHJiH craAa h Ta6yHbi. rio^ OC'HOBHblM Cpe^CTBOM npOH3BOACTBa M3pKCH3M-JI€- hhhh3m noHHMaeT cpe^cTBa TpyAa, TOHHee opyAHff TpyAa, a He a.aeMeHThi npe^MCTa rpyAa hah cbipbH. A ecrecTBeHHoe nacrSHiue cjiy>KHJio « e doAbiue, hcm oahhm H3 sjieMeHTOB npe^MCTa TpyAa, to ecTb cbiporo M arepnajia, 6e3 KOToporo .KoneBoe ckotoboactbo, pa3yMeeTCfl, cymecTBoaaTb • He Morvio. CoBepmeHHO HHan poAb noABepraiomeftcH o6pa6oTKe 30MJIH b ycJioBHHx oceAJioro aeM^e^e^bnecKoro xo3HHCTBa. 3^ecb pojib 3eMJiH ABOHKaa: b oahom cA ynae OHa oahii hs sjieMeHTOB npeAMOTa TpyAa haih cbiporo MaTepnaAa, npn- neM T3KHm npeAMeTOM TpyAa hbahiotch h 3aceBaeMbie ce- MCHa,1b ApyroM cjiyn ae ona BbiCTynaeT nan cpeACTBo TpyAa 3eMAeAeAbua. M apK c riHcaji: «3eMAH hbjihctch cbipbiM Ma.~ TepHajioM j\\jin 3eMJieAeJibua, 3aAe>KH y rjin — aah yrAe- npoMbiuiAeHHHKa, BOAa — aah pbi6aKa, h ua*Ke jiec — aah OXOTHHK3»2. KaK BHAHO, MapKC 3THMH CAOBaMH ITOAHepKH- BaA TOAbKO OAHy CTOpOHy (j)yHKUHOHHpOBaHHH nAOAOpOA- Hoft noMBbi kak HacTH npeAM^Ta TpyAa, HMen b BHAy bo3~ AeJibiBaHiae BnepBbie AOBCTBeHHoft noqBbi3 >h npouecc 33Tpa- Tbi TpyAa 3eMJieAejibueM npn naxore h noceBe. H3B6CTHO, hto BcnauiKOH- noHBbi h noceBOM ceMHH npouecc npoH3BOA- craa He 3aBepuiaeTCH h He b stom 33KjiioHaeTCH KOHenHaji jiejib npoH3BOACTBeHHoft AeaieAbHocTH ueAOBOKa. BMecTe c ^aBepiiie&HeM riocefea, HailpMMep, 3epHoBbix KyAbTyp, npo­ uecc TpyAa, Kan npaBHAo, BpeMeHno npepbisaeTcn, ecAH. He npHHHMaTb bo BHHMa«He nepnoAHHecKoe opomeHne t 3mk rue oho npHMeHHeTCH, ho npouecc npoH3BOACTBa npOAOA- jKaerca b baac BereTauHOHHoro nepnoua pacreiHHfi, KorAa caMa o6pa6oTaHHan 3eMAH cj^yHKUHOHHpyeT KaK oahh H3 «B seM^e^ejiHH, HanpHMep, h t . a . OAHa nacTb • KaKoro-AHCo- npo^yKta (HanpHMep nmeHHiiu) o6paayeT JKH3HeHHbie cpeACTBa, TorAa Kan Apyran nacTb (oriHTb-TaKH nwemmbi) b cbocm HaTypa/ibHOM bhag (KaK ceMena, HanpHMep) BiioBb BCTynaeT b npouecc BocnpoH3BOACTBa b BHAe cbipbH* (Mapnc K. h 3nreAbc d>. HsCpaHiibie nncbMa, M., 1947,. CTp. 142). n m % 5 ^ ctp° P9HH npH6aD0M,,0fil ctohmocth (IV tom ^KanHxaAa*) 3 MapKC K. KamiTaji, T. I, 1952, crp. 188. 14

pemaiomiHX sjtcm'Ghtob ucaopo -KdMnjieKca cpeACTB T p yA a 3eMAeAeAbua. «3 A e c b , b 3eMAeAeA»H, c ca-Moro H anaAa juano b um poK ’Hx pa3Mepax -coagi&c t b h e cha npapo^w, yBe- jiHweHHe p a 6 oqeH ohjih qejiOBexa nyTeM np'HM6HeHHH h s k c - nAyaraimiH aBTOManHqecKH AeScTByioiunx chji npH poAW »1*- 3eMJieAejiiHe b a ^h h o m cjiyqae HcnoAb3yeT b KaqecTBe o p y - ahh cB oero T p y A a aBTOMaTHqecKH AeftcTByiom yio cn jiy 6 ho- XHMHHeCKHX CBO&CTB nOHBbl AAH Bbipam«Ba«H5I 3eJI€HbIX pacreHHH h nojiyneHHH ypoxcaH. 3 to nojiHocTbK> oooTBeTCTByeT naynHOMy onpeAejieHHio cpeACTB TpyA a. «CpeACTBo TpyAa <ecTb -B-emb hah KOMnjiexc Bemeft, KOTopbie patfoqHH noMeiuaeT MexcAy co6oio h npeA~ MeroM TpyAa h KOTopue cAyxcaT a a h -Hero b KaqecTBe npo- boA-HHKa e r o b o 3a g $ ctbhh « a st o t npeAMeT. O h noAb3yeT cn MexaHHHeCKHMH, (J>H3HqeCKHMH, XHMHHeCKHMH CBOfiCTBBMH Bemen a a h t o t o , *4ro6bi b c o o t b c t c t b h h co cBoeft u ejib io 3acTaBHTb h x Ae^CTBOBaTb b KanecTBe opyAHfl ero BAacT.H»2.. Ha 3tom 6 eccnopHOM noAOJKeHHH oOHOBbiBaeTcn o6meH3- BeCTHblH (})aKT, HTO 3eMAH HBAHeTCH CpeACTBOM TpyAa 3eM ~ AeAeJIHH B IHHpOKOM CMbICJie 3TOrO CAOBa.3 T axyio xce ABonxyio poAb b n p ou ecce npoH3BOACTBa nrpaer ckot b ycAOBHax KoqeBoro CKOTOBOACTBa. C to h kh 3peH‘HH 3aTpaT T p yA a a a nacTbtfy h boaoiioh ckot3 n a cy- meecH cxaAO mojkho paccMaTpHBaTb n a n oahh H3 3Ae\\ieH- tob npeAMeT a T p yA a ; TaKHM >xe SAeMeiHTOM TpyAa KoneB- HHKa-nacTyxa HBAneTcn h ecTecTBeHHoe nacTOnme. Ho 3THM/ 4>y<HKimoHHp'OBaHHe CTaAa ih T a 6 y « a b npouecce npoH3BOA- CTBa KOHCBHHKa HO OrpaHHHH&aeTCH. B e e npOH3BOACTBeHHOe* hah npoAyKTHBHoe noroAOBbe ckot a, BKAioqaH BepxoBbix. AOUiaAefi H BbKDHIHblX Bep6AK>AOB, 6 b lJIO AAH KOqeBHHKa oc^- HOBHbIM CpeACTBOM TpyAa, KOTOpoe OH CTaBHA^MejKAy C0 6 0 H’ h ecTecTBeHHbiM naoT&HiueM. B AaHHOM cAyqae ckot cA y- XOHJI TOAbKO IipOBOA-HlHKOM B03Ae#CTBHH MeACBCKa -Ha npH - poAy, Ha ecTecTBeHHoe nacTftmue. r ia c T y x npH nacTbde- 1 MapKc K . TeopHH npHtfaBOHHoft ctohmocth (I V tom «KanHTajia»),. *»• I, M., J954, ctd. 15. 2 MapKc K . fcamrraji, t. I, 1952, CTp, 186. 3 « A a h 3eM jieA C Jibu a 3eMJiH — noHBa c/iyjK H T b H3BecTH0M c m w c a o h opyaweM, h MdTepnaAOM npoH3BOACTBa; ee mo>kho ynoAoCHTb opyAHio, noTOMy mto ee KanecTBaMH onpeAe^aeTCH b HeKOTopofi Mepe npoH3Bo- AHTeAbHocTb Tpy^a, a Tan naic BMecrre c TeM qacTHubi noHBbi bxoajit lie* nocpeACTBeHHo b Ky/ibTHBHpyeMbie pacreHHH, to OHa AocTaBAaeT, tskhm o6pa30M, h MaTepnaA aah npoH3BOACTBa» (C kbopuob A. H. Ochobu 3KOHOMHKH 3CMAeACAHH. J l ., 1925, CTp. 19-- 20). 15

cbohx craA h Ta6yHOB cTaBHT nepeA co6oio onpe^eJieHHyK) nejib, qTodbi nacT6‘nmHafl TpaBa 6biJia npeBpameHa b pe- ay^bTaTe noe^aHnn ee jkhbothwmh b .mojioko, luepcTb, mh- •co, KOJKy, Haso3 u t . a - n o cjroBam <2>. 3:Hrejibca, coJiHeqHafl aHeprHH (J)HKCHpyeTca b >khbothom opraHH3Me nocmnbKy, nocKOjibKy odbimio 6bicTpo yBHAaiomHe, OTMHpaiomHe h pa3- ^jiaraiomHecH pacTeHHH «n;iaHOMepHO npeBpamaiOTca b >kh * BOTHblH 6eJIOK, JKHp, KO>Ky, KOCTH H np. ... HeJIOBeK, T3KHM o6pa30M, yXMTpHCTCH COe^HHHTb eCTeCTBeHHbie ({jyHKUHH nbTpe6^5Homero aneprHio xtHBOTHoro h iHaicanjiHBaiomero 3HeprHio p a c T e H H ^ »! . K oqeB oft ckotoboa no;ib30BaJicH 6ho- '^IOrO-(J)H3HOJIOrHHeCKHMH CB0HCTB3MH OpraiIH3Ma CKOTa Toro, qTo6bi b cootbctctbhh co CBoen uejibio 3aeraBHTb ero AeiicTBOBaTb b KanecTBe opyAHH CBoen npoH3BOACTBenHOH Aeaie.abHOCTH2. B. H. JIchkh rmcaji: « H to 6u noKopHTb hx, qe.aOBex BCTaBJinet Meway hhmh (npeAM£TaMH npHpoAfei — C. T.) Apyrwe npeAMeTbi npnpoAbi, o6pam aer T3KHM o6pa- 30m npHpOAy npoTHB cawoft npnpoAbi, h H3o6peTaeT a -hh 3toh uejiH opyAHH»3. TaKHM >Ke opyAHeM h BMecTe c TeM nacTbio o6i>eKTa Tpyaa y xoneBoro CKOTOBOAa 6bui xchboh ckot: Ta6yHbi JiouiaAeH, CTa^a Bep6jnoAOB, OBeu h ko3.4 OcHOBHoe OTJiHMHe 3eMJieAeviHH o t KoneBoro c k o t o b o a - ctb3 3aK^ioHajiocb npe>KAe Bcertf b t o m , hto oho 03H a- qajio b 6yxBajibHOM cmbicjic 3Toro cjiOBa «AejraHHe 3eM AH», to ecTb H3MeHeHHe noqBbi, npucnocodjieH H e ee k ycaoBHHM 3eM-neAe^bqecKoro npon3BOACTBa. 3eM A6AeJieu 0Ka3biBaji • onpeAe^eHHbiM npHe^iow MexaHnqecKoe B03ACHCTBHe Ha noqBy c uejibio co3Aa»H H (5;iaronpHHTHbJX ycaoBwft, n e o 6 - xoahm w x a ^ih >k h 3h h pacTeHuft. O h n am e T , ceeT, y x o 6 p n e t , opoiuaeT noJiH A«hh noayqeHHH ypoxcaH . 3eMJin 3Aect npn> 1 Mapnc K. h Sm eA bc <t>. Coq., t. X X IV , cTp. 603—604. 2 «Pa3yM cTOJib w e xHTep, cKQ-nb MorymecTBeHeH. XHTpodb coctoiit Boo6me b onocpe^cTByiomefl AeaTe/ibHocrH, KOTopan, 3acraBJiHH npeA- Meru B03AeAcTBOBaTb cooTBeTCTBeHno hx npnpoAe Apyr Ha Apyra h noABepraTbCH b33hmhoh e6pa6oTKe, npnqeM oHa HenocpeACTBeHHo He BMeuiHBaeTca b btot npouecc, see x<e ocymecrBAaeT jiHiub cboio uejib> TereAbJ.le(nCumH. BM. a/p/n. cd>KH.JioKcoa(n})HCTKaHae, t. I, 1952, crp. 186, 2 cnocKa). TeipaAH, JI., 1947, CTp. 223. 4 «B cHay 4)H3HOAorHqecKHx cbohx ocodeHHocTefi Bep6AK>A HBJineTCH HaHOoaee uchhwm b nycTbiHHbix, noaynycTbiHHbix h cyxocTemibix pafio- SHawpbaaiyaxMoonnyeuacAnauooe>BeCKHKHKHaByMOdn.TnpHooOuodehypK6aHoic^ajriuuuetTOeoeo»AAAbpe(HneyoroAnccqxoTeoupenKppsHmtHyuecTxHnOHopccHaoiAdOaMojiMHeHHoa—aiHuoueCeH.aknToAT. Hne)oJ3.KH(eyaHntboeBiMpaueiipnouapseOnnnopnTouKBatoe- Bep6AJOA h ero nayqeHHe. Kaua-OpAa, 1926, crp. 9— 10). 1 16

CBaHBaeTCH HenocpeACTBeBHO; seMJiejxeJieu BocnpaH3BOAtfT Bee ee ueHHbie 'H neo6xoA!HMhie KanecrBa aah 3eMJieAeab- HeCKOrO X035JHCTB3, Hero HeT npH KOqeBOM CKOTOBQACTBe. KyAbTypHyio noHBy, BucoKoe ee n-noAopoAne nocTenenno C03AaBaji neJiOBeK — 3eMaeAeaeu — b npouecce o6mecTBen- Horo npoH3BOACTBa. Mto6u ynpaBAHTb npoueccaMH, coBep- maiomHMHCH b TaHHCTBemibix jia6opaTopnsix npupoubi, 3eMJieAeJibuy Heo6xoAHMO 6liao o6aaAaTb MHO>xecTBOM CJIOKHblX 3H3HHH. ; 3ew jiefteJiH e'c uepBbix rnaroB CBoero B03HHKHOBe- HHfl H pa3BlHTMfl-<5£m O OBH3aHO C OCCAAOCTblO, CTpOHTeJIb- ctbom nocTowH^ix xciHJium ih .hx AaJibHeihuHM yjiymnej-meM, c noHBJieHHeM peMecna Kan caMOCTOHTeJibHOH oTpacJin npo- H3boactbs, 33HHToro np-eatAe Bcero H3roTOBJieHHe.M 3eMJie- AeAb^ecKHX qpyAH H ,. a xaiOKe npOH3BOACTBOM pa3JiHUHbix CTpOMTeJlWiblX MaTep«aJIOB, AaBaaumX !B03MO>KHOCTb jiioahm coopy^caTb (kviM iriie npOHHbie 3A3*mhh. Bo3H,HKHoBeHHe Hacejieaiibix nyuKTOB c nocTpaHHbiMH nocTpofixaMiH, ropo- AOB H pa3BHTH€ peMep.na . 6bIAO B03MOJKHO TOJIbKO B yCJIO- Baax oeeAAoro seMJiCAeabqecicoro1, a a e KoneBono ckotoboa- HeCKOrO XOSHHCTBa. B npouecce o6pa6omH'3eMJiH aioah cyMejin noeraBHTb ce6e jia- cAyx^Jy ue toju>ko iuioAopoAHe noHBbi, ho nocTe- nenHo a Apyrne 6oraTCTBa; HeAp aeMJiH. Ha Tex ace 3eM- jihx, pab JWCTogHHbie nacT^Hiua Ko^teBHHKOB, 6oraT- CTBa ihx «eA P oCTa&a^HCb rrbrc« heaeraaajh noA cnyAOM. OoeAaocTb,-3eMJi£A£AHe m po c t peMecaa cjiyacmiH Te- MH OPHOBHblMH yCJIOBHH'MH,. KOTOpbie CO BpeMeHGM A^AH BOSMOXCHOCTb JlltO&lM May^HTbCA lie TOAbKO. UejieC006pa3HO HcaoAb39»aTb n o jie w u e cBo&craa sepxHero c/ioh seMJin, ho ih n3BA6KaTb MUHepaAhHbie 6oraTCTBa ee HeAP, b tom 4HCJie pyAW, «3 woropbix nocTeneHHo waHaAH Ao^bmaTb Merajuibi h iH3noTOBJiBTb MeiaAJiHuecKHe opyAHfl npoH3- BOACTsa. .*^ / ToflbKO b pe3^AbT.aTe AaAbHeauiero 'Pasbhthh 3eM;ieAe- ahh Morao npoH3oAni oTAeaeHHe ot H ero peMecna. OxAe- 1 «Pa3B«THe pewecaa, pocT ropoaoB, otfpaaoBamie KneBCKoro rocy- /AapcTBa othochtch k IX b. Cano co6oh noHHTHO, hto 5th npoueccu OCHOBaHbl Ha SKOHOMH^eCKOM nOA'beMe CTpaiihl, OCHOBaHHOM B cbok) oqepcAb na pa3BHTHH h ycoBepmeHCTBOBaHHH 3eM.ne^ejiHH». (AoBHcenoK B. H. K hctophh 3eM/ieAeJiH5i y boctouhux cJiae^H b ncp- B0M Tucaqe^eTHH h. a. h b snoxy K hcbckoA PycH. B kh.: MaTepHa^w no hctophh 3eMJieAeAHH CCCP, c6, I. M., 1952, erpt 154). 2 C. £1 To^uOckoj* l?

