LUYỆN-SÁCH CHINH PHỤC HÓA 9

["C\u00e2u 195. Ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc sau x\u1ea3y ra trong dung d\u1ecbch. a) FeCl2 + AgNO3 \uf0ae b) H2S + Br2 + H2O \uf0ae c) FeSO4 + KMnO4 + H2SO4 \uf0ae (\u0110\u1ec1 thi v\u00e0o l\u1edbp 10 THPT chuy\u00ean Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u \u2013 Ngh\u1ec7 An \u2013 N\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2014 - 2015) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: a) Khi cho dung d\u1ecbch FeCl2 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch AgNO3 th\u00ec: - X\u1ea3y ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa ion Ag+ v\u1edbi ion Cl- \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a AgCl. - X\u1ea3y ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng oxi h\u00f3a \u2013 kh\u1eed, trong \u0111\u00f3 ion Ag+ c\u00f3 t\u00ednh oxi h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 oxi h\u00f3a Fe2+ \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra Fe(NO3)3 v\u00e0 Ag. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: FeCl2 + 3AgNO3 \uf0ae Fe(NO3)3 + 2AgCl + Ag b) H2S + 4Br2 + 4H2O \uf0ae H2SO4 + 8HBr c) 10FeSO4 + 2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 \uf0ae 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O \uf040 L\u01b0u \u00fd: N\u1ebfu FeSO4 v\u00e0 KMnO4 c\u00f2n d\u01b0 th\u00ec ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c x\u1ea3y ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng do ion MnO4- c\u00f3 t\u00ednh oxi h\u00f3a trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung t\u00ednh: 18FeSO4 + 6KMnO4 + 12H2O \uf0ae 5Fe2(SO4)3 + 8Fe(OH)3 + 3K2SO4 + 6MnO2 C\u00e2u 196. Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra khi cho l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed sau: SO2, NO2, H2S, CO2, Cl2 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch Ca(OH)2 d\u01b0. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i Ca(OH)2 + SO2 \uf0ae CaSO3 + H2O 2Ca(OH)2 + 4NO2 \uf0ae Ca(NO2)2 + Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2S \uf0ae CaS + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + CO2 \uf0ae CaCO3 + H2O - Cl2 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Ca(OH)2 \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1eddng 2Ca(OH)2 + 2Cl2 \uf0ae CaCl2 + Ca(ClO)2 + H2O - Cl2 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Ca(OH)2 khi \u0111un n\u00f3ng 6Ca(OH)2 + 6Cl2 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae 5CaCl2 + Ca(ClO3)2 + 6H2O - Cl2 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Ca(OH)2 \u0111\u1eb7c (v\u00f4i s\u1eefa) \u1edf 30oC Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 \uf0ae CaOCl2 + H2O \u25cf Ghi ch\u00fa: CaOCl2 c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 clorua v\u00f4i, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh oxi h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc giaven n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5y tr\u1eafng v\u1ea3i, s\u1ee3i, gi\u1ea5y. So v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc giaven th\u00ec clorua v\u00f4i r\u1ebb h\u01a1n, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hipoclorit (ClO-) cao h\u01a1n n\u00ean c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea9y u\u1ebf h\u1ed1 r\u00e1c, c\u1ed1ng r\u00e3nh, chu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ea1i ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i,\u2026 C\u00e2u 197. Ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng sau: a) MxOy + H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c \uf0ae M2(SO4)3 + SO2 + ... b) Na2S + dung d\u1ecbch AlCl3 \uf0ae c) KMnO4 + KI + H2SO4 \uf0ae d) KHSO4 + Fe3O4 \uf0ae e) M2(CO3)n + HNO3 (lo\u00e3ng) \uf0ae M(NO3)m + ... f) FeS2 + H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c, n\u00f3ng \uf0ae g) Na2CO3 + dung d\u1ecbch FeCl3 \uf0ae h) KMnO4 + FeSO4 + H2SO4 \uf0ae (\u0110\u1ec1 thi ch\u1ecdn h\u1ecdc sinh gi\u1ecfi l\u1edbp 9 - T\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb \u2013 N\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2012 - 2013) CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u00ccNH H\u00d3A H\u1eccC V\u00d4 C\u01a0 201","H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a) 2MxOy + (6x - 2y)H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c \uf0ae xM2(SO4)3 + (3x - 2y)SO2 + (6x - 2y)H2O b) 3Na2S + 2AlCl3 + 6H2O \uf0ae 2Al(OH)3 + 6NaCl + 3H2S c) 2KMnO4 + 10KI + 8H2SO4 \uf0ae 2MnSO4 + 6K2SO4 + 5I2 + 8H2O d) 8KHSO4 + Fe3O4 \uf0ae FeSO4 + Fe2(SO4)3 + 4K2SO4 + 4H2O e) 3M2(CO3)n + (8m - 2n)HNO3 \uf0ae 6M(NO3)m + (2m - 2n)NO + CO2 + (4m - n)H2O f) 2FeS2 + 14H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae Fe2(SO4)3 + 15SO2 + 14H2O g) 3Na2CO3 + 2FeCl3 + 6H2O \uf0ae 2Fe(OH)3 + 6NaCl + 3CO2 h) 2KMnO4 + 10FeSO4 + 8H2SO4 \uf0ae 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O C\u00e2u 198. A, B, C l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n ch\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 thu\u1ed9c chu k\u00ec nh\u1ecf, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh sau: (1) A + C \uf0ae D (kh\u00ed) (2) A + B \uf0ae E (kh\u00ed) (3) A + F \uf0ae D (kh\u00ed) + H2O (4) D + E \uf0ae A + H2O (5) D + KMnO4 + H2O \uf0ae G + H + F (6) E + KMnO4 + F \uf0ae A (k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a) + G + H + H2O X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H. Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi v\u00e0o l\u1edbp 10 THPT chuy\u00ean V\u0129nh Ph\u00fac \u2013 T\u1ec9nh V\u0129nh Ph\u00fac \u2013 N\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2012 - 2013) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 sau: A BCD E F G H S H2 O2 SO2 H2S H2SO4 MnSO4 ho\u1eb7c K2SO4 K2SO4 ho\u1eb7c MnSO4 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: (1) S \uf02b O2 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0aeSO2 AC D (2) S \uf02b H2 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0aeH2S AB E (3) S \uf02b 2 H2SO4(\u00f1a\u00ebc) \uf0ae 3SO2 \uf02b 2H2O A D F (4) SO2 \uf02b 2 H2S \uf0ae 3 S \uf02b 2H2O D EA (5) 5SO2 \uf02b 2KMnO4 \uf02b 2H2O \uf0ae K2SO4 \uf02b 2 MnSO4 \uf02b 2 H2SO4 D GHF (6) 5H2S \uf02b 2KMnO4 \uf02b 3H2SO4 \uf0ae 5 S \uf02b K2SO4 \uf02b 2 MnSO4 \uf02b 8H2O E F AG H C\u00e2u 199. Cho s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: 1) X + HCl \uf0ae X1 + X2 + H2O 202 2) X1 + NaOH \uf0ae X3 (k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a) + X4 3) X1 + Cl2 \uf0ae X5 4) X3 + H2O + O2 \uf0ae X6 (k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a) 5) X2 + Ba(OH)2 \uf0ae X7 6) X7 + NaOH \uf0ae X8 (k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a) + X9 + \u2026 7) X8 + HCl \uf0ae X2 +\u2026 8) X5 + X9 + H2O \uf0ae X4 + \u2026 CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u00ccNH H\u00d3A H\u1eccC V\u00d4 C\u01a0","Ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 cho bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t X, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi ch\u1ecdn h\u1ecdc sinh gi\u1ecfi l\u1edbp 9 - T\u1ec9nh Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd \u2013 N\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2013 - 2014) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 sau X X1 X2 X3 X4 FeCl2 CO2 Fe(OH)2 NaCl FeCO3 X7 X6 Ba(HCO3)2 X8 X9 X5 Fe(OH)3 BaCO3 Na2CO3 FeCl3 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: 1) FeCO3 \uf02b 2HCl \uf0ae FeCl2 \uf02b CO2 \uf02b H2O X X1 X2 2) FeCl2 \uf02b 2NaOH \uf0ae Fe(OH)2 \uf02b 2 NaCl X1 X3 X4 3) 2 FeCl2 \uf02b Cl2 \uf0ae 2 FeCl3 X1 X5 4) 4 Fe(OH)2 \uf02b O2 \uf02b 2H2O \uf0ae 4 Fe(OH)3 X3 X6 5) V\u00ec X7 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi NaOH \uf0de X7 l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1i axit Ba(HCO3)2 2 CO2\u00a0\uf02b Ba(OH)2 \uf0ae Ba(HCO3 )2 \u00a0 X2 X7 6) Ba(HCO3 )2 \uf02b 2NaOH \uf0ae BaCO3 \uf02b Na2CO3 \uf02b 2H2O X7 X8 X9 7) BaCO3 \uf02b 2HCl \uf0ae BaCl2 \uf02b CO2 \uf02b H2O X8 X2 8) 2 FeCl3 \uf02b 3Na2CO3 + 3H2O \uf0ae 2Fe(OH)3 \uf02b 3CO2 \uf02b 6 NaCl X5 X9 X4 D\u1ea1ng 3: N\u00caU HI\u1ec6N T\u01af\u1ee2NG V\u00c0 GI\u1ea2I TH\u00cdCH HI\u1ec6N T\u01af\u1ee2NG C\u00e2u 200. N\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3) trong c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sau: a. Th\u1ea3 vi\u00ean k\u1ebdm (Zn) v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4. b. Cho \u0111inh s\u1eaft (Fe) v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c n\u00f3ng. c. S\u1ee5c kh\u00ed CO2 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch Na2CO3. d. Cho v\u00e0i gi\u1ecdt phenolphthalein v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch HCl sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ecf t\u1eeb t\u1eeb dung d\u1ecbch NaOH v\u00e0o cho \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean \u0110\u1eafc N\u00f4ng, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a) Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Vi\u00ean k\u1ebdm (Zn) tan d\u1ea7n, c\u00f3 kh\u00ed bay l\u00ean, dung d\u1ecbch thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u. PTHH: Zn + H2SO4 \uf0ae ZnSO4 + H2. b) Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: \u0110inh s\u1eaft tan d\u1ea7n, dung d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng n\u00e2u (do t\u1ea1o Fe2(SO4)3) \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u1ee7i b\u1ecdt kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u, m\u00f9i h\u1eafc (SO2). PTHH: 2Fe + 6H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c \uf0bet\uf0be0 \uf0ae Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 \uf0ad + 6H2O 203 CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u00ccNH H\u00d3A H\u1eccC V\u00d4 C\u01a0","c) Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Ban \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t ra (do CO2 b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5) v\u1ec1 sau khi s\u1ee5c kh\u00ed CO2 t\u1edbi d\u01b0 th\u00ec kh\u00ed CO2 l\u1ea1i tho\u00e1t l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi dung d\u1ecbch do kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 n\u1eefa. PTHH: CO2 + H2O + Na2CO3 \u2192 2NaHCO3 d) Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Ban \u0111\u1ea7u phenolphthalein kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u do dung d\u1ecbch HCl c\u00f3 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng axit, sau khi th\u00eam d\u1ea7n NaOH \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 th\u00ec dung d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n sang m\u00e0u h\u1ed3ng do NaOH d\u01b0 t\u1ea1o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng baz\u01a1. PTHH: HCl + NaOH \u2192 NaCl + H2O C\u00e2u 201. N\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3) trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p sau: a\/ Cho kim lo\u1ea1i bari v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch natri hi\u0111rosunfat. b\/ \u0110un nh\u1eb9 dung d\u1ecbch HCl \u0111\u1eb7c v\u1edbi KMnO4, kh\u00ed t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh d\u1eabn v\u00e0o b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a dung d\u1ecbch NaOH c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n phenolphtalein. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean C\u00e0 Mau, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a\/ Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1ea3y ra: \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u, kh\u00f4ng m\u00f9i bay l\u00ean. Sau \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng t\u0103ng th\u00eam nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t ra (n\u1ebfu Ba d\u01b0). Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra: Ba + 2NaHSO4 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae BaSO4\u2193 + Na2SO4 + H2\u2191 Ba + 2H2O \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae Ba(OH)2 + H2\u2191 b\/ Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1ea3y ra: C\u00f3 kh\u00ed m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng l\u1ee5c tho\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a KMnO4, d\u1eabn kh\u00ed n\u00e0y qua dung d\u1ecbch NaOH c\u00f3 pha s\u1eb5n phenolphtalein th\u00ec th\u1ea5y m\u00e0u h\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a phenolphtalein b\u1ecb nh\u1ea1t d\u1ea7n. (Kh\u00ed m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng l\u1ee5c l\u00e0 kh\u00ed Cl2 l\u1eabn h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 HCl) Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra: 2KMnO4 + 16HCl (\u0111\u1eb7c) \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 5Cl2\u2191 + 8H2O HCl + NaOH \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae NaCl + H2O Cl2 + 2NaOH \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae NaCl + NaClO + H2O N\u1ebfu NaOH h\u1ebft x\u1ea3y ra th\u00eam ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: Cl2 + H2O \uf0ac\uf0be\uf0be\uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae HClO + HCl Khi \u0111\u00f3 dung d\u1ecbch phenolphtalein m\u1ea5t m\u00e0u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. C\u00e2u 202. N\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sau: a) Cho m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu d\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch AgNO3 b) H\u00f2a tan m\u1eabu s\u1eaft v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch HCl sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ecf t\u1eeb t\u1eeb dung d\u1ecbch KOH \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u1ec3 ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean Ti\u1ec1n Giang, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a) Cho m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu d\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch AgNO3: Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: C\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn m\u00e0u x\u00e1m b\u00e1m v\u00e0o d\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed3ng, dung d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh m\u00e0u xanh. PTHH: Cu + 2AgNO3 \uf0ae Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag\uf0af b) H\u00f2a tan m\u1eabu s\u1eaft v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch HCl sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ecf t\u1eeb t\u1eeb dung d\u1ecbch KOH \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u1ec3 ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed: Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: M\u1eabu s\u1eaft tan d\u1ea7n, c\u00f3 kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u tho\u00e1t ra. Khi nh\u1ecf dung d\u1ecbch KOH v\u00e0o th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng xanh sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u00f3a n\u00e2u \u0111\u1ecf khi \u0111\u1ec3 ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u00ccNH H\u00d3A H\u1eccC V\u00d4 C\u01a0 204","PTHH: Fe + 2HCl \uf0ae FeCl2 + H2 2KOH + FeCl2 \uf0ae Fe(OH)2 \uf0af + 2KCl 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O \uf0ae 4Fe(OH)3 C\u00e2u 203. N\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra trong th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sau (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3): a) Cho m\u1ed9t m\u1ea9u Na v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch CuSO4. b) Cho t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 dung d\u1ecbch KOH v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch AlCl3. c) Cho b\u1ed9t Cu v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch FeCl3. d) Cho r\u1ea5t t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 dung d\u1ecbch HCl v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch K2CO3 v\u00e0 khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean B\u00ecnh Thu\u1eadn, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i: a. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Natri tan d\u1ea7n, s\u1ee7i b\u1ecdt kh\u00ed H2, sau \u0111\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a m\u00e0u xanh lam Cu(OH)2. 2Na + 2H2O \uf0ae 2NaOH + H2 CuSO4 + 2NaOH \uf0ae Na2SO4 + Cu(OH)2\uf0af xanh lam b. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a keo tr\u1eafng Al(OH)3, sau \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tan d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft. 3KOH + AlCl3 \uf0ae Al(OH)3 + 3KCl Al(OH)3 + KOHd\u01b0 \uf0ae KAlO2 + 2H2O c. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Kim lo\u1ea1i Cu b\u1ecb tan d\u1ea7n v\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng n\u00e2u c\u1ee7a FeCl3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n sang dung d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 m\u00e0u xanh c\u1ee7a CuCl2. Cu + 2FeCl3 \uf0ae 2FeCl2 + CuCl2 d. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u tho\u00e1t ra. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: K2CO3 + HCl \uf0ae KCl + KHCO3 Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian khi h\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng K2CO3 th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: KHCO3 + HCl \uf0ae KCl + CO2 + H2O L\u00fac n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t ra. C\u00e2u 204. H\u00e3y n\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sau: a. Cho m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Na kim lo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb t\u1eeb v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch ch\u1ee9a AlCl3 l\u1ea5y d\u01b0. b. Nh\u1ecf t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 dung d\u1ecbch KOH v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u1ea9u kim lo\u1ea1i Al ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dung d\u1ecbch A. Nh\u1ecf v\u00e0i gi\u1ecdt dung d\u1ecbch phenolphthalein v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch A, sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ecf t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 dung d\u1ecbch HCl v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch A. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean Tr\u00e0 Vinh, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a. Cho m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Na kim lo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb t\u1eeb v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch AlCl3 l\u1ea5y d\u01b0, ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t ra, sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a keo tr\u1eafng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i. 2Na + 2H2O \uf0ae 2NaOH + H2 \uf0ad 3NaOH + AlCl3 \uf0ae 3NaCl + Al(OH)3 \uf0af b. Nh\u1ecf t\u1eeb t\u1eeb dung d\u1ecbch KOH \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 v\u00e0o b\u1ed9t nh\u00f4m th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t ra, b\u1ed9t nh\u00f4m tan d\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o dung d\u1ecbch A trong su\u1ed1t. 2Al + 2KOH + 2H2O \uf0ae 2KAlO2 + 2H2 \uf0ad Dung d\u1ecbch A ch\u1ee9a KOH d\u01b0 v\u00e0 KAlO2. Khi nh\u1ecf v\u00e0i gi\u1ecdt phenolphtalein v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch A kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00e0u h\u1ed3ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ecf t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 dung d\u1ecbch HCl v\u00e0o v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch A th\u00ec : + Dung d\u1ecbch b\u1ecb nh\u1ea1t m\u00e0u h\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u (sau khi KOH h\u1ebft). HCl + KOH \uf0ae KCl + H2O + Xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a keo tr\u1eafng, sau \u0111\u00f3 tan d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn trong su\u1ed1t. CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u00ccNH H\u00d3A H\u1eccC V\u00d4 C\u01a0 205","KAlO2 + HCl + H2O \uf0ae Al(OH)3 \uf0af + KCl Al(OH)3 + 3HCl \uf0ae AlCl3 + 3H2O. C\u00e2u 205. N\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng minh h\u1ecda cho c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m: a. Cho dung d\u1ecbch HCl v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch NaHCO3. b. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 dung d\u1ecbch HCl v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch NaOH lo\u00e3ng c\u00f3 pha s\u1eb5n v\u00e0i gi\u1ecdt dung d\u1ecbch phenolphtlein. c. Ng\u00e2m m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u0111inh s\u1eaft s\u1ea1ch trong dung d\u1ecbch CuSO4 lo\u00e3ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a. Khi cho dung d\u1ecbch HCl v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch NaHCO3 c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ee7i b\u1ecdt kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u HCl + NaHCO3 \u2192 NaCl + H2O + CO2 b. Khi cho t\u1eeb t\u1eeb HCl \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch NaOH lo\u00e3ng c\u00f3 pha s\u1eb5n v\u00e0i gi\u1ecdt dung d\u1ecbch phenolphtalein th\u00ec th\u1ea5y ban \u0111\u1ea7u dung d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 m\u00e0u h\u1ed3ng sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ea1t m\u00e0u d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t m\u00e0u v\u00e0 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dung d\u1ecbch trong su\u1ed1t kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u: HCl + NaOH \u2192 NaCl + H2O c. Ng\u00e2m m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u0111inh s\u1eaft s\u1ea1ch trong dd CuSO4 lo\u00e3ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian th\u1ea5y \u0111inh s\u1eaft b\u1ecb tan m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf b\u00e1m tr\u00ean \u0111inh s\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi m\u00e0u xanh c\u1ee7a dung d\u1ecbch nh\u1ea1t d\u1ea7n. Fe + CuSO4 \u2192 FeSO4 + Cu C\u00e2u 206. S\u1ee5c kh\u00ed CO2 v\u00e0o V (l\u00edt) dung d\u1ecbch h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p NaOH 0,2 M v\u00e0 Ba(OH)2 0,1 M. \u0110\u1ed3 th\u1ecb bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a theo s\u1ed1 mol CO2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 sau: mk\u1ebft t\u1ee7a 0,03 0,13 nCO2 a. N\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1ea3y ra trong th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra. b. T\u00ednh V? (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i 1a) Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1ea3y ra: S\u1ee5c CO2 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch NaOH v\u00e0 Ba(OH)2 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n t\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, sau \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tan d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft, k\u1ebft th\u00fac ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dung d\u1ecbch trong su\u1ed1t. PTHH: CO2 + Ba(OH)2 \uf0ae BaCO3 + H2O (1) CO2 + 2NaOH \uf0ae Na2CO3 + H2O (2) CO2 + Na2CO3 + H2O \uf0ae 2NaHCO3 (3) CO2 + BaCO3 + H2O \uf0ae Ba(HCO3)2 (4) 1b) Ta c\u00f3: nNaOH = 0,2V (mol) , n= 0,1V\u00a0\uf028 mol \uf029 Ba(OH)2 \uf028 \uf029Theo PTHH: nBaCO3max =\u00a0nBa(OH)2 = 0,1V mol Theo \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, khi n =0,13 (mol) th\u00ec nBaCO3 = 0,03 (mol) CO2 s\u1ed1 mol BaCO3 b\u1ecb h\u00f2a tan theo (4) l\u00e0: nBaCO3(4) = 0,1V \uf02d 0,03 (mol) \uf0e5 nCO2 = nBa(OH)2 + nNaOH + nBaCO3(4) = 0,1V + 0,2V + 0,1V \uf02d 0,03 = 0,4V \uf02d 0,03 (mol) Theo b\u00e0i ta ta c\u00f3: nCO2 = 0,4V \uf02d 0,03 = 0,13 (mol)\u00a0\u00a0\uf0de Vdd = 0,4 (lit) CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u00ccNH H\u00d3A H\u1eccC V\u00d4 C\u01a0 206","C\u00e2u 207. \u0110\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng pirit s\u1eaft (FeS2) thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00ed X. D\u1eabn kh\u00ed X l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u00e0o b\u00ecnh Y ch\u1ee9a dung d\u1ecbch Ca(OH)2 d\u01b0 v\u00e0o b\u00ecnh Z ch\u1ee9a dung d\u1ecbch KMnO4 - X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00ed X. - N\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf b\u00ecnh Y v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh Z - Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra? (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i \u0110\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng pirit s\u1eaft (FeS2) kh\u00ed X l\u00e0 SO2 4FeS2 + 11 O2 \uf0bet\uf0be0\uf0ae 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2 L\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t d\u1eabn kh\u00ed SO2 v\u00e0o b\u00ecnh Y ch\u1ee9a Ca(OH)2 d\u01b0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng SO2 + Ca(OH)2 \u2192 CaSO3\u2193 + H2O D\u1eabn kh\u00ed SO2 v\u00e0o b\u00ecnh Z ch\u1ee9a dung d\u1ecbch KMnO4 th\u00ec dung d\u1ecbch thu\u1ed1c t\u00edm b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t m\u00e0u 5SO2 + 2KMnO4 + 2H2O \u2192 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2H2SO4 C\u00e2u 208. Cho a mol CO2 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 h\u1ebft v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch ch\u1ee9a b mol NaOH - N\u1ebfu b =2a th\u00ec thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dung d\u1ecbch A. - N\u1ebfu b = a th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dung d\u1ecbch B. - N\u1ebfu b =1,4a th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dung d\u1ecbch C. Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sau: - Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 1: Cho dung d\u1ecbch CaCl2 d\u01b0 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch A, B, C - Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 2: Cho dung d\u1ecbch Ca(OH)2 d\u01b0 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch A, B, C - Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 3: Cho dung d\u1ecbch CaCl2 d\u01b0 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch A, B, C v\u00e0 \u0111un n\u00f3ng M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft PTHH c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra? (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i Cho a mol CO2 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 h\u1ebft v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch ch\u1ee9a b mol NaOH th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra theo c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 sau: CO2 + 2 NaOH \u27f6 Na2CO3 + H2O (1) CO2 + NaOH \u27f6 NaHCO3 (2) - N\u1ebfu b =2a th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea3y ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng (1) thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dung d\u1ecbch A ch\u1ee9a Na2CO3 - N\u1ebfu b = a th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea3y ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng (2), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dung d\u1ecbch B ch\u1ee9a NaHCO3 - N\u1ebfu a < b=1,4a < 2a th\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng (1); (2) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dung d\u1ecbch C ch\u1ee9a Na2CO3 v\u00e0 NaHCO3 - Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 1: Cho dung d\u1ecbch CaCl2 d\u01b0 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch A, B v\u00e0 C th\u00ec thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng \u1edf \u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ef1ng dung d\u1ecbch A v\u00e0 C theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc CaCl2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3\u2193 + 2 NaCl (3) - Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 2: Cho dung d\u1ecbch Ca(OH)2 d\u01b0 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch A, B v\u00e0 C th\u00ec thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng \u1edf c\u1ea3 3 \u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ef1ng dung d\u1ecbch A, B v\u00e0 C theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc Ca(OH)2+ Na2CO3 CaCO3\u2193 + 2 NaOH (4) Ngo\u00e0i ra \u1edf \u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ef1ng dung d\u1ecbch B v\u00e0 C c\u00f3 th\u00eam ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng Ca(OH)2 d\u01b0 + NaHCO3 \u27f6 CaCO3\u2193 + NaOH + H2O (5) - Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 3: Cho dung d\u1ecbch CaCl2 d\u01b0 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch A, B v\u00e0 C th\u00ec thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng \u1edf c\u1ea3 3 \u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ef1ng dung d\u1ecbch A, B v\u00e0 C theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc (3), ngo\u00e0i ra \u1edf \u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ef1ng dung d\u1ecbch B v\u00e0 C c\u00f3 th\u00eam ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ea1o kh\u00ed CaCl2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3\u2193 + 2 NaCl (3) 2NaHCO3 \uf0bet\uf0be0\uf0ae Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 (6) CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u00ccNH H\u00d3A H\u1eccC V\u00d4 C\u01a0 207","C\u00e2u 209. Tr\u00ean b\u00e0n th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng l\u00e0: Na2CO3, KHCO3, Ba(HCO3)2, MgCO3, BaSO4. M\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t tr\u00ean b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 sau: \uf0b7 Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 1: Cho t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 (lo\u00e3ng, d\u01b0) th\u1ea5y ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn tan ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tho\u00e1t ra ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong \uf0b7 Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 2: Nung c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t ra l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong \uf0b7 Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 3: L\u1ea5y ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i sau khi nung ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u1edf th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 2 cho t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch HCl c\u0169ng tho\u00e1t ra ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong. Em h\u00e3y cho bi\u1ebft h\u1ecdc sinh tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o tr\u00ean b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m? L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean S\u1edf GD-\u0110T TPHCM, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i \uf0b7 Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 1: Cho t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 (lo\u00e3ng, d\u01b0) th\u1ea5y ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn tan ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tho\u00e1t ra ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong \uf0de Lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t Ba(HCO3)2 v\u00ec Ba(HCO3)2 tan trong H2SO4 lo\u00e3ng d\u01b0 nh\u01b0ng s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t ra. \uf0de Lo\u1ea1i BaSO4 v\u00ec BaSO4 kh\u00f4ng tan trong dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 lo\u00e3ng d\u01b0. \uf0b7 Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 2: Nung c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t ra l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong \uf0de Lo\u1ea1i Na2CO3 v\u00ec Na2CO3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao \uf0b7 Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 3: L\u1ea5y ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i sau khi nung ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u1edf th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 2 cho t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch HCl c\u0169ng tho\u00e1t ra ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong \uf0de Lo\u1ea1i MgCO3 v\u00ec sau khi nung MgCO3 t\u1ea1o ra MgO t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch HCl kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t ra kh\u00ed l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong. V\u1eady h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y KHCO3 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. \uf0b7 PTHH: TN1: 2KHCO3 + H2SO4 \uf0ae K2SO4 + 2CO2 + 2H2O TN2: 2KHCO3 \uf0bet\uf0be0 \uf0ae K2CO3 + CO2 + H2O TN3: K2CO3 + 2HCl \uf0ae 2KCl + CO2 + H2O Ca(OH)2 + CO2 \uf0ae CaCO3 + H2O C\u00e2u 210. N\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng (x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu c\u00f3) khi cho Na v\u00e0o c\u00e1c dung d\u1ecbch ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t sau: CuSO4, NH4Cl. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean H\u00e0 Giang, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - Dung d\u1ecbch CuSO4: Na tan d\u1ea7n ra \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u tho\u00e1t ra \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a xanh. 2Na + 2H2O \uf0ae 2NaOH + H2 \uf0ad 2NaOH + CuSO4 \uf0ae Cu(OH)2 \uf0af + Na2SO4 - Dung d\u1ecbch NH4Cl: Na tan d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft, c\u00f3 kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u v\u00e0 m\u00f9i khai tho\u00e1t ra. 2Na + 2H2O \uf0ae 2NaOH + H2 \uf0ad NaOH + NH4Cl \uf0ae NaCl + NH3 \uf0ad + H2O C\u00e2u 211. N\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ( n\u1ebfu c\u00f3) khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sau: a) Cho m\u1eabu kim lo\u1ea1i natri v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch s\u1eaft (III) clorua. CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u00ccNH H\u00d3A H\u1eccC V\u00d4 C\u01a0 208","b) Ng\u00e2m m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed3ng trong dung d\u1ecbch b\u1ea1c nitrat. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean Cao B\u1eb1ng, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a. - Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: M\u1ea9u Na n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y th\u00e0nh gi\u1ecdt tr\u00f2n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t dung d\u1ecbch, tan d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a m\u00e0u n\u00e2u \u0111\u1ecf Fe(OH)3 - PTHH: 2Na + 2H2O \uf0ae 2NaOH + H2 \uf0ad 3NaOH + FeCl3 \uf0ae Fe(OH)3 \uf0af + 3NaCl b. - Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: C\u00f3 l\u1edbp ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn m\u00e0u x\u00e1m b\u00e1m tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t thanh \u0111\u1ed3ng, dung d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u00e0u xanh. - PTHH: Cu + 2AgNO3 \uf0ae Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag C\u00e2u 212. 1. N\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sau: a. Cho m\u1ed9t m\u1ea9u nh\u1ecf Na v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9a 5ml r\u01b0\u1ee3u etylic. b. Nh\u1ecf t\u1eeb t\u1eeb dung d\u1ecbch axit axetic \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a Cu(OH)2. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n \u2013 \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) 2. Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9ng minh trong h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 Cacbon. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n \u2013 \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i N\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra: a. M\u1eabu Na tan d\u1ea7n, c\u00f3 kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u tho\u00e1t ra 2Na + 2C2H5OH \u2192 2C2H5ONa + H2 b. Cu(OH)2 tan d\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh dung d\u1ecbch m\u00e0u xanh. 2CH3COOH + Cu(OH)2 \u2192 (CH3COO)2Cu + 2H2O H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i \u0110\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y 1 nh\u00fam b\u00f4ng, g\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea5y, thu kh\u00ed v\u00e0 h\u01a1i tho\u00e1t ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00fap mi\u1ec7ng \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0o ph\u00eda tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda, khi \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m m\u1edd \u0111i, xoay \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ea1i r\u1ed3i r\u00f3t dung d\u1ecbch Ca(OH)2 v\u00e0o. Th\u1ea5y dung d\u1ecbch Ca(OH)2 v\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ee5c => c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh CaCO3 => C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 ch\u00e1y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00ed CO2 \uf0de h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a C. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 + O2 CO2 + H2O CO2 + Ca(OH)2 \u2192 CaCO3\u2193 + H2O C\u00e2u 213. N\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sau: a. D\u1eabn t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 kh\u00ed SO2 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch Ba(OH)2. b. Cho m\u1eabu kim lo\u1ea1i K v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch MgCl2 c. S\u1ee5c kh\u00ed Cl2 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch KI c\u00f3 h\u1ed3 tinh b\u1ed9t. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean L\u00e0o Cai, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a l\u1edbn d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i sau \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tan d\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh dung d\u1ecbch trong su\u1ed1t. PTHH: SO2 + Ba(OH)2 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae BaSO3\u2193 + H2O SO2 + H2O + BaSO3 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae Ba(HSO3)2 b. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: M\u1ea9u kim lo\u1ea1i K tan d\u1ea7n, s\u1ee7i b\u1ecdt kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng. PTHH: 2K + 2H2O \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae 2KOH + H2\u2191 2KOH + MgCl2 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae Mg(OH)2 \u2193 + 2KCl CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u00ccNH H\u00d3A H\u1eccC V\u00d4 C\u01a0 209","c. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Dung d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00e0u xanh t\u00edm. PTHH: Cl2 + 2KI \u2192 I2 + 2KCl C\u00e2u 214. N\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sau: a. Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 1: Cho Na v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch CuSO4. b. Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 2: Cho t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 dung d\u1ecbch KOH v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch AlCl3. c. Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 3: Cho b\u1ed9t Cu v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch FeCl3. d. Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 4: Cho r\u1ea5t t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 dung d\u1ecbch HCl v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch K2CO3 v\u00e0 khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean H\u1ea1 Long- Qu\u1ea3ng Ninh, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a. TN1: 2Na + 2H2O \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae 2NaOH + H2 \uf0ad CuSO4 + 2NaOH \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae Cu(OH)2 \uf0af + Na2SO4 M\u1ea9u Natri tan d\u1ea7n, c\u00f3 kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u tho\u00e1t ra, dung d\u1ecbch m\u00e0u xanh nh\u1ea1t d\u1ea7n v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a xanh lam. b. TN2: AlCl3 + 3KOH \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae 3KCl + Al(OH)3 \uf0af Al(OH)3 + KOH \uf0ae KAlO2 + 2H2O C\u00f3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng keo, k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i sau \u0111\u00f3 tan d\u1ea7n, dung d\u1ecbch tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i trong su\u1ed1t. c. TN3: Cu + 2FeCl3 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae CuCl2 + 2FeCl2 B\u1ed9t Cu tan d\u1ea7n, dung d\u1ecbch m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng n\u00e2u chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n sang m\u00e0u xanh lam. d. TN4: Cho dung d\u1ecbch HCl t\u1eeb t\u1eeb v\u00e0o K2CO3, sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u kh\u00f4ng m\u00f9i tho\u00e1t ra. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u x\u1ea3y ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: K2CO3 + HCl \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae NaCl + KHCO3 Khi K2CO3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ebft th\u00ec b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng KHCO3 + HCl \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae NaCl + H2O + CO2 C\u00e2u 215. N\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra khi: a. Cho m\u1eabu kim lo\u1ea1i Na (c\u1ee1 h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1eadu t\u01b0\u01a1ng) v\u00e0o c\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ef1ng dung d\u1ecbch MgCl2. b. S\u1ee5c t\u1eeb t\u1eeb kh\u00ed CO2 \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch Ca(OH)2. c. Cho kim lo\u1ea1i Cu l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m 1 \u0111\u1ef1ng dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 lo\u00e3ng, \u0111un n\u00f3ng; \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m 2 \u0111\u1ef1ng dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c, \u0111un n\u00f3ng. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng V\u0103n Th\u1ee5 - H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: - M\u1eabu Na l\u0103n tr\u00f2n tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 tan d\u1ea7n, c\u00f3 b\u1ecdt kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u, kh\u00f4ng m\u00f9i tho\u00e1t ra - Dung d\u1ecbch b\u1ecb v\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ee5c (Xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng) 2Na + 2H2O \uf0ae 2NaOH + H2\u2191 2NaOH + MgCl2 \uf0ae Mg(OH)2\u2193 + 2NaCl b. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: - Xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n, sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tan d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft, thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dung d\u1ecbch trong su\u1ed1t. CO2 + Ca(OH)2 \uf0ae CaCO3\u2193 + H2O CO2 d\u01b0 + CaCO3 + H2O \uf0ae Ca(HCO3)2 c. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u00ccNH H\u00d3A H\u1eccC V\u00d4 C\u01a0 210","- \u1ed0ng 1: Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u00ec - \u1ed0ng 2: M\u1eabu Cu tan d\u1ea7n, c\u00f3 b\u1ecdt kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u, m\u00f9i x\u1ed1c tho\u00e1t ra, dung d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 m\u00e0u xanh Cu + 2H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c \uf0bet\uf0be0 \uf0ae CuSO4 + SO2\u2191 + 2H2O C\u00e2u 216. N\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p sau: a) S\u1ee5c kh\u00ed etilen v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch Br2. b) Cho dung d\u1ecbch Na2CO3 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch Fe2(SO4)3. c) Cho KHSO4 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch BaCl2. d) Cho (NH4)2CO3 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong, \u0111un n\u00f3ng nh\u1eb9. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a) M\u00e0u n\u00e2u \u0111\u1ecf c\u1ee7a dung d\u1ecbch brom b\u1ecb nh\u1ea1t d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t m\u00e0u n\u1ebfu etilen d\u01b0. CH2 = CH2 + Br2 \uf0ae Br \u2013 CH2 \u2013 CH2 \u2013 Br. (n\u00e2u \u0111\u1ecf) (kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u) b) Xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a m\u00e0u n\u00e2u \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u tho\u00e1t ra. 3Na2CO3 + Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O \uf0ae 2Fe(OH)3 \uf0af + 3Na2SO4 + 3CO2 \uf0ad c) Xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng. KHSO4 + BaCl2 \uf0ae BaSO4 \uf0af + KCl + HCl d) Xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u00ed m\u00f9i khai tho\u00e1t ra. (NH4)2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 \uf0bet\uf0be0 \uf0ae 2NH3 \uf0ad + CaCO3 \uf0af + 2H2O C\u00e2u 217. H\u00e3y n\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sau: a\/ Cho m\u1ed9t m\u1ea9u kim lo\u1ea1i Na v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch FeCl3. b\/ Cho dung d\u1ecbch axit axetic v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch Na2SiO3. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n \u2013 Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) a\/ Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: m\u1ea9u kim lo\u1ea1i Na ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t dung d\u1ecbch, tan d\u1ea7n, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n b\u1ecdt kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u v\u00e0 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a m\u00e0u n\u00e2u \u0111\u1ecf. 2Na + 2H2O \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae 2NaOH + H2 \uf0ad FeCl3 + 3NaOH \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae Fe(OH)3 \uf0af + 3NaCl b\/ Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng d\u1ea1ng keo 2CH3COOH + Na2SiO3 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae 2CH3OONa + H2SiO3\u2193 C\u00e2u 218. N\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3) khi: a. Cho Mg v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch CuSO4. b. S\u1ee5c kh\u00ed CO2 \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch NaAlO2. c. Cho r\u1ea5t t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 dung d\u1ecbch HCl v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch Na2CO3. d. Cho h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p g\u1ed3m Na2O v\u00e0 Al2O3 (t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 mol 1:1) v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u01b0. e. S\u1ee5c kh\u00ed etilen \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch Brom. f. \u0110un n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o (C17H35COO)3C3H5 v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch NaOH. g. Cho dung d\u1ecbch axit axetic \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 v\u00e0o m\u1eabu \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i. h. Cho t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 dung d\u1ecbch Ba(OH)2 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch NaHCO3 (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a. Mg tan, m\u00e0u xanh c\u1ee7a dung d\u1ecbch nh\u1ea1t d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf. Mg + CuSO4 \uf0ae MgSO4 + Cu \u2193 CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u00ccNH H\u00d3A H\u1eccC V\u00d4 C\u01a0 211","b. Xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a keo tr\u1eafng. CO2 + NaAlO2 + 2H2O \uf0ae NaHCO3 + Al(OH)3 \uf0af c. Khi cho t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 HCl v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch Na2CO3 th\u00ec ban \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u00ec, sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 b\u1ecdt kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t ra. HCl + Na2CO3 \uf0ae NaHCO3 + NaCl NaHCO3 + HCl \uf0ae NaCl + CO2 \uf0ad + H2O d. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed s\u1ed1 mol c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i oxit l\u00e0 1 (mol) Na2O + H2O \uf0ae 2NaOH 1 mol 2 mol 2NaOH + Al2O3 \uf0ae 2NaAlO2 + H2O 2 mol 1 mol \uf0de Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: H\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn tan d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh dung d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u. e. M\u00e0u c\u1ee7a dung d\u1ecbch Brom nh\u1ea1t d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t m\u00e0u. CH2=CH2 + Br2 \uf0ae BrCH2\u2212CH2Br f. C\u00f3 l\u1edbp ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng nh\u1eb9 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t (mu\u1ed1i Natri c\u1ee7a axit b\u00e9o). (C17H35COO)3C3H5 + 3NaOH \uf0bet\uf0be0 \uf0ae 3C17H35COONa + C3H5(OH)3 g. \u0110\u00e1 v\u00f4i tan d\u1ea7n v\u00e0 s\u1ee7i b\u1ecdt kh\u00ed. CaCO3 + 2CH3COOH \uf0ae (CH3COO)2Ca + CO2 + H2O h. Xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng. Ba(OH)2 + 2NaHCO3 \uf0ae BaCO3 \uf0af + Na2CO3 + 2H2O Ba(OH)2 + Na2CO3 \uf0ae BaCO3 \uf0af + 2NaOH C\u00e2u 219. N\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sau: Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 1: Nh\u1ecf t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 dung d\u1ecbch HCl v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch Na2CO3. Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 2: Cho thanh kim lo\u1ea1i Mg v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch NaHSO4. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean Tr\u1ea7n Ph\u00fa \u2013 H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i \uf0b7 Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 1: hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: ban \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u, kh\u00f4ng m\u00f9i, n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t ra. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: HCl + Na2CO3 \uf0ae NaCl + NaHCO3 HCl + NaHCO3 \uf0ae NaCl + CO2 \uf0ad + H2O \uf0b7 Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 2: hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: thanh kim lo\u1ea1i Mg tan d\u1ea7n, c\u00f3 kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u tho\u00e1t ra, dung d\u1ecbch thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: Mg + 2NaHSO4 \uf0ae MgSO4 + Na2SO4 + H2 \uf0ad C\u00e2u 220. Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra khi: a) Cho t\u1eeb t\u1eeb dung d\u1ecbch NaOH \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch Al(NO3)3. b) Cho m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu Na v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch FeCl3. c) Cho t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 dung d\u1ecbch AgNO3 v\u00e0o c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ef1ng b\u1ed9t Fe v\u00e0 khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u. d) S\u1ee5c kh\u00ed SO2 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch KMnO4 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dung d\u1ecbch X, sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00eam ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o X m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u01b0 dung d\u1ecbch BaCl2. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean H\u01b0ng Y\u00ean, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a) 3NaOH + Al(NO3)3 \u2192 3NaNO3 + Al(OH)3\u2193 NaOH + Al(OH)3 \u2192 NaAlO2 + 2H2O CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u00ccNH H\u00d3A H\u1eccC V\u00d4 C\u01a0 212","b) 2Na + 2H2O \u2192 2NaOH + H2\u2191 3NaOH + FeCl3 \u2192 3NaCl + Fe(OH)3\u2193 c) 2AgNO3 + Fe \u2192 Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag\u2193 AgNO3 d\u01b0 + Fe(NO3)2 \u2192 Fe(NO3)3 + Ag\u2193 d) 5SO2 + 2KMnO4 + 2H2O \u2192 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2H2SO4 H2SO4 + BaCl2 \u2192 BaSO4\u2193 + 2HCl K2SO4 + BaCl2 \u2192 BaSO4\u2193 + 2KCl MnSO4 + BaCl2 \u2192 BaSO4\u2193 + MnCl2 C\u00e2u 221. N\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3) khi: a) Cho h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p g\u1ed3m 0,2 mol Fe2O3 v\u00e0 0,2 mol Cu v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 lo\u00e3ng d\u01b0. b) Cho b\u1ed9t Fe v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch AgNO3 d\u01b0. c) Cho h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p g\u1ed3m 0,2 mol K v\u00e0 0,2 mol Al2O3 v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u01b0. d) Cho b\u1ed9t Cu v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch HNO3 \u0111\u1eb7c, n\u00f3ng d\u01b0. e) Cho ur\u00ea v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong d\u01b0. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a) Cho h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p g\u1ed3m 0,2 mol Fe2O3 v\u00e0 0,2 mol Cu v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 lo\u00e3ng d\u01b0. - Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Fe2O3 v\u00e0 Cu tan h\u1ebft trong dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 lo\u00e3ng d\u01b0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh dung d\u1ecbch m\u00e0u xanh. - Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: Fe2O3 + 3H2SO4 \u2192 Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O (1) mol 0,2 0,2 Cu + Fe2(SO4)3 \u2192 CuSO4 + 2FeSO4 (2) mol 0,2 0,2 - Theo PTHH (1) (2): Cu v\u00e0 Fe2(SO4)3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1eeba h\u1ebft. b) Cho b\u1ed9t Fe v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch AgNO3 d\u01b0. - Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: S\u1eaft tan d\u1ea7n, dung d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00e0u n\u00e2u \u0111\u1ecf, ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn m\u00e0u x\u00e1m sinh ra. - Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: Fe + 2AgNO3 \u2192 Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag\u2193 (1) Fe(NO3)2 + AgNO3 d\u01b0 \u2192 Fe(NO3)3 + Ag\u2193 (2) (1) + (2) \uf0de Fe + 3AgNO3 d\u01b0 \u2192 Fe(NO3)3 + 3Ag\u2193 c) Cho h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p g\u1ed3m 0,2 mol K v\u00e0 0,2 mol Al2O3 v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u01b0. - Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Kali tan d\u1ea7n, n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u tho\u00e1t ra, Al2O3 tan m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, dung d\u1ecbch t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u. - Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: 2K + 2H2O \u2192 2KOH + H2\u2191 (1) mol 0,2 0,2 Al2O3 + 2KOH \u2192 2KAlO2 + H2O (2) mol 0,2 0,2 Theo (2) nAl2O3 (p\u00f6 ) \uf03d 1 nKOH \uf03d 1 .0,2 \uf03d 0,1(mol) 2 2 Theo (1) (2) \u2192 KOH h\u1ebft, Al2O3 d\u01b0 d) Cho b\u1ed9t Cu v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch HNO3 \u0111\u1eb7c, n\u00f3ng d\u01b0. - Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: \u0110\u1ed3ng tan d\u1ea7n, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh dung d\u1ecbch m\u00e0u xanh, c\u00f3 kh\u00ed m\u00e0u n\u00e2u \u0111\u1ecf tho\u00e1t ra. - Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: Cu + 4HNO3 \u0111\u1eb7c \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2\u2191 + 2H2O e) Cho ur\u00ea v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong d\u01b0 CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u00ccNH H\u00d3A H\u1eccC V\u00d4 C\u01a0 213","- Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng, c\u00f3 kh\u00ed m\u00f9i khai tho\u00e1t ra. - Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: (NH2)2CO + Ca(OH)2 \u2192 CaCO3\u2193 + 2NH3\u2191 C\u00e2u 222. M\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh y\u00eau th\u00edch m\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, trong chuy\u1ebfn du l\u1ecbch Tam C\u1ed1c - B\u00edch \u0110\u1ed9ng (Ninh B\u00ecnh) c\u00f3 mang v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecd n\u01b0\u1edbc (n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf t\u1eeb nh\u0169 \u0111\u00e1 tr\u00ean tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9ng xu\u1ed1ng). H\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 chia l\u1ecd n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m 3 ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sau: - Ph\u1ea7n 1: \u0110un s\u00f4i. - Ph\u1ea7n 2: Cho t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch HCl. - Ph\u1ea7n 3: Cho t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch KOH. H\u00e3y n\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra . (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean H\u00e0 Nam, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a) L\u1ecd n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc sinh mang v\u1ec1 l\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu Ca(HCO3)2 + Ph\u1ea7n 1: C\u00f3 c\u1eb7n tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t ra. Ca(HCO3)2 \uf0bet\uf0be0 \uf0ae CaCO3 + CO2 +H2O + Ph\u1ea7n 2: C\u00f3 kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t. Ca(HCO3)2 + 2HCl \uf0ae CaCl2 + CO2 +H2O + Ph\u1ea7n 3: C\u00f3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng. Ca(HCO3)2 + 2NaOH \uf0ae CaCO3 + Na2CO3 +H2O C\u00e2u 223. N\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc khi: a) Cho l\u00e1 Zn v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch CuSO4. b) Cho t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 dung d\u1ecbch NaOH v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch AlCl3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dung d\u1ecbch X. S\u1ee5c t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 kh\u00ed CO2 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch X. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean B\u1eafc Ninh, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a) Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf b\u00e1m ngo\u00e0i l\u00e1 Zn, m\u00e0u xanh c\u1ee7a dung d\u1ecbch CuSO4 nh\u1ea1t d\u1ea7n, Zn tan d\u1ea7n. Zn + CuSO4 \uf0ae ZnSO4 + Cu\uf0af b) Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a keo tr\u1eafng, sau \u0111\u00f3 tan trong NaOH d\u01b0. 3NaOH + AlCl3 \uf0ae Al(OH)3\uf0af + 3NaCl NaOH + Al(OH)3 \uf0ae NaAlO2 + 2 H2O Dung d\u1ecbch X c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a NaOH d\u01b0 v\u00e0 NaAlO2. S\u1ee5c kh\u00ed CO2 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch X: l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a keo tr\u1eafng. CO2 + NaOH \uf0ae NaHCO3 + H2O CO2 + 2H2O + NaAlO2 \uf0ae Al(OH)3\uf0af + NaHCO3 C\u00e2u 224. 1. Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra khi: a\/ Cho t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 kh\u00ed CO2 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch Ca(OH)2. b\/ Cho dung d\u1ecbch CaCl2 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch NaHCO3, \u0111un n\u00f3ng. 2. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng sau: a\/ Trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee9ng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi (l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c mu\u1ed1i axit nh\u01b0: Ca(HCO3)2, Mg(HCO3)2). \u1ede nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y, khi \u0111un n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1edbp c\u1eb7n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y \u1ea5m \u0111un n\u01b0\u1edbc. b\/ \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y nhanh ch\u00edn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ebfp tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y xanh v\u00e0 tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y ch\u00edn g\u1ea7n nhau. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean L\u00ea H\u1ed3ng Phong \u2013 Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u00ccNH H\u00d3A H\u1eccC V\u00d4 C\u01a0 214","H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i 1.a) Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng, sau \u0111\u00f3 tan d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft: CO2 + Ca(OH)2 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae CaCO3 + H2O CO2 + H2O + CaCO3 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae Ca(HCO3)2 b) Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u tho\u00e1t ra: CaCl2 + 2NaHCO3 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O + NaCl 2.a) Khi \u0111un s\u00f4i n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ea3y ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: Ca(HCO3)2 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Mg(HCO3)2 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae MgCO3 + CO2 + H2O K\u1ebft t\u1ee7a CaCO3, MgCO3 t\u1ea1o l\u1edbp c\u1eb7n \u1edf \u0111\u00e1y \u1ea5m. 2.b) Khi tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y ch\u00edn c\u00f3 sinh ra m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf kh\u00ed etilen, kh\u00ed n\u00e0y x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y v\u00e0 l\u00e0m qu\u1ea3 mau ch\u00edn. C\u00e2u 225. Cho h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p g\u1ed3m Al2O3, Cu, Fe2O3 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 lo\u00e3ng d\u01b0 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dung d\u1ecbch X v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn Y. L\u1ecdc b\u1ecf ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn Y, sau \u0111\u00f3 cho t\u1eeb t\u1eeb dung d\u1ecbch NaOH t\u1edbi d\u01b0 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch X thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dung d\u1ecbch Z v\u00e0 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a M. L\u1ecdc t\u00e1ch k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a M, r\u1eeda s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 nung ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn N. Cho kh\u00ed H2 d\u01b0 \u0111i qua N nung n\u00f3ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn P. S\u1ee5c CO2 t\u1edbi d\u01b0 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch Z thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a Q. Bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u x\u1ea3y ra ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean Lam S\u01a1n - Thanh H\u00f3a, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - H\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p g\u1ed3m Al2O3, Cu, Fe2O3 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 lo\u00e3ng d\u01b0 + C\u00e1c PTHH x\u1ea3y ra: (1) Al2O3 + 3H2SO4 d\u01b0 \uf0ae Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2O (2) Fe2O3 + 3H2SO4 d\u01b0 \uf0ae Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O (3) Fe2(SO4)3 + Cu \uf0ae 2FeSO4 + CuSO4 + Dung d\u1ecbch X g\u1ed3m: Al2(SO4)3, FeSO4, CuSO4, H2SO4 d\u01b0 . + Ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn Y: Cu d\u01b0 - Cho dung d\u1ecbch X t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch NaOH d\u01b0: + C\u00e1c PTHH x\u1ea3y ra: (4) Al2(SO4)3 + 8NaOH d\u01b0 \uf0ae 2NaAlO2 + 3Na2SO4 + 4H2O (5) FeSO4 + 2NaOH d\u01b0 \uf0ae 2Fe(OH)2 \uf0af + Na2SO4 (6) CuSO4 + 2NaOH d\u01b0 \uf0ae Cu(OH)2 \uf0af + Na2SO4 (7) H2SO4 + 2NaOH d\u01b0 \uf0ae Na2SO4 + 2H2O + Dung d\u1ecbch Z: NaAlO2, Na2SO4, NaOH d\u01b0. + K\u1ebft t\u1ee7a M: Fe(OH)2, Cu(OH)2. - L\u1ecdc t\u00e1ch k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a M, r\u1eeda s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 nung ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i + C\u00e1c PTHH x\u1ea3y ra: (8) 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae 2Fe2O3 + 4H2O (9) Cu(OH)2 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae CuO + H2O + Ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn N: Fe2O3, CuO. - Cho kh\u00ed H2 d\u01b0 \u0111i qua N nung n\u00f3ng + C\u00e1c PTHH x\u1ea3y ra: (10) Fe2O3 + 3H2 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae 2Fe + 3H2O (11) CuO + H2 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae Cu + H2O + Ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn P: Fe, Cu. CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u00ccNH H\u00d3A H\u1eccC V\u00d4 C\u01a0 215","- S\u1ee5c CO2 t\u1edbi d\u01b0 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch Z (12) CO2d\u01b0 + 2H2O + NaAlO2 \uf0ae NaHCO3 + Al(OH)3 \uf0af (13) CO2d\u01b0 + NaOH \uf0ae NaHCO3 K\u1ebft t\u1ee7a Q: Al(OH)3. C\u00e2u 226. \u0110\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a axit X (SGK h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 9 - trang 16,17), ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 sau: Cho m\u1ed9t \u00edt tinh th\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t Y v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1y c\u1ed1c th\u1ee7y tinh, sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ecf t\u1eeb t\u1eeb 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 2 ml dung d\u1ecbch axit X \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c v\u00e0o c\u1ed1c. Quan s\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5y: m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Y chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng, sau \u0111\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00e0u n\u00e2u v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u00e0nh kh\u1ed1i m\u00e0u \u0111en x\u1ed1p, b\u1ecb b\u1ecdt kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi mi\u1ec7ng c\u1ed1c. a) X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t X v\u00e0 Y, vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean. b) Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t g\u00ec c\u1ee7a X? N\u1ebfu thay axit X \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng axit X lo\u00e3ng th\u00ec c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean hay kh\u00f4ng? c) Qua th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng axit X \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u - Ngh\u1ec7 An, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i X l\u00e0 H2SO4 \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c, Y l\u00e0 saccaroz\u01a1. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: C12H22O11 \uf0beH\uf0be2SO\uf0be4 \u00f1a\uf0be\u00ebc\uf0ae 11H2O + 12C C + 2H2SO4 (\u0111\u1eb7c) \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae CO2 + 2SO2 + 2H2O Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u00ednh h\u00e1o n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a H2SO4 \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c, v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 ta c\u00f2n ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u00ednh oxi h\u00f3a m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a H2SO4 \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c. N\u1ebfu thay H2SO4 \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng H2SO4 lo\u00e3ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, v\u00ec H2SO4 lo\u00e3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u00e1o n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u00ednh oxi h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh. Qua th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean ta th\u1ea5y H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u00e1o n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u00ednh oxi h\u00f3a r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, v\u00ec v\u1eady khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng axit sunfuric \u0111\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn. C\u00e2u 227. N\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch khi: a) S\u1ee5c t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 kh\u00ed CO2 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p g\u1ed3m NaOH v\u00e0 Ba(OH)2. b) Cho t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 dung d\u1ecbch AlCl3 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p g\u1ed3m NaOH v\u00e0 NaAlO2. c) Cho t\u1eeb t\u1eeb dung d\u1ecbch h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p g\u1ed3m Na2CO3 v\u00e0 KHCO3 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch HCl. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u - Ngh\u1ec7 An, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a) Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Ban \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, sau \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tan d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft. Ba(OH)2 + CO2 \uf0ae BaCO3 \uf0af + H2O 2NaOH + CO2 \uf0ae Na2CO3 + H2O Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O \uf0ae 2NaHCO3 BaCO3 + CO2 + H2O \uf0ae Ba(HCO3)2 b) Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a keo tr\u1eafng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tan ngay (hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y l\u1eb7p l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian), sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a keo tr\u1eafng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i. AlCl3 + 3NaOH \uf0ae Al(OH)3 \uf0af + 3NaCl NaOH + Al(OH)3 \uf0ae NaAlO2 + 2H2O \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. AlCl3 + 4NaOH \uf0ae NaAlO2 + 3NaCl + 2H2O AlCl3 + 3NaAlO2 + 6H2O \uf0ae 4Al(OH)3 \uf0af + 3NaCl CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u00ccNH H\u00d3A H\u1eccC V\u00d4 C\u01a0 216","c) Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Th\u1ea5y b\u1ecdt kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t ra t\u1ee9c th\u00ec Na2CO3 + 2HCl \uf0ae 2NaCl + CO2\uf0ad + H2O KHCO3 + HCl \uf0ae KCl + CO2\uf0ad + H2O C\u00e2u 228. 1\/ Tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1c h\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f4i v\u00f4i l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn. H\u00e3y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. 2\/ N\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sau: a\/ Qu\u1ea5n th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00e2y s\u1eaft m\u1ed9t m\u1ea9u than g\u1ed7, \u0111\u1ed1t cho s\u1eaft v\u00e0 than n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ecf r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a kh\u00ed oxi. b\/ Nh\u1ecf v\u00e0i gi\u1ecdt dung d\u1ecbch AgNO3 v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n 1 mL dung d\u1ecbch NaCl, l\u1ecdc l\u1ea5y k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec3 ngo\u00e0i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. c\/ Cho m\u1ed9t m\u1ea9u natri v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1eady \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m b\u1eb1ng n\u00fat cao su c\u00f3 \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn kh\u00ed b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee7y tinh xuy\u00ean qua. Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, \u0111\u1ed1t kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn kh\u00ed. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean S\u1edf GD-\u0110T HN, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i 1\/ L\u1edbp m\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn l\u00e0 CaCO3 (canxi cacbonat). Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed CO2 (cacbon \u0111ioxit, c\u00f3 trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed) v\u1edbi Ca(OH)2 (canxi hi\u0111roxit, c\u00f3 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i) t\u1ea1o ra CaCO3, l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y l\u01b0\u1ee3ng CaCO3 t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: CO2 + Ca(OH)2 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae CaCO3\u2193 + H2O 2\/ a\/ Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: m\u1ea9u than ch\u00e1y, t\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao cho s\u1eaft ch\u00e1y. S\u1eaft ch\u00e1y m\u1ea1nh, s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i, t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t nh\u1ecf n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y m\u00e0u n\u00e2u l\u00e0 oxit s\u1eaft t\u1eeb. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: 3Fe + 2O2 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae Fe3O4 b\/ Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: c\u00f3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng AgCl trong \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m, l\u1ecdc k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a, \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a AgCl ngo\u00e0i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n th\u1ee7y AgCl thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea1c kim lo\u1ea1i d\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9t c\u00f3 m\u00e0u x\u00e1m. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: AgNO3 + NaCl \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae AgCl\u2193 + NaNO3 2AgCl \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae 2Ag + Cl2 c\/ Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: m\u1ea9u Na ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 tan d\u1ea7n, tho\u00e1t ra kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u, t\u1ecfa nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7t. Khi \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ea7u \u1ed1ng th\u1ee7y tinh d\u1eabn kh\u00ed, th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda m\u00e0u xanh nh\u1ea1t. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: 2Na + 2H2O \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae 2NaOH + H2\u2191 2H2 + O2 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae 2H2O C\u00e2u 229. N\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra khi: Ho\u00e0 tan Fe b\u1eb1ng dung d\u1ecbch HCl (d\u01b0), th\u00eam KOH (d\u01b0) v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e2u ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi HSG T\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2015-2016) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e2u ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a chuy\u1ec3n m\u00e0u n\u00e2u \u0111\u1ecf: 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O \uf0ae 4Fe(OH)3 \uf0af - Th\u00eam KOH v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng xanh: HCl + KOH \uf0ae KCl + H2O FeCl2 + 2KOH \uf0ae Fe(OH)2 \uf0af+ 2KCl Ho\u00e0 tan Fe b\u1eb1ng dung d\u1ecbch HCl c\u00f3 kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u tho\u00e1t ra: Fe + 2HCl \uf0ae FeCl2 + H2 \uf0ad CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u00ccNH H\u00d3A H\u1eccC V\u00d4 C\u01a0 217","C\u00e2u 230. N\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3) khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sau: a) Cho t\u1eebng gi\u1ecdt dung d\u1ecbch Na2CO3 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch HCl. b) Cho m\u1ea9u kim lo\u1ea1i Na v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch FeCl3. c) S\u1ee5c kh\u00ed SO2 \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch H2S. d) S\u1ee5c h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p kh\u00ed axetilen v\u00e0 CO2 \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ef1ng dung d\u1ecbch brom. e) Nh\u1ecf dung d\u1ecbch iot v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ef1ng dung d\u1ecbch h\u1ed3 tinh b\u1ed9t lo\u00e3ng. f) \u0110\u01b0a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ef1ng h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p kh\u00ed metan v\u00e0 clo ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian cho n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o b\u00ecnh l\u1eafc nh\u1eb9 r\u1ed3i th\u00eam v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u1ea9u gi\u1ea5y qu\u00ec t\u00edm. g) M\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh say m\u00ea ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc, trong chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m \u0111\u1ed9ng Pa Th\u01a1m c\u00f3 mang v\u1ec1 1 l\u1ecd n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf t\u1eeb tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9ng xu\u1ed1ng, em \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sau: +) \u0110un s\u00f4i. +) Cho t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch HCl. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh Chuy\u00ean t\u1ec9nh \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2014 - 2015) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a) C\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ee7i b\u1ecdt kh\u00ed Na2CO3 + 2HCl \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O b) M\u1ea9u Na tan ra, c\u00f3 kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u tho\u00e1t ra, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf n\u00e2u 2Na + 2H2O \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae 2NaOH + H2 3NaOH + FeCl3 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl c) Xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng 2H2S + SO2 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae 3S + 2H2O d) M\u1ea5t m\u00e0u dung d\u1ecbch Brom, c\u00f3 kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u tho\u00e1t ra C2H2 + 2Br2 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae C2H2Br4 e) Xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0u t\u00edm xanh f) M\u00e0u v\u00e0ng l\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a clo m\u1ea5t \u0111i, qu\u00ec t\u00edm chuy\u1ec3n m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf CH4 + Cl2 \uf0bea\uf0beskt\uf0ae CH3Cl + HCl g) + C\u00f3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t ra Ca(HCO3)2 \uf0be\uf0bet0 \uf0ae CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O +) C\u00f3 kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t ra Ca(HCO3)2 + 2HCl \uf0be\uf0bet0\uf0ae CaCl2 + 2CO2 + 2H2O C\u00e2u 231. N\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sau v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: a) Cho t\u1eeb t\u1eeb dung d\u1ecbch KHSO4 \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch K2CO3. b) Cho m\u1ea9u kim lo\u1ea1i natri v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch AlCl3 d\u01b0. c) D\u1eabn kh\u00ed axetilen qua dung d\u1ecbch AgNO3 trong NH3 d\u01b0. d) \u0110un c\u00e1ch th\u1ee7y \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9a h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p ancol etylic, axit axetic c\u00f3 x\u00fac t\u00e1c axit sunfuric \u0111\u1eb7c. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh Chuy\u00ean B\u1eafc Giang, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2017 - 2018) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a) Ban \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u bay l\u00ean. KHSO4 + K2CO3 \u2192 K2SO4 + KHCO3 KHSO4 + KHCO3 \u2192 K2SO4 + CO2 \u2191+ H2O b) M\u1ea9u Na tan d\u1ea7n ra, vo tr\u00f2n ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t dung d\u1ecbch, c\u00f3 kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u tho\u00e1t ra, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a keo tr\u1eafng: CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u00ccNH H\u00d3A H\u1eccC V\u00d4 C\u01a0 218","Na + H2O \u2192 NaOH + 1\/2H2 3NaOH + AlCl3 \u2192 3NaCl + Al(OH)3\u2193 c) Xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a v\u00e0ng nh\u1ea1t : C2H2 + 2AgNO3 + 2NH4NO3 \u2192 C2Ag2\u2193 + 2NH4NO3. d) Ban \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng trong dung d\u1ecbch \u1edf th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u00f9i th\u01a1m bay l\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng trong \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh 2 l\u1edbp: C2H5OH + CH3COOH \uf0ac\uf0be\uf0beH\uf0be2S\uf0beO\uf0be4 ,t\uf0beo\uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae CH3COOC2H5 + H2O (Este c\u00f3 m\u00f9i th\u01a1m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc) C\u00e2u 232. Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc sau: a) Trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n t\u1ea1o ra H2S nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 H2S trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. b) Trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, khi nhi\u1ec7t k\u1ebf th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n b\u1ecb v\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00f9ng b\u1ed9t l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh r\u1eafc l\u00ean nhi\u1ec7t k\u1ebf b\u1ecb v\u1ee1. c) Trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00ed Cl2, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta x\u1ecbt v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed dung d\u1ecbch NH3. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi HSG T\u1ec9nh V\u0129nh Ph\u00fac, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2014-2015) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a. V\u00ec H2S ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi O2 trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng: 2H2S+ O2 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae 2S + 2H2O b. V\u00ec Hg d\u1ec5 bay h\u01a1i, \u0111\u1ed9c; S t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Hg \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1o ra HgS kh\u00f4ng bay h\u01a1i, d\u1ec5 x\u1eed l\u00fd h\u01a1n. Hg + S \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae HgS c. 2NH3 + 3Cl2 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae N2 + 6HCl; NH3 (k)+ HCl(k) \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae NH4Cl (tt) C\u00e2u 233. N\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sau: a) S\u1ee5c t\u1eeb t\u1eeb cho \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 kh\u00ed CO2 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong. b) Nh\u1ecf t\u1eeb t\u1eeb cho \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 dung d\u1ecbch KOH v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch AlCl3. c) Nh\u1ecf t\u1eeb t\u1eeb cho \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 dung d\u1ecbch AlCl3 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch KOH. d) Nh\u1ecf t\u1eeb t\u1eeb cho \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 dung d\u1ecbch HCl v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p NaOH v\u00e0 NaAlO2. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi HSG T\u1ec9nh Thanh H\u00f3a, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2014-2015) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a) K\u1ebft t\u1ee7a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i (khi Ca(OH)2 h\u1ebft), sau \u0111\u00f3 tan d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft, dung d\u1ecbch tr\u1edf n\u00ean trong su\u1ed1t: CO2 + Ca(OH)2 \uf0ae CaCO3 \uf0af + H2O CO2 + H2O + CaCO3 \uf0ae Ca(HCO3)2 b) K\u1ebft t\u1ee7a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i, sau \u0111\u00f3 tan d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft, dung d\u1ecbch tr\u1edf n\u00ean trong su\u1ed1t: 3KOH + AlCl3 \uf0ae Al(OH)3 \uf0af + 3KCl KOH + Al(OH)3 \uf0ae KAlO2 + 2H2O c) K\u1ebft t\u1ee7a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u1ed3i tan ngay, l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i tan ngay, l\u00e2u sau k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng tan n\u1eefa v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i (khi KAlO2 h\u1ebft): 3KOH + AlCl3 \uf0ae Al(OH)3 \uf0af + 3KCl KOH + Al(OH)3 \uf0ae KAlO2 + 2H2O AlCl3 + 3KAlO2 + 6H2O \uf0ae 3KCl + 4Al(OH)3 \uf0af d) L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a, sau \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i (khi NaAlO2 h\u1ebft), sau \u0111\u00f3 tan d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft, dung d\u1ecbch tr\u1edf n\u00ean trong su\u1ed1t: CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u00ccNH H\u00d3A H\u1eccC V\u00d4 C\u01a0 219","HCl + NaOH \uf0ae NaCl + H2O HCl + NaAlO2 + H2O\uf0ae Al(OH)3 \uf0af + NaCl 3HCl + Al(OH)3 \uf0ae AlCl3 + 3H2O C\u00e2u 234. 1. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu v\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee3i b\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Nh\u1ecf v\u00e0o m\u1eabu v\u1ea3i v\u00e0i gi\u1ecdt dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c, t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi axit v\u1ea3i b\u1ecb \u0111en r\u1ed3i th\u1ee7ng. N\u1ebfu thay b\u1eb1ng dung d\u1ecbch HCl \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00ec sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi axit v\u1ea3i b\u1ecb m\u1ee7n d\u1ea7n r\u1ed3i th\u1ee7ng. Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean. 2. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao khi b\u00f3n ph\u00e2n ur\u00ea cho c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u00f3n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi v\u00f4i? (\u0110\u1ec1 thi HSG T\u1ec9nh Thanh H\u00f3a, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2014-2015) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i 1. S\u1ee3i b\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 xenluloz\u01a1: (C6H10O5)n hay C6n(H2O)5n - Khi cho H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c v\u00e0o v\u1ea3i, xenluloz\u01a1 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh C (than) C6n(H2O)5n \uf0beH\uf0be2SO\uf0be4 \uf0ae 6nC + 5nH2O Sau \u0111\u00f3 cacbon b\u1ecb oxi h\u00f3a theo ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: C + 2H2SO4 \uf0ae CO2 + 2SO2 + 2H2O - Khi cho dung d\u1ecbch HCl \u0111\u1eb7c v\u00e0o m\u1ea3nh v\u1ea3i th\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n xenluloz\u01a1 t\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ea3nh v\u1ea3i b\u1ecb m\u1ee7n d\u1ea7n. (C6H10O5)n + nH2O \uf0beH\uf0beCl\uf0be\uf0ae nC6H12O6 2. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n ur\u00ea l\u00e0 (H2N)2CO. Khi b\u00f3n ph\u00e2n ur\u00ea v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00ec c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: (H2N)2CO + H2O \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae (NH4)2CO3 - N\u1ebfu b\u00f3n v\u00f4i c\u00f9ng, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nit\u01a1 trong ph\u00e2n s\u1ebd b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t do x\u1ea3y ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: (NH4)2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae CaCO3 + 2NH3 \uf0ad G\u00e2y ra l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1m v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ea1c m\u00e0u. C\u00e2u 235. H\u00e3y n\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sau: a) Cho l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t CO2, Al(NO3)3, NH4NO3 v\u00e0o 3 c\u1ed1c ch\u1ee9a dung d\u1ecbch NaAlO2. b) H\u00f2a tan h\u1ebft FexOy trong dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c n\u00f3ng, d\u01b0. Kh\u00ed thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee5c v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch KMnO4. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi HSG T\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2017-2018) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a) T\u1ea1o k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a keo tr\u1eafng CO2 + 2H2O + NaAlO2 \uf0ae Al(OH)3 + NaHCO3 Al(NO3)3 + 6H2O + 3NaAlO2 \uf0ae 4Al(OH)3 + 3NaNO3 T\u1ea1o k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a keo tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 kh\u00ed m\u00f9i khai NH4NO3 + H2O + NaAlO2 \uf0ae Al(OH)3 + NH3 + NaNO3 b) Oxit tan, t\u1ea1o dung d\u1ecbch m\u00e0u n\u00e2u, kh\u00ed m\u00f9i h\u1eafc l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t m\u00e0u dung d\u1ecbch KMnO4 2FexOy+(6x-2y)H2SO4 (\u0111\u1eb7c, n\u00f3ng) \uf0ae xFe2(SO4)3 +(3x-2y)SO2 + (6x-2y)H2O 5SO2 + 2KMnO4 + 2H2O \uf0ae 2H2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 C\u00e2u 236. N\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3) cho c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m: a) S\u1ee5c kh\u00ed CO2 t\u1eeb t\u1eeb t\u1edbi d\u01b0 v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong. b) Cho t\u1eeb t\u1eeb dung d\u1ecbch HCl t\u1edbi d\u01b0 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch Na2CO3. c) Cho kim lo\u1ea1i Na v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch FeCl3 d) Nh\u00fang \u0111inh s\u1eaft \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea1o s\u1ea1ch g\u1ec9 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch CuSO4. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh Chuy\u00ean Lam S\u01a1n \u2013 Thanh H\u00f3a, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2016- 2017) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u00ccNH H\u00d3A H\u1eccC V\u00d4 C\u01a0 220","a) L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u dung d\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee5c d\u1ea7n, k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i. Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a t\u1eeb t\u1eeb tan ra v\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trong su\u1ed1t. CO2 + Ca(OH)2 \uf0ae CaCO3 \uf0af + H2O CO2 + H2O + CaCO3 \uf0ae Ca(HCO3)2 b) L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t ra, sau m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3i l\u00e2u th\u00ec m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y tho\u00e1t ra kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u, kh\u00f4ng m\u00f9i. Khi HCl d\u01b0 th\u00ec ng\u1eebng tho\u00e1t kh\u00ed. HCl + Na2CO3 \uf0ae NaCl + NaHCO3 HCl + NaHCO3 \uf0ae NaCl + H2O + CO2 \uf0ad c) Kim lo\u1ea1i tan m\u1ea1nh trong dung d\u1ecbch, c\u00f3 kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u tho\u00e1t ra, dung d\u1ecbch m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng n\u00e2u chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a m\u00e0u n\u00e2u \u0111\u1ecf. 2Na + 2H2O \uf0ae 2NaOH + H2 \uf0ad 3NaOH + FeCl3 (dd) \uf0ae 3NaCl + Fe(OH)3 \uf0af (n\u00e2u \u0111\u1ecf) (v\u00e0ng n\u00e2u) d) Dung d\u1ecbch m\u00e0u xanh lam nh\u1ea1t m\u00e0u d\u1ea7n, c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf b\u00e1m v\u00e0o \u0111inh s\u1eaft. Fe + CuSO4 (dd) \uf0ae FeSO4 + Cu \uf0af (xanh lam) (\u0111\u1ecf g\u1ea1ch) C\u00e2u 237. N\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng minh h\u1ecda trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p sau: \u2013 Cho t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 dung d\u1ecbch NaOH v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch AlCl3, sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00eam HCl v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 \u2013 Th\u00eam dung d\u1ecbch K2CO3 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch Fe(NO3)3. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh Chuy\u00ean L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n \u2013 B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2016- 2017) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i N\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: \u2013 Cho t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 dung d\u1ecbch NaOH v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch AlCl3, sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00eam HCl v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0: + Ban \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a keo tr\u1eafng t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n, sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian k\u1ebft t\u1eeb t\u1eeb tan ra th\u00e0nh dung d\u1ecbch trong su\u1ed1t. 3NaOH + AlCl3 \uf0ae 3NaCl + Al(OH)3 \uf0af NaOH + Al(OH)3 \uf0ae NaAlO2 + 2H2O + Khi th\u00eam dung d\u1ecbch HCl th\u00ec k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n, sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a l\u1ea1i tan d\u1ea7n, dung d\u1ecbch thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong su\u1ed1t. NaOH + HCl \uf0ae NaCl + H2O NaAlO2 + HCl + H2O \uf0ae NaCl + Al(OH)3 \uf0af Al(OH)3 + 3HCl \uf0ae AlCl3 + 3H2O \u2013 Th\u00eam dung d\u1ecbch K2CO3 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch Fe(NO3)3: M\u00e0u v\u00e0ng n\u00e2u c\u1ee7a dung d\u1ecbch Fe(NO3)3 nh\u1ea1t d\u1ea7n, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a m\u00e0u n\u00e2u \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t ra: 3K2CO3 + 2Fe(NO3)3 \uf0ae Fe2(CO3)3 + 6KNO3 Fe2(CO3)3 + 3H2O \uf0ae 2Fe(OH)3 \uf0af + 3CO2 \uf0ad Ho\u1eb7c vi\u1ebft: 3K2CO3 + 2Fe(NO3)3 + 3H2O \uf0ae 2Fe(OH)3\uf0af + 6KNO3 + 3CO2 \uf0ad C\u00e2u 238. N\u00eau v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sau: Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 1: Nh\u1ecf t\u1eeb t\u1eeb t\u1edbi d\u01b0 dung d\u1ecbch axit clohidric \u0111\u1eb7c v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch thu\u1ed1c t\u00edm, \u0111un n\u00f3ng. Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 2: H\u00f2a tan m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e8n v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a phenol phtalein. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh Chuy\u00ean Tr\u1ea7n Ph\u00fa \u2013 H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2014- 2015) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u00ccNH H\u00d3A H\u1eccC V\u00d4 C\u01a0 221","\u2013 Th\u00ed ngi\u1ec7m 1: Xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kh\u00ed m\u00e0ug v\u00e0ng l\u1ee5c tho\u00e1t ra, m\u00e0u t\u00edm c\u1ee7a dung d\u1ecbch nh\u1ea1t d\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ebfn khi h\u1ebft kh\u00ed clo sinh ra dung d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 m\u00e0u h\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a mu\u1ed1i Mn (II). 2KMnO4 + 16HCl \uf0ae 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 8H2O + 5Cl2 \uf0ad (v\u00e0ng l\u1ee5c) \u2013 Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 2: M\u1eabu \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e8n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u, m\u00f9i kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu tho\u00e1t ra v\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch phenolphtalein t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00e0u h\u1ed3ng. CaC2 + 2H2O \uf0ae Ca(OH)2 + C2H2 \uf0ad (axetilen, kh\u00f4ng m\u00f9i) CaS (t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t) + 2H2O \uf0ae Ca(OH)2 + H2S \uf0ad(hidrosunfua, m\u00f9i tr\u1ee9ng th\u1ed1i) Ca3P2 (t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t) + 6H2O \uf0ae3Ca(OH)2 + 2PH3 \uf0ad (photphin, m\u00f9i t\u1ecfi) D\u1ea1ng 4: C\u00c2N B\u1eb0NG PH\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u00ccNH H\u00d3A H\u1eccC 222 1. C\u00c2N B\u1eb0NG PH\u1ea2N \u1ee8NG THEO NGUY\u00caN T\u1ed0 TI\u00caU BI\u1ec2U C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m sau: - C\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u00edt nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u1edf ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3 - Li\u00ean quan gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng - Ch\u01b0a th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u1edf hai v\u1ebf Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh qua ba b\u01b0\u1edbc: \u25cf B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: Ch\u1ecdn nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u \u25cf B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u \u25cf B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c theo nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y V\u00ed d\u1ee5 1: C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: KMnO4 + HCl \uf0ae KCl + MnCl2 + Cl2 + H2O H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - Ch\u1ecdn nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u: O - C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u: KMnO4 \uf0ae 4H2O - C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c 4H2O \uf0ae 8HCl 8HCl \uf0ae KCl + MnCl2 + 5\/2Cl2 Ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: KMnO4 + 8HCl \uf0ae KCl + MnCl2 + 5\/2Cl2 + 4H2O \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3n ta nh\u00e2n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 v\u1edbi m\u1eabu s\u1ed1 chung: 2KMnO4 + 16HCl \uf0ae 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 8H2O V\u00ed d\u1ee5 2: C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: K2Cr2O7 + HCl \uf0ae KCl + CrCl3 + Cl2 + H2O H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - Ch\u1ecdn nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u: O - C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u: K2Cr2O7 \uf0ae 7H2O - C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c 7H2O \uf0ae 14HCl K2Cr2O7 \uf0ae 2KCl + 2CrCl3 14HCl \uf0ae 2KCl + 2CrCl3 + 3Cl2 Ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: K2Cr2O7 + 14HCl \uf0ae 2KCl + 2CrCl3 + 3Cl2 + 7H2O CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u00ccNH H\u00d3A H\u1eccC V\u00d4 C\u01a0","2. C\u00c2N B\u1eb0NG PH\u1ea2N \u1ee8NG THEO PH\u01a2\u01a0NG PH\u00c1P TH\u0102NG B\u1eb0NG H\u00d3A TR\u1eca C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u25cf B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 t\u0103ng v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3m h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb. \u25cf B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: Th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng t\u0103ng gi\u1ea3m: L\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m l\u00e0m h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 t\u0103ng, l\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb t\u0103ng l\u00e0m h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3m. \u25cf B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: C\u1ed9ng th\u00eam s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m th\u1eeba \u1edf v\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i cho v\u1ebf tr\u00e1i (th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p nh\u00f3m NO3 v\u00e0 SO4 ). \uf040 L\u01b0u \u00fd: - Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 khi g\u1eb7p c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 phi kim t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi axit HNO3 v\u00e0 H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c. - Khi nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u01a1n ch\u1ea5t th\u00ec quy \u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng 0. - Trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed HNO3 hay trong mu\u1ed1i nitat th\u00ec nit\u01a1 c\u00f3 h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb 4 nh\u01b0ng trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y ta quy \u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 5. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 3: C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: Cu + HNO3 \uf0ae Cu(NO3)2 + NO + H2O H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i 05 2 2 - X\u00e9t s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng gi\u1ea3m h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb: Cu \uf02b\u00a0H N O3 \uf0ae Cu(NO3 )2 \u00a0\uf02b\u00a0N O \uf02b\u00a0H2O\u00a0 H\u00f3a tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Cu t\u0103ng 2, h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a N gi\u1ea3m 3, ta c\u00f3: Cu Ta\u00eang2 N Gia\u00fbm 3 - H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi l\u00e0 3 Cu + 2 HNO3 \uf0ae 3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NO + H2O - B\u00f9 th\u00eam 6NO3 cho v\u1ebf tr\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng H2O ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 3Cu + 8HNO3 \uf0ae 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O V\u00ed d\u1ee5 4: C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: Al + HNO3 \uf0ae Al(NO3)3 + N2O + H2O H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i 05 2 1 - X\u00e9t s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng gi\u1ea3m h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb: Al \uf02b\u00a0H N O3 \uf0ae Al(NO3 )3 \u00a0\uf02b\u00a0N2 O \uf02b\u00a0H2O\u00a0 H\u00f3a tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Al t\u0103ng 3, h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a N gi\u1ea3m 4 \uf0de 2N gi\u1ea3m 8, ta c\u00f3: Al Ta\u00eang3 2N Gia\u00fbm 8 - H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi l\u00e0 8 Al + 6 HNO3 \uf0ae 8 Al(NO3)3 + 3 N2O + H2O - B\u00f9 th\u00eam 24NO3 cho v\u1ebf tr\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng H2O ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 8Al + 30HNO3 \uf0ae 8Al(NO3)3 + 3N2O + 15H2O V\u00ed d\u1ee5 5: C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: Fe + H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + H2O CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u00ccNH H\u00d3A H\u1eccC V\u00d4 C\u01a0 223","H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i 06 3 2 - X\u00e9t s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng gi\u1ea3m h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb: Fe \uf02b\u00a0H2 SO4 \uf0ae Fe2 (SO4 )3 \u00a0\uf02b\u00a0SO2 \uf02b\u00a0H2O\u00a0 H\u00f3a tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Fe t\u0103ng 3 \uf0de 2Fe t\u0103ng 6, h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a S gi\u1ea3m 2, ta c\u00f3: 2Fe Ta\u00eang 6 S Gia\u00fbm 2 - H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi l\u00e0 4 Fe + 6 H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae 2 Fe2(SO4)3 + 6 SO2 + H2O - B\u00f9 th\u00eam 6SO4 cho v\u1ebf tr\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng H2O 4Fe + 12H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae 2Fe2(SO4)3 + 6SO2 + 12H2O T\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3n 2 v\u1ebf ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: 2Fe + 6H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O 4. C\u00c2N B\u1eb0NG PH\u1ea2N \u1ee8NG THEO PH\u01a2\u01a0NG PH\u00c1P CH\u1eb4N - L\u1eba C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng sau khi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng th\u00ec s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u1edf v\u1ebf tr\u00e1i b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf v\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i. V\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u1ebf l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ch\u1eb5n th\u00ec s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf v\u1ebf kia ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eb5n. N\u1ebfu \u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u1ebb th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4i. C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh: \u25cf B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: X\u00e9t c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ch\u1eb5n c\u00f2n \u1edf c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u1ebb. \u25cf B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: \u0110\u1eb7t h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 2 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1eb5n s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1. \u25cf B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: T\u00ecm c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 6: C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: FeS2 + O2 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae Fe2O3 + SO2 H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - \u1ede v\u1ebf tr\u00e1i s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed oxi l\u00e0 ch\u1eb5n v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0o - \u1ede v\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i, trong SO2 oxi l\u00e0 ch\u1eb5n nh\u01b0ng trong Fe2O3 oxi l\u00e0 l\u1ebb n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4i - L\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i 2Fe2O3 \uf0ae 4FeS2 \uf0ae 8SO2 \uf0ae 11O2 - Thay v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 4FeS2 + 11O2 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 7: C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: Fe3O4 + Al \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae Fe + Al2O3 H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - \u1ede v\u1ebf tr\u00e1i, s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed oxi l\u00e0 ch\u1eb5n. \u1ede v\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i, s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed oxi l\u00e0 l\u1ebb \uf0de C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng oxi: 3Fe3O4 \uf0ae 4Al2O3 - L\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean Fe, Al ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 3Fe3O4 + 8Al \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae 9Fe + 4Al2O3 CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u00ccNH H\u00d3A H\u1eccC V\u00d4 C\u01a0 224","5. C\u00c2N B\u1eb0NG PH\u1ea2N \u1ee8NG THEO PH\u01a2\u01a0NG PH\u00c1P \u0110\u1ea0I S\u1ed0 C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1eb7t h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ea9n a, b, c, d,\u2026 r\u1ed3i d\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t. Gi\u1ea3i h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, ch\u1ecdn nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t, t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3n. C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh: \u25cf B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: \u0110\u01b0a c\u00e1c \u1ea9n s\u1ed1 a, b, c, d, e,... l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. \u25cf B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c \u1ea9n tr\u00ean theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng nhau. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c \u1ea9n. \u25cfB\u01b0\u1edbc 3: Ch\u1ecdn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho m\u1ed9t \u1ea9n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 sao cho thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh. T\u00ecm h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i qua c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh. \u25cf B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: \u0110\u01b0a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 v\u1eeba t\u00ecm v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 kh\u1eed m\u1eabu (n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n). \uf040 L\u01b0u \u00fd: C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng linh ho\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea9n s\u1ed1. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 8: C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: CxHyOz + O2 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae CO2 + H2O H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nh\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi C, H v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a O2 l\u00e0 t CxHyOz + tO2 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae xCO2 + y H2O 2 - C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 oxi: 2t + z = 2x + y \uf0de t = ( x \uf02b y ) 24 \uf0de Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nh\u01b0 sau: CxHyOz + ( x \uf02b y )O2 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae xCO2 + y H2O 4 2 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 9: C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: Cu + HNO3 \uf0ae Cu(NO3)2 + NO + H2O H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 H: 2xHNO3 \uf0ae xH2O \uf0de Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Cu + 2xHNO3 \uf0ae Cu(NO3)2 + NO + xH2O (*) - C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 N: 2xHNO3 \uf0ae Cu(NO3)2 + (2x \u2013 2)NO - C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 O: 6x = 6 + (2x \u2013 2) + x \uf0db x \uf03d 4 3 \uf0de Thay x v\u00e0o (*): Cu + 8 HNO3 \uf0ae Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NO + 4 H2O 3 3 3 Hay 3Cu + 8HNO3 \uf0ae 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O V\u00ed d\u1ee5 10: Vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a oxit s\u1eaft n\u00e0y sang oxit s\u1eaft kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t nh\u01b0 sau: FexOy \uf0ae FenOm (\u0110\u1ec1 thi v\u00e0o l\u1edbp 10 THPT chuy\u00ean H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd - N\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2010 - 2011). H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng theo 2 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1ea3y ra: Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 1: T\u1eeb oxit s\u1eaft ch\u1ee9a s\u1eaft h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb th\u1ea5p l\u00ean oxit s\u1eaft ch\u1ee9a s\u1eaft h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb cao CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u00ccNH H\u00d3A H\u1eccC V\u00d4 C\u01a0 225","nFexOy + mx \uf02d ny O2 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae xFenOm 2 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 2: T\u1eeb oxit s\u1eaft ch\u1ee9a s\u1eaft h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb cao xu\u1ed1ng oxit s\u1eaft ch\u1ee9a s\u1eaft h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb th\u1ea5p Ch\u1ecdn ch\u1ea5t kh\u1eed l\u00e0 CO (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn ch\u1ea5t kh\u1eed kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 H2, Al,\u2026) \uf0de ta c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: FexOy + CO \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae FenOm + CO2 - C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 Fe: nFexOy + aCO \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae xFenOm + aCO2 - C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 O: ny + a = mx + 2a \uf0db a = (ny \u2013 mx) Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng: nFexOy + (ny \u2013 mx)CO \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae xFenOm + (ny \u2013 mx)CO2 6. C\u00c2N B\u1eb0NG PH\u1ea2N \u1ee8NG B\u1eb0NG PH\u01a2\u01a0NG PH\u00c1P TH\u0102NG B\u1eb0NG ELECTRON a. Quy t\u1eafc x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a - Quy t\u1eafc 1: S\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 trong \u0111\u01a1n ch\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng 0. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: S\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 Na, Fe, H, O, Cl trong \u0111\u01a1n ch\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng Na, Fe, H2, O2, Cl2 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng 0. - Quy t\u1eafc 2: Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t: S\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a H l\u00e0 +1 (tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a H v\u1edbi kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 NaH, CaH2, th\u00ec H c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a \u20131). S\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a O l\u00e0 \u20132 (tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 H2O2, F2O, oxi c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0 : \u20131, +2). - Quy t\u1eafc 3: Trong m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 s\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng 0. Theo quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u1ebfu bi\u1ebft s\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: T\u00ecm s\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a S trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed H2SO4? G\u1ecdi s\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a S trong H2SO4 l\u00e0 x, ta c\u00f3: 2(+1) + 1x + 4(\u20132) = 0 \uf0de x = +6 - Quy t\u1eafc 4: Trong ion \u0111\u01a1n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, s\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a ion \u0111\u00f3. Trong ion \u0111a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 s\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong ion \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 1: S\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Na, Zn, S v\u00e0 Cl trong c\u00e1c ion Na+, Zn2+, S2-, Cl- l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0: +1, +2, \u20132, \u20131. T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 s\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 trong c\u00e1c ion SO42-, MnO4-, NH4+ l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0: \u20132, \u20131, +1. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 2: T\u00ecm s\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Mn trong ion MnO4- ? G\u1ecdi s\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Mn l\u00e0 x, ta c\u00f3: 1.x + 4.( \u20132) = \u20131 \uf0de x = +7 \uf040 L\u01b0u \u00fd: \u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n s\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a th\u00ec vi\u1ebft d\u1ea5u tr\u01a3\u1edbc, s\u1ed1 sau, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a ion th\u00ec vi\u1ebft s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u1ea5u sau. N\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u00e0 1+ (ho\u1eb7c 1\u2013) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 + (ho\u1eb7c -) th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 d\u1ea5u v\u00e0 ch\u1eef (+1 ho\u1eb7c \u20131). Trong h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t, kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m, ki\u1ec1m th\u1ed5, nh\u00f4m lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0: +1, +2, +3. b. C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ph\u01a3\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng oxi h\u00f3a - kh\u1eed \u25cf B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng (ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n s\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a). T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ea5t oxi h\u00f3a, ch\u1ea5t kh\u1eed. \u25cf B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxi h\u00f3a v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u00ccNH H\u00d3A H\u1eccC V\u00d4 C\u01a0 226","\u25cf B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: T\u00ecm h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho ch\u1ea5t oxi h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t kh\u1eed theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc: T\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 electron m\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t kh\u1eed nh\u01b0\u1eddng (cho) b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 electron m\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t oxi h\u00f3a nh\u1eadn. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111i t\u00ecm b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 chung nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 electron cho v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 electron nh\u1eadn, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea5y b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 chung \u0111\u00f3 chia cho s\u1ed1 electron cho ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eadn th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t kh\u1eed v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t oxi h\u00f3a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. \u25cf B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: \u0110\u1eb7t h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t oxi h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t kh\u1eed v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 11: C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: Fe + H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + H2O H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a thay \u0111\u1ed5i 0 \uf02b \uf02b6 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae \uf02b3 e2 (SO4 )3 \uf02b4 H2O Fe H2 S O4 \u00f1a\u00ebc F \uf02b S O2 \uf02b - B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: Vi\u1ebft qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxi h\u00f3a v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1eed Fe0 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae Fe\uf02b3 \uf02b 3e S\uf02b6 \uf02b 2e \uf0be\uf0be\uf0aeS\uf02b4 - B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: T\u00ecm h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p sao cho t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 electron ch\u1ea5t kh\u1eed nh\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 electron ch\u1ea5t oxi h\u00f3a nh\u1eadn 2 Fe0 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0aeFe\uf02b3 \uf02b 3e 3 S\uf02b6 \uf02b 2e \uf0be\uf0be\uf0aeS\uf02b4 - B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: \u0110\u1eb7t h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 2Fe + 6H2SO4 \u0111\u0111\u1eb7c \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O \uf040 L\u01b0u \u00fd: Do H2SO4 v\u1eeba \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t oxi h\u00f3a v\u1eeba \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng (t\u1ea1o mu\u1ed1i) n\u00ean h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1eed m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam ph\u1ea7n tham gia l\u00e0m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng (c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam ph\u1ea7n tham gia t\u1ea1o mu\u1ed1i). V\u00ec v\u1eady trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y, ta th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 sau: Ch\u1ea5t kh\u1eed (2Fe) \uf0ae S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u1eed (3SO2) \uf0ae Axit (H2SO4, HNO3) \uf0ae N\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 12: C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: Cu + HNO3 \uf0ae Cu(NO3)2 + NO + H2O H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a thay \u0111\u1ed5i 0 \uf02b5 \uf02b2 \uf02b2 Cu \uf02b\u00a0H N O3 \uf0ae Cu(NO3 )2 \u00a0\uf02b\u00a0N O \uf02b\u00a0H2O\u00a0 - B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: Vi\u1ebft qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxi h\u00f3a v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1eed Cu0 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0aeCu\uf02b2 \uf02b 2e N\uf02b5 \uf02b 3e \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae N\uf02b2 - B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: T\u00ecm h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p sao cho t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 electron ch\u1ea5t kh\u1eed nh\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 electron ch\u1ea5t oxi h\u00f3a nh\u1eadn 3 Cu0 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0aeCu\uf02b2 \uf02b 2e 2 N\uf02b5 \uf02b 3e \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae N\uf02b2 - B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: \u0110\u1eb7t h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u00ccNH H\u00d3A H\u1eccC V\u00d4 C\u01a0 227","3Cu + 8HNO3 \uf0ae 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O V\u00ed d\u1ee5 13: C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: KMnO4 + HCl \uf0ae KCl + MnCl2 + Cl2 + H2O Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a thay \u0111\u1ed5i \uf02b7 \uf02d1 \uf02b2 0 K M nO4 \uf02b H C l \uf0ae KCl \uf02b M nCl2 \uf02b C l2 \uf02b H2O - B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: Vi\u1ebft qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxi h\u00f3a v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1eed 2Cl\uf02d1 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae Cl20 \uf02b 2e Mn\uf02b7 \uf02b 5e \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae Mn\uf02b2 - B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: T\u00ecm h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p sao cho t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 electron ch\u1ea5t kh\u1eed nh\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 electron ch\u1ea5t oxi h\u00f3a nh\u1eadn 5 2Cl\uf02d1 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae Cl20 \uf02b 2e 2 Mn\uf02b7 \uf02b 5e \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae Mn\uf02b2 - B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: \u0110\u1eb7t h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 2KMnO4 + 16HCl \uf0ae 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 8H2O \uf040 L\u01b0u \u00fd: Do HCl v\u1eeba \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t kh\u1eed v\u1eeba \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng (t\u1ea1o mu\u1ed1i) n\u00ean h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxi h\u00f3a m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam ph\u1ea7n tham gia l\u00e0m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng (c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam ph\u1ea7n tham gia t\u1ea1o mu\u1ed1i). V\u00ec v\u1eady trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y, ta th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 sau: Ch\u1ea5t oxi h\u00f3a (2KMnO4) \uf0ae S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m oxi h\u00f3a (5Cl2) \uf0ae C\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i (K) \uf0ae Ch\u1ea5t kh\u1eed (HCl) \uf0ae N\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 14: C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: FeS2 + HNO3 \uf0ae Fe(NO3)3 + H2SO4 + NO + H2O H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a thay \u0111\u1ed5i \uf02b2 \uf02d1 \uf02b5 \uf02b3 \uf02b6 \uf02b2 F e S2 \uf02b H N O3 \uf0ae Fe(NO3)3 \uf02b H2 S O4 \uf02b N O \uf02b H2O \u00a0 - B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: Vi\u1ebft qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxi h\u00f3a v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1eed Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxi h\u00f3a Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1eed Fe\uf02b2 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae Fe\uf02b3 \uf02b 1e N\uf02b5 \uf02b 3e \uf0be\uf0be\uf0aeN\uf02b2 2S\uf02d1 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae2S\uf02b6 \uf02b 2.7e \uf02b2 \uf02d1 \uf0de F e S2 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae Fe\uf02b2 \uf02b 2S\uf02b6 \uf02b 15e - B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: T\u00ecm h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p sao cho t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 electron ch\u1ea5t kh\u1eed nh\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 electron ch\u1ea5t oxi h\u00f3a nh\u1eadn \uf02b2 \uf02d1 1 F e S2 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0aeFe\uf02b2 \uf02b 2S\uf02b6 \uf02b 15e 5 N\uf02b5 \uf02b 3e \uf0be\uf0be\uf0aeN\uf02b2 - B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: \u0110\u1eb7t h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \uf02b2 \uf02d1 \uf02b5 \uf02b2 \uf02b6 \uf02b2 F eS2 \uf02b 8H N O3 \uf0ae Fe(NO3)3 \uf02b 2H2 S O4 \uf02b 5 N O \uf02b 2H2O \u00a0 CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u00ccNH H\u00d3A H\u1eccC V\u00d4 C\u01a0 228","V\u00ed d\u1ee5 15: C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: M + H2SO4 \uf0ae M2(SO4)n + SO2 + H2O H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a thay \u0111\u1ed5i 0 \uf02b6 \uf02bn \uf02b4 M \uf02b\u00a0H2 S O4 \uf0ae M2 (SO4 )n \u00a0\uf02b\u00a0S O2 \uf02b\u00a0H2O\u00a0 - Vi\u1ebft qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxi h\u00f3a, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1eed v\u00e0 t\u00ecm h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p sao cho t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 electron ch\u1ea5t kh\u1eed nh\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 electron ch\u1ea5t oxi h\u00f3a nh\u1eadn 2 M0 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae M\uf02bn \uf02b ne n S\uf02b6 \uf02b 2e \uf0be\uf0be\uf0aeS\uf02b4 - \u0110\u01b0a h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng 0 \uf02b6 \uf02bn \uf02b4 2M \uf02b\u00a02nH2 S O4 \uf0ae M2 (SO4 )n \u00a0\uf02b\u00a0n S O2 \uf02b\u00a02nH2O\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 16: C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: FexOy + H2SO4 \uf0ae Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + H2O H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a thay \u0111\u1ed5i \uf02b2y x \uf02b6 \uf02b3 \uf02b4 Fe x Oy \uf02b\u00a0H2 S O4 \uf0ae Fe2 (SO4 )3 \u00a0\uf02b\u00a0S O2 \uf02b\u00a0H2O\u00a0 - Vi\u1ebft qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxi h\u00f3a, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1eed v\u00e0 t\u00ecm h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p sao cho t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 electron ch\u1ea5t kh\u1eed nh\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 electron ch\u1ea5t oxi h\u00f3a nh\u1eadn \uf02b2y 1 2xFe x \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae2xFe\uf02b3 \uf02b 2(3x \uf02d 2y)e (3x \uf02d 2y) S\uf02b6 \uf02b 2e \uf0be\uf0be\uf0aeS\uf02b4 - \u0110\u01b0a h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \uf02b2y x \uf02b6 \uf02b3 \uf02b4 2Fex Oy \uf02b\u00a0(6x \uf02d 2y)H2 S O4 \uf0ae xFe2(SO4 )3 \u00a0\uf02b\u00a0(3x \uf02d 2y) S O2 \uf02b\u00a0(6x \uf02d 2y)H2O\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 17: C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: Fe3O4 + HNO3 \uf0ae Fe(NO3)3 + NxOy + H2O H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a thay \u0111\u1ed5i \uf02b8 \uf02b2y 3 \uf02b5 \uf02b3 x Fe3 O4 \uf02b\u00a0H N O3 \uf0ae Fe(N O3)3 \u00a0\uf02b\u00a0N x Oy \uf02b\u00a0H2O\u00a0 - Vi\u1ebft qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxi h\u00f3a, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1eed v\u00e0 t\u00ecm h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p sao cho t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 electron ch\u1ea5t kh\u1eed nh\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 electron ch\u1ea5t oxi h\u00f3a nh\u1eadn \uf02b8 (5x \uf02d 2y) 3Fe 3 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae3Fe\uf02b3 \uf02b 1e \uf02b2y 1 xN\uf02b5 \uf02b (5x \uf02d 2y)e \uf0be\uf0be\uf0aexN x CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u00ccNH H\u00d3A H\u1eccC V\u00d4 C\u01a0 229","- \u0110\u01b0a h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \uf02b8 \uf02b2y 3 \uf02b5 \uf02b3 x (5x \uf02d 2y) Fe3 O4 \uf02b\u00a0(46x \uf02d18y)H N O3 \uf0ae (15x \uf02d 6y)Fe(N O3)3 \u00a0\uf02b\u00a0N x Oy \uf02b\u00a0(23x \uf02d 9y)H2O\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 18: C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: Na2SO3 + KMnO4 + NaHSO4 \uf0ae Na2SO4 + MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2O (\u0110\u1ec1 thi ch\u1ecdn h\u1ecdc sinh gi\u1ecfi l\u1edbp 9 - T\u1ec9nh Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd \u2013 N\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2014 - 2015) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - D\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng electron, ta d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 Mn v\u00e0 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Na2SO3 l\u00e0 5 \uf02b4 \uf02b7 \uf02b6 \uf02b2 \uf02b6 5 Na2 S O3 \uf02b 2 K M nO4 \uf02b NaHSO4 \uf0ae Na2 S O4 \uf02b 2 Mn SO4 \uf02b K2 S O4 \uf02b H2O 5 S\uf02b4 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0aeS\uf02b6 \uf02b 2e 2 Mn\uf02b7 \uf02b 5e \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae Mn\uf02b2 - C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 \uf02b4 \uf02b7 5Na2 S O3 \uf02b 2K M nO4 \uf02b x NaHSO4 \uf0ae \uf02b6 \uf02b2 \uf02b6 \uf02b x H2O (*) 2 y Na2 S O4 \uf02b 2M nSO4 \uf02b K2 S O4 \u0110\u1ec3 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 Na v\u00e0 S \u1edf 2 v\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng nhau th\u00ec: \uf0ec10 \uf02b x \uf03d 2y \uf0db \uf0ecx \uf03d 6 \uf0ee\uf0ed5 \uf02b x \uf03d y \uf02b 3 \uf0ee\uf0edy \uf03d 8 \u0110\u01b0a x v\u00e0 y v\u00e0o (*) ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \uf02b4 \uf02b7 \uf02b6 \uf02b2 \uf02b6 5Na2 S O3 \uf02b 2K M nO4 \uf02b 6NaHSO4 \uf0ae8Na2 S O4 \uf02b 2M nSO4 \uf02b K2 S O4 \uf02b 3H2O CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG TR\u00ccNH H\u00d3A H\u1eccC V\u00d4 C\u01a0 230","PH\u1ea6N 2: C\u00c1C CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 H\u00d3A H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 5 VI\u1ebeT C\u00d4NG TH\u1ee8C C\u1ea4U T\u1ea0O CH\u1ea4T H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 A. PH\u01af\u01a0NG PH\u00c1P GI\u1ea2I B\u00c0I T\u1eacP Trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1, cacbon c\u00f3 ho\u00e1 tr\u1ecb 4. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eed cacbon kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau th\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ch cacbon. B\u1ea3ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 H\u00f3a tr\u1ecb C\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u li\u00ean k\u1ebft C4 CC CC N3 N NN O 2O O X H ho\u1eb7c X 1H (X: halogen) V\u00ed d\u1ee5: CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 VI\u1ebeT C\u00d4NG TH\u1ee8C C\u1ea4U T\u1ea0O CH\u1ea4T H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 231","\u25cf C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. C\u00f3 c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft sau: - C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o khai tri\u1ec3n : Vi\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. H H HH HH HH H C C CC H H C C C C H HC CH H C HH HHHH C H HH HH - C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o thu g\u1ecdn: Vi\u1ebft g\u1ed9p nguy\u00ean t\u1eed cacbon v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m. CH3 CH CH2 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH2 - C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o thu g\u1ecdn nh\u1ea5t: Ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00fat c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m CHx v\u1edbi x \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ho\u00e1 tr\u1ecb 4 \u1edf C. B. GI\u1ea2I CHI TI\u1ebeT C\u00c1C D\u1ea0NG B\u00c0I T\u1eacP C\u00e2u 1. Vi\u1ebft c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c C2HyOz ( z \uf0b9 0) (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean \u0110HSPHN, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i C2HyOz ( z \uf0b9 0) * V\u00ec y \uf0a3 2.2 + 2 = 6 v\u00e0 y ch\u1eb5n \uf0de y = 6; 4 ho\u1eb7c 2. * V\u1edbi y = 6: C2H6O (CH3-CH2-OH; CH3-O-CH3); C2H6O2 ( HO-CH2-CH2-OH; HO-CH2-O-CH3) C2H6O3: HO-CH2-O-CH2-OH * V\u1edbi y = 4: C2H4O (CH3CHO); C2H4O2 (CH3COOH; HCOOCH3; HO-CH2-CHO); C2H4O3: HO-CH2-COOH; HCOO-CH2-OH * V\u1edbi y = 2: C2H2O2 (OHC-CHO); C2H2O3 (OHC-COOH); C2H2O4 ( HOOC-COOH) C\u00e2u 2. Khi th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o (A) trong dung d\u1ecbch NaOH, \u0111un nh\u1eb9, thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c glixerol v\u00e0 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p hai mu\u1ed1i C17H35COONa, C15H31COONa. a) Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a A. CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 VI\u1ebeT C\u00d4NG TH\u1ee8C C\u1ea4U T\u1ea0O CH\u1ea4T H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 232","b) Nh\u1ecf dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 lo\u00e3ng v\u00e0o A v\u00e0 \u0111un nh\u1eb9. Vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc minh h\u1ecda. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u - Ngh\u1ec7 An, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a. Th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o (A) trong dung d\u1ecbch NaOH, \u0111un nh\u1eb9, thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c glixerol v\u00e0 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p hai mu\u1ed1i C17H35COONa, C15H31COONa. Ta c\u00f3: A + NaOH \uf0ae C17H35COONa + C15H31COONa + C3H5(OH)3 \uf0de A c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o sau: C17H35COO-CH2 C17H35COO-CH2 C15H31COO-CH2 C17H35COO-CH2 C17H35COO-CH C15H31COO-CH C15H31COO-CH C17H35COO-CH C15H31COO-CH2 C15H31COO-CH2 C17H35COO-CH2 C15H31COO-CH2 b) 1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc minh h\u1ecda: C17H35COO-CH2 H2 SO4 loa\u00f5ng C15H31COOH + 2C17H35COOH + C3H5(OH)3 C15H31COO-CH + 3H2O \u00f1un nhe\u00ef C17H35COO-CH2 C\u00e2u 3. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 A (ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c, m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf) c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng CxHyOz (x \uf0a3 2), A t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch NaOH. H\u00e3y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a A v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra gi\u1eefa A v\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch NaOH. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean Lam S\u01a1n - Thanh H\u00f3a, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i V\u00ec h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 A l\u00e0 CxHyOz (x \uf0a3 2) ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c, m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi NaOH n\u00ean A c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 axit ho\u1eb7c este. Ta x\u00e9t c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p sau: - V\u1edbi x = 1 \uf0de A c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o HCOOH. - V\u1edbi x = 2 \uf0de A c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o HCOOCH3 ho\u1eb7c CH3COOH ho\u1eb7c (COOH)2 C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: (1) HCOOH + NaOH \uf0ae HCOONa + H2O (2) HCOOCH3 + NaOH \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae HCOONa + CH3OH (3) CH3COOH + NaOH \uf0ae CH3COONa + H2O (4) (COOH)2 + 2NaOH \uf0ae (COONa)2 + 2H2O C\u00e2u 4. 4.1. B\u1eadc c\u1ee7a cacbon l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed cacbon li\u00ean k\u1ebft tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eed cacbon \u0111ang x\u00e9t. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: ph\u00e2n t\u1eed propan c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 CH3 \u2013 CH2 \u2013 CH3, c\u00f3 2 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed cacbon b\u1eadc I \u1edf hai \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ea1ch cacbon v\u00e0 1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed cacbon b\u1eadc II \u1edf gi\u1eefa m\u1ea1ch. Hi\u0111rocacbon X m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed cacbon ch\u1ec9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n. Trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed X c\u00f3 1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed cacbon b\u1eadc III, 1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed cacbon b\u1eadc II v\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed cacbon b\u1eadc I. a\/ X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a X. b\/ T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 khi cho metan (CH4) t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi kh\u00ed Cl2 (c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng), c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed hi\u0111ro trong X c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed clo. i\/ Khi cho X t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Cl2 theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 mol 1 : 1, c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng th\u00ec thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u0111a bao nhi\u00eau s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m h\u1eefu c\u01a1? Vi\u1ebft c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00f3. ii\/ Vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a X v\u1edbi Cl2 theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 mol 1 : 1. 4.2. Brom l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng (c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf n\u00e2u) \u00edt tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 tan t\u1ed1t trong dung m\u00f4i h\u1eefu c\u01a1. Cho v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m 2 mL dung d\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc brom (c\u00f3 m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng n\u00e2u). Nh\u1ecf t\u1eeb t\u1eeb v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3 1 mL benzen. Trong \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 2 l\u1edbp ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, l\u1edbp d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf n\u00e2u, l\u1edbp ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng ph\u00eda tr\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng. a\/ Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean. CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 VI\u1ebeT C\u00d4NG TH\u1ee8C C\u1ea4U T\u1ea0O CH\u1ea4T H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 233","b\/ L\u1ea5y \u0111\u0169a th\u1ee7y tinh khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 2 l\u1edbp ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng tr\u00ean tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn v\u00e0o nhau, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 y\u00ean \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m. D\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. 4.3. Cho hi\u0111rocacbon Y m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1eabu hi\u0111rocacbon n\u00e0y \u1edf 127 oC v\u00e0 1 atm trong kh\u00ed oxi d\u01b0, th\u1ea5y th\u1ec3 t\u00edch h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i sau ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Y. Bi\u1ebft n\u01b0\u1edbc bay h\u01a1i \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 100 oC v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t 1 atm. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean L\u00ea H\u1ed3ng Phong \u2013 Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i 4.1. a) X l\u00e0 (CH3)2CH \u2013 CH2 \u2013 CH3 b) i) T\u1ed1i \u0111a thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 4 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m h\u1eefu c\u01a1 g\u1ed3m: ii) Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra: 4.2) a) Khi nh\u1ecf benzen v\u00e0o quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y benzen n\u1ed5i l\u00ean tr\u00ean v\u00ec benzen nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc; nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n l\u1edbp; l\u1edbp d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc brom v\u00e0 l\u1edbp tr\u00ean v\u00e0 benzen. b) Khi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u0169a th\u1ee7y tinh khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 2 l\u1edbp ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn v\u00e0o nhau, quan s\u00e1t l\u1edbp tr\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf n\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm d\u1ea7n, l\u1edbp d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1ea1t d\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng nh\u1ea1t v\u00ec benzen l\u00e0 dung m\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c h\u00f2a tan Br2 (ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c) t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n n\u01b0\u1edbc (dung m\u00f4i ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c). 4.3) G\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a hi\u0111rocacbon l\u00e0 CxHy (x, y nguy\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng; y \uf0a3 4) Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra: CxHy + (x + y )O2 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae xCO2 + y H2O \u1ede 127 oC v\u00e0 1 atm, H2O \u1edf th\u1ec3 h\u01a1i. 42 Do th\u1ec3 t\u00edch kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i \uf0de n CO2 \uf02b nH2O \uf03d n Cx Hy \uf02b nO2 \uf0db x\uf02b y \uf03d1\uf02b (x \uf02b y) \uf0db y \uf03d 4 2 4 V\u1eady c\u00e1c hi\u0111rocacbon c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm l\u00e0: CH4 ho\u1eb7c C2H4; C3H4; C4H4 C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Y l\u00e0: CH2 = CH2; CH2 = C = CH2; CH \u2261 C \u2013 CH3; CH \u2261 C \u2013 CH = CH2; CH2 = C = C = CH2 CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 VI\u1ebeT C\u00d4NG TH\u1ee8C C\u1ea4U T\u1ea0O CH\u1ea4T H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 234","C\u00e2u 5. Bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean entanpi c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng entanpi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m tr\u1eeb t\u1ed5ng entanpi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, m\u1ed7i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb entanpi nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. Entanpi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n ch\u1ea5t \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i chu\u1ea9n b\u1eb1ng 0. C\u00f3 3 hi\u0111rocacbon X, Y, Z ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 2 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed C trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. S\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed H trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 X < Y < Z. Entanpi t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh chu\u1ea9n (k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \uf044H o ) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c f hi\u0111rocacbon v\u00e0 CO2, H2O \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho \u1edf b\u1ea3ng sau: Ch\u1ea5t X Y Z CO2 (k) H2O (k) \uf044H o (kJ\/mol) 227 52 \u221285 \u2212395 \u2212242 f a\/ Vi\u1ebft c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi t\u00ean c\u1ee7a X, Y, Z. Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf X, Y (ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng) d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. b\/ Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a 3 hi\u0111rocacbon v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3n. T\u00ednh bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean entanpi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u00e1y trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n chu\u1ea9n. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean L\u00ea H\u1ed3ng Phong \u2013 Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a) 3 hi\u0111rocacbon l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0: X l\u00e0 HC \u2261 CH: axetilen; Y l\u00e0 H2C = CH2: etilen; Z l\u00e0 H3C \u2013 CH3: etan Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra: CaC2 + 2H2O \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae Ca(OH)2 + C2H2\u2191 C2H5OH \uf0beH\uf0be21S7\uf0beO0 4oC\u00f1\uf0bea\u00ebc\uf0ae C2H4 + H2O 1b) Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra: 2C2H2 + 5 O2 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae 4CO2 + 2H2O (1) (2) C2H4 + 3 O2 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae 2CO2 + 2H2O (3) 2C2H6 + 7 O2 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae 4CO2 + 6H2O \uf044Hof (O2) \uf03d 0 \uf044H1 \uf03d 4\uf044Hof (CO2 ) \uf02b 2\uf044Hof (H2O) \uf02d 5\uf044Hof (O2 ) \uf02d 5\uf044Hfo (C2H2) \uf03d 4\uf0b4 (\uf02d395) \uf02b 2\uf0b4 (\uf02d242) \uf02d 5\uf0b4 0 \uf02d 2\uf0b4 227 \uf03d \uf02d2518 kJ \/ mol \uf044H2 \uf03d 2\uf044Hfo (CO2 ) \uf02b 2\uf044Hfo (H2O) \uf02d 3\uf044Hfo (O2 ) \uf02d \uf044Hfo (C2H4 ) \uf03d 2\uf0b4 (\uf02d395) \uf02b 2\uf0b4 (\uf02d242) \uf02d 3\uf0b4 0 \uf02d 52 \uf03d \uf02d1326 kJ \/ mol \uf044H3 \uf03d 4\uf044Hfo (CO2 ) \uf02b 6\uf044Hof (H2O) \uf02d 7\uf044Hfo (O2 ) \uf02d 2\uf044Hfo (C2H4 ) \uf03d 4\uf0b4 (\uf02d395) \uf02b 6\uf0b4 (\uf02d242) \uf02d 7 \uf0b4 0 \uf02d 2\uf0b485 \uf03d \uf02d2862 kJ \/ mol C\u00e2u 6. Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sau: C2H4O2, C3H8O, C4H8. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean B\u1eafc Ninh, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea5t b\u00e3o h\u00f2a c\u1ee7a CxHyOzNtClv \uf044 \uf03d 2x \uf02b 2 \uf02b t \uf02d (y \uf02b v) \uf03d \uf070 \uf02b v 2 \uf070 : to\u00e5ng so\u00e1 lie\u00e2n ke\u00e1t pi v: to\u00e5ng so\u00e1 vo\u00f8ng 235 - C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c tr\u00ean ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang trong c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb. a) C2H4O2 (\u2206=1) \uf0b7 Axit no, \u0111\u01a1n ch\u1ee9c, m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf: CH3 \u2013 COOH \uf0b7 Este no, \u0111\u01a1n ch\u1ee9c, m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf: H \u2013 COO \u2013 CH3 \uf0b7 H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea1p ch\u1ee9c: HO \u2013 CH2 \u2013 CHO CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 VI\u1ebeT C\u00d4NG TH\u1ee8C C\u1ea4U T\u1ea0O CH\u1ea4T H\u1eeeU C\u01a0","HO-CH=CH-OH kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b) C3H8O (\u2206=0) \uf0b7 R\u01b0\u1ee3u no, \u0111\u01a1n ch\u1ee9c, m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf: CH3 \u2013 CH2 \u2013 CH2 \u2013 OH ; CH3 \u2013 CH(OH) \u2013 CH3 \uf0b7 Ete no, \u0111\u01a1n ch\u1ee9c, m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf: CH3 \u2013 O \u2013 C2H5 c) C4H8 (\u2206=1) V\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1 cho m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u vi\u1ebft c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 xicloankan Anken: CH2 = CH \u2013 CH2 \u2013 CH3; CH3CH=CH-CH3; CH2 = C(CH3) \u2013 CH3 C\u00e2u 7. A, B, C l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9a C, H, O v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u1ed1i l\u00e0 60. - A l\u00e0m qu\u1ef3 t\u00edm \u1ea9m chuy\u1ec3n sang \u0111\u1ecf, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Na, dung d\u1ecbch NaOH, dung d\u1ecbch Na2CO3. - B t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Na nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch NaOH. - C kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Na nh\u01b0ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch NaOH khi \u0111un n\u00f3ng. T\u00ecm c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a A, B, C. Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i \u2013 H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i G\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 c\u00f3 M = 60 l\u00e0 CxHyOz \uf0de 12.x + y + 16.z = 60. - Khi z = 1 \uf0de 12.x + y = 44 \uf0de x = 3, y = 8 \uf0de C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed C3H8O - Khi z = 2 \uf0de 12.x + y = 28 \uf0de x = 2, y = 4 \uf0de C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed C2H4O2 - Khi z \u2265 3 \uf0de 12.x + y \u2264 12 (lo\u1ea1i) A t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng dung d\u1ecbch Na2CO3 \uf0de A l\u00e0 axit cacboxylic \uf0de C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed C2H4O2 \uf0de A l\u00e0 CH3COOH. 2CH3COOH + 2Na \uf0ae 2CH3COONa + H2 CH3COOH + NaOH \uf0ae CH3COONa + H2O 2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 \uf0ae 2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2 C kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Na nh\u01b0ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch NaOH khi \u0111un n\u00f3ng \uf0de C l\u00e0 este \uf0de C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed C2H4O2 \uf0de C l\u00e0 HCOOCH3. HCOOCH3 + NaOH \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae HCOONa + CH3OH t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Na nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch NaOH \uf0de B c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m \u2013OH. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 1: B c\u00f3 CTPT C2H4O2 \uf0de B l\u00e0 HO-CH2-CHO Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 2: B c\u00f3 CTPT C3H8O \uf0de B l\u00e0 CH3CH2CH2OH ho\u1eb7c CH3CH(OH)CH3. 2HO-CH2-CHO + 2Na \uf0ae 2NaO-CH2-CHO + H2 2CH3CH2CH2OH + 2Na \uf0ae 2CH3CH2CH2ONa + H2 2CH3CH(OH)CH3 + 2Na \uf0ae 2CH3CH(ONa)CH3 + H2 C\u00e2u 8. X, Y v\u00e0 Z l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t sau : - Khi \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y X ho\u1eb7c Y \u0111\u1ec1u thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m CO2 v\u00e0 H2O v\u1edbi t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 mol 1 : 1. - X t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi Na v\u00e0 v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch NaOH. - Y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t m\u00e0u dung d\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc brom. - Z t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi Na v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch NaOH. H\u1ecfi X, Y, Z l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t sau: C2H2; C4H8; C3H8O; C2H4O2 ? Vi\u1ebft c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean H\u00e0 Nam, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 VI\u1ebeT C\u00d4NG TH\u1ee8C C\u1ea4U T\u1ea0O CH\u1ea4T H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 236","H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a) \u0110\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y X ho\u1eb7c Y \u0111\u1ec1u thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m CO2 v\u00e0 H2O v\u1edbi t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 mol 1 : 1 \uf0de Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 C4H8 v\u00e0 C2H4O2. Trong \u0111\u00f3 : - X v\u1eeba t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi Natri, v\u1eeba t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi dd NaOH \uf0de X l\u00e0 axit C2H4O2 C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o: CH3 - COOH. - Y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t m\u00e0u dung d\u1ecbch brom \uf0de Y l\u00e0 C4H8. * C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o: + Anken C4H8: CH2 = CH - CH2 - CH3;CH3 \u2013 CH = CH - CH3; CH2 = C(CH3)2. + Xicolankan C4H8: - Trong hai c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 C3H8O l\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi Na nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch NaOH \uf0de Z l\u00e0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u. C\u00f2n C2H2 c\u00f3 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t m\u00e0u dung d\u1ecbch Br2 nh\u01b0ng do khi \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y th\u00ec s\u1ed1 mol CO2 > s\u1ed1 mol H2O kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00e0i. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o: CH3 - CH2 - CH2OH ho\u1eb7c CH3 \u2013 CH(OH) - CH3. C\u00e2u 9. C\u00f3 4 ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 X, Y, Z, T \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9a 3 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 C, H, O v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u1ec9 kh\u1ed1i h\u01a1i so v\u1edbi H2 l\u00e0 30. Bi\u1ebft X t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Na v\u00e0 NaOH; Y, Z t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Na nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi NaOH, H2; T kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Na, NaOH. Vi\u1ebft c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o X, Y, Z, T. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i M = 30.2= 60 (g\/mol) G\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a X, Y, Z, T l\u00e0 CnHmOt (n, m, t > 0; m \u2264 2n+2) Theo b\u00e0i ta c\u00f3: 12n + m + 16t = 60 Bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn: \uf0b7 V\u1edbi t = 1 ta c\u00f3: 12n + m = 44 \uf0de n = 3 v\u00e0 m = 8 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n \uf0de CTPT: C3H8O CTCT c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3: CH3CH2CH2OH; CH3CH(OH)CH3 ho\u1eb7c CH3OCH2CH3 \uf0b7 V\u1edbi t = 2 ta c\u00f3: 12n + m = 28 \uf0de n = 2 v\u00e0 m = 4 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n \uf0de CTPT: C2H4O2 CTCT c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3: CH3COOH ho\u1eb7c HCOOCH3 \uf0b7 V\u1edbi t = 3 ta c\u00f3: 12n + m = 12 \uf0de n = 1 v\u00e0 m = 0 lo\u1ea1i Theo \u0111\u1ec1: \uf0b7 X t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Na, NaOH \uf0de X l\u00e0 CH3COOH \uf0b7 T kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Na, NaOH \uf0deT l\u00e0 CH3OCH2CH3 \uf0b7 Y, Z t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Na, kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi H2, NaOH \uf0de Y, Z l\u00e0 CH3CH2CH2OH v\u00e0 CH3CH(OH)CH3. CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 VI\u1ebeT C\u00d4NG TH\u1ee8C C\u1ea4U T\u1ea0O CH\u1ea4T H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 237","C\u00e2u 10. N\u0103m h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u01a1n ch\u1ee9c, m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf A, B, C, D, E (ch\u1ee9a C, H, O) \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng 60 \u0111vC. - A ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi Na, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng Na2CO3 t\u1ea1o ra CO2. - B ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi NaOH, kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng Na. - C, D ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng Na (t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 1:1), kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng NaOH. - E kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng Na, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch NaOH. D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1, l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn vi\u1ebft c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t A, B, C, D v\u00e0 E. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean Y\u00ean B\u00e1i, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i \u0110\u1ec1 b\u00e0i: Ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 b\u1eb1ng 60 \u0111vC. - A t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Na, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng Na2CO3 \uf0ae CO2 \uf0de A c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m \u2013COOH \uf0de A c\u00f3 CTCT: CH3COOH. PTHH: 2CH3COOH + 2Na \uf0ae 2CH3COONa + H2 2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 \uf0ae 2CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O - B t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi NaOH, kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Na. \uf0de B kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 H linh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m \u2013COO \uf0de B c\u00f3 CTCT: HCOOCH3 PTHH: HCOOCH3 + NaOH \uf0ae HCOONa + CH3OH - C, D t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Na (1:1) \uf0de C\u00f3 H linh \u0111\u1ed9ng C, D kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi NaOH \uf0de Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m \u2013COO V\u1eady: C, D c\u00f3 CTCT: CHO\u2013CH2\u2013OH ho\u1eb7c C3H7OH (CH3\u2013CH2\u2013CH2\u2013OH ho\u1eb7c CH3\u2013 CH(OH) \u2013CH3) PTHH: 2CHO\u2013CH2\u2013OH + 2Na \uf0ae 2CHO\u2013CH2\u2013ONa + H2 2CH3\u2013(CH2)2\u2013OH + 2Na \uf0ae 2CH3\u2013CH2\u2013CH2\u2013ONa + H2 2CH3\u2013CH(OH)\u2013CH3 + 2Na \uf0ae 2CH3\u2013CH(ONa)\u2013CH3 + H2 - E kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng Na, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng dung d\u1ecbch NaOH \uf0de E kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 H linh \u0111\u1ed9ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m \u2013COO \uf0de E c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c \u2013O\u2013 V\u1eady E c\u00f3 CTCT: CH3\u2013O\u2013CH2\u2013CH3 ho\u1eb7c CH3\u2013CH2\u2013O\u2013CH3 C\u00e2u 11. C\u00e1c hi\u0111rocacbon A, B, C \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng 56 v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: - A ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi H2 (Ni, to) ho\u1eb7c Br2 (trong dung d\u1ecbch) ho\u1eb7c HCl \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o 1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m h\u1eefu c\u01a1 - B ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi H2 (Ni, to) ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o 1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u1edbi m\u1ea1ch cacbon c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh - C ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi H2 (Ni, to) t\u1ea1o 2 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m h\u1eefu c\u01a1 H\u00e3y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00fang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u0111rocacbon A, B, C v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc minh h\u1ecda (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean S\u1edf GD-\u0110T TPHCM, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i G\u1ecdi CTPT c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u0111rocacbon A, B, C l\u00e0 CxHy ( x, y nguy\u00ean, y \uf0a3 2x \uf02b 2 , . y . ch\u1eb5n) Ta c\u00f3: MCxHy \uf03d 12x \uf02b y \uf03d 56 C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p nghi\u1ec7m ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 x \uf03d 4 v\u00e0 y \uf03d 8 \uf0de CTPT c\u1ee7a A, B, C l\u00e0 C4H8 * CTCT c\u1ee7a A l\u00e0 CH3 \u2013 CH = CH \u2013 CH3 PTHH: CH3 \u2013 CH = CH \u2013 CH3 + H2 \uf0beN\uf0betoi\uf0ae CH3 \u2013 CH2 \u2013 CH2 \u2013 CH3 CH3 \u2013 CH = CH \u2013 CH3 + Br2 \uf0ae CH3 \u2013 CHBr \u2013 CHBr \u2013 CH3 CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 VI\u1ebeT C\u00d4NG TH\u1ee8C C\u1ea4U T\u1ea0O CH\u1ea4T H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 238","CH3 \u2013 CH = CH \u2013 CH3 + HCl \uf0ae CH3 \u2013 CH2 \u2013 CHCl \u2013 CH3 * CTCT c\u1ee7a B l\u00e0: CH3 = CH \u2013 CH3 CH3 PTHH: CH2 = C \u2013 CH3 + H2 \uf0beN\uf0betoi\uf0ae CH3 \u2013 CH \u2013 CH3 CH3 CH3 * CTCT c\u1ee7a C l\u00e0: CH3 CH3 + H2 \uf0beN\uf0betoi\uf0ae CH3 \u2013 CH2 \u2013 CH2 \u2013 CH3 CH3 + H2 \uf0beN\uf0betoi\uf0ae CH3 \u2013 CH2 \u2013 CH3 CH3 C\u00e2u 12. Vi\u1ebft c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a teflon. V\u00ec sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng teflon \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1ng l\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u1ea3o? (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n \u2013 \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a teflon: -(CF2-CF2)- Teflon l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i polime r\u1ea5t b\u1ec1n, kh\u00e1 tr\u01a1 v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng tham gia c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t, ch\u1ecbu ma s\u00e1t cao, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n, kh\u00e1 k\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc. Do \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00f9ng teflon \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1ng l\u00ean ch\u1ea3o l\u00e0m ch\u1ea3o ch\u1ed1ng d\u00ednh t\u1ed1t. C\u00e2u 13. Trong c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ph\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 c\u00f3 3 lo\u1ea1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: Li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n \u201c \u2013 \u201d; li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i \u201c = \u201d; li\u00ean k\u1ebft ba \u201c \u2261 \u201d. a. Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a X (C4H10); Y (C4H8); Z (C4H6). Bi\u1ebft: X, Y, Z \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ch cacbon h\u1edf, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh. Theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft li\u00ean k\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft \uf073, li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \uf073 v\u00e0 1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \uf070, li\u00ean k\u1ebft ba g\u1ed3m 1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \uf073 v\u00e0 2 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \uf070. b. T\u00ednh s\u1ed1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \uf073 v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \uf070 trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed X, Y, Z. X c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 butan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e9n \u1edf \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao trong c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh th\u00e9p, m\u1ed7i b\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u1ee9a 13 kg butan. c. Khi \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n 13 kg kh\u00ed butan (kh\u00ed gas) nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecfa ra l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng b\u00ecnh \u0111un ch\u1ee9a m (kg) n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb 27oC l\u00ean 75oC. T\u00ednh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m, bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a 1 gam n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean 1oC c\u1ea7n cung c\u1ea5p l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 4,186 J. \u0110\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a b\u00ecnh \u0111un l\u00ean 1oC c\u1ea7n cung c\u1ea5p l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 6750 J. N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecfa ra khi \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n 1 mol butan (C4H10) l\u00e0 2496,925 kJ v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t b\u1ecb hao h\u1ee5t do t\u1ecfa ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh l\u00e0 10%. Gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft n\u01b0\u1edbc trong b\u00ecnh \u0111un bay h\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 cho. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a. CTCT c\u00f3 th\u1ec3: X (C4H10) CH3 \u2013 CH2 \u2013 CH2 \u2013 CH3 Y (C4H8) Anken: CH2 = CH \u2013 CH \u2013 CH3 CH3 \u2013 CH = CH \u2013 CH3 Z (C4H6) Ankin: CH\u2261C\u2013CH\u2013CH3 CH3\u2013C\u2261C\u2013CH3 CH2=CH\u2013CH=CH2 Ankadien: CH2=C=CH\u2013CH3 b. T\u00ednh s\u1ed1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed: Li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u03c3 C4H10 C4H8 C4H6 4 + 10 - 1 = 13 4 + 8 \u2013 1 = 11 4+6\u20131=9 CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 VI\u1ebeT C\u00d4NG TH\u1ee8C C\u1ea4U T\u1ea0O CH\u1ea4T H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 239","Li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u03c0 2.4 \uf02d10 \uf02b 2 \uf03d 0 2.4 \uf02d 8 \uf02b 2 \uf03d 1 2.4 \uf02d 6 \uf02b 2 \uf03d 2 2 2 2 c. S\u1ed1 mol c\u1ee7a C4H10 l\u00e0 nC4 H10 \uf03d 13 (kmol) 58 L\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t b\u1ecb hao h\u1ee5t do t\u1ecfa ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh l\u00e0 10% \uf0de L\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t b\u00ecnh \u0111un nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: Qthu \uf03d 13 .103.2496, 925.0, 9 \uf03d 503690 (KJ) 58 L\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111un t\u1eeb 270C \u0111\u1ebfn 750C: Qthu \uf03d 4,186.(75 \uf02d 27).m.103 \uf02b 6750.(75 \uf02d 27) \uf03d 200928m \uf02b 324000 (J) \uf0de 200928m \uf02b 324000 \uf03d 503690000 \uf0de m \uf03d 2505,21 (kg) C\u00e2u 14. Ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o l\u00e0 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u este c\u1ee7a glixerol v\u1edbi c\u00e1c axit b\u00e9o v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c chung l\u00e0 (RCOO)3C3H5. Khi \u0111un n\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch NaOH, ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o b\u1ecb th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ea1o ra glixerol v\u00e0 c\u00e1c mu\u1ed1i C17H35COONa, C17H33COONa. Cho bi\u1ebft c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o tr\u00ean. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean \u0110\u0103k L\u0103k, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o l\u00e0: C\u00e2u 15. H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 X khi b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o ra CO2 v\u00e0 H2O. Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a X b\u1eb1ng 46 \u0111vC. H\u00e3y cho bi\u1ebft X c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o? Vi\u1ebft c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a X. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean Ninh Thu\u1eadn, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i X khi b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y t\u1ea1o ra CO2 v\u00e0 H2O suy ra X ch\u1ee9a C, H v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 O. \u0110\u1eb7t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a X l\u00e0 CxHyOz, v\u1edbi \uf0ecy \uf0a3 2x \uf02b 2 (*) \uf0ee\uf0edy ch\u00bdn Ta c\u00f3: 12x + y + 16z = 46. + V\u1edbi z = 0 \uf0de 12x + y = 46 \uf0de Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n (*) \uf0de Lo\u1ea1i + V\u1edbi z = 1 \uf0de 12x + y = 30 \uf0de x = 2; y = 6 \uf0de CTPT: C2H6O CTCT: CH3 \u2013 CH2 \u2013 OH (r\u01b0\u1ee3u etylic) ; CH3 \u2013 O \u2013 CH3 (\u0111imetyl ete) + V\u1edbi z = 2 \uf0de 12x + y = 14 \uf0de x = 1; y = 2 \uf0de CTPT: CH2O2 CTCT: HCOOH (axit fomic) + V\u1edbi z = 3 \uf0de 12x + y = \u2212 2 \uf0de Lo\u1ea1i CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 VI\u1ebeT C\u00d4NG TH\u1ee8C C\u1ea4U T\u1ea0O CH\u1ea4T H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 240","C\u00e2u 16. C\u00f3 2 ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 A v\u00e0 B \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed C2H4O3, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t A t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi Mg; c\u00f2n ch\u1ea5t B t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dung d\u1ecbch NaOH khi \u0111un n\u00f3ng. H\u00e3y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a 2 ch\u1ea5t A v\u00e0 B. vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean C\u00e0 Mau, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i 2\/ Ch\u1ea5t A c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi kim lo\u1ea1i Mg, n\u00ean ph\u00e2n t\u1eed A c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c (-COOH), A c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o l\u00e0: HO \u2013 CH2 \u2013 COOH B t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi NaOH \u0111un n\u00f3ng, n\u00ean B c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c (-COO-), B c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o l\u00e0: HCOO \u2013 CH2 \u2013 OH C\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra: 2HOCH2COOH + Mg \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae (HOCH2COO)2Mg + H2\u2191 HCOOCH2OH + NaOH \uf0bet\uf0be0\uf0ae HCOONa + HCHO + H2O C\u00e2u 17. A, B, C l\u00e0 ba ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t sau: - A, C t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi Na - B l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t m\u00e0u dung d\u1ecbch brom - A t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch NaOH. A, B, C l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t sau: C2H4, C3H6O2, C3H8O. Vi\u1ebft c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a A, B, C v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t n\u00eau tr\u00ean. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh Chuy\u00ean t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2016 - 2017) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - A t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi Na v\u00e0 NaOH n\u00ean A l\u00e0 axit, A l\u00e0 C3H6O2. CTCT c\u1ee7a A l\u00e0: CH3- CH2 \u2013COOH 2CH3- CH2 \u2013COOH + 2Na \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae 2 CH3- CH2 \u2013COONa + H2 CH3- CH2 \u2013COOH + NaOH \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae CH3- CH2 \u2013COONa + H2O - B l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t m\u00e0u dung d\u1ecbch brom n\u00ean B l\u00e0 C2H4 , CTCT: CH2=CH2 CH2=CH2 + Br2 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae CH2 Br - CH2 Br - C t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi Na n\u00ean C l\u00e0 C3H8O, ancol, CTCT: CH3- CH2 \u2013CH2OH Ho\u1eb7c CH3- CHOH \u2013CH3 2CH3- CH2 \u2013CH2OH + 2Na \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae 2 CH3- CH2 \u2013CH2ONa + H2 2CH3- CHOH \u2013CH3 + 2Na \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae 2 CH3- CHONa\u2013CH3 + H2 C\u00e2u 18. Ba ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf A, B, C c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng l\u00e0 C3H8O; C3H6O2 ; C6H12O2. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t sau: + Ch\u1ec9 A v\u00e0 B t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Na gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u00ed H2. + Ch\u1ec9 B v\u00e0 C t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch NaOH. + A t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi B (trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n x\u00fac t\u00e1c, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p) thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t C. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o A, B, C. Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh Chuy\u00ean B\u1eafc Giang, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2017 - 2018) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - A t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Na gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u00ed H2 th\u00ec A l\u00e0 ancol, c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o : CH3-CH2-CH2-OH ho\u1eb7c CH3-CH2(OH)-CH3 CH3-CH2-CH2-OH + Na \u2192 CH3-CH2-CH2-ONa + 1\/2H2\u2191 CH3-CH2(OH)-CH3+ Na \u2192 CH3-CH2(ONa)-CH3 + 1\/2H2\u2191 - B t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Na gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u00ed H2 , B t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi NaOH, B l\u00e0 axit: CH3CH2-COOH CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 VI\u1ebeT C\u00d4NG TH\u1ee8C C\u1ea4U T\u1ea0O CH\u1ea4T H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 241","CH3CH2-COOH + Na \u2192 CH3CH2-COONa + 1\/2H2\u2191 CH3CH2-COOH + NaOH \u2192 CH3CH2-COONa + H2O - C t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u01a1i dung d\u1ecbch NaOH , kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Na v\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m gi\u1eefa A v\u00e0 B n\u00ean C l\u00e0 este c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o: CH3CH2-COO-CH2-CH2-CH3 ho\u1eb7c CH3CH2-COO-CH(CH3)2 CH3CH2-COO-CH2-CH2-CH3 + NaOH \uf0bet\uf0beoC\uf0ae CH3CH2-COONa + CH3-CH2-CH2-OH CH3CH2-COOH + CH3-CH2-CH2-OH \uf0ac\uf0be\uf0bet\uf0bexoCt \uf0be\uf0ae CH3CH2-COO-CH2-CH2-CH3 + H2O CH3CH2-COO-CH(CH3)2+ NaOH \uf0bet\uf0beoC\uf0ae CH3CH2-COONa + CH3-CH2(OH)-CH3 CH3CH2-COOH + CH3-CH2(OH)-CH3 \uf0ac\uf0be\uf0bet\uf0bexoCt \uf0be\uf0ae CH3CH2-COO-CH(CH3)2 + H2O C\u00e2u 19. Cho X, Y, Z, T l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf, c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed (kh\u00f4ng theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1) l\u00e0 C2H2, C3H6, C2H6O, C3H6O3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sau: - \u0110\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y X ho\u1eb7c Y \u0111\u1ec1u thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m CO2 v\u00e0 H2O v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 mol b\u1eb1ng nhau. - X t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi NaOH theo t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 mol 1:1. - X t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Na d\u01b0, thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 mol kh\u00ed H2 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 mol X ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. - Y v\u00e0 T \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t m\u00e0u dung d\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc brom. - Z t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi Na, kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi NaHCO3. H\u00e3y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a X, Y, Z, T v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi HSG T\u1ec9nh H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2016-2017) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - \u0110\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y X, Y thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c CO2 v\u00e0 H2O c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 mol b\u1eb1ng nhau n\u00ean X v\u00e0 Y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0: C3H6 v\u00e0 C3H6O2 2C3H6 + 9O2 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae 6CO2 + 6H2O C3H6O3 + 3O2 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae 3CO2 + 3H2O - X t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi NaOH t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 1:1 => X c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c axit ho\u1eb7c este. - X t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Na t\u1ea1o mol H2 = mol X => X c\u00f3 2 H linh \u0111\u1ed9ng (nh\u00f3m \u2013OH ho\u1eb7c \u2013COOH). =>X l\u00e0 C3H6O3, CTCT: HO-CH2-CH2-COOH ho\u1eb7c CH3-CHOH-COOH HO-C2H4-COOH + NaOH \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae HO-C2H4-COONa + H2O HO-C2H4-COOH + 2Na \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae NaO-C2H4-COONa + H2 - Y, T l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t m\u00e0u dung d\u1ecbch brom n\u00ean Y, T c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 C2H2 v\u00e0 C3H6 => Y l\u00e0 C3H6,T l\u00e0 C2H2 CTCT: CH2 = CH \u2013 CH3 ; CH CH C3H6 + Br2\uf0ae C3H6Br2 C2H2 + 2Br2 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae C2H2Br4 - Z t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Na, kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi NaHCO3 n\u00ean Z l\u00e0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u C2H6O, c\u00f3 CTCT l\u00e0: CH3 \u2013 CH2 \u2013 OH 2C2H5OH + 2Na \uf0ae 2C2H5ONa + H2 C\u00e2u 20: Ba ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf A, B, D c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng l\u00e0: C3H6O, C3H4O2, C6H8O2. Bi\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 A v\u00e0 B t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Na gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u00ed H2; ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 B v\u00e0 D t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch NaOH; A t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi B (trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n x\u00fac t\u00e1c, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p) thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t D. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a A, B, D v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh Chuy\u00ean Lam S\u01a1n \u2013 Thanh H\u00f3a, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2016 - 2017) CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 VI\u1ebeT C\u00d4NG TH\u1ee8C C\u1ea4U T\u1ea0O CH\u1ea4T H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 242","H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i \u2013 Ch\u1ea5t A (C3H6O) t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi kim lo\u1ea1i Na nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi NaOH \uf0ae A l\u00e0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u. \uf0ae CTCT m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf c\u1ee7a A: CH2=CH\u2013CH2OH \u2013 Ch\u1ea5t B (C2H4O2) t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi kim lo\u1ea1i Na v\u00e0 NaOH \uf0ae B l\u00e0 axit cacboxylic. \uf0ae CTCT m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf c\u1ee7a B: CH2=CH\u2013COOH \u2013 Ch\u1ea5t C (C6H8O2) t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi NaOH, kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Na \uf0ae C l\u00e0 este. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c: A + B \uf0ae C n\u00ean h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t (C) l\u00e0 este c\u1ee7a axit B v\u00e0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u C \uf0ae CTCT c\u1ee7a (C) l\u00e0: CH2=CH\u2013COO\u2013CH2\u2013CH=CH2 C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra: CH2=CH\u2013CH2OH + Na \uf0ae CH2=CH\u2013CH2ONa + \u00bd H2 \uf0ad CH2=CH\u2013COOH + Na \uf0ae CH2=CH\u2013COONa + \u00bd H2 \uf0ad CH2=CH\u2013COOH + NaOH \uf0ae CH2=CH\u2013COONa + H2O CH2=CH\u2013COOCH2\u2013CH=CH2 + NaOH \uf0bet\uf0be0\uf0ae CH2=CH\u2013COONa + CH2=CH\u2013CH2OH CH2=CH\u2013COOH + CH2=CH\u2013CH2OH \uf0ac\uf0be\uf0beH\uf0be2S\uf0be\uf0beO4 \uf0be\u00f1\uf0bea\u00ebc\uf0be,\uf0bet0\uf0be\uf0ae CH2=CHCOOCH2-CH=CH2 + H2O C\u00e2u 21. C\u00f3 3 ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 A, B, C \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9 C, H, O v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 M = 46 g\/mol. Trong \u0111\u00f3 A; B tan nhi\u1ec1u trong H2O, A v\u00e0 B \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Na, B c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi NaOH; C kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Na v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong y h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y t\u00ea khi ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a A, B, C. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh Chuy\u00ean H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 Gia Lai, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2017 - 2018) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i \u0110\u1eb7t CT chung: CxHyOz (x \uf0b3 1, z \uf0b3 1, y ch\u1eb5n, 2 \uf0a3 y \uf0a3 2x + 2) Ta c\u00f3: 12x + y + 16z = 46 Khi x = 1; y =2 \uf0ae zmax = 46 \uf02d14 \uf03d2 \uf0de z = {1; 2} 16 N\u1ebfu z = 1 \uf0ae 12x + y = 30 \uf0ae \uf0ecx \uf03d 2 \uf0de CTPT: C2H6O \uf0ee\uf0edy \uf03d 6 N\u1ebfu z = 2 \uf0ae 12x + y = 14 \uf0ae \uf0ecx \uf03d 1 \uf0ae CTPT: CH2O2 \uf0ed\uf0eey \uf03d 2 B t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 Na, NaOH \uf0ae B l\u00e0 axit: CH2O2 \uf0ae CTCT: H\u2013COOH A t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Na, kh\u00f4ng p\u01b0 NaOH \uf0ae A l\u00e0 ancol: C2H6O \uf0ae CTCT: CH3\u2013CH2\u2013OH C kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng Na\uf0ae C l\u00e0 ete: C2H6O \uf0ae CH3\u2013O\u2013CH3 C\u00e2u 22. A, B, C l\u00e0 ba ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t sau \u0111\u00e2y: - Khi \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y A ho\u1eb7c B \u0111\u1ec1u thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 mol CO2 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 mol H2O. - B l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t m\u00e0u dung d\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc brom. - C t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi Na. - A kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi Na, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch NaOH t\u1ea1o ra C. Cho bi\u1ebft A, B, C l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t sau: C3H6, C4H8O2, C2H6O. H\u00e3y vi\u1ebft c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a A, B, C. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh Chuy\u00ean Nguy\u1ec5n Du \u2013 \u0110\u0103k L\u0103k, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2017 - 2018) CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 VI\u1ebeT C\u00d4NG TH\u1ee8C C\u1ea4U T\u1ea0O CH\u1ea4T H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 243","CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 6: VI\u1ebeT PH\u1ea2N \u1ee8NG H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 A. PH\u01af\u01a0NG PH\u00c1P GI\u1ea2I B\u00c0I T\u1eacP I. PH\u00c2N LO\u1ea0I PH\u1ea2N \u1ee8NG H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 1. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u1ebf Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u1ebf l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed ho\u1eb7c nh\u00f3m nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed ho\u1eb7c nh\u00f3m nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u00e1c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 1 : Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a metan v\u1edbi clo. CH4 + Cl2 \uf0bea\uf0beskt\uf0ae CH3Cl + HCl M\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed hi\u0111ro trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed metan b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed clo. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 2 : Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ancol etylic v\u1edbi axit HBr t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh etyl bromua. C2H5OH + HBr \uf0bet\uf0beo, x\uf0bet\uf0ae C2H5Br + H2O 2. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ed9ng Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t m\u1edbi. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 1 : Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a etilen v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch brom. C2H4 + Br2 \uf0ae C2H4Br2 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 2 : Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a axetilen v\u1edbi hi\u0111ro clorua (HCl). C2H2 + HCl \uf0beH\uf0begtCo\uf0bel2 \uf0ae C2H3Cl 3. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u00e1ch Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng trong \u0111\u00f3 hai hay nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean t\u1eed b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi ph\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 1 : T\u00e1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc (\u0111ehi\u0111rat ho\u00e1) ancol etylic \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf etilen trong ph\u00f2ng V\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. CH2 \uf02d CH2 \uf0beH\uf0be\uf02b,\uf0beto\uf0be\uf0ae CH2 = CH2 + H2O || H OH V\u00ed d\u1ee5 2 : T\u00e1ch hi\u0111ro (\u0111ehi\u0111ro ho\u00e1) ankan \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf anken. CH3 \u2013CH3 \uf0bet\uf0beo, x\uf0bet\uf0ae CH2 = CH2 + H2 II. M\u1ed8T S\u1ed0 PH\u1ea2N \u1ee8NG \u0110\u1eb6C TR\u01a2NG C\u1ee6A H\u1ee2P CH\u1ea4T H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 1. PH\u1ea2N \u1ee8NG \u0110\u1ed0T CH\u00c1Y H\u1ee2P CH\u1ea4T H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 CxHy + (x+ y )O2 \uf0bet\uf0be0 \uf0ae xCO2 + y H 2O 4 2 yz \uf0bet\uf0be0 \uf0ae xCO2 + y CxHyOz + (x+ 4 - 2 )O2 2 H2O Cx HyOz Nt + (x+ y - z )O 2 \uf0bet\uf0be0 \uf0ae xCO2 + y H2O + t N2 4 2 2 2 2CnH2n+1COONa + (3n+1)O2 \uf0bet\uf0be0 \uf0ae Na2CO3 + (2n+1)CO2 + (2n+1)H2O CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 VI\u1ebeT PH\u1ea2N \u1ee8NG H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 244","2. PH\u1ea2N \u1ee8NG V\u1edaI H2 - H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng no (ch\u1ee9a C \uf03d C; C \uf0ba C ) c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ed9ng H2 (xt: Ni, t0). CH2 \uf03d CH2 \uf02b H2 \uf0bet\uf0beo , N\uf0bei\uf0aeCH3 \uf02d CH3 CH2 \uf03d CH \uf02d COOH \uf02b H2 \uf0bet\uf0beo , N\uf0bei\uf0aeCH3 \uf02d CH2 \uf02d COOH CH \uf0ba C \uf02d CH \uf03d CH2 \uf02b 3H2 \uf0bet\uf0beo , N\uf0bei\uf0aeCH3 \uf02d CH2 \uf02d CH2 \uf02d CH3 - Ch\u00fa \u00fd: H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ba C \uf0ba C khi c\u1ed9ng H2 (xt: Pd\/PbCO3, t0) s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i. CH \uf0ba CH + H2 \uf0beP\uf0bed \/\uf0bePbC\uf0beO3\uf0be,to\uf0be\uf0ae CH2 = CH2 - Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t v\u00f2ng 3 c\u1ea1nh, v\u00f2ng 4 c\u1ea1nh, v\u00f2ng benzen, an\u0111ehit, xeton. 3. PH\u1ea2N \u1ee8NG V\u1edaI DUNG D\u1ecaCH Br2 - H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng no (ch\u1ee9a C \uf03d C; C \uf0ba C ) c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi Br2. CH2 \uf03d CH2 \uf02b Br2 \uf0ae CH2Br \uf02d CH2Br CH \uf0ba CH \uf02b Br2 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae CHBr \uf03d CHBr CHBr \uf03d\u00a0CHBr\u00a0\uf02b Br2 \u00a0\uf0be\uf0be\uf0aeCHBr2 \u2013 CHBr2 CH \uf0ba CH \uf02b 2Br2 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae\u00a0\u00a0CHBr2 \u2013 CHBr2 \u00a0 CH \uf0ba C \uf02d CH \uf03d CH2 \uf02b 3Br2 \uf0ae CHBr2 \uf02d CHBr2 \uf02d CHBr \uf02d CH2Br CH2 \uf03d CH \uf02d COOH \uf02b Br2 \uf0ae CH2Br \uf02d CHBr \uf02d COOH CH3COOCH \uf03d CH2 \uf02b Br2 \uf0ae CH3COOCHBr \uf02d CH2Br - Ch\u00fa \u00fd: Benzen kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch Br2. Benzen ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi Br2 khan khi c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t b\u1ed9t s\u1eaft. C6H6 + Br2 \uf0beF\uf0bee\uf0ae C6H5Br + HBr - Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t v\u00f2ng 3 c\u1ea1nh, an\u0111ehit, phenol (C6H5OH).... 4. PH\u1ea2N \u1ee8NG V\u1edaI KIM LO\u1ea0I Na, K Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi kim lo\u1ea1i Na, K, \u2026 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m \u2013OH \u2013COOH V\u00ed d\u1ee5: 2Na \uf02b 2C2H5OH \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae2C2H5ONa \uf02b H2 2Na \uf02b 2CH3COOH \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae2CH3COONa \uf02b H2 5. PH\u1ea2N \u1ee8NG V\u1edaI DUNG D\u1ecaCH KI\u1ec0M (NaOH, KOH\u2026) - H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m \u2013COOH (axit cacboxylic); nh\u00f3m \u2013COOC (este, ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o) CH3COOC2H5 \uf02b NaOH \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0aeCH3COONa \uf02b C2H5OH CH2 \uf03d CH \uf02d COOH \uf02b NaOH \uf0ae CH2 \uf03d CH \uf02d COONa \uf02b H2O (C17H35COO)3C3H5 + 3NaOH \uf0bet\uf0be0 \uf0ae 3C17H35COONa + C3H5(OH)3 - Mu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a baz\u01a1 y\u1ebfu. CH3COONH4 \uf02b NaOH \uf0ae CH3COONa \uf02b NH3 \uf02b H2O (CH3COO)2 Mg \uf02b 2NaOH \uf0ae 2CH3COONa \uf02b Mg(OH)2 - D\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t halogen: R-X + NaOH \uf0bet\uf0be0\uf0ae R-OH + NaX CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 VI\u1ebeT PH\u1ea2N \u1ee8NG H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 245","6. PH\u1ea2N \u1ee8NG V\u1edaI MU\u1ed0I CACBONAT - H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m \u2013COOH (axit cacboxylic) t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi mu\u1ed1i cacbonat (CaCO3, NaHCO3...) gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u00ed CO2. 2CH3COOH + CaCO3 \uf0ae (CH3COO)2Ca + H2O + CO2\uf0ad CH3COOH + NaHCO3 \uf0ae CH3COONa + CO2\uf0ad + nH2O 7. PH\u1ea2N \u1ee8NG V\u1edaI DUNG D\u1ecaCH AgNO3\/NH3 (Ag2O\/NH3) - H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ba \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ea1ch \uf02dC \uf0ba CH ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch AgNO3\/NH3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng. CH \uf0ba CH \uf02b 2AgNO3 \uf02b 2NH3 \uf0ae CAg \uf0ba CAg \uf0af \uf02b 2NH4NO3 v\u00afng nh\u00b9t CH3 \uf02d C \uf0ba CH \uf02b AgNO3 \uf02b NH3 \uf0ae R \uf02d C \uf0ba CAg \uf0af \uf02b NH4NO3 v\u00afng nh\u00b9t CH2 \uf03d CH \uf02d C \uf0ba CH \uf02b AgNO3 \uf02b NH3 \uf0ae CH2 \uf03d CH \uf02d C \uf0ba CAg \uf0af \uf02b NH4NO3 v\u00afng nh\u00b9t G\u1ecdi a l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed H c\u1ee7a n\u1ed1i ba. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t: CxHy \uf02b aAgNO3 \uf02b aNH3 \uf0ae CxHy\uf02daAga \uf0af \uf02baNH4NO3 - Ch\u00fa \u00fd: glucoz\u01a1 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00e1ng g\u01b0\u01a1ng (tr\u00e1ng b\u1ea1c) C6H12O6 + Ag2O \uf0beN\uf0betH0 3\uf0be\uf0ae C6H12O7 + 2Ag 8. PH\u1ea2N \u1ee8NG ESTE H\u00d3A Axit cacboxylic + Ancol \uf0ac\uf0be\uf0bet\uf0beo ,\uf0be\uf0beH2\uf0be\uf0beSO\uf0be\uf0be4 \u00ae\uf0be\uf0be\u00c6c\uf0be\uf0ae Este + N\u01b0\u1edbc CH3COOH + C2H5OH \uf0ac\uf0be\uf0bet\uf0beo ,\uf0be\uf0beH2\uf0be\uf0beSO\uf0be\uf0be4 \u00ae\uf0be\uf0be\u00c6c\uf0be\uf0ae CH3COOC2H5 + H2O axit axetic ancol etylic etyl axetat RCOOH + R\u2019OH \uf0ac\uf0be\uf0beH\uf0be2\uf0beS\uf0beO\uf0be4\uf0be, t\uf0be0\uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae RCOOR\u2019 + H2O R(COOH)n + nR\u2019OH \uf0ac\uf0be\uf0beH\uf0be2\uf0beS\uf0beO\uf0be4\uf0be, t\uf0be0\uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae R(COOR\u2019)n + nH2O mRCOOH + R\u2019(OH)m \uf0ac\uf0be\uf0beH\uf0be2\uf0beS\uf0beO\uf0be4\uf0be, t\uf0be0\uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae (RCOO)mR\u2019 + mH2O 9. PH\u1ea2N \u1ee8NG TH\u1ee6Y PH\u00c2N R \uf02d COO \uf02dR ' \uf02b H \uf02d OH \uf0ac\uf0be\uf0beH\uf0be2\uf0beS\uf0beO4\uf0be\uf0be,to\uf0be\uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae R \uf02d COOH \uf02b R '\uf02d OH Este Axit cacboxylic Ancol C12H22O11 + H2O \uf0beH\uf0be\uf02b,\uf0beto \uf0ae C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 Saccaroz\u01a1 Glucoz\u01a1 Fructoz\u01a1 (C6H10O5)n + nH2O \uf0beH\uf0be\uf02b,\uf0beto \uf0ae nC6H12O6 Tinh b\u1ed9t\/ xenluloz\u01a1 Glucoz\u01a1 CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 VI\u1ebeT PH\u1ea2N \u1ee8NG H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 246","10. PH\u1ea2N \u1ee8NG TR\u00d9NG H\u1ee2P nCH2 CH2 xt, to, p CH2 CH2 n polietilen(PE) etilen CH2 CH n nCH2 CH xt, to, p Cl Cl vinyl clorua poli(vinyl clorua) (PVC) nCH2=CH\uf02dCH=CH2 \uf0beN\uf0bea,t\uf0be0 \uf0ae \uf028 CH2 CH \uf03d CH CH2 \uf029 n buta-1,3-\u0111ien (buta\u0111ien) polibuta\u0111ien (cao su buna) 11. M\u1ed8T S\u1ed0 PH\u1ea2N \u1ee8NG T\u0102NG \u2013 GI\u1ea2M M\u1ea0CH CACBON a) T\u0103ng m\u1ea1ch cacbon. 2CH4 \uf0be\uf0be1\uf0be500\uf0beoC\uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae C2H2 + 3H2 l\u00afm l\u00b9nh nhanh 2CH \uf0ba CH \uf0bex\uf0bet, t\uf0be0\uf0ae CH2 = CH - C \uf0ba CH 3CH\uf0baCH \uf0bex\uf0bet, \uf0bet0\uf0ae C6H6 2C2H5OH \uf0bet\uf0beo,x\uf0bet\uf0ae CH2 = CH - CH = CH2 + H2 + 2H2O CH3OH + CO \uf0bext,\uf0bet\uf0aeo CH3COOH 6nCO2 + 5nH2O \uf0beC\uf0beloro\uf0bephin\uf0be\uf0ae (C6H10O5)n + 6nO2 as b) Gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1ch cacbon. CH3COONa(r) + NaOH(r) \uf0beC\uf0beta0O\uf0be\uf0ae CH4\uf0ad + Na2CO3 C6H12O6 \uf0beEn\uf0bezim\uf0ae 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 \uf0ad 2C4H10 + 5O2 \uf0betx\uf0be0t\uf0ae 4CH3COOH + 2H2O CnH2n+2 \uf0beC\uf0beRK\uf0be\uf0ae CxH2x+2 + CyH2y 12. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ankan STT Ph\u01a3\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng 1 2CH4 \uf02b O2 \uf0bex\uf0bet\uf0ae 2CH3OH 2 CH4 \uf02b O2 \uf0bex\uf0bet\uf0ae HCHO \uf02b H2O 3 2CH4 \u00a0\uf0be1\uf0be500\uf0beoC\uf0be,la\uf0be\u00f8m la\uf0be\u00efnh\uf0benha\uf0benh\uf0be\uf0ae CH \uf0ba CH \uf02b 3H2 4 CH3COONa \uf02b\u00a0NaOH\u00a0\uf0beC\uf0beaO\uf0be,to\uf0be\uf0ae CH4 \uf0ad \uf02b Na2CO3 \u00a0 5 CH3 \uf02d CH2 \uf02d CH2 \uf02d CH3 \u00a0\uf02b 5 O2 \uf0bex\uf0bet \uf0ae 2CH3COOH \uf02b H2O 2 6 CH3 \uf02d CH2 \uf02d CH2 \uf02d CH3 \u00a0\uf0bex\uf0bet,t\uf0beo \uf0ae CH2 = CH \uf02d CH = CH2 \uf02b 2H2 7 CH3 CH CH2 CH3 xt, to CH2 C CH CH2 2H2 CH3 CH3 CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 VI\u1ebeT PH\u1ea2N \u1ee8NG H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 247","13. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 anken, anka\u0111ien STT Ph\u01a3\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng 1 3CH2 \uf03d CH2 \uf02b 2KMnO4 \uf02b 4H2O \uf0ae 3CH2OH \uf02d CH2OH \uf02b 2KOH \uf02b 2MnO2 2 5CH2 \uf03d CH2 \uf02b 2KMnO4 \uf02b 3H2SO4 \uf02b 2H2O\u00a0\uf0ae 5CH2OH \uf02d CH2OH \uf02b K2SO4 \uf02b 2MnSO4 3 2CH2 \uf03d CH2 \uf02b O2 \u00a0\uf0bex\uf0bet\uf0ae 2CH3CHO 4 CH2 \uf03d CH \uf02d CH \uf03d CH2 \uf02b 2H2 \u00a0\uf0bet\uf0beo,N\uf0bei\uf0ae CH3 \uf02d CH2 \uf02d CH2 \uf02d CH3 5 CH2 \uf03d CH \uf02d CH \uf03d CH2 \uf02b H2 \u00a0\uf0bet\uf0beo,N\uf0bei\uf0ae CH3 \uf02d CH2 \uf02d CH \uf03d CH2 6 CH2 \uf03d CH \uf02d CH \uf03d CH2 \uf02b H2 \u00a0\uf0bet\uf0beo,N\uf0bei\uf0ae CH2 \uf02d CH \uf03d CH \uf02d CH2 7 CH2 \uf03d CH \uf02d CH3 \uf02b Cl2 \u00a0\uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae CH2 \uf03d CH \uf02d CH2 \uf02d Cl \uf02b HCl 14. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ankin Ph\u01a3\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng STT 1 CH \uf0ba CH \uf02b H2 \uf0beP\uf0bed\/\uf0bePbC\uf0beO3\uf0be,to\uf0be\uf0aeCH2 \uf03d CH2 2 CH \uf0ba CH \uf02b H2O \uf0beH\uf0begS\uf0beO4\uf0be,80\uf0beoC\uf0be\uf0aeCH3CHO 3 2CH \uf0ba CH \uf0beC\uf0beuC\uf0bel,N\uf0beH4\uf0beCl\uf0aeCH2 \uf03d CH \uf02d C \uf0ba CH 4 3CH \uf0ba CH \uf0be6\uf0be00\uf0beoC,\uf0betha\uf0ben ho\uf0bea\u00eft t\uf0be\u00ednh\uf0be\uf0aeC6H6 5 CH \uf0ba CH \uf02b 2AgNO3 \uf02b 2NH3 \uf0ae CAg \uf0ba CAg \uf0af \uf02b 2NH4NO3 6 CH \uf0ba C \uf02d R \uf02b AgNO3 \uf02b NH3 \uf0ae CAg \uf0ba C \uf02d R \uf0af \uf02b NH4NO3 7 CH \uf0ba C \uf02d R \uf02d C \uf0ba CH \uf02b 2AgNO3 \uf02b 2NH3 \uf0aeCAg \uf0ba C \uf02d R \uf02d C \uf0ba CAg \uf0af \uf02b 2NH4NO3 8 CH2 \uf03d CH \uf02d C \uf0ba CH \uf02b H2 \uf0beP\uf0bed\/\uf0bePtboC\uf0beO3\uf0be\uf0aeCH2 \uf03d CH \uf02d CH \uf03d CH2 15. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ancol, d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t halogen STT Ph\u01a3\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng 1 CH3CH2OH \uf02b CuO\u00a0\uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae CH3CHO \uf02b Cu \uf02b H2O 2 CH3CH2OH \uf02b 6H2SO4 \u00a0\uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae 2CO2 \uf02b 6SO2 \uf02b 9H2O 3 2CH3CH2OH\u00a0\uf0bex\uf0bet,t\uf0beo \uf0ae CH2 \uf03d CH \uf02d CH \uf03d CH2 \uf02b H2 \uf0ad \uf02b 2H2O 4 \uf02d1 \uf02b6 \uf02b3 \uf02b3 3CH3 C H2OH \uf02b 2K2 C r2O7 \uf02b 8H2SO4 \uf0ae 3CH3 C OOH \uf02b 2K2SO4 \uf02b 2C r2 (SO4 )3 \uf02b 11H2O 5 \uf02d1 \uf02b6 \uf02b1 \uf02b3 3CH3 C H2OH \uf02b K2 C r2O7 \uf02b 4H2SO4 \uf0ae 3CH3 C HO \uf02b K2SO4 \uf02b C r2 (SO4 )3 \uf02b 7H2O 6 CH3CH2Cl \uf02b NaOH \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0aeCH3CH2OH \uf02b NaCl 7 CH2Br \uf02d CH2Br \uf02b 2NaOH \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0aeCH2OH \uf02d CH2OH \uf02b 2NaBr 8 CH3CH2Cl \uf02b KOH \uf0bet\uf0beo, \uf0beanc\uf0beol\uf0aeCH2 \uf03d CH2 \uf02b KCl \uf02b H2O 9 CH3CH2ONa \uf02b H2O\u00a0\uf0ae CH3CH2OH \uf02b NaOH CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 VI\u1ebeT PH\u1ea2N \u1ee8NG H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 248","16. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 axit cacboxylic STT Ph\u01a3\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng 1 HCOOH \uf0beH\uf0be2S\uf0beO4\uf0be\u00f1a\u00ebc\uf0be\u00a0\uf0be\u00a0\uf0ae CO \uf02b H2O 2 CH3COOH \uf02b CH3CH2OH \u00a0\uf0ac\uf0be\uf0bet\uf0beo,\uf0be\uf0beH2\uf0beS\uf0beO4\uf0be\uf0be\u00f1a\uf0be\uf0be\u00ebc\uf0be\uf0ae CH3COOCH2CH3 \uf02b H2O 3 \uf0ac\uf0be\uf0bet\uf0beo ,\uf0be\uf0beH2\uf0beS\uf0beO4\uf0be\uf0be\u00f1a\uf0be\uf0be\u00ebc\uf0be\uf0ae CH3COOH \uf02b CH2OH \uf02d CH2OH 1:1 CH3COOCH2 \uf02d CH2OH \uf02b H2O 4 HOOC \uf02d COOH \uf02b 2CH3CH2OH \u00a0\uf0ac\uf0be\uf0bet\uf0beo,\uf0be\uf0beH2\uf0beS\uf0beO4\uf0be\uf0be\u00f1a\uf0be\uf0be\u00ebc\uf0be\uf0ae C2H5OOC \uf02d COOC2H5 \uf02b 2H2O 5 CH3COOH \uf02b CH \uf0ba CH \uf0ae CH3COOCH \uf03d CH2 6 2CH3-CH(OH)-COOH + Ba(OH)2 \uf0ae [CH3-CH(OH)-COO]2Ba + 2H2O 7 CH3-CH(OH)-COOH + KHCO3 \uf0ae CH3-CH(OH)-COOK + CO2 + H2O 8 HOOC \uf02d CH(OH) \uf02d CH2 \uf02d COOH \uf02b 2NaHCO3 \uf0aeNaOOC \uf02d CH(OH) \uf02d CH2 \uf02d COONa \uf02b 2CO2 \uf0ad \uf02b2H2O 17. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 este STT Ph\u01a3\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng 1 CH3COOCH \uf03d CH2 \uf02b NaOH \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0aeCH3COONa \uf02b CH3CHO 2 CH3COOC6H5 \uf02b 2NaOH \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0aeCH3COONa \uf02b C6H5ONa \uf02b H2O phenyl axetat 3 (RCOO)3 C3H5 \uf02b 3H2O\uf0ac\uf0be\uf0beH\uf0be2t\uf0beSo\uf0beO4\uf0be\uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae3RCOOH \uf02b C3H5(OH)3 Glixerol 4 (RCOO)3C3H5 \uf02b 3NaOH \u00a0\uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae 3RCOONa \uf02b C3H5(OH)3 Glixerol 18. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf polime \u0110I\u1ec0U CH\u1ebe Ph\u01a3\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng 1. PE nCH2 CH2 to, p, xt CH2 CH2 n 2. PVC nCH2 to, p, xt CH2 CH CH Cl Cl n 3. PP xt, to, p ( CH2 CH )n nCH2 CH CH3 4. CAO SU BUNA; 5. CAO SU CH3 ISOPREN 6. PVA nCH2 \uf03d CH \uf02d CH \uf03d CH2 \u00a0\uf0bex\uf0bet, t\uf0beo,p\uf0be\uf0ae (\uf02dCH2 \uf02d CH \uf03d CH \uf02d CH2 \uf02d)n nCH2=C(CH3)\u2013CH=CH2 \uf0bex\uf0bet,t\uf0beo \uf0ae (\uf02dCH2 \uf02d C(CH3 ) \uf03d CH \uf02d CH2 \uf02d)n P Caosu isopren CH CH2 xt, to, p ( CH CH2 ) n nCH3COO CH3COO CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 VI\u1ebeT PH\u1ea2N \u1ee8NG H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 249","B. GI\u1ea2I CHI TI\u1ebeT B\u00c0I T\u1eacP C\u00e2u 1. Ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng sau d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o thu g\u1ecdn, bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng theo \u0111\u00fang t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 mol trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 sau: (1) C6H10O4 + 2NaOH \uf0bet\uf0be0 \uf0ae (A) + (B) + (C) (2) (A) + NaOH \uf0be\uf0be\uf0be\uf0aeCaO CH4 + Na2CO3 t0 cao (3) (B) + HCl \uf0ae (D) + NaCl (4) (D) + 2Na \uf0ae (E) + H2 (5) 2(C) \uf0be\uf0be\uf0be\uf0be\uf0be\uf0aeAl2O3 , MgO (F) + 2H2O + H2 450\uf02d5500 C (6) n(F) \uf0bex\uf0bet,t0\uf0be\uf0ae Polime (H) p (7) (C) \uf0be\uf0be\uf0be\uf0be\uf0aeH2SO4 \u00f1a\u00ebc (I) + H2O 1700 C (8) 2(C) \uf0be\uf0be\uf0be\uf0be\uf0aeH2SO4 \u00f1a\u00ebc (K) + H2O 1400 C (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean \u0110HSPHN, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i T\u1eeb (2) \uf0de A l\u00e0 CH3COONa; T\u1eeb (5,6,7,8) \uf0de C l\u00e0 C2H5OH C6H10O4 + 2NaOH \uf0bet\uf0be0 \uf0ae CH3COONa + B + C2H5OH \uf0de B l\u00e0 C2H3O3Na B + HCl \uf0ae D + NaCl \uf0de D l\u00e0 C2H6O3 D + 2Na t\u1ea1o 1 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed H2 \uf0de D ch\u1ee9a 1 nh\u00f3m COOH v\u00e0 1 nh\u00f3m OH \uf0de D l\u00e0 HO-CH2-COOH \uf0de B l\u00e0 HO-CH2-COONa \uf0de C6H14O4 l\u00e0 CH3COO-CH2-COO-C2H5. (1) CH3COO-CH2-COO-C2H5+2NaOH \uf0bet\uf0be0 \uf0ae CH3COONa + HO-CH2-COONa + C2H5OH (2) CH3COONa + NaOH \uf0beC\uf0beta0O\uf0ae CH4 + Na2CO3 (3) HO-CH2-COONa + HCl \uf0ae HO-CH2-COOH + NaCl (4) HO-CH2-COOH + 2Na \uf0ae NaO-CH2-COONa + H2 (5) 2C2H5OH \uf0be\uf0be\uf0be\uf0be\uf0aeAl2O3 ,MgO CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + 2H2O + H2 450\uf02d5500 C ( F) (6) nCH2=CH-CH=CH2 \uf0bex\uf0betp,t0\uf0be\uf0ae ( CH2-CH=CH-CH2 )n ( H) (7) C2H5OH \uf0be\uf0be\uf0be\uf0be\uf0aeH2SO4\u00f1a\u00ebc CH2=CH2 + H2O 1700 C (I) (8) 2C2H5OH \uf0be\uf0be\uf0be\uf0be\uf0aeH2SO4\u00f1a\u00ebc C2H5-O-C2H5 + H2O 1400 C (K) C\u00e2u 2. Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p ch\u1ea5t sau: a\/ Ethanol (l\u1ecfng) v\u00e0 natri (r\u1eafn); b\/ Axit axetic (dung d\u1ecbch) v\u00e0 natri cacbonat (dung d\u1ecbch); c\/ Oxit s\u1eaft t\u1eeb (r\u1eafn) v\u00e0 cacbon oxit (kh\u00ed), nung n\u00f3ng; d\/ Axit clohi\u0111ric (dung d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1eb7c) v\u00e0 mangan \u0111ioxit (r\u1eafn), \u0111un nh\u1eb9. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean S\u1edf GD-\u0110T HN, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a\/ Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: 2C2H5OH + 2Na \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae 2C2H5ONa + H2\u2191 b\/ Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: 2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae 2CH3COONa + CO2\u2191 + H2O CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 VI\u1ebeT PH\u1ea2N \u1ee8NG H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 250"]