B C T y U H T E Z B H A H ^EEK IIIH no rocyjiAPCTBEHHOMy nPABy. HuTaHHaa bt> C.-rierepCyprcKOMt yHHBepcHTert A . I'paaoBCKHM't, io oKTjip6a 1866 roaa. 1. rpjjOECKia. T. I.
Mb . I'r.! HgJOseHie KaKjofl Haykb hohth scerAa HanmaeTca ct {ioaie hah Monte ofinrapHuxi. joKa3aTejbCTBi, ea iieofaoxHMOCTH, a Hnor.ia a npeaocxojcTBa ea n a ji Bcimi ,ipyn(Mn. Mu He cjfcjaeMT satcb hh Toro, he jpyroro. UojoShuh 3aaueHia neysrfccTuij y Hacr,— bt cipaHi, rat Kaataufl. CBOABKO-HHflyAi. SHaiHTeAbHUSi aieMeuTi o6- mecTBa upHsnaHX kt xbaTeitmuy yiacTio bt. rocyaapcTBenHoft * h3hh. -3eH,ieeaajtHiB a ofSmHHaub oTBeaeHa 3HaraTe.ibHaa aohh yaacTia bt MicraouT ynpaBjenin: Ta.ianTauT. CTpaHU OTKpuio mapoEoe no.ie a.xno- KaTypu; HyfixBiiHCT&afT npejocTaBxeHa cbo6ow caosa; pe<|>opMU nojBep- raDTca npejBapHTe.xi.HOMy o6cy<KjeHiio raacHO a OTKpoBeHHO ixfc.iUMT o6mecTBOMi; ofimecTBennaa coBidb bt JHipt uphchjkhuxt 3acfcj.aTe.ie0 yiacTByen. bt. ey*i, ora hhxt. saBiicaTT pfcmenia nawniftniHX'i. Bonpo- -cobt o6l HMymecTBt h HecTii rpaatjaHT; Bc-i, CEO-ibKO-HnSyAi. saacHHa chah CTpanu saftoTXHBOopraHH3yxoTca bt, pajT ctpo0hhxt yipcajeuiS. Hyhcho ah ace nacTaHBaTb Ha Heo6xojBMOCTB nayKH, KOTopaa bt HTOrfc H3e.ifcj,yeTT> aaeoiiM upaBiubHaro rocyjapcTBeiiHaro pasBBTia, opramraa- Hih ofimecTBeHHbix'b cual, nojroTOBaaerb kl o6mecTBeHHO0 jfcaiejb- hocth, auacnaa npasiua ofia3annocTH rpaajauiina h npocBtmaa 06- luecTBeHHyro cOBfccrb? Hheto He conraiBaeTca bt tout, hto his toct HeofixojHMa roeyjapcTBenHaa Hayxa,—b npHTOUbBe BHOseBHaa, a ocbo- saHHaa Ha aaoioHaabHUxT Haia-iaxT rocyjapcTBenHoS, seHCKofl shshh, a, c.T-fcjOBaTejbHO, h HaiyoHajbHaro rocyjapCTBeHHaronpaBa. IIpHHHHaacb 3a nperiojaBaHie sto0 nayKH bt, yHHBepcHTerfc, a HeBoibHO ocraHaBJH- Baxocb npeat BaaiHOCTiB) hphhhto0 Ha ce6a 3ajara h npeji cjobchuhh TpefioBaBiHHH BpeueHH, Ko bc6ht bthmt saTpyAHeHiHHT npKcoeAHHaeTca eme nosjnee npcMHroja, Korja 4 Haninaio CBoe npenoAaBaHie. MHoroe npHXOAHTCa npejnoaaraTb HsrbcTnUMT., rfcub He uente m .to.iSHU ■ocTaHOBHTbcaaa H’fcsoTopuxT cyutecTBeHHUXTBonpocaxTh HpeacAe Bcero na Bonpocf,—hto TaEoe rocyiapcTBo? OnpeAiaeHia cvibhocth rocyjapcTBa ao Hacroamaro BpeueHH He- yAaniu, keet ncfchohhtkh onpejfciHTi. cymHocit ynpesjeHifi a jnueniB, .BT. OCnOB-fc KOTOpUX’b jeiKHTT aCcOJIOTHOe nOHHTie. Bt 06jaCTH hoah-
THiecKHxii Hayxb Bonpocu, qi6 Taicoe rocyjapcTiio, cexba, coficTBeH- HOCTb?—HanoHHuaBTi, Bonpocu o cymeocTH MHorHXb<Jm8HiecKHXb au e- Hifl, pasptoieHiio KOTopuxb nocBamasrab cboh chah MHorie H3b .lyi- iaiixi. ecTecTBOHcnaiaTexea. Ka&AOuy suaKOMU bth aiuenin mctoabko, qio OHb 6ea0IUH60TO0 OT.THHHTb HXb OAHO OTb APyrOTO, KaaCAHft Bf,- ckoalko past Bb AOHb oraymaerc. Ha cc6i HXb BaiaHie, y aaaAaro caoamaca 0TH0CHTeai.no HXb aahhhhA paA’bnpH3HaE0Bb, y nasAaro eo- CTaBHaocbHXbonucaaie.Ho HeyaoBHxaacymnocTtSTHXbaBaeHifiocTaeica ao nacTOamaro BpexeHHHejocaraevoio niai®yieHuxb HsucKaHifl. OAHHb upeACTaBHTe.iLHayKH 3a apyraMb AaBa.ni cbohonpeA^aema, OAHamKoaa. 8a apyroio cxoAHaa CT. nonpHipa HayKH, nepeAaBaa totb ae Hepasb- acnennuBsonpocb CBOHMbnpeeHHHKaMb. Hdopia BTHXbnonuTOKb npeA- CTaBaaeTb noynrreabHufi upHMtpb CescHaia qeJOB'fiiecKaro yaa upo- BHKHyib Bb Bonpocu, HeAOCTynHue HCTHnno h eAHHCTBeuHO aayTHOMv MeiOAy, HafiaioAeHiio h onmy. JpeBHocTb ho ocTaBHaa HaHb onpeAtaenia rocyAapcTBa. OHa, Bb ,iHt(i n.iaToaa, ApucToTe.iii, Himepoiia, Tsepao yciaHOBHaa nosHTie o ero hooCxoahhocth, BuacHHaa ao hI kotopoB CTeueHH Bonpocu o h'Lih ero, o i|jyHKniH b-ibcth, o cooTHomeHiH pasangHuxb ero opraHOBb, ho caxaa cymHOCTb ero ociaaacb Bb cropoHi on. KaaccHqecKoS HayKH. BejHiafaiifi cHCTeHaTHKb h aornsb ApoBHaro uipa, ApacTOTeab, cosep- meBHO OfiXOABTb OTOTb BOHpOCb. I'OCyAapCTBO OHb HaSUBaCTb H$K0T0- pon (popnoio qeaoBiqecKaro ofimesHria, KOTOpoB Hiab — fiaaro. Xoia OHb BnocatACTBiH h npHtiaBaaerb, hto oho ecxb Bucmaa i(iopiia btoto oSmeatHTia, ho oaeBHAHo, bto KojHiecxBO 9BHTeioBb He MHoro ofiaer- BHTb pasbacHeHie Bonpoca. JlpesHOCTb h He Horaa ctbtl Bb uayiHoe, T.-e. Bb KpBTHiecKoe OTHomeme Kb rocyaapcTBy. HeaoBtKb ao TaKofi CTeneHH noraomaaca nogarieicb rpaatAaHHHa, ahihocti. TaKb Hcaesaaa Bb rocyaapcTBi, tto nosHaHie upapoau h opranaaariiH oftuzecTna He xorao HafiTH jaa ce6a CBo6oxnaro h He HcnoaneHHaro BaujoHajLHuxb npeapascyAKOBb yaa. CoAepacanieApeBaefi HayKH o rocyAapcTBi bhoahIi onpeAtaaerca noaoaHTeaLHOB opraHH3an,ieK> cymecTByDmHXb rocy- AapcTBb. CaMua cjrtaua yToniH upeiCTaaiaion, annu. HAeaansHpoBaH- Hyn AiSciBHTeabHoerb. CirfcAijfi noaeTb reHia llaaTOHa He nonieab Aaatnie AopHiecxaro hKpHTCKarorocyAapcTBb Bb HXb HAeaatDOH(Jiopxt. Besb KpHTHKH bhoch-ihcb Bb yqeaie o rocyAapcTBi BpeueiiHue npea- paacyAKH, npoAyKTb caxooCoacaHia u aroHSMa ysKofl HaiuonaabHOCTH. Bb HacToamee speMa TBOpeHia 8THXb (fmaocottiOBb apeAcTasaaiOTb 6o- raTbifi Maicpiaab&.w HscatAOBaaia rocyAapcTseHHHXbh o6mecTB6HHHXb aaeMeHTOBb Bb HXb nepsoCuTnon npocTorf, h THewri, ho nmero ho rosopaTb HaHb o cymHocra TaHHCiBeuHaro HBaeHia, HaaHBaeaaro rocy- AapCTBOMb.
Bo.iie jecaTH CTO-Tfcxifl nponuo nocafe najenia jpeaneS UHaiuuaa- Hin, npeaje afeux noaBiuact HOBaa uayiHaa xeopia, BupafoTaHHaa na EBponeacaoS noiBfe. 'I’H.iocoifK'.Koe ABHKeHie, oa'BpuBaiomee coOoki snoxy BoapoatAenia, OToana-Toci. h na rocyiapcTBenHoS nayK'h pajOMX 0606- menifi, bx KOTopuxi* EHMHTejiH AyMa-THyjobbti, cymnocTb rocyAapcxua. Ha 9thx3> yjiosptHiaxx jerao mojkho npoc.rfe.jHTi> njuraie o(5maro co- CTaua TejOBinecKHXT. siiaHiit toto BpeneHii h xfexx npieuoBx, KoiopuKH vmi, rtu.vF. BoopyaiCHT. j .tb H3c.i+>jOBaiiife Bcaitaro poja. Ci> ojnofi cto- POhu Goraxoe Hacjfejie B.iaccHnecKoS jpeBHOCTH, upcExymecTBenno cb- cTeMa piiMcnaro npaBa, 3apaHfee oupejfejajH cojepjKanie ltcfexx nayn- nuxx HaCvifejoBaiiifi, cl jpjtoh—vaxeMaTHKa h ea motojx, eahhctbohho pasBHTUfl bt> Ty snoxy, Koraa naBeAenie 6ujo yAfeaoMx hhmhoi'hxl chaxbbxx vmobx, ho3aHHMaBniHxca npnxoMXrocyaapcTbGHHHMHnaysaxH, onpeA'fe-iaJH bc» coBOKynHOCTbHaymuxt npieHOBx. Cx bomobufosthxx Auyxx noco6ifi yxenuft npiicTyna.iT> kx HScafexoBaniiorocyxapcTBeHHiixx BonpocoBi. DoAOtiao MaxcMaTHKv ohx HauBHaen. cl otiuctcim npex- Mexa cBoero H3c.ifeA0iiania. Kbex uaTouaTBKHH3c.rtAyBTX ifeopHysoofime, ifeopniy bx CTporoiix cuuc.rh caobb bo cymocTByioinyKi bx npapnafe, tbkx h rocyAapcTBoniju bubojhtx cboc yaeiiie hsx noHarift o npupoA’fe ne- joiifeita Boofime, nexoBfeKa bx oTBjeneHBOMX CMHCjfe h box bthxx ot- baghchhhxx Teopifi caaranTX cnoe OTB-iexennoe ace rocyAapcTBO. 3a6ox- jhbo OTCTpaHHOTX OHH otx ce6a ynpeKX, bto, npa HsaojReuiH toS h.th Apyrofi rocyAapcTBeHHoS leopiH, ohh uuhm bx BHAy to hah Apyroe rocyjapcTBO. Oabbx hsx npcACTaBBTaiefl sto® nmoau, iwcaBinift CBoe BejHKoe TBopesie bx anoxy oatecToieHHf.fiBieft Copxfiu no.iHTHiecKBXx h pejHriosHUxx CTpacTefl, BHCKa3H8aexx 9to HOJOatHxexMro. „3 a He 110- AyMaeTX kto, tobophtx obx, tto a bx Kaitofi ah6o tbcth CBoero yaenia HaMOKaK) Ha oaho hsx cymecTBycmHix rocyAapcTBX, nfeTX, a pa3CMa- ipHBaio paaHUH ifeopau rocyAapcTBa, hoao6ho Touy, KaKX MaTeMaTHKa HscafeAyeTXpas.iHBBuareoneTpBiecsia >J>HrypH“. JJcho, btoHayKa tojlbko HaiHHaxa cboo jfejo; oHa He nufeja eme CBoero coficTBeHHaro xeTOAa; OHa Aoaarea 6uja ABHranca rfijiH cpeACTsaMH, xasia y aea (Shah boax pvKaMH. Bx cpeAfe yienaro iripa tojxeo ttocoBepnm.ica Baanua yucTBeH- ULiH nponeccx; ohx vcbobjx cefife (uaccHiecByB Haysy. IIoahuB Bfepu bx ea HeuorpiniHMOCTb b HaAeaAt Ha cnay ea npieMOBx, npacTynaJix ohx kx HSCJitAOBamio ofimccTBcnnoft xhshh coScTBeBHBixx rocyAapMBX. Bfepa bo BceMorymeciBo MaxeHaTHBecKaro HexOAa oBjrajfeja caMtntH CHJbHHMH yMaXH. CnOKOflHHfl H BCHUit J'MX CHHH03U, BIBpOKifi Maie- MaTHiecKiS reHifi JlefiflHBua, cxporaa Aomaa Bo.ibifea h IIyc[ii|)eBAop$a cx hxx mKOjasiH, scfe ohh HAaxHAK ouBJicyio jain, btomv yCfeaiAeHUD. CMyTHO npeABVBCTBOBajH HiKOTOpHe BDABsie yMH HeAOCTafl'OKX 9T0TO MOTOja aah HscafeAOBaHia ofiiuecTBeHHuxx sonpocoBx. Jleuapn, nnfeio- •
mift uo.iHoe upaBO ua Haauaaie SHUHiuoneiiH CBoero BpeveBH, Ha ot- pti3t OTBaaiiRaeTca oti saKaxia rocyjapcTBeHHUMH HayaaMH. Oht. Be oxoGpaeTt ycHjiS yqemixt, iipejaximnxcH 3thmt* saHaxiaMt. Ho eme saAO.iro no Hero OAHHt Hat iianiqaiimHxt Muc.iHTe.ieii uoiiUTajca oGoft- thcb Seat OTBjeaeHift n cosahtb rocyjapcTBemioe yienie nyText B03Be- jeHia Bt Toopiu onuTa h npaBTHKH coBpeHeHHUxt rocyxapcTBt. Ma- KiaBejH nacajt CBoero „KHaaa“ Geat uoMontH OTiue'ieHHUxt TeopiS. H in . coMiif.nin, hto coaHnenie bto (He GyAeMt HasunaTb ero GesHpaB- CTBeHHUMt, TaKt KaKI MU HHTaeMt He Rypct 3THKH) HeCOCTOaTeABHOc t HayanoS tobkb apima. Ho H'tit coMHiHia, xxo oho abjo rocyAapcTBy, cosiaHHOMy MaKiaBe.ni, co6cTBCHHy» h hcho nocTaiueHHy» hIul,onpe- niineayt) nonaTianH BOAHiia a chju HauiH, ocboGoahao ero OTt xeo- KpaTHaecBHxt npaxasanift pmiCKaro npecxoaa h oGoaHaan-io spyrt ero aiaxeABHOciH. H to h APyroe yaaiiaiiie nponuo Geat no.Ti,3u aah 06- n;aro ABHaenia. I’ocyjwpcTBeHHHH TeopiH CAijOBajH ojHa aa jpyroxt. JIpapoAa ot- BJieqeHHaro ae.ioiriiKa cayanaa HMt BcfiMt, hcxoahoxi tobkosj; Hat aea KHX.ll/ti MHC.1MTC.lbDOCBOCMyBUBOAH.lt HeoGxOAHMOCTbTO0 HAHApiTOfl ijxipmj npaBjenia, aapawie bbhtoS HHt ast ofimaro HMt BC'fext hctoi- HHKa —wacoHaocKofi HayEH. Ecah HUCAHxe.iL GjaronpiaxHO othochjcx x t ae.iOB'fcaecKHMt cBoScTBaxt, 0Ht HacTaHBajt Ha HeoGxoAHMOCTH yapeatAenift, uoxoGHUxt yipeacjeHiaMt pecnyGjHKaHCRaro Paiia. Ecah OHt pa3CMaTpHBaeTt le-ioBiaecKyio npiipoAy c t tohkh 3pI>Hia CBoeKO- pucria, rpf.xa, upccTynACHia, 8roH3Ma, OHt narneTt naHerapnEi aGco- ADTHStfy. Ho 8aTiMt HH BOnpOCt 0 ({lOpM-fe, 0 CylHHOCTH, HH 0 CBMOMt coAepsania rocyAapcTHCHHoS HayKH He BuacHHaca. He CMOTpa Ha bc& ycHAia yna, rocyAapcTBo<|>haoco<|>cko0 bikojh npeAcxaBAa.ioci. He atantiMt, HeoGxOAHMHMt JEHSHeHHUMt HBJeuieMi, a MexaHHSMOHt, MexaHHlieCEHMi covexaHieMt paaHuxt qaciefi rocyAapcTBeHHoS MaioHHM. CHALHiftinifi npejcraBHTeAL xorMaTHiecKoS hikoau Cuanosa aBAaeica Bt to »e spexa CHABHiftmHMt rocyAapcTBeHHUMt MexaBHEont. Ho coaepsaHie, npiiKpu- xoe BTHMH HCKyCHO CKOM6HHHp08aHHHMH IpOpMyAaXH, OCTSBajOCb HeTpO- HyTUMt; MBTepiajt, HaKOHAeHHuS iuaecHKaMH h BupaGoTaHnu# cpeAHe- BiKOBOK) EbPOBOD, 6e3t OCoGeHHOfl KpBTHKHBXOAHAt Bt COCTaBt HayKH, r x i Beet TpyAt yqeHaro cocToHTt Hnorxa Bt pacnpeAluemK axoro Ma- Tepiaaa no roTOBUHt y*e BaTeropiaMt HaxeMaTHBO-i(iHJOCo<|iCEaro xu- nueHia. rponiS, BToxt OTeut He toabko MeasAynapoAHaro npaBa, ho Bcefi HOBiSraeS rocyAapcTBeHHoS HayKH, XHpHTt cboh <|k>pmv.th c t rpoMaxo0 cuporo, noAyoGpaGoxaHHaro siaTepia.ia; coAepataHie EHHrt otbacnenHaro Boxw|>a cocTaBjaeTt upHAiiiccKift Maxepia.it noxyi|>eoAajbHO0 EBpocu. C t oaho0 CToponu cHAbHt0mee <J>HAOco<{>CKoenapeHie, c t Apyro0 noxy-