AHBUieecn ot seMJi&A-eJiiHft peMCCJio 6biJio np&MbiM npeAKOM COBpeMCHHoft npOMblU lJieHiHOCTH, KOTOpyiO C ee MHOrOMHC- 'A6HHbIMH OTpaCJIHMIH Mbl BnpaBe paCCMaTpHB3Tb KaK H a- CTOHiu.ee ACTHiixe c tohkh 3pe»HH ochobhopo npouecca nporpecaHBJforo paaBHXHH odmecrBa npoMuiu- jieHHocTL OKa3biBajia, b cboio onepeAb, o6paTHoe 6JiarorBop- noe B03AencTBH0 na pa3BHTHe aeMJieaejiHH1. 3‘HamiT, TOJibKo na 6a3e pocra h pasB-HTHH seMAeACAHH npoHCxoAH^i npouecc o6mecTB6HiHoro pa3AeACHiHH Tpyua; Kaxcgbift pa3 oho 3.HaMeHOBajio co6o& noHBAemie hoboA npoH3BoA^HTejiBHoft oHJibi o6iuecTBa; npoHcxoAHJi npouecc dTA^eHHH ot 3eMJieueJiHH Bee 6oJibiiiero h 6oJibLiiero hhc- jia OTpacjieH npoMbiuuieHHOCTH. n pou ecc pa3BHTHH o6me- C TB eiiH oro pa3uejieHHH Tpyua b tom h coctoht, tto « oah3 3a upyroft oTpacAb npOMhiuiJieHHOCTH, oamh 3a ApyrHM bha o6pa6oTKH cbiporo npoAyKTa OTpbieatOTcn ot 3eMAeAeAHH h CT3H0BHTCH caMOCTOHTeJibHbiMH».2 Pa3BepTbiBaAacb B ee uiiHpe h m u p e p a 3 p a 6 o T K a M H H ep aJib H b ix p e c y p c o B , t 3ih b * 1HHXCH BCKaMH B H e A p a X 3CMAH; AaAbHeftlliee pa3BHTHe nojiyuH Jia boombiiUABHHOCTb, n p o H 3 B O A fliu a n cpeAC TB a n p o - H3BOACTBa a j i x B c e x O TpacJieft n a p o A n o r o xo3H ftcTB a. 3 t o np0H30IUJI0 TOJIbKO TO TAa, K0TA3 0 6 m eC TB O AaAeKO y illA O B CBOCM pa3BHTH<H O T pyTHHlHOrO KOMeBODO CKOTOBOAMCCKO­ TO X03HftCTB-a. B 3eMJieAeJi'HH o co 6 en H O 6 o jib u io e 3,Han©HHe HMeiOT x e cpeACTBa x p y A a , K o ro p b te HepaapbLBHO CBH3anbi c 3eM Aeft. 3 x o TaKH-e cp eA C T B a x p y A a , KO Topbie, n o Bupa^KCH H io M a p K - c a , «jioK ajibH O n p H K p en ^ eH b i, nycTH AH oboh kophh b 3©m - a io », BCAeACTBHe q e r o ohh nrpaiOT « o c o 6 y i o p o A b B skohomhh HauHft».3 K HHCAy t 3 kh x cpeACTB TpyA a othochtch:- 3eMeAb- Hbie yAyqm eHHH, npOH3BOACTBeHHbie 3A3HHH, THApOTeXHHqe- CKHe COOpy>KeHHH, AOpOJKHO-MOCTOBbie yCTpOHCTBa, A pC B e- CHHa H KyCTapH H KO Bbie Haca>KAeHHH. lio A O tfH h lX cpeAC TB npOH3BOACTBa y KOqeBHHKOB HCTOpHH H e 3 H a eT . B eccn op H o, q x o npoh3boactbchH o e 3-H aqeH ne toto ihah A pyroro npeAM exa npnpOAM on p eA eA n excn xapaKTepoM • «H ccjih n.iOAopo^He 3eM/iH nopoAHJio o6pa6aTbiBaiomyio npo- MblHi/ICHHOCTb, TO p33BHTHe 3T0H npOMblllJJieHHOCTH, B CBOIO 0*iepeilb oTpa>KaeTCB Ha 3eMjie h eme noBbimaeT ce njiOAopoAH©*. (C mht Anar*’ MccJiWMHHe ° npwpoAe h npwqHHax <5oraTCTBa liapoAOB, t . I. M .’ Ji/Oj, CTp. o40). * 2 JJenun D. H. Co«i., t . 2, crp. 206. MapKC K. KarntTaji, t . II, 1951, CTp. 158— 159. 18

o6l>eKTHBH0 CyiUOCTByiOlUe^ ItpOHSBOACTBa, KOTOpOe MO>k^;f 6bITb JIH(5o KOqeBhIM CKOTOBOACTBOM, A h 6 o OCeflJlUM 30MAC- AeJineM, a h 6 o ropoACKoii npoMbimAeHiHocTbio. npH HHCTO KOMeBOM CKOTOBOACTBe, KOr^a KOHeBa HHC npoHcxoAHJio KpyrjibiH t o a , o c h o b h h m opyajHeM h oahihm mb ajieMeHTOB npeAMeTa TpyAa Bbicrynaji tkhboh ckot. BonpeKH B c e w y 3TOMy M. JL 3 AaTKHH muneT: «E>e>ccno'p‘ HO, MTO p a 6 oqMH CKOT HBAHeTCH CpeACTBOM npOH3BOACTBa. Ho HBAHCTCH A>H CpeACTBOM npOH3BOACTBa ITpOAyKTHBHOe CTaAO, TO eCTb KOpOBbl, OBUbI <HT* A*? C . E. TOAbl6eKOB ClIH- TaeT, mto « p a 6 oqHfi ckot >h M€Akh& KHBeiHTapb BMecTe c nacyiuHMca Ha ecTecTBeiiHOM nacT^HiUe ochobhhm npoH3- BOACTBeHHbJM nOTOAOBbeM CK0T3 TO>Ke HBJIHIOTCH 3^eMCH- Ta.MH cpeACTBa * ripoH3BOACTBa». Ho hto b TaKOM c jiy q a e * OTHOCHTCH K npOAYKTaM TpyAa, B MeM uejlb npOH3BOACTBa? C. E. TpJibiCeKOB Ha 3tot Bonpoc He OTBenaeT. ripeACTaB- aeHHe o t o m , hto ckot y KoqeBHHKOB hbahgtch oah obpe m eH- HO OCHOBHblM CpeACTBOM npOH3BOACTBa M ueAblO npOH3BOA\" CTBa, HGMH'Hye-MO BeACT K 'HaAeJieHHIO CKOTa HeKHMiH 0C06bI- mh, CBepx'becTecTBeHHbiMH «couHaAbHbiMH» KaqecTBaMH»1. HnTaB noA o6 Hbie paccy^KAemia H . fl. 3 jiaTKHHrf, H0Ab3 H He yAHBAHTbCH TOMy, noneMy oh He x o q e r coraacHTbCH c TeM •H3BecTHbiM noaoHceHneM M apK ca o t o m , hto 5iBJineTCH ah noae3HaH e e m b npHpoAbi, HaxoAflmancH b npouecce npo- M3B0ACTB3 «CbipbIM MaTepiH3AQM, CpeACTBOM TpyAa IHAH npOAyKTOM, 3to B ceueao 33bhght o t e e onpeAeaeHHOH (pyHK- Uhh b n p o u e c c e TpyAa, ot Toro M ecTa, Koropoe OHa 3a- HHMaeT b weM, h c nepeMenoH 3T oro MecTa H3MeHHi0Tca ee onpeAeaeHHH»2. HanpHMep, Koposa npH e e OTKapMAHsanHH 3eMaeAeabueM Ha y 6oft hbahgtch TioABepraioiuHMCfl o 6 p a- 6oTKe cbipbiM MaTepHajioM w b to xte BpeMn OHa HBAneTcn CpeACTBOM T p yA a aah npon3BOACTBa m oaoks h HaB0 3 a. To^ho T3 K>Ke CTaAa ih TafiyHbi c K o r a , Aaiom ne npwnAOA, MOJIOKO, LUepCTb >H IH3B03 Ha TOIIAHBO, HBAHIOTCH C peACTBa- mh TpyAa cKOTOBOAa-KoqeBHHKa. B ee npoAyKTbi TpyAa, BCTynaioiuHe b woBbifi npoueoc TpyAa, yrpaHHBaiOT x a p a n - Tep npoAyKTOB h (J)yhkuhohhp y iot k s k MarepHaAbHbie 4>aKTopbi xcHiBoro rpyAa, to ecTb nee cxhh ^yHKUHOHupyiOT KaK cpeACTjpa npoii3BOACTBa. Pa3AH qnbie sACMeHTbi cpeACTB 13aotkuh //. /7. K Bonpocy o cymnocTH naTpnapxa.ibHo-(})eoAajib- HWX OTHOUieHHH y KO'ICBHX UapOAOB.— BonpOCbl HCTOPHH, 19B5, Ns 4, CTp. 76. 2 MapKC K . KanHTaA t. I, 1952, CTp. 189. 19

ftpoaSBOActBa b xa&Aofa ot^e^biHOM ripouecce npoiteBort* CTBa BbraOJI«HIOT pa3AHMHbie 4>yHKlIiH'H 'He3aBHCHMO OT TO- ro, hbahiotch OHH npoAyKTOM npom jioro TpyAa hah Her. ’ KjiaCCH<})HUMpyH (})yHKUHH 3JieM6HTOB CpeACTB npOH3BOACT- Ba, Mapxc .ziejiHT mx iHa cpeACTBa T p y A a (opy^HH) h npeA- MeTbi Tpyaa (c bip be *), .BeiuecTBeHHbiM coAepncaHHeM nocAeA- h h x , Kax ripaB«AO, onpeACAHCTCH MaxepHaAbHoe coAep>Ka- HHe npoAyKTa TpyA a; a ucjibio Aiodoro npouccca npoH3B0ACTB a B c e rA a dbiAo ih ocTaexcH nojiy^eHMe npoAyK- Ta. H e r HHKaKHX ocHOBa-rafl coMneBaTbCH b tom , mto rrpo- AyKTOM TpyAa KOqeBIHHKOB 6bIJI CKOT. l i p H M6M- CKOT 3A^C*> . hbahach uejibio npoH3BOACTBa iHe- n o ro M y , hto oh ckot, a nOTOMy, HTO OH OOHOBHOe CpeACTBO H OCHOBHOH npOAyKT - Taxoro cneuHcpHnecKoro hpoh3boactba x a x Konesoe ckoto- boactbo. FIo3TOMy H . fl. 3jiaTKHH wanpaoHO nocnem«Ji npHnncaTb Haw « ckotckhh mhcthuh3m ». B KoqeBOM cKOTOBOACTBe qejioBeK Hcnojib30Baji npoAyKTbi npexoHero rp y a a jxJin nponsBOACTBa h o b u x npoAyKTOB, xaK H BO Bcex OTpaCJIHX npOH3BOACTBa. 3 t O A3BH0 H3BeCTH3H HCTHHa, 0 6 3to m M a p x c nncaji: «H poA yK Tbi ceAbCKoro xo3H#cTBa... b x o a h t Kax cpemcTBa CBoero COdCTBCHHOIX) npoH3BOACTBa b t o t npouecc npoH3BOACTBa, npoAyktamh KOTOporo OHH HBAHIOTCH. 3T0 HMeeT iMOCTO xaaoKe iH y M a-. uiHH. MauiHHa npaH3BOAHT MauiHHy. Yrojib noMoraer noiiHHMaTb y ro A b h s uiaxTbi, y ro A b nepeB03HT yroA b h t . a .»\\. , KoHe®HHK-fcKOTOBOA TpaTHA CBOft T pyA Ma ripOH3BOACTBO H- BocnpoH3®OACTBo cbohx ct3a h T a d y H o s. EA aroA apn u e - AenanpaBiieHnoH a c h t c a bWOGTH n eA o »e K a o k ot npoH3B0AH«a CKOT. . CnpaiiiHBaeTCH, Ha neM ooHosaHo npHBCAQHHoe Bbiuie yTBep^KAeHHe M . fl. 3jia7Km a? P.a3Be hohcboh ckotoboa, 3aTpa^HBaBiuHft Bocb cBofi TpyA, oribiT h 3HaHHe iHa pa3Be- A6H«e jkhbothhx, « e CTasHJi nepeA codon HOHyio uejib eme dOAblilC yBfcJBHiiHTb KOAWHeCTBO H nOBbICHTb KSHeCTBO CBOHX craA? Pa3Be oh « e otpomhjich nojiyqHTb ot HMCiomerocn MaTOMHoro noroJioBbH nodoAbiiie noA hoagh horo >MOAOAHHKa h BupacTHTb eno? Pa3Be oh we yAOBAeTBop ha h « e cTpe- mhach eme noAHee yAOBACTBopHTb cboK) noTpednocTb npo- AyKTaMIH 3TOTO npOHBBOACTBa? Be3yCAOBHO, Aa. ■ HeAb3H ceoe npeACTaBHTb TpyA 6e3 ueAH, Taicoro TpyAa Boodme He ^ a o ! r . r M K 19 5 T \" p j 4 PH6aB04HOflCTOKM° CTH (I V T0M *KanHTa' 20

GbiBaer. C k o t a ^ih Komesoro CKOTOBOACTBa OAyxciHA o a h o - BpCMeHHO OOHOBHhFM CpeACTBOM FIPOH3BOACTB3 W UeJlbK) npOH3BOACTBa. nO STO M y HHK3’K <HeAb3H npHSHaTb npaBHJIb- h u m Tanoe b u c k a3biBawne: «B ycjiobhhx xoneBoro o6me- CTB-a CKOT, HeCOMtteHHO, HBAfleTCH BaJKHeHLUHM HCTOHHHKOM cymecTBOBaHHH, (ho 3to eme iHe 03HanaeT, m o ckot hbjihct- C5I OCHOBlHBIM CpeACOTBOM npOH3BOACTBa, 6AHHCTB0HHblM cpe^CTBOM cyuxecTboBasrah» 1. C kot 6bui hm ©hho ochobiibim ( mu He rOBOpHM - «e,OJHHCTBeHHUM») OpOACTBOM cymecTBO- Ba.HHH b KoaeBOM oCmecTBe. B ipeaABHofi jkhbtth KonefiHiH- kob 3aTpaxbi. rp y A a raa coAep>xaHHe cboux ct3a h TafrynoB HMejiH uejibio coxpaHHTb rax xax cpeACTBo rrpoH3boactba h npeAMOT HHAHBHAyajibiHoro norpe&neKHfl., ripaH3BOACT- eeiHHoe norojiOBbe cxora y kohcbhtikob 6uao OAHOBpcmchho H OCHOBHbIM CpeACTBOM npOH3BOACTB3, H 0AHHM H3 BAeMeH* tob Tpy^a, HapHAy c nacT^HmeM. HeJib3H OTOJKAeeTBJiHTb npoH3BOACTBeHnoe. norojiOBbe ckota c ero npoAyKTaMra. Hejib3H ure bhagtb paaHHuu Me>KAy KOpOBOH H HaAOeHHbIM OT Hee 'MOAOKOJV1, MORAY TOlHKOpyH'HOft OB-Aoft (H MaCTpHHCeHflofi IliepCTbK), MOKAy uejiuM cocTOHiHiHeM KoneBux ckotoboaob — nacymraMcn CT3A0M oeeu h TymaMH h KOjKaMH 3a(5HTbix no wepe HaAotf- hocth Ha mhco BajiyxoB. CTaAa OBeu h TadyHu AomaAen OCT.aiOTCH OpeACTBaMB npOHBBOACTBa y IKOHeSBHX CKOTOBO­ AOB ao Tex nop, noKa ohih ocTaioTCH b npouecce npoH3BOA- ctb3, to ecTb a o re x nop, noxa ohh nacyrcra. U acrb6a n noeHHe c k o t a ^Caobckom ecTb n-pouecc npoH3BOahtcjibho- ro noTpetfjieiWH nacr&mmHopL rpaBbr, b o a h ih cxora, a no- Tpe6AeHHe npoAyKTOB cxoTa bbjihctch HHAHBKAyaAbHbiM n?0Tpe6AerH«eM. XIponaBOAJHTejibhoe noTpe6A6H«e tcm otjih- HaeTca ot iHHAHBHAyaAbHoro norpe6jieHHH, hto b nocjieA- H6M npoAyKTU noTpeCjiaiOTCH Rax >KH3HCHHbie cpeACTBa jkhboto ihhahb'hA y y m a, b rrepBOM — ksuk >KH3HeHHue cpeACT- Ba TpyAa — pa6oraeH chau, nporab a raioinehch b AeHTeJibHO- CTH. ftoSTOMy .irpOAYKT HHAHBHAyaAbIHOro noTpe6A6HHH ecTb caM norpe&HTeAb, peayAbTaT race nporasbqa’htcabhoro norpe()AeHHH — npoAyKT, oTAHHHbift 6t noTpe6HTeAH2. 3Ha- ^HT, B pC3yABTaTe HHAHBHAyaAbHOrO nOTpe(5AeHHH KOHeBbIMH CKOTOBOAaMH BOCnpOH3BOAHAHCb C3MH KO^eBHHKH KaK 1 Typcyn6aeo A. B. [BbicrynoeHHe], B kh.: MaTepnaJiM HayiiHofl cec- CHH, noCBHmeHHOfl HCTOpHH CpCAHeft A3HH H Ka33XCTaHa B AOOKT«6pb- CKHft nepwoA. TaiuKenT, 1955, crp. 100. ■.MapKc K. K^nHTa-rc, T. J. 1952? cTp. 190. ?!

Cy6T>eKTHBHH€ ^aK TO pbl npOH3BOACTBa, a B pC3yJlbTaTC npo- H3boajhtf&jii>h o r o n oTp e6jieH iH fl BOcnpoH3BO^'HJi-HCb h x T a 6 y - Hbl H C T a^a K a K oO'beKTH-BHbie (jDaKTOpbl npOH3BOACTBa. ToJibKO npn noMom/H s t h x TaOyiiOB h ctzjx B M eere c m c a k h m HHBGHTapeM OHH 'MOTAH HpOH3BOAHTeA bHO HCIT0Ab3OBaTb ecTecTBeHHbie n a c T 6 n m a . 1 3khm o 6 p a 3 0 M , «9eA 0B eK y npH- xoahtca n o jib 3 0 BaTLCH ah ko h pacTHTejibHOCTbio npn n o- CpeACTBe >KHBOTHbIX, KaK 6bl OXOTHTbCH 3a paCTeHHHMH c nOMOUIbK) >KHBOTHblX, KOTOpbie H n ep ep a 6 a T b IB a iO T n o - cjieAHHe b Hyn<iHbie MCJioBeKy n p o A y K T b i, t o ecTb qejiO BeK nepexoAHT k n acTdn m H O M y >j<HBOTiiOBOACTBy»I. >K«Boe opyAHe npon3noACTBa — ckot — hmeeT cboh cpoK CAyacObi, KaK w bchkog opyane npoH3BOACTBa. Kohcboh CKOTOBOA xopouio 3HajI npOAOJI>KHTCJIbHOCTb X0H3HH Ka>K- AOTO B'Hab CKora. CpeAHHA rrpoAan>KiHTejibiHocTb 2HH3HM ob- Ubi h K03bi paBHa 6— 7 'roAaM, AomaAH — 18— 19, Bep6jno- Aa — 20— 25 roAaM. Ka>KAaa H3 s t h x ocotfefi >KHBOTHbix, yTpaTHBiuaH cBoe npoH3boactbghh oe BHaweHHe, BbixoABJia H3 npoH3BOAcrrB0HHoro npouecca, iujia Ha y6on h nocTy- najia b oOjiacTb HHAHBiHAyaAbHoro noTp06aghihh. Ka>KAblfi KOmeBOft CKOTOBOA CTpOMHACH oOecnCMHTb PaCUPHpOHHOe BOCIipOH3BOACTBO CBOHX C T 3 A H TaOyHOB. rio- CTOHiHlHO o OhOBAHA COCT3B CT3A H T a O yH O B 3AOpOBbIM H np«roAHbiM a /ih mpoH3BOACTBa n oroA O B beM , c k o t o b o a CTpe- MHACA nOnOJIHHTb IHX C npOBbIIU0HH0M IH3A OTXOAOM 3a CHeT h o bo ix) npnnAOAa. K a sa x cK n e k o h c b h h k ih , KaK ih ©ce A p y rn e , HHKorAa He 6 h a h « a m hco 3A<>poBoe MaTOHHoe noroAOBbe h npoH3b o a h t e A e h . JleTOM Ha m a c o o O b in n o Oh a h C A a O b ix h xpoMbix roAOBaAbix'OapaH O B, AecJjeKTHBHbie 3 K3eM nAApbi MOAOAHHKa T eK ym ero roAa, a o c e H b io — -CTapux, (Hecnocotf- HblX K TIAOAOHOlIieHiHIO H H ecn 0 C0 6 HJ>IX BbIAep>KaTb npCA- ^ToamiHe 3HMHHe xoAO Aa, xcHBOTHbix; oTciO Aa Ka3 a x c K a n nocAOBHua: «H eo6xoAH M O y»H H To>K aTb k HoaOpio B e cb CTapblH H 6paKOB3HHbIH CKOT»2. BepH O , HTO «K a3aX H »3 KOAIOT H3 TOAOBaAbix h A B y x ro A O B a A b ix O B e n Ha m a c o T ex, KOTOpbie He IIO A aiO T H3Ae>KAbI BblHCCTH CypOByiO 3H M y. B oA b in eio >k g n a c T b K ) Ha 3HMy 3aK ajibiB aiO T C H C T a p b ie XV0r3^RHl C^TaBV3CaTT y°p8KeHcT‘ anCac.j lT* aCuKwOeeHxTo,sH1f9iC2T4B, oc r'pT.yp2K. ecTana. B k h .: T h r u Kapaiua Kayuc Kapi KypTaHAbi Taytac. ’ K. y 1RCl X A°P CBO-n^UHOIIHbIX JIHTepaTypHLTX II apXHBHHIX HCTOMHH- Kax C.lOBO «KHprH3» 3aMeHCH0 CAOBOM «Ka3aX». 22

