Dau tranh chong cac quan diem, luan dieu xuyen tac

["Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A - M\u00c1C L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 49 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00fang ta \u0111i t\u1edbi th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111i t\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n\u201d1. N\u0103m 1966, trong B\u00e0i n\u00f3i \u1edf l\u1edbp hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean m\u1edbi do Th\u00e0nh \u1ee7y H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5: \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i khoa h\u1ecdc th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng giai c\u1ea5p v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng\u201d2. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00fat n\u00e0o qu\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0: Su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u cho T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, l\u00e0m cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00ean T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c ta v\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d3. N\u0103m 1969, trong Di ch\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ea5y l\u1eddi n\u00e0y, ph\u00f2ng khi t\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u0111i g\u1eb7p c\u1ee5 C\u00e1c M\u00e1c, c\u1ee5 L\u00eanin v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e0n anh kh\u00e1c\u201d. N\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong Di ch\u00fac l\u00e0 \u201cTr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea3ng\u201d4. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0111o\u00e0n vi\u00ean v\u00e0 thanh ni\u00ean, B\u00e1c cho r\u1eb1ng: \u201c\u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103m lo gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng cho h\u1ecd, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1eeba \u201ch\u1ed3ng\u201d v\u1eeba \u201cchuy\u00ean\u201d. B\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng cho \u0111\u1eddi sau l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ta \u1edf mi\u1ec1n xu\u00f4i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai, \u0111\u00e3 bao \u0111\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng gian kh\u1ed5 b\u1ecb ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u00e1p b\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, l\u1ea1i kinh qua nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m chi\u1ebfn tranh. Tuy v\u1eady, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta r\u1ea5t anh h\u00f9ng, d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, h\u0103ng h\u00e1i, _______________ 1. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.12, tr.563. 2, 3, 4. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.15, tr.113, 115, 611.","50 \u0110\u1ea4U TRANH CH\u1ed0NG C\u00c1C QUAN \u0110I\u1ec2M, LU\u1eacN \u0110I\u1ec6U XUY\u00caN T\u1ea0C... c\u1ea7n c\u00f9. T\u1eeb ng\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea3ng, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111i theo \u0110\u1ea3ng, r\u1ea5t trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng. \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1eadt t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, nh\u1eb1m kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng n\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\u201d1. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh C.M\u00e1c v\u00e0 V.I.L\u00eanin, c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 l\u1edbp tr\u1ebb. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin l\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u1ed1t khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. T\u1eeb b\u1ecf ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00e1i c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. \u0110\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n. 3. Th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh T\u1eeb n\u1eeda cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX \u0111\u1ebfn nay, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p. Sau nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u phong tr\u00e0o y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u1eeda cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u00f5i \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean m\u1edbi \u201cx\u1ee9 \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p g\u1ed3m n\u0103m k\u1ef3\u201d (B\u1eafc K\u1ef3, Trung K\u1ef3, Nam K\u1ef3, Ai Lao v\u00e0 Cao Mi\u00ean), c\u00e1i t\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa. _______________ 1. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.15, tr.612.","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A - M\u00c1C L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 51 Giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o T\u00e2y Du c\u1ee7a c\u1ee5 Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh; giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t Nh\u1eadt t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o \u0110\u00f4ng Du c\u1ee7a c\u1ee5 Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u. S\u1ef1 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \u1ea5y b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u00e2u xa l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa k\u1ebb th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb, gi\u1eefa k\u1ebb c\u01b0\u1edbp n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 hai b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn: b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0ng y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, d\u1ec5 th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng; b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n m\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n th\u00ec cam t\u00e2m l\u00e0m tay sai cho th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. Sau th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 trong \u0111\u00eam t\u1ed1i, t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ki\u1ebfp n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ng\u1ef1a tr\u00e2u m\u00e0 l\u1eddi t\u1ef1 v\u00e3n c\u1ee7a c\u1ee5 Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3: Trong \u0111\u1eddi t\u00f4i ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u0103m l\u1ea7n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0, v\u00ec sao nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ed1ng ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 qu\u00e2n M\u00f4ng - Nguy\u00ean, qu\u00e2n Minh m\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam ra \u0111\u1eddi (1858-1929), c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n \u201ckhi n\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y nh\u1ed5 h\u1ebft c\u1ecf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam th\u00ec m\u1edbi h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam \u0111\u00e1nh T\u00e2y\u201d l\u1ea1i c\u1ee9 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i m\u00e3i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi tr\u00ean l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea5t Th\u00e0nh - Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c - H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m suy ng\u1eabm v\u00e0 b\u00f4n ba t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc qua kho\u1ea3ng 30 qu\u1ed1c gia, L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng","52 \u0110\u1ea4U TRANH CH\u1ed0NG C\u00c1C QUAN \u0110I\u1ec2M, LU\u1eacN \u0110I\u1ec6U XUY\u00caN T\u1ea0C... \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3). R\u1eb1ng \u201cC\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh M\u1ef9, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i, ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c trong th\u00ec n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng, ngo\u00e0i th\u00ec n\u00f3 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00e3 4 l\u1ea7n r\u1ed3i, m\u00e0 nay c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng Ph\u00e1p h\u1eb5ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i m\u01b0u c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa m\u1edbi h\u00f2ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng \u00e1p b\u1ee9c. C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh An Nam n\u00ean nh\u1edb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y\u201d1. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, t\u1eeb phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u1eeb C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Nga, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c r\u00fat ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Sau 10 n\u0103m chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 ba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n: t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1930. Do c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ec1 ra \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o - \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua b\u1ed1n c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c l\u1edbn: C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m n\u0103m 1945 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i (n\u0103m 1954), kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9, c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i (n\u0103m 1975) v\u00e0 \u0111i l\u00ean x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau: D\u00e2n gi\u00e0u, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, v\u0103n minh. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, \u0110\u1ea3ng ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o _______________ 1. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.2, tr.296.","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A - M\u00c1C L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 53 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m n\u0103m 1945 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a (nay l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Vi\u1ec7t Nam) th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c n\u0103m 1946, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Vi\u1ec7t Nam do Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u theo nghi th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfp nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00edn n\u0103m kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao l\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7 n\u0103m 1954 th\u00ec Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u00fd Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a 20 n\u0103m ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7 tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng n\u0103m 1972 tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i th\u00ec M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu k\u00fd Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Pari th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang n\u0103m 1973. V\u1edbi th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a h\u01a1n 40 n\u0103m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 30 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, Vi\u1ec7t Nam gi\u1eef v\u1eefng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c gia, tham gia t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 ASEAN v\u00e0 Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i tr\u00ean b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, trong \u0111\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u1ea5y ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, kim ch\u1ec9 nam cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n, ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi n\u00f3i ri\u00eang. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u","54 \u0110\u1ea4U TRANH CH\u1ed0NG C\u00c1C QUAN \u0110I\u1ec2M, LU\u1eacN \u0110I\u1ec6U XUY\u00caN T\u1ea0C... to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 IX c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng r\u00fat ra b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc sau 15 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi l\u00e0: \u201ctrong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, ph\u1ea3i ki\u00ean tr\u00ec m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh\u201d1. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (n\u0103m 1991): \u201cC\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn c\u1edd chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00ec th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng hi\u1ec7n nay v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 t\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh\u201d2. V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i X c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c r\u00fat ra b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a 20 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi l\u00e0: \u201ctrong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i xa r\u1eddi m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang, v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 kim ch\u1ec9 nam cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng\u201d3. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t trong \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, ch\u1ec9nh _______________ 1, 2. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 IX, Nxb. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2001, tr.19, 20. 3. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 X, Nxb. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2006, tr.70.","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A - M\u00c1C L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 55 \u0111\u1ed1n \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e0: \u201cki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kh\u00f4ng \u0111a nguy\u00ean, \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng\u201d1. Trong C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (B\u1ed5 sung, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103m 2011) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 XI c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng th\u00f4ng qua, \u0110\u1ea3ng ta kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cn\u1eafm v\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn c\u1edd \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i - ng\u1ecdn c\u1edd vinh quang m\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 trao l\u1ea1i cho th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 h\u00f4m nay v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 mai sau. \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 hai nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi nhau\u201d2; \u201c\u0110\u1ea3ng l\u1ea5y ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, kim ch\u1ec9 nam cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u1ea5y t\u1eadp trung d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n\u201d3. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i XII c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cKi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n Vi\u1ec7t Nam; ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. N\u00e2ng cao b\u1ea3n l\u0129nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, t\u00ednh chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p; kh\u00f4ng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o. Gi\u1eef v\u1eefng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t giai _______________ 1. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 X, S\u0111d, tr.276. 2, 3. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 XI, S\u0111d, tr.66, 89.","56 \u0110\u1ea4U TRANH CH\u1ed0NG C\u00c1C QUAN \u0110I\u1ec2M, LU\u1eacN \u0110I\u1ec6U XUY\u00caN T\u1ea0C... c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, vai tr\u00f2 ti\u00ean phong, g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean\u201d1. Qua n\u1ed9i dung b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa c\u1ea7n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eefng th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u01a1n 87 n\u0103m qua v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp theo. \u0110\u1ec3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, xin ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ed9i dung sau: M\u1ed9t l\u00e0, m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00eau cao \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng theo C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3; c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft, x\u1eed l\u00fd nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc theo C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh v\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean xa r\u1eddi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Hai l\u00e0, ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft h\u01a1n, t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u01a1n, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. _______________ 1. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: D\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n tr\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i XI c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, tr.82.","57 CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A - S\u1ef0 L\u1ef0A CH\u1eccN \u0110\u00daNG \u0110\u1eaeN, PH\u00d9 H\u1ee2P V\u1edaI QUY LU\u1eacT TI\u1ebeN H\u00d3A C\u1ee6A L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec PGS.TS. NGUY\u1ec4N TR\u1eccNG PH\u00daC\uf02a Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, C.M\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thay th\u1ebf t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, C.M\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi suy t\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX m\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7. Khi ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i khoa h\u1ecdc, C.M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph.\u0102ngghen \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng hay mong mu\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng giai c\u1ea5p c\u1ea7n lao, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 _______________ * Nguy\u00ean Vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Vi\u1ec7n L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0110\u1ea3ng, H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh.","58 \u0110\u1ea4U TRANH CH\u1ed0NG C\u00c1C QUAN \u0110I\u1ec2M, LU\u1eacN \u0110I\u1ec6U XUY\u00caN T\u1ea0C... ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. Ph.\u0102ngghen t\u1eebng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh, t\u1eeb khi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Ph.\u0102ngghen cho r\u1eb1ng: \u201cMu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c\u201d1. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u01a1 s\u1edf hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, \u1edf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u1ea5y. C.M\u00e1c c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh gi\u1eefa x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y sang x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a C.M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph.\u0102ngghen v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng coi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00f4ng n\u00eau ra l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u, l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n hay c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a C.M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph.\u0102ngghen, V.I.L\u00eanin v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng B\u00f4ns\u00eav\u00edch Nga \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 1917. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, V.I.L\u00eanin \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau r\u00f5: \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 coi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n th\u00ec xong, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d2. Sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi, trong nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, V.I.L\u00eanin \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung hay nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng _______________ 1. C.M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph.\u0102ngghen: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, 1996, t.19, tr.293. 2. V.I.L\u00eanin: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, 2006, t.26, tr.444.","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A - M\u00c1C L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 59 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi (NEP) do V.I.L\u00eanin kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi (NEP) kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n trung b\u00ecnh. Ng\u00e0y 30- 12-1922 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4vi\u1ebft (Li\u00ean X\u00f4), c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f2n \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec Li\u00ean X\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1t x\u00edt h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ed3ng minh ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1t x\u00edt, qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t, c\u1ee9u lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn. Ch\u00ednh con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a khai ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean theo m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 v\u00ec nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c1 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp trong chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh: h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Li\u00ean X\u00f4 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t si\u00eau c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c trong","60 \u0110\u1ea4U TRANH CH\u1ed0NG C\u00c1C QUAN \u0110I\u1ec2M, LU\u1eacN \u0110I\u1ec6U XUY\u00caN T\u1ea0C... c\u1ee5c di\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hai si\u00eau c\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u1eefa hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, hai si\u00eau c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 m\u00e0 l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn. M\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang, kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ea5y th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u1ed9i dung c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n t\u00edch phong ki\u1ebfn. Li\u00ean X\u00f4, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u to l\u1edbn nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m, y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa th\u00f4ng qua c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5, \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m, khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, khoa h\u1ecdc - c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u00f2n k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, do \u0111\u00f3 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ea5p. Quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00f2n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a