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12 oSmecTneoHoftateeaBHociH. 'daicB 3apoaUmB Bcero Toro, mo Bnocaia- CTBiH noayiaeTB Taaoe niapoicoc pa3BHTie bb rocyaapcTB*. Bcasaa pe- .iHiiH Hpeatae scero ceMeflHaa, a nocai poaoBaa; net. topHAHteCKia OTHomenia npeatae He bhxoahtb hsb Kpyra cerao; TpyaB BtapaataeTca bb <l>opMt ipyja ceMe#Haro. 3aicB Bci oTHomeiria oth noayiaioTB cboto uepoyto opraHHsauiB), a nepBtixB r-iasnuMB ycaoBiem btoB opra- HHsaitiH ecrt Taxate Baam.—Ceayc-iOBHaa B.iacn. raauw ceMeficTBa. Phu- cKaa ceHba aoaro He 3Haaa apyroro atpeua, cyjhH h coficraennHsa-, KpoM'fe OTna ceicbH. Pa8BHBa»maaca odinecTBeHHOCTB B-ieierB sa cofio® pajB TasHxi opraHHsapiB, nojt. CBfl3ytoiUHMB Haia.iOMt aBropRTeia. Bb btomb nocTeneHHOM'L HapoataeiuH opraHH3anifi, bhaho nocTeneHHoe BUjiaeme o/hoio aaeMema o n apyroro. nepBOHataji.HO npeaciaBH- Te.!i, ttaataoft cpeja yaoBaeTBopaerB biAitb norpednocTHMB. IlocTeneHHO ornaaaeTB oahhx bbtophtott. o n apyroro. Ha'ia.n.nnKi, poaa eine co- xpaHaeTt upaBO pacnopaateHia cofScTseHsocTin, ho bb cj^ayDinem (fiaaHci pasBHTia coCctbchhoctb nuaijaeTca yae kokb OTA’fcjBHoe npaBO H TOJBKO OAHHB pe.lHriO3DU0 EBTOpHTeTB upoaoxataeTB T'hcHO coeaH- HHThca cb no.iuTHaecKHM'B. llpaBHTeaB bb to so BpeMa ciiameHHOcay- iKHTeat,. rocyaapcTBeHHaa noaHTHtca bb to ae Bpexa rocyaapcTBeHHaa peaHria. Bt>Tetanic Bceft HCTopiH tezoBitecTBa bhikhb mu totb ate npoaecCB, to na tsboB, to Ha ofinmpHofl c^tepi. IIoao6ho tomv, kskb Ha fiapoafcexfiaxT. Erama h liauiuoua HaxoaaTca sapoaunm BMicri h H033IH, H SHBOHHCH, H BaHHlH, H apXHTeKTVpU, TRKB H BTi 8THXB Uep- bhxb (fiopMaxi aeaoBtqecBaro odrnema t &cho cahth BeaHtafitnie ero aaeMeHTH—BaacxB, peanria, OKOHoaHtecitaa al-aTeaBHOCTB, Haytta, npaBO h HpaBCTBeHHOCTB. ,JlpysHHa cb KOpoaetcBhxhKHaseiiB, Kypia, poaB cb CTaptfiniHHoB hjh poaoHataaBHHKOMB, o6h(hhu, MyHHumriH, cotoauropo- aoBB, (jxeoaajBHaa cacTeMa, yaiaBHO-BiteBofl nepioaB,—ace »to cai- ayerB oaho sa apyraMB, Buataaa oahhb o6inecTneHHUfl saettcHTB otb apyroro, aaaaa Kaataoxy cbo® opraHHsaaiw h noaninaa ttaatay® hsb othxb opraHHsauift apyrofi, nucnteft, notea nattoHeuB HapioHaatnoCTB He aoxoaHTB AO BHcme8 H3B hhxb—rocyaapcTBa. TaKHMB o6pa30MB rocyaapcTBO CBjaaHBaeica hsb cymui oprara3a- nifi, coBOBynHOCTH BaacTefi pasaaro poaa, cymecTBymmHXB npesae Hero bb ofinjecTBi,—CKaaaHBaeTca yate bb to Bpeua, Koraa EaaattS H3B bthxb oaeMeHTOBB aocTaTOHHo BHacHHaca, Eoraa Kaataoxy hsb hhxb npHfijHSHTeaBHOysasaHO ero xteTO bb o6mecTBi, ttoraa caMBift napoaB, CBoeo6pasHO BupadoTaBmiS oth BaexeHTa, rOTOBHTca craTBaiareatHOB ocoClio bb cpeai apyntXB HapoaoBB. Bb stomb cKbica4 rocyaapcTBO 6CTB HaipoHa-iBHOCTB, aomeamaa ao cattocosHama. Bb homb naxoauMB MH Kaatauft H3B aBTOpHTeTOBB Bcf,XB rfXB OTHOmeHift, KOTOpH# HMfetH cayqafi HadatoaaiB bb o6meeriris ao ero o6pasoBaHia. Oho He Hapy-
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14 'll© rpaajaHHHi .idCiht'B Bt aeMB cbob cem.10, cbob coficTBeaHOCTB, cbob oCmmry, cboS poAt, otb Hero BcjeTB ohb 3aiB,HTB cBoero Aparo- ntiraifiiiiai-o jocToattia—pejmriB. Bb rocyjapcTirfe, tbehmb o6pason, BaacTb TepaeTB cboo Apofinoe, cneniaabHoe, t. ckbs., BHaieme; obo ne- pecraeTB 6htl cbbsshhumb cb H3b4ctho4 toabeo CToponofl odmecTBen- H08 XH3HH, He BHBOJHTCB fate H8B OAHOTOEaEOrO-AH<5oHBAeHia; IipHH- HHiib rocvAapcTBa He toabeo bb ccmbS, HOTOMy iTo ohoBUine combh,He TOAbEOBBCOfiCTBeHHOCTH, HOTOMyTOOOHOBBAHlrfi l|)eOAaJIH3Ma OC^JHAOee, K8EBHCTOBHHEBCyBepeHHHXBHpaBB, He TOABEO BB ofiWHHt, HOTOMJ TOO OHO HIHpe ortlUHHU, He TOABKO BB HepKBH, HOTOMY TOOOHOHMteTB Apy- ria sajaiH, a boBceftcoBosynHOCTH HaipoHaABHUXB chab h sacmohtobb. Oho oaho, bb CTporoHB csracxi, ofipaayerL BanioHaABHOCTb, nOTOMy too ceMba, yapezAOHie CTporo3aMKHyToe, ho bb to xe Bpeaa kocmoho- AHTHHecEoe; pexHria He Bcer^a uoxeTB 6htb sasxioieHa bb npejluu nanioHaxLHOcTH; smorie napo.iu roBopaTB oahhhb h rim . xe hshkomb. Ho oaho rocyAapcTBO oGbOahtb rocyjiapcTBeHHtia rpaHHiiu, cosabotb HanioHaABHyu HCTopin, BUA’feaaeTB cboA HapoAB hsb uaccu APyraxB. Bb otohb cmhcaJ oho ecTB nocAf>AHee Bupaxeme HanionaABHocTH H CHABHiSuiaa ea (JtOpMa, BB EOTOpOH TOAbBO HapOAB H MOXeTB CA®* AaTBCa paBHOnpaBHHMBABHOMB BB cpejt APyrBXB HapOAOBB. Botbho- ?6My oahhb HSBBeABHatnraxBnpaKTHHecEHZB yMOBB aamero BpeMBHH, X C. Mhaab, tseb bbicoeoctebhtb ero bb a4a4 ofipaaoBania hBOCDHTama HailiOHaABHOCTH. Hsb BCfeXB 3XeMeHT0BB, BXOAHHIHXB BB OCHOBy HaHio- HajbHaro lyscTBa, oho HrpaeTB, no ero MHimio, BaXHifimyio poAB. „1yBtTB0 HauioHaabhoctb, roBopaTBohb, MoxeTB npoHCTOEaTB otb paa- AHHHHXB npHHHHB. HHOTAa OHO eCTB jliHCTBie eAHHCTBa HAexeHH HAH npoHcxoxAeHia; aacio o(5pa30BaHiio ero C0Ai6cTBy»TB oSdihoctb asxEa h afipu, paaHO saKB h reorpaipHiecaia rpammH. Ho CHABHifimaa hIb HopoxAaun^xT. oro hphihbb ecib odipHocTL noxHTHiecEaro npomeAinaro, ofi-iajame HapioHajBHor) HCTopieB, h ca4jOBaTe.iBHO ofimeoeTb bocho- MBnaHift, ottmeHio bb ropAOCTH h yraxcHiH, oSmja paAOCTH h ueia-iH, npHBasaHHua kb oahhmb h t 6mb xe coOuTiaab bb npomeAineMB\". TasB 0E0HiaTe.it.H0 CEjaABiBaeTca rocyAapciBo, rheb BntniHee uu- paxeuie HanioHaABHOCTH h Buemee Bupaxeaie babcth. Bahctb 3Ta BUAiAaeTca lenepb hsb cyMMH jpyrHXB aBiopHTeroBB, BXOAamaxB bb o6mecTBeHHyn opraHHsaoic, hsbccfiepuaeropHTeTa HpaBCTBeraaro, peAH- riosHaro, SEOHOMHiecEaro. Cb noAHUMB pasBHTieMB rocyAapcTBa, BAacTB HaiHHaeTBorpaHHiHsaTbca tIimh opepaxH ofimexniis, rxi MoxeTBbbSth ce64 Micro Birtmnee npHHyxAeHie, m i, roBOpa caobhmh Kairra, piib HAeTB O BHimHOMB H HpHTOMB HpaETHieCKOMB OTHOmeHlHOABOrOAHpa EB ApyrOMy, o t4xb AiflcTBiaxx, KOTopua uoieMy ah6o MoryTBBAiaTB Ha BHinnnoio c<t>epy, uPohsboahtb bb aeft oca3aie.jBHBia uepeMinu.
Tam., Mopa.ib, pe-inria h aKOHOMHiecKia OTaoraeHia totwicx BHjtjiaoTca H3X ciliepij rocyjapcraa, HacKoatao ohh ho uoryrx 6tm, npejueToiix BH'imHaro upaHyatjeHia. * EcjihroeyjapcTBOaMaexca BOniomeHiexx ofimenaHioHaatHoft BiacTH, to oho » e ecTL Heo6xoj.ii.Muii npejcraBiire.it BapojHOft eiuu. 06.ie- aeHHoe BceoGxeMJioinHMx MorymecTBOux, BOSBejeHHoe Ha ereneHt Bep- xoBHOft u-iacTH, oho otojaeix bc±mh HyjKHHHH cHjaMH jaa ocvmecT- iuiOHia cnoea BaatnoS sajara. Cara—HeoCxOjHMoe vc-iOBie jaa npoaB- aenia npanx: ona caaa no cefi'Ii cocTaaiaeix npaBO,—h .lymiee joua- 3aTC.itOTBO HerojnocTH KaKoro jh(5o npaBa ocrt ero Ce3CH.iie. To.ilko to roeyjapcTBO hcthhho, tb oftmecTBeHHOCTb KptnKa, Korja ea ca.ia omymaeTca no sctux Hanpanaeniasix, ayBCTByoTca bx OTjaaeHHifinmxx npejtaaxx bomjih. Bo3HHKa»mee roeyjapcTBO Hyajaerca bx npHBHamH coctjefi—bo rat najeatja, hto6u ohh upuaHajH 6oschxbhh9 opraHHsax? 3aw> HCTHnno cnatHoe roeyjapcTBO jiaaoTX npaBo hsx cauaro iJiaKTa CBoero cymecTBOBama. ■I’paHniH, roBOpiLix Hanoaeoax I, Tasace nya- jaeTca bx npH3HaHiH, mkx h co.inne. Hcitsa CKaaaTt, iTOfiu saajutt H3x opranKBHOBx, npejmecTBy»iHHXX rocyjapcTBy, ne 6uax oOjereHx CH.Tom. Co6ctbohhoctb, ceuta, nepBOHaiaji.no nojjepffiHBa»rca h aanm- maiOTca mijhbhjya.ii.noH) chjorj cofiCTBCHBHKah otm cesicncTiia; cxojEa, Mipx, cofipanie ropoatanx nojjepsKHBaeTX cymecTBOBaHie pojHaro ro- poja. IIo HaCKOjr.KOBBHrpunaeTx cnja, Korja OHaBonaomaeica bx jnmt rocvjapcTBa? Mojkho cKa3aTt, hto TOJbKO sjtcb ona craHOBHTca hc- thhhoio cH.ioio, uesjy t£mx Kaicx bx npejraecTBylonjHXXopranHaaiaxx 011a ejiia dT.mqajacb otx HacHJiia. But rocyjapcTBa nejoiftKx MoaeTx 6HTt XHUJUHEOHX, yja.II.HOMX, aBaHTHjpHCTOIIX, HO TOJXKO roeyjapcTBO jiuaerx H3x Hero BOHna. TaKOBti nepBtia, ofimecTBaHHua ocnonu rocyjapcTBa. ’Je-iOBtiecrBO npoxojHTX niKOjiyxnepiiofiuTHUXx opranHsauia, npexje i t MX jocth- raeTX BToro Bucmaro BupaJKeniii nanioHaitnaro coSHaHia. Bet nepBoCbiTHue oprainisMH CKJiajtiBaiOTX cx ce6a cboo nojantrecKOO 8Ha- iCHio bx ero noatsy. Bx btomx cmicai rocyjapcTBeHnaa BaacTt gctb BJacTt iiepxoiinaa, He npimiiMaiomaa noneafiniS cBepxy,—(Se3x aero ona ne 6am 6u BJacTtw sepxoBHOio—h jiftcmyiomaa ToatKO noBeaiHiauH Ha nojiHHeHHHe eft ejHnmiu h opraHHsuu. Borx noneuy ea c^epa He ecu. cijjepa npasx h ofia3aHHOCTeft nojoftno npaBy rpaatjancKOMy. OHa He ecTt BjacTt KompeTHaa, BjacTt najx t3khmx to oSxemoMx, nojofiiio npanaiix, npio6ptTeniitiMX no npaBV rpasjaHCKOuy, Koropua Moryrx 6uw> npejneToux coraacia h ormsa, ycrynKH, japeHia h t. h. Bjacib rocyjapcTBeHnaa bx crporoxx cuuc.it He HMterx ofixeKra, OHa ecTt BJBCTi. bx OTBjeqenHOMX ea BupaaceniH. wacix, B03Bumaioinaaca Hajx BC’tUH KOHKpeKTHHUH BjaCTHMH H HpaBaHH, CTOHIHHUH HHKC ea.