6apanhi»I. T a K ofi BexaMH npHMeHHBuiHfica panHOHajibHHH MeTOA HcnoJib30BaHHH neno^HoueHHOH qacTH cTaA uinpoKo iipHMeH$uicH h b KOHue XIX h naqajie XX b b . Aax<e cp eA H inican:nojiyKOMeBux ckotoboaob. 06 s t o m A6afi KyHan6aeB «Ho5i6pb— npeAUBepwe 3HMbi, nopa b ayji, nopal Ha jicthhx nacT6muax rpeMHT xojroAHbie BeTpa. y>K ec^H 6afi noxa mo 6ber CBofi csmuh xy;umiH ckot, To tag >k CeAHHK ce6e caw h ToruiHBa naMACT? Kojib AacT CoraTbjfi noAMeuiKa cyxoro KH3HKa — BAaroAapH cKopefi ero, ceMbio ero h pOA»2. T ohho Tan>Ke «ryHryc mnbKO b cjiynae xpaHHOCTH pe- IIJHTCH 3aK0JI0 Tb 3A0 p0B0 r0 AOMaUIHCTO OJICIIH AAH CAbl*3. >KHBymne Ha BejiOM Hwjie ckotoboau — AHHKa— HHKorAa. hc 6bK>T Ha mhco 6hkob h KopoB, «ynoTpe6jiHK)T b numy TOJibKO mhco naBHiHx ot 6 oac3HH hjth HecqacrHoro cjiynan }KHBOTHbix»4. «K o n ia apa6bi, 3acTHrHyTbie tojioaom b ny- CTbrne, 6HBaiOT BbmyjKAeHbi 3ape3aTb h cBecTb Bep6juoAa, TO OHH HHK3 K He pacriOpHAHTCH T8KHM 06pa30M CCaMbliM /iyHLUHM H C CaMbIM KpenKHM Bep6jIK)A0M»iS. BaKKHpCKHe K0H6BHHKiH Cy/jaHa, KaK Bee KOH6BHHK1H, « 3a60THTCH 06 yBe.iHqeHHH cbohx HeMHoroqucJieHHbix CTaA h ckot pe>Kyr no Hpa3AHiHKaM ih b TopJKecTBeHHbix cjryqaax b nepByio onepeAb cTapbix h noxaJieqeHHbix >khbothlix» 6. He hcho jih, xax rjiy6oKo He npaB H. fl. 3 jiaTKHH, Korna oh ct3 bht 3H3K paB0 HCTBa MeJKjjy aeJIbIM CTa£OM, waxOAHIIDHMCH B npouecce n p o h 3Boactba , h toA e ro nacrbio, x o ro p a n n/ier b wHAHBHAya^bHoe noTpe6;ieHHe. ripoH3BOACTBeHHoe n o ro - AOBbe CK0T3 MOJKeT npeBipaTHTbCH IH3 OpeACTBa npOH3BOA- cTBa b cpeACTBo HenocpeACTBeHHoro lnoTpe6;ieH’HH TOJibKO Tor^a, KorAa e r o npeAHaaHaqaioT /yin stoto. C stoh uejibio 1 KocreHKo J l . <P. TypKecraHCKHfi Kpaft, t « III. Cn<5* 1880, CTP’- 92. 2 A6aU Kynan6aee. CTHXOTBopeHHfl, nosMbi, npo3a. M., 1954, CTp. 92. 3 M o k c u m o o A . H . C kotoboactbo Ma/ioKy/ibTypubix napoAOB. ywenue 3arrncKH HHcrmyTa HCTopun PoccHficKoft accounanHH iiaywHo- Hcc.ieAOBaTejibCKHx HHCTirryTOB o6mecTBPHHbix Hayx, t. II. M., 1927. CTp. 6. A TaM >Ke, CTp. 8. 5 riucapee JJ. H. H36paiiHbie 4)HJioco(|)CKHe h oCmccTBeiiHO-noAHTH- 4ecKHe cTaTbH. J l . , M)49, CTp. 316. 6 HapoAU A(fpHKH. M., 1954, CTp. 236, 23

^H&oTHbix 3a6HBaioT « a .MHco, npeBpamaKDT b cojiomrHy, KonMewocTb, Kcxrr6acbi, KOHcepBbi h t . n. Ko^eBbie ckotoboah — Ka3axH — BriAOTb ao HeAaBHero rrpoujjioro 3aroTOBAHJiH mhco, 3a6HBa« qacTb cra^a « a mhco b waqajie hoh6ph sn-poK wa 3HMy, nona ckot 6biJi ymHta«- hhh; TawoH aKT xa3axH (Ha3biBajiH «c o r y M coio». OujH6Ka H. 51. 3«7iaTKHHa coctoht b to m , hto oh CAOBa «npoAyKTHBHoe c ra A o » noHHMaex nax «npOAyKX» noxped- jiem in, epoAe c o jie H o ro MHca b 6onKe, 3 e p H a b a M 6 a p e HJIH KapTO^e^H B XpaHHJlHIUe, MOJIOKa B KyBLLIHHe. H3BeCTHO, MTO 3epHO H KapTO^eJIb, XpaiHHUlHCCH B aM- 6 ape, coBepmehho we waxoAflTcx b npoueoce npoH3B0ACT- ua, a noxoMy oiih b TaKOM BH^e He cocra-BAHioT HiHKaxoro 3^eMenTa cpeACTB npon3BOACXBa. 3©pwo w Kapxocjjejib mo- ryT ({jyHKUHOHWpoBaTb ksk ^acTb npeflMera TpyAa, ecjiH ohh 6y^yT nocenHbi hjiih noABepraTbcn npoMHiiiJieHHoft ne- pepa6oTKe. H. H. 3jiaxKHH, oroxcAecTBHB eraAa w Ta6yHM KOHeBHHKOB C XipaHHmWMCH B a\\l6ape 3epHOM H KapTO(}>e- jieM, roBopHT: « H o BCAb nuieHnua, KapTOcj)ejib, BHHorpaA h jiio6oft Apyrofi npOAyKT 36M^e^ejibHecKbro TpyAa Taxxte MOJKer dbiTb npeBpamen « npespamaeTCH b cpe^cTaa Tpy­ Aa, 6yAyHH HanpaBjieH Kax cbipbe b npoMbuujieHHocTb hah ocraBJieH na c©MeHa»1. B ^a.HHOM cjiyqae oh, BO-nepBux, HeBepno noAaraeT, hto TipoMbmiAeHwoft riepepa6oTKe hko- 6bi rioABepraioTCH. tojilko npoAyKTbi 3eMJieAeJiHH, xaKOH nepepa6oTKe riOABepraiOTCH h npoAyKTbi xchbothoboactb a , B STOuM «eT HHKAiKOfi cneUH^WKH; BO-’BTOpbIX, H0 BHAHT pa3- jihhhh MexcAy cpeACTBOM TpyAa m irpeAMeTOM TpyAa, mcxcay opyAneM rpyAa h cupbeM. HoaTOMy oh nepepa6aThiBaeMbie npoAyKTbi 3eMJieAejiHH Ha3biBaeT «cpeACTBaMH TpyAa», TorAa xax ohh abjihiotch TOAbKo npeAMeTOM TpyAa, TOAbxo CblpbeM. OciHOBHblM rrpfH3HaKOM KOHeBOrO CKOTOBOACTBa HBAHeTCH e ro 3KCTeHCHBHocTb, KOTopan Bupa>KaeTCH npex<Ae Bcero b KpyrAoroAHHHCMM coAepjKaHHH CKOTa w a a h k o t p a bh o m ecTecTB6HHOM iiacTtfm ue, TorAa n ax b ycAOBHHx oceA A oro 3eMAeAeAbHBCKoro x o 3hhctb3 okot o S ecn em n saercH b o c - HOBHOM KV.TbTypHOft, .HCKyCCTBCMHO C03/iaHHofi KOpMOBOfi 6a30H. ToJIbKO C pa3BHTHeM 3eMJieA^IHH (H BblpaiUHBaHHeM 1 3/taTKUH ti- >1 O ^eoaajIb H O fl n03CMej!LHOH Co6CTBeHHOCTH V “ c lp f P22^eKaCe ^ X 2Mr!a “ “ “ B \" HCTH^ e BocxoKonefleH„^ 24

KopMOBhix pacTeHHH noaBAaeTCH KyjibTypHoe h bmcoko- npOAyKTHBHOe JKHBOTHOBOACTBO. B TaKHX yCAOBHHX rtpOH3- Bo^CTBa o6pa6oTaHHa5i 3eMAH — noqBa — c ueAbio kopmo- Ao6biBaHHH npHoCperaer min >khrothoboactb a no^TH TaKoe >Ke 3HaqeHHe, KaKoe ona HMeeT aah ' pacTenne- BOACTBa. E-cjih ypoBeHb Ky.ibTypw 3eMJieAejnHH onpeAe- AaercH citoco6om o6pa6oTKH n xap aKTepoM bbipjiiuhbacmlix pacTewHH h rrpHMeHHeMbix opy/gaft TpyAa, to ypoBeHb icyjib- Typbi >KiiBOTHOBOACTBa onpeAeAseTCH cnocoftoM Ao6biBalHHH KOpMOB W KOpMJieHHH CKOT3, npOAyKTHB'HOCTbK) p33BQAHMbIX nopoA. BucoKOKyAbTypHoe >khbothoboactbo npeAnojiaraeT ycTOH^HByio h BHCOKOKaqecTBeHHyio KOpMOsyio 6a3y, pa- iw>H-a;ibiHoe kopmaghhc, chctcmaTHqecKyio <h ueAecoo6pa3- Hyio ruieMeHHyio pa&OTy, BpaiB-HJibHoe BupamiHBaHiHe moaoa- HHKa, y.Mejioe Aoenne h CTpiaacny HOHBOTHbix. '- FIOBblUieHiHe. hpOAyKTUBHOCTH CKOTa, eCJIH 3TO KacaeTCfl MOAoqmon KopoBbi, o3Haqaer, hto Kopo&a AOAJKHa A^BaTb doAbrne MOAOKa m Ayqmero xaqecTBa, SAopoBbifi npnriAOA; ecAM 3TO KacaeTCH TOHKOpyHH'OH OBUW, TO OHa AOJI>KHa A3' BaTb 6oAbiue h Ayqwero KaqecTBa mepcrn h xopomHft npnruioA. ToqHo TaK >xe noBumeHHe .npoAyKTHBHocTH 3eM- AeAeAHH 03HaqaeT noAyqeHH.e tfoAbiuero KOAHqecTBa npo- AyKTOB C eAHHHUbl 30MeAb'HOH IUIOIIXaAH. PaaBHTHB JKHBOT- HOBOACTBa npn Bcex ycAOBHHx 03Haqaex paciunpeHHoe boc- npoH3BOACTBo CTaA 'H Ta6yHOB npn noCTOHUBOM Kaqecr- BeHHOM yAyqmeHHiH wx. 3 to HMeeT moAnyio aHaAonnio c pacmupeHneM noceBHUx luiomaAeft, 3aceBaeMbix coproBbi- mh ceMeHaMH, u a p n a y c yAyquieHHeM cnocodoB hx o6pa- 6otkh. KaqecTBeHHoe yAyqmeHne ctaA h TatfyHOB b KoqesoM CKOTOBOACTB6 IipOHCXOAHAO HaCTOAbKO MeAAeHHO, HTO OHO 6hiao noqTH He3aMemHO cothh Aer. CoBceM « e to b occa- AOM HHT0HOHBHOM JKHBOTHOBOACTBe, CymeCTByiOmeM KaK OAH-a ih3 orpacAeft occaaopo 3eMAeAeAbqecKoro xo3bhctb3. K o^paauaM Bocn<poH3BOAHMbix koqebHtHk3mh xchbothbix MO)KHO OTHeCTH ITOpOAH JipOCTbIX, AOJKH'BllIHX AO HaillHX AH6H, (HH3KOpOCAHX, HO BhIHOCAiHBbIX MOHrOAbCMHX H Ka3aX- cmhx AoiuaAefi, rpy5oLLiapcTHbix KypAKjqtHbix oseu, Bbioq’Hbix AByrop6bix h b He3naqHTeAbHOM KOAHqecTBe oAHoropdbix sepfoiiOAOB h ihx FH^pwAOB. Ho b ueAOM iKoqeBoe CKOTOBOA- ctbo He pacnoAaraAo bo3mojkhocthmh aah pC3Koro Kaqe- CTBeHHoro yAyquieHHH cbohx ct3a m Ta6yHOB h BbiiBeA^HHH hobux AyquiHx nopOA OKOTa, 'KOTopwe MorAH 6bi pe3KO POBblC^Tb npOAyKTHBHOCTb JKiHBOTHOBOACTBa, 25

Oa h 3 *H3 o c o 6 e.HHOcreH n p o u e c c a npO H 3BOACTBa b n o n e - bom o6iuecTBe 3 aKJiK>Hajiacb b tom, hto craAa OBeu w © ep - ;6-noaob h Ta-6 yiHbi JioiuaAeH nocTOHHHo ttaxoAHAHCb b n p o - uecce n>poH3 BOACTBa KaK ero ocHOBHbie cpeACTBa h hctoh- HHKH npOAyKTOB JIHHHOIX) nO Tpe6 jieH H H . O TOM, HTO 3 TO HMCHHO 6 bIJIO T a K , TOBOpiHT BCH HCTOpHH KOH6BWHKOB C ApeBHefiUMX BpCMGH. B. uiecTHAccHTbix roAax II b. a o HauieH apbi KHTaeu MiKyH-xHH KDc coo6m aeT o xyim ax, hto ohh «o6biKHOBGHHO nHTaiOTCH MHCOM CK0T3, nblOT erO MOJIOKO, OAeBaiOTCH ero KOJK3MH, CKOT nHTaeTCJl TpaBOIO, ribeT BOAy, CMOTpH no opeMcna m nepexo/iHT c mccts Ha MecTO>*. B nepBOM Bene ao Hamefi apbi o KoneBHHKax yxyaHuax-TaTapax coo6maeTCH, hto ohh «HCKycHbi b kohhoh cTpejibtfe H3 Ayna; 3aHHMaioTcn jiOBJieio 3Bepefi h n m . riepexoAflT co ckotom c MecTa na mccto, c m o tph no AOCTaTKy b TpaBe h b o a c ; nocTonHHoro npe6biBaiiHH He 3H3 K>t . >KHByT b K pyrjibix iopTax, H3 ko h x bbixoa o6pam en K BOCTOKy. FlHTaiOTCH MHOOM, nblOT KyMbIC; O A O K A y AeJiaiO T H3 p a 3 H ouB erH bix m epcTHHbix TxaHeft... O t cTa'peflniHHbi ao nocJieAHero noAH M H eH H oro KaacAbift ca-M n a c e r cboh c k o t h neneTCH o cbocm H'MymecTBe, a H e y rro rp e d J in e T A p y r A p y ra b y c jiy > K e m r e » *2. rio cn eA H H e cji-OBa roBOpHT o t o m , hto b 3tom o 6 m e c T B e e m e He o(J>opMHAHCb K A accoB bie n p o - H3BOACTBeHHbie OTHOIU62YH5I. B V Bene Harnett sp u o KoneBHHKax Xonxy — n p eA K ax ywrypoB — co o6 m ,a eT cn , hto « ohh n e p e x o A H T c MecTa na w ecro, CMOTpn n o AOCTaTKy b T p a B e <h b o a c . O A eB aio T cn KO>KaMH, niHTaiOTCH MHCOM. PoraTblH H npOHHH AOMaiilH'Htt ckot oAHiiaKOB c JKyxoKaHbCKHM; TOAbK-o Tejiern y HHX Ha BbJCOKiHX KOAecaX CO lMHO>KeCTBOM C H H A»3. HaJIHHHC B CTa- Aax yKa3aHHbix KOHe&HKKOB K p y n H o ro p o r a T o r o CKOTa h yn orpe6jieH «e TeJierH roBopnT o cpaBHHTejibHo HcSojibuiOM paAHyce K o n eB oro n e p cab»h >k emnn w nepoofibiTH O M x a p a K T e - pe 3TOrO OKOTOBOACTBa. IlAeMH B a ftr y «paccen.HHo K o n e B a jio no ceB epu yio cto- p o n y BeJiHKoft necuaHoS ci-ena, s a m i-M a a okojio thcjpih m n-pocTpaHCTBa... C hh crpa-Ha 6 o r a T a rp a a a M H , npon3Bo- ' 5 “ W U« n : f f - (HaKump). CoSpanwe CBeaeHHft o nano/iax, o6h- TaBuiHx n CpeAneM A3HH b apeBHHe BpcMeHa, t . I. M .— JI.t 1950 crp 58 2 TaM >kc, CTp. 142— 143. • 3 TaM >Ke, CTp. 210. 20