quan li\u00eau, \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1eb7c l\u1ee3i, tham nh\u0169ng, vi ph\u1ea1m d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh. H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng do nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u01b0a r\u00f5, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi quy lu\u1eadt, \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u00e0","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A - M\u00c1C L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 61 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 do c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00eam tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1i c\u1edb \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 l\u00e0 t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh n\u00e0o l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111au bu\u1ed3n v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1ch quan ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quy lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 90 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX \u0111\u1ebfn nay, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1eabn ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u to l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nhau, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. D\u00f9 \u0111ang c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c, song theo quy lu\u1eadt ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 20 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, khi Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfp thu ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft. Gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp r\u1ed3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Ch\u1ee7","62 \u0110\u1ea4U TRANH CH\u1ed0NG C\u00c1C QUAN \u0110I\u1ec2M, LU\u1eacN \u0110I\u1ec6U XUY\u00caN T\u1ea0C... ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. N\u0103m 1921, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c cho r\u1eb1ng, do \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u201ccho ph\u00e9p ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o ch\u00e2u \u00c1 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u\u201d1, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n cho \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u1ecfi \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam (n\u0103m 1930) x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh, l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Lu\u1eadn c\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u00e1ng 10-1930 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u201cb\u1ecf qua th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u01b0 b\u1ed5n m\u00e0 tranh \u0111\u1ea5u th\u1eb3ng l\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a\u201d2. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam. S\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1930, khi \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam ra \u0111\u1eddi trong l\u00fac c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng C\u1ea7n V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, ti\u1ec3u t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, qua kh\u1ea3o nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng do ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng khi \u0111\u00f3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t ni\u1ec1m tin. Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh trong th\u01b0 g\u1eedi Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c \u1edf Pari ng\u00e0y 18-2-1922 \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u00ean Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u201ch\u00f4 h\u00e0o qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m hi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n \u00e1p ch\u1ebf\u201d3. Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh th\u1ea5y Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c _______________ 1. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.1, tr.47. 2. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea3ng to\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.2, tr.94. 3. \u0110inh Xu\u00e2n L\u00e2m (Ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean): \u0110\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Nxb. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2006, t.II, tr.252.","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A - M\u00c1C L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 63 nh\u01b0 \u201cc\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ed9c\u201d, \u201cngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1eeba, d\u00e0y c\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tinh th\u00f4ng\u201d1. C\u00f2n Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u trong th\u01b0 g\u1eedi Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u (Trung Qu\u1ed1c) ng\u00e0y 14-2- 1925 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1eb7t ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c: \u201cB\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111em k\u1ebb gi\u00e0 n\u00e0y so v\u1edbi ch\u00e1u, b\u00e1c th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5. Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp hai l\u00e1 th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1u, b\u00e1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y v\u1eeba bu\u1ed3n v\u1eeba m\u1eebng. Bu\u1ed3n l\u00e0 bu\u1ed3n cho th\u00e2n b\u00e1c, m\u00e0 m\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1eebng cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1eeba k\u1ebf nay \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi... Vi\u1ec7c g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i giang s\u01a1n, ngo\u00e0i ch\u00e1u c\u00f3 ai \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1edd \u1ee7y th\u00e1c, g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m thay m\u00ecnh\u201d2. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1930 \u0111\u1ebfn nay, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam do L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c - H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i t\u1eeb th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i kh\u00e1c. Th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m n\u0103m 1945 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn, thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, m\u1edf ra th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1ebb vang c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn oanh li\u1ec7t ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c, gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u to l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam do \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 _______________ 1. \u0110inh Xu\u00e2n L\u00e2m (Ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean): \u0110\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, S\u0111d, tr.252. 2. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed, Nxb. L\u00fd lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2006, tr.161.","64 \u0110\u1ea4U TRANH CH\u1ed0NG C\u00c1C QUAN \u0110I\u1ec2M, LU\u1eacN \u0110I\u1ec6U XUY\u00caN T\u1ea0C... \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 quan tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00ec nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. T\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e1c l\u1eadp n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t - k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u00fd ngh\u0129a then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, an ninh, \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i. Ch\u00ednh s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n tuy\u1ebfn l\u1edbn mi\u1ec1n Nam trong cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9, c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc sau n\u0103m 1975 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, th\u1eed th\u00e1ch n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi T\u00e2y Nam v\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda B\u1eafc, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi. V\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n nh\u00ecn th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00fang s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, n\u00f3i r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 VI c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng (th\u00e1ng 12-1986) trong khi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn ch\u1ec9 ra nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m, y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m d\u1eabn t\u1edbi kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh ch\u1ee7 quan, duy \u00fd ch\u00ed, n\u00f3ng v\u1ed9i trong c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ra c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch; ch\u01b0a","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A - M\u00c1C L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 65 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt kh\u00e1ch quan, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy lu\u1eadt quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. \u201cKinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5: l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ecb k\u00ecm h\u00e3m kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 khi quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111i qu\u00e1 xa so v\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i coi tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kinh t\u1ebf trung gian, qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb th\u1ea5p l\u00ean cao, t\u1eeb quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf l\u00ean quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn\u201d1. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n do \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i VI kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft tinh c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy l\u00fd lu\u1eadn m\u1edbi, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c t\u01b0 duy ch\u1ee7 quan, gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n, n\u00f3ng v\u1ed9i, gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm b\u1eaft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i v\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh n\u00eau r\u00f5: \u201cCu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi x\u01b0a nay ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng, th\u00f3i quen, \u00fd ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 s\u00e2u xa h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t _______________ 1. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea3ng to\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.47, tr.390.","66 \u0110\u1ea4U TRANH CH\u1ed0NG C\u00c1C QUAN \u0110I\u1ec2M, LU\u1eacN \u0110I\u1ec6U XUY\u00caN T\u1ea0C... c\u0169, x\u00f3a b\u1ecf giai c\u1ea5p b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t \u00e1p b\u1ee9c\u201d1. \u201cTrong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p g\u00ec, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c g\u00ec, \u0111i theo t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn d\u1ea7n l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i?... Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i n\u00e2ng cao s\u1ef1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin m\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng ta, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. C\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u1ecbnh ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m, b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh n\u01b0\u1edbc ta\u201d2. T\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i III (th\u00e1ng 9-1960), \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i IV (th\u00e1ng 12-1976) \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i VI (th\u00e1ng 12-1986) l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 duy l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi t\u01b0 duy l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 do th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i VII c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng (th\u00e1ng 6-1991) th\u00f4ng qua C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i XI c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng (th\u00e1ng 01-2011). Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t _______________ 1, 2. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, t.11, tr.91-92, 92.","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A - M\u00c1C L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 67 n\u01b0\u1edbc, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0, \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00f3a t\u1eadp trung, kh\u00e9p k\u00edn, kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt, c\u00f4ng h\u1eefu, bao c\u1ea5p sang n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, \u0111a s\u1edf h\u1eefu, v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh theo c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Hai l\u00e0, v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n sang x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, ph\u00e1t huy d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Ba l\u00e0, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. B\u1ed1n l\u00e0, t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, \u0111a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00f3a, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7, Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c tin c\u1eady, th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf; t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, an ninh, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, bi\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u1ee3i \u00edch qu\u1ed1c gia, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam coi tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho vi\u1ec7c ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i, chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0","68 \u0110\u1ea4U TRANH CH\u1ed0NG C\u00c1C QUAN \u0110I\u1ec2M, LU\u1eacN \u0110I\u1ec6U XUY\u00caN T\u1ea0C... ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf h\u01a1n. S\u00e1ng t\u1ecf v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u1edbi t\u00e1m \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n gi\u00e0u, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, v\u0103n minh. S\u00e1ng t\u1ecf h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9, ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9. S\u00e1ng t\u1ecf h\u01a1n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ecf qua ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, b\u1ecf qua quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea7ng t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc - c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. S\u00e1ng t\u1ecf h\u01a1n trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1edbn trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i XI c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi tr\u1ea3i qua l\u1ecbch s\u1eed x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m, c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ee1. S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd th\u1eb3ng t\u1eafp, d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ea5y th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ee1, th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i khoa h\u1ecdc. T\u1eeb b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc Li\u00ean X\u00f4, \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ed7i n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A - M\u00c1C L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 69 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u quan tr\u1ecdng. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a, h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nhau, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f4ng khai con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u to l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong xu th\u1ebf h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111ang c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u1edbi 185 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 193 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi 13 n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, tham gia nhi\u1ec1u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. V\u1ecb th\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m, y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c hay s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m, y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 l\u1edbn lao \u0111ang l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch qu\u1ed1c gia, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf?. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o to\u00e0n d\u00e2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7","70 \u0110\u1ea4U TRANH CH\u1ed0NG C\u00c1C QUAN \u0110I\u1ec2M, LU\u1eacN \u0110I\u1ec6U XUY\u00caN T\u1ea0C... ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 v\u00ec m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau d\u00e2n gi\u00e0u, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, v\u0103n minh. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o to l\u1edbn. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, quay l\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00f3a b\u1ecf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i ch\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tham v\u1ecdng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110i\u1ec1u d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 h\u1ecd l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m, y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m r\u1ed3i th\u1ed5i ph\u1ed3ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p th\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch b\u00f3p m\u00e9o, xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c v\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, b\u1ea3n l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf quan \u0111i\u1ec3m sai tr\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00fang ta quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m, y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m v\u00e0 v\u1eefng tin v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf, ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quy lu\u1eadt ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.","71 KI\u00caN \u0110\u1ecaNH CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A M\u00c1C - L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH TRONG C\u00d4NG CU\u1ed8C \u0110\u1ed4I M\u1edaI \u0110\u1ea4T N\u01af\u1edaC V\u00cc \u0110\u1ed8C L\u1eacP D\u00c2N T\u1ed8C V\u00c0 CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I Thi\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u1edbng, PGS.TS. NGUY\u1ec4N V\u0128NH TH\u1eaeNG* Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cdi\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh\u201d nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch r\u1ea5t quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. Ch\u00fang lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c, h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. V\u00ec v\u1eady, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1eeba l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch, tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft trong c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta hi\u1ec7n nay. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i XII c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201c\u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3... T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng _______________ * Nguy\u00ean Vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n v\u0103n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng.","72 \u0110\u1ea4U TRANH CH\u1ed0NG C\u00c1C QUAN \u0110I\u1ec2M, LU\u1eacN \u0110I\u1ec6U XUY\u00caN T\u1ea0C... \u0111\u1ea5u tranh l\u00e0m th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi \u00e2m m\u01b0u, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u201cdi\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch; ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n, ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c, sai tr\u00e1i, th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch\u201d1. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i to l\u1edbn, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh vai tr\u00f2 to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft: \u201cCh\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a L\u00eanin \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u201cc\u1ea9m nang\u201d th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i kim ch\u1ec9 nam, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi soi s\u00e1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00fang ta \u0111i t\u1edbi th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111i t\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n\u201d2. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i, l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp thu v\u00e0 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u00ean tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ti\u1ebfp thu tinh hoa v\u0103n ho\u00e1 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n tinh th\u1ea7n qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 _______________ 1. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 XII, S\u0111d, tr.200-201. 2. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.12, tr.563.","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A - M\u00c1C L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 73 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam, m\u00e3i m\u00e3i soi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i. T\u1eeb th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i XII c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cKi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d1. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ngay t\u1eeb khi m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, di\u1ec5n ra cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp nhau nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra ngay t\u1eeb khi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn ng\u00e0y nay. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc, s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn m\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3, \u0111ang v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1eb7t ra. Trong l\u00fac to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9ng minh cho vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u201cv\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng\u201d c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin _______________ 1. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 XII, S\u0111d, tr.199.","74 \u0110\u1ea4U TRANH CH\u1ed0NG C\u00c1C QUAN \u0110I\u1ec2M, LU\u1eacN \u0110I\u1ec6U XUY\u00caN T\u1ea0C... \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t vong t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5t th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin \u0111\u00e3 \u201cg\u00e2y ra\u201d s\u1ef1 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u0103m th\u00f9 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n. L\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 b\u1ecdn c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n, xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c, t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, l\u1edbn ti\u1ebfng cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi, l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u1edf cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p n\u1eefa. Ch\u00fang cho r\u1eb1ng, \u201cch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u01a1 kh\u00ed, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng dung h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay\u201d; r\u1eb1ng \u201cs\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m\u201d (!) \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch c\u0169ng ra s\u1ee9c ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. Ch\u00fang cho r\u1eb1ng, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sao ch\u00e9p ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam; \u0111em \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin; cho r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c; r\u1eb1ng, \u201cH\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp thu m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin\u201d, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng cao si\u00eau; du nh\u1eadp ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p g\u00e2y ra c\u1ea3nh \u201cn\u1ed3i da n\u1ea5u th\u1ecbt\u201d su\u1ed1t m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m m\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd tha th\u1ee9\u201d (!).","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A - M\u00c1C L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 75 Hi\u1ec7n nay v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m s\u1eafp t\u1edbi, l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch \u0111ang v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ra s\u1ee9c ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng k\u00edch, xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c, ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi x\u00f3a b\u1ecf n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ta. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00e2m m\u01b0u, th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch th\u00ec nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1edf c\u1eeda, h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n phai nh\u1ea1t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, ch\u1ea1y theo l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng, gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ta tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cdi\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh\u201d v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00e2m m\u01b0u, th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edbi nh\u1eb1m xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ta. Xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ta trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c, h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p, ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi x\u00f3a b\u1ecf vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, h\u00f2ng l\u00e0m s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam.","76 \u0110\u1ea4U TRANH CH\u1ed0NG C\u00c1C QUAN \u0110I\u1ec2M, LU\u1eacN \u0110I\u1ec6U XUY\u00caN T\u1ea0C... \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t trong ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i chung, ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh n\u00f3i ri\u00eang, c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch s\u1ebd t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu sau \u0111\u00e2y: xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c, ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin tr\u00ean c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0: l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0, s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n; ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng ta; ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam; h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u201c\u0111a nguy\u00ean ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp\u201d!. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c, ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (B\u1ed5 sung, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103m 2011) v\u00e0 trong V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i XII c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f3a XII, c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban Th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ee5 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tinh vi, th\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed9c, x\u1ea3o quy\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ph\u00f2ng, ch\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch, sai tr\u00e1i tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, ph\u00e1p","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A - M\u00c1C L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 77 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1eeba qua \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch, sai tr\u00e1i, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng cho c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, b\u1ea5t c\u1eadp trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u1ec1 \u00e2m m\u01b0u, th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn. C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh trong x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch, sai tr\u00e1i tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng tin, t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u, kinh ph\u00ed cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch, sai tr\u00e1i tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, b\u1ea5t c\u1eadp, ch\u01b0a theo k\u1ecbp s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh. V\u00ec v\u1eady, h\u01a1n l\u00fac n\u00e0o h\u1ebft, vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch, sai tr\u00e1i tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng,","78 \u0110\u1ea4U TRANH CH\u1ed0NG C\u00c1C QUAN \u0110I\u1ec2M, LU\u1eacN \u0110I\u1ec6U XUY\u00caN T\u1ea0C... l\u00fd lu\u1eadn nh\u1eb1m kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, b\u00e1c b\u1ecf c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch, sai tr\u00e1i tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng, c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch trong c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta hi\u1ec7n nay. \u0110\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh; \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea5u tranh l\u00e0m th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi \u00e2m m\u01b0u, th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch, \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch, sai tr\u00e1i tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa \u201cx\u00e2y\u201d v\u1edbi \u201cch\u1ed1ng\u201d. V\u1eeba ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1eeba t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch, sai tr\u00e1i tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn. Ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi kh\u00e1ch quan, c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta. Ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta hi\u1ec7n nay. Ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, kim ch\u1ec9 nam cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i trung th\u00e0nh, n\u1eafm v\u1eefng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, s\u00e1ng","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A - M\u00c1C L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 79 t\u1ea1o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, kh\u00f4ng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u. L\u1ea5y ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp thu tinh hoa tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, n\u1eafm v\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. Ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm v\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u1edbi xu th\u1ebf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. Th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n lu\u00f4n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00ean l\u00fd lu\u1eadn M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung, \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu so v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edf, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 coi nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u00edch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. Kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u1eeba l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin. C\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin m\u1edbi t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00ecnh, m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t huy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. V\u00ec v\u1eady, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta.","80 \u0110\u1ea4U TRANH CH\u1ed0NG C\u00c1C QUAN \u0110I\u1ec2M, LU\u1eacN \u0110I\u1ec6U XUY\u00caN T\u1ea0C... \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, ph\u1ea3i ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch, sai tr\u00e1i, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 trong s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u1ea7n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m sai tr\u00e1i, th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch, xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c, ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m chung \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, an ninh, \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i. T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u1ee7y \u0111\u1ea3ng trong \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch, sai tr\u00e1i, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn theo \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc, s\u1eafc b\u00e9n trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao. Huy \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, b\u00e1o ch\u00ed... ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch, sai tr\u00e1i, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc trong \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch, sai tr\u00e1i tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn. N\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch, sai tr\u00e1i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u0103ng h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng khoa h\u1ecdc, t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt th\u00f4ng tin, lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9, lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng s\u1eafc b\u00e9n, c\u00f3 l\u00fd, c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c cao. Cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh. Quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 kinh ph\u00ed, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ee7","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A - M\u00c1C L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 81 cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch, sai tr\u00e1i tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, b\u00e1c b\u1ecf c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch, sai tr\u00e1i, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, ph\u1ea3i t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c ho\u00e1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng minh tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00ec d\u00e2n gi\u00e0u, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, v\u0103n minh. H\u01a1n 30 n\u0103m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc do \u0110\u1ea3ng ta kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u to l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ra kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh, \u0111ang \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Kinh t\u1ebf t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, an ninh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u0103n h\u00f3a - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng","82 \u0110\u1ea4U TRANH CH\u1ed0NG C\u00c1C QUAN \u0110I\u1ec2M, LU\u1eacN \u0110I\u1ec6U XUY\u00caN T\u1ea0C... c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i. D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t huy v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean. Ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft, ki\u00ean tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5u tranh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111i v\u00e0o chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u; v\u1ecb th\u1ebf v\u00e0 uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t minh ch\u1ee9ng sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea3ng ta \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i trung th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng, b\u1ed5 sung, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam; kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea7m, thi\u1ebfu c\u0103n c\u1ee9 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch, sai tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Song, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang \u0111i t\u1edbi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, gian kh\u1ed5. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta tin t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, l\u1ea5y ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, kim ch\u1ec9 nam cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u to l\u1edbn h\u01a1n n\u1eefa tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch, sai tr\u00e1i ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn s\u1ebd s\u1edbm b\u1ecb v\u1ea1ch tr\u1ea7n b\u1edfi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.","83 TRI\u1ebeT H\u1eccC M\u00c1C - L\u00caNIN V\u1edaI VI\u1ec6C NH\u1eacN TH\u1ee8C X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I TRONG TH\u1edcI \u0110\u1ea0I NG\u00c0Y NAY GS.TS. NGUY\u1ec4N NG\u1eccC LONG* \u201cT\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay, nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a M\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0102ngghen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi r\u1ed3i\u201d1. \u201cVi\u1ec7c \u201c\u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb\u201d trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u1eabn t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 \u201cx\u00e9t l\u1ea1i\u201d nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c\u201d2. Hai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a V.I.L\u00eanin tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u201ct\u1ea7m ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00edch c\u00fa\u201d, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh quy lu\u1eadt, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin ng\u00e0y nay s\u1edbm mu\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. N\u1ebfu _______________ * H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. 1. V.I.L\u00eanin: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, 1974, t.4, tr.230. 2. V.I.L\u00eanin: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, 1980, t.20, tr.103.","84 \u0110\u1ea4U TRANH CH\u1ed0NG C\u00c1C QUAN \u0110I\u1ec2M, LU\u1eacN \u0110I\u1ec6U XUY\u00caN T\u1ea0C... nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f4m nay thay cho nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a M\u00e1c v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; th\u00ec ng\u00e0y nay, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i t\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3, t\u1edbi \u201c\u0111\u00f2n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d, l\u00e0 ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf c\u01a1 s\u1edf tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (!). S\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc M\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, v\u00ec: M\u1ed9t l\u00e0, quan ni\u1ec7m duy v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong hai ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a C.M\u00e1c. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc M\u00e1c l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u201cho\u00e0n b\u1ecb\u201d v\u00e0 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3. S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Song, quan ni\u1ec7m duy v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ea1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc cho vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u201cl\u00e0m cho khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u01a1 s\u1edf duy v\u1eadt v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o khoa h\u1ecdc \u1ea5y\u201d - l\u1eddi Ph.\u0102ngghen - th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a C.M\u00e1c. Hai l\u00e0, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c. Quan ni\u1ec7m duy v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho ph\u00e9p C.M\u00e1c c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o khoa h\u1ecdc kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf duy v\u1eadt bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111i t\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0. \u201cNh\u1edd hai ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1ea5y n\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc\u201d, nh\u01b0 Ph.\u0102ngghen nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n nay kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e1","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A - M\u00c1C L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 85 b\u1ecf t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 hoang mang v\u00e0 ch\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea3 \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a C.M\u00e1c. V\u00ec v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf vai tr\u00f2 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a quan ni\u1ec7m duy v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e1cx\u00edt v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 V.I.L\u00eanin g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c. V\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc M\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u201c\u0111u\u1ed5i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy t\u00e2m ra kh\u1ecfi h\u1ea7m tr\u00fa \u1ea9n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3\u201d, \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u201cc\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, hi\u1ec7n nay, kh\u00f4ng \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi (\u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi) t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng \u201cc\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i\u201d l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf, ho\u1eb7c \u00edt ra ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. L\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c C.M\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 M\u00e1c h\u1ecdc t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc M\u00e1c n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f3i ri\u00eang, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn vai tr\u00f2 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, khi n\u00f3 quy m\u1ecdi bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kinh t\u1ebf. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc M\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc (!). Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc M\u00e1c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3n nh\u00e2n v\u0103n? (!) Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u1edf c\u1eadu h\u1ecdc sinh trung h\u1ecdc C.M\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eafp","86 \u0110\u1ea4U TRANH CH\u1ed0NG C\u00c1C QUAN \u0110I\u1ec2M, LU\u1eacN \u0110I\u1ec6U XUY\u00caN T\u1ea0C... \u1edf nh\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc C.M\u00e1c. Ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 M\u00e1c h\u1ecdc t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u201cB\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o kinh t\u1ebf - tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc 1844\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. V\u1edbi ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 \u201clao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ecb tha h\u00f3a\u201d, C.M\u00e1c mu\u1ed1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u1ea1ch ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 tha h\u00f3a b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng sau \u0111\u00f3, C.M\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u201cl\u00e3ng qu\u00ean\u201d con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i...? (!) Ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady! Khi tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y quan ni\u1ec7m duy v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, thay v\u00ec d\u00f9ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201ctha h\u00f3a\u201d l\u00e0m b\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ee1 cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cH\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u1ee9c\u201d, C.M\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch xem x\u00e9t n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1. N\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00fat n\u00e0o xa r\u1eddi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea5y. V\u1eady ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C.M\u00e1c vi\u1ebft: Ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. Song, theo quan ni\u1ec7m duy v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. Trong khi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft h\u1ecd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean l\u1ecbch s\u1eed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra quy lu\u1eadt kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ee3p l\u00f4g\u00edc t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a C.M\u00e1c. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc M\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ea1i quan ni\u1ec7m khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p - m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u01b0\u1edbc C.M\u00e1c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra, v\u00e0 \u0111i t\u1edbi l\u00fd lu\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i,...","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A - M\u00c1C L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 87 Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, quan ni\u1ec7m duy v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f3i ri\u00eang kh\u00f4ng xa r\u1eddi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft M\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft xong xu\u00f4i nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0 Ph.