16 — Opranu ea oTJHiaBTca neatly cofioto iojbito cTeueHbio npejocTameH- BOfl HMb BiaCTH, OTb KOTOpOfl OBJ) B6 HMilOTb npaBa OTKa3aTbCa H SOTOpOB net ofiasaiiu nOBHHOBaTbCH. Bb OTOMb CMUCjrfc OBaeCTbBJBCTb aficojDTBaa, T.-e. ohb He orpanHBHBaeica HaBiCTHHMb npeAMeTOHb, HaBtcTHOB cifiepoi), ho Basjoe HBjeHie odmecTneHHolt atusHH ae no- sen. b ho jojacao yfira OTb ea BceupoHHitaiomaro. Bjiaaia. Ecjh mu npeACTaBMMb ce6i, bto Kajtaa .tu6o oSmecTBeHuaa cipepa Buat.inaaci. K3b BOAT. BJaetB I'OCyjBpCTBa, TO BTO paBHOCHAbHO npOABO-IOffieHisD, bto Bb rocvaapcTBt ab4 aficojBTHua BJaera, Taab Kaitb in. btoB bh- jtaamneRca cipepi HeofixojHMO ofipaayerca vqpeatAeaie. KOTopoMy npe- AOCTBB-ieHa 6yAeTb BjacTL 6uib nocjiABeio HHCTaHu,ieio cyAa, hamhhh- crpaniH a saaoHOAaTeJbCTBa. A pasb oCpaaoBa-icn oahht. opraHU3MbCb TaKon BjacTb*),—raKb bto noMimaerb oPpasoBami) APyroro, Tpersaro? bto uoMimaerb paaioateHiio Bcero rocyAapcTBeHaaro rtaa Ha naccy MeJKiixb caMOCToaTeabHUXb opraHHBMOBb h npeBpamemB rocyAapcTBa Bb rocyAapcTBO cpeoAaJbHOe, a HanocaiAOKb h Bb bhctjb anapsifo? H Tasb, saacTb He ti-mua. Ona ae buhochti. hoa-i* ce6« yipeacjeniH H .IHHb, HMifOIHHXT. paBHUH Cb BOB npaBa, BBb 3T0XbOUHTbCOCTOHTb ea pisKoe orraaie OTb BacTHaro npana, rxi npaBHJbHOCTb rpaiKjaH- CKuxb OTHomeHiS npeinoxaraeTb pannocTi. akqb, BCTyuaDiUHXb Bb bth OTHomeBia. Ho h BTHMb He HCBepnuBaeiea aHaneaie rocyAapcTBa. Oho ciaao HHcuiHMb BupaateHienb bjscth h rjamiuMb opeACTasHTejenb chin; BeAOBiltb BHAHTb Bb HeMb BOCAtAHiS BpeA’feJIb BCHKarO aBTOpHTBTa. Ho ecjH wacTb h caia cociaBaaBTb ofiiacTb rocyxapcTBeHHofl xiarejb- hocth, to ohh AaA6B0 He onpeAiiaiOTb 6to xapaitTepa. Mu bhaIuh, bto Bb caMOMb rocyAapciBi cymecTByim, ynpeatxenia cb CTpeM.reiuiiMH Kb TaKOsy ate aBiopHTeTy, KaxAoe Bb CBoefi ofijacTH; mu bha’Pah Taitate, bto rocyAapcTBO piano OT.iHBaerca on, sthst, ynpeatAemit. 3ari«b, BHi rocyAapcTBa mu BCTpiBaem. pasiKnaua npoaBjenia chjh h bakctb, xoth ohh He Bb cocToaHiH cosAaTb rocyAapcTBa. KaKoe rpaHAiO8B0e ABHateHie chau Bb noJiyAHKHXb opAaxb MOHTOAOBb, Kasaa dearpaHHB- Haa BAacib npaHanxeatHTb ocHOBaTexaMb rfcxb HHHOxeniuxb Hxnepift, KOTopua TaKb BacTO BoaBJHBTCH a HCBeaaBTb Bb CTeoaxb cpeAHeS AsiHl IHyMHO npoxoAaib Bet sth A#H*e_nia, mioto He npaCaB-taa Bb coKpoBHBiBHny ofimeBexoB-feneeKoa nHBHaicaaitfH. Ohh—ayBinee Aona3a- TeahCTBo Toro, bto cma caMa no cefrfc HHBeroHe co3xaerb. HanporBBb, KasAoe rocyAapcTBO, coBepuraBmee npaBHibnuS umtib pa3BHTia, Beo6- xoahmo cocTawaeTb CTyneHb Bb o6ii(eHe,ionfriecKOHb pasBHTia; ero ycHjia, ero onuib smoi'oe pasbaCHHOTb Bb HasHAaaie noc.rlyfys51n.UMb noKOjrtniaMb if ^HapttfBOCTSjrb. Kb B6My ae ofipamaioTca HScaiAOBa- TeAH Kantto* «K)«VBIHoa roCyAapCTBeBHOCTH? Ta* HlnyTb OHHHeCOMHtu-
— 17 — Huxt npHSHasorb nopajKa rocvaapcTBeHHaro pasBHTiii AaaaoS aanio- HajtBOCTH?—Be3t cOMBtEin, Bt ero BaKOHOjaiejbCTBi. Hast 6u hh Ctija 6e3rpaHH<raa B^ea, aeJiOBbKt Bcerja cTpeMHTca b&kjdhiti. ee Bt HBBicTHua (jaipvyju, a bt8 pafioia coBepmaeTca That jerae, abat HopaaabHte npoHcxojRTt pasBHTie btoS HAea. Babcrb ct pasBHTieat BiacTa Bt oOluetrrB't noauaioTca a Hopau, npaBHja, onpejtjUB- mia OTuomeHie yupan-nuoniaxt Bt yupaBjaeanat. Phhckoh ccmbh, pOAt, (JpaTpia, oOra,HHa h npoaie nepBoOuTHue o6m;ecTBenHUe opra- Haaaat; bojoCho TOMy, East opraaaaau am ae acaepairaaioTt co6ob ofimecTBeHHOCTH, TaKt h saKOHU, coajauHue hhh, He Moryrt 6htl bos- Be.neHu Ha CTeneHL npaBBjia A-sa scbxt axeHOBt ofiiuecTiia. Ebro AOKa- BUBaeTca yze HeoOuKHOaeHHUB HCEJBHHTeatHOCTiBnepBOOHTHaronpasa. CeaefiHua' apamua He 8HaBTt HHKoro spoab hjchobi ceubx; poAT»sa- 6otjihbo oxpaHaoit cBOfi spyit oTt uTopzcHift Bcero toto, ato He npnnaj.»eiKHn> Et bomj. Myaanania coaAaera npaBO TO-ihKq A-»a ric- ho# c4>epu AbflCTBHTe.itHusT, rpaatjaat, acn-noiaa Bee, bto nopozAe- hIb iuh noaoxeHiB Bt cBbrb ctohti bh! bto# c4>epu. Aohhh joaroe apeaa iipejcTaeja.iH cocaoBie eBnaTpHAOBt, coeAaaeEHoe Bt Epbasifi opraHHBut, h xaoTHHecKyB aaccy ansmaro nacejcaia, He Habmnyn Aocryna s t peaariH, a cabAOBaieabHO h Et npaay eBnaTpHAOBt. Orpo- roe, CTpofiaoe apano paacKHXt naTpaaieBt, jojrro buhochtb nOA-ab ce6a nae6e0CEyB 6esypaAany, He (SyAyaH Bt ca.iaxt o6teAHHHTb Hxt hASTb HHt Easoe aaOyAt nojHTHaecEoc cyai,ecTBOBaHie. HcEJiDBirreabHbiB,c-iy- HafiHbiB, KaByHCTHaecKift xapaETept aaben bto nepBOfiuTHoe apaBo: oho He HAeit Aaabme $opay.rt. PasBHTie rocyAapcTBeHHOfi zhshh Aaert Co.ite aiapoKifi cauc.it sraat HemiABHZHuat cjtopxyjaMt »pa- AHaecEaro ofiuaaa; aat TafiHu poAa, ceaba hjh cocxoBia zpeHOBt 3a- KOHt AbaaeTCa npeAnacaHieMt aan,ioHa-ibaaro pa3yaa. IIo abpb Toro, East BxacTt ofioSmaeica, BHAbxaeTca H8t C(|>epu BBOHoaHaecEHXt a pe.iHrioanuxt OTaoaieaig,—06o6aiaerca h Buj-kiaeTca a cbmuBaaEOHt, East BazHbfimec coAepzaaie h airpaCyn, Bjacra. Babcrb ct BiacriD oat noayaaeTt h ea xapaETept. OHt OAHHt, h6o He aozert cyaje- CTBOB8Tb AByXt BaEOHOBt, H3t EOTOpUXt OAHHt TOBOpiUt 6bl „Aa“, a Apyroft—„Hbit“ o6t OAHoat h M at ze apejaeTb; OHt Bceca.ieHt Bt TOHt tMHC-ib, BTO HHETO HOapztfrt OTBbHHTb ero Kpoab aiacTH.ABB- mefi eMv cynteciBOBaHie; 6e3rpaa<aeHt, h6o AbflcTByeTt bo Bcbxt aa- 'cTHXt roefAapCT«a;6e3ycJiOBeHt,noToay aro aesaaerb HcoBaeaifi, Epoab Tbxt, BOK>pu*iipeABHAb.n, caat saKOHt. Babcrf ct wacTin OHt ecTb iioc.TbA6cf Bupazeaie HapoAHaro cosHaHia. Otb cyeBbpHuxt ifiopayat, OTt *>pHAHaeckoi wKSmhcthkh, HHXt nocTaHOB-ieHia 0 npaBAb h aennaarfenai-idflibiJasWi; AOfiywpcTBO
18 — bucoihxx xpairare-tem. cbohxx, aojthmx ouutomx Bupa6oTaHHiJxx, yGiacjeniS. npexx iiavn, mm. rr. roroBX opraBH3MXrocyxapcTBa. Mu, HacKOJiKO 9TO B03M0XH0, BX KpaTKOMX OqepK$ OiepTHjIH ero BHaTOHie h xapaK- Tepx. Oho nocTaHOBxeHOBume jp yn u x qexoB'feqecKirxx yqpe*xeni0; kx bcmv HanioHajtHOCTBHpHnua kbkx ex naxeatHOMy onaory cbohxxxparo- lyhiiHifiiimxx upexamii, kbkx kx HeofixojHMOxy ycjOBiio CBoero BceeropoH- hhtopasBHria. Teuept, HaocHOBaHiHBcero npexxHxymaro H3CjlixoBaHia, naHX HeofixoxHMO onpextiHTi: Bony-se Hanone«x cayatHTX bto bc«ho- rymee yqpe*xeHie? xaa aero qeaoBtqecTBO jumajo BxacTH opraHHSMU, Grate CToaumie kx ero cepxny, mtoGu atceptao otx»tx ee rocyxapcTBy? noaeMv bx paxy qexosiiqecKHXx yqpeatxemS, rocyxapcTBO HBxaeTca noc-ii xpyrHxx, noqeMy BMlicri cx ero naxemeux acqeaaeTx a cauaa co3xaBmaa ero bspoxhoctb?—Onpex&iaa xapaKTepx h oGxacTt, rocy- aapcTBa, mu mriuH x*ao cx yqpeBxeHimra, cx oprannsMaMH, npex- mecTBOBaBpHMH rocyxapcTBy. Teuepb HaMX hojixho oGpaTHTBC.fi kx nopnoKy HCToqHHKy Bctxx yqpe»xeHiS, qexoB&Ky, h bx paxy ero no- TpetfHOCTefi Hafira ocuoBaHie ero rocyxapcTBa. Mu ne 6yxe»x npaGi- raTB bx oTMeqenifiHx: ohh neyirlscTHa cpexa ijiaKTOBx, coBepmaio- muxca Ha raasaxx y bc&xx. Hexortcx, a bm4ct»i cx hhmx h qexoB'fcqecTBO, BOCDHTHnaeTca noxx MiaHieMX HOTpe6HOCTefi cbocA npapoxu; HOTpe6nocTH oth nepemmia- BTX HOClixOBaTeaBHHH ijlOpMU pa3BHTia H BaiKXOft HSX 8THXX (JlOpMX COOTBtTCTByeTX H3B$CTHH8 HOpaflOKX HieajOBX, KOTOPUMX CayBHTX qexoBiqeciBo. MaTepiaaxHoe oGesnoqeHio ctohtx bx Haqari Kaatxaro ofimecTBa. OGnjecTBO Gixao, ospyaeno xhhihumh coebxaMH; euy xo-iawo BecTH GopxGy cx Bpa*xe0HOio upHpoxoB. CMymo MeaxKa»TX npexx hhmx xpyrie oGpasu Hxeajosx ayqinaro cymecTBOBSHia; ohh hochtch npexx hhmx bx HeacHuxx oqepTaHiaxx; ohh yjanxHBaioTCH toxbko bx npoHBBexeHiaxx dostobx h xyxosraBOBx, Koropua 3antHaioTx .no- , xanx K0X6KCX HpaBCTBeHHocTH, a KpacoTa— xpyrie Bucrnie Hxeaxu. Ho botx nepBua HOTpe6HOCTH yxoaiemopeHU, xioxh cGjHsteHU u coexHHeHH o6me» BKOHOMHqecKoio xtaTeiBiioCTBio. Bx hhxx npoGy- *xa»Tca xpyiia noTpe6HOCTO. Hsx chvthoSnoTpe6HOCTHBUCureHkb3hh, saMKHyTot bx oxny o6my» Hxe» KpacoTU, BuxiaaoTca Goxie OTqeT- JHBua HX6H hcthhbi, 6jiara, H0.IB3U, npaBxu; usrhcrt cx tSmb paaxiiH- rauTca h uajaBjTx paMKH hopboGuthuxx opraHHsanifi. Daxaem. nep- BoGiiTHua peXHTiH, naxaeTi nepBoGuTHoe oGmecTBo, cx hxx hckhoth- TeainuMH npanaMH, BceoGuwHX oTqyjsxemeMX, HacmieMX scixx bx noxxsy HeMHorHxx. Xphctirhctbo npHstraaerx Bcixx .iioxefl kx noaxso- BaHin G-rarauii ayxoiiHUMH, noBoe rocyxapcTBOoGxaBaaeTx BCfexxjBxcft chocoGhumh yqacTBOBaTL bx Buroxaxx oGmeasHria. To, no npeatxe
19 coirtTOBajoci. nepe^ouuMH ani j u b bo aka npaBCTBeEnoft apacoTU, co- BepmeHCTBa, bo hmh j b Cbh h HMOcepjtfa, Teaepa TpeCyeica bo ana cnpanejVTHBOCTH, bo aaa npauorfipHUXB ornomeHift bmukay bcSmb nxe- H8HH rocyxapeTBa. Cb Kanoro BpcaoHn uoatHo rOBopaib o rocyaapcTB* bb KaaccHHecKom. irip*? Cb TixB nopx, kkkb oao caosaMH Co.ioHa, 12 TaCjatpi., Depaua, nperopoBB a TpafryaoBi. aanpeipaeT-t only yfa- Barb a upojaajiTb cbohxb jiTea, a up. Cb aero uanraaeTi. nouoe ro- cyaapcTBO?—Ob yHHHTOJKeaia naTpaMOHiaAbHHXB npaBB, (peoiaAbHofl jopHCiHKuia, npenoaB uaCTnoS upeanpiuMiaBOCTH; oao aaaanaeTB cb do- RpOBHTOBLCTBaUpOMUIII.lGHROCTH, CBOCBO<5oXAeHia EptaOCTBBXB, CBHB3- Bexeaja eofiCTBeHHOCTH cb ea noAHraieCKaro aoryipeciBa bb c4iepy hhcto BKOHOMHiecBoa aiaToiBHOCTB. HsB-3a oratHBanmaro ipeoAOAa cb ero poaobhhh a noseaejrbauaa upaBaua noxunaeTCH upejupiuMiiiBufl KanHTa.THCTB a pafioTHHKB.•PaadaRaa <{>eOAaAbHyi> CHCTeay, oho Rubcrf, CB TbMB VHHBTOJSaeTL BOHHTiS, HTO SeMJlBBjaitHie eCTb eaHHCTBeHHU0 hctohhhkb BcaKnxB npaBB: paxoMB cb hhmb nojynaiOTB HXB TajaHTB a TpyjB. BBOAeuie xaxAaro BaeMeara bb CBOflCTBOHHyBO eay ctjtepy, apH3BaHie Kaaxaro lOjoBtaa kb oOmecTBCHHoa atasBa, hbckoabko »to eMy np3BoaaioTB ero choco(5hocth h TpyAB,—botbhto cocTapaaeTB Te- nepi. saxany rocyAapcTsa. Oao jbftcTByeTB ae bo haa coCctbouhocth, HOTOMV HTO HCTOHHHKB BTO BAaCTH He BB H6fi OAHOft, a bo Bce8 Hauia, ae bo aaa to8 hjh xpyroS pejaria, uotohv hto uojb ero hokpobh- TeabCTBOMB s&xxoe iuejra no CBoeay mo.ihtb Bora, ae bo ana hhao- cepjia, nOToay hto aaaocepiie OTHOcaTca kb cfep-fe apaBCTBeHaaro saKoaa a ne hochtb bb cefife Hanero npHByAHTCAbnaro, He bo aaa chjih, aoroscy hto caxa octb to.ibko oaho hbbero cpexerBB, ho hhkekb He BHcmee HaaaJO,—no bo aaa Toro saxona, KOTopoay bc6 aoajkhh noAHaaaTbca, KOTopufi Be 8HaeTB HCKjOTenifl, aanacauB Aaa Bcixs oAaaaKOBO,—cjobomb, bo aaa capaseAiaBOCTH. Bo aaa sto# capaBeA- jhbocth rocyAapcTso ae toabko orpaamaeTB codcTBeHUOCTL, ho a npH- boahtb ee bb paBHOBtcie cb TpyAOMB, ae toabko aoKpoBHTeAbCTByeTB cemi, ho a OTAt.ibnuHB ea H.ienaMB hpothbb 3to0 ae ceabH, oho hoa- AepjBHBaeTB paaaufl HH3niia opra'maauiH h scerAa hmIiotb cirxy boa- Aep*aTb oiAiabHoe ahho bb fiopi.fii hpothbb aaccu, ecjiH npaBO CyAerB aa ero croport. Hh oaho hsb npaBB ahhhocth, an oaho hsb ycAOBifl ea BcecropoHHaro pasBaria ae yCKOAbsaeTB otb rocyAapcTBa. MoiKHOCKa8aTb, HTOTOABKOH8AByxBCOBepmeHHOpaSAHHHUXB CTyneHHXB pasBHTiaHeaoBliHecKafl ahhhoctb BHCTynaertBHOAfft—bb nepioxB AHKaro cocroaHia, Korxa Hc.iorf.Ky HeasBicTHH eme uaKaida ipopau oCmeasH- Tia, h bb cpexli rocyAapcTBa, BorAa Hapia xocTar.ia aoaHaro caiioco- saaaia. Mesxy sthmh AByua nyHKTaMH ackhtl aabhhhh paAB opra- HHsaaifi, sorAa HeAOBtKB BHCTynaerb ae npocTO otb CBOero mteHH, ho 2»
uenpeiiiHuo Kara ucra JtaKoro HH(5y*t yqpeKjema: to ohe roBOpBTE Kara tjche C6UEB, poja, sypia; to ero joctohhctbo lejontaa sacjo- hoho ero SHaieHieMi. (Jieoaaaa; to Beet ne-iOBira yxoAHTE be nonane rpaatjauHHa, Kara be apOBHHKE uynnuHniaxE. 7£h e nrape CTanoBHTca 3Hanenio rocyaapcTiia, if,WL BceoOxeiuiOmiie craHOBHTca cma ero sa- KOHOBE, rtUE Tlcifbe CTaHOBHTCa CBBSb I'OCyjapCTBa CE OTjiabHBlHE nejob^eoxe, bo iiaa uimoS cnpaBe&iEBOCTH.
0 COBPEMEHHOMT* h a i i p a b j i e h i h rOCyi[APCTBEHHHX,B HAyK'B. P-feib, npoasHeceHHaH Ha roflHHHoin. aicrt HumepaTopcKaro C.-IleTepCyprcKaro y HHBepcHTCTa, 8 4>eBpa.ia 1873 rona, OpAHHapHUMt IIpOcjjeCCOpOM'b A. I'paJlOBCKHM-b.