AHT xopoiuiHX Jiomafleft*1. B V II Bene nauieft apbi njiCMH TyjiHraHb «KoueBajio no ceBepHyio cTopoHy BafiKajia... Grp ana iipoH3BOAHJia npeBOCxouHbix .noma/ieft, KOTO-pbie c roJiOBbi iioxoahjih Ha .BepO/iKXua, chjii>hu, poc^ibi; b AeHb MorjiH n«po6eraTb no HecKOJibKy cot ji>h» 2. 06 ycyHbuax, o6HTaBiu«x © pafioHC CeMHpenbfl bo H Bene ao Haineft 3pbi, coo6maeTCH, hto ohh «ne 3aHHMaiOTC« hh 3eMJie/iejiHeM, hh caaoBOACTBOM, a co ckotom nepeKoneBbinaiOT c wecra Ha mccto, cMOTpn no npiHBo.ibio b TpaBe h BO^e. B oObiKHOBe- HHHX CXOACTByiOT C XyUHaMH. B HX BJiaAeHHH MHOTO JIOLUa- Aeu, h 6or'aTbie C0Aep>KaT or 4 000 ao 5 000 tojiob* 3. O x<H3hh ycyHbueB roBopuTCH b necHe o .KHTaftcKoft uapeBHe Cu-rioHb, BbiuaiiHOH 3aMy>K 3a cTaporo ycyHbCKoro TyubMe b 107 rouy ao namcfi apbi. «Bu,aa^n MeHsr poactbciihhkh B iia/ibiuoio CTopoHy; Oraa*™ b qywoe uapcTBo 3a ycyHbCKoro uapa. >KHBeT b Kpyr.ioH xh>khhc, • O6THHyT0H BOH/IOK3MH; riliTaeTCH MflCOM, rib e T MOJIOKO. Kax BcnoMHio 06 0TqH3ne,— CepAUe 3anbiBaeT. )Kejia:ia 6bi ahkhm ryceM 6biib, • Mto6 B03BpaTHTbCH Ha poAHHy»4. Hjih ycyHbueB, nan ajih bchkhx KoueBHiHKOB, ochobhwm CpeACTBOM npOH3BOACTBa H 'HCTOHHHKOM CpeACTB CyiueCTBO- BaHHH 6buin cra^a m TaOy.Hbi. O >kh3hh KoneBHHKOB cpeAHea3HaTCKHx cTeneft B X Be- xe Hauieft spbi cooOiuaercH b KHure «XyAyA Aji:AjieM » («TpaHHua ;Mupa»): « 3 hmoS h jictom KonyioT b noucKax nacrdniu; «hx aoxoa — ot KoneBOACTBa, pa3B€ACHHsi poraTo- ro CK0T3, OBUeBOACTBa H HeMHOrO OT OXOTbI»* KHTaftCKHH 1 BunypuH 77. H . (ffaKUH(p). CotfpaHHe CBeAeHHfi o iiapoAax o6h- TaBiiiHx b Cpe^Hcft A3hh b ApcBHHe BpeMeua, t . I. M.—JI., 1950, CTp. 343— 344. 2 TaM >xe, crp. 348. 3 TaM x<e, t . 2, C T p . 190. 4 TaM >Ke, t . 2. C T p . 192. 5 Abtop khhth «XyAYA A.n-A.neM» («rpanHna Mnpa») nen3BecTCii, 0Ha narwcaHa b koiiuc X b., pyKQnHcb H3AaHa c bbcachhcm axaA. B. B. BapTO/ibAa AKaACMHetf Hayx CCCP b 1930 r„ CTp. 36. ??

yueHbiH Man MyHb, >khbuihh b KOHue X I I h Hanajie X I I I bb., ' b csoefi «H H re « O h k> U9H» («On.HcaHMe nyremecTBHH « a 3ana£») o KOweBHX MOHrojiax c o o 6 m a e r : «06hnrHbie 3aHH- „ THH HX CyTb CKOTOBOACTBO H 3B©pOAOBCTBO. b KO>KaHO€ H M exoBoe n/raTte, nHTaioTCfl mhcom h moaokom... HapoA aTOT we 3H aer ruiCb'M©hihocth; AoroBapiHBaioTCH TOAb- ko Ha cjioBax h 3 a x a ionaiOT KOHTpaKTbi Hape3biBaH«eM Me- tok Ha AepeBe*1. MaAO HGM OTAHHaAHCb OT 3THX IKOHeBHHKOB npe>KHHX BpeMeH no x a p a K T e p y cbogh npoii 3b OACTBepiiiofi AenTeAbHO- CTiH H o6pa3y JKH3HH KOqeBHHKH CWp -JX a p bRHCKOH O^AaCTH TypKecrraHCKoro x p a n Aaxce b KOHue X I X Boxa. « J\\ j m ko- HeBHHKa-Kaaaxa rypTbi cwoTa co cT a B A H io T h npeA'MeT n ep- Bofi HeO^XOAHMOCBH, (H (SoraTCTBO, BMeCTC C HX THdeAbK) radHCT H 0(H, ‘HAH JKe A&naeTCfl HHlUiWM. C kOT A^eT 6My BCe H eo6xoA,nM oe; m o a o k o m h m h c o m o h n H T a e T ca , yn orpe^A H H cawoe orpaHHneHHoe KOAHnecTBa x A e 6 a b bhag n p oca h MyKH; Koxca h u ie p c T b HAyT Ha n p u roT O B A en n e OAex<Abi h JKHAHma (lO p T b l)»2. . 3aMeTHM, hto ckot He nepeeraeT HrpaTb pOAb o A H o ro H3 Ba>KHbix cpeACTB TrpoH3BOACTBa h b ycAOBHHX oceAAoro 36MAeAeAbqecKoro xo3AftcrrBa. B. H. JleHHH AOfiHyiO KOpOBy lHa3blBaA «MaiHHHOH, Aaio- m efi m o ao k o » 2. 3 t o A 0HHHCKoe o n p e a g a c h h e, AanHoe a o h - HOH KOpOBe B BbICOKOpa3BHTOM KanHTaAHCTHHCCKOM MOAOH- hom xo3HflcTBe, k s k MaiiiHHe, B H paG aTbiB aiom eft m o a o k o , HMeer rAytfoiCHft c m u c a . B weM noA H epK H B aercH , hto a o h - H a « KopoBa A an ce b ra x o M iHHTeHOHBHOM xo3HHCTBe B bicry- naAa Kan ocHOBHoe cpeACTBO a a h tfipotfi3®oiA crsa MOAoxa, a He Kax npoAyKT a a h wenocpeACTBesHHoro oiHAHBHAyaAbHoro noTpe^AewiHA, <Kafx n oA araiO T H e x o r o p b ie aBTopbi. Up3'B-HAbHOCTb ACHWHCKOfi MblCAH IIOATBepJKAaeTCfl H TOBCeAHeBHOft irpaKTHKOfi MaCTepOB COUHaAMCTHHeCKOrO 3KHBOTHOBOACTB3 . H an pH M ep, 300TeXLHHK A . H. K03AOB rOBOpHT: «M b I CHHTaCM, HTO KOpMHTb CTeAbHyiO KOpOBy h s a o 5oAee o Gh a b h o . OreAbHan K o p o B a — hto cTan oK KOTopuft TTOAroTOBAfleTCH k p a tfoT e. H t o 3 H a w r p a 6 o T a rb Ha HenoAroTOBAeHHOM cTaHKe, HMeTb HenoAaAKH, npoctoH XIII *fe,aiIHHa- KHTaftcKHft nyTcmecTBeuHHK 1955, exp 177 Y ” H3 HCT° PHH HayKH H tcxhhkh Khtb^, M., » c£ Z ° l eh. Cn6\" 1887- ctp - 149- f9

A\\ t . a . Ha cTejisHyid K&pofcy mm cmotpmm k &k Ha craHOK, KOTOpblH «eo6 X O A fHMO OTpeMOHTHpOBaTb, HeotfxoA'HMo noA- rOTOBHTb !K2K K pa3AOK>, TaK lH k noAyneHHio xopoiuero H 3AopoBoro npHnJiOAa^1. CpaBHHTejibHoe H3yneHHe npouecca TpyAa h TexHOAorHH npoh3boactb a KoneBOro ckotoboactba ih oceAAoro 3eMAeAC- jihji noKa3biBaer, hto TipoH3BOACTBeH;Hoe « a<h npoAykths noe • CTaAO min KoneBoro ckotoboactba 6biAo tbm >xef hto h o6pa6aTbiBaeMan noHBa aah 3eMAeACAbua. KopMAewHe n BbipamiiBaHHe CKOTa koneBimkom raMejio aab Hero Tanoe >Ke 3HaqeHHe, KaK o6pa6orKa, yAo(5peHHe h opouieHHe noq- bh ajih 3eMJieACJibna. 3 to xapaucrepwo He TOAbKo aah Kone- B o ro CKOTOBOACTBa, <HO B « 3®eCTHOft M e p e H. a a51 BbJCOKO- HHT6HQHBHOrO MOJIOHHOro X03HftCTBa. TAydoKO 3HaBUTHfi cneU'H^HKy jkhbothoboactba, KaK ot- pacJiH ceJibCKoro xo3HHCTBa h jkhbothwx Kax cpeACTBa TpyAa, aKaACMHK B. P. .BnAbHMc rrpa&HAbHO onpeAeAM/i npOAyKTHBHbJX XCHBOTHhIX KaK XCHBM0 (MatUHHbl, Heo6xOAH“ Mue aah pamioHaAbHoft opraHH3auhw couHaAHCTHHecKoro aeMAeACAiiH. «>K'Hbblmh MauiHHaMiH, iKOTOphie crroco<5iHbi nepeAeAarb. coAOMy, u n w m y b Apyryio (popwy opraiHHHe- CKoro B em ecraa, c A y » a T xcHBorabie. IloaTOMy, ecAiH m m XOTHM nOBbimaTb npOHSBOAlHTeAbHOCTb CeAb0KOXO3HftCTBeH- Horo TpyAa, Mbi * aoajkhm cAeAaTb jkhbothoboactbo coBepuieHHo Hepa3pbiBHbiM sAeMeHTOM Harnero cejibCKOXO- 3BHCTBeHHOrO ttpOH3BOACTBa. ?K;HBOTHOBOACTBO — BTOpofi U,ex CeAbCKOX035IHCTBeHHOrO npOH3BOACTBa. >KHBOTHHe KaK pa3 Ta >KHBaa M a m m a , KOTopaH Haw Heo6xoAHMa»2. E cah A\\HBOTHOBOACTBO BHCTynaeT BTOpbIM B3JKHHM UeXOM CAOJK- noro MHorooTpacAeBoro couHaAHCTHHecKoro ceAbCKoxosnft- CTBeHHoro n p o H 3 BOACTBa, B T o p u M nocAe pacTeHHeBOACTBa, TO B yCAOBHHX npHMHTHBIIOrO KOHeBOTO X 0 3 3 HCTBa OHO B bl- CTynaeT KaK « O A H o u e x o B o e » nponaB O AC TB O . A se crop ohhi -eAJfHoro npouecca Tjocnpoh3boact ba — npoHSBOACTBO h noTpefr/ieHHe— b ycAOBHax HarypaAbHoro KoqeBoro xosafteTBa BbiCTynaAH 6e3 bchkhx onocpeACTByio- ■\"IAHX HOCAOJKHHIOIUHX nOHHM3HHe MOMeHTOB, MTOotfbHCHfleT- 1 K o3A06 A . H ., 300TeXHHK MOJlO^HO-MHCHOrO C0BX03a «TopCOBO* AeHHHrpaACKofl o<5/iacTH. (Grenorp. 0T*?eT coBemaHHa nepeAOBHKOB >kh- BOTHOBOACTBa C DVkoboahtcjuiMh napTHH h npaBHTe:ibCTBa. M., 1936, <*p. 168). • 2 BllAbHMC B . P . OcHOBbI 3eM.fleAeJlHH. M ., 1947, CTp» 10, 29

ca npHMHTWBHOH npocTOToft K oqeB oro o6 m ecT B a Kak e c r e c f- BeHHO-HCTopHqecKoro opra?fH3Ma. XtajibHefiiiiHM pa3BiHTHeM oluh6 k]h M . JL 3jiaT K «H a h b - AaeTCH «Teop*HH», p a c om aT phba k >m a h gb3 3>hmocbfl3b 3eMJiH H CKOTa npH KOMCBOM CKOTOBOACTBe K3K OTIIOUJGHHH «CTap- rnero h MJiaAiJJero napTH epoB ». A b t o p s t o S «T e o p «iH » A. EpeHOB yTBep^Aac^ hto n pn K oqeB O M c k o to b o a c tb c «OH (CKOT— C. T.) TaK>Ke HBAHeTCSI CpeACTBOM npOH3BOA- . CTBa h B b in o jiH a e r p o jib , Kan 6h1 M A a A iu e r o n a p T H e p a »I . Mt o oh noA «M AaAuiH M naTH epoM » noHiHM aeT: to ah opy-Awe TpyAa, to a h n p e A M e T TpyA a, to a h n p o A y K T b i npoH3BOACT- B a — ocTaeTca HencribiM. MapKCHCTCKO-jieHHHCKan noAHTH- HecKaa s k o h o m h h He pyKOBOACTByeTcn KAaccncj)HKauHeft 4)aKTopoB n p o u e c c a npoH3BOACTBa Ha «c T a p u iH x h m a s a - hihx n ap TH epO B ». T a n a n cT p aH H an KAaccH(j>HKauHH CpeACTB npOH3BOACTBa BHOCHT TOAbKO n yTaH H U y B 3KOHO- MHqecKyio T e o p n io MapKCH3Ma-AeHHHH3Ma. MapKCHCTCKO- AeHHHCKafl n oA H TH H ecK an s k o h o m h h y u n r , hto npoH3BO- AHTeAbHbie CHAbI o 6 m eC T B a CKAaAbIBaiOTCH H3 Cy6T>eKTHBHOrO 4>aKTOpa h a h p a 6 o T a io m c r o HeAOBCKa h odiaeKTHBHbix 4>aKTopoB h a h cpeAC TB npoH3BOACTBa. B CBOK) o q e p e A b cpeACTB a npoH3BOACTBa pacnaAaioTCH Ha cpeACTB a h a h opyAHH TpyAa h npeAMCTbi hah o6*beKTbi TpyAa. T a n o e AGAeHHe cpeACTB npOH3BOACTBa, KaK o T M e n e n o Bbiuie b A p y - r o ft cbh3h , B b iT en a e T H3 cn eu «(})H q ecK O H $yH K U H H , B b in a A a io- meH Ha AOAIO Ka>KAOrO H3 3THX SAeMeHTOB cpeACTB npoH3BOACTBa b n p o u e c c e T p y A a . 3 T a cneuH(J)nqH0CTb npOH3BOAHTeAbHOH CpyHKUHH pa3AHHHbIX 3AeMeHTOB CpeACTB npoH3BOACTBa h eCTb to K aqecTB eH H oe p a 3 A H q n e, KO Topoe cym ecTByeT M e * A y opyAHHMH TpyA a h npeA M eiaM H TpyA a b aio6om n p o u e c c e npoH3BOACTBa. B Teop'HH >ne «CTapuiHx m MAaAui-HX napTHepou» A. Epe- HOBa H«Hqero noAoCnoro weT. B n efi CTHpaeTCH rpaHb Me>KAy opyi'HeM T p y A a h npeAMCTOM T p yA a. CoCTOfl'HHe « ypOBCHb paSBHTHH O pyAH H Tp yA a H HC- KyCCTBO HX HCn0Ab30BaHtHH XapaKTep\\H3yiOT COCTOHHHe H ypoBeHb pa3BHTHH KyAbTypbi A aH H oro BHAa M aTepnaAbHo- r o npoH3BOACTBa, cym ecTB yiom nH y p o B e H b ipa3BHTHA n p o- H3BOAHTeAbHbix c h a o6iuecTBa. B e A H u a fiu ie e 3HaqenHe 1 MaTepwajn.i oS'be.aHliennoft uayqHoft ceccHH, nocBJiiuejuiort HCTOPHH CpeaneH A shh h KaaaxcTana b AOOKTHOpbCKHH HCpHOA. T auiKeiiT, 1955, CTp. 84. 30

opy/tHft T p y ^ a b 3KK3H.H o6 n ;ccT B a 3aKJuoqaeT.cfl hmohho 6 tom, mto BCH Koe M3MeHe»He, BCBKufi n p o r p e c c B O p y flH flX r p y ^ a n eH 36e)K H O ropHBOAHT k H 3M eneH H io, n p o r p e c c y n p o - •H3BOAHTeJibHbix c h ji oftm ecTBa, n e r o Hejib3H CKa3aTi> o irpeAMCTe r p y A a . riosTO M y n peA M eT T p y A a hah c b ip b e no oTHomeniHio k opy/?mq T p y ^ a B b ic T y n a e r « e b KanecTBe K a- Koro-To e-My noAoOtHoro «C T a p n iero n a p T H e p a », a b K a n e- CTBe MaTepiHajioB npwpoAbi, c y m e c T B e H n o oTAHnaiom'HXCfl no cBoeft (pyHKuiHH b n pou ecce n p o h3 b0act£ a o T o p y / * H H Tpy^a. A'BTOp, paCCMaTp.HBaiOIAHH 3JieM0HTbI CpeACTB npOH3BOA“ CTBa KoneB O ro cKOTOBOACTBa nOA yrA O M 3peHHH «c T a p iH H x •h MiiaAUiHX n a p T H ep o B », CHHTaeT necKH M AOKa3aTejibCTBOM T oro, hto 3eMAH HBAHeTCfl «C T a p u iH M n a p T iie p o M », (J)aKT, hto 6 e 3 3eMAH, 6e3 n a c T d n m He mojkct c y - luecTBOBaTb K o n e B o e ckotoboactbo. O r c io m a oh 3aKjnoM a- eT, MTO «CTapLUHM napTHepOM», HAH OCHOBHbIM cpeACTBOM npoH3BOACTBa KoneBHHKOB, HBAHeTcn ecTecTBeHHoe naCT^H- me, TOHHee, AHKopacryman Ha stom n a c r5 iim e T p a B a . riosTO M y oh BOGKJiHuaeT: « B ot 0Ka3biBaeTCH Kax B e jin n a pojib nacrdHm J C toht TOAbKo 3eMJie noK pu Tbcn rAy6oKH M CHeroM HJi'H JibAOM, np-HMepHo Ha 1 0 - - 2 0 AHeft, BnepauiHHfi 6an, HMeBuiHft a o 10— 15 rac. pojiob CKOTa, uom err npe- BpauHTbCH b cep eA H H K a ihjth Aa>Ke b 6eA jH »K a. E cah ckot OKanceTCH H a HecKOAbKo A «e ft jrHiueHHbiiM 3eMHbix 6 A a r , oh TepneT c B o e aHaneHne, n e p e c T a e T 6biTb opeACTBOM n p o - H3BOACTB3, CAeAOBaTeAb'HO, CKOT C ym eC T B yeT KaK npO AyKT 36MAIH, CymeCTBOBSHiHe CKOTa CTaHOBHTCH B UOAHyiO 3aBH- CHMOCTb OT 36M AH, OT ee TpaBOCTOH»1. C A eA y eT OTMeTHTb, HTO HeB03MO>KHOCTb CymeCTBOBaHHH KoneBoro CKOTOBOACTBa Kax n p o u e c c a npcH3BOACTBa 6e3 ecrecT B eitH oro T p a s o c T o n ahkoh 3eM AH H e MO>KeT CAy>KHTb AOK33BTeAbCTBOM TOrO, HTO 3Ta A H K a fl 3eMAH 6bIAa OC'HOB- HUM opeACTBOM HpOH3BOACTBa KOHeBOTO OKOTOBOACTB 3, PoAb OCHOBHOrO CpeACTB3 npOH3BOACTBa BOBCe He o n p e - AeAaeTca TOAbKO TeM , hto 6e3 H e ro H e M o m e T n p on cx o A H T b npouecc npoH3BOACTBa. fIpoH3BOACTBo, HanpHMep, CTaAa He MO>KCT OCymeCTBAHTbCH 6e3 B 0 3 A yx a , HO H3 3TOrO He C A e- AyeT, 4TO B 0 3 A yx e C T b OCHOBHOe CpeACTBO np0H3B0ACTB3. 1 Epenoe A. [BbicTyn;icHne]. MaTepna.ribi 061^/1*1Hennoft nayiHoft ceccHH, rrocBnmeHHOH HCTopHH CpeaneH A 3hh h Ka3axcTaHa b Ao- OKTaGpbcKHH nepHOA. TaujKeHT, 1955, d p . 84. 31