\u0102ngghen vi\u1ebft, C.M\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c quan ni\u1ec7m duy v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh quan \u0111i\u1ec3m duy kinh t\u1ebf. Ng\u00e0y nay, trong vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc M\u00e1c, nhi\u1ec1u khi ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc phi m\u00e1cx\u00edt. Song n\u1ebfu coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc M\u00e1c th\u00ec l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u0103n c\u1ee9, v\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u201cv\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 mu\u00f4n thu\u1edf\u201d c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi; n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c, c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a C.M\u00e1c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00fd lu\u1eadn tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy v\u1eadt cho vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 C.M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph.\u0102ngghen \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i s\u00e2u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u00e1c \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00fa \u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chi ti\u1ebft t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, khi\u1ebfn cho l\u1ecbch s\u1eed hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con","88 \u0110\u1ea4U TRANH CH\u1ed0NG C\u00c1C QUAN \u0110I\u1ec2M, LU\u1eacN \u0110I\u1ec6U XUY\u00caN T\u1ea0C... ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n theo \u0111u\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u1eady th\u00ec v\u00ec l\u1ebd g\u00ec m\u00e0 coi \u201cti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i\u201d \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thay th\u1ebf n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng \u201cti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn theo n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh\u201d, c\u00f2n xem l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7\u201d ng\u00e0y nay? Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cc\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn theo n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh\u201d \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn theo n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh? Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn theo h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i? v\u00e0, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1c b\u1ecf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cho r\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p, phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n v\u00ec d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n coi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Xem c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ea5c thang kh\u00e1c nhau trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u201cl\u01b0\u1ee1ng ph\u00e2n\u201d v\u00e0 cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. V\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u00f3 sai l\u1ea7m, ho\u1eb7c \u00edt ra ch\u1ec9 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh m\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay (!). Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, trong khi xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn theo n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t coi tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean l\u00fd cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh m\u1edbi, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng, n\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t, \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, khi b\u00e1c b\u1ecf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mu\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A - M\u00c1C L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 89 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay, ho\u1eb7c \u00edt ra l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng \u1ea5y. Th\u1eadt ra, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1c b\u1ecf c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn theo n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh; tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn theo n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 lo\u00e0i ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00f4ng mu\u1ed9i, qua th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u00e3 man \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi v\u0103n minh, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 R.Moocg\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, th\u00ec nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra t\u1eeb C.M\u00e1c, c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra ng\u00e0y nay. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1eeb c\u1ed5 ch\u00ed kim, khi xem x\u00e9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y hay c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh. L\u00fd lu\u1eadn h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m duy v\u1eadt bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m duy t\u00e2m hay duy v\u1eadt t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng, duy v\u1eadt si\u00eau h\u00ecnh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong t\u00ednh ch\u1ec9nh th\u1ec3 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c... Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0 V.I.L\u00eanin \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd ch\u00fang ta.","90 \u0110\u1ea4U TRANH CH\u1ed0NG C\u00c1C QUAN \u0110I\u1ec2M, LU\u1eacN \u0110I\u1ec6U XUY\u00caN T\u1ea0C... Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i phong ki\u1ebfn? Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a c\u00e1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 n\u00f3 b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi 1\/4 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, c\u00f2n 3\/4 ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i; v\u1edbi 800 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ngh\u00e8o, 700 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu \u0103n v\u00e0 550 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f9 ch\u1eef, nh\u01b0 A.Toffler d\u1eabn ra trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh? V\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t \u0111i n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 \u1ea5y bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u201cxung \u0111\u1ed9t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm h\u01a1n gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t (c\u1ea3 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd) v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn v\u00e0 ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 (g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean) v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 th\u1ea5p...\u201d, m\u00e0 A.Toffler \u0111\u00e3 \u201cph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n\u201d ra nh\u1edd c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn theo n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh?1. L\u00fd lu\u1eadn h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1i chung c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i chung trong khi ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 khi ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn theo n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n. V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vai tr\u00f2 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a l\u00fd lu\u1eadn h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f3i chung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u00f4ng _______________ 1. Xem: Alvin Toffler: L\u00e0n s\u00f3ng th\u1ee9 ba, Nxb. Th\u00f4ng tin l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1992, tr.33, 156.","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A - M\u00c1C L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 91 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y nay. V\u00ec sao v\u1eady? Ch\u1eb3ng l\u1ebd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh m\u1edbi s\u1ebd v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i theo nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t trong l\u00fd lu\u1eadn h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i? Cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u0103n minh, trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 tinh th\u1ea7n, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 to l\u1edbn, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111ang l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n nhi\u1ec1u quan ni\u1ec7m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m n\u1ebfu ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, gi\u1eefa l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, gi\u1eefa c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea7ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. N\u1ebfu cho r\u1eb1ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng xem tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 phi kinh t\u1ebf trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a C.M\u00e1c. C\u00f2n n\u1ebfu cho r\u1eb1ng trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh m\u1edbi, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u1eefa l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c ch\u00ednh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn theo n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cn\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng h\u00f2a m\u1ecdi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, trong \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady khi g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh l\u00e0 \u201cn\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p\u201d, \u201cn\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p\u201d, \u201cn\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d... Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u00fang n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh m\u1edbi, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u201cn\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh tin h\u1ecdc\u201d hay \u201cn\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7\u201d? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o A.Toffler \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf C.M\u00e1c; nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh A.Toffler, d\u00f9 mu\u1ed1n hay kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn nguy\u00ean l\u00fd xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed: Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u00ean c\u00e1c","92 \u0110\u1ea4U TRANH CH\u1ed0NG C\u00c1C QUAN \u0110I\u1ec2M, LU\u1eacN \u0110I\u1ec6U XUY\u00caN T\u1ea0C... l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, khi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh vai tr\u00f2 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc m\u00e1cx\u00edt trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft - v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch n\u1eefa - ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a C.M\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh V.I.L\u00eanin \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edfi c\u00e1c tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c. L\u00fd do kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 trong di s\u1ea3n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a C.M\u00e1c, Ph.