Mm. Tr.l H He MOry Hsdpan, ayanraro Haiaaa wa CBoeS piia, East catAywiAia cjOBa HlejJHHra, uHTHpOBaHHaa HOKofinuME Xomhkobnme: .CaacTJiHBU rocyaapcTBa, rat juah, apiaac h 6oraxae noaoKHiejE- HfalMH SHaHiHHH, H0CT0HHH0 BOmpamaWTCa El lt)HaOCO(|liH, OT06a OCBt- *an, h o6hobjhtb cBofi ayxi, h npefiuB&Ti, be nocToannofi cbhbh ce rfcMHBceoOmHMH HaiaaaMH, KOTopaaAMcTBareaLHOynpaB-unort. MipoME H cbhbviote bbke 6a be nepaapuBHuxE yaaxE act HBaeBia upHpoja k mucjh ic.ioRf.qecKofl. Toibko ote qacTaro oOpamcHia aycra he bthhe o6d;hme HaqaaaKE oSpasyBTca nyjtm be noaHOME cMUcat caoBa, cno- co6huo Bceraar cTanoBHTtca npeA’B npoaowoiCEh He nyrarwa HHsaKoro aBaeHiA, icaKE 6a rposHo oho hh wwaaoci,, h bobcc Hecnoco6Hue no- aosHTt opyatie npeAE HeaoqHOCTBio h HeBt*ecTBOME“. Take roBopHAE BeaHsiii Mwc.iHie.ii., B-fcpHBmig be caay ^HaocoJiiH, HayKH, TeopiH, BHA'&BmiS be hhxe atHBOTBopamee Haqaao bchkoS npaKTH- qecKoit AiaTeaiHocra. Ho hm^ae jh ohe upauo, uayauoe npaBO, npo- H3HeCTH BTH CaOBa, 3aaBHTb THKOe Tpe6oBaHie npaKTHTCCKHME AiHTe- aaME? He be npasi jh 6aan nocaiAHie yRaaaTb exy Ha tare Haaa- BaeMHH paspuBE MeatAy meopieto hnpattmmcoto—paapuBE, be eotopohe y6t.ajeHu booth bc*? PaspuBE He*Ay Teopien h npanTHEOD.' Graao 6wtb, paspuBExesay pyEOBOAaniHME HaaaaoHE h npasTHiecEHME a^JOheI Bote aBaeme, KOTopwME Mem,me BceronyxHO 6a XBaaHTtca, ocofienno „npaETHiecKOMy Aiay“. Bote aBaeue, Koxopoe bc$mh irfcpaMH AO.ixHa 6a ycrpanHTi, Cana HayKa, HM4®maa csoeio H'kiin CTaib meopieto dn*a. 3t» saja^a HayKH, HOBHABMOMy, tree ecTecTBeraa, oto TpyAHo ce6t npeACTaBHTt, ito6w ona rotae BH6yAt npecaijoBaaajpyria iiiaa. JliBcTBHTejLHOHHEOi’Aa He 6uao Toro BpexeHH, oto6u nayxa yxam.ieHHO nponoB'feAHBaaa yroniu, yMumaeuno cTaHOBiuaci. be pasplisEce npaETH- ko» . Ho xapaRTOpE HayKHHe scerAa 88bhchte ote nasitpeHifl yieiiax-i.;
24 — OH'h mbhchti or* yeJOBifi, Kb KOTopun nocTaBjenai nayiutja H8c.ii®>- Bania a causa aavaa. CoBpeHCHHOG nanpaiuenie no.iHTHaecKaxi HayKi jaace iraaana.inoft Eupont ecTb niaoTopaa boboctb; h 3sica oho peay-imara joararo HCTopaaecKaro nponecca, ii-ioja. xHoraxi nepeiriHi bz Tcopia h in. 3*i6a no.ie8HO (5y,xcTt ocraicoBBTaca Ha rjiaBHUxi MOMenTaxi BToro nponecca. H3C.iiaoBaHie bto Cyjera no.ie3HO axx onpeAiaeaia Tixi ycaoBifi, ora kotophxi aaBHCHTi Tam HasuBaeMHft paapuBi Messy TCOpifilO H npaKTHKOK). Oiaero saBHci.il btoti paspupi? 3aBHciji .ih ohi ora BHyipeH- HHXl CBOflCTBl -CaSIOS HayKH, OT1 OTWeTOHHOCTH ea MOTOja, OTl TOro, too ohs ocTaBaxaca bx o6.i8cth ofimaxt nsefi, ho cnycsaaca so Mipa xiScTBHTeaaHuxi (JiaaTOBi? Hah, uoaen. Cbtb, s a n sossuo HCKaia npHiHHy 3Ja h Bb CBOttcmaxi Tofl ayAHTopiH, toto o6mecTBa, CpejH KOToparo BiipocTara Hayinua rcopiH? Mu saaeira 8hoxh, Korja jificTBHTMaBOyBAeqeme o6m,RmreopiaxH, caaaeidi fio-rame, yToniaHH, OB-iasiBaJO uiJUMH, secaMa npocsimeH- hhmh oOinecTBami; icorsa .mxopasoqHoe HCKaHie toto, um6 doxncuo Cwma, OTiipama.io aiojeft oti Tepiri-iHBaro nsyiema toto, unto ecmt. Ho a im ofraacaaeTca »to tochosctbo ofimaxi h c.ihihkom’l otbxo- tchhuxi HAefi, saute pe itsett, a itpacasarxi ({ipasi, iacTO jihi u xi. BcaKaro cosepsama? He nosaaceTi ah hsmi oaaira HCTopiH, too bx sth npesfcaa Hayiia ho Hor.ia, bx CHiy BHimiraxT. ycaoBiS, hoBth sajame ofimHXx Hje6, T.-e. hbx 3nama uucmato npeBpaTHiaca bx 3HaHie npututadHoet He yBHjHMi ah xh, * a jie , too ycnixx sthxx ofimHxx Hseft bx ofimeCTBi b hxx iacTO Bpe.iHoe jificTBie saBHci.ni ora Toro, hto oOihcctboHHBixx He yiacTBOBajo bx npaKTHiecBoft shshh rocysapcTBX, T.-e. too cmj, 8HaBmeMy HHoria TeopiH, iieAOCTaiuuo noAumuuecxaw eocnumauia, ko- Topoe saeTca to.tbeo ysacTieMx bx pa3Huxx orapaBjeHiaxx rocysap- CTBeHHOfi SEH3HH? PaspimeHie sthxx nonpocoax ocoSeHHo bskho naxx, esita Haamiaio- ®hmx cBoe DOAHTHiecKoe ortpasonaiiie. noSioxy Ham i ooxobho o6pa- THTacah i onmy ApyrHxi naposonx h H8caisoBaT6 cnocofia biz ho.ih- THHecsaro o6pa30B8Hia h BocnHTaHis..I II. Jbs SHaMenaTMtHHe ipaaTa coBepmHXHca Ha sanaji EaponHhotoh oaHOBpexeHHo: npeupaineHie npe®HHxi iJ'eoja.iLHHx'L BjaaiHifi bt. ho-
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opraHHSania, ocTamua HenpHEOCHOBeHHO» ea o6utecmeemgio CTopony. $eoaajbHue saaa'fcabnij VTpaTH.ru cboh no.iHTBiecttiH npaua, ho coxpa- hhxh cocxobhuhnpiiBH.ieriir, ropoaane nepecTajra cxoauTbca BBHapoj- khh co<5p&Hia, ho 3najiH, ito ho saKoay „6ypaya“ ctoht-b Bume h»- CToauiaro npocToacAHHa. Hecrpaa h4hb irapoBB, npocroro aBopaHCTsa, ni.itjeflCKHS’j, h iwxobhxb yipeataeniit, MacTepoBB, noaiiacxepit h yie- hhkobb, cejLiaai h pa6oiHXB—Bee oto yu^aiao bb MoaoaoxB rocyaap- ctb4. Cana nopoaeBCKaa BjacTL, noGiaHBmaa (JieoaaaHsiii, cosHaBaaa bt>ofimecTBeHHOMT. oTHomesiH cbob cojHaapHOCTfc c*bnofrfcaaeHHUMH; cb o6tnecmeeHHoa toikh spfcnia, Kopoab 6 un raaBa <(ieoaa-iBHo8 iepapxiH, nepBHit acaay nspaHH, botophxb ohb iipoaojJEaab HasuBaTB cbohmh xyseBaHH. TaKHVB ofipaaoMi hobm naea Bupaanaacb Ha.uepsufi pa3B bb cTa- puxB 4>opMaxB, noEOHaacB Ha ocHOuaxi, c.iohchbwhxcji bb npeatuee ^HaocoifcKoe aBHseHie, nopoaffijmee no-raTHiecKyni H&ysy nauiero BpeMeHH, CTaxo HCKarB hhhxb ocHOBaHifl His HOBaro iBcyaapcTBa, ho cHaaaja cb nfcaic aaTb eHv 6ojrfce upoiHyB ochobv bo Bceo(>menB co- SHaHiH. EaBa tojbeo bo ■I'paHniH caoxHaacb nosaa HOHapxia, caiaaBmaaca o6pa3HOMB aaa Bcero EfiponeScKaro saTepHaa; easa toxbko iiayniua h 4iHaoco<f)CKia cpeacTBa MHcaHTeaefi yBe.iHTO.iHCB Cora™mb uac.if,aieMB apeBHaro jiipa a Bospostaeme HayKBx hckvcctbb BMierls cb pei|>opiianie» aaxo HOBHft ToaiesB leaortiecKofl mhcjh— BeauKoe nponsBcaeme Bodeua „o roeyaapcTBi“ BOSBeao-Hosoe rocyaapcTBeHHoe ycrpoScTBOas CTeneHBHaeaaa. Ero Teopia rocyaapcTBeHHaro cyBepenHTOTa bb hchbixb h TBepanxB (Jiop»axB Bupasaaa hhcthhbthbhlih cTpeM-ieHia xonapxiH. Ho EoaeHB erne onapaxca He ctojbko Ha aorHiecEia h eceoGnpa TpeSoBania 4>woco<|>iH, ckojbeo he HCTopHiecaia cooGpaatema; ,nrxo- paaoiHoe aBH*eme XVI Bisa, bb eotopomb jkh.ib EoaeHB, aBHatenie, BHpasHBineecabb pejmriosHHXB BoSHaxB, ocraBJiuo mucjhtCjIhmb ma.io 4iHxoco$CEaro aocyra h cnosofiCTBia aaa ocHOBaHia caMOCTOaieabHoS 4>Haoco<{iiK. XVII bIikb cosaaaB »iy HOByw EBponeflcEyE) i])moco<j)iio. ToaiesB, aaHHbiit yleKaproMB, npHBeaB eb HOBOMy nepecMOTpv Bcfixi leaoBt- lecKHXB BHaHiS, BtpoBaniii a yipeacaenift. Ha nepBHB pass npieau fleEapTOBOfi «|>HJOco<J>iH aoaanu 6uaii Ea- saibca oh&chuxh aaa ycTaHOBaennaro h HCTopHiecsaro nopaasa. Jle- EapTB CBeaB rfmaocoilKiEoe SHarne na noisy cyffieKmueuyio, T.-e. oiBeprB HenocpeacTBeiiHyrj aocTOBf,pHOCTb 3HaHia, ocHOBaHHaro na CBHai- xeabCTBi BB^maaro asTopHTeTa. Bcasoe noHarie h naia.io cTanosHTca docmoenpHvua ToabKO nocai lipoBipEH ero BnyipeHHHMB aBTopHTeTOHB
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so — caobrua\" TpefioBaHia, Tania ace afico.TBTUUH npa»a pasHUxi Hauaxi. npeacHaro uopaAua, Taaate He SHamuia HHsaaHXi ca'Iiaokt. ct. Tpe6o- BauillMH HOBOft BCH3HH. ■Ppauuy3CKaa peBOAiouia 1789 r., OTKpunraaa coOobd snoxy eBponefl- cKux’it peBO.noHift, 6u.ia hmohho 6opb6o» feaycMeuttucb upHHUiiiiort,, He UOHHMaBHIHX'B UHKUKHX3> CAtjIOKT, Cl HpOTHBHHKOMl. B l 3T0MT, MXCHHO H COCTOHTB OT-IirlHTe.Il.nuft npilHHEKT. peBOaBuiOHHHXl ABHaseHift. Kpo- Biuiua cneHu, yHHBToaeHic Bcero cymecTBOBaBinaro, npocKpHoiiiH, Tep- popi Kpacnuft h fiLiufi, BHHrpania h t. a-—ace bto nocaiACTBia OAHOft oOmeft npHTBHH—(SeSVCAOBHOCTH, 6e3HOmaAHOCTH HpHHAHUOBl. Korja a cTHiaro MBtcraoe naia.io aCco-uoTHum h eAHHCTBeHumn. TCAOBieMi ofinjaro Oaara, a He Mory iiOMHpHTt.cn hh c i kIim'b, kto He pa3AtiJneTr. mohxt. yOtacAetiift. OMHrpaHTH 6taca.ni H3T. ■ppaimiH, noTOHy BTO ByBCTB0B3.TH, BTO BT> HOBOft <l>panniH HMT. llt.TT, Mt.CTa; yXOAH H3T> CBoero oTeBecrna, onH thocham cboh hphhhhhh xaicie ace 6esnomaAHue icaici. uauana petto-noiijoHepoBi,: bto AOKasaaa nojimuca pecTaepapiB. npo Byp6oH0Bi. roBopHAH h ronopara, bto ohh HHBero He sa6u.iH a HBBeuy He VBH.H1CL; BTO 31iaBHTT>, BTO OHH COXpaHH.TH CBOH npHHUHim Bi Hxx 6esycaoBHoft bhctot4 . PeBOA»u;ioHepu, KasHa cbohxt. npoTHB- HHBOBl, HertuKl.IH He ADACft, HO npHHllHHH, KaKT> OyATO eCTT. XOTb oahhi ue.ioBf.itb, siorymift bohaothtl b i cefit npHHitrnii,, T.-e. nepe- CTaTt 6bITB BeAOBtKOHT. H CAtaaTbCH 0TB.TeBeHH0CTI.I0! Cyjb6a Taaoro HCTOpuBecicaro XBHaceuia noHHTiia. TIOAHTHBecicaa acH8Hb Hapo.ca KoxefixeTca aeacAy peBOJKipicft h pecTaBpaujeft, T.-e. He»Ay ABysta iJiopjiajcH, npeACTauxatomuMH oahhukobo Kaaoft huOjai. 6esycA0BHufi iipiummri.. Mor.ia AH BT. TO BPCMU BOSHHKHyTb MHCAb 0 A'fiftCTBHTeABHOft H0AH- THBeCBOft 3CH3HH, T jt BCHttift HaXOAHTl ce64 MtCTO, ta* KaacAUfi nOUH- HaeTi, btoi Bume ero „npnHnnnoBTi“ ctohti. e.TpaHa, scmmi, btott. ByAHuft xopi pa3HHXi toaocobi, HHtHifi, CTpesueiiift, xo pi, cosAaHHufi npHpoAoft h ncTopieft? HtTi! HcTopia a npaKTHica bthxi Bpeueni oahhakobo octbbhah HaaieMy BpeneHH TOAbKO HtcKOAbao noyBBTe.ii.HUxi yposOBi. Ohh. COCTOHTX, BT. CAtATBUieHT.: 1) rocyAapcTBO, np0B03r.iacBBmee 6e3ycAOBHy» roAHOCTb abhhuxt., CAtAOsaieabHO npexoAamHxi HaiaAT, CBoero CTpoa, pHcnyera busbatb upOTiiByno-ToatHue HaeaAU, ctoab ace feiycAoimwe h HeycTynBHBHe. OTpunaaCb ora hobuxt, Tpe6oBanift aurann, oho Aaerr, cnay yTomn; 0TKa3UBaacb ora nporpecca ocymecTBHMaro, oho b i koiiu,!; kohaobi cTa.is>maeTca ct. HAea.iaMH neocymeCTBHMHMH. 2) HayKa, He HMtiomaa Aociyna kt. upaKTHBeCKHMi, Boupocaira rocy-
japCTBeHHOfl jkhsbh, KHjaCTca bx ofi-iaCTt. yroniii; hbx no.ie8Hofi otfnce- cTBenHoft cm.hu oaa jiiaeica BaejieHTOMX paapynmTejbHUMX. 3) OfiuiecTBO, He yiacTByumee bt> rocyjapcTBeunofi jkhshh, He bi> CH-rast cjepsaTL yTonHiecrtHxx CTpOH.jeniS h xfuaercn hxx atepTBOio. now B-iianieux araxx ypoKOBX h necoMiitnimxx ycnfsxoBXHuanijr h»h'Ishh.thcb npieMu naymaro H3Cj^iOBania a canoe uipoco3epi(aHie nayBH. OfiosHa'jHM'ii bx KOpOTKBXbcjOBaxx cymeCTBeHHHa aepiu btoS nepe- Iio-nepnuxx, HO-iHraaecKaa Teopia ocnoBUBaeTca yacc no Ha ,Bt,a- hhxx, npHpoxxeHHUxx\", a noroxy auco.no'ruuxx naaajiaxx pa3yua, ipc<j_uoiHHX'i> &6co.ibtho0, BcecoBepineHHOH (f>op»u rocyjapcTBa. Hosaa ifiHjocoifia, BH40M3sriHeHHaa vcirlixaMH HCTopH’tecKHXi. 3BaniS, biijhtx bx HaacjOMx rocywpcTirti roitfcCTiiyw CTynera. ofinfesHTia, T.-e. HSBicT- nuB MOMemm bi. HCropHqecKOMx pa3BHiiH napona. TocyaapcTBo, cx ea touch aphida, ecTb HBxeHie BCTopHiecicoe, T.-e. uowHHeHHoe ycaoBiaux npocTpancTBa h Bpeuenn. Orx sthxx vcjobiB 3aBHcnrx npaxmimectioe nupajKenie rocyjapcTBeHHoft njeH, T.-e. Kaacjaa janHaa t(iopMa rocynap- CTB8. Hh 0JH8 H3X 3THXX iJlOpMXHCMOHCeTXBUpaacaTbCOfiOE) 6e3VC.TOB- naro npHEpicna, He Moacerx 6uti, BonaouieHieHX aCco-uoTHoS hcthhu. 1’ocyjapcTBO, kskx Bcasoe HcropnaecKoe HBaeme, nownHeno yc.iOBianx paaBK'ria, saKouaax npoipecca, T.-e. ero ijiopyu uepexoflaTX otx oj.HOro OTHOCHTeabHaro npHHHHua, rojuuro u i ojhoio BpeaeuH, ax apyrouy, i'oxhomv use epcucmi nocaisyiomaro. H tskx, ompuuame aCcoMommio u npusmme npoipecca ecTb nepBoe naqaao coBpeMeHHOft noaHTHiecKoft ifiH.iocof|)iH, bo Haa Koroparo oHa OTica3UBaeTca otx HCKaHia Bcoycjomo wdnou ifiopMbt locydupcmea, ho rtxx HacToBmate Tpe6yerx, ito(5h KaacjoMy aaHHoxy cocToamio oOmecTna cooTB'iTCTBOBajia npHrojHaa eMy ([iop«a rocyjapcTBa. Bo-BTopuxx, Boofime Bonpocx o rocysapcTBennoxx ycipoBcTst noTC- paax bx 3HaaHTejbHoB cieueHH cboB HHTepecx, now B.iiaHiexx ycjOBifi o6n;ecTBeHHoB jkhshh XIX ct. Ofiutecmeo X I X cm. o6paw,a*mi> mu- Manie ne cmojibxo na tf/opMy tocydapcmea, cxocuto na sadanu eio dnn- mCAtHOcmu u cnocoSu irn ocyutecmcMHin. IGpHjHHecKifl cnopx o paBuoiipaiinoern, oSmeHeHiH CBofioju, yqaCTiH ofimecTBa bx rocyjapcrBeHHUXi jf.aaxx, npeporaTiinaxx B-iacm h o BceMx, orx aero 38bhchtx <|iopsia rocyaapcTaa, bx 3HaiHTe.iF,Hofi rae- neHH paaptmH.ica bx aanajnoB EBpont. OfimeciBO bohuo bx coct8bx