-pojib ocHOBHoro cpe^CTBa npoH3BOACTBa hjih cpeAcTsa tpyaa onpe^ejineTCH toh oco6oh npoH3Bo/acrBeHHOH (J)yMK- uhch, KOTopan npoflBJiaeTCH b caMOM npouecce Tpyaa. H3BCCTHO, HTO Bee 4)3KTapbI npOH3BOAHTe^LlHbIX CHJI o6mecTBa — uejiecoo6pa3HaH AeaTeJibHocTb qejiOBeKa, cpeACTBo TpyAa h npe^MeT TpyAa — BhiCTynaioT KaK Hepa3- pHBHbie MOM€HTw npouecca Tpy^a. CaMhie npeKpacHbie MauiHBU « Apynne opyAHH npoh3b o a c t b a b JU060&' o rp a c - jiih ripoMbimjieHHOCTM « e MoryT -dbiTb nponaBOAHTejibHO Hcno/ib30BaHbi 6e3 cbipbH, noABepraiomerocB o6pa6oTKe. H o oTcioAa BOBce He cJieAyeT, q r o o c h o b h h m cpeACTBOM npoH3BOACTBa, HanpHMep, b npoMbimjieHHOCTH bbahctch cupbe. AHaJiornqHo c 3Thm HHKaKHe nepBOKJiaccHtie opyAHfl 36M^eAejiiHB h <HHKaKaa npeKpacHO o6pa5oraLHiiaH iuioao- poABaq nonea He Aaayr HHKaKfHx npoAyKTOB se>MJieAe*flH»-f ecjm He 6buiH noceHHH Ao6 poKaqecrBeHHbie ceMeHa, hb- AHioinHecH cbipbeM b seMJieAeJiHH. Ho oTciOAa «e CJieAyeT, .MTO CeJMCHa B 3OMJleReJlWH BBJI5UOTCH OCHO&HhlM OpeACTBOM npOH3BOACTBa HJIH «CTapiUHM n ap T H e p o M ». TOHHO TaK >Ke HeB03M0)KH0CTb CymeCTBOBaHHH KOHeBO- ro CKOTOBOAcrsa 6e3 ecTecTBeHHoro nacTOnma He imojkct cJiyjKHTb AOKa3aTejibCTB0M Toro, hto ecTecTBeHHoe nacT6«- me ajhkhx nycTUHb h cTeneft 6bijio cpejxcTBOM Tpyaa hjih OClHOBHblM CpeACTBOM HipOH3BOACT©a KOMeBOIX) CKOTOBOA3. \" Koi\\aa aBTop «TeopwH n a p n ie p o B ^ roBOpHT, hto « cto« t TOJIbKO 36MJie nOKpbITbCH I7iy60KSH)M CHerOM HJIH JIbAOM, . npHMepHO « a ]0 — 20 AHeii, BqepauiHHH 6 a # , iHMeBUj«fi 10— 15 Tbic. toaob CKOTa, AfojKer npeBpaTHTbCH b cepeAHHKa hjih b 6eAHHKa», bhahmo, oh HMeer b BHAy BpeMH ot Bpe- M6HH nOBTOpaiOmHeCH CTHXHHHbie 60ACTBHH —A^Kyr1,— KO- raa b pe3yjibTaTe He6jiaronpHBTHo cjiojkhbiijhxch MeTeoipo- jiorHHecKHX ycJioBHft KoqeBoe ckotoboactbo Tepnejio 6ojib- rnoft ypOH. O co 6 a n n o A B ep a cem io cT b K o q e B o ro CKOTOBOACTBa otoh- uarejibHOMy bjihhhhio cthxhhhbix chji npupoAU oS^HCHHeT- CH He TeM, HTO CKOT 6bIJI «MJiaAIHHM IiapTHepOM» no oTHomeHHio k ahkoh 3e\\uie c ee ecTecTBeHHbiM TpaBOCToeM, a TeM, hto KoneBoe ckotoboactbo otjih- Hajiocb ocoooh npiHMHTHBHocTbK) « cnenHc}xHKo& cBoero -Tyr “ o ™ flHoM 6w t b h h 32

ocHOBHoro cp e^ cT B a h rtfaBHoro n p o A y x ia npOH3BOACT- Ba — >KHBoro c K o ra , hto AeJiaJio xp an H e HeycTOHHHBOH MaTepnajibHo-TexHH»iecKyio 6a3y odm ecrBCH Horo npoH3BOA- CTB3 KOq©BH>HKOB. - CTHXHfiHblM deACTBHeM AAH KOHeBOro CKOTOBOACTBa CbiJi He TOJibKO «r.ay6oKHfl cHer»!, ho h AHWHe xhlukhwh, iH 3riH300THH AOMaiHHHX HCHBOTHhIX. HanpHMep, BeOHOIO 1763 ro^a « y Ka3 axoB, xoqeBaBiiiHx npn Cbip-flapbe, ot- xpujiacb « a cKOTe Tainan CHAbHan <MopoBan H3Ba, hto y MHOPHX He OCTaAOCb WH OAHOfi CKOTHHbl. Ka3aXH MyJKUHHbl h ineHinHHbi yMHpaAH c roAOAy». « K a 3 axH 3th 6 h j\\m Te, KOTopue npouuiOK) 3WMoft 1762 ro.ua OTKOneBajiH H3 CpeA- wefi h MaAofi opa k Cbip-flapbe h b nycroBaBuiyio xapa- KaAnaxaxyK) 3eMJinuy»2. To^ho Tan ace y oxothhkob h p u 6 ojiobob KpaftHero CeBepa co6 axn ao HeAaBHero nponiJioro BbinoAHHAH noqTH Te }Ke caiMbie t^yHKAWH b npouecce npoHSBOACTkeHHofi Aen- TejlbHOCTH AIO-Aefl, HTO iH BepGAIOAbI IH JIOUiaAH y KOqeBbIX ckotoboaob. «B 1821 roAy CHAbHoe noBeTpne HCTpe6 nA0 6oAbuiyio nacTb co6 ax na 6 eperax H'HAHnipKrf, Tax hto y OAHoro loxartHpoxoro ceMefrcrBa H3 20 co6 ax ocrrajiHCb TOAbxo ABa meuxa « Te,cAeniiie, xoTopbie Taxjxe AOAHCHbi 6hi norH6«yTb, ecjTM 6 u xo3nfixa K>pTbi He peiiiHAa Bcxop- MHTb hx cBoeio rpyAbio, napaBHe c co6 cTBeHHhiM pe6 eH- kom. TawHM oSpasoM, ABa meuxa eAeAaJiiHCb BnocAeACTBHH pOAOHaqaAbHHKaMH MHOrO’THCAeHHOrO - nOKOAeHHH. B 1822 roAy 6 ojibiuafl qacTb xojibiMCKHx JKHTeAeft noTepHAH ot noBerpHH cbcxhx cotfax h 6ujth reM npurBeAeHbi b caMoe 6eACTBenHoe noAoxceHHe. O m npHinyxcACHbi 6 mah TacKaTb Ha cetfe Aposa, a Tajoxe cotfpaHHyio jb ipaaHbix Mecrax a o - 6 biqy pu6 Hofi jiobjih. Pa6 oTa 6 hia a 3axpyAHHTea bHa a MejuienHa, Tax hto B-peMH, yAo6Hoe a -kh nTHHbefi h SBepH- hoh aobah 6 bijio riponymeHo. Bceo6 mnH yacacHHH to ao a 1 «Ckot nponaAaer hah no# bahhhhcm 6ypaHa, Kax sto 6biBaeT c JIOIiiaAbMH, HAH TH6HeT OT MCAACHHOft rO/lOAHOfii CMepTH. 3aCTHrHyTbIH b CTenn GypaHOM, TafiyH AomaAeft mhhtch no B e r p y , nonaflaa hah b bmli, OBparn h nanocbi cnera, rAe nacTMo rn6HeT, a nacrbio xaAeqHTCH, kjih jxe b osepa, rAe cpa3y T a x »e rH6HeT, pa3 npoAOMHTca n e j i . T ax, HepeAKo, b TeqeHHe cyroK,' ahh hah HecxoAbKHX nacoB, nponaAa*<>T HeAbie Ta6ynbi». (MaTepwaAbi no KHpraacKOMy 3eMAeno^b30BaHHio K o k - ^eTaBCKoro ye3Aa. BopoHew, 1898, cip. 111). 2 BeAbfiMUH08-3epH06 B. B. HcropHneCKHe H3BecTHfl o KHprH3-KaM- ^xax h CHoineHHHx P occhh co CpeAHeft A3HeH co BpeMenn KoanHiiH Aoyji'Xafip xana ( 1748— 1765 rr.), t. h ycpa, 1853, ctP, 204—205. ^ C. E. To.i u 6cko» 33

cjx&iaJicn ot roro cjie^cTBH©M ihcaoctaTKa cofiaK, KOTopux, ' no KpaTKOCTH jieTa h HeAOCTaTKy TpaBHiioro nonpoBa 3a- MCHHTb JlOUiaAbM-H HeB03MO>KHO»1. 3 t 0 HpKMH npHMep TO- • ro, KaK b cbb3h c noTepe# co6aKt acHOBHoro ope^crBa Tpy~ Aa, ynoMBHyTbie jkhtcjih Kpawiiero C eB epa He moivih a o - daiTbCH peajibHbix pe3yjibTaT0B b CBoeM npon3B0ACTBe, to ecTb cBOCBpeMeHHO He -moitim 3anacvHCb opeACTBaMH cyme- CTBOBaHHH — pblCOH H WACOM AHKHX JKHBOTHbIX. HaCTyilH- Jia A^HTeAbHan cese-p-Haa bum a, p w 6 a y u jjia Ha 6 ojibixiyK> rjiyGwHy noA tojicthh nox-poB AbAa, AHK-ne xcHBOTHbie — b Avenue MajiocHejKHbie panoHbi jiecoTyHApbi h ceBepnyio Tanry, a xarrejiH b uapcTBe xoJioAa jicahho# nycTbiHH no- dh6ah c roJiOAy- H b a 3hhom c jiyn a e nejib35i CKa3 aTb, hto scmjih-, pbi6o- jiOBHbie BOAoeMbi h JieTHHe nacT6Hiixa a h k h x oJieHew 6bU in OCHOBHblM CpeACTBOM IipOH3 BOACTBa pbldOJIOBOB H OXOTHH- kob, x o t h &He 3 eMJi« (HeMUCJiHMo cymecTBocawHe hh pbi6o- jioBCTBa, hh o x o t m . 3eMJia b a ^hhom cJiynae BbierynaeT Kax KocBeHHbiH 0 6 'beKT TpyAa HeJioBeKa nocTOJibKy, no- CKOJibKy ona H M e e r b c b o m x BOAoeMax pbi6 y >h b TyHApe— ahkhx >KHBOTHbix. T bkhm >xe kocbeH*Hbim , onocpeACTBOBaH- HbLM nepe3 ckot 0 6'beKTOM TpyAa n acxyxa — KoneBoro CKOTOBOAa — 6blJl eCTeCTBeHHblH TpaBOCTOH nyCTblHb H CTenefi. MapKC CTaBHJI (J)yHKAHOHHpOBaHHe 36MJ1H B yCJlOBHHX 3eiMJieAeJiHH KaK cpeACTBa TpyAa b 3aBHCHMocTb o t Apyrnx opeACTB TpyAa h ypoBHa KyjibTypbi c a moto cy6beKTHBHoro 4>aKTOpa npoH3BOACTBa — qejioeeKa. O h nncaji: «Cawa 3eM- Ji5i ecTb cpeACTBo TpyAa, ho (JjyHKmioHHpoBaHHe ee k a k - cpeACTBa TpyAa b 3eMJieAejiHH, b oboio onepeAb, npeAno- jiaraeT ue^ibiH paA Apyrnx cpeACTB TpyAa h cpaBHHTeJibHo BticoKoe pa3BHTHe pa6oneH cHJibi»2. M apKC 3Aecb roBopHT o TOM, HTO 3eMJIH CT3H0BHTCH CpeACTBOM TpyAa B 36MJieAe- jihh He noTOMy, mto jiioah npucBanBaioT e e roTOBue iu io a u , .a noTOMy, mto ohh o6pa6aTbiBaiOT ee jxjwnpoH3BOACTBa h b o c - npoH3BOACTBa cejibCKoxo3BficTBeHHbix pacTOHiHH nyTew npH- MeHeHHH u ejio ro p *A a Apyrnx opeACTB T p yA a. TojibK o n pn T3K0M ycJIOBHH 36MJIH HanHHaeT 4>yHKUHOHHp0BaTb KaK cpeflCTBo Tpyaa 3eMJie.aejibua. npnMeHeuHe npH nauieHHOM seM/iejejiHH ajih oCpaGoTKH 36mjim u e jio r o psm a opeACTB 2 MapKC K . KanHTa/i, t . I. 1952, cip. 186. 34

Tpyfla, b 3HaiiHTejibH0 6ojibineM KQAHHecTBe, MeM npH ko- 4GBOM CKOTOBOACTBe, nOKa3bIBaeT, HTO q©M BblUie ypOBeHb pa3B'HTHH npQH3iBOAHTcabHbix cha o6m.ecTBa, TeM UIHpe KOMnjieKc Bem eft, cocraBASHomux cpeACTBa TpyAa. Hanpu'Mep, opeAcrso xpyaa y oxothhkob, npHjMeHHioiuHX b npouecce cBoero TpyAa npHMHTriBHbie AOByuiKH H3 riAe- TfcHbix npyTteB ihah sepeBOK, cocTaBJiner npocro Bemb, a He KOMnjieKc BemeH. Taxoe >xe nojionceHHe co < cpeACTBOM TpyAa y pbidaxa, npHMeHAioinero yAOMKy, h y 3eMAeA6Abua, o6pa6aTbiBaiomero 3eMAK> nepBodbiTHon MOTbiroH~iHAH a o - naroH. KoneBofi ckotoboa HMeeT HeKOTophiH KOMnaeKC Beiueft, HrpafomHX pojib cpeACTBa TpyAa, b oTAHHHe ot nepBo6biT- HblX OXOTHHKOB, pbl60A0B0B H MOTbI>KHbIX 3eMJieAeJIbU.eB. CpeACTBOM TpyAa y KoqeBoro cKOTOBOAa abahiotch CTaAa h Ta<5yHbi, npu noMomn KOTopbix npHOBawBaiOTCH aioa^mh eCTeCTBeHHblii TpaBOCTOft H BOAa, (j)yHKUiHOHHpyiOmHe TOAb- ko Kan SAeMeHTbi npeAMeTOB xpyAa. KpOMe ochobhoto cpeACTBa TpyAa, KoneBbie ckotoboah hmciot eme mcjikhh HHBeHTapb, iHcnoAb3yeMhiH aah opraHH3auHH BOAonon h HOMAera okoao cbohx nepeHocubix jkiHah ih aah neKOTOpbix BHAOB JKHBOTHbIX B 3HMHee BpeMH. Ho, HeCMOTpfl Ha BC<? 3T0, 3AeCb HeT Toro KOMIlAeKCa ©eiACH, ACHCTByiOlAHX KaK cpeACTBO TpyAa, KOTOpufi HMeeT MecTo npn nauieHHOM 3eM- AeAeAHH. Ha caMOM jxejie opu nauieHHOM 3eMJieACAinn b KOMruieKc Bemew, cAyAcamwx cpeACTBaMH TpyAa, bxoaat: coxa haih ruiyr, patfoHHH ckot, GopoHa, yzK>6peHHH h cawa nonsa (oHa >Ke h npeAMeT TpyAa), a npeAMeTOM TpyAa hbahiotch 3ace- BaeMbie ceMena. npH AaAbHefimeH HHTeHCH(j)HKau,HH 3eMAe- AeAHH Kpyr KOMnAeKCMpyiouuixcH semen Kax cpeACTB TpyAa eme 6oAbuie pacuiHpaeTCH.1 3 to noAOKenne b OAHHaxoBOH Mepe OTHOCHTCH K ApyrHM OTpaCAHM Hp0H3B0ACTBa. ri03TOMy HeAb3H npH3HaTb npaBHAbHbiM yTBep>KAeHHe o tom, hto «3eMAH HBAHeTCH OCHOBHblM CpeACTBOM np0H3B0ACTBa He TOAbKO B 3eMAeACAbMeCKOM H OCeAAOM HvHBOTHOBOA^CCKOM ' BO BTOpOM BCKe flO HaUjeH 9pbl (234— 149 IT.) ApeBHe- PHMcKHft noAHTunecKHH ACHte/ib h nncaTejib KaTOH nepeMHCJineT 6ojib- woft KOMnjieKc Beiuefl, neoCxoAHMbix jijih o6pa6oTKH 3eM/m, KpoMe 3gmjih. CiOAa othochtch: pa6o4HH ckot ( bo.tu h ocjiu) , nayrn, 6opona, TejierH, jionaTbi, moth™, rpa6^H, kocu, cepnbi, TOHopbi, iiojkh h t . a - (MapK riopuKH KaTon. 3eMjieae;iHe. M.—JL, 1950, cTp. 15— 16). 3* 35

