LUYỆN-SÁCH CHINH PHỤC HÓA 9

["CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 8 NH\u1eacN BI\u1ebeT \u2013 T\u00c1CH CH\u1ea4T H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 A. PH\u01af\u01a0NG PH\u00c1P GI\u1ea2I B\u00c0I T\u1eacP I. Nh\u1eadn ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 STT Ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn Thu\u1ed1c th\u1eed D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng bi\u1ebft S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong CH4 + 2O2 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae CO2 + 2H2O 1 CH4 O2, to Ca(OH)2 \uf02b CO2 \uf0ae CaCO3 \uf0af \uf02b H2O 2 CH2=CH2 dd Br2, va\u00e5n \u00f1u\u00efc KMnO4 L\u00e0m m\u1ea5t m\u00e0u n\u00e2u \u0111\u1ecf c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc brom, l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t m\u00e0u t\u00edm c\u1ee7a dung d\u1ecbch KMnO4 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a m\u00e0u n\u00e2u \u0111en CH2=CH2 + Br2 \uf0ae CH2Br -CH2Br 3CH2=CH2 + 2KMnO4 + 4H2O \uf0ae 3CH2OH-CH2OH + 2KOH + 2MnO2 \uf0af ma\u00f8u na\u00e2u \u00f1en 3 CH \uf0ba CH dd CH \uf0ba CH \uf02b 2AgNO3 \uf02b 2NH3 AgNO3\/NH3 \uf0ae CAg \uf0ba CAg \uf0af \uf02b 2NH4NO3 C6H6 (benzen) \u0110\u1ed1t trong ma\u00f8u va\u00f8ng nha\u00eft kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng CH \uf0ba C \u2013 CxHy c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a v\u1edbi AgNO3\/NH3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 CH \uf0ba CH v\u00ec c\u00f3 n\u1ed1i ba \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ea1ch. Benzen \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u1ecfng, c\u00f3 m\u00f9i th\u01a1m \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng, kh\u00f4ng tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, khi \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3i v\u00e0 m\u1ee5\u1ed9i than 4 CH3CH2OH Na 2Na + 2C2H5OH \uf0ae 2C2H5OH + H2 \uf0ad 5 CH3COOH dd Na2CO3 2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 \uf0ae 2CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O C\u00e1c axit h\u1eefu c\u01a1 d\u1ea1ng CnH2n + 1COOH c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 axit axetic 6 Glucoz\u01a1 dd AgNO3\/NH3 C6H12O6 + Ag2O \uf0beN\uf0beH3\uf0be,to\uf0be\uf0ae C6H12O7 + 2Ag 7 H\u1ed3 tinh b\u1ed9t I2 Chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00e0u xanh t\u00edm (C6H10O5)n 8 Protein \u0111un n\u00f3ng hay c\u00f3 Protein b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1ee5 (dung d\u1ecbch keo nh\u01b0 axit, baz\u01a1, m\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee9ng) s\u1ed1 mu\u1ed1i 9 Protein \u0111\u1ed1t n\u00f3ng C\u00f3 m\u00f9i kh\u00e9t (tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i r\u1eafn nh\u01b0 t\u00f3c, m\u00f3ng, s\u1eebng) II. T\u00e1ch ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 Chi\u1ebft, ch\u01b0ng c\u1ea5t, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc . . . CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0: NH\u1eacN BI\u1ebeT \u2013 T\u00c1CH CH\u1ea4T H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 301","B. GI\u1ea2I CHI TI\u1ebeT C\u00c1C D\u1ea0NG B\u00c0I T\u1eacP C\u00e2u 1. h 4 b\u1ecb l n b\u1edfi h n h p kh 2H4 v\u00e0 O2 ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc h y tinh ch\u1ebf thu \u0111\u01b0 c 4 tinh khi\u1ebft (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean Ninh B\u00ecnh, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i n h p kh g\u1ed3m CH4, C2H4 v\u00e0 O2 \u0110\u1ec3 tinh ch\u1ebf thu \u0111\u01b0 c 4 tinh khi\u1ebft - \u01b0\u1edbc n h n h p kh qua b nh \u0111\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong a O 2 d\u01b0 th kh O2 b\u1ecb gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i c n h n h p hai kh 4 v\u00e0 2H4 tho t ra CO2 + Ca(OH)2 d\u01b0 \u2192 a O3\u2193 + 2O - \u01b0\u1edbc n h p hai kh CH4 v\u00e0 2H4 tho t ra d n ti\u1ebfp qua b nh \u0111\u1ef1ng dung d\u1ecbch r2 d\u01b0 th C2H4 b\u1ecb gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0 CH4 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00ean tho t ra ngo\u00e0i \u2192 ta thu \u0111\u01b0 c CH4 tinh khi\u1ebft. CH2=CH2 + Br2 \u2192 2Br-CH2Br C\u00e2u 2. Tr nh b\u00e0y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3: 1. Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c kh\u00ed ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t sunfur\u01a1, metan v\u00e0 cacbonic 2. T\u00e1ch l\u1ea5y metan t\u1eeb h n h p v\u1edbi etilen. Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr nh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111 d\u00f9ng (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean V\u0129nh Ph\u00fac, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i 1. Nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft ba kh\u00ed SO2, CH4, CO2 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t b ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc D n l\u1ea7n l\u01b0 t c\u00e1c kh\u00ed v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch brom. Kh\u00ed l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t m\u00e0u (ho\u1eb7c nh\u1ea1t m\u00e0u) dung d\u1ecbch brom l\u00e0 SO2. Hai kh\u00ed CH4, CO2 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 ng g\u00ec. PTHH: SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O \uf0ae H2SO4 + 2HBr D n hai kh\u00ed c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong d\u01b0 h l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong l\u00e0 CO2, kh\u00ed c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 CH4. PTHH: CO2 + Ca(OH)2 \uf0ae CaCO3 + H2O 2. T\u00e1ch l\u1ea5y metan t\u1eeb h n h p v\u1edbi etilen. D n h n h p kh\u00ed v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch brom d\u01b0, kh 2H4 b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5, thu \u0111\u01b0 c kh\u00ed metan tho\u00e1t ra. PTHH: C2H4 + Br2 \uf0ae C2H4Br2 C\u00e2u 3. Tr nh b\u00e0y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c c l\u1ecd ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t m\u1ea5t nh n c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a dung d\u1ecbch glucoz\u01a1, dung d\u1ecbch saccaroz\u01a1, dung d\u1ecbch axit axetic, n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ebft c c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr nh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean H\u00e0 Nam, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i *L\u1ea5y m i h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t l\u01b0 ng nh\u1ecf ra c c \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m m u th\u1eed - \u00f9ng qu\u1ef3 t m + M u l\u00e0m qu\u1ef3 t m h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecf l\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch 3COOH + c m u c n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m qu\u1ef3 t m \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ea7u - \u00f9ng dung d\u1ecbch AgNO3\/NH3, + M u t\u1ea1o k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a x m b\u1ea1c l\u00e0 glucoz\u01a1 + c m u c n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 ng g C6H12O6 + Ag2O \uf0bed\uf0bed N\uf0beH3 \uf0ae C6H12O7 + 2Ag - \u0110un n\u00f3ng hai m u c n l\u1ea1i t c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi u O 2 CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0: NH\u1eacN BI\u1ebeT \u2013 T\u00c1CH CH\u1ea4T H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 302","+ M u l\u00e0m k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tan t\u1ea1o dung d\u1ecbch m\u00e0u xanh l\u00e0 saccaroz\u01a1 2C12H22O11 + Cu(OH)2 \uf0ae (C12H10O11)2Cu + 2H2O + M u c n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 ng l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00e2u 4. Nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c c b nh m\u1ea5t nh n ch\u1ee9a c c ch\u1ea5t ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t sau 2H4, C2H6, N2, SO2. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean Tr\u1ea7n Ph\u00fa \u2013 H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i \uf0b7 Cho c\u00e1c kh\u00ed l\u1ea7n l\u01b0 t qua dung d\u1ecbch Ca(OH)2 d\u01b0, kh n\u00e0o l\u00e0m v\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong l\u00e0 SO2. \uf0b7 Cho 3 kh\u00ed c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n l\u01b0 t qua dung d\u1ecbch brom, kh\u00ed l\u00e0m nh\u1ea1t m\u00e0u dung d\u1ecbch Br2 l\u00e0 C2H4. \uf0b7 \u0110\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y 2 kh\u00ed c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i r\u1ed3i d n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch Ca(OH)2 d\u01b0, kh l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong d\u01b0 l\u00e0 O2 \uf0de kh \u0111em \u0111\u1ed1t l\u00e0 C2H6. Kh\u00ed c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 ng g\u00ec l\u00e0 N2. - c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr nh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra: SO2 + Ca(OH)2 \uf0ae CaSO3 + H2O C2H4 + Br2 \uf0ae C2H4Br2 C2H6 + 3O2 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae 2CO2 + 3H2O CO2 + Ca(OH)2 d\u01b0 \uf0ae CaCO3 + H2O C\u00e2u 5. Tr nh b\u00e0y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch t\u1eebng ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed CH4, C2H4, C2H2 ra kh\u1ecfi h n h p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr nh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n \u2013 Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i D n h n h p kh qua b nh \u0111\u1ef1ng l\u01b0 ng d\u01b0 dung d\u1ecbch AgNO3\/NH3 (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 Ag2O\/NH3), l\u1ecdc t ch thu \u0111\u01b0 c k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a, l\u1ea5y k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a cho t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u01b0 ng d\u01b0 dung d\u1ecbch HCl. H n h p kh tho t ra \u0111\u01b0 c d n l\u1ea7n l\u01b0 t qua b nh \u0111\u1ef1ng dung d\u1ecbch NaCl (gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i kh\u00ed HCl) v\u00e0 aO d\u01b0 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc , thu \u0111\u01b0 c kh\u00ed C2H2 kh\u00f4: C2H2 + 2AgNO3 + 3H2O \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae C2Ag2 \uf0ad + 2NH4NO3 C2Ag2 + 2HCl \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae 2AgCl \uf0af + C2H2\uf0ad D n h n h p kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 g\u1ed3m C2H4 v\u00e0 CH4 qua dung d\u1ecbch brom d\u01b0, kh 2H4 b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5, c\u00f2n CH4 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0 c d n qua b nh \u0111\u1ef1ng aO d\u01b0, thu \u0111\u01b0 c kh\u00ed CH4: CH2 = CH2 + Br2 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae CH2Br \u2013 CH2Br Cho kim lo\u1ea1i Zn d\u01b0 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch ch\u1ee9a CH2Br\u2013CH2 r, \u0111un n\u00f3ng dung d\u1ecbch, d n kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t ra qua aO d\u01b0, thu \u0111\u01b0 c kh\u00ed C2H4: CH2Br \u2013 CH2Br + Zn \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae CH2 = CH2 + ZnBr2 C\u00e2u 6. B ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, h\u00e3y nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn sau: tinh b\u1ed9t, xenluloz\u01a1, saccaroz\u01a1, \u0111 v\u00f4i v\u00e0 gluccoz\u01a1 (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i \u0110 nh s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 cho m i l\u1ecd. Tr\u00edch m i m u m\u1ed9t \u00edt l\u00e0m m u th\u1eed r\u1ed3i cho l\u1ea7n l\u01b0 t v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 ghi s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng: \uf0a7 Th\u1eed l\u1ea7n l\u01b0 t c\u00e1c m u th\u1eed v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch AgNO3\/NH3 v\u00e0 \u0111un n\u00f3ng, n\u1ebfu: - C\u00f3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a b\u1ea1c m\u00e0u s\u00e1ng b\u00e1m tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m th\u00ec m u th\u1eed l\u00e0 glucoz\u01a1 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr nh 6H12O6 + Ag2O \uf0beN\uf0betH0 3\uf0be\uf0ae C6H12O7 + 2Ag \uf0af - Kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 ng g\u00ec l\u00e0 tinh b\u1ed9t, xenluloz\u01a1, saccaroz\u01a1, \u0111 v\u00f4i CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0: NH\u1eacN BI\u1ebeT \u2013 T\u00c1CH CH\u1ea4T H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 303","\uf0a7 Nh\u1ecf v\u00e0i gi\u1ecdt dung d\u1ecbch iot l\u1ea7n l\u01b0 t v\u00e0o 4 m u th\u1eed c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu: - Xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0u xanh t\u00edm th\u00ec m u th\u1eed l\u00e0 tinh b\u1ed9t. - Kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 ng g l\u00e0 xenluloz\u01a1, saccaroz\u01a1 v\u00e0 \u0111 v\u00f4i \uf0a7 Nh\u1ecf v\u00e0i gi\u1ecdt dung d\u1ecbch HCl v\u00e0o 3 m u th\u1eed c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu: - Ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn tan, c\u00f3 kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u, kh\u00f4ng m\u00f9i tho\u00e1t ra th\u00ec m u th\u1eed l\u00e0 \u0111 v\u00f4i Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr nh a O3 + 2HCl \uf0ae CaCl2 + CO2 \uf0ad + H2O - Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 ng g\u00ec th\u00ec m u th\u1eed l\u00e0 xenluloz\u01a1, saccaroz\u01a1 \uf0a7 Cho l\u1ea7n l\u01b0 t 2 m u th\u1eed c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Cu(OH)2, l\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec1u, n\u1ebfu: - Xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n dung d\u1ecbch m\u00e0u xanh lam th\u00ec m u th\u1eed l\u00e0 saccaroz\u01a1 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr nh : 2C12H22O11 + Cu(OH)2 \uf0ae (C12H21O11)2Cu + 2H2O - Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 ng g l\u00e0 xenluloz\u01a1 C\u00e2u 7. Tr nh b\u00e0y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 tinh ch\u1ebf 4 t\u1eeb h n h p kh g\u1ed3m SO2, H2S, CH4, C2H2. Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr nh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean Tuy\u00ean Quang, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i Tinh ch\u1ebf 4 t\u1eeb h n h p kh g\u1ed3m SO2, H2S, CH4, C2H2: Cho h n h p kh l\u1ed9i qua n\u01b0\u1edbc brom Br2 d\u01b0 th kh SO2, H2S, C2H2 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O \uf0ae H2SO4 + 2HBr H2S + 4Br2 + 4H2O \uf0ae H2SO4 + 8HBr C2H4 + Br2 \uf0ae C2H4Br2 h tho t ra cho l\u1ed9i qua axit sunfuric 2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, thu \u0111\u01b0 c 4 tinh khi\u1ebft C\u00e2u 8. \u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc h\u00e3y ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u01b0 u etylic nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u1ed3n 960. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n \u2013 \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i D\u00f9ng mu\u1ed1i khan CuSO4 (m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng) l\u1ea7n l\u01b0 t cho v\u00e0o c\u1ed3n 960 v\u00e0 r\u01b0 u etylic nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t, CuSO4 h\u00fat n\u01b0\u1edbc trong c\u1ed3n 960 v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00e0u xanh. C\u00e2u 9. Cho c\u00e1c dung d\u1ecbch ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng saccaroz\u01a1, axit axetic, l ng tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng glucoz\u01a1, d\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt. C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ef1ng trong c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 X, Y, Z, P, Q kh\u00f4ng theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1. Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n l\u01b0 t c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t tr\u00ean v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thu\u1ed1c th\u1eed, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 thu \u0111\u01b0 c \u1edf b\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y Ch\u1ea5t Thu\u1ed1c th\u1eed Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng X Na2CO3 C\u00f3 s\u1ee7i b\u1ecdt kh\u00ed C\u00f3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a Ag Y Ag2O trong NH3 d\u01b0 C\u00f3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a Ag Z \u0110un v\u1edbi H2SO4 lo ng, trung h a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, Ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh hai l\u1edbp sau \u0111\u00f3 cho Ag2O trong NH3 d\u01b0 P N\u01b0\u1edbc Q ho r\u01b0 u etylic v\u00e0o, l\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec1u T\u1ea1o k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a a. L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 c c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ea5t X, Y, Z, P, Q v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft c c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr nh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u1ee9ng minh (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3). b. Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr nh \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf ch\u1ea5t X t\u1eeb tinh b\u1ed9t. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean L\u00ea Khi\u1ebft \u2013 Qu\u00e3ng Ng\u00e3i, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i \uf02d X tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1o dd \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi Na2CO3 sinh ra kh\u00ed CO2 \uf0de X l\u00e0 axit axetic. CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0: NH\u1eacN BI\u1ebeT \u2013 T\u00c1CH CH\u1ea4T H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 304","CH3COOH + NaHCO3 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae CH3COONa + H2O + CO2\u2191 \uf02d Y tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a Ag v\u1edbi Ag2O trong NH3 d\u01b0 \uf0de Y l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng glucoz\u01a1 C6H12O6 (dd) + Ag2O \uf0beN\uf0beH3\uf0be\uf0ae C6H12O7 dd + Ag\u2193 (axit gluconic) \uf02d Z tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1ecb th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n trong H2SO4, sau \u0111\u00f3 cho ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00e1ng b\u1ea1c v\u1edbi Ag2O trong NH3 \uf0de Z l\u00e0 saccaroz\u01a1 C12H22O11 + H2O \uf0beH\uf0be\uf02b , t\uf0be\uf0b0\uf0ae C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 glucoz\u01a1 fruccoz\u01a1 C6H12O6 (dd) + Ag2O \uf0beN\uf0beH3\uf0be\uf0ae C6H12O7 dd + Ag\u2193 (axit gluconic) \uf02d P kh\u00f4ng tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh hai l\u1edbp ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed9n l n \uf0de P l\u00e0 d\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt (do d\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. \uf02d Q ho r\u01b0 u etylic v\u00e0o, l\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ea1o k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a \uf0de Q l\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee9ng (do \u00e1i l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ancol etylic v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh n\u00ean r\u00fat n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ecfi protit trong l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee9ng l\u00e0m prot\u00edt t\u1ea1o t\u1ee7a t\u00e1ch ra. b. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr nh \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf X (CH3COOH) t\u1eeb tinh b\u1ed9t: (C6H10O5)n \uf0be+\uf0beH2O(\uf0be1,) ax\uf0beit\uf0ae C6H12O6 \uf0be3\uf0be0le0\u00e2n\uf02d\uf0bem35e0n\uf0beC\uf0ae C2H5OH \uf0be\uf02b\uf0be(O2)2\uf0be\uf0ae CH3COOH (1) (C6H10O5)n + nH2O \uf0bea\uf0bexit\uf0ae nC6H12O6 (tinh b\u1ed9t) glucoz\u01a1 (2) C6H12O6 \uf0be3\uf0be0le0\u00e2n\uf02d\uf0bem35e0n\uf0beC\uf0ae 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 (3) C2H5OH + O2 \uf0bem\uf0been\uf0begia\u00e1m\uf0be\uf0ae CH3COOH + H2O C\u00e2u 10. Kh\u00ed CH4 b\u1ecb l n m\u1ed9t \u00edt t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t C2H4, C2H2, CO2, SO2 Tr nh b\u00e0y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t ra kh\u1ecfi kh\u00ed CH4. Vi\u1ebft c c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr nh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean S\u01a1n La, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - D n h n h p kh\u00ed qua l\u1ea7n l\u01b0 t qua dung d\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong d\u01b0 O2 v\u00e0 SO2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00ean b\u1ecb gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i) v\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch brom d\u01b0 2H2 v\u00e0 C2H4 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, b\u1ecb gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i), c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i CH4 tho\u00e1t ra (1) CO2 + Ca(OH)2 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae CaCO3 + H2O (2) SO2 + Ca(OH)2 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae CaSO3 + H2O (3) C2H4 + Br2 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae C2H4Br2 (4) C2H2 + 2Br2 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae C2H2Br4 C\u00e2u 11. Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t X, Y, Z, T. K\u1ebft t\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0 c ghi \u1edf b\u1ea3ng sau: M\u1eabu Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eed X Th\u00eam m\u1ed9t t r\u01b0 u etylic, l\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec1u C\u00f3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a \u0110un n\u00f3ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch NaO lo ng, d\u01b0 , \u0111\u1ec3 T\u1ea1o dung d\u1ecbch m\u00e0u xanh Y ngu\u1ed9i. Th\u00eam ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0i gi\u1ecdt dung d\u1ecbch CuSO4. lam Z T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch AgNO3 trong NH3, \u0111un T\u1ea1o k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a Ag n\u00f3ng. T T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch I2 lo\u00e3ng C\u00f3 m\u00e0u xanh t\u00edm. CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0: NH\u1eacN BI\u1ebeT \u2013 T\u00c1CH CH\u1ea4T H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 305","X c \u0111\u1ecbnh X, Y, Z, T (kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch). Bi\u1ebft ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t sau: tinh b\u1ed9t, ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o, glucoz\u01a1, l ng tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee9ng. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i Ch\u1ea5t X: L\u00f2ng tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee9ng; Ch\u1ea5t Y: Ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o; Ch\u1ea5t Z Glucoz\u01a1; h\u1ea5t T: Tinh b\u1ed9t C\u00e2u 12. Kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng th\u00eam h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, h\u00e3y ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c dung d\u1ecbch ch\u1ee9a trong c\u00e1c l\u1ecd m\u1ea5t nh\u00e3n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t: axit axetic, glucoz\u01a1, natri cacbonat, axit sunfuric, bari clorua. Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - L\u1ea5y m u th\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111 nh d\u1ea5u. - L\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t m u th\u1eed l\u1ea7n l\u01b0 t cho v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m u th\u1eed c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ghi theo b\u1ea3ng sau: CH3COOH C6H12O6 Na2CO3 H2SO4 BaCl2 s\u1ee7i b\u1ecdt CH3COOH C6H12O6 s\u1ee7i b\u1ecdt s\u1ee7i b\u1ecdt k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng Na2CO3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng s\u1ee7i b\u1ecdt H2SO4 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng BaCl2 - K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: + C\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 ng l\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch glucoz\u01a1 + Trong b\u1ed1n th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 ng s\u1ee7i b\u1ecdt l\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch axit axetic. + Trong b\u1ed1n th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m hai th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 ng s\u1ee7i b\u1ecdt, m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 ng k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng l\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch natri cacbonat. + Trong b\u1ed1n th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 ng s\u1ee7i b\u1ecdt, m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 ng k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng l\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch axit sunfuric. + Trong b\u1ed1n th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m hai th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 ng k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng l\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch bari clorua. c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr nh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra: 2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 \uf0ae 2CH3COONa + CO2\u2191 + 2O Na2CO3 + H2SO4 \uf0ae Na2SO4 + CO2\u2191 + 2O Na2CO3 + BaCl2 \uf0ae BaCO3\u2193 + Na l H2SO4 + BaCl2 \uf0ae BaSO4\u2193 + l C\u00e2u 13. H\u1ecdc sinh A \u0111 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi h\u1ed3 tinh b\u1ed9t theo c c b\u01b0\u1edbc sau: - B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: Cho v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m (\u1ed1ng 1) kho\u1ea3ng 3,0 ml dung d\u1ecbch h\u1ed3 tinh b\u1ed9t, th\u00eam ti\u1ebfp 4,0 ml n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5t v\u00e0 1,0 ml dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 \u0110un n\u00f3ng h n h p c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1eeb 3 \u0111\u1ebfn 5 ph\u00fat. - B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: Sau khi \u0111un n\u00f3ng t\u1eeb 3 \u0111\u1ebfn 5 ph\u00fat, l\u1ea5y kho\u1ea3ng 0,5 ml dung d\u1ecbch (dung d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng 1) cho v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c (\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ec3 ngu\u1ed9i, nh\u1ecf v\u00e0i gi\u1ecdt dung d\u1ecbch I2 \u0111\u01b0 c h\u00f2a tan trong c\u1ed3n) v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng 2. N\u1ebfu th\u1ea7y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0u xanh th\u00ec ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111un \u1ed1ng 1 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1eed v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch I2 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi dung d\u1ecbch \u0111em th\u1eed v\u1edbi I2 (trong c\u1ed3n) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00e0u xanh th\u00ec ng\u1eebng \u0111un n\u00f3ng h n h p. - B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: \u0110\u1ec3 h n h p trong \u1ed1ng 1 ngu\u1ed9i, trung h\u00f2a axit b ng dung d\u1ecbch NaOH cho t\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ec1m Sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u00edt dung d\u1ecbch cho v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m (\u1ed1ng 3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eed t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. - B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr ng g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch AgNO3\/NH3) v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng 3 trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u00edch h p. CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0: NH\u1eacN BI\u1ebeT \u2013 T\u00c1CH CH\u1ea4T H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 306","H\u1ecdc sinh B theo d\u00f5i th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi sau: (1) M\u1ee5c \u0111 ch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 g\u00ec? (2) Vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a axit H2SO4 \u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc 1 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 g\u00ec? (3) \u1ede b\u01b0\u1edbc 2, v\u00ec sao khi l\u1ea5y dung d\u1ecbch sau khi \u0111un, th\u1eed v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch I2 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0u xanh? (4) C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng phenolphtalein \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft axit H2SO4 \u0111 \u0111\u01b0 c trung h\u00f2a h\u1ebft \u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc 3 \u0111\u01b0 c kh\u00f4ng? 5 V sao \u0111\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0 c l\u1edbp \u201cg\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea1c\u201d tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc 4 c\u1ea7n \u0111un nh\u1eb9 h n h p ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng? Em h\u00e3y tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh B c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi tr\u00ean. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n B: (1) M\u1ee5c \u0111 ch c\u1ee7a th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng minh tinh b\u1ed9t b\u1ecb th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ea1o glucoz\u01a1 C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3: - Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n: (C6H10O5)n + nH2O \uf0beH\uf0be\uf02b ,\uf0bet\uf0b0\uf0ae nC6H12O6 tinh b\u1ed9t glucoz\u01a1 - Ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a glucoz\u01a1 b ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr ng g\u01b0\u01a1ng HOCH2[CHOH]4CHO + 2AgNO3 + 3NH3 + H2O \uf0bet\uf0be\uf0b0\uf0ae HOCH2[CHOH]4COONH4 + 2Ag \uf0af + 2NH4NO3 (2) H2SO4 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 t\u1ea1o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng axit cho ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n tinh b\u1ed9t. (3) \u1ede b\u01b0\u1edbc 2, dung d\u1ecbch sau khi \u0111un c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0u xanh khi th\u1eed v\u1edbi I2 v\u00ec trong dung d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n tinh b\u1ed9t d\u01b0, ph\u1ea7n tinh b\u1ed9t n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi I2 cho m\u00e0u xanh \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng (4) C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng phenolphtalein \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft H2SO4 \u0111 \u0111\u01b0 c trung h\u00f2a h\u1ebft \u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc 3: - Nh\u1ecf 1 - 2 gi\u1ecdt dung d\u1ecbch phenolphtalein v\u00e0o h n h p trong \u1ed1ng 1. - Th\u00eam t\u1eeb t\u1eeb dung d\u1ecbch NaOH v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi th\u1ea5y dung d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00e0u h\u1ed3ng th\u00ec khi \u0111\u00f3 2SO4 \u0111 h\u1ebft v\u00e0 ki\u1ec1m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u01b0 (5) Khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00e1ng b\u1ea1c, n\u1ebfu \u0111un n\u00f3ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i th\u00ec ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eadm r i, khi \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1c sinh ra \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tinh th\u1ec3, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean l\u1edbp \u201cg\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng b\u1ea1c Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h p \u0111un n\u00f3ng m\u1ea1nh, b\u1ea1c sinh ra qu\u00e1 nhanh s\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbnh h nh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111en, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thu \u0111\u01b0 c l\u1edbp g\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 mong mu\u1ed1n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0 c \u201cg\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea1c\u201d, ta c\u1ea7n \u0111un nh\u1eb9 h n h p ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111un c ch th\u1ee7y, tr nh \u0111un n\u00f3ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. C\u00e2u 14. B ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc h\u00e3y nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft ba \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ea5t nh\u00e3n ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng r\u01b0 u etylic, r\u01b0 u 20o v\u00e0 axit axetic. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean \u0110\u0103k L\u0103k, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i \uf02d Tr\u00edch m u th\u1eed, \u0111 nh s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1. \uf02d D\u00f9ng 3 m\u1ea9u qu\u1ef3 t\u00edm nh\u00fang v\u00e0o 3 m u th\u1eed: CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0: NH\u1eacN BI\u1ebeT \u2013 T\u00c1CH CH\u1ea4T H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 307","M u th\u1eed n\u00e0o l\u00e0m qu\u1ef3 t m h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecf l\u00e0 axit axetic. M u th\u1eed n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 ng l\u00e0 r\u01b0 u etylic v\u00e0 r\u01b0 u 20o (nh\u00f3m I). \uf02d Cho 2 m u CuSO4 khan v\u00e0o 2 m u th\u1eed nh\u00f3m I. M u th\u1eed n\u00e0o l\u00e0m CuSO4 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng sang m\u00e0u xanh l\u00e0 m u th\u1eed ch\u1ee9a r\u01b0 u 20o. CuSO4 + 5H2O \uf0ae CuSO4.5H2O (tr\u1eafng) (xanh) M u th\u1eed n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0u CuSO4 l\u00e0 r\u01b0 u etylic. C\u00e2u 15. B ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, h\u00e3y ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c dung d\u1ecbch sau glucoz\u01a1, saccaroz\u01a1, tinh b\u1ed9t, axit axetic, l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee9ng. Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr nh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3). (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean V\u0129nh Long, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i Glucoz\u01a1 Saccaroz\u01a1 Tinh b\u1ed9t Axit axetic L\u00f2ng tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee9ng Qu\u1ef3 t\u00edm - - - \u00f3a \u0111\u1ecf - AgNO3\/NH3 K\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng - - Xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a \u0110un n\u00f3ng b\u1ea1c X tr\u1eafng do s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1ee5 protein Dung d\u1ecbch I2 X - Dung d\u1ecbch X m\u00e0u xanh Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr nh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: C6H12O6 + Ag2O \uf0beN\uf0beH3\uf0be,t0 \uf0ae C6H12O7 + 2Ag C\u00e2u 16. C\u00f3 h n h p g\u1ed3m CH3COOH v\u00e0 C2H5O , n\u00eau ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph p t ch t\u1eebng ch\u1ea5t ra kh\u1ecfi h n h p tr\u00ean. Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr nh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean L\u00e2m \u0110\u1ed3ng, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - Cho h n h p g\u1ed3m CH3COOH v\u00e0 C2H5OH t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch NaO d\u01b0 h\u01b0ng c\u1ea5t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 th thu \u0111\u01b0 c: + Ph\u1ea7n l\u1ecfng g\u1ed3m C2H5OH v\u00e0 H2O. + Ph\u1ea7n r\u1eafn g\u1ed3m CH3 OONa v\u00e0 NaO d\u01b0 - Ph\u1ea7n l\u1ecfng cho qua CuSO4 khan cho t\u1edbi khi n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00e0u xanh \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i H2O, thu \u0111\u01b0 c C2H5OH tinh khi\u1ebft. CuSO4 (r\u1eafn) + 5H2O \u2192 uSO4.5H2O (r\u1eafn) - Ph\u1ea7n r\u1eafn (CH3COONa v\u00e0 NaOH) cho ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c d\u01b0 r\u1ed3i ch\u01b0ng c\u1ea5t h n h p thu \u0111\u01b0 c, ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 ph\u1ea7n bay h\u01a1i ta \u0111\u01b0 c h n h p l\u1ecfng g\u1ed3m CH3COOH v\u00e0 H2O. Sau \u0111\u00f3 cho qua CuSO4 khan cho t\u1edbi khi n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00e0u xanh \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i H2O, thu \u0111\u01b0 c CH3COOH. - c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr nh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: CH3COOH + NaOH \uf0ae CH3COONa + H2O 2CH3COONa + H2SO4 \uf0ae 2CH3COOH + Na2SO4 2NaOH + H2SO4 \uf0ae Na2SO4 + 2H2O CaCl2 + nH2O \uf0ae CaCl2.nH2O C\u00e2u 17. Ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong, n\u01b0\u1edbc brom h\u00e3y nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed ch\u1ee9a trong m i b\u00ecnh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t: Kh\u00ed metan, kh\u00ed etilen, kh\u00ed cacbonic, kh sunfur\u01a1 Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr nh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc minh h\u1ecda, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean C\u00e0 Mau, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i D n l\u1ea7n l\u01b0 t c c kh \u0111i qua n\u01b0\u1edbc brom v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t: - C\u00e1c kh\u00ed l\u00e0m nh\u1ea1t m\u00e0u (m\u1ea5t m\u00e0u) dung d\u1ecbch brom l\u00e0 C2H4 v\u00e0 SO2 (nh\u00f3m I). CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0: NH\u1eacN BI\u1ebeT \u2013 T\u00c1CH CH\u1ea4T H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 308","C2H4 + Br2 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae C2H4Br2 SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae H2SO4 + 2HBr - C\u00e1c kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 ng x\u1ea3y ra l\u00e0 CH4 v\u00e0 CO2 (nh\u00f3m II). D n l\u1ea7n l\u01b0 t c\u00e1c kh\u00ed \u1edf nh\u00f3m I \u0111i qua n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t: - h l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong l\u00e0 SO2. SO2 + Ca(OH)2 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae CaSO3\u2193 + 2O - Kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 ng l\u00e0 C2H4. Ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c d n l\u1ea7n l\u01b0 t c\u00e1c kh\u00ed \u1edf nh\u00f3m II \u0111i qua n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t: - h l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong l\u00e0 CO2. CO2 + Ca(OH)2 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae CaCO3\u2193 + 2O Kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 ng l\u00e0 CH4. C\u00e2u 18. Cho m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a h n h p kh\u00ed X g\u1ed3m metan, etilen v\u00e0 axetilen Tr nh b\u00e0y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang t\u1eebng kh\u00ed trong X. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi HSG T\u1ec9nh H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2016-2017) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - Cho h n h p X qua dung d\u1ecbch AgNO3\/NH3 (ho\u1eb7c Ag2O\/NH3 d\u01b0, thu k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a v\u00e0 kh\u00ed Yg\u1ed3m CH4, C2H4. C2H2 + 2AgNO3 + 2NH3 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae C2Ag2\uf024 + 2NH4NO3 (HS c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft: C2H2 + Ag2O \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae C2Ag2 + H2O) H\u00f2a tan k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a b ng l d\u01b0, thu kh , l\u00e0m kh\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0 c C2H2 C2Ag2 + 2HCl \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae C2H2 + 2AgCl - Kh\u00ed Y cho qua dung d\u1ecbch brom d\u01b0, thu s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m Z v\u00e0 l\u00e0m kh\u00f4 kh tho t ra thu \u0111\u01b0 c CH4. C2H4 + Br2 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae C2H4Br2 Cho s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m Z t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Zn, \u0111un n\u00f3ng thu \u0111\u01b0 c kh\u00ed C2H4 C2H4Br2 + Zn \uf0bet\uf0be0 \uf0ae C2H4 + ZnBr2 C\u00e2u 19. Tr nh b\u00e0y c ch tinh ch\u1ebf CH4 ra kh\u1ecfi h n h p g\u1ed3m c c kh O2, SO2, CH4, C2H4, C2H2 Vi\u1ebft c c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr nh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh Chuy\u00ean Tr\u1ea7n Ph\u00fa \u2013 H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2016 - 2017) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i \u2013 n h n h p kh qua dung d\u1ecbch a O 2d\u01b0, kh O2 v\u00e0 SO2 b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 Thu kh bay ra \u0111\u01b0 c h n h p g\u1ed3m 4, C2H4, C2H2. CO2 + Ca(OH)2 \uf0ae CaCO3 \uf0af + H2O SO2 + Ca(OH)2 \uf0ae CaSO3 \uf0af + H2O 2H4 v\u00e0 C2H2 b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 Thu \u2013 n h n h p 3 kh c n l\u1ea1i qua dung d\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc brom d\u01b0, kh kh tho t ra th \u0111\u01b0 c kh 4: C2H2 + 2Br2 \uf0ae C2H2Br4 C2H4 + Br2 \uf0ae C2H4Br2 C\u00e2u 20. Kh\u00ed CH4 b\u1ecb l n m\u1ed9t t t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 2H4, SO2, l y tr nh b\u00e0y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i h\u1ebft t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi 4. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh Chuy\u00ean L\u00fd T\u1ef1 Tr\u1ecdng \u2013 TP C\u1ea7n Th\u01a1, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2016 - 2017) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i \u2013 n h n h p qua c c b nh m\u1eafc n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp l\u1ea7n l\u01b0 t ch\u1ee9a l\u01b0 ng d\u01b0 dung d\u1ecbch NaO d\u01b0 v\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch rom d\u01b0 c kh SO2, HCl, C2H4 b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n Thu kh tho t ra th \u0111\u01b0 c 4. HCl + NaOH \uf0ae NaCl + H2O CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0: NH\u1eacN BI\u1ebeT \u2013 T\u00c1CH CH\u1ea4T H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 309","SO2 + 2NaOH \uf0ae Na2SO3 + H2O C2H4 + Br2 \uf0ae C2H4Br2 C\u00e2u 21. C\u00f3 5 l\u1ecd m\u1ea5t nh n \u0111\u1ef1ng 5 dung d\u1ecbch ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t sau: h\u1ed3 tinh b\u1ed9t, l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee9ng, saccaroz\u01a1, glucoz\u01a1, r\u01b0 u etylic Tr nh b\u00e0y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t 5 dung d\u1ecbch tr\u00ean v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft PTHH c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh Chuy\u00ean Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2018 - 2019) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - D\u00f9ng dung d\u1ecbch I2 nh\u1eadn ra h\u1ed3 tinh b\u1ed9t, th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0u xanh. - \u0110un n\u00f3ng 4 dung d\u1ecbch c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn ra l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee9ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 ng \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1ee5. - D\u00f9ng dung d\u1ecbch AgNO3\/NH3 nh\u1eadn ra glucoz\u01a1, th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a Ag C6H12O6 + Ag2O \uf0beN\uf0beH3\uf0be,t0 \uf0ae C6H12O7 + Ag\u2193 - Nh\u1ecf v\u00e0i gi\u1ecdt dd H2SO4 v\u00e0o 2 dung d\u1ecbch c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, \u0111un nh\u1eb9, sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eed b ng dung d\u1ecbch AgNO3\/NH3, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h p n\u00e0o th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a Ag th\u00ec dung d\u1ecbch ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 saccaroz\u01a1 C12H22O11 + H2O \uf0beH\uf0be2SO\uf0be4 ,t0\uf0be\uf0ae C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 Ch\u1ea5t c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 r\u01b0 u etylic. C\u00e2u 22. Tr nh b\u00e0y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t ancol etylic, etyl axetat, benzen v\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch axit axetic, dung d\u1ecbch glucoz\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0 c \u0111\u1ef1ng trong c c l\u1ecd ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t m\u1ea5t nh n Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr nh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc minh h\u1ecda (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh Chuy\u00ean B\u1eafc Giang, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2017 - 2018) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i L\u1ea5y m u th\u1eed c c dung d\u1ecbch cho v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u0111 nh s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 - ho v\u00e0o c c m u th\u1eed gi\u1ea5y qu\u1ef3 t m, quan s t M u th\u1eed n\u00e0o l\u00e0m qu\u1ef3 t m chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf l\u00e0 axit axetic - n c c dung d\u1ecbch ancol etylic, etyl axetat, benzen, dung d\u1ecbch glucoz\u01a1 qu\u1ef3 t m kh\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n m\u00e0u ho t c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch AgNO3\/NH3 M u th\u1eed n\u00e0o xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng \u2192 dung d\u1ecbch ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch glucoz\u01a1 C5H11O5CHO \uf02b 2AgNO3 \uf02b 3NH3 \uf02b H2O \uf0bet\uf0beoC\uf0ae C5H11O5COONH4 \uf02b 2Ag \uf0af \uf02b2NH4NO3 (C6H12O6 + Ag2O \u2192 6H12O7 + 2Ag) - M u th\u1eed c n l\u1ea1i ancol etylic, etyl axetat, benzen kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 ng cho m\u1ea9u Na nh\u1ecf v\u00e0o M u th\u1eed n\u00e0o c\u00f3 kh tho t ra th ban \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ee9a ancol etylic C2H5OH \uf02b Na \uf0ae C2H5ONa \uf02b1\/ 2H2 \uf0ad - ai m u th\u1eed etyl axetat, benzen c n l\u1ea1i cho th\u00eam dung d\u1ecbch NaO v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111un n\u00f3ng M u th\u1eed n\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh dung d\u1ecbch trong su\u1ed1t th ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch etyl axetat CH3COOC2H5 \uf02b NaOH \uf0bet\uf0be0C\uf0ae CH3COONa+C2H5OH M u th\u1eed c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n l\u1edbp ban \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ee9a benzen C\u00e2u 23. y