32 npeacHJiro o(tiHi(ia.ii,Haro „rocvAapcT8a“, h BHecao bb Hero mhojkcctbo HOBHXB HHTCpeCOBX. 3tH HUTepeCH, CAQJKHHe HTpyjBtie, B03HHKJHC8MH co6o» Bcji^CTBie ocBofioatAemH o6mecTBa otb npe»HHXB (jieojajibHHxi (popsrL, cT’fecHaBDJHX'B ero npoMHBLieHHOCTb, ero yMCTBeBHyB shshb. TpOMaAHOe pasBHTie npOMunueHHOCTH, pasAopu MesAy Tpyjosre h sana- thjiomb, pafio'iifl Bonpoct, fiamcoBoe xhao, aterfanua Aopora, uapoAHoe oOpa30Banie, o6m.ecTiieHuan rarieHa, Hapojnoe npoAono-ibCTBie, noMom* CtAHUMt, opraHHsania BH'bninctl ToprosjH — botb HHTepecu Hamero BpeMCHH, H BT. OTOMBCMUCJTfcXIX B^KBCnpaBeAXHBOHaBNBaDTBB tao n npaBTHiecKHM'L. KaaoBH HHTepecu, TaaoBa h Haysa; Haibsa He corxa- CHTbca cb MHC.1M0UlTCMHa, hto ecj* HCKBHieayHHiHxi, $opMi npawe.Hia 6u,IO OTJHHHTejbHOH) HepTOlO XVIII CT., HCKaHie .lyHfflHXB CDOCOfiOBB ynpaeMHis — 0TaHHHTe.ii.Hu8 npHsmiKB XIX. yneaie o rocysapcTseB- hom’l ycTpoficTBi HciepnuBaao n o n * Bee cojep*aHie rocyjapcTBeHHHXB HayivB npemnaro BpeneHH. Havsa o<5b ynpaBjeHiH, Verwaltungslehre, ecra npoHBBeAOHie h noTpeCHOCTB Hamero. Stott, <J>8ktb, mm. rr., otiiueHB nocjiiACTBiHMB, BCCbMa (aaroTBop- Ecxh raaBHoe BHHMaHie Hamero npexenH ofipameHo na Bonpocu ynpauenia, to hohstho cano co6om, hto nayica Aoaatna pafiOTaxb m ab npaKTHiecKKMH BonpocaMK rocyaapcTBeimoS khbhh, uotomj hto H8B hhxb caaraeica see HCKycciBo h rayaa ynpaiuenia. IlonjiTno .naxf.e, hto Kaa^uS hsb bthxb BonpocoBT. MoaeTB 6arb paspimeHi tojibko bb yc-iOBiaxt jaHHaro srfccTa h BpexeHH; jx a ocymecTiuenia C-Iokhuit. h paaHoofipasHuxx HHTepecoBB ofimecTBa Hernia noAUctaTb aCco-icrao- rOAHUXT. CpOACTBT., npBM’tiHHHHX'B KB VCAOBiHMB BCHKOfi CTpaHU H BT. KaacAuS mombhtb ea HcropHHecfcaro pasBHria. CxiAOBaTeabHO, HCTOpn- HeCEOe H, T8KB CK888Tb, Mtbcnmoe (xOTa H cpaBHHTeJTBHoe) H3yHeHie KaHA08 saAaHH ynpameiria, ecTt nepBOe ycxoBie btoS KanmaabHoS HayKH XIX Btica. Aaaie btotb ()>aKTB KopeHHHMB odpaaoMB HSMfcnaeTT, OTHOineme o6m.ecTBa kb npaBHTejtbCTBy h naysH kb oOmecTsy. Bb t4 BpeMeaa, KorAa ptnb mm xcuDHHTexbHO o6b onpeAlueHiH npHAHHeCKHXB OTHOmeHifl Me*Ay npaBHTeibCTBOM® H ofimeCTBOMB, 9TH Art CHIU 6am pa3A*xeHH BpaaijedHUMH apart. Apyry np*HnauaHa. Kotab mu rosopaMB o npaeaxi offmaiaxbBitr^ocyAapcTBa, no otho- meHim hxb kb nptuam o6mecTBa, «u Ka^H^aaA&iaeMB ab$ cijiepu, ho HMimmia MeatAy cofioio Hanero ofim ar^flpo rocyAapCTsa ecTb, cb bto8 tohkh spiHia, HtHTO CT’fccHaBmeeiflMTCntecTBo; iipana oftmocTBa, jhhhocth, kkkb 6u AoxsHU orpauHTHTi, iq^ana rocyAapcTBa. KorAa mu cb bto8 * e tohkh 8pliHia roBopHMB, hto ofimecTso aojsho ynacTBO- BaTb bb rocyAapCTBeHHuxB A-kiaxB, bto shbhhtb, hto rocyAapcTBo
33 — AOAzho OTEaaaibca o n HtKOTopuxj. cbohxi npaBb Bb no-nsy o6n;e- CTBa, KOTopoe Kant 6u saBoeBUBaeTb Hxb on. rocyjapcTBa. Ho oSmecTBO h rocyjapcTBo, npoTHBynojozHua, Aaace upajKjefiHUji Bb oTBjeieHHofi cijiept npasa, npairapaioTM, c.iHBa»Tca jaate at 06- jacra ynpaBjienia, T.-e. Bb ofi.TacTH ocymecTMema npaETHiecKHXb sa- W i nojiHTKaecKaro ofimecTBa. Omm conpeMennuxi. rocyaapeTBi uoKa3UBaert, hto Kazxaa Be-imum ntJib ofiniccTnenHoft jkhshh jjh ocymecTBjeHia CBoero nyjRAaerca bt. cojt.ftci'Bia MHorHXb ch.il. Kaz- xaa iist HHXb Dpojrio.iaraen. H3BicTHyx> xom npaBRToaacTBOHQaro iiftcTBia, cpeACTBi paaBUXb opraHOB’b caMOyupaB.ienia h npejnpiiiM- HHBOOTH laCTHUXi JHUb. KTO MOZeTb CKa3aTb, BTO BCHK&H ll&n, Ha- upHxtpx napoAHoe ofipasoBarac, Mozen. (juts, ocymecTB.KHa ojhhk. npaBHTeJbCTBosra, oahhmh opraaaHH caMoynpaB.iema, ojhok npej- npiHMiHBOCTbw BacTHuxb AHiyb? Toro, iTofibi nania cymecTBOBaaa a lipoHBiiaja, roBOpHJb CiBecb, uyzinj jirf. Benin—bbcthho ipyju h nylLiHiiiufl ynpezAeHia. Bonn coepeMextwe ocuoacmie d*x yvacmix o6u<e- cmea at omnpaeAeHixxt tocydapcmeeHHOu oicumu. IIocaiAHaa yze h bh- paftm-ia TpH (fiopaij yupaB.iema: ynpaBaeHienpesb uocpeACTBObhctonpa- RMTO-ibCTBcnHuxT. ycTanon-ienia, ynpaBaenie npe3b BuCopHbia yciaHOBae- Hia, od-ienennuaHnutcTnuMHaAMHimcTpaTHBHUMHnpaimMM, h npeabito.m- Hue co«33u BacTHHX'b amii, BOcno-iHaiomie cpejcTBa Tixb h ApyrHXb. rocyiapcmeHHaa pewaiienTauia, caMoynpaB.ienie u aacTBiio cob3U— Bon. TpH cnocoCa ocymecTBaema pasHbixb oOmecTBenHuxb sajaii, cnocodu, He HCEJBianniie apyrb apyra, ho b33hhho nonoanaiomie ne- AOCTaTOEb cpeacTBi. Kasaaro. CatAOBaTeabHO, OTHomeHie rocyaapcTBa Kb ofimecTBy He ecTb OTHomeHie noMAHTeaa Kb notiizAeHHOjry; ofime- CTBO upHIIHliaCTb yBBCTie Bb ajMBHHCTpaniH He HOTOMV, BTOCu OHO jiMoeoa.io cefit Kanin HHfiyab npasa; rocyaapcTBO coAificTByerc. ocy- BiecTBaeHiio pasnuxb oSwecTBennuxb HHTepecoBb He bo hmh CBOHXb BepxoBHbixb npaBb, tmnxmt*xi HBb Htnoraa y oOmecma. Bet sth cH.ibi jiScTByBTb bo hmh coAudapnocmu Bcixb rocyaapcTBenHuxi h ofimecTBennuxb HtaeS h bo hhs Hedocmamowocmu Kaatsofl H3b hhxx Bb OTAtABHOCTH. yaacTie ofimecTBa Bb ZH3HH rocyAapcTBb, cosHaBBiHXb 3th hcthhu, o6eaneaH.io npaBiiabnoe h npoaHoe noAumuveacie eocnumame ofimecTBa. y coBpeaeuHbixb o(5mecTBb (mu rOBopsub o(5b o6®ecTiiaxb, o&raAau- m»xb yCAOBiHMH caHoynpaB-ieflia) uttb yze Toro, nenoxtHaro Konemo, i|)HJOooiJ)OKaro AOCyra, naKHMb no.n.30Ba.iocL ofiniecTBO XVIII Etna, h KOTopafl Aana.ib OTBaeneHHoft TeopiH BO3MOZH0CTb yB.iesaTb bto o6n(e- ctbo Bb ofi-iacTb yioniH. Bs nainb BiKb ce.ibCKaro h npoimnnia-ibnaro caMoynpaB-Tenia, pasnuxb o6ni;ecTBb, KOKnaniB, cbi3A0Bb, KOHrpeccoBb h t. a- oOmecTBo caMO AaeTb HayK'fe noAOZHTexbHHfi Maiepiaab, HSAb i. rFMOBCKd. T. I. 3
34 — KOTopuMi ona so.iiKHa pafioTaix, tto6u until. Kaaoe hu6y&b 3HaaeHie. Cyxtfia yioaifi bx Hame Bpeiw oieat ueiajrtna; bx cTpaHaxx, r jt 06- mecTBO canoataie.ii.KO, na hhxx He otfpamaRiTX BHHuaHia offt He ratiOTx ayaHTopia. Bi. BHay Taaoro HanpaiueHia Haym, TaKoro HSHtHeaia bx ipcfioBa- niaxx ofimecTBeHHoS khshh, eaHHenie TOopiH cx npaRTHBOio. aaaiiHH- cTpaTHBHOB h HO-umnecKOD 3aBHCHix Tenepx fioabme otx HOcatiBeft, atnx otx nepBofi. IlpaKiHEt Tenepx, Combine atn x soraa HHfiyax, npea- ctohtx nepecnoTptTb cboh BOasptHia na Teopiai h npoBipHTb cboh TpeCoBaHia otx noc-itaaefl. Otx noaHTHHGCROfi HayKH, mm. it., Tpefiymx npaKTHiaocTH, T.-e. yHtHba yKiuuBaTb ofimecTey atHCTBHTenLiiua h B03M03iHbia 2,3a Hero saaaiH. Ho bo uhh 3TOro TpefiOBaHia HayRa, bx cbod oiepe.ib, stoaerx ecjH He noTpe6oBaTb (ohb HHiero He TpefiyeTx), to noateaaTb Roe-aero BayMaeuca bx cmucjx ynpeEosx, ataaenuax oBfjKHOBeHiio Hayxt. Hayay oGuKHOneHHO HaaunaBTT, meopieio, Teopieio otbjohchhoio h He- npHroaHon aa« npaRTHRH. Ho ato xothtx BupasHTb dthkx cjobomx „Teopia“? Koraa npaKTHiecsift ataieax HasHBaeix Hayay „Teopie»“, ohx ohcbhaho xototx cKasaTb, hto Haviaua chctgmh C03jar>Tca 6eax iiomoihh Ttxx opyaift, ROTOpua oaHH MoryTX cataaib Hayay npaKTHi- hoh), T.-e. 6esx mtAtodeuix a ontmm. Ohx BOspaaaeTx, cia.io film, He npoTHBX HayKH Boofime, uo npornax HayKH yMospHreabnoS, bx xya- inenx CMUcat caoBa. Ho ohx, cjimx toto He saMtiaa, ocyajaaexx t6mx caiiHHx upaKTHKy, T.-e. OTHomeHie, bx Koropoe npaRTHKa aacTO cTa- hobhtcr kx HayKt. Hhkto ne coHHtnaeTca, hto bchhui noJiHTHiecKaa leopia ao.iana Sun ocHOBaHa Ha uafi.iio.seHiH h npHHHMaTb bo iiHHMaHie HCTopmecEifi ohutx. Ho KaKX HayRa Moaeix Bocno.it30BaTbca sthhh cpescTiwjm mwnania? HycTb OTBiTHix irn 3To HayKH, asbho yae catxaBHiiHca Hafiaroaa- TeabHblMH HOHblTHblMH—HayKH ecTeCTBeHHHH. IIo'ieM) OHt M0T.1HHOjy- HHTb Taitoe HanpaBjeHie, Ranx He noTOMy, hto »H3Hb npupoAH xsa HHXX onucptama, no bx npapont HtTX TaflHX? 3ut3ju He cuplibsiotx CBOero Teaenia otx acTpOHOMa, pacTema a jkhbothhh paaBiinahitch hb HamHxx rjiasaxx; nHMHBtie HscatjOBaTexH npoHHKaiDTX Tenepx bx caMy® coKpoBeHHys) H3x Bctxx TaflHx npnpo.su, bx upoi(eccu sapoat- -leHia h pasBBiia aaposuma; aacToftaaBHa HsucKama pacKpujiH hrmx fitspa seM.iH, cocaHTaxH reo.ioniqecKie ii.iacTij h BO3ciaH0BHJHHCiopiB) MoacMx .in noxna.mTi.ca, A-ia no.iHTHieCKHxx HayKX
— 35 — otkputh »th cpejcTBa Ha&uodemii/ AtacTBHTC.ii.HO .in eft oCeaueieHu HCOfixOAHMHH yCJOBia 05meH8BtCTH0CTH (paKTOBl nOJHTHHeCKOft 3SH8HH h bobhoxhoctb hxi CeanpHCTpaciHaro, csoCoAHaro oficyaiieHia? 4to csaaceMb hu 06b onurt? OoAHTHaecKia naysH cshh ne ii|ioh3bojhtl OUHTOBb, OHt AOIXHU IIOABSOBaThCH OHHTOMT. HCTOpHTecKHMb. Ho flO- XOJHTB JH AO HHXb STOTT. JICTOpHieCKift OUUTb Bb CBOeMb HCTHHHOMT., He HCKaxeHHOHi. BHAi? HMieMT, ah hu HacToamvio HCTopiio oObeKTKH- ay», H3.iaraiomyio toabeo npaBAy? IIO.THTRHeCKia liayitH, MM. IT., HyXAaDTCH BT. CBtTt H BT, IipaBAt, noTony tto BcuKaji Haysa AOAXHa 6utb cb$tomt, h npaBAon. Bott,, mm. it., tto roBopHTi. oiiurt HapOAOur., EOTOpueCTapme Hacb H BT. nO.IHTHHeCKOMT. ofipaSOBaiUH, H BT. IIOAHTHTeCKOMb BOCHHTaHiH. 3aAaia h ycAoaia uoAHTHTecnoft nayuH bt. Poccia onpeA'bnaDTCH llpOCTO. Buconafiniaa boaa, vcraBOMb yaHBepcuTeTOBb 1863 roja, OTBpu.ia aaMT. cpeACTBa uoahthtockbpo oftpasoBaHia, soropoe ao.ixho yfloaie- TBOpaTB DOTpefiHOCTHMT. pyCCKOft ofinieCTBeHHOft JKM8HH. IIoBaa y Hacb uo.THTiiTecKaa Hayica, oirapaacB Ha onuTb npoineA- ihhxt, BpeueHT., pyKOBOAACB npHMtpoMb HaCTOHinaro bpcmohh, He mo- JKeTi. h He AO.iacna cAtaaTbca fieanxOAHoft, ysoapHTe.ibHOft Teopieft, yronieft. A-ih stoto ona AOJiSHa xexaTB, htoCu set Hana-ia, BOSBtmeHHUH coHpeMeiiHUMH upeoOpasoBaHiaMH, yKptn.ia.Tncb, jixoahah bt. shshb. Cmuc.it. Bctxb stiixx npeo6pasoBaHift — upofiyAHTL caMOAtmeABHoeTi. o6mecTBa, h otkputb cpejCTBa ajh upoaB-iema axoft canoAtme.ibhocth. 06mecTBO, npH3BaHHoe kb yrawiio bt. OTiipaBxeniaxb rocyAapcTBeHHoft hch3hh, KOHemo 6yA6TT. Ayiiueft cpeAoft, BT. BOTOpoft pa80Bb6TCa Ha- CToamaa, CBasaHsaa ct xhshbd uojHTHnecKaa Hayica. KorAa ofimecTBO roBopHTb, aaaB.iaeTb o cbohxt, HvatAaxT., o cbohxt. iiacymHuxb Hirrepe- caxb, KorAa KaacAuft TJenb ofiinecTaa upnnacTeHb kt. ®h3hh rocyAap- ctba, to Bt KanecTB* npHcaxnaro, to bt. BanecTBt HaCnpaTC.ia, rxac- naro seHCKaro h ropoiCKaro coflpama—bt. ofimeemt irfiTT. ateia otbao- hohhumt. h pa3pyniHTeAbHbnrb TeopiaMb, QoroMy tto kbsaoh pa3py- iiiHTe.ibHaa Teopia hactt. bt. paSptsb cb »H8Hbw, pa3BHBaK>neftca no- TaKoe odraecTBO He Aaerb ntHU uxaHaMb BHesanHaro oOnoB-ieHia rocyAapcTBeHHaro CTpoa, nocpeACTBOMb KaKoro HufiyAB afico.noTiiaro rocyAapcTBeHHaro ycTpoftcTsa, noioMy tto sto oSmeeTBO BtpHTb toabko Bb nporpeccb, T.-e. noc.itAOBaTe.Ti.Hoe paamiiie. Bb bomb, Bb sioMb npaKTH'iHOMT, ofimecTBi, ntTb ntpu Bb aflco.HOTHUa hcthhu, noTOMy tto oho snaemi «a dn.itb toabko hcthhbi oiHOCHTeABHua.—IIoAb BAia- HieHb TaKoro oOmecma h nayita ciaHeib Ha nucoiy cBoefi 3aaaTO.