\u0102ngghen v\u00e0 V.I.L\u00eanin c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft \u201c\u0111\u00e3 c\u0169 r\u1ed3i\u201d, \u201cc\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i xem l\u1ea1i\u201d m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0m trong l\u00fac sinh th\u1eddi (ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m b\u1ea5t h\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 \u201cTuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n\u201d). L\u00fd do ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7: Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc M\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 cung c\u1ea5p cho ch\u00fang ta c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y nay. V\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3, V.I.L\u00eanin vi\u1ebft: \u201cCh\u00fang ta \u0111\u1eebng tin m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta tin b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec, r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m lu m\u1edd nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u1ea5y, th\u00ec l\u1ed7i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd, ch\u1ee9 tuy\u1ec7t nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i\u201d1. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i cho h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c _______________ 1. V.I.L\u00eanin: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, 1976, t.3, tr.799-800.","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A - M\u00c1C L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 93 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n nay v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 do hi\u1ec3u sai, l\u00e0m sai h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 C.M\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i khi m\u00e0i s\u1eafc h\u01a1n n\u1eefa cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0, theo Ph.\u0102ngghen, m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t minh v\u1ea1ch th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ngay c\u1ea3 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, th\u00ec \u201ch\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi\u201d c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a m\u00e1cx\u00edt ph\u1ea3i bao qu\u00e1t v\u00e0o trong l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eb7t ra, do s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a hai qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc - k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt (m\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n nay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc - c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7) v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a C.M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph.\u0102ngghen v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt tr\u1edf n\u00ean tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt v\u1edbi ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 duy v\u1eadt c\u1ea3 trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, khi l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kinh t\u1ebf trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u201c\u00edt khi c\u00f3 th\u00ec gi\u1edd, c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c tham gia v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eabn nhau, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u00fang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang\u201d, nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh Ph.\u0102ngghen \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i. Ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc - c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n","94 \u0110\u1ea4U TRANH CH\u1ed0NG C\u00c1C QUAN \u0110I\u1ec2M, LU\u1eacN \u0110I\u1ec6U XUY\u00caN T\u1ea0C... nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u00edt c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1eb7t ra. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c, t\u00ednh t\u1ed1i cao v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy, m\u1ed9t \u201cv\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 mu\u00f4n thu\u1edf\u201d c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh m\u1edbi v\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c gay g\u1eaft v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd m\u1edbi trong s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc - c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng, vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng m\u00e1cx\u00edt \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc m\u00e1cx\u00edt c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi t\u01b0 duy l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; b\u1edfi v\u00ec, C.M\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1eaft hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i khu\u00f4n theo m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u xem m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201ctho\u00e1t thai\u201d ra t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Ngay nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 C.M\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng trung b\u00ecnh l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i; v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u201ctuy\u1ec7t nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3\u201d1. Khi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n ra \u0111\u1eddi, C.M\u00e1c cho r\u1eb1ng, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u201ctr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp mang h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (...) \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n\u201d v\u00e0 xem \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. C.M\u00e1c g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u201cl\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 _______________ 1. V.I. L\u00eanin: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, 1974, t.4, tr.102.","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A - M\u00c1C L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 95 ngh\u0129a sang ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3\u201d1. Thi\u1ebft ngh\u0129, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 theo ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu l\u1ecbch s\u1eed; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u01b0 duy bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta tin \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng v\u00ec sao v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o m\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a, m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u00eaghen xem l\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, cho n\u00ean m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t \u0111i m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi; h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng bao qu\u00e1t tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00f2n s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng qua ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn t\u1eeb h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y sang h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c, theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e1cx\u00edt, nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu. V\u1eady cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u00e0y nay s\u1ebd ra sao? C\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c hay b\u1eb1ng \u201ccon \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7\u201d nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e1cx\u00edt \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng? Trong l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng b\u00f3 h\u1eb9p v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch _______________ 1. C.M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph.\u0102ngghen: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, 1994, t.25, P.I, tr.673.","96 \u0110\u1ea4U TRANH CH\u1ed0NG C\u00c1C QUAN \u0110I\u1ec2M, LU\u1eacN \u0110I\u1ec6U XUY\u00caN T\u1ea0C... m\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. S\u1ef1 thay th\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. Song, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, theo C.M\u00e1c, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u1ea3n sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e0m h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn. V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a sang x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ng\u00e0y nay c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thay th\u1ebf t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a C.M\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch ra. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c \u0111ang t\u00ecm t\u00f2i cho m\u00ecnh s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cho \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1eeba tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u00e1ch th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i theo \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.","Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A - M\u00c1C L\u00caNIN, T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH... 97 Sau nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 d\u1eef d\u1ed9i \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh xu th\u1ebf t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn nay c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 s\u1edbm \u0111\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i theo xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i theo nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta.","98 C\u01af\u01a0NG L\u0128NH, \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG L\u1ed0I C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ea2NG C\u1ed8NG S\u1ea2N VI\u1ec6T NAM GS.NGND. NGUY\u1ec4N \u0110\u1ee8C B\u00ccNH* Ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u1ecdn c\u1edd l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb h\u01a1n 87 n\u0103m nay. Hi\u1ec7n nay v\u00e0 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta. 1. S\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Sau nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u v\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 80 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 90 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u00f4ng k\u00edch, ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c, b\u00f4i nh\u1ecd ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin d\u1ea5y l\u00ean t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00eda. K\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c t\u1eebng vu c\u00e1o, xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c, b\u00e1c b\u1ecf h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng su\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 r\u01b0\u1ee1i nay, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng, ch\u00fang c\u00e0ng ra s\u1ee9c xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c, h\u00f2ng ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i n\u00f3 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n. _______________ * Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh."]