l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn thu\u1ed1c th\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c c d\u1ee5ng d\u1ecbch ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t sau b ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc n\u00eau r\u00f5 c ch ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 n\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 ng c\u1ee7a m i th nghi\u1ec7m glucoz\u01a1, saccaroz\u01a1, tinh b\u1ed9t lo ng, r\u01b0 u etylic (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh Chuy\u00ean H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i Amsterdam, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2015 - 2016) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i Tr ch c c ch\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c c m u \u0111\u1ec3 th nghi\u1ec7m \u2013 \u00f9ng dung d\u1ecbch I2 \uf0ae nh\u1eadn ra tinh b\u1ed9t lo ng v t\u1ea1o dung d\u1ecbch m\u00e0u xanh \u2013 ho h n h p AgNO3\/NH3 v\u00e0o c c \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9a s\u1eb5n 3 m u c n l\u1ea1i \u0110\u1eb7t c c \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0o c\u1ed1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3ng M u n\u00e0o xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1edbp g\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea1c l\u00e0 m u glucoz\u01a1 CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0: NH\u1eacN BI\u1ebeT \u2013 T\u00c1CH CH\u1ea4T H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 310","C6H12O6 + Ag2O \uf0bet\uf0be0 (N\uf0beH3 )\uf0be\uf0ae C6H12O6 + 2Ag \uf0af \u2013 Cho Cu(OH)2 v\u00e0o m u c n l\u1ea1i, m u n\u00e0o t\u1ea1o dung d\u1ecbch m\u00e0u xanh l\u00e0 m u dung d\u1ecbch saccaroz\u01a1, m u c n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch r\u01b0 u etylc 2C12H22O11 + Cu(OH)2 \uf0ae (C12H21O11)2Cu + 2H2O (m\u00e0u xanh) o\u1eb7c cho NO3 lo\u00e3ng v\u00e0o m i m u, \u0111un nh\u1eb9, cho ti\u1ebfp AgNO3\/NH3 v\u00e0o r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o c\u1ed1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3ng N\u1ebfu xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1edbp g\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea1c l\u00e0 m u saccaroz\u01a1 M u c n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch r\u01b0 u etylic. C12H22O11 + H2O \uf0beH\uf0be2SO\uf0be4 lo\uf0bea\u00f5ng\uf0be\uf0ae C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 glucoz\u01a1 fructoz\u01a1 C6H12O6 + Ag2O \uf0bet\uf0be0 (N\uf0beH3 )\uf0be\uf0ae C6H12O6 + 2Ag \uf0af C\u00e2u 24. \u00f3 hai m\u1ea3nh l\u1ee5a b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i gi\u1ed1ng nhau m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0 c d\u1ec7t b ng s i t\u01a1 t m v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0 c d\u1ec7t b ng s i ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb g b\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e0n ho bi\u1ebft c ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh Chuy\u00ean L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n \u2013 \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2014 - 2015) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i \u1eaft l\u1ea5y m i m\u1ea3nh l\u1ee5a m\u1ed9t m u nh\u1ecf r\u1ed3i \u0111em \u0111\u1ed1t \u2013 M u n\u00e0o ch y c\u00f3 m\u00f9i kh\u00e9t nh\u01b0 m\u00f9i t\u00f3c ch y l\u00e0 l\u1ee5a d\u1ec7t t\u1eeb t\u01a1 t m \u2013 M u n\u00e0o ch y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00f9i kh\u00e9t nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean l\u00e0 l\u1ee5a d\u1ec7t t\u1eeb g b\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e0n C\u00e2u 25. Cho 5 ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed CO2, C2H4, C2H2, SO2, CH4 \u0111\u1ef1ng trong 5 b\u00ecnh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t m\u1ea5t nh\u00e3n. Ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng hai thu\u1ed1c th\u1eed, tr nh b\u00e0y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m i b\u00ecnh tr\u00ean v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr nh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra. C\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi ch\u1ecdn h\u1ecdc sinh gi\u1ecfi l\u1edbp 9 \u2013 T\u1ec9nh H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 N\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2013 - 2014) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - D n t\u1eeb t\u1eeb c\u00e1c m u th\u1eed v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch Ca(OH)2 d\u01b0, hai m u c\u00f3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng l\u00e0 CO2, SO2 (nh\u00f3m I) SO2 + Ca(OH)2 \uf0ae CaSO3 + H2O CO2+ Ca(OH)2 \uf0ae CaCO3 + H2O - C\u00f2n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 ng g\u00ec l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00ed CH4, C2H4, C2H2 (nh\u00f3m II) + D n t\u1eebng kh\u00ed \u1edf nh\u00f3m I v\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch brom d\u01b0, kh l\u00e0m nh\u1ea1t m\u00e0u dung d\u1ecbch brom th \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 SO2, kh\u00ed c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t m\u00e0u dung d\u1ecbch brom l\u00e0 CO2 SO2 + 2H2O + Br2 \uf0ae H2SO4 + 2HBr + D n t\u1eebng kh\u00ed \u1edf nh\u00f3m II \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 v\u00e0o c c b nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng ch\u1ee9a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0 ng dung d\u1ecbch brom (gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed x mol Br2), kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t m\u00e0u dung d\u1ecbch brom l\u00e0 CH4, hai kh\u00ed l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t m\u00e0u dung d\u1ecbch brom th \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 2H4, C2H2 C2H4 \u00a0\uf02b Br2 \uf0ae CH2Br \uf02d CH2Br x \uf0acx (mol) C2H2 \uf02b 2Br2 \uf0ae CHBr2 \uf02d CHBr2 0,5x \uf0ac x (mol) C\u00e2n l\u1ea1i 2 b\u00ecnh dung d\u1ecbch brom b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t m\u00e0u \u1edf tr\u00ean. B\u00ecnh n\u00e0o n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n t\u0103ng 8x gam th kh d n v\u00e0o l\u00e0 etilen, b\u00ecnh nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n t\u0103ng 3x gam th kh d n v\u00e0o l\u00e0 axetilen. C\u00e2u 26. C\u00f3 4 g\u00f3i b\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng nh\u00e3n, m i g\u00f3i \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t sau glucoz\u01a1, saccaroz\u01a1, tinh b\u1ed9t v\u00e0 xenluloz\u01a1. Ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, dung d\u1ecbch AgNO3 trong NH3 d\u01b0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0 c ph\u00e9p \u0111un n\u00f3ng, h y ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c g\u00f3i b\u1ed9t tr\u00ean. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi v\u00e0o l\u1edbp 10 THPT chuy\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vinh \u2013 N\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2011 \u2013 2012) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0: NH\u1eacN BI\u1ebeT \u2013 T\u00c1CH CH\u1ea4T H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 311","Cho c\u00e1c m u th\u1eed v\u00e0o H2O nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0 c 2 nh\u00f3m - Nh\u00f3m I: G\u1ed3m 2 ch\u1ea5t tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 glucoz\u01a1 v\u00e0 saccaroz\u01a1 - Nh\u00f3m II: G\u1ed3m 2 ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 tinh b\u1ed9t v\u00e0 xenluloz\u01a1 + Cho dung d\u1ecbch AgNO3 trong NH3 d\u01b0 v\u00e0o c c ch\u1ea5t \u1edf nh\u00f3m I v\u00e0 \u0111un n\u00f3ng, nh\u1eadn ra glucoz\u01a1 v\u00ec c\u00f3 kim lo\u1ea1i Ag sinh ra, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 ng g l\u00e0 saccaroz\u01a1 C6H12O6 + Ag2O \uf0beN\uf0beH3\uf0be, to\uf0be\uf0ae C6H12O7 + 2Ag + \u0110un n\u00f3ng m u th\u1eed \u1edf nh\u00f3m II m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian nh\u1eadn ra tinh b\u1ed9t v\u00ec t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c qu\u00e1nh (h\u1ed3 tinh b\u1ed9t), kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 ng g l\u00e0 xenluloz\u01a1 C\u00e2u 27. Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t 4 dung d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ef1ng trong 4 l\u1ecd ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t: r\u01b0 u etylic, tinh b\u1ed9t, glucoz\u01a1 v\u00e0 saccaroz\u01a1 (\u0110\u1ec1 thi v\u00e0o l\u1edbp 10 THPT chuy\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vinh \u2013 N\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2008 - 2009) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - Nh\u1eadn ra tinh b\u1ed9t b ng I2 v\u00ec dung d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00e0u xanh t\u00edm - Nh\u1eadn ra dung d\u1ecbch glucoz\u01a1 b ng dung d\u1ecbch AgNO3\/NH3 v\u00ec c\u00f3 b\u1ea1c sinh ra C6H12O6 \u00a0\uf02b Ag2O\u00a0\uf0beN\uf0beH3\uf0be,to\uf0be\uf0ae \u00a0C6H12O7 \uf02b 2Ag \uf0af - L\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u00edt m i ch\u1ea5t c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111em \u0111\u1ed1t, ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o ch y \u0111\u01b0 c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u1eb7n l\u00e0 r\u01b0 u etylic, ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 h\u00f3a than khi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111un n\u00f3ng l\u00e0 saccaroz\u01a1 CH3CH2OH + 3O2 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae 2CO2 + 3H2O C\u00e2u 28. C\u00f3 hai m\u1ea3nh l\u1ee5a b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i gi\u1ed1ng nhau: m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0 c d\u1ec7t b ng s i t\u01a1 t m v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0 c d\u1ec7t b ng s i ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb g b\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e0n ho bi\u1ebft c ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi v\u00e0o l\u1edbp 10 THPT chuy\u00ean L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n \u2013 \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng \u2013 N\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2014 - 2015) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i \u0110\u1ed1t 2 m u th\u1eed, nh\u1eadn ra c c t\u01a1 v c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 sau: T\u01a1 t\u1eb1m T\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb g\u1ed7 b\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e0n hi \u0111\u1ed1t c\u00f3 m\u00f9i kh\u00e9t hi \u0111\u1ed1t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00f9i kh\u00e9t C\u00e2u 29. Tr nh b\u00e0y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph p tinh ch\u1ebf CH4 tinh khi\u1ebft t\u1eeb h n h p kh\u00ed g\u1ed3m CH4, C2H2, CO2, C2H4. Vi\u1ebft c c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr nh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3). (\u0110\u1ec1 thi v\u00e0o l\u1edbp 10 THPT chuy\u00ean L\u00ea H\u1ed3ng Phong \u2013 Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh \u2013 N\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2010 - 2011) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - D n h n h p kh\u00ed l\u1ea7n l\u01b0 t qua c c b nh \u0111\u1ef1ng dung d\u1ecbch Ca(OH)2 d\u01b0, dung d\u1ecbch brom d\u01b0 - B\u00ecnh 1: CO2 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5. CO2 + Ca(OH)2 \uf0ae CaCO3 + H2O - B\u00ecnh 2: C2H2 v\u00e0 C2H4 b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5. C2H4 + Br2 \uf0ae C2H4Br2 C2H2 + 2Br2 \uf0ae C2H4Br4 - Kh\u00ed CH4 v\u00e0 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi b\u00ecnh 2 cho qua dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c d\u01b0 thu \u0111\u01b0 c CH4 tinh khi\u1ebft. C\u00e2u 30. Tr nh b\u00e0y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph p ho h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ra kh\u1ecfi h n h p g\u1ed3m C2H5OH, CH3COOH. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi ch\u1ecdn h\u1ecdc sinh gi\u1ecfi l\u1edbp 9 - T\u1ec9nh H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 N\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2007 - 2008) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - Cho h n h p v\u00e0o H2O sau \u0111\u00f3 cho a O3 d\u01b0 v\u00e0o h n h p, khi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac ch\u01b0ng c\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 thu l\u1ea5y r\u01b0 u: 2CH3COOH + CaCO3 \uf0ae (CH3COO)2Ca + CO2 + H2O CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0: NH\u1eacN BI\u1ebeT \u2013 T\u00c1CH CH\u1ea4T H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 312","C2H5OH c\u00f3 l n H2O cho qua CuSO4 khan \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf H2O thu \u0111\u01b0 c C2H5OH tinh khi\u1ebft. - Cho dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 d\u01b0 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch (CH3COO)2Ca r\u1ed3i ch\u01b0ng c\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 thu CH3COOH (CH3COO)2Ca + H2SO4 \uf0ae 2CH3COOH + CaSO4 \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf H2O c\u00f3 l n trong CH3COOH ta cho qua CuSO4 khan. C\u00e2u 31. H n h p l\u1ecfng X g\u1ed3m C2H5OH, CH3COOH, CH3COOC2H5. H\u00e3y t\u00e1c ri\u00eang t\u1eebng ch\u1ea5t ra kh\u1ecfi h n h p. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi v\u00e0o l\u1edbp 10 THPT chuy\u00ean H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd \u2013 N\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2014 - 2015) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - Cho h n h p v\u00e0o H2O d\u01b0, chi\u1ebft t\u00e1ch CH3COOC2H5 kh\u00f4ng tan \uf0ec\uf0efC2H5OH \uf0beH\uf0be2O\uf0be\uf0ae Ho\u00e3n h\u00f4\u00efp A \uf0ed\uf0ef\uf0ee\uf0ef\uf0ecCCH2H3C5OOHOH \uf02b CH3COOC2H5 \uf0edCH3COOH \uf0ef\uf0eeCH3COOC2H5 Kho\u00e2ng tan (Tan) - Cho CaCO3 d\u01b0 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch A, thu \u0111\u01b0 c dung d\u1ecbch B v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng tan l\u00e0 CaCO3 d\u01b0 \uf0ed\uf0ec\uf0efCCH2H3C5OOHOH \uf0beC\uf0beaC\uf0beO3\uf0be\uf0ae B \uf0ed\uf0ec\uf0efC(C2HH35COOHO)2Ca \uf02b CaCO3 d\u01b0 \uf0ee\uf0efH2O \uf0ef\uf0eeH2O - Cho CuSO4 khan d\u01b0 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0ng c\u1ea5t thu \u0111\u01b0 c C2H5OH. Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng dung d\u1ecbnh H2SO4 d\u01b0, ch\u01b0ng c\u1ea5t dung d\u1ecbnh thu \u0111\u01b0 c CH3COOH. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr nh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: CaCO3 + 2CH3COOH \uf0ae (CH3COO)2Ca + CO2 + H2O (CH3COO)2Ca + H2SO4 \uf0ae CaSO4 + 2CH3COOH C\u00e2u 32. ho h n h p g\u1ed3m r\u01b0 u etylic, axit axetic, n\u01b0\u1edbc Tr nh b\u00e0y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph p t ch ri\u00eang r\u01b0 u etylic nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 axit axetic c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l n n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb h n h p tr\u00ean Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr nh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng minh h\u1ecda n\u1ebfu c\u00f3). (\u0110\u1ec1 thi ch\u1ecdn h\u1ecdc sinh gi\u1ecfi l\u1edbp 9 - T\u1ec9nh H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 N\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2011 - 2012) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - Cho h n h p t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch NaO d\u01b0, ch\u01b0ng c\u1ea5t thu l\u1ea5y r\u01b0 u etylic l n n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn khan ch\u1ee9a CH3 OONa, NaO d\u01b0 CH3COOH + NaOH \uf0ae CH3COONa + H2O - Cho CuSO4 khan, d\u01b0 v\u00e0o h n h p r\u01b0 u v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1ecdc b\u1ecf ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn thu \u0111\u01b0 c r\u01b0 u etylic nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t CuSO4 + 5H2O \uf0ae CuSO4.5H2O h\u01b0ng c\u1ea5t thu l\u1ea5y CH3COOH - Cho h n h p ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 d\u01b0 (l n n\u01b0\u1edbc). 