— 36 — Ora 6yaen acEaib o6mefl, Bucmefl Haen tpiBHaraaniH, ae toabko bo sceai HCTopaaecKOMX passHTia, ae ToatKO oaaoro napoja, ao Bcero aeaoBtaecTBa, a hoctohhho roBopHTb eMy — Haeaat rami Bnepeaal noToay oHa He cTauen> bosboahti, orAiiAi.HuxT. (JiaETOBi, coBpeaeHaoS shbhh na deneab 6e3ycjoBHHXi. hcthh'b; hh oaho yqpeatAeme, ua oaho ofintecTBeHHoe a bkohomhaecKoe ycrpoficTBO, hh oahbt, HapoAtb ae aoryTL cKasaTt: a acTHHa, npeajoHHxecb npejo mhodI Memento mori, craateTb euy aaysa. Ho, OTpanaa aCco.noTnyio poauoctl aasoro hh6val <J>aKTa, aayaa AofipocoBicTHO yaajiterb aa ero OTHocaieJbHyio He06xoahmoctb aah H3BicTHaro BpeMeaa. Oaa yraaten, Ha aeofixoAHayio uocjr&AOBaxeAb- HOCTb a coJHAapaocTb pasHtixT, anoxb oCqecTBeaaaro pasBHTia. Ton, kto Bt ofimecTneiiHoft sehshh saxorluii 6a pyKOBOACTBoaaTbca pa3Huaa oTBaeieanbiHB cooCpaseuiaua, BCTptTH.n, 6a caabaaro npoTHBHHKa bi raKOii nayat. „Bu uoxeTc uoSth BiiepeAt Ha ctoabeo, Ha ceoaieo noAroTOBHAa Bacb ycaoBia apeAmecTBOnaBaiaro BpeaeHa”, crasera OHa cay. Ho t Smb aacTofiraiie, EaTeroparate yKaaten, Tasaa aayra Ha 3a- Aaaa eo3MOt»cHtM, ueofixoAHuua bt. AaaayK) aanyTy aah ofimecTBa. Oaa OAra aoateT-b csasaTb: „ecja ammo He 6yAera cA'kiaHO, o6ih6Ctbo ocia- hobhtch bb CBoea-b pasBHTia; oho hjih iraqe.ro He asctt, CyAynieav noKo.iiHiio, bah SesaipHo yc.'ioHtiiHi'b ero saAaay. To, hto Teaepb Bo ston, 6uTb caAisho 6es,h TpyAa, nnocj$ACTBia Moatort BUSBan. cajb- Hbia 3aTpyAHeHia“. He 6yxewb vcao» haxb pafiory Hamas-b uotomkobi; He nocTUAHHca npeAfc ahhomi fiyAywaro acropasa. llpaBAa, hewb ao- ryrt CEasaib, bto moida Haei He 6yAen>, a aepTBue, uo Bupaacemio itaniero HapoAaaro repoa, cpaay ho Hayrb. jja, CKaateai, mu, aepTBue cpaay ae HMyPb, ho ToabEo rf, aoTopue aeraa nx qecTHoai TpyAi, a He Tii, KOTopue bud.™ Ha BCTpiay BoatecTBeHaoMy JKemixy ct> ny- ctumh cBiTHJbHHKaMH, hoao<5ho Hepasyinnrab EBaHreAbCKHMi, AimaM'bl
BblCIIIAfl AflMMHHCTPAIUJI POCCIH XVlil CT. H TEHEPAZB -nPOKyPOPtl „Xoporaee yucrBOsaaiaecu.Bjeajtaoe jesie b» jtri n nopa«i Hxi jiScr«a- r. r. Jumct.
BB EflEH IE. Nojt BMeaeMS peiJtopaH UeTpa I bt, iwmefi lopmHqecKotl h hcto- paaecKofi jmepaTj'pi pasyafexca 1a snoxa, sorja canojepsaBHuft ape- o6pa30BaieaBnpHHHJi pimniejtHoe HasiipeHie bbpcth Poccia) Bsojicpy KnponeScKHX'L rocy.iapoTBB h a-th Tora piamjca aeti, efi eRponeiicKoe oCpasoBaHie u opraHHaaujio. Cs arofl toikh 3ptnia a irt HH'iero .ierae, KaBXaanacari. B3caf>A0BaHie061 yipexiemant X V IIICT. Ctohts to.ii.ko cKaaaTi,, n o CTapaa Poccia oisiu a cBoe, m ona npexcTaiuiioa pcijiop- Maxopy HHepTayiD a 6e3o6pa3Hyn Haccy, hto xyxs, (Jaipaa, skhshb aa- maxs yapeaseHifi aana nasi* 3aua,i.0MT,, npii iiomoiuh ciubhoB pyKH B&uucaro UeTpa, a no aojsho, c-iijoBaTeabHO, orpaHaqaTbca asyae- niescs ojaoft mucjh saKonojaTe-ia, met oaa Bupasaxacb m> ero yera- Baxs. Kan, aa 3aMananBu laKaa aporpaaua coamieHia, TaicoS yqeiiufi IipicM'B, ao Bp3,vi. AH OBB COOTB’feTCTByiOTb Hjei HCTHHH&rO HCTOpHKO- iopBjaqecKaro Tpyja. 06iHB.iaa, hto CTapaa Poccia ocTaaaci ae opa- leus bo Bcefl acropia XVIII Biaa a bo scefi petfopni UeTpa, mb rkwb casiHMT. xiimaeas cefia bo3bokhocthnpocaiiAHTbcbb3b aanraxs yqpeat- jeHifl, Hanieif coBpeaeHHOHavMHHHCTpaijiHcs aaaHHHCTpaTRBHOB)jkh3hbb> Mockbh, a areatAy rtvL tojiko dthms ayrem, bosho ptniHTb Bonpocs, aa CKOabKO bt. canons Helps oTpinraaca ott. CTapoft Poccia. J(aate, bs HCTOpH'iecKoB xasHH yipe»AeHi8, ocTaBmHxca noc.ii aero, apoacxoAHJO mhoto HB.ieaifi, KOTopuaaaBcer^a ocTanyrca aenonaTHUMu, ecaa ascxliAOBaTeAb ae vbhahts in, bhxs apsaxs npo6.iec.KOBS Ha’ia.is CTaparo yupaB.ieHia. P it HanmaeTCH a ta4 KOHaaeTca crapaa Poccia? rAi HROcrpaaHBa naaaaa, oCpanoBaBuiia aaaic otctcctbo, a r.nf CTapua noBinia, ycTyaHBaJia hms irfccTO?noievy HiKOTopua yqpexjenia npe- oCpiwosaTeaa asies-ia apa Hens, xOTa ohh Kpfinto .lesaja bs ocuoafe rocyjapcTBeHHoft shshh jpyraxs napoAOBs, Hea»Ay t6ms Kaas Apy- ria HOBOBseAeHia, cKonapOBanaua cs coBepmeaHo cayaafiHBXs muenift imieACKHxs rocyAapcTseanaxs yapeacAeaiii, ociajaci y aocs aajo.iro? He 3HaBHTsaa 9x0, ito ojhh noiiajii aa Af,8cTBHTe.ibH0aiHByio CTopoay
aameft HapOAHoS * h3hk, ito iioax nyatAHMB <J>opMaaiH a HasBaniaMH npoao.Taa.io w m h paBBHBaTbca wo-to, Aanno nycTHBmee y Haw. KopHH, xoth n't rpydoft ifropiri. Bci am Boapocu Heiiojn.no npeaCTUBH- xhcb MHt, norja a Hanajix asynaTb XVIII ct., nano.iHeHHoe aiaTejb- HOCTin TaaHxx abvxx saKonoaaTeaeft, sasa [IeTpx h EaaTepaHa II. flacTO, pascMaTpnBan aiaiejn-HOCTi., nosHAHMOMy, coBepmeHHo hobhxx ynpoaaenifi, a HaTa.TKHBa.icH Ha xaaia Haia.ua, aoxopuH rOBOpiUH arai o coeepineHHO flpyroft 3noxt h o n iwc.in saKoaoAaTexn, na nepsuS nar.iflAX 3aiuioieHnoft bx unocTpauHV©<i>opMy, nepeHOcnan HafiawaaTeaa bx caxuti HOHTpx. HapoaHoft *H3HH, cx ero b-Bkobuhh y6t»aeniaMH a npcapascyaKaan; H3x toax HHCTHTyTa, apaapuTaro mkhmi. HH(3yabaao- CTpaHRUMx. naeHeMi, Bapyrx. ajnoneMX npofinsanacB aaMHHHCTpaTHBHaa ZHBHb utjioS MHHyiinieiS snoxu. 3to oficToateabCTBO sacxaBH.io vena ne to-ti.ko Hcaaix bx XVIII CToaiTin 3apoAumx coBpeneHHHXx ynpea- aoHift, ho h cataaTi. sa cyaiGou ciapopyccaHxx Haiaax bx iy*AHXx, noBHaHMoaiy, aaa Haw ynpesaemaxi. H. CTpaHHoe x&iol BuaHpaan h Hcnesaaa pa3Hua yipeataenia, cx axx nnocTpannuMH (jwpaaaH a KMenaMH, a aaeaeuTU HameS wapoBodntecTBeHnocTH HeyaxoHHOnayxx., pasBHBanTca, ricHo npnvunaioTX. kt. iiaaintftniHMX a3b nepexnBaenuxx iiaHH peijyopax. CHaiaja a Ayaaax aaywiTb aaMHHHCTpauifo Poccia bx TeneHia Bcero BToro cxoatTia, ho hoaoChuS xpyai oaa3a.uca caannsoab ofimiipiuJHx. Toraa a Haiaax acaaTb ueatAy aaccofi ancTirmonx xaitoft, KOTopuax. flu xapaKTcpH30Ba.Tacb Bca cacTOHa Tor.Taraneit ajuniHHCTpa- Hia, a HeBo.Tbno ocxaaoBuaca na jioCionuTHOHX yipeatAenia renepaix- npoKypopoBx. OrpouHoe miancHic sroft aojxhocth x.ia BceS atmbhh- CTpanin XVIII Btaa, CBH3b ea cx BaatHiSmaMa ynpeataeaiaMH STofi 3U0XH a ocofienHO cx npaBHTo.TbCTByiomnaxcenaToax, AOBlipie ax aaax namaxx jyimuxx HoaapxoBX, jocTaTomo oGxhchbbjtx btotx BuGopx; KOHexHo, a 3Aicb a He Ayufaax HanacaTb ito HHfiyAb saaonicnnoe, ac- thhbo yneHOe. Cofipaw MaTepiaau, aainmieca noaa hoax pyaaaa, pacno.ioasHTb axx bx h3b4cthomx uopaAaii, ocmuc-ihti. h$botophhh oGoCmeiiiaMH—botx nee, wo cocTaB.tfl.io iiiab nacTojiinaro TpyAa. Ohs (SyAerx AOCTBrayxa, ec.ua bu3ob6tx hIicko.ti.ko hobhxx MaTepiajOBX, H3X aaccu.ueacamuxx, nanp., bx exapowxapxHBf. rocyAapcTBeHauxxi &ix, TAi HaxoAHTca Bca nepenacaa reaepaAx-npoKypopoBx, a ocofieHBOHtenoabKO 6ojfee hoabhxx Hac-iiAOMHiS no SToay .noConuTHOMy Bonpocy. H nyB- cTBOaaax neAOcraTOXHOCTb uaiepiaaoBx a HOAOCTaTKa nayiHOa paspa- 6otkh anoraxx yaposAenifi XVIII Btaa. Bhtx moxctx a »Ta HeacHocTb h 8T0TX HeAocraTOKXMaTopia.xoBx apao BHCTynaBTX bx mo6hx pa3cyat- AeaiH, ho Bonpocx nasaaca wnf, c.ianiKOMx .TOfionuTnuMx, a a pimnacfl HByaan. ero cx tIimh cpeACTBaaa, naaia aaiaeax hoax pyaaaa, no cao- uaax Beaaaaro opaxopa: qnoniam non potest id fieri quod vis, id ve-
— 41 lis quod possis. Tenept me a hosbohd cefii oct&hobht&ch HtcKo.ii.KO na npieMaxt, KOTopNMt h HaxtpeHt cJiAOsaTt Bt MoeMt TpyAt. yuenojiy Bt sanaxHofl Kcponi He cocraaijicn. ocofieHHaro Tpyja orparauHTt npeAMert cBoero HscxtAOBaKiff riMH npejt-iaiiii, Koropue, at crporoMt cuNc.rfe( HysHN j.ia ero, oCukhobchho cneniaxtnaro, hs- catAOBaBia. 9to noHaTHo; Kant hh ronopuTt o xaoci, uapcTByiomciit 6t« to 6h fl o&iacTH rocyAapcTBOHHuxt nayKt, ho orixo moaiho cKa- 38TB, HIO HH OAHHt, CKOJtKO Bh6yAB BaanuS ROTtpOCt He OCTajCH Ft CTopoHt otb ntiTJHBaro Hsc-itAOBaHia He ojHoro, a H'ieKo.itKiixt yae- hhxi. Cxucxt Kasjaro HHCTHTyTa no OTHOniemo Kt APvniMt yapex- Aeaiaiit BtiacHeat na ctojbko, oto HscxiAOBaTejio, Bsawneuy ero npex- Merout CBoero pascysAemH, He 3aitMt BTopraTtca Bt Hyacxue oay BonpocH. J,a.iie o6tnaa cncTcsra npasa AtflciByiomaro a ncTopnieeKaro paatacHeHN Haynoio HacT0.itro, ito rocyAapcTBOBtAy, roBopameay o cauuxt cueoia-itmixt uonpocaxt, ho aaitxi yrjyOaHTtca Bt paatncne- Hie Apyraxt, cuasaiiHuxt ct hhmh BonpocoBt: hxb yate pa3pa6oia.iH Apyric; a.ih nero AOCTawrao orpaiwaHTtca naxesoxt Ha xta-Tpa Ha- mua, ABt-Tpa Teopin, aubho CTaBmia AOCTomiieMt HayKH. CoBepmeHHO APyroe npeACTaB-iaert Hama rocyAapeiBemaH HayKa. Ec.ih HscjiAOBa- TeJt, a ocofieHHO HaiHHaminm, BOBtiien, saKOe HHfiyxt ynpeaixenie— omt SyAert nocTanjeHt Bt saTpyAHHTeatHoe noxoaenie. Ohx He co- xiitBacTca, utoynpe*AOHio btoTtcnocbjishhoct ApyrHMH, htoohhBsicTt cjyaouH oahoA rocyAapcTseHHofl ut-iH, uto oho npoAyKTt oahoB hto8 ae mncjh Bt ea nocxtAOBaTMBHOMt pasBHTiH— ho xaat Hanra ary CBHSt, East noEaaaTt cooTnomenie STHxt yipeaieniS, norAa caua nayxa He orsexa eme KaaAOMy H3t HHXt HaA.icaainaro MtCTa at o6me® ch- CTejrfi 3aKonoAaxe.itcTBa?Kaat roBopait o reropait-HpoKypopaxt, KorAa rocyAapcTBeHHoe npaBO He paatacmuo eme xaxt caixyert, hh Boapoca o Koxieriaxt, hh chct6hu Haxsopa no pyccaoHynpaay BooOme, hh ca- uaro Bonpoca o ceHart, Aa h canaa peipopiia Uerpa ne coBctHt hcho npeACTaBxaeTca yxy yaamHxca h yneHuxt. Pyccsoicy HCropHKy-sopHCTy He.TB3H OrpaHHHHTBCa 0AH0K) HOApOfiHOCTiB) aXMHHHCTpaTHBHOB KapiH- hn; oHa eme Tast cxaOo h aacro Taut HeBipm npeACTaaaaeTca yny UHTaTCAB, UTO BHtCTt Ct B03M03SHOJipKOK) U0Xpo6H0CTiD, AOXHCCHtHB- jHTtca xoth c-iafitifi oaepat Bcei'o SAanianamefi aAHHHHCTpaniH, Haaae po.lt H CMUC.lt BTOft HOApOtlHOCTH, OTOTO OTAtltHarO HHCTHTyTa, OTHO- menie ero Kt APyrimt lacuiMt rocyAapcTBeanaro MexaHHSua, HascerAa ocTaHyrca HenoHHTHUHH. Ha aioMt ocHOsaHiH, Hafiiipaa coBepmeHHO cnenia.itHUfi npeAHert aah uoero liscxtAOBaiiia, a neBO-itno AO-nemt BO0TH Bt pa3CM0iptHie ntKOTOpUXX BOnpOCOBt, BOTOpue, Bt cymHOCTH, HjrfeiOTt .rami OTAa-iemiyio csast ct yipeatAemeMt reHepa.it-npoKypo-
— 42 — poirb, h, fl to zee Bposfl, npeacTSBHTfc Hefioabinyio xapaKTepHCTHKy Bcefi ajMHHBCTpaTHBHoft peejKipMH DeTpa BezHsaro. Ho oTHomeHin a t caMOfi xoaxhocth reHepaAb-nponypopa 3xo ae- o6xoammo 6hao c*fcxaTb eme no apyrozy oficxoHTexbCTBy. J oashocte sxoft cyajeao Chao nrpaTb rpoHajayw, hosho csasaTb, nepBeHCTByr)u;y» po.ib Bb aaMHHHCTpaniH X V III ctoj. Ivaatjaa nacTb rocyaapcTBeHaaro MexaHH3Ma xyBCTBOBa-ia Ha ce&k ero HeoTpasHMoe iuiaHie. Ho Batcrt ct. r 1m%,.sextan HaBBaTb renepa-rt-npoEypopa OTAi.TbHOio, caMo6uTH0K> AOJZtHOCTbB. CTOHTT, TOXbKO BCnOMHHTb, TTO HMlt UpHHUOCI, jtSCTBO- BKTb HM6HH0 Bb Ty 3H0XV, KOPAa npaBHTeAbCTBO HaiUe C08HaA0 DpeBO- cxoactbo KO.ueria.Ti,Haro naia.ia npejb bc6hh xpyrHMH; nocjfcxHifl 12-Tb jiT b BpeofipanoBaaift IleTpa HanpaBxeHH Kb tout, kto6h npo- BeciH 8to Haaajo ciiepxy n chhbv—BacKB03b. CjrtxoBaTejbHO, ahhhoo, npimasHoe naia-to, upexCTaBHiejeiib KOToparo anJaeTcs reHepaxb-npo- Kypopb, ne Mor.10 Hat.Tb ocofteiraaro snaaenia cpeAH iipoauo nocTaHOB- AeHHHXb KOjueriaJit.HUXT, yipczsxeHifi. .Out, caMb 6uib npaKpinxeHb Kb B-ftauv neipoBCKHXb naeS, Kb ceHaxy, BHcmeMy npaBHTexbCTBeHHOHy a-Icxy Poccia. Ecjh B.iiaHie reHepajb-npoKypopoBb necoMHiirao, rocb Apyro# CTopoHu Hecornilimio n to, no oho ao-Jkbo Cmjto BbipaaaTbca xpesb ceHaTb. CyAbCa axb rfcCHO CBfisaHa. Ca.ia eeiraTa Bb to ae BpeMa MorymecTBO reaepa-ib-npOKypopa; naABHie reHepajb-npoKypopa neco- MHf.HHO yKa3HBaeTb Ha ynaAOKb baecth cesaia. Uphhhhh btoto aBJreaia pasbHCHeHu Bb paacyaAeiiia, ho Tenepb AOCTaTOiiio yKasaTb na aiorb i|>aKTb Bb AoxasaTeABCTBototo, ato, HesaBHCHHO OTb BbrmeH3.iozceHHtiXb npHHHHb,— yape»A6Hie reHepaab-HpoicypopoBb MoaeTb fiuTb iiOHaTO toji.ko Bb CBH3H Cb yape»AOHieMb cenaia. Euh Hf.TL, TaKHMb oCpaSOMb, BOSHOSHOCTH OTA^AHTb p$3K0 OAHO yapeaAOHie otb Apyroro ‘ ), He nOAxestHTb coMHf.niro h to, n o pacno- -ToaeHie HCTopHiecKaro HaTepiaja, AtjeHie npexuojaraeMoS HcropiHHa nepioAU, aoasho hpohsoAth Ha ocHOBamH rf.xb HcxoAnuxb Toaezb, Koropua cocxaBjaiOTb snoxy Bb ofimeft HcropiH pyccKaro saKoaoAa- xeoibCTBa. KaaAOHy shbkomh »th bhoxh; Kaatxuft, Hsjaraa xOAb naniHXb pe- ijiopMb, ocTaHaBAHbaeTca na HMeHaxbIleTpa I hEnaTepHnu II. Hziwrb ah 3TH ABS HOBOpOTHHH T01KH HaiHefi HO.THTH'reCKOfl HCTOpiK TBKOe ZCe BHaxeHie h aah HSAaraenaro hhmh npeAMeia? Bca HCTopia pyccKaro rocyAapcTBeHHaro ycTpoflciBa otb IleTpa I AO HMnepaTopa A-ieKCaiupa II, cb KOToparo, no cupaBeA-THBocia, Aoxzcno j« bhxi H3Cj*jOBaBi8 h Mayra BoanoMocia H3cat*osaTi ojbo yapeajeuic 6en apyroro.