X03HHCTBe, HO H B KOHeBOM X03flftCTBe»I. OlUH60HH0CTb TS- Koro yTBep>KAeHH5i H. 3jiaTKHHa 3aKJiK>MaeTCH, BO-nep- BhlX, B TOM, lITO OH OTOJKAeCTBAHeT A B e pa3JIHMHUe OTpacAH MaTepnajibHoro npoH3BOACTBa, no-pa3H O M y HcnoAb3yiomHe npeAMeTbi npinpoAbi, npeotfAaAa'HHe Ka>KAofi H3 kotopwx b HCTopHH nejioBeqecTBa 6biA0 noKa3aTeJieM onpeAe^eHHoro ypoBHH pa3BHTHH\"ripoH3BOAHTeAbHbix chji o d m eeraa; BO- BTOpblX, iHCKyOCTBeHHO 0T0JKA6CTBHB KOHeBOe CKOTOBOACT- bo c oceAAUM 3eMJieAeJtHeM, oh TeM caMbiM oto}ka^ctbaheT SAeMeHTbl pa3AH*LHbIX CpeACTB npOH3BOACTBa H pa3AH4HyiO TexHOJiorHio 3thx AByx pa3AHqHbix ccf)ep MaTepHaJibHoro npoH3boactba; B-rpeTbHX, oh HesepHO nojiaraer, qTO hc- noAb30BaHHe ecTecTBeHHoro ahkotpabhoro nacT6wma ko- qeBHHKaMH a a h nacTb^u cxoTa HKotfbi Tonce caMoe, m o h o6pa6oTKa rioHBhi ripn 3eMjiejiejmH. npH stom coBepmeHHO ynycKaercH H3 bihay tot (J)aKT, m o npn kohbbom ckotoboa- CTBe HeT 3eMA6AeJIHH, a CymeCTByer TOAbKO IipHMHTHBHOe 3eMAenoAb30BaHHe 6e3 bchkoh o6pa6oTKH 3€MAH2. H. 3. 3AaTKHH He CHHTaeTCH C T6 M (})aKTOM, HT0 Ha BCeM npOTHJKeHHH HCTOpiHH 36MAeA^AHH (3a HOKAIOqeHlHeM nepejioxcHoft CHCTeMbi) qeAOBexy npHXOAHAoeb np«MeHHTb oco6 bie, cneuHaAbHbie MeponpHHTHH, cBH3aHHbie c 3axpa- TaMH orpoMHoro KOAHMecTBa TpyAa, ueAbio KOTopux 6bmo B0cc03Aa«He ycAOBH# npHpoAHoro iiaoaopoahh no^Bu h aocthHcewHe Bee <5ojiee acjxjjeKTHBHoro ‘ ncnoAb30Ba«HH seMAH. CoBOKynHocTb arpOTexHHHecKiHX MeponpHHTHfi h cocrraBAHeT Han6ojiee cymecTBeHHoe b cwcreMe 36MAeAe- AHB. BaxcHeftuieft h nepBooqepeAHofi 3 aAanefi 3eMAeAeAbua BcerAa 6 biA0 * CHcreMaTHqecKoe BocnpoH3BOACTBO cnoco6no- CTH 36MAH CAyHOiTb CpeACTBOM 3e!MAeA6AH5I, TO eCTb BOC- npOH3BOACTBO yCAOCBHfi ITAOAOpOAHH nOHBbl 6 bIAO HeOTAC- ahmo ot ee nenoAb30BaHiHH b npoAecce npo<H3BOACTBa Kax cpeACTBa T p yA a. O p M npaBHAbHOM odpam eH H H c 3eMAen npoHcxoAlHAo ee KanecTBeHHoe yAyqiueHHe. HecMOxpa « a BCeBOBMOXCHbie 3HF3ariH H OTKAOH6HHH OT 3T0T0 npaBHAa B HCTOpHH, B KOHeVHOM CqeTe 0(5lAeCTBO OCTaBAHAO CAeAyiO- 1AHIM nOKOAeHHHM BOBAeMOHUyK) B o 6opOT B03AeAbIBaHiHH eoaajib- »5, M* 4, TeppHTOpHH HB- X03flHCTB0». (np51- 36

aeMJno yjiym ueHHoii. C;ieAOBaTejib«o, rjiasHoe OTJiHHHe Hcnojib30BaHHH 3 eMJFH y 3eMJieAejibi;eB ot KoqeBHMKOB co- ctohjio h m c h h o b tom, hto oho '6u j i o HanpaBjieno Ha 0 6 - padoncy, yjiyHmeHHe h h cxy cctbohho 6 odjiaropaxcHBaHne noqBbi — seMJiiH*, nocjieAHHH tom caMUM npeBpamawacb b BancHeHiuee ope/iCTBo 3eMAeAeJiHH, BejiHqafniiee, hhhom He- 3aM0HHiMoe HauHonajibHoe doraTCTBo CTpanw. CnenHct)'HiKa 3eMJienojib30BaHHH y KoqeBHHKOB Bcer^a OTjiHHajiacb to m , hto oho He 6 biJio iHatipaB.aeHo « a y jiy q - uieH-ne h HOKyccTBeHHoe odjiaropa>KHB3HHe HcnoAb3yeMoii flJIH X03flfiCTB6HHOfi UOJIH TeppHTOpHW. MapKC, roBopH, qTO MHome cpeACTBa Tpy.ua noABep- rajwrcb npe&BapHTejibHoii odpadoTKe h «cnojib30BaJiHCb JiioAbMH e w e b rviydoKOH ApeBHOCTH, nwcaji: «B o o 6 me, Korwa npouecc TpyAa aoctht xoth 6 bi HeKOToporo pa3BH- thh, oh «yH<AaeTCH yxce b noa b epniiHXCH odpadoTKe cp ea - CTBax TpyAa. B nemepax ApeBHefiniero qeAOBexa Mbi Ha- xoahm KaMOHHbie opyAjHH H KaMeKHoe opyacne. Hapa/iy c o6pa6oTa.HHbiM KaMHeM, AepeBOM, kocthmh h pakobwha mih rjiaBHyio poAb, ksk cpeACTBO TpyAa Ha nepBux CTyneunx qejiOBeqecKOH Hcropun, wrpaioT npnpyqeHHbie, cjieAOBaTejib- ho y)Ke HSMeiHeHHbie nocpeACTBOM TpyAa, BbipameHHbie qe- Jl OB0KOM HCHBOTHbie»1.- H3MOHeHHbie nocpewcTBOM TpyAa h BupaiueHHbie nejio- bokom HQHBOTHHe motjih npeACTaBJiHTb codoio Ha nepBbix nopax oxoTHHHbio 6op3yK> codaxy (Ta3bi), jioBnyio rrrnuy (6epnyT) h BepxoByio JiomaAb oxoTHiHKa, hah ace cTaAO BepdjHOAOB, oboa, K03 h r a b y u H jiomaAeft. Egjih 6ap3an codaxa, AOBqaa nraua « BepxofBan JiomaAb dihijin cpeACT- BaMH TpyAa OXOTHHKOB, TO CTaAO BOpdAIOAOB, OBeit, K03 \"h TadyHbi AomaAOH 6mah cpeACTBaMin TpyAa KoneBux ckoto- boaob. npM 3tom cymecTBOBa^a KanecTBOHHaH pa3HHua Me>KAy BbipauxeHHoft qeAOBexoM 6op3ofi codaicoft h AJHKoft ko3oA (AHceftpaHOM): nepBan cjiyncHAa opy/flaeM TpyAa, a BTopaq — npeAMOTOM TpyAa o xoth h k3. ripn yAaqHofi oxo- Te ydHTan K03a H3 npeAMeTa TpyAa npeBpamaercn b npo- AyxT TpyAa ih m act Ha nHTa«He o xoth h k3 ih Ha xopM codaKH.' Ha Kpa^HeM CeBepe b xaqecTBe cpeACTBa TpyAa uinpoKO HcnoAb3yioTCH OAOMauiHenHue h cneuHajibHO odyqeiiHbie o a c - Hh aah o x o t w Ha ahkhx OAeHefi. «Hy>KAa — A y q - UJHH HaCTaBHHK AKDA^fi. OHa 3aCTaBHAa lOKarapOB H 1MapKc K . Kanara^, t . I, 1952, CTp. 186. 37

coceAHHX mm HapoAOB no HeA0CTaTKy apyrax Poaob npo- MwnyieHHOCTH otfpaTHTb see yMCTBCHHbie cnoco6HocTH Ha jiOBjno 3Bepeft o(5yMeKHe 'Heo6xoAHMbix nan o x o th co6ax, Ma«mHKOB h n p .»1. Co6a<KH y hhx Hcno;ib30BajiHCb « e cTOJibKo *b iKanecTBe Henocpe^cTBenHoro opyAHH jiobjih ah- khx 3Bepeii, cxojibxo TpaHcnopTHoro jkubothoto ajih 3a- np5I>KKH B CaHH -- HapTbl. MaHmHKaMH Ha3HBajiiH AO M aiinm x ojieHen, npuyqeHHbix OTBjieKaTb a h k h x ojieHeft ot c r a ^ a « noABOAHTb <hx « a pac- CTOHiHHe B U C Tpejia k cBOGMy xo3HHHy hji-h 3aBO,njHTb b xan- Kan. X oponraft M aH iunx ueiiHJicH A o p o r o , Tax x ax otfyneHHe ero Tpe5oBajio 6 ojibiuoro Tpyzja sh TepneHiia. «Ma-HmnK— caw eu hjth ea>K eH K a— aojdkch n o O K paoxe noxoAHTb na ahkoto oJieHH. K o r fla oxothhk 3 a M e q a e T cTa^o ah km x o ^e - Heft> oh nycxacT MainnHKa npOTHB B e T p a k h h m . MaHiUHK BCe BpeMH HaXOAHTCH Ha npHBH3H y OXOTHHK3, KOTOpblH npn noMomn p ©m h h , 3acTaBA$ieT e r o ocTaHaBJiHBaTbCH, a o - JKHTbCfl, HanpaBJIHTbCH B Ty HJTH A p y ry iO CTOpOHy. XOipOUIHft OXOTHHK C iHCKyCHO AP CCOHpOBa1IHbIM MaHlUHKOM MOJKCT y 6HTb MHoro ojieHen m3 CTa^a, p aH b iu e , hgm oerajibHbie AHKHe OJIGHH 9TO otfHapyJKMBaiOT. B 3TIHX CJiyHaHX npn oxoTe o6 b m io y n o T p e 6jiHK)T He py>KbH, a A y x n »2. TaxHM o6pa30M, ecji-H y T axn x o x o t h h k o b a h k h S oJienb 6 hji o 6*beKTOM T p yA a, TO OAOMaUIHeHHWH, H3MeHeHHbIH TpyAOM OJieHb-MaHlUHK 6 bIJI OCHOBHbIM OpyAHeM TpyAa, OCHOBHbIM cpeACTBOM npoH3BOACTBa. ToJibKO TpyA nejioBexa co3AaJi KaqeCTBeHHoe OTJiHHue ojiena- m a h i u h k a o r A n xo ro ojieHH. 3 r o KOHKpeTHbiH npHMep Toro, k s k n ejio B ex co3AaBaji >k h - Bbie opyAHH r p y ^ a <h ueAecoo6 p a 3 HO ncnojib30Baji h x b npouecce npo.H3 BOACTBa. CymecTByeT cTa'pnnnoe x a 3 a x o x o e cxa3aHHe, riOAHepKH- Baiomee xopewHyio pa3HHuy we>KAy cpe^CTBOM h npoAyKTOM TpyAa oxoTHHxa, oxoTHBiuerocn Ha a h k h x JiomaAefi — Kyjia- hob. Cxa3aHHe noBecTByeT, hto o x o t h h k x a 3ax BepxoM Ha jiomaAH y 6 nji wecTbAecsiT KyjiaHOB, h o 3 a r a OKOHqaTeAbHO 3ar«aA cBoero k o h h . TorAa oh c 6 ojibuiHM oropqeHHeM e xa- 3a;i: «riipoKAHTHe npeAxaM o x o t h h k o b , mecTbAOCHT KyjianoB ' B pa m eA b /7. nyTeiucctBue no ceBepHbiM 6eperaM Ch6hph h no AeAOBHTOMy wopio (1820-1824 rr.). M ., 1948, crp. 225. OAOTCipGoa A . M . h JleeuH M . /. K nonpocy o ^pennocni h npo- MHH°HilnonnrTnorHeROACTna' B KH,: n ?o6jlCMU npOHCXO>KAeHHfl, 3BoyiPio- crp 1,79 ° pOAOO(5Pa30EajlH5' AOMauniHx >khbothlix, t . I. M.—JI., 1940, 38

He 3aMeHHT oAHoro kohh» i. O rpoMaAHOM npoH3BOACTBeH- HOM 3HaHCH'HiH JIOUiaA'H AJIfl OXOTHifKOB H KOHeBbIX CKOTO- boaob roBopiHT Apyran Ka3axcKaH nocJiOBHixa: «yMHpaeT lie tot, koto pyraiOT, a tot, kto n o T e p a e T cboio JioLnaAb»2. O t o m , hto KyjiaHbi eme b cepeAHHe X V III b. boah jihcb b Ka3axcKoft crenH b 6ojibinoM KOAHHecTBe, coodmaeT n . H . P l ih k o b : «Ky^iaHbi GbiBaioT „ Combine Ha 3 a a H u - koh ( t . e. 3aypajibCKoft — C. T .) CTenn okoao peKH C a p u - cy, a HHorAa h no 3w6e... [KyJiaHbi] xoaht bcjimkhwh Ta- 6yHaMH, Tax hto no Tbicaqe « 6oAbine cAyqaeTcn. Ka3axn, cTpejian « x , ynoTpe6JiflioT ce6e b rrHiuy»3. B yCJlOBHHX HeOCBOeHHOH AHKOH K33aXCK0H nyCTbIH'H H CTeneH «HCKycHO ApeccHpoBaHHhie JiOBqne nfHuu, 6biCTpan Ka3aXCKa« 6op3an (Ta3bl) H BbIHOCJIHBbift KOHb 6bIJIH no- CTOHHHbiMH cnyTHHKaMH xa3axa oxoTHHKa»4. Upeccnpo- BaHHbie JiOBqne mmubi— 6epKyTbi (KpaH 6ypxyT) h Ka3ax- wne 6op3bie co6 a»H (>KyfipHK Ta3bi), cnoco6Hbie jiobihtb jihchu, A>KeftpaHOB, caiiraKOB « ibojikob, a taK>Ke bhhoc- ji'HBhre cKaicyHhi (jKyftpnK aT) oqeHb Aoporo AeHHJincb b CTenn. 3a hhx HHorAa zaBaJiu HecKOJibKO acchtkob Aoma- Aew (hah cothh 6 apaH0B. He 6biJio peAKOCTbio cpeAH na- 3axcKnx KoqeBHHKOB eme b X IX Bene, Kor^a Tanne 6ep- Kyra, 6op3bie h CKaxyHbi c;iy>K'HAH HacTonmHM cpeACTBOM otforaineHHH aah cbohx xo3Hes. H3 cKa3aHHoro hcho, hto 6op3an co6aKa, jiOBqan nTH* ua, BbIHOCJIHBblH KOHb H CTaAa AOM3111HHX JKHBOTHblX 6bI- jih cpeACTBaMH TpyAa jnoAen, a hto KacaeTcn ahkoS ko3h , KyjiaHa h AHKOpacTymcft nacTdnmHoS TpaBbi, to ohh ot- HOCHAHCb K K3Ter0pHH rOTOBbIX nAOAOB npnpOAbl, aah npHCBoeHHH KOTopbix Tpe6oB3AHCb cooTBCTCTByiomHe cpeA- CTBa T p y A a . TaKOll OHeBHAHOft pa3HHUbI IMeJKAy AOMaiHHHMH H AH- KHMH JWHBOTHblMH, K COJKaJieHHIO, He 3aMeqaiOT HeKOTOpbie aeTopbi. HanpHMep, C. 3uMaH0B «h A. EpeHOB yTBepiKAaiOT, hto « ckot HBAHeTcn npoAyKTOM 3eMJiH»5. 3 to HeBepiio. 1 A;inwc KyJian aT 6o.iMaiiiu>( aTacbiHa narccT auiubiiibiH. 2 ATaua HOjieTTeH Kici eJiMcfiai, aTbman afipbi-iraH e.ne/u. 3 OpenCyprcKne CTenn b TpyAax n . H. PbiMKOBa, 3. A. 3BepcMaHa, C. C. HeycTpyeBa. M., 1949, ctp. 91. 4 Ka3axcraii, ofiuiajt (})H3HKO-reorpa(})HqecKafl xapaKTepucTHKa. M .-A ., 1950, CTp. 347. 5 Tpy/ibi A-iMa-ATjmcKoro lopH^H^ecKoro HHCTHTyTa, t. I. A/iwa-ATa, 1955, ctp. 49, 39

MapKC nHcaji, hto xcHBOTHue, « k o t o p u x o 6bTKH0B e m io CHHTaiOT UpOAyKTa-M'H npWpOAW, B AefiCTBHTeJIbHOCTH HB- ahiotch npoAyKTaMn TpyAa « e tojimco nponwioro roAa, ho B CBOHX COBpCM©HHblX <|)OpMaX h HpOAyKT3MW BOAOHSMCj HCHHfi, COBepUiaBUIHXCfl « a npOTHJKGHlHH MHOTHX nOKOJieiTHH noA KOHTpojieM neAOBeKa, npn nocpeACTBe qeAOBeqecKoro TpyAa»1. n PH BceS cBoeft npUMiHthbhocth h oTCTajiocTH Konesoe CKOTOBOA^eCKOe X035IHCTB0 Ka3aXOB HMeJIO A0JI0 C AOM3III- HHMH >KHBOTHbIMH, OKyjIbTypCHHblMH H O^AarOpOJKeHHblMH TbicnqejieTHHM TpyAOM qeAOBexa. npoAyKTO M 3eMAH hjih npOCTO npOAyKTOM npHpOAW MO>KHO Ha3bIBaTb TOJIbKO JIHUJb AHKHX >KHBOTHbIX. * KHBOTHOe CT3HOBHTCH OpyA'HeM TpyA a TOJIbKO Tor^a, K ora a oho HaxoAHTCA jtoa bo3Achctbh©m qejioBexa. Pi3Me- HeHHbie nocpea c tb o m TpyAa, BbipaiueHHbie qejioBeKOM a o - MaiHHHe JKHBOTHbie C 3KOHOMHlieCKO0 TOHKH 3peHHH HHH©M He OTjnw aioTCH o r o 6p a 6o ra H H o ro k 3 m h h , noHBH, MeraA- Aa H T. A- M apxc nniueT: «BHeuiH|He npnpoAHbie ycAOBHH skoho- MH^ecKH pacnaAaiOTCH Ha abs d o ji b u m x K Jia c c a : ecTecT- BeHHoe 6oraTCTBO cpeACTBaMH 5k h 3h h , cAeAOBaTeAbHO njio- AopoA«e noqBbi, o 6«AiHe pbi6bi b BOAax h t . n., « ecrecTBeH- Hoe 6oraTCTBO cpeACTBaMiH TpyAa, K a«oB b i: AeftcTByiom-He BOAonaAbi, cyAOXOAHbie peKH, AepeBO, MeTaAAbi, yroAb h t . a . npiH 3aqaTK ax KyAbTypu 'HMeer pem aioinee 3HaqeHHe nepBbm poA, Ha 6 o A ee bhcokhx c ry n e H n x — BTopofi poA ecTecTBeHHoro 6 oraTCTBa»2. K qncAy BHeiHHHx npupoAHhix ycAOBHfi mah ecrecTBeH- HOMy 6oraTCTBy, AocTaiomeMyca a io a h m b BHAe cpeACTB >kh3hh, MapKcoM OTHeceHa npe>KAe Bcero noMBa c e e ecTecTBeHHU'M nAOAopoAHeM, c ee e c T e c tb ©h hmm pacTHTeAb- HblM nOKpOBOM. PaCTHTeAbHblfi riOKpOB IjeA'HHHOH nOHBH BcerAa wcnoAb30BaACH KoqeBHHxaMiH Kan nacr6 nme a a h CKOTa. B oraTan ecTecTBeHHbiM rpaB ocToeM noraa caMa no Aapce6e eme He hbahctch cpeACTBOM T p yA a , OHa — roTOBuft npHpoAbi. C sthim He c o rA a c e « H . 3 a 3tk h h . « K Ka- Koro >xe poAa ecTecTBeHHUM (J)aKTopaM cAeAyeT OTHecro nacTtfHme? — rmiueT oh.— K ohchho, iko .BTopoMy1. CaMo no ce6 e.nacT6Hme He A aeT qeAOBeiKy HenoopeACTBemio totobux cpeACTB XCH3HH, oho AaeT HX JKHBOTHbiM, KOTopwe nepero- 1 M apK C K . Kamrraji, t . I. 1952, crp. 188 2 TaM >Ke, CTp< 515— 516, 40

