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Home Explore علم الأناسة التاريخ والثقافة والفلسفة - كريستوف فولف - ترجمة أبو يعرب المرزوقي

علم الأناسة التاريخ والثقافة والفلسفة - كريستوف فولف - ترجمة أبو يعرب المرزوقي

Published by أبو يعرب المرزوقي, 2019-12-26 01:11:23

Description: علم الأناسة التاريخ والثقافة والفلسفة - كريستوف فولف - ترجمة أبو يعرب المرزوقي

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Anthropologie Geschichte - Kultur - Philosophie Anthropologie spielt in den Sozial-, Geistes- und Kulturwissenschaften eine zentrale Rolle, die nach Grundlagenwissen sowie Orientierungs- und Deutungshil- fen suchen, eine zentrale Rolle. Dazu bedarf es eines Uber- blicks liber die wichtigsten Paradigmen der Anthropologie wie: Evolution und Hominisation, Philosophische Anthropologie, Anthropologie in der Geschichtswissenschaft, Kulturanthropo- logie und Historische Anthropologie. Nach dem Ende der Verbindlichkeit abstrakter anthropologischer Normen ist es weiterhin die Aufgabe der historisch-kulturellen Anthropologie Phanomene und Strukturen des Menschlichen im Spannungsfeld zwischen Evolution, Geschichte, Humanwissenschaft und Anthropologie-Kritik zu erforschen und sich den aufkommenden paradigmatischen Fragestellungen zu offnen. Dazu werden folgende Themenfelder untersucht: Korper, mimetische Grundlagen kulturellen Lernens, Theorien und Praktiken des Performativen, Rituale, Sprache, Bild und Imagination, Tod und Geburt.Ferner wird die fur die Anthropologie grundlegende Bedeutung von Interdisziplinaritat, Interkulturalitat und Methodenvielfalt herausgearbeitet. Herzlich danke ich dem Kalima-Verlag fur seine Bereitschaft,diesenfiirdasSelbstverstandnisderMenschen heute wichtigen Band der arabischen Welt zuganglich zu machen. Besonderen Dank schulde ich Abou Yaareb, der die Ubersetzung mit grower Kompetenz und groRem Engagement durchgefiihrt hat. Christoph Wulf Berlin, im Februar 2009 4

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