— 43 — Hai&Tb coBepuiemio hobvio anoxy, pacnaiaeica Ha tph uepioja, no HHCjy pa&iaiHuxi ciicTexi ynpaBJOHia, cirfiHaBiiiHxi ojna jpyryn, noji BjiaHieui pa8Hoo6pa3Haro aan.iUBa HHOcrpuHiiuxi Hseft h jiB- cTBHTaii.HMXi noTpeOHoexefi HapoAHOfi JBH3HH.CiporoneHTpajH8auiOHBaa CHCTOMa llexpa I, ex ero npanncnuxii rydepaiaxa, iiphuhchhmh cocao- bikmh, cocpejoToienieii'b bx kbsaohi BtaoMCTnt BjacTii Hcno.inHTe.in.Hofi, cyaeOHoft h OTiacTH saicoiiOAaTeJbno#, mapoKOD AiaTeabHOCTtio rocy- japciHa aaa rocyaapema, orfinaerca 3axoHOAaxe.ibCTBOMi EKaTepunu, c i ea ryfiepHiava, ayja Majo-no-Majiv nepeHocaica rocyAapcTuennaa «nsHb, ci nocTeneHHHiii ocno6oatfleHioMi cocjoaifl, rocnojcTBomTeopia paa.\\i-ieHia naacrcfi, npuHHBnieft y Haci Taxy» cBoeoCpasnyn epopay, jJa Toro, htoCu, bi cbob otepe^t, ycTynHTb apeji nan.iHBOMi ijipan- ayscKHXi aaeft h yipeKj,eHiaMH npeMBHi HauoaeoHa I. BcMarpHuaacb bi btoti xoji nocTeneHaaro npeofipa30BaHia aaraefi ajMHHHc-Tpauiu c i ojjHofl, a cy.ii.6y reaepaai-apoEypopoBic i eemvroMi ci Apvroft CTopoau, aejisa no npifixa x i Toay 3ajujoaeaiK>, qio xaa:- Aax H3i 3thxi aiioxi Hu&ia 3HaiHTe.ibHoe Baiaaie Ha poai a caxya) tffopMV 3THXI yqpesjeaifi. B i caxoxi ifexi, ao.ikho cyaiecTBOBBTB orpoMHoe pasxKaie xejtjy reHepaxi-npoxypopoxi spexeni ynpaBHTeJt- Haro ceHaxa, xorja co6paaie sto au.ja.iocb cpejoioaieMi cyjja, ajMHHa- cTpania, saKOHOiaTejbHofl Af.aTe.jr.HocTH, 3ariMi tosi snoxoro, xorw, hoax B.tiaiiicMi npanijuna pa-ni-ienia B-iaciefi, aana-iacb auaupanaiiia cyja oti a,iMHHHCTpania, ora aaKOHonaxeatHuxi Mien, xor^a caxafi ceHan nanraaeTi BHiixaTtca xaxi thcto cy.iefiHoemIicto, a renepajx- apoKypopy, jaa coxpaHeHia cBOero upeaiHaro Bjiania, ue ocTauajocx hMicro 6o.ji.me, xaxi coejHHaxb b i CBoeui xhh* Hanfio.jbniee koahto- ctbo npHKa3Huxi joj*Hociefl, BHa'ieaie xoropuxi yse Toiyja noxrOTO- anaoTi anoxy Aaexcaajipa I. HaKoaeni, <n6 ao.jxho 6ujio npoHSofiTa ci 3T0B) aoaiehoctmo, xorxa Bee nuemee ynpaKieaie pacna.joci, aa Bt- AoxcTBa, crprmipoBaHHua no poay jtx i? He bhaIuhtcs ah reaepaji- npoxypopi TOJtKO aaai npejcTaBaxeai ceaaTa, cxaBmaro cyjBUMi MicTOMi, T.-e. xaxi kbhhctpi rocTHniH? Ja.ibHtBmee Haaoaexie, Ha- aIuocb, en(e 6oaime yTBep.jHTi sxy CBB3Bneaxy acTopanecKHMi pasua- Tiexi .jojanocTH rcHcpa-Ji-upoxypopa a Tpexu Basaifimaxa aaoxaxa Hamero saKOHOjaxe-ibCTBa, jo uHaepaxopaAaexcanApaU. B i nacToamee ae Bpeaa, caaaaHHaro jocTaToiHO a-ix oOiacueHia, nonexy bi Tpyjt HameMi HCTopaqecxifi xaTepiaxi pacaoxoseHx no bthmi py6pnaaMi. SaTiMi ocxaioTca r6 tocthhh naM-Snenin, xoxe6aaia, HeBaocHamia ho- bhxi aana.il, hojauaBuiia npocwpi npescxaBaTOJiaui ciapuxi, toabko ito noftfiaAeHHHxi npaaipinoBi, jmh jauaimiia nepeatci ojaosiy a.ie- MOHry h» a i Apyram, b i ywepfii aopaAxy a cnpaBes.iHBocTH. TaxoBii Bpexeaa ITerpa II, Ahhh, npaBine.ibHHiuJ Anau .leono.iL.jOBnu,
44 IleTpa III. BopfcSa Boeraaro a.ieMenia c i rpaswaHCKHMi, ciapuxi pyc- cehxi HaiaJi c i bobujih, buccbhbuhh UeTpoMi I, KOiieriajbHaro vnpaBjienia c i ejHHOJH'iHUSi, ahhi c i utcTaMH, saaona c i fijaro- CKAOHHOCTb®— BC6 BTO He OCTaAOCb 6631 BAiaHia, BeCBMa 3alliTHarO, aa cyjbCy cenaTa bo Bcefi ero conoKynHOCTH. Hsyaeuie hoaoOhuxi mh- Hyn b i HcropiH npejcTavuraeTi Bucoaifi uHTepeci. Eun b i yapeawe- Hiaxi IleTpa, EKarepHHU II, A-jeitcaiupa I mu ocTaitaautriaPMCB npeji CTporoio CHCT6M08, r.iy6nBoft h oahbctbohi Mucaefi, bhoxh Ahhu h BHpoHa OTitpuBaDTi mini 3kiiBiib 3THX1 rJvOoKOoOjyuaHFUxi yapes- Aemfi, Korja norymecTBeHHaa pyaa, nnojunmafl h oxpaHaBmaa axi, ycTpaHena, h pasAHEHUHi ojesieiiTaMi babe cAoaHBiuefiCH odmecTBea- hocth npejocTaRieHi mupoaifi npocropi, KOivia jHiia h atcia Aijan ,To6uiy, CTapaioTca 3axeaTHTB aoa® b.tecth, ocTaBioeftca 6esi ynoipe6- xema nocjrfe Be.iHKBXi 3aKOuoaaTejefi, m CTpeHaTca noBa.WTb to, et6 npH •HHX1 6b140 C.lHinKOMl, HO HX1 MlHilim, HpOEHO H CHAbHO. Ko- HeEHo, 9th anoxH He upeACTaBaanri HHaero caMOdoaTeabHaro. 06iue- ctbo, blixojji h8i hhxi, He npio6ptraeTi hheoto, spoilt ropbuaro onuTa, KOTopuft, k i tomv ate, HHorja OEasuBaeTca 6e3no.1e.muMi, h noTepn chai, eotopuxi aacTO He yMieTi BOSBpaTHTb. Oho h.ih cni- uihti BOSBpaTBTbca El cxapHMi, yTpa'ieHBMMi yape*AeBiaMi, Baal noc.it CMepTH Ahhu Hbshohhu h najeHia Mnniixa, hah cTpeMHTcak i pe4>opifaMi, kski npn BopapeBiH A.ieKCsHjpa I. H t n ne.iHKaro naaaaa, xapaKTepHayioiuaro Taicoe speMa. H tn thmi hh HBKaaa, hh vipes- AeHia 0 ry6cpHiaxi, hh reHepaabHaro per.iasieirra, hh MnoroEHCAen- hhxi ysaBOBi 061 opraHHsauiH ceHHTa, hh yipejEjema MHHHCTepCTBl, H tn HHEero, BHeceHHaro b i atHsnb hobo® AtaTe.Ti.BOCTb®. Oaho, eto ocTanaBJiHuaeTi. aa ce6i BHHMaHie, bto—HacAtAie cTaparo o6mecTBa, ne ycTaHOBHBuiiecji 3-ieMeHTU HOBaro, Bee bto 6e3i bchkoh oco6ohhoh cbhbh, see 8to b i 6opb64 secTpofiaoS, bi 6opb6t na yAaav; teki, no,n.it anoxH IleTpa I, rpyanapyeTca Bpeaa EKaiepHHu I h IleTpa II, xasi h AUmamee ceMH6oapmHHo8 ciaparo BpeaeBH Bpeaa Ahhu, KOrxa pojb 6oapi Buna-ia Ha joa® HHOCTpaHHUxi A»6HMnera, Bpeaa npana- Te.ibHHHU, KOiAa Haji ncf,ai BOSBUiuaeTca h bo Bceui BupamaeTca AiaTeabHocTb ^eaiAMapmajia MHHHxa. CyAb6a yEpoJE.ieHifi b i TaKu npeiieHa EpeaBuaaflHO .i»6onUTHa; ecaa ne muc.il 3aK0H0AaTe.ia, to o6mecTBO, caMue rocyAapcTBeHHue a» ah, co Bctaa axi cipacraMH h c-ia6ocTHMH, ia®Ti H3catA0BaTearo 6oraTu8 Maxepia.ii, caysaTi opy- Aieiii j.th .lyaniefi kphthkh ycTofiEHBOcra rfexi yEpesAenifl, Koropua VpaCTl TOJLKO ETO HHt.Il CATEaft H3JEHTb BI 3aK0H0AaTeAbH0Ml aKlt MHHyBuieS anoxH. TaKOBu, cjtAOBaTe.n,HO, nyHKTH, Ha BOTopuxi Heo6xoAH>ro 6yAeTi oCTanoBHTbca npa H3yEeHia aoajkhocth reacpaAi-npoKypopoBi, b i ea
45 HCTopHiecKoirb pasBHTiu. lipeMa IIoTpa I, Korja Bb 3aKOHOiaTe.]i>CTBi BMHCHH-iocb SHaieuie, a nojb Baiameab uepiiaro reHepajb-npoKypopa CJOXHJCa THHb 3TOH iOXlBHOCTH. HapcTBOBailip EjHCaBCTU IlexpoBHU, Korja ceuaTy a reHepaib-nposypopy, Bb Tetenin jobojbho aoararo nepioja BpeueiiH, ,jana Ciua bobmosehoctb jiflCTBOBaTb no mucjh Be.iBKai’O saBOHOAaxeaa; peijwpau EKaTepauH II, Korja naiHHaerb BHitMTbea suaienie reHepa.ib-npoKypopa, saai MOrymecTBenHaro op- raiia Hi:no.innTe.ibnoS B-iacTH, a naimiaeTca nocTcneaHoe OTnajaHie ero otb ceaaTa, npio6pfiTasiu(aro aajo-no-Ma-iy SHaienie npeHMyinecTBenao cyjeOHaro Micra. yipeaueiria AaeacaHjpa I, norja, cb BBe,yeHieHb MHHHcrepcTBb, flajaera SHaieHie reHepa-jb-nposypopoBb, a ohh npespa- maniTca Bb MiiiiucTpoBb ucTHQiH, coxpauaa jhibl cjiauuft orrfiHOKb HXb upcaciuu'Onpeofi-iajaiomaro nnaieHia. 3THHb MOMcnTOMb a jojsho oKOHiuTbCJi Hacroantee pa3cyasAenie; cb yipeat^enieMb MHHHCTepcTBb pyccuia ajMHHHcrpania nepenua Ba coBepuieano ApyryD noiay, pas- BHBaeTca Ha jpyraxb Haia.raxb, ixb He Ohio yate Htcra HCTHHHOHy npeACTaBHTejnonponro.ymeft snoxh—renepajb-npoKypopy; 1810 r., x.-e. Bpena liBAauia BXoporo yipeataema MHHHCtepcTBb, ecTb nocjtjHifi npexiib uajeHia btoS jojkbocth, uocxbKOToparooaa yae He aBaaeica Cb npoanHMb snaienieMb. Meauy sthmh rjaBHUMH uoMeHTauH xesaTb spaTEie HpouesyiKu BpeMeHH, Korja ynpeaweme bto no.iyia.jo rtcKOJBKO hhoS xapaKrepb. OfiofilH HXb H'ixb B03H0KH0CTH, KBKb HH H8J0 HM'fnOTb OHH, Ha nep- Buft Bsrxaab, CBH3Hcb jojsnocTiio reHopajb-npoKypopoBb. HanpHMipb, H3B’feCTH0, 1T0 6u.H0 BpCMH, KOPja OHH <|)aETHieCKH He CyH(eCTBOBajH H 3T0 apoaoxatajiocb aoBOJbHO jo.tro— HxeHHO cb 1726—1730 h HOTOHb Cb 1731—1741, C-rfejOBaTO-ibBO, boith 15-Tb jbib. Ho, He bohbbuih CMUc.ia 3to8 snoxH, He sboh ex no^poSnocTe# h Taftnuxb npysunx, ne.ibiia noHHTb, EaKb cjbjyeTb, poxn BTHXb SjDCTHTeieft sasoHa, hh npniHHb, noieMy ohh He 6luh yHHiTOseHtj Bb coBepnieHHO anajorn- qecKHXb oficTOHTexbCTBaxb, Hanp., Bb uapcTBOBaHie HxnepaTopa IlaBja Ha BTOHb ocHOBamn, a Hairipeab pascMOTpbxb h snoxy, ae SHasmyn reHepa.ib-npoEypopoBb. llpaa.xa nxb He 6bijo, ho ocraBaxca cenaTb h KapxHHacenaxa, -ramennaro CBoero npejcTaBHTe.M, sioateTb nocayatHTb Bb pa3bHcaeHiio xoro, ito Tasoe 6ujb can stotb npeacTannie.jb, KBKifl HaiaJia Bon.ioma.iHCb Bb btoS Basuofi jo.tshocth. Tasoft OTpa- Daie.ibHufi nyxb BecbHa noae3eHb Bb Haysb pyccsaro rocyjapcrBeHHaro npaBa, rjb npaaoe a noxoacHTe.j£Hoe xojEOBame xorsoi saKOBojaTeji,- ctb8 npexcTasiaeTb MHoria BasBua ney,jo6ciBa, no npHiHHt no.rao# HeofipafiorannocTH OTnocancHxca ctoaa HaiepiajOBb. MaiepiMti bth, sponb CBOeft HeoOpaOoTaanocTH, nopaatasiTb enie CBoeio CKyflOCTiK). Macca ,TOKjMeHTOBb, Koropue xor.iB 6h npo,rnrb
— 46 — apKifl cniis Ha po.ib h ntaTe.ibHOCTb H3fiaeMaro nanu yapeatjeaw, jiesaTT. eme bb apxHBaxB, By»na»TCH be coGHpaTejaxB ohhthhxb h, bo BCHKowb c.iyqat, 6oate pasGoplMUXB, w6mb r. HnaHOBi, KOTopuft et, cbohxb fliorpaifiaxi. reHepaxB-npoKypopoBB ‘), ofi.iaiaa MaccoS aparoninBUXB, He H3naHHHXB MaiepiaxoBB, BunycTim. bb cBtn. TOJbKO Ti, BOTOpBie 6e3B Toro HBBiCTHU nciMB no IIoxhomv CofipaHilO SaKOHOBB. r.iaBn'kflinie hcto'ihhkh, eotophmh ii no.ib30Ba.ica jya HacToamaro ipyaa, KOHeiHO saKXBH&xHCt. m, IIo.iHOirb CoGpaniH 3aKOHOBB. Hirba bb Buy npejCTaBHTb HsiauRue jiaiepia.ra bb CHcreaaTHHecKoft iJiopH* H CB HfiKOTOpOfl KpHTH'leCEOS OUtnUOli, a HOUO-lbHO ;w.i*eHB 6hxb npeaifle BCero ocTaHOBHTMa na tomb, bto yate octb. A ecn> y HacB, fi-iarojapa jviaieabuocTH nomennuxB mockobckbxb H8jaTe.iefr, MHorie Becbaa aparoaiHHHe xoKyaeHTU. TaKB, Banp., HieRia ofimecTBa HCTopin h xpeBH. Poc. aaKHOMaioTBbb ceOi xaaia Benin, itaKB upoTOKoauBepxoB- Haro TaSaaro conira, ceEperir&Sniee nacTau.ienie ekssi) Ba3eMCKoay, 3aimcKa o6b ApreaiH Bo.imhckomb, utcKoxbKO bbuhcokb o jio.iikhocth ceHaia, npencraBJieHHuxB Haaepaiopy AxescaBjpy I, 3anncEH Xpano- BHiiKaro u t. a. 3ar£KB, Pyccaift Apxhbb saitnonacTB bb cefit MHoaecTBO aaTepiaJOBB, OTBOcanpracaso napcTBOBania HwnepaTopa lleipa I h EKa- tepiiim II. ApxBBB Hct. a lIpaKT. CBkj. r. Kaxaneua no3HaaoMH.iB H8CB CO B3r.iaaaMM Ha PVCCKVKI aaMHHHCTpailil) 1'aEKXB a^BTexeS, KEKB rpaiJiB CnepaacEifi 2). Kposti stiixb Hasamtt, a no.ibSOBa.TCK eme C-rt- ayioniHKH HaTepiaxasm: ToxHEOBa, ..ipkaHia IleTpa Be.iBnaro“, bsa- 1785 r.; TareMeflcTepa, . 0 3asoHaxB UeTpa I “ , uok. bb JKvp. M. H. II., aa 1836 r.; Manasa, .Ebauche pour donner une idee de la forme du gouveraement de l'empire de Russie“, Copenhague 1774 r. (Becbxa JBfiomjTBH# XOKyMeBTB, XOTa TpefiyeTB Co.lblROR OCTOpOSHOCTH npH noxbsoBaniH); MarnHHB liunaiura XXII TOMa; /fiienniiEB RaMMepB- IOHKepa Eepxroxbga, nepeB. r. Ammohe; .Haysa h .iHTepaTypa upii IleTpf. I “ , r. IleEapcxaro; Posselt, .Peter der Grosse und Leibnitz\", Mocsaa 1843 r.; TyaaHCKaro „3anHCKH, OTaocaniiaca no napciBOBaHia Ilerpa I “ ; Peter von Havens, „ReiBe in Russland” ; VcTpasoBa, .Hcropia UeTpa I “; BeSseMeSepa, .jfsopB h 3ai£inaTexbBHe jiioih bb Poccin, bo 2-8 noxoBHHis XVIII ctox.\"; IIncbMa .lejit Ponso; Chantreau, .Voyage philosophique, politique et litteraire, fait an Russie pendant les anndes 1788 et 1789“; W. Coxe, .Reise durch Polen, Russland, etc. 1785 r. h£m. hss.; La Mattray, .Voyages\" (kb Poccia othochtcbt. II-S); .IJeisen nnd merkwUrdige Nachrichten zweier Neufrankon, aanenaT. no nf,M. bb ') UpHi. » iKypHa.iv Mhh. IOct. 1863 a 1864 rr. \") C*. ctaitw: 0 rocyj. ycraHOBJeauixi, Bi ApxHBt, 3a 1859 r., eh. 3.