H5HOTC51 qejioBeKOM Ha nacT6Hine RJIK KOpMJICHHH c t c m , ^To6bi BnocjieACTBHH 3th xcHBOTHfcie>CHafiAHJPH ero Heo6- XO^HMblMH CpeACTBaMlH 3KH3HH*1. E a r n T a K o e .Ha3HaqeHHe n a c T d n m a AaeT ocn oB aH H e oTHecTH e r o k o B T o p o M y pOAy e c T e c T B e H H o r o 6oraT C T B a, t o Ha 9T0M >Ke OCHOBaHHH TO r^a USAO' OTHeCTH K 3TOMy H<e poAy ecT ecT B eH H oro GoraxcTBa « ecTecTB eH H oe njiOAopoA»ne noHBbi, T a n K a K H H K aK oe e c x e c x B e im o e n n o A o p o A H e noH B H , KaK h ecT ecT B eH H u ft xpaB ocxoft, He A a io T em e q ejroB eK y H enocpeA C TB eH H O ro x o B H x cpeA C TB HCH3HH. B A e fic r B H - Tejib H ocT H e c re c T B e w H u ft T p a B o c r o H ih e c re c T B e H H o e i u i o a o - pOAHe nOHBbl HBAHIOXCH npH p0AHbIMH SoraxC TB aM H , OTHOCH- mjHMHcn k o a h o h K axerop n H .- H 3 B e c T H O , noMBa ecTb T a K o ft noBepXHocTHbiH c j i o f t 3eMHOH :K o p b i, t a o o 6 p a 3 y e x c a IUIO- AopoAHe. IljiO A o p o A H a H noHBa o d n a A a e x cnoco&HOCTbio o 6 e c n e q «B a T b pacTeH H H bo Bee BpeM H h x p 33bihthh b c c m h Heo6xoA H M biM H Bem ecTB aM H . A T p a B o c T O H e c re c T B e H H o ro nacx6m u a uejiWKOM onpeAe/iflexcH njioAO poAH eM h o 6 e c n e - qeHHOcTbio B J iaroft noqBbi. H a coB ep m eH H O HenJioAOpoAHoft noqBe xpaB a B O o6 m e He pacTeT. O ieA O B a xejib H o, A n n a n rp a B a ecT b o a h o H3 npoHBJieHHft c h j im ecT ecxB eH h o r o u j i o - AOpOA'HH nOMBbl. riOBTOMy HeB03MO>KHO npOXH’BOriOCXaBHTb AHKyio TpaBy ecTecTBeHHOMy'miOAOpOAHio noqBbi, Ha k o t o - poft oHa pacTeT, ihjih oxopBaTb ihx Apyr o t Apyra, nona non- Ba ocxaexca b cBoeM ecTecxBennoM c o c t o h h h h . KoqeBHHK npHCBaHBaji Aap np«poA bi — ecxecxBeHHbifi TpaBocTOH nacTftnm a— nyreM nacTb6bi cicoxa. Tanan npo- H3B0ACTBeHHa*f ACHTeAbHOCTb KOHeBOrO CKOTOBOAa HHHeM no cBoewy cym ecTBy He OTJimajiacb ot npoh3boa-ctbohhoh AenTe^bHOCTH 3eMJieAejibua, K ofop u fi npHCBanBaji TO>Ke Aap npHpOAbi — ecrecTBeHHoe n jio A op o A «e ueji'HHHoft n oq­ Bbi nyxeM o6pa6oTKH ee opyA'HHMH 3eM.neAejibqecKoro TpyAa ih noceBa ceMHH. C sxoft tohkh 3peHHH Hex iiHKaKofi npH-HUHnnajibHofi pa3HHUbi MexcAy ecxecTBeHHUM nnoAopo- AHeM noqBu h e e ecTecTBeHHhiM TpaBocToeM. H h oaho H3 OTHeceHHux MapKcoM k nepBOMy pOAy ecTecTBenHbix SoraTCTB,. KaK-To: «nxoAopoAHe noqBbi, ofouine pu6bi b BOAax h t . n .» — He HBJiaexcn HenocpeACTBeHHO roTOBbiMH cpeACTBaMH ajih HHAHBHAyajibHoro noTpetfjieHHH. JIioah nonyqaiOT HenocpeACTBeHHbie xui3HeHHbie cpeACTBa o r no- 1 3acitkuh M . K Bonpocy o cymHOCTH naTpnapxa;ibHo-4)eo.najib- Hwx OTHouieHHft y KOMeBbix HapOAOB.— Bonpocbi HCTopmi, 1955, Ke 4, 41

/re3Horo CBOHCTBa noHBti — ee nAOAOpoAHH — toabko b pe- 3yjibTaTC p a c n a u iK H h o 6 p a 6 o T K H s t o h noqBbi. A nAO Ao- poAHe ^6B CTB eH H oft noMBbi 6e3 o 6 p a 6 o T K H HHqero He motao ASTb KO^eBHlHKaM, KpOMe eCTeCTBCHHOrO TpaBOCTOH. 3 to b 1834 roAy 6 bm o oepno 0TMeiieHo B . riepoBCKHM: «M ecT a b CTenH, npeACTaBJi5iiomHe a a h Hac «n q e M He3aMeHHMbie Bbiro^bi, a *mh K a3 axoB oco6 eHHoft ueHbi He HMeiOT: naxoTHaa 3eMAH jxjin h h x coBepuieHHO 6ecnoJie3Ha, peqKH TenyT, TaK CKa3aTb, em e 6e3 h cah h o>KHAaioT njioTHH, MeJibHHU h 'Apy- THX 3aBeAeiIHfl npOMblUIJieHH-OCTH»I. R u K a n r p a u a He ecTb pe3yjibTaT T p y A a qeAOBeKa. MapKC rmcaji: «EcrecTBeHHbie ©h a h , Kan nap, boas h t. a ., npHMeHneMbie k npon3BOAHTejibHbiM npoueccaM, Toace HHqero He c t o h t . H o nan qeAOBeKy a a h jib ixa m in Heo6xo- AHMbi jierKHe, TaK oh ny>KAaeTCfi b «co3AanHH qeAOBeqecKoft pyKH» A^IH T oro, qT0 6 bI npOH3BOAfHTeAbHO nOTpedAHTb eCTe- CTBeHHbie CHAbI»2. B KOqeBOM'CKOTOBOA^eCKOM X03HHCTBe THKHM C03AaHHeM «qeAOBeqecKOH pyK H » 6 bum npoH3BOACTBeHHbie CTaAa h Ta- 6yHbi AouiaAeft, Kan b 3eMJieAejiHH opyAH H 3ewAeAeAHH. j^AH Toro, MTo6bI OBAaAGTb AlOtfblMH npHpOAHblMK 6 oraTCTBaMH, qejiOBeK AOA>KeH TpyAH Tbcn, a qT0 6 bi Tpy- AHTbCH, oh AOA>KeH HMeTb opyAHH T p y A a . TOAbKO b pe3yAb* TaTe CBoero T p y A a oh mot ocBOHTb to hah Apyroe n pn poA ' Hoe 6 oraTCTBo. ZIah npnMepa mojkho B3HTb h3o6haviouxhh p u 6 aMH BOAoeM. LlTo6 bi npeBpaTHTb p b i6 Hoe 6oraTCTBo b o - AoeMa b HenocpeACTBeHHbie cpeACTBa >kh 3hh, npewjxe Bee- ro Tpedyercn, q r o 6 bi pbr6 aKH B oopyxouiH C b cooTBeTCTByio- iahmh opyAHHMiH TpyAa h opraHH 30Bajhh aob. H anpH M ep, aMepHKaHCKHe HHAefiijbi b oahhx iMecTax 6hjih pbi(5y H3 Ayxa, rAyuiHAH ee, khasah b BOAy HAOBHTbie KopHH tn nAOAbi, b ApyrH X MecTax, KpoMe AyKOB, crpeA, kotihh, ynoTpepAHAHCb rapnyHHaa crpeAa c 6 a M 6 yKOBbi\\i nonAaiB- kom (Ha KpynHyio pbi6 y « boahhmx q e p e n a x ), ocT pora, CeTH « BepHIH. Pbl6HCffi AOBAeft 33HHMaAHCb C AOAOK, CAe- AaHHhix H3 Kopbi hjiih xojidjieHbix OAHOApeBOK. Peace npaK - THKOBaAacb aobah pbi6 bi c 6cperoB . LLIHpoKo pacnpocTpa- HeH 6 bIA KOAAeKTHBHblfi AOB. O pyA H H AOB3 CqHTaAHCb 0 6 - meft co6cTBeHHOCTbK) KaHCAoro cgaghhh. PbiftoAOBeuKHe yrOAbH, KaK >H OXOTHHqbH TeppHTOpHH, T 3 K>Ke npHHaAAe- 2 MuarpMKAC K5 .a3,K9aCnPH’Taji, 4|t .oIn.- 195R2-, 312’ C3B9-2.189, Ji. 7. cTp. 42

waJiH cejiemno. Zlotfbiqa, noJiy^emiaH « a koaa eKTfHBho5 oxoTe hah Ha p h 6hoh jiOBjie, pacnpeAeAHAacb boxcacm.1 TaKHM nyreM noHMaHHaa pti6a, 6e3ycAOBHo, ecTb cpeACTBO >kh3hh, HAymee Henocpeactbchho b HHAHBHAyaAbHoe no- rpetfAenne. A HenoftManHyio, nAaBaiomyio b penax, o3epax H MOpHX pbl6y iHyHC'HO 'P3COMaTpiHB3Tb Ka-K CpeACTBO HCH3HH •NHIIIb B B03M0HU10CTH.2 HanpHMep, CH6npCKHe nOJIHOBOA- Hbie peKH, BnaAaiomHe b CeBepHbift JleAOBHTbiH oKeaH, h MHoroHHc^eHHbie ceBepHbie 03epa H3o6HjiyioT pbi6hhm 6oraTCTBOM. Bee nace;ieHHe KpaHHero CeBepa h ero Tpanc- nopTHWe codaKH eme b X IX Bene b ochobhom n.HTaAHCb pbi6oft. Ecjih p h 6oaobctbo 6biAO HeyAanHo iH3-3a He^ocTaT' Ka Heo6xoA‘HMbix opyAwii jioBa hjih no Apyroft npHMHue, to TorAa nacejieHHe, HecMOTpn Ha h3o6hjihc pbi6bi b BOAax, o6peKajiocb Ha roAOAHyio cMepTb. B MaTepnajiax 3KcneAH- Uhh (J>. n. BpanreJiH o >KHTeAnx pen K ojiumh h Bojibuio- ro « M ajioro A«K>eB CKa3aHo: «H ejib 3 « 6e3 cocTpaAawHH CMOTpeTb Ha HapoA, cymecTBOBaHHe KOToporo 33bhcht eAHHCTBeHHO ot CAyqaa. 3AeiiiHHe lOKarnpbi Tax 6eAHbi, hto He MoryT npHo6pecTH ce6e HeBOAOB ih ceTeft aah pbi6HOfi jiobjih» 3. B 3HMy 1821 roAa «HecnacTHbie jkhtcah npHHH- Majincb 3a riHiuy TOjibKo OAHa>KAbi b 48 nacoBf HexorAa 3AopoBbifi, cwjibHbiH HapoA Tenepb eABa Tacnajicn h 6 ma noxojK 6oAee Ha wepTBeuoB, hokcah Ha jnoAeH»4. H . T. ^lepHbimeBCKiHfl uueji b BHAy hmchho Tawne HapoAW, KorAa rwcaA: «E m e MHoro t 3khx njieMeH, KOTo-pbie >KiHByT HCKAIOHHTeAbHO HAH nOHTH HCKAIOHHTeAbHO 3a CHeT AHKHX XCHBOTHhIX, npOAyKTaMH OXOThI H pbl60A0BCTBa... HaCTO nOABepraiOTCH eHH 60AbLLIHM AHHieHHHM»5. H TOAbKO nOTO- My, HTO O^meCTBO XCHAO HCKAIOHHTeAbHO OXOTOA, OHO He B coctohhhh 6biAo BocnpoH3B0AHTb od^eKT cBoero TpyAa — AHKHX HtHBOTHbIX. AHaAOrHHHO C 3THM KOHCBOe CKOTOBOA\" HecKoe o6uxecTBO Tonce He b coctosihhh dbiAO BOcnpoH3BOAHTb 1 HHAefiubi A mcdhkh. SinorpadmMecKHH cCopHHK. M., 1955, CTp. 231. 2 «npe/iCTaBJiJieTca napajiOKcaJibHbiM Ha3biBaTb, HanpHMep, pbitfy, KOTopan eme He nofiMaHa, cpeACTBOM npoH3BOACTBa (b CMbic;ie o6T>eKTa TpyAa — C. T.) ajih puCoJioBCTBa. Ho ao chx nop eme He H3o6peTeHo HCK/CCTBO JIOBHTb pbl6y B B0A3X, B KOTOpbIX ee HCT». (MapKC K- . .Kanirraji, t . I. 1952, CTp. 188, 6 cHOcxa). 3 BpameAb 0 17 riyTeuiecTBHe no ceBepiibiM OcperaM C h6hph h no JleAOBHTOMy Mopio. M., 1948, crp. 273— 274. 4 Taw >xe, CTp. 291. 5 H ep H b im eecK uu H . r . H36paHiibie 9KOiiOMH*iecKwe npoH3neACHHn, t. Ill, m. I. M., 1948, ctP. 20. 43

oamh H3 ocHOBHbix sjieMeHTOB npeAMeTa Tpyfla CKOTOBO- Aa — nacr6 HmHOH rpaBbi. Eme b rjiy 6 oKofi ^peBHOCTH ecTecTBeHHoe ruioAopoAHe noqBM ncnojib30Bajiocb 3eMJieAeJibuaMH, a ecTecTBeHhbih pacouiTejibHbiH noKpoB nacTCnma — ckotoboa^mh. B 0 6 0 HX cAyqaax npoHcxo^HJio Hcn0Jib3OBaHHe, HCTpe6jieHne a HCTomeHne AiOAbMH ecTecTBeHhlix <5oraTCTB. Han6oAee flpeBHHM IH LUHpOKO pacnpOCTpaHeHHblM Cn0 C060!M BeAeHHH npHMHTHBHoro 3eMAeAeAH« 6biJia nepeJio>KHafl CHCTeMa, npn KOTopoH b CBH3H c HCTomeHHeM nAOAopoAHH o6pa6o- TaHHbix y^acTKOB 3eMJiH aioah ocraBJiHJiH hx, 3 aHHMaa noA 3eMjieAeAHe Bee HOBbie h hobh0 HinceM He3aHfiTwe yqacrKH ixejiHHHoft 3eMjiiH. Tanaa cBoeo6pa3«aH «noAyKoqeBaa» ch- creMa 3eMAeAeAHH 6buia BoaMOJKHa TOJibKo ao Tex nop, noKa naJiHuo 6ujih tfoAbuine npocTOpbi cbo6oahhx 3eMeAb, to ecTb eme He 6 bijio qacTHOH codcTBeHiiocTii Ha 3eMjno. B AajibHeHineM npouecce pa3BHthh otfmecxBa pocJiH ero npOH3BOAHTeJlbHbie CHAM, yCOBepineHCTBOB3AHCb OpyAHH (H MeTOAW rpyAa, yBeAHqHBaAacb njioTHOCTb HaceAeHHH, co- KpamaAHCb h HcqepnMBaAHCb 3 an acb i c b o 6oahw x 3eM ejib, qTO He m o t a o He conpoBOJKAaTbcn HHTeHCH^HKauneH 3 eM - AeAeAHH1. PoCT HHTeHCHBHOCTH 30MACA^JIiHH BbIpa>KaACH B yBCAH- qeHHH np0H 3B0;iH TeAbH 0fi CHAM eAHH,HUbI 3eMeAbHOH nAO- maAH. O ra p a n npnMHTHBHaa CHCTeMa 3eMAeAeAHH n o c re - neHHo 3 a M eH H A a cb h o b h m h ih 6 o j i e e n p o r p e c c n b h bim h o h - creMaMH, n ep eA o x c H a a cwcreMa 3eM AeA<^H H , OTpa>KaBinaH KpaflHe HH3KHfl ypOB6Hb pa3BHTfHH npOHSBOAHTeAbHblX CHA o6m ecTBa, n o c T e n e H H o H3X0HB3Aa c e 6 a . U p H n ep eA o xcH o ft CHCTeMe OrpaHHqHBaACH >P0CT nAOTHOCTH HaceAeHHH, XOTH b MeHbweft c re n e H H , qeM n p « KoneBOM cko to bo actbc h oxoTe. TeM c a M b iM BecbM a orpaH H H H B aA H C b bo3 m o >k h o c t h odmecTBeHHoro pa3AeAeHHH TpyAa, pa3BHTHH peM eceA, p o c- Ta ropoAOB h ro p o A C K o ro HaceAeHHH. CHCTeMa AHKOTpaBHoro nacT^HiAHoro CKOTOBOACTBa no CBoeft npHMHTHBHOCTH HiMeAa HexoTopoe cxoactbo c nepe- AoxcHoft cHCTeMoft seMAeAeAHn. Bepno 3aMeTHB 3 to c x o a - ctbo, H. H. 3AaTKHH nHiiieT: «H e HMeeM ah mm nexoTOpbix «Ec;ih 6bi Ha H3BecTH0M npodpaHCTBe aewjiH He cocpeAOTOMHJioci M w ir »T h ' S Jl IO‘aeft’ T0 HHKor^ a He M o r jia 6 h passHTbca npo- JH - P yA noj^ H K o r o n a x a p n j io k h t b ocuoeaHHH Bcex wyAec eBponeftcKOH uhbh^h33uhh». (nucapeB A- H. H36paHHbie 4>H7ioco(^cKHe H o6mecTBeHHo-no/iHTHHecKHe CTaTbH, M., 1949, cTp. 212). 44

ocHOBaifHft /yin opaBHettHH TpyAa, cBH3aHiHoro c nepeKones- Kofi, c TpyAOM apeBHero 36MJieAejibua np« nepejio^KHOM hjih noAce^HOM 3eMJieAeJiMH? HaM KanceTctf hccomhchhmim, hto oah'H’m H3 cTHMiyjiOB nepHOAHHecKHX nep.eKoneBOK HB- ^BJiaCb Heo6xOAHMOCTb BOCCTaHQBAeHHH KOpMOBOH npOH3- BOAHTejibHocTH a s h Horo nacTdnma)*1. O a h 2ko, yBHA^B st o H€KOTopoe c x o a c t b -o 3eMJienoAb30BaHHH npH nepejioxcHOH CHcreMe 3esMJieAejiHH c 3eMJienojib30BaHiHeM np« komgbom CKOTOBOACTBe, oh KBajiH<j)HAHpyeT ero nan nojmoe tohca^- ctbo, coBepuieHHo HrHopHpya rviy6oKoe TexHOJionmecKoe pa3JiHqMe, iKOTopoe cymecTBOBajio ue^Kjxy sthmh AByMH o t - paCAHMH npOH3®OACTBa. H. 3 . 3jiaTKHH Ta«HM nyieM xoTeji AOxa3aTb cym ecr- BOBaHHe y KoneBbix ckotoboaob cocjioBHo-MOHonojibHoro 4)eoAajibHoro 3©MJieBJiaAeHHa, KOToporo b AeftcTBHTejibHO- cth He 6 biJio. O h He AyMaeT o t o m , hto npHMHTHBHoe nepe- flOJKHOe 3eMJieAeJIH6 He 6uJIO CBH33HO C HaCTHOH Co6cTBeH- HocTbio Ha 3eMJiio. n p aB o 3axBaTa 3eMeJib tbkhmh 3eMJie- AeabuaMH HHqeM He orpaHHHHBaJiocb, . KpoMe, o6u q aeB , rocnoACTBOBaBuiHx b ptfiuecTBe c pOAonjieMeHHUM ycTpofi- ctbom. T a x o M y ypoBHio pa3BHTHH otfmecTBa 60JIbUie c o o t - BercTBOBajiH nocejieHHH « 0TACJibHbim h ABOpaMH-noceAKaMH HJ1H nepB0 6 bITHbIMH OAHOABOpHUMH ACpeBHHMH H CeJiaMH, KaKHe m u b h a h m em e H.ceftqac K oe-rA e b JiecHCTbix q a c r a x caMux pa3JiHBHux CTpaH cBeTa y Majiopa3BHTux 3eM;ieAejib- qecKHx njieMeH h KaKHe Ha6jnoA3JiHCb KorAa-TO h y rpexo- HTaJIHqeCKHX, KeJIbTHHeCKHX, repM3HCKHX H CA3BHHCKHX njieMeH b AOHCTopnqecKHH h b nepBOHanajibHbiH HdopHHe- ckhh nepnoA hx p a 3BHTHH, KaK o 6 3t o m CBHAeTeJibCTByioT HeKOTopue nHcaTejiH KJiaccnqecKoft apgbhocth h paHHero cpeAHeBeKOBbH»2. Mto KacaeTca KoqeBoro cKOTOBOAqecKoro X035JHCTB3, TO OHO BCCTAa 6UJIO CBH33HO C BOAbHO-3aXBaT- HOH (JjopMOH 3eMJien0JIb30BaHHH Ha BCeM npOCTpaHCTBe KoneBaHHH. KoqeBoe ckotoboactbo, aojito cymecTBOBaBinee b cre- nax h nycTHHHX A bhh, A c}>phkh a wa paBHH-Hax BocToqHofi Eeponu, 6 u a o Kpafine hph m hthbhuim x o 3h5 ctbom. Koqe©- hhk coBepuieHHo we o6pa6aThiBaji 3eMJiio h He itpoh3boahji 1 3aotkuh M . f l . K Bonpocy o cymHOCTH naTpHapxa,nbHo*(f)eoAa.nb- hux OTHOiueiiHH y KoqeBbix HapoAOB.— Bonpocbi hctophh, 1955, Ns 4, CTp. 75. 2 Taxrapoa K. M . CpaBHHTejn>Haa hctophh nejiOBenecKoro odiuecT- ea h o6mecTBeHHbix (|>opM, t . 2. 71., 1924, CTp. 18, 45