— 47 — 1797 r.; IljTemecTBie Marcliall'a bb 1768, 1769 h 1770 r.; IlyTe- mecTBie Dechiseaux bb 1727 r.; 3anacsa CiaTCB-CeKpeTape# TpHfioB- CKaro a XpanoBHiucaro o EaaTepaHt II; „5Kh3di. bh. IIIaxORCKaro“, cob. PaiaineBa; „MapKH3B AO-xa-IIIeTapAH bb PocciH\", cob. aitajeanKa lie- Kapcsaro. Jjpyrie hctobbheh fty.iyn, ysasanu bb caMOMT. pa3cyx,yeHiH. Kb BHC.iy 9THXB cupuxB MaTepiajiOBB, kb coiKa-rtiiis), mbjo hosho npafiaKHTB aaicoHwmiHx'i, TpyAOBB no pyccsoxy npaBy. Xoth octb iitcKO.ii.ico siOHOrpaijiifi, ho ohh hah othociitch Coate kb xtcrHOxy ynpaRaoHiio—thkobu .OfiaacTHua ynpexAema Poccia XVII b.“, r. Hhbo- paHa, „0 aautcTBHKaxB, booboahxb a ry6epaaTopaxB“, r. AHApeescKaro, „I'yCepnia, ea seacKia a npaB. yipexaema\", r. .loxBauaaro; hah saTporHBaiOTB oxHy .ihuil dopoHy Bucuiefi axMHHHCTpaKia, hmchho cyAB, a to ao yipeaiAema o ryfiepniaxB, bbeb „Hciopia cyxefiHUXB ancTaHHiS*1, r. JI,MHTpieBa a .Ochobhhh naBaxa Pyccnaro cvAoycxpoS- CTBa a rpaatAaHCEaro cyAoupoa3Boactbs“, r. Kasejiana, h.ih, HaKOHepB, ocxanaBAHBaDTca Ha saoxi Ilerpa I, barb coBBHeaie r. HeBo-inna ,06b odpaaoBaHia ynpaBAeaia bb Poccia otb IoaHna III ao IleTpa BeAHKaro\", riOMtmemioe bb 6-mb Tout ero conaHeHifi. Kohobho, set Ha3BamiHfl co'iHHeiiin pa8B«CHaiOTB Mtioro bhcthuxb BonpocoBB,. oco6enno KorAa Atao haotb o BpeMcaaxB, ho BHaBuiaxB ptaKaro OTAaiia aicTHofi otb HBHTpa.ii.HO0 Biacra. Ho sattMB BonpocB O'ueHTpaji.HwxB ynpeaae- aiaxB Poccia bb TeBeHia XVIII ct., bo BceS ero coBoaynnocTH, Bee eme kabtb H3c.rtA0eaTe.ieS. Ho.ie o6Diapuoe, MaTepiaju HeTpoHyTti, Boupocu He paSBHCHeHH...
MATEPIAJIH JiyiJI PE$OPMH HETPA I. B b pyccEOMB oumecTBi X V II ct. mojbho yace saKtTHTb Bet sie- MeHTU, uat KOTopuxT. BnocafiacTBiH cjohumocb IleTpoBCsoe rocyiap- CTBO. A^aTeiBHOCTI. MOCItOBCKHXB papeft HOAPOTOB.LJieTB 0(5mHpHHa cpe^CTBa j j a npeofipasoBaTeaa a bb to ate BpeMa onpejiaaeiB cno- co6t», KOTopuMB oht> 6yi£Tt> npoBojHTB cBOio pe(|>opiiy. IlepBOe, TOO nopaataeTB npu iiavieiiiH ciaparo roty^apcTBennaro 6tiTa h ocofierao ueHTpaabHaro HocaoBcaaro ynpaBjema, sto e.ioatHBiuirica uotth KjaccB HCK.uoiHTe.iBHO cjyatHJbixB .TiOAeft, T.-e. Tasoft KjaccB, EOTopuft 6e3- noBopoTHO 6an> npmiHcaHB k b rocyjapeBy j i a y h lie 3HaiB apyrHXB HHTcpecoBt KpoM'fc cayatSu; Ma.io Toro—canoe cymecTBOBRHie ero 6tuo iieMuc.iHMo <Se8B hack cjyatfibi. Bb MockbIi 3to saM'&TH’ie Bcero no- TOMy, 1T0 3A$Cb BTi OCOfieHHOCTH COCpeAOTOIKBajaCb *iaTe.TBHOCTB CJV- snaaro cocaoBia, j,a h canoe bto cocjOBie, tukb ito HanpacHO 6buo <5h HcaaTb cai^OBB ero ataTeaBHocTH a nsyiaTt ero xapairrepB Bfft Mockbh naa nopyiemft, xaBaeMHXB hsb M ockbh. Tpn uapCTBOBama, HenocpeACTBeBHO upejuiecTBOBannrifl IleTpy, cjluajiH h 3aKpinHJH bto Tpv^Hoe jt-io. Muoro paa.THiHHXB chctohb ynpaBaeHia HcnuTaaa Poc- cia, cb r tx B nopt, kskb bb Heft hohbhjihcb nepBUe 3apoj,uniH rocy- japcTBa h MHoro nepeMiHB npoHsonuo bb caMOMB coc-ionui, bb pyitaxB EOToparo HaxojHHOct rocyjapcTBeHHoe jia o . Eme ApeBHHa Poccia 3Baja EaaccB, uCE.iioqHTeji.HO upejaHHuft cjiyacfrli, h 0T.iHia.ia ero otb ocTa.n.Roft itaecH Hacejeniu'). Ho 9T0 He 6u.ro c.iya6a bb HaCToameMB chbic.1'6 c.ioiia; bto 6ujo npaBO ynpanjaxL, ho ne oftroaHHOCTb cjysHTB ofimeny 6rory, npaso cofiHpaTB bb cboio norosy hohumhu cb npou,ec- cobb h yroaoBHHXB A iJB, ho He oOaaaHHocTt cjyatHTb opraHOMB npaBO- cyAia; 9to Oujo npaBO nnoro no.iyiaTb, HHiero He janaa bb sairtirb— ') Cojouicoi, Hciopia Poccia, r. XIII, ctp. 79. „Bb jpeBHifimia Bpcxcaa n aw** » Pocci. nepBonaiajiHoe jiuemc napoia »a bocbhhib h Be BoeiiHuxBB, MJ- «eS a
— 49 si?! caoaoMX np&BO Ha AoGaiy, oflmee cx eiihscht., noaueMt ApywHHii '). Taat, bx oTiajeHniSraiS nepiojx nauiefi Hcxopiit, mu HaxoAiiMx yse sapoAumx Ttxx OTHOinonift, BOTopua aobxkhu 6hjh vctuhubhtboh y c-iyaamaro cocaoBia kx khb3k> cx ojhoA, kx aapo^y cx jpyrofi cto- poHu. Ho OTHomeHiio xx khh3(o oho cocTaaiacTx Kaaccx jhhx, hbx KOTopuxx Kuasb HaCapaeTx cBoe boScko, H3(5npacrb hhm4cthhkobx, TiyaoBX, cyAefi, no OTHomeHin nx napoAy ono anjaerca itaaccoMXBaa- AtxbiecKHMX h TpetiynnpMX nopsxa no npaBy caysfiu. Hxxnei'o erne He 6azo rrpoinaro bx bthxx OTHOmeHiaxx. Boape-ApyatnHHMKH otx- t3xaau, nepeniHa-iH oahoto KHasa Ha APyroro, KHaw.ii nf.na.tHci. yxt- ■xhhh, xpecTbaHe 6bxh Tasaxe cboCoahu, nepexoAa ne to.ilko otx Baa- A’f.iLua kx B.iaA’lubny, ho n nsx yataa bx yAtax J). CatAORaie.ii,no, nona nn nnasba He HMtan cocaoBia, Btuxo ofiaaaHHaro caysdoS Ha Bcefl hxx Boat, hh cocaoBie bto ho Hsxtao hoax cofion rpoMaAHoa pa- Ootefi cnau, olSaaaHHoft KopMHTb axoaefi, npnuHcaHHUxx kx rocyjapeBy Atay. CoBAHTb to a Apyroe fiuao 3aaaieio MocsoBCKaro rocyAapcTBa. Oho naiHHaeTX cx Toro, too bx HpHHaHHt yuHiToataeTx CTapoe no- naTie o cayx6i, itaKX o npaBt KaasAoB APysaHU Ha KopiueHie h ao- 6tny. HBaHx I'posHbifi kpjto noBepHyax orx oToro Eaacca, ao Ttxx nopx noabBOBasmaroca BCtun butoabhh ynpasaenia, u nepcaaax h (fmxxancu ApyroHy, He Apy*HHHoiry saejteHTy, saeneHTy cTapofi ciH, jKHBineMy eme bx napoAHOHX coBHamn, HecnoTpa Ha to, too 6uax sacaoHeHx apJ'Bxhhhxjmx iianuioMX — hmohho oCmnHaicx yciaBHUxx rpaMOTaxx papa Hiiana BacHabeaHna TpoBHaro 3) tobophtx yace HOBOe rocyAapmo; HAea ofiiparo Caara haotx BnepeAH CTapuxx npaBx; Bonpocx o cayaOt ptmaeTca Ha ocHOBania to8 ixaccH AOlSpa Man 8aa, Kasym noayiHaH ynpaBaaemje o n ynpaBaaxomuxx. HaBO- Hepx, papb npeAOCTaBaaeTX ce6i npaBO bobco ycTpaHHTb BaeneHTx, OKasaBinificn HeroAHUux Aaa ero cayatCu, h npHBBaTb APyrofl, cosep- menHO eMy npoTHBynoaoxHiiB, He 3aKJiranxnifl bx ce6t cx toikh 3ptHia crapuxx KHasefl Hixioro npaBUTeaxcTBeHHaro, totx caMUfl, ko- Topuft 6bi.ix yHHTOOXEenx upeAinecTBeHHHKaiiH Fpoiinaio u hhx cauHHx bx BoabBbixx ropoaaxx HosropoAt h HcBOBt. ,9x0 Hanepepx cero
— 50 — xamnajH ccmh 6oapt cbobxb a KHH3eft h jiTefi GoapcKBXB, ropoja a bojocth jasajii hmt, bb EopMjeHbB, h uamb otb KpeCTLHHB qeaoGaTBa BeiHKie a AOKTua 6tu&6e3npecTaHnaa... H hh, aajiyniH KpecTbHHCTBO, Aia rfcx-i. bcjihkkxb npo.WRBa yCuTKOBt, aaaliCTHHEOBB a no.iocTe.iefi h UpaBeTBHKOIl’i OTBropO.TOBBBOTB KO.IOCTefi OTCTaBMH“... lIocrfjCTBieMT. raicoro BSraaja 6u.io yqpeasAeaie bhGophhxb AOjanocTefl, T.-e. bosb- .ienie aipHaro h seacnaro miaia bb aameft apuHimcTpapin. Ho stoto najio 6u.io nap®. OGiphhu Shah caaaucoMB caaOu, bto6u OTCTpaBHTB CTapoe ApyatBHHOe Haqaao; paGciBO ace Goalie a Goalie yKptuaaaoct bb namcMB oGnjecTBi; yace Ojhsko Ghjio BpeMa, Korja saKOHOAaT&iB- ctbo aoaatHo Gtuo cosaaib nepBoe cocaoBie, upHnHcaBHoe Ha cayaceme uyaHMB HHTepecascB, cocaoBie KpecTbaacEO-KpinocTHOe. .HifieiBHiejlbHO, sajaqa paGoqaro KpecibauCKaro cocaoBia BOBce He 6uaa caysGa rocy- AapCTBCHH&a. rpo3BU0 nepejaaB eay cy«B h ijwuanconoe yupaBaeme He HOTOMy, bto npraHaBa.n. ero noqeay aaGo chocoGhumb buhojhhtb aaaaqy, Ha Hero BosaoaseHHV*), a npocTO sa neBsrfcuieMB aaqero apy- roro. floaioMy, p&aohb cb stoh EopeHHoft pe<t>opirofi, ohb iuiajeTBocho- Baaie hobom.v saaccy a®Aefi cayataaHXB, bb hoboxb, moceobckomb CMHC-lll. OllJIHBHHHa HlUneTCH anepPHfeCKHHB HpOTeCTOXB npOTHBB cxapbixB cayaceCHKixB uouaxiii. CkicTaBJieHnaahub -iiojcft xyAopoanuxi, aeHMliBniiixB mixero oGiparo co cxapMxa ue.ii,»oacaxn—APyxHRHHE&MH, ona He HMfc.Ta jpyraxB nmepecoBB KpoMi rocypapeBa A'taa '). .laq- Haa sacayra saa^HHaa G.iecKB upOHCxoatjema, a HOTOvy to.ibko no.ifl rocyjapa Moraa onpe.Tt.iaTB, Kasoe Micro saSserr. onpanaaEB Meawy cbohmu TOBapamawi. H:n, hhxb-to AoaatnH 6mjh buSth .tdah, jaa KOTopuxB HHTepecB rocyaapcTBa 6u.ib 6m nuuie hxb nacTHoft no.ii.3u, cocaonie nmne popa a ceMBH, airrepecB pnaBbime CTapuxB npepaaifi,— aboth 6e3B noauu, 6e3B BocnoMHnaHifl, 6esB caMnaTin kb ospyataB- meay. Botb, caipoBaTeabHo, Kaaie Tpa aaeweHTa apa Hanaai hockob- caaro rocypapciiia poaxhu Gij.ih HecTa rocy.TapcTnenHyjo cayisGy; cia- poe posoBoe GoapcTBO, oCTaTOKBppennaro ppysaHHaro naqaaa; oGdibbs, ocTaTOKB CTapocaaBancaaro GuTa a npoAyKTB eaMOCTOjiTeaBHoft pia- Te.iLHOCTa MocKOBCaaro papa; Hosoe cayacaaoe cocaoBie, npaaapoBaeH- Hoe HcaaiowreabHO aaa rocyAapcTBeHHHXB piae2. KaKOfi bsb araxB saeMeHTOBB ypiafeeiB bb GopaGi, Koiopaa HeMHHyeuo AoaatHa aaqaTtca BaocaiACTBia? Bca acropia Poccia otb IoapHa TposHaro ao noon Pomahobhxb HanoaKeHa 3thmb nocToaBHUHB KojeGauieMB, OTB OAHOTO aaeaeHTa kb Apyroay. Onpaupna yAepataaact He Aoaro: eipe csmb rposHHii yna'iT0*H.iB ee; eipe cjmpkomb shbh Gaaa crapHa nana.ra, itoGu oHa, Jhtb Hosairo Bpe«eaH, Mor.ia cpasy OAoaiTB HXB-eii ppa- ') Cm. KaneJum, VpBxn. Gun Tpem. Poccin, crp. 360- 862.
51 naxxeauuo Cyaymee. Hpn Toni eme cxhhikomx HOBa duxa bx Poccih axe« nonHaro npOTUBonoioaeHia «apa h aea-iH. Poccia ae xonua eiRe AO i|>opMajH3Ma sanajnoft Eaponu; xicHO, mbs oto xoaasajrH nocjtfl- CTBia, cjmBajmcb napi h schctbo. Octuocb *Ba Haia.m xpeBHefi Poc- ciH— CoapcxBO h ofimHHH. Ha nepsuft Rarxaxx noc-risxnaa nni.ia 3a codon dojbme raxeaxu Ha ycir&xx. BoapcTBO, OTCTpanennoe otx Bas- Htfinraxx Mien, jHmeHHoe npaea cyja h pacnpaBU, OTTo.iKHyToe iiapeux, aoTopufi nepecTaxx ero aaxoBaTB, aosxbo 6imo, aasajocs, ycTynHTb Micro odniHHaMX. Ohh no.iyiH.iH nocTeneuHO bx CBoe pac- nopaateHie cyxx, ospanenie desonacHocTH h thihhhh, npccjfcxoBaHie BopoBX, pasdofinHKOBX'), ifHHaHCOBynutaTeabHocrx’),—caoBoax o6ihhh- Roe naiaxo noxyraxo anaiHTC.ibHoe yiacrie bx 8eMCK0nx vnpaBxeHiH. Mh4 saaerca coBepmeHao ot.ihiiihhmx cuopx o tohx, fiuxo xh oto aBxeaie cosaaHieux uockobckhxx rocy.iapefl hjh shboS eme ocTaroKX cTapo-pyccaoS jkbshh. PocyxapcTBO 6hjo eme cjhihromx c.ia6o, ito(5h codciBeHHUMH CH.iaHH oTCTpaHHTX n$xoe cocjOBie otx ynpaBxema, co3jaTt coBepmeHHO hobuS axeaeHTX h onepeTbca Ha Hero bx jU rocyjapcTBOHHoS pe^opau. flxa naiHHanmaro rocyxapCTiiacoBepmeHHO XOCTETOIHO, eCXK OHO yHteTX BX HapOJHO0 MBCCi BHCjiXHTB HCTHHH0 aHBoe naia.To, noxroTOBxeHHoe iipexiuecTBynmen zhbhxd, roroBOe kx oOmecTBeHHoS xiaTe-ibHOCTH h, hohhbhih snaienie Tasoro a.ieaeHTa, npH3UBaerx ero kx cedi Hahomoihi, *>. flxa aero npumcHnaTR mockob- crhhx rocyxapaax xixo, KOTopoe du.io He no ch.umx doxie opraHH- BOBaHHUMX OdmeCTBeHHOCTHMX 3auaxH0ft EbPOHH? KopOJH IIB 'J'paH-
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