1 HHK3KHX nacT6Hm;Hbix TpaB. O h He 6biJi b coctohhhh npo- HSBO^HTb h BocripoH3BOAHTb 0 6 'beKT cBoero TpyAa — nacTCuuuHyio xpaB y. Ben x<H3iib kohcbhhkob npoxoAHJia noqTH b 6ecnpepbiBHOM nepe^BHHceHHH c MecTa Ha MecTO, a r oKpy>KaBuine <nx rrycTfaiHH w ey x a n CTenb ocTaBajiHCb 6e3 BCHKoro n3iM0HeHHH TbicHqejieTHHMH. B 3T0M MaJio3aMer- HOM B03ABfiCTBHH HeJIOBeKa Ha OKpy>KaBlIiyK) npHpOAy ** COCTOHJ/a o6miIOCTb H OTJIHHHTeJIbHaH HGpTa OTIIOlUeHHH K npHpo^e B cex 'k o qeBHHkob p a 3JiHHHbix HCTOpHqecKHX anox. riepBbiM ycJiOBHeM pa3B<HTHH 3eMJie,z*ejrHH 6h jia oceA- jiocTb, npHb513 ah h o CTb AioAe# k onpeAe^ieHHOMy « orpaHH- qeHHOMy no pa3MCpaM yqacTKy 3eMJi'H h OTHOCHTeAbHan ycTOHHHBocTb e r o 3eMJienoJib30BaHHH no cpaBHemno c . KoqeBbiM ckotoboactbom . JKh3hb oceAJioro 3eM^e,aejibna 3acTaBJiHJia co3AaBaTb Herno HOBoe, q e ro 3eMAH de3 npnjio- jKeHHH qejioBenecKoro TpyAa He AaB ajia. 3eMJieAeatHe npn- Bejio k cymecTBeHHo hobwm oTHoineHHHM MexcAy neaoBeKOM h npHpoAon. 3ei\\uieAeJieu AOTixceH 6bi«n HcxaTb HOBbie hc- roqHHKH MaTepnajibHbix 6 jia r b 3eMJie, KOTopbie Ha nepBbix nopax eme 6hiJiH cKpbiThi o r qeAOBenecKHx r\\na3. He^ioBeK, 3aHHMaacb 3eMjieAeJiHeM, ycTaHoanji rocnoACTBO HaA XCH3HbIO noqBbl H paCTeHHH nyTeM n03HaHHH MX 3aKOiiOB - BOcnpoH3BOACTBa. O h nocTeneHHo o m p u B a ji Jiyqinne npne- Mbi o6pa6oTKH noqBbi h cnocodw (SbiCTpeftmero BOCCTanoB-. jieHHH ee nnoAopoAHH. 3aHHMa*icb 3eMJieAeJiHeM, qeJioBeK CBoen uejiecoodpa3Hoft AenTe/ibiiocTbio H3MensiJi npupoAy, npHAasaJi noqBe TaKHe nojie3Hbie CBoftcTBa, KaicHx AaHHbift yqacTOK 3£mjih o t npnpoAbi we MMeji, co3AaBax HCKyccT- BeHHoe nJioAopoAHe. ITpoH3BOAHTejib h u e o hjiu, npHoftpereH- Hbie noqBoio 6jiaroAap$! qeaoBeqecKoft AeaT-ejibnocTH, «c o - BepuieHHHo TaKHce CTaHOBHTCH rtepBOHaqajibHbiMw chjibmh noqBbi, xaK m Te, KBKHe efi npHAa-riH npOHCXOAnmne b npn- poAe npoueccbi»I. nosTOMy njioAopoAHe o£5pa6aTbiBaeMofi noqBbi nepe- CTaeT tfbiTb «npocTbiM npoAyKTOM npH poA bi», oho oraHo- BiHTCB pe3y^bTaTOM qejioBeqecKoro T p yA a. TaKHM o6pa30M, npOH3BOA!HTeJIbHOCTb TpyAa B 36MJIeA^JIHH, B KOHeqHOM cqe- Te, ‘HaAoaro onpeA ejinercn He ecTecTBeHHbiM, a, maBHHM o6pa30M, HCKyCCTBeHHO C03AaHHbIiM nJIOAOpOAHeM, KOTOpOe peajni3yeTca b np ou eoce npoH3BOACTBa h nojiyqaeT onpe- * !^ap,KJL^“ TcopHM npuCaBO’JHOH CTOHNfOCTH ( I V TOM «KaiiHTaJi»), q. II. M., 1957, CTp. 239. '46

aejieHHoe 3KOHOMHiiecxoe 3HaMeHHe, Hero HeT n He MOJKeT 6bITb B yCJIOBHHX KOHeBOrO CKOTOBOACTBa. B ApeeHeHiiieH hctophh 3eMACAeAH5i H3o6pereiiHe 3eM- JieAejibueM c a M o ro npHMHTHBHOro n jiy r a h 3anpa>xxa b Hero 6bixa 6 b ia o a a h cBoero ©peMewH ootfbiTHeM paBH03Han- hum H3o6peTCHHio b X IX Bexe napoBoft MauiHHbi. C iwiyroM b MeconoTaMHH 6biJi«H 3HaKOMbi nptHMepHo ce.Mb thchh J ie r Towy Ha3aA- H aAo noAaraTb, mo sto HOBoe opy^ne rpyAa nocreneHno pacnpocTpaHflAocb h a h H3o6peTaAOCb cpeAH MHOrOHHCAeHHbIX 3eMAeAeAbHeCKHX 'HapOAOB BoCTOKa, 3 a- Menaa MOTbiry h AonaTy. HeH36e>KHbiM pe3yJibTaT0M yAyn- meHHa opyAHH 3eMAeAeAHa Cbijio yAyHme.HHe cnocodoB 0(5pa60TKH H npHMeHeHHe MCXyCCTBCHHOFO OpOlIieH'HH 3CM- AH, -KOTOpbie npHBCAH K KOAHHeCTBeHHOMy yBeAHHeHHK) H KaqecTBeHHOMy yAyHiuemno BbipamuBaeMbix xyAbTypHbix pacTeHHH. «IlepeBopOT, coBepuiHBiiiHHCH xax b MaTepnajib- hom, rax « AyxoBHOM M'Hpe HeAOBenesCKoro odmecrBa, 6 j i a - roAapa OTxpbiTHio npwMeHeHHH nAyra, hbahctch oahhm H3 Tex nepeBopoTOB, KOTopbie HanGoAce rA y 6 oxo 3axBarHAH *H3Hb HapOAHOCTGH 'H HBTOAKHyAH flOCACAHHe Ha COBep- meHHo H-OBbie nyTH. HTax, Ta (J)opMa o6pa6oTXH noMBti, KOTopaa b «auiH TenepeuiHHe ©peMeHa CAeAaAacb chmbo- aom KOHcepBaTHBHOCTH Ayxa, 6biAa ob iH3BecTHyK> snoxy coGtmieM peBOAK>UHOHHoro xapaKrepa»l . CAeAyiomHM K-pynHMiM maroM b pa3BHTHH 3eMAeAeAbne- ckoh xyAbTypu dbiAa 6opb6a c weTomeHiHeM iiaoaopoahh nOHBbl. 3eMAeAeAbUbI, BCTpeTHBHIHCb C HBJieHHHMH yxpaTbl iiaoaopoahh noHBbi h we pacnoAaraa 3anacoM cbo6o ah hx 3eMeAb aah pacnauixH, BhiHy>xAeHbi 6 biah saipaHHBaTb TpyA Ha BoccTaH05AeHHe, noAAep^xaHHe h noBbimeHHe ruio- AOpOAHH nOHBbl. noAAepaxaHHe >h ©occTaHOBAeHHe iia o a o po a h h noHBhi aah noAyqeHHH ycroHHHBbix ypo>xaeB BcerAa 6h a o o chob- hoh 3aAaaeH 3 c m a eAOA ha . Ho 3Ta 3 a A a n a n a pa3Hbix 3Ta- nax pa3BHTHH HeAOBenecxoro odmecTBa paapeuiaAacb p a s - HhlMH CnOCo6aMH H npneMaMH B COOTBCTCTBHH C ypOBIIOM pa3BHTHH HayKH « tcxhhxh...3 to n oxa3aT eA b Toro, xax npw 3eMAeA6A*HH B >X'H3Hb IIOHBbl paSyMHO H BAaCTHO BMeiHH- fiaeTca qeAOBex. 06pa6aTbiBaa h y A o tip a a noaBy, ocym aa 6oAOTa, o p o m a a nycTbiHH, aeAOBex nepeACAbiBaeT noHBy h npncnocodAaeT ee a a h cbohx hv>x a . H cto ph h 3HaeT He- 1 PeKAio 5. Menonex 11 3Cm^h, t . I. Cn6., 1906, cTp. 409. 47

Majio npHM epoB, KaK nocpeACTBOM TpyAa .m o o t 6 ecrtAOA- Hyio nyCTbiHio npeBpam ajiH b u B e r y m n e oasHcu. Y Bcex 3eMJieAGJibqecKHx napoaoB yA o6 peH He noqBu eraAo oothm H3 OCHOBHbIX GBHAOB CeAbCK0X03HftCTBeHHbIX paGOT. U paB 6h a J\\. H . r in c a p e B , KorAa n n c a ji: «BcH K O M y AepeBeHCKOMy cBiHHonacy H3 BGCTH0, hto 3eMJiH p o a h t XJie6 xopouio Tor- OT, Kor^a ee y A o 6 pflK>T; a yAo6 peH He ecTb tot xce cupoH npo^yKT, npoiueOTiHH qepe3 jnejiyAK H jiiOAeii w xchbothnx H B03BpamaiOmHHCH B SeMJIIO*1. B CH/iy CneilH(j)HKH TeXHO- AOTHH CBOerO -npOH3BOACTBa T3KHe p a 6 0 TbI, KaK B03AeAbIBa- HHe 3eMAH, HHK3K He M0I7IH HaHTH MeCTO B npOH3BOACTBeH- HOH AGHTeJIbHOCTH KOHeBOTO CKOTOBOA3 HAH OXOTHHK3. Bee 3TO noKa3HBaeT, qro h c t o p h h P 33b,hthh 3©MAeAe- ahh b cMbicJie BceM'HpHO^HCTopHqecKoro nporpecca, KaK npaBHJio, B bicry n aeT KaK h ctoph h H enpepuB H oro pa3b h t h h 3eMJieAejibqecKHx opyOTH TpyAa, naKonJieHHB KyjibTypu 3eMJieAeAHJi, npHMeHeHHH pa3AHqHbix c n o co6oB o 6 p a 6 oTKH H BOCnpOH3pOACTBa nJIOAOpOAHH nOHBbl. rioSTOMy, 6e3- ycJiOBHo B epn o, h to «naoAO poAne BOBce He b TaKOH cTeneHH HBJiaeTca ecrecTBeHHUM KaqecTBOM noqBbi, KaK sto MOXceT noKa3aTbca: o h o TecHo CBH3aHO c coapeMeHHbiMH o6mecT- BeHHblMH OTHOUieHHH\\rH»2. «yjiyqm eHH H, npHMCHHCMbie k 3eMJie, Tpe6 yioT, hto- hx BOcnpoH3BOAHOT h noAJXepHCHBaAH; ohh cJiyjxaT jiMiub H3BeCTHOe BpeMH H B 3T0M OTHOIlieHHH nOAOfiHbl BCeM ApyrHM yjiyqmeHHHM, kotopbim h noAb3yiOTCH A-na n peB pa- meHHH MHTepHH B CpeACTBO npOH3BOACTBa»3. 3 H aq H T ,-He­ llocpeACTBeHHafl 3 a r p a r a TpyAa JiiOAbMH Ha o 6 p a 6 oTKy 36MAH h iHCKyocTBeHHoe yAyquieHHe KanecTBa noqBbi npe- BpamafcT noqBy b rcpeAMeT h cpeACTBo TpyAa h BocnpoH3- boah t ee nAOAOpOAHe. ZlBKyio 3eM Aio h 3eMAio, yA yqm eH - Hyio TpyAOM qejioBeKa, OTOJKAecTBJiHTb HeAb3H. CpeACTBOM TpyAa b 3eMJieAeji*HH, KaK n p a B w io , h b a h c t c h He a h n an aeMAH, a o6pa6aTbiBaeMaH h OKyAbTypeiiHan noroa. Ha- npHMep, K a3axcK ne cTenH, b cpeAHHe Bena Ha3biBaBiiiHecfl ^em T-H-KH nqaK, t o e c T b cTenn KHimaxoB, Ha npoTH>KeHHH TbICHqeAeTHH CJiy>KHAH TOAbKO _Ce30HHbIMH AHKHMH IiaCT- awmaiMH a a h c r a A h Ta6yHOB KoqeBHHKOB, nepeABHraBiiiHX- CH B p33AHHHblX HanpaBAeHHHX. KoqeBHH'KH He MOTAH BOC- qecKHC^aTbH® Sj™ 2 «4 .<t’,,/,OCO(t>CKHe H oCmeCTBeHHO-nO/IHTH- 3 u apKC £ H 3fieeAbC Com., t. 4, 1955, ctP. 175. Maptcc K. h SmeAbc 0. Com., t. 4, 1955, erp. 176— 177. 48

no;ib3o&aTbCfl b u c o k h m n/ioAopoAHeM q ep H 03eMH0 H h K a m - TaHOBOH n o q B b i KOBhiAbHOH creriH n a n cpeACTBOM r p y A a , BBH,ay OTCyTCTBHH y HHX 3CMA eA ^ A'HH.. TOJIbKO B yCAOBHHX 3 eM J ieA ejib u ecK o ro xo3hhctbb a io a h HayqHAHCb n p e B p a - iuaTb 3eMJiio b cpe^CTBo TpyAa n yT eM 3aTpaTbi c h a h cpe^cTB RJiH ee o6pa6oTWH h o6Aaropa>KHBaHHH. B b iA a io- ihhmch n p 'H M ep oM 3Toro HBAneTCH o c B o e m ie uejiHHHbix 3e- Meab b HaiuH a h h b K a3axcTaH e. 3 A e c b 3aTpaqeHa M a c c a >KHBoro 'H O BeiuecTBJieH H oro T p y A a H e TOAbKO a a h n p n - caoeHHH e c T e c T B e H H o ro d a o a o p o a h h noHBhi, ho T a io n e h aah coxpaH eH H H w BocnpoH3BOACTBa e r o nyreM n on oA b 3o- B3HHH B c e x HOBeH'IHHX AOCTHHCeH'HH arpOTeXHlHHeCKOH H a y - kh, nyTCM B B eA ejfH H caM ofi n p o rp e c c H B H o fi cwcTeMbi 3 eM A e - ACahh. B p e 3 y jib T a T e T3koh u e A e c o o 6 p a 3 H o fi 3aTpaTbi o r - poMHbrx c h a h cp e ^ C T B noqBa, n p « ecrecT B eH H b ix ycAOBHHX M orym an n p oH 3 B ecT H TOJIbKO x ca A K H e koaiomkh, H H n ajia AaBaTb MHJiJiHapAbi nyAOB x jie 6 a . M a p x c n n c a ji: «...M acTb cpeACTB T p y A a c caxioro naua- Aa npOH3BOAHTCH B TaKOH «enOAB<H>KHOfi, CBH33HH0H c Mec- tom 4>opMe KaK, HanpHMep, 3CMeAbHhie yAyquueHHH, (J)a6pnq- Hue 3AaHHH, AOMeHHbie neqn, K a H a jib i, xceAeaHhie A O porH h t . a . riocTO H H uaH npHKpenAeHHOCTb cpeACTB T p y A a k n pou eccy npoH3BOACTBa, b k o t o p o m o h h ao jd khh c{)yHK- UHOHHpOBaTb, o6yCJlOBA'HBaeTCH 3 A e C b ‘ BiMeCTe C TeM (j)H3H- *iecKHM cnoco6oM h x cymecTBOBaHHH. C Apyrofi cT op oH b i, cpeACTB a T p y A a <Moryt <t>H3HHecK>H iio c t o h h h o n ep eM em a T b - ch nepeABH raTbCH h, HecMOTpa Ha t o , iioctohhho H a xo - AHTbCH b npouecce npoH3BOACTBa K a K , Hanp., a o k o m o t h b , cyAHo, pa^owHft c k o t h t . a . * 1. TaKHMH iioctohhho n e p e M e - maiomHMH cpeACTBaMH TpyAa b k o h c b o m ofimecTBe 6 u a h CTaAa OBeu h r a 6 y H b i A ouiaAen. .. MapKCHCTCKO-AeHHHCKan noAHTHHecKan sko h o m h h yqH T nae« hto BCHKHfi n p ou eec irpoH3b o a c t b a ecTb npoueoo, u e - A e c o o 6 p a 3 H o r o HaMeHeHHH a k >a *»m h npeA M etO B n p n p o A b i, ecTb n p o jie o c npHCBoeHHH h x . 3 t h ' H3MeHeHHbie TpyAO M qeAOBeKa npeAMCTbi npnpoAbi craHOBHTCH BemaMH, yAOBAe- TBopHJburHMff KAKyio-AH6o qeA O B eq ecK yio noTpe6HOCTb, He33BHCHMO OT TO TO , yAOBAeTBOpHeT AH 3 T a Bemb qeA O B eqe- CKyio n o T p e d n o c T b HenocpeACTBeHHO, K aK ripeAMeT h h a h b h - A y a A b iio r o n oTp edA eH H H , h a h k h k cpeAC TB o npoH3BOACTBa. 1 MapKc K ■ KanuraJi, t. II. 1951, crp. 158. 49 4 C. E. To.iw6eKOB