2NaOH + H2SO4 \uf0ae Na2SO4 + 2H2O 2CH3COONa + H2SO4 \uf0ae CH3COOH + Na2SO4 CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0: NH\u1eacN BI\u1ebeT \u2013 T\u00c1CH CH\u1ea4T H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 313","CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 9: B\u00c0I T\u1eacP T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N \u2013 TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH \u2013 TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M I. PH\u01a2\u01a0NG PH\u00c1P GI\u1ea2I B\u00c0I T\u1eacP S\u1eec D\u1ee4NG H\u00ccNH V\u1ebc TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M 1. V\u1ec1 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t Khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd trong d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong b\u00e0i t\u1eadp th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m sau: - H\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng? T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 trong th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m? - D\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5, c\u00e1ch l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t? Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 trong th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m? Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra l\u00e0 g\u00ec? - \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t: r\u1eafn, l\u1ecfng hay kh\u00ed? N\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9? C\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111un n\u00f3ng hay kh\u00f4ng? - C\u00e1ch thu s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m? 2. \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m a. \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed t\u1eeb ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn Kh\u00ed (g) Ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng Ph\u01a3\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng Ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng (aq) Ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn (s) H2 dd HCl, dd Zn, Fe... Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) \uf0ae ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g) H2SO4 lo\u00e3ng CO2 dd HCl CaCO3 2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) \uf0ae CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) C2H2 H2O CaC2 2H2O(l) + CaC2(s) \uf0ae C2H2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq) Cl2 dd HCl \u0111\u1eb7c MnO2 KMnO4 4HCl(\u0111) + MnO2(s) \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0aeMnCl2(aq) + Cl2(g) + 2H2O(l) 16HCl(g) + 2KMnO4(s) \uf0ae 2MnCl2(s) + 5Cl2(g) + HCl dd H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c NaCl 2KCl(aq) + 8H2O(l) NaCl(s) + H2SO4(\u0111) \uf0be<\uf0be250\uf0beoC\uf0ae NaHSO4(s) + HCl(aq) O2 dd H2O2 MnO2 (xt) 2H2O2(aq) \uf0beM\uf0benO\uf0be2 \uf0ae O2(g) + 2H2O(l) H2S dd HCl FeS 2HCl(aq) + FeS(s) \uf0ae FeCl2(aq) + H2S(g) SO2 dd H2SO4 Na2SO3 H2SO4(aq) + Na2SO3(s) \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0aeNa2SO4(aq) + SO2(g) + HNO3 dd H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c NaNO3 H2O(l) \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae HNO3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) + NaNO3(aq) NaHSO4(aq) b. \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed t\u1eeb 2 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng Kh\u00ed Ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng Ph\u01a3\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng Ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng Ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng N2 dd NH4Cl dd NaNO2 NH4Cl(aq) + NaNO2(aq) \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0aeN2(g) + NaCl(aq) + b\u00e3o h\u00f2a b\u00e3o h\u00f2a 2H2O(l) CO HCOOH H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c HCOOH(aq) \uf0beH\uf0be2SO\uf0be4 \u00f1\uf0bea\u00ebc, t\uf0beoC\uf0ae CO(g) + H2O(l) C2H4 \uf0beH\uf0be2SO\uf0be4 \u00f1\uf0bea\u00ebc, >\uf0be170\uf0beoC\uf0ae CH2=CH2(g) + H2O(l) C2H5OH H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c, C2H5OH(aq) xt Khi \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf kh\u00ed etilen (ethylene) CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P 314","Kh\u00ed ethylene sinh ra c\u00f3 l\u1eabn CO2 v\u00e0 SO2. \u0110\u1ec3 kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng l\u1eabn t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u1eabn qua b\u00f4ng t\u1ea9m NaOH \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf 2 kh\u00ed n\u00e0y. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf 170\u00b0C n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i cho \u0111\u00e1 b\u1ecdt v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh s\u1ebd tr\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng ra ngo\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n khi l\u00e0m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. c. \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed t\u1eeb 2 ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn (\u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9a h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m ngang ho\u1eb7c mi\u1ec7ng \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m h\u01a1i ch\u00fac xu\u1ed1ng) Kh\u00ed Ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng Ph\u01a3\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng Ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn Ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn O2 KClO3 MnO2 xt 2KClO3(s) \uf0beM\uf0benO\uf0be2, to\uf0beC\uf0ae 3O2(g) + 2KCl(s) KMnO4 2KMnO4(s) \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae K2MnO4(s) + MnO2(s) + O2(g) NH3 NH4Cl Ca(OH)2 2NH4Cl(s) + Ca(OH)2(s) \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae2NH3(g) + 2H2O(l) + CaCl2(s) ho\u1eb7c NaOH CH4 CH3COONa NaOH\/CaO CH3COONa(s) + NaOH(s) \uf0beC\uf0beaO\uf0be, toC\uf0be\uf0ae CH4(g) + Na2CO3(s) (v\u00f4i t\u00f4i x\u00fat) + \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf oxi - N\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf oxi b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7t ph\u00e2n ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn th\u00ec l\u1eafp \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m sao cho mi\u1ec7ng \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m ngang ho\u1eb7c h\u01a1i ch\u00fac xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p \u1ea9m, khi \u0111un h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ea3y ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m v\u1ee1 \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m. - Khi ng\u1eebng thu kh\u00ed, ph\u1ea3i th\u00e1o r\u1eddi \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn kh\u00ed r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e8n c\u1ed3n tr\u00e1nh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m khi ng\u1eebng \u0111un. - KClO3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y n\u1ed5 n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ed9t l\u00fac v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec1n l\u1eabn v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. L\u1ecd \u0111\u1ef1ng KClO3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1edf n\u00fat c\u1ea1nh: P, C, S. - T\u1eeb KMnO4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf oxi tuy \u00edt h\u01a1n t\u1eeb KClO3 nh\u01b0ng d\u1ec5 mua v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u00edt g\u00e2y nguy hi\u1ec3m. - Khi thu kh\u00ed O2, \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra O2 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7y b\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0n \u0111\u00f3m \u0111\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o mi\u1ec7ng b\u00ecnh n\u1ebfu t\u00e0n \u0111\u00f3m b\u00f9ng ch\u00e1y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf O2 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7y b\u00ecnh. + \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf NH3 trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P 315","L\u00e0m kh\u00f4 kh\u00ed b\u1eb1ng CaO. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf NH3 th\u00ec \u0111un n\u00f3ng dung d\u1ecbch NH3 \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c. + \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf CH4 - Thu metan b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea9y n\u01b0\u1edbc do metan kh\u00f4ng tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. - Ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng CaO m\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng CaO \u0111\u00e3 r\u00e3, CH3COONa ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadt khan tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00e0m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. N\u1ebfu h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u1ecb \u1ea9m th\u00ec ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra ch\u1eadm. - Ph\u1ea3i \u0111un n\u00f3ng b\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u kh\u00ed metan m\u1edbi tho\u00e1t ra. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n mi\u1ec7ng \u1ed1ng tho\u00e1t kh\u00ed. - Khi ng\u1eebng thu kh\u00ed, ph\u1ea3i th\u00e1o r\u1eddi \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn kh\u00ed r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e8n c\u1ed3n tr\u00e1nh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m khi ng\u1eebng \u0111un. - Khi th\u00e1o r\u1eddi thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00ean l\u00e0m trong t\u1ee7 h\u00fat v\u00e0 t\u1eaft h\u1ebft l\u1eeda xung quanh. - S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng glixerol \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac gi\u1eefa th\u1ee7y tinh v\u00e0 cao su. 3. C\u00e1ch thu kh\u00ed Ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm v\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd (t\u00ednh tan v\u00e0 t\u1ec9 kh\u1ed1i) \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thu kh\u00ed \u0111\u00fang. - Thu theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea9y kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed: + Kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi oxi c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. + N\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed (CO2, SO2, Cl2, H2, NH3...). \u00dap \u1ed1ng thu? Ng\u1eeda \u1ed1ng thu? - Thu theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea9y n\u01b0\u1edbc: + Kh\u00ed \u00edt tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. (H2, O2, CO2, N2, CH4, C2H4, C2H2...). - C\u00e1c kh\u00ed tan nhi\u1ec1u trong n\u01b0\u1edbc (kh\u00ed HCl, kh\u00ed NH3): + \u1ede 20 oC, 1 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f2a tan t\u1edbi g\u1ea7n 500 th\u1ec3 tich khi hi\u0111ro clorua. + \u1ede \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng, 1 l\u00edt n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f2a tan kho\u1ea3ng 800 l\u00edt kh\u00ed amoniac. L\u01b0u \u00fd: SO2 l\u00e0 kh\u00ed tan nhi\u1ec1u trong n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 CO2. 4. L\u00e0m kh\u00f4 kh\u00ed Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u1ecdn ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m kh\u00f4 l\u00e0 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m kh\u00f4. - C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m kh\u00f4: H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c, P2O5, CaO (v\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng, m\u1edbi nung), CuSO4 (khan, m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng), CaCl2 (khan), NaOH, KOH (r\u1eafn ho\u1eb7c dung d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c). - C\u00e1c kh\u00ed: H2, Cl2, HCl, HBr, HI, O2, SO2, H2S, N2, NH3, CO2, C2H4, C2H2... CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P 316","V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u2022 H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c (t\u00ednh axit, t\u00ednh oxi h\u00f3a): + Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m kh\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00ed NH3 (t\u00ednh baz\u01a1), + Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m kh\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00ed HBr, HI (t\u00ednh kh\u1eed). + H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c l\u00e0m kh\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00ed Cl2, O2, SO2, N2, CO2... \u2022 CaO (v\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng), NaOH, KOH (r\u1eafn) (t\u00ednh baz\u01a1): + Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m kh\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00ed CO2, SO2 (oxit axit), Cl2 (c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng). + L\u00e0m kh\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00ed NH3, H2, O2, N2... 5. T\u00e1ch v\u00e0 tinh ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t a) Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung: \u2022 C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau (l\u1ecfng - r\u1eafn, l\u1ecfng - kh\u00ed, r\u1eafn - kh\u00ed) th\u00ec t\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra kh\u1ecfi nhau. \u2022 C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng kh\u00f4ng tan v\u00e0o nhau th\u00ec t\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra kh\u1ecfi nhau. \u2022 C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c nhau th\u00ec t\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra kh\u1ecfi nhau. \u2022 C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang kh\u00e1c nhau th\u00ec t\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra kh\u1ecfi nhau. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00ed (c\u00f3 t\u1eeb t\u00ednh, th\u0103ng hoa, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5, h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5,...). t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch ch\u1ea5t. b) C\u00e1c ph\u01a3\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh \u2022 Ph\u01a3\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u01a3ng c\u1ea5t - C\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u01b0ng c\u1ea5t: D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00f4i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng trong h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p. - N\u1ed9i dung ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u01b0ng c\u1ea5t: Khi \u0111un s\u00f4i m\u1ed9t h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p l\u1ecfng, ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00f4i th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh h\u01a1i s\u1edbm h\u01a1n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Khi g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1nh, h\u01a1i s\u1ebd ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 th\u00e0nh d\u1ea1ng l\u1ecfng ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00f4i th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. \u2022 Ph\u01a3\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebft - C\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebft: D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 tan kh\u00e1c nhau trong n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c trong dung m\u00f4i kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn. Khi hai ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o nhau ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n s\u1ebd t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh l\u1edbp tr\u00ean, ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang l\u1edbn h\u01a1n s\u1ebd n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi. - N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebft: D\u00f9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 chi\u1ebft (ph\u1ec5u chi\u1ebft) t\u00e1ch c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng kh\u00f4ng h\u00f2a tan v\u00e0o nhau ra kh\u1ecfi nhau (chi\u1ebft l\u1ecfng - l\u1ecfng). Th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng ho\u00e0 tan ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ra kh\u1ecfi h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p r\u1eafn (chi\u1ebft l\u1ecfng - r\u1eafn). \u2022 Ph\u01a3\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p k\u1ebft tinh - C\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p k\u1ebft tinh: D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 tan kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn theo nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. - N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p k\u1ebft tinh: H\u00f2a tan ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn v\u00e0o dung m\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e3o h\u00f2a, l\u1ecdc t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t r\u1ed3i c\u00f4 c\u1ea1n, ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn trong dung d\u1ecbch s\u1ebd k\u1ebft tinh ra kh\u1ecfi dung d\u1ecbch theo nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 (ch\u1ea5t t\u00e1ch ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1eadm n\u01b0\u1edbc). \u2022 Ph\u01a3\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1ecdc C\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1ecdc: D\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng tan ra kh\u1ecfi h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p l\u1ecfng V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb l\u1eabn m\u1ed9t \u00edt c\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u1eadt l\u00ed ta h\u00f2a tan h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1t v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc. Khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb tan v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng tan. Cho gi\u1ea5y l\u1ecdc v\u00e0o ph\u1ec5u, l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 thu ph\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ecdc, \u0111em c\u00f4 c\u1ea1n ph\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ecdc ta thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. \u2022 Ph\u01a3\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb t\u00ednh C\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb t\u00ednh: D\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch ch\u1ea5t b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m t\u1eeb (b\u1ecb nam ch\u00e2m h\u00fat) ra kh\u1ecfi h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p r\u1eafn g\u1ed3m ch\u1ea5t b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m t\u1eeb v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m t\u1eeb (M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m t\u1eeb l\u00e0 Fe, Fe3O4,...). CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P 317","V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang Fe v\u00e0 Cu ra kh\u1ecfi h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u1eadt l\u00ed ta d\u00f9ng thanh nam ch\u00e2m (\u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecdc nilon m\u1ecfng), ch\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n l\u00ean h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p. Do s\u1eaft c\u00f3 t\u00ednh nhi\u1ec5m t\u1eeb n\u00ean b\u1ecb h\u00fat v\u00e0o thanh nam ch\u00e2m, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u00fat do kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh nhi\u1ec5m t\u1eeb. L\u00e0m \u0111i l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n ta thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eaft ri\u00eang, \u0111\u1ed3ng ri\u00eang. \u2022 Ph\u01a3\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1eafng g\u1ea1n C\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1eafng g\u1ea1n: D\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang kh\u00e1c nhau ra kh\u1ecfi n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c dung d\u1ecbch. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: B\u1ed9t CuO b\u1ecb l\u1eabn b\u1ed9t than. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang b\u1ed9t CuO ra kh\u1ecfi h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u1eadt l\u00ed ta cho h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p tr\u00ean v\u00e0o c\u1ed1c, th\u00eam n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o, kh\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ed3i l\u1eafng g\u1ea1n. L\u00e0m \u0111i l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, b\u1ed9t than nh\u1eb9 s\u1ebd tr\u00f4i theo n\u01b0\u1edbc ra ngo\u00e0i, b\u1ed9t CuO ch\u00ecm xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1y. L\u00fac n\u00e0y ta thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c CuO b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1ecdc. Ghi ch\u00fa: Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0: ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec7n di, th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u, s\u1eafc k\u00fd, li t\u00e2m, h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5, th\u0103ng hoa,... II. M\u1ed8T S\u1ed0 D\u1ea0NG B\u00c0I T\u1eacP 1. D\u1ea1ng 1: N\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01a3\u1ee3ng, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ph\u01a3\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a3\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 qua b\u00e0i t\u1eadp. C\u00e2u 1.(S\u1ede GD V\u00c0 \u0110T H\u00c0 N\u1ed8I) N\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sau: a\/ Qu\u1ea5n th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00e2y s\u1eaft m\u1ed9t m\u1ea9u than g\u1ed7, \u0111\u1ed1t cho s\u1eaft v\u00e0 than n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ecf r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a kh\u00ed oxi. b\/ Nh\u1ecf v\u00e0i gi\u1ecdt dung d\u1ecbch AgNO3 v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n 1 mL dung d\u1ecbch NaCl, l\u1ecdc l\u1ea5y k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec3 ngo\u00e0i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. c\/ Cho m\u1ed9t m\u1ea9u natri v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1eady \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m b\u1eb1ng n\u00fat cao su c\u00f3 \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn kh\u00ed b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee7y tinh xuy\u00ean qua. Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, \u0111\u1ed1t kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn kh\u00ed. H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a\/ Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: m\u1ea9u than ch\u00e1y, t\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao cho s\u1eaft ch\u00e1y. S\u1eaft ch\u00e1y m\u1ea1nh, s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i, t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t nh\u1ecf n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y m\u00e0u n\u00e2u l\u00e0 oxit s\u1eaft t\u1eeb. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: 3Fe + 2O2 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae Fe3O4 b\/ Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: c\u00f3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng AgCl trong \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m, l\u1ecdc k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a, \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a AgCl ngo\u00e0i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n th\u1ee7y AgCl thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea1c kim lo\u1ea1i d\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9t c\u00f3 m\u00e0u x\u00e1m. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: AgNO3 + NaCl \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae AgCl\u2193 + NaNO3 2AgCl \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae 2Ag + Cl2 c\/ Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: m\u1ea9u Na ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 tan d\u1ea7n, tho\u00e1t ra kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u, t\u1ecfa nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7t. Khi \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ea7u \u1ed1ng th\u1ee7y tinh d\u1eabn kh\u00ed, th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda m\u00e0u xanh nh\u1ea1t. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: 2Na + 2H2O \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae 2NaOH + H2\u2191 2H2 + O2 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae 2H2O C\u00e2u 2.( CHUY\u00caN B\u1eaeC GIANG) N\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sau: a. Nh\u1ecf dung d\u1ecbch glucoz\u01a1 v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9a l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u01b0 dung d\u1ecbch AgNO3 trong NH3, sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e2m \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m trong c\u1ed1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3ng. b. Cho m\u1ed9t m\u1ea9u kim lo\u1ea1i natri v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9a ancol etylic (d\u01b0). CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P 318","c. Nung h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p b\u1ed9t g\u1ed3m than v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng(II) oxit (d\u01b0) \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, d\u1eabn kh\u00ed thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o c\u1ed1c ch\u1ee9a dung d\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong d\u01b0. d. Nh\u1ecf 2 gi\u1ecdt dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 2M l\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y tr\u1eafng, sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u01a1 n\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y (t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 b\u1ecb nh\u1ecf gi\u1ecdt dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4) g\u1ea7n ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u0111\u00e8n c\u1ed3n. e. Cho t\u1eeb t\u1eeb t\u1eebng gi\u1ecdt \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft dung d\u1ecbch ch\u1ee9a a mol Ba(HCO3)2 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch ch\u1ee9a a mol KHSO4. H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0u s\u00e1ng b\u1ea1c (\u00e1nh kim) b\u00e1m l\u00ean th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m. C6H12O6 + Ag2O \uf0be\uf0beNtHo\uf0be3 \uf0ae C6H12O7 + 2Ag \uf0af b. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: M\u1ea9u natri ch\u00ecm trong ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 tan d\u1ea7n, c\u00f3 kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u tho\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb m\u1ea9u natri. 2C2H5OH + 2Na \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae 2C2H5ONa + H2 \uf0ad c. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: H\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p r\u1eafn chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb \u0111en sang \u0111\u1ecf, n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong trong c\u1ed1c b\u1ecb v\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ee5c. 2CuO + C \uf0be\uf0beto \uf0ae 2Cu + CO2 CO2 + Ca(OH)2 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae CaCO3 \uf0af + H2O d. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: T\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 b\u1ecb nh\u1ecf gi\u1ecdt H2SO4 khi b\u1ecb h\u01a1 n\u00f3ng gi\u1ea5y s\u1ebd b\u1ecb b\u1ee5c, th\u1ee7ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111en, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n do ban \u0111\u1ea7u H2SO4 lo\u00e3ng l\u00e0m x\u00fac t\u00e1c l\u00e0m xenluloz\u01a1 b\u1ecb th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n, khi h\u01a1 n\u01b0\u1edbc bay h\u01a1i H2SO4 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eb7c x\u1ea3y ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng oxi h\u00f3a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p: ( C6H10O5 ) n + nH2O \uf0beH\uf0be2SO\uf0be4,to\uf0be\uf0ae nC6H12O6 C6H12O6 \uf0beH\uf0be2SO\uf0be4 \u0111 ,\uf0beto \uf0ae 6C + 6H2O ( C6H10O5 ) n \uf0beH\uf0be2SO\uf0be4 \u0111 ,\uf0beto \uf0ae 6nC + 5nH2O C + 2H2SO4 \u0111 \uf0be\uf0beto \uf0ae CO2 + 2SO2 + 2H2O e. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n b\u1ecdt kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t; Ba(HCO3)2 + 2KHSO4 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae BaSO4 \uf0af + K2SO4 + H2O + CO2 \uf0ad 0,5a a 0,5a 0,5a mol \uf0de Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u00eam k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t ra n\u1eefa. Ba(HCO3)2 d\u01b0 + K2SO4 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae BaSO4 \uf0af + 2KHCO3 0,5a 0,5a 0,5a a mol C\u00e2u 3. ( CHUY\u00caN B\u00c0 R\u1ecaA \u2013 V\u0168NG T\u00c0U) 3.1. Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sau: a) Cho a mol NaOH v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch ch\u1ee9a a mol Ca(HCO3)2. b) Cho m\u1eabu nh\u1ecf kim lo\u1ea1i Na v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch CuSO4. c) Nhi\u1ec7t ph\u00e2n h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p g\u1ed3m NaHCO3 v\u00e0 CaCO3. d) \u0110i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n dung d\u1ecbch NaCl, c\u00f3 m\u00e0ng ng\u0103n. e) S\u1ee5c kh\u00ed CO2 \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch g\u1ed3m NaOH v\u00e0 Na2CO3. H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a) NaOH + Ca(HCO3)2 \uf0ae CaCO3 + NaHCO3 + H2O b) 2Na + 2H2O \uf0ae 2NaOH + H2 2NaOH + CuSO4 \uf0ae Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4 c) 2NaHCO3 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O CaCO3 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae CaO + CO2 d) 2NaCl + 2H2O \uf0be\u00d1\uf0beiec\u00e4n\uf0beop\u00f9 mh\uf0beaa\u00e2n\u00f8ngd\uf0beunngga\uf0be\u00eand\u00f2ch\uf0be\uf0ae 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2 e) CO2 + 2NaOH \uf0ae Na2CO3 + H2O CO2 d\u01b0 + Na2CO3 + H2O \uf0ae 2NaHCO3. CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P 319","3.2. N\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra c\u1ee7a th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sau: Nh\u1ecf v\u00e0i gi\u1ecdt dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 lo\u00e3ng v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9a dung d\u1ecbch saccaroz\u01a1, \u0111ung n\u00f3ng 2 - 3 ph\u00fat. Sau \u0111\u00f3 trung h\u00f2a axit b\u1eb1ng NaOH. Nh\u1ecf dung d\u1ecbch thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9a dung d\u1ecbch AgNO3 trong NH3, \u0111un n\u00f3ng nh\u1eb9. H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i Nh\u1ecf v\u00e0i gi\u1ecdt dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 lo\u00e3ng v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9a dung d\u1ecbch saccaroz\u01a1, \u0111ung n\u00f3ng 2-3 ph\u00fat quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; Sau \u0111\u00f3 trung h\u00f2a axit b\u1eb1ng NaOH. Nh\u1ecf dung d\u1ecbch thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9a dung d\u1ecbch AgNO3 trong NH3, \u0111un n\u00f3ng nh\u1eb9 th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng b\u1ea1c b\u00e1m v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: C12H22O11 + H2O \uf0bet\uf0beo , a\uf0bexit\uf0ae C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 glucoz\u01a1 fructoz\u01a1 H2SO4 + 2NaOH \uf0ae Na2SO4 + 2H2O HOCH2[CHOH]4CHO + 2AgNO3 + 3NH3 + H2O \uf0bet\uf0beo\uf0ae HOCH2[CHOH]4COONH4 + 2Ag + 2NH4NO3. (Ho\u1eb7c) C6H12O6 + Ag2O \uf0beN\uf0beH3\uf0be,to\uf0ae C6H12O7 + 2Ag 2. D\u1ea1ng 2: D\u00f9ng h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, n\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u01a3\u1ee3ng, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ho\u1eb7c vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01a3\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. C\u00e2u 1.(S\u1ede GD V\u00c0 \u0110T H\u00c0 N\u1ed8I) Cho h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf kh\u00ed Y t\u1eeb ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn X (gi\u00e0u oxi). a\/ H\u1ecfi Y l\u00e0 kh\u00ed g\u00ec? Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf kh\u00ed Y t\u1eeb 2 ch\u1ea5t X kh\u00e1c nhau (ghi r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u1ebfu c\u00f3). b\/ Khi ng\u1eebng thu kh\u00ed, ta c\u1ea7n: t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e8n c\u1ed3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i th\u00e1o r\u1eddi \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn kh\u00ed hay th\u00e1o r\u1eddi \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn kh\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e8n c\u1ed3n? V\u00ec sao? H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a\/ Kh\u00ed Y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf t\u1eeb ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nung ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn X gi\u00e0u oxi, n\u00ean Y l\u00e0 kh\u00ed O2. Ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn X c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 KMnO4 ho\u1eb7c KClO3. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: 2KMnO4 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2\u2191 2KClO3 \uf0be\uf0beto\uf0be\uf0ae 2KCl + 3O2\u2191 MnO2 b\/ Khi ng\u1eebng thu kh\u00ed, c\u1ea7n th\u00e1o r\u1eddi \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn kh\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e8n c\u1ed3n. V\u00ec t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e8n c\u1ed3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u00e1o \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn kh\u00ed, s\u1ebd l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t trong \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m, n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb h\u00fat v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong g\u00e2y v\u1ee1 \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m. C\u00e2u 2. (CHUY\u00caN L\u00ca H\u1ed2NG PHONG NAM \u0110\u1ecaNH) Nguy\u00ean t\u1eed nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 X c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1t proton, electron, n\u01a1tron l\u00e0 52. Trong h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed X, s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1t mang \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00edt h\u01a1n s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1t kh\u00f4ng mang \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 1. a\/ X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 electron c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 X. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf kh\u00ed X trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m: CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P 320","b\/ G\u1ecdi t\u00ean X. Cho bi\u1ebft ch\u1ea5t (1) trong b\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o? c\/ Vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra trong b\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u. d\/Kh\u00ed Cl2 sinh ra th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1eabn t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u00ed HCl v\u00e0 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u00eau vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ef1ng dung d\u1ecbch NaCl b\u00e3o h\u00f2a v\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c. H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a) G\u1ecdi s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1t proton trong nguy\u00ean t\u1eed X l\u00e0 P, s\u1ed1 n\u01a1tron l\u00e0 N, s\u1ed1 electron l\u00e0 E. \uf0ecP \uf02b N \uf02b E \uf03d 52 \uf0ec2P \uf02b N \uf03d 52 \uf0ecP \uf03d 17 \uf0ef\uf0edN \uf02d P \uf03d 1 \uf0ee\uf0edN \uf02d P \uf03d 1 \uf0ed\uf0eeN \uf03d 18 Theo \u0111\u1ec1, ta c\u00f3: \uf0ee\uf0efP \uf03d E \uf0de \uf0de Nguy\u00ean t\u1eed X c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a 17 h\u1ea1t proton \uf0de X l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed Cl. b) X l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a Cl \uf0de X l\u00e0 Cl2. B\u00ecnh (1) ch\u1ee9a MnO2 (ho\u1eb7c KMnO4; KClO3; CaOCl2; K2Cr2O7; K2CrO4; K2MnO4 \u2026) c) Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra: MnO2 + 4HCl (\u0111\u1eb7c) \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae MnCl2 + Cl2\u2191 + 2H2O d) Dung d\u1ecbch NaCl b\u00e3o h\u00f2a c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 kh\u00ed HCl. Dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c h\u00fat \u1ea9m (h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1eabn trong kh\u00ed Cl2). C\u00e2u 3. (CHUY\u00caN H\u00d9NG V\u01a2\u01a0NG PH\u00da TH\u1ecc) Cho th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd sau: Bi\u1ebft sau khi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u00ec dung d\u1ecbch Br2 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t m\u00e0u. A v\u00e0 B t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p sau: (1) Zn v\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch HCl; (2) Al4C3 v\u00e0 H2O; (3) FeS v\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch HCl; (4) CaCO3 v\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch HCl; (5) Na2SO3 v\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4. Nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean, vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra. H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i Kh\u00ed t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh \u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tr\u00ean l\u00e0 H2, CH4, H2S, CO2, SO2. Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u00ed H2S v\u00e0 SO2 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t m\u00e0u dung d\u1ecbch brom n\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p s\u1ed1 (3) v\u00e0 (5) th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng : FeS + 2HCl \uf0ae FeCl2 + H2S \uf0ad (3) H2S + 4Br2 + 4H2O \uf0ae H2SO4 + 8HBr Na2SO3 + H2SO4 \uf0ae Na2SO4 + SO2 \uf0ad + H2O (5) SO2 + 2H2O + Br2 \uf0ae H2SO4 + 2HBr CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P 321","C\u00e2u 4. (CHUY\u00caN H\u00d2A B\u00ccNH) Cho 2 c\u1ed1c A, B c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u1eb7t A, B l\u00ean 2 \u0111\u0129a c\u00e2n, c\u00e2n th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng (nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd). Cho v\u00e0o c\u1ed1c A 76,5 gam AgNO3; c\u1ed1c B 110,4 gam K2CO3. 1. Th\u00eam 150 gam dung d\u1ecbch HCl 14,6% v\u00e0o c\u1ed1c A v\u00e0 150 gam dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 19,6% v\u00e0o c\u1ed1c B. a. T\u00ednh s\u1ed1 mol c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t tan c\u00f3 trong dung d\u1ecbch trong c\u1ed1c A v\u00e0 B tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng? b. Ph\u1ea3i th\u00eam bao nhi\u00eau gam n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o c\u1ed1c B (hay c\u1ed1c A) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng? 2. Sau khi c\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng, l\u1ea5y 1 dung d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 trong c\u1ed1c A cho v\u00e0o c\u1ed1c B. H\u1ecfi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i 3 th\u00eam bao nhi\u00eau gam n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5t v\u00e0o c\u1ed1c A \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng? H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i 1. a. nAgNO3 = 76,5 = 0,45 (mol) ; n =K2CO3 110,4 = 0,8 (mol) ; 170 138 nHCl = C%.mdd = 14,6.150 = 0,6 (mol) ; n =H2SO4 19,6.150 = 0,3 (mol) ; 100.M 100.36,5 100.98 - C\u1ed1c A: HCl + AgNO3 \uf0ae AgCl\uf0af + HNO3 0,45 \uf0ac 0,45 \uf0ae 0,45 \uf0ae 0,45 mol \uf0de Dung d\u1ecbch trong c\u1ed1c A ch\u1ee9a: 0,6 - 0,45 = 0,15 mol HCld\u01b0 ; 0,45 mol HNO3. - C\u1ed1c B: H2SO4 + K2CO3 \uf0ae K2SO4 + CO2\uf0ad + H2O 0,3 \uf0ae 0,3 \uf0ae 0,3 \uf0ae 0,3 mol \uf0de Trong dung d\u1ecbch \u1edf c\u1ed1c B ch\u1ee9a: 0,8 - 0,3 = 0,5 mol K2CO3 d\u01b0 ; 0,3 mol K2SO4. b. Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sau ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u1edf c\u1ed1c A: mA = 76,5 + 150 = 226,5 (g) Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sau ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u1edf c\u1ed1c B: mB = 110,4 + 150 \u2013 0,3.44 = 247,2 (g) > mA \uf0de Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0: mH2O = 247,2 - 226,5 = 20,7 (g) 2. Sau khi c\u00e2n th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng dung d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 trong c\u1ed1c A mddA = 247,2 \u2013 mAgCl\uf0af = 247,2 \u2013 0,45.143,5 = 182,625 gam \uf0de 1 60,875 gam 3 mddA = - Trong 1 dung d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 trong c\u1ed1c A c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a: 0,05 mol HCl, 0,15 mol HNO3 cho v\u00e0o c\u1ed1c B 3 ch\u1ee9a 0,5 mol K2CO3 d\u01b0 ; 0,3 mol K2SO4. 2HCl + K2CO3 \uf0ae 2KCl + CO2\uf0ad + H2O 0,05 \uf0ae 0,025 mol 2HNO3 + K2CO3 \uf0ae 2KNO3 + CO2\uf0ad + H2O 0,15 \uf0ae 0,075 mol - Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1c A sau khi l\u1ea5y 1 dung d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 trong c\u1ed1c A 3 mA = 247,2 \u2013 60,875 = 186,325 (g) - C\u1ed1c B sau ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: mB = 247,2 + 60,875 - (0,025 + 0,075).44 = 303,675 (g) > mA \uf0de Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n th\u00eam v\u00e0o c\u1ed1c A \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2n th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 mH2O = 303,675 \u2013 186,325 = 117,35 gam C\u00e2u 5 (CHUY\u00caN L\u00ca KHI\u1ebeT QU\u1ea2NG NG\u00c3I) \u0110\u1eb7t 2 c\u1ed1c A, B c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00ean 2 \u0111\u0129a c\u00e2n th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng. Cho v\u00e0o c\u1ed1c A 102 gam ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn AgNO3; c\u1ed1c B 103,5 gam ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn K2CO3. CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P 322","a. Th\u00eam 100 gam dung d\u1ecbch HCl 29,2% v\u00e0o c\u1ed1c A; 100 gam dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 19,6% v\u00e0o c\u1ed1c B cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Ph\u1ea3i th\u00eam bao nhi\u00eau gam n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o c\u1ed1c A (hay c\u1ed1c B) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng? b. Sau khi c\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng, l\u1ea5y 1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng dung d\u1ecbch trong c\u1ed1c A cho v\u00e0o c\u1ed1c B. Sau khi ph\u1ea3n 2 \u1ee9ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, ph\u1ea3i th\u00eam bao nhi\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o c\u1ed1c A \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng? H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a. Theo b\u00e0i: n AgNO3 \uf03d 102 \uf03d 0, 6 mol , n K2CO3 \uf03d 103,5 \uf03d 0, 75 mol 170 138 n HCl \uf03d 100.29, 2% \uf03d 0, 8 mol , n H2SO4 \uf03d 100.19, 6% \uf03d 0, 2 mol 36, 5 98 \uf0b7 Trong c\u1ed1c A: AgNO3 + HCl \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae AgCl \uf0af + HNO3 (1) Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng 0,6 0,8 mol Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6 mol Sau ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng 0 0,2 0,6 0,6 mol Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1c A (kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed1c): mco\u00e1cA \uf03d mAgNO3 \uf02b mdd HCl \uf03d 102 \uf02b 100 \uf03d 202 gam \uf0b7 Trong c\u1ed1c B: K2CO3 + H2SO4 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae K2SO4 + CO2 \uf0ad + H2O (2) Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng 0,75 0,2 mol mol Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng 0,2 0,2 0,2 mol Sau ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng 0,55 0 0,2 \uf0de Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1c B (kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed1c): mco\u00e1c B \uf03d nK2CO3 \uf02b mdd H2SO4 \uf02d mCO2 \uf03d 103, 5 \uf02b 100 \uf02d 0, 2.44 \uf03d 194, 7 gam \uf03c m co\u00e1c A \uf0de V\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng, c\u1ea7n th\u00eam n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o c\u1ed1c B: mH2O (the\u00e2m va\u00f8o B) \uf03d mA \uf02d mB \uf03d 202 \uf02d194, 7 \uf03d 7,3 gam b. mdd co\u00e1cA \uf03d mco\u00e1cA \uf02d mAgCl \uf03d 202 \uf02d 0, 6.143, 5 \uf03d 115, 9 gam \uf0de m 1 dd co\u00e1cA \uf03d 115, 9 \uf03d 57, 95 gam 2 2 Trong 1 dung d\u1ecbch A ch\u1ee9a: HCl d\u01b0: 0,1 mol, HNO3: 0,3 mol 2 L\u1ea5y 1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng dung d\u1ecbch trong c\u1ed1c A cho v\u00e0o c\u1ed1c B: 2 K2CO3 + 2HCl \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae 2KCl + CO2 \uf0ad + H2O (3) K2CO3 + 2HNO3 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae 2KNO3 + CO2 \uf0ad + H2O (4) T\u1eeb (3), (4): nK2CO3 pha\u00fbn \u00f6\u00f9ng\u00f9 \uf03d 1 n HCl d\u00f6 \uf02b 1 n HNO3 \uf03d 1 .0,1\uf02b 1 .0,3 \uf03d 0,2 mol 2 2 22 \uf0de K2CO3 d\u01b0 Ta c\u00f3: nCO2 \uf03d nK2CO3 pha\u00fbn \u00f6\u00f9ng\u00f9 \uf03d 0, 2 mol CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P 323","mco\u00e1cB sau \uf03d nco\u00e1cB b\u00f1 \uf02b m 1 dd A \uf02d mCO2 \uf03d 194, 7 \uf02b 57, 95 \uf02d 0, 2.44 \uf03d 243,85 gam 2 mco\u00e1cAsau \uf03d mco\u00e1cA b\u00f1 \uf02d m 1 dd A \uf03d 202 \uf02d 57, 95 \uf03d 144, 05 gam 2 V\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng, c\u1ea7n th\u00eam n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o c\u1ed1c A: mH2O (the\u00e2m va\u00f8o A) \uf03d mco\u00e1cB sau \uf02d mco\u00e1cAsau \uf03d 243,85 \uf02d144, 05 \uf03d 99,8 gam C\u00e2u 6. (CHUY\u00caN Y\u00caN B\u00c1I) Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd: a) Trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, b\u1ed9 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u1edf h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd b\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c kh\u00ed sau: CO2, NH3, HCl, CH4, O2. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. b) M\u1ed7i kh\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, h\u00e3y vi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf t\u1eeb ch\u1ea5t A th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a) B\u1ed9 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u1edf h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c kh\u00ed: CO2; CH4; O2. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: C\u00e1c kh\u00ed tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng tan ho\u1eb7c \u00edt tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00f2n kh\u00ed NH3, HCl tan nhi\u1ec1u trong n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y. b) Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf: - \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf CO2: CaCO3 \uf0bet\uf0beo\uf0ae CaO + CO2 - \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf CH4: CH3COONa + NaOH \uf0beC\uf0beaO,\uf0beto \uf0ae Na2CO3 + CH4 - \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf O2: 2KMnO4 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2 C\u00e2u 7. (CHUY\u00caN TUY\u00caN QUANG) Cho h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf CO2 trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 sau: a) X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ea5t X, ch\u1ea5t Y v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. b) T\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu kh\u00ed CO2 theo c\u00e1ch tr\u00ean? N\u00eau c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft khi kh\u00ed CO2 \u0111\u1ea7y b\u00ecnh E. H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a) B\u00ecnh 1 \u0111\u1ef1ng dung d\u1ecbch NaHCO3; b\u00ecnh 2 \u0111\u1ef1ng H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c. CaCO3 + 2HCl \u2192 CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O Kh\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ed3m CO2, H2O v\u00e0 HCl \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn qua b\u00ecnh 1 \u0111\u1ef1ng dung d\u1ecbch NaHCO3 \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf HCl. NaHCO3 + HCl \u2192 NaCl + CO2 + H2O CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P 324","Kh\u00ed \u0111i ra kh\u1ecfi b\u00ecnh 1 c\u00f2n CO2 v\u00e0 H2O \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn qua b\u00ecnh 2 \u0111\u1ef1ng H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m kh\u00f4 kh\u00ed \u0111i ra. b) Do kh\u00ed CO2 n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed d( CO2 \/kk \uf03d 44 \/ 29 \uf0bb 1,52 ) n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea9y kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. Th\u1eed CO2 \u0111\u1ea7y b\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng que \u0111\u00f3m \u0111ang ch\u00e1y, que \u0111\u00f3m t\u1eaft nhanh th\u00ec CO2 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7y b\u00ecnh. C\u00e2u 8. (CHUY\u00caN L\u00c0O CAI ) H\u00ecnh v\u1ebd sau \u0111\u00e2y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 thu kh\u00ed Z t\u1eeb ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn X v\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch Y Cho b\u1ea3ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sau: Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 1 2 3456 Dung d\u1ecbch Y HCl\u0111\u1eb7c HCl KOH HCl HCl HCl Ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn X MnO2 CaCO3 NH4Cl Al4C3 Al MnO2 v\u00e0 BaSO3 Ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed Z Cl2 CO2 NH3 CH4 H2 Cl2 a. Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 tr\u00ean? V\u00ec sao? b. V\u1edbi m\u1ed7i th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, em h\u00e3y ch\u1ecdn dung d\u1ecbch trong b\u00ecnh 1 v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh 2 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00ed Z tinh khi\u1ebft, kh\u00f4? Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn? Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 tr\u00ean l\u00e0 TN3, TN4, TN5 v\u00ec c\u00e1c kh\u00ed Z thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thu b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean g\u00e2y th\u1ea5t tho\u00e1t kh\u00ed c\u1ea7n thu, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00ed c\u1ea7n thu tan m\u1ea1nh trong n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 NH3. Ri\u00eang th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 6 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00ed Cl2 v\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng sau: 4HCl + MnO2 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae MnCl2 + Cl2 \uf0ad + 2H2O 2HCl + BaSO3 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae BaCl2 + H2O + SO2 \uf0ad SO2 + Cl2 + 2H2O \u2192 H2SO4 + 2HCl (kh\u00ed \u0111i ra l\u00e0 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c kh\u00ed SO2, Cl2,..) \uf076 C\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: TN1, TN2 Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 1: + PTHH: 4HCl\u0111\u1eb7c + MnO2 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae MnCl2 + Cl2 \uf0ad + 2H2O + B\u00ecnh 1: Dung d\u1ecbch NaCl b\u00e3o h\u00f2a: \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef kh\u00ed HCl c\u00f3 l\u1eabn trong kh\u00ed Cl2 + B\u00ecnh 2: Dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m kh\u00f4 kh\u00ed Cl2 Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 2: + PTHH: CaCO3 + 2HCl \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 \uf0ad + B\u00ecnh 1: Dung d\u1ecbch NaHCO3: \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 kh\u00ed HCl c\u00f3 l\u1eabn trong kh\u00ed CO2 NaHCO3 + HCl \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae NaCl + H2O + H2O + B\u00ecnh 2: Dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m kh\u00f4 kh\u00ed CO2 CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P 325","C\u00e2u 10. (CHUY\u00caN L\u00ca QU\u00dd \u0110\u00d4N \u0110\u00c0 N\u1eb4NG) Cho h\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf kh\u00ed Z. Ch\u1ecdn 4 kh\u00ed Z kh\u00e1c nhau ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ea1o ra Z. H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i B\u1ed1n kh\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean l\u00e0: CO2, CH4, C2H2, H2 a) \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf CO2: Dung d\u1ecbch X l\u00e0 HCl, ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn Y l\u00e0 CaCO3. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: CaCO3 + 2HCl \uf0ae CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O b) \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf CH4: Dung d\u1ecbch X l\u00e0 H2SO4 lo\u00e3ng, ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn Y l\u00e0 Al4C3 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: Al4C3 + 6H2SO4 \uf0ae Al2(SO4)3 + 3CH4 c) \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf C2H2: Dung d\u1ecbch X l\u00e0 H2SO4 lo\u00e3ng, ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn Y l\u00e0 CaC2 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: CaC2 + H2SO4 \uf0ae C2H2 + CaSO4 d) \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf H2: Dung d\u1ecbch X l\u00e0 H2SO4 lo\u00e3ng, ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn Y l\u00e0 Zn Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: Zn + H2SO4 \uf0ae ZnSO4 + H2 C\u00e2u 11 (CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ed2NG NAI) Etyl axetat l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, m\u00f9i th\u01a1m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1edf quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn l\u00e0m dung m\u00f4i trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. a. Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf etyl axetat b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111un n\u00f3ng h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p r\u01b0\u1ee3u etylic v\u00e0 axit axetic v\u1edbi x\u00fac t\u00e1c H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c. b. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m b\u00ean m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00ean. H\u00e3y cho bi\u1ebft vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1nh trong th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m? Sau khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ta th\u00eam m\u1ed9t \u00edt n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m B, l\u1eafc nh\u1eb9 th\u00ec c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra? c. S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00ean ngo\u00e0i etyl axetat c\u00f2n l\u1eabn r\u01b0\u1ee3u etylic v\u00e0 axit axetic. Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang t\u1eebng ch\u1ea5t. d. M\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1000 l\u00edt etyl axetat th\u00ec l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 t\u00edch (l\u00edt) r\u01b0\u1ee3u etylic v\u00e0 axit axetic ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau? Bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng hao h\u1ee5t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tr\u00ean l\u00e0 34%. Cho: Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang (g\/cm3) c\u1ee7a etyl axetat, r\u01b0\u1ee3u etylic v\u00e0 axit axetic l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0: 0,902; 0,789; 1,049. H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: C2H5OH + CH3COOH \uf0ac\uf0be\uf0beH\uf0be2S\uf0beO\uf0be4\u00f1a\uf0be\u00ebc\uf0be, to\uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae CH3COOC2H5 + H2O CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P 326","Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1nh: etyl axetat sinh ra d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1i n\u00ean c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5. Sau khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ta th\u00eam m\u1ed9t \u00edt n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m B, l\u1eafc nh\u1eb9 th\u00ec trong \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m B c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u, m\u00f9i th\u01a1m, kh\u00f4ng tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u1ed5i tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc. b. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang t\u1eebng ch\u1ea5t: \uf0a7 C\u00e1ch 1: Cho dung d\u1ecbch NaCl b\u00e3o h\u00f2a d\u01b0 v\u00e0o h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, th\u1ea5y t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh 2 l\u1edbp ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t: - L\u1edbp ph\u00eda tr\u00ean ch\u1ee9a: CH3COOCH2CH3. (1) - L\u1edbp ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ee9a: CH3COOH, CH3CH2OH, NaCl, H2O. (2) D\u00f9ng b\u00ecnh chi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch 2 l\u1edbp ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng (1) v\u00e0 (2). Cho dung d\u1ecbch NaOH d\u01b0 v\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng (2) r\u1ed3i ch\u01b0ng c\u1ea5t thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c CH3CH2OH, ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9a: CH3COONa, NaCl, NaOH, H2O. (3) CH3COOH + NaOH \uf0ae CH3COONa + H2O Cho dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 lo\u00e3ng d\u01b0 v\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng (3) r\u1ed3i ch\u01b0ng c\u1ea5t thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c CH3COOH. 2 CH3COONa + H2SO4 \uf0ae 2 CH3COOH + Na2SO4 \uf0a7 C\u00e1ch 2 ( c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i theo s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 sau) \uf0ed\uf0ec\uf0efCCH2H3C5OOHOH \uf0ef\uf0ecCH3COOC2H5 \uf0ec\uf0efC2H5OH \uf0ef\uf0eeCH3COOC2H5 \uf0ef C2H5OH \uf0ef CH3COONa \uf0bed\uf0bed N\uf0beaCchli\uf0beeb\u00e1ta\u00f5o\uf0beho\u00f8a\uf0be\uf0ae \uf0ed\uf0efdd CH3COOH \uf0bed\uf0bedchN\u00f6\uf0beanOg Hc\uf0bead\u00e1t \u00f6\uf0be\uf0ae \uf0ef\uf0eddd NaCl \uf0be\uf0be\uf0be\uf0be\uf0be\uf0be\uf0aeH2SO4 loa\u00f5ng, d\u00f6 CH3COOH ch\u00f6ngca\u00e1t \uf0ef NaCl \uf0ef NaOH \uf0ee \uf0ee Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: CH3COOH + NaOH \uf0ae CH3COONa + H2O 2CH3COONa + H2SO4 \uf0ae 2CH3COOH + Na2SO4 1000.103.0, 902 n =c. CH3COOC2H5 88 = 10250 (mol) C2H5OH + CH3COOH \uf0ac\uf0be\uf0beH\uf0be2S\uf0beO\uf0be4\u00f1a\uf0be\u00ebc\uf0be, to\uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae CH3COOC2H5 + H2O 10250 10250 10250 mol V\uf0de CH3COOH = mCH3COOH \uf03d 10250.60 = 586272,64 (cm3) dCH3COOH 1,049 VC2H5OH = mC2H5OH = 10250.46 = 597591,89 (cm3) dC2H5OH 0,789 Theo \u0111\u1ec1, hao h\u1ee5t c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u00e0 34%, do \u0111\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u00e0 66% \uf0de VCH3COOH = 586272,64.100 = 888291,88 (cm3) = 888,29188 (l) 66 \uf0de VC2H5OH = 597591,89.100 = 905442,26 (cm3) = 905,44226 (l) 66 CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P 327","C\u00e2u 12 (CHUY\u00caN QU\u1ea2NG NAM) \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf kh\u00ed etilen trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111un h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng X (c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0i vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 b\u1ecdt) \u1edf 170 \u00b0C. a. H\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p X g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o? Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1 b\u1ecdt l\u00e0 g\u00ec? b. M\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5, h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf kh\u00ed elilen (kh\u00f4ng x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t) nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh b\u00ean. H\u00e3y ch\u1ec9 ra \u0111i\u1ec3m sai trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5. V\u00ec sao? H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a. - H\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p X g\u1ed3m ancol etylic v\u00e0 axit sunfuric \u0111\u1eb7c (x\u00fac t\u00e1c). - \u0110\u00e1 b\u1ecdt c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u00f4i, tr\u00e1nh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1 s\u00f4i. b. - Kh\u00ed thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 C2H4 tinh khi\u1ebft m\u00e0 l\u00e0 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p kh\u00ed C2H4, CO2, SO2 (do m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi C2H5OH), h\u01a1i C2H5OH. \u0110\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf CO2, SO2 v\u00e0 h\u01a1i C2H5OH th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i d\u1eabn \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn kh\u00ed qua dung d\u1ecbch NaOH ho\u1eb7c b\u00f4ng t\u1ea9m dung d\u1ecbch NaOH \u0111\u1eb7c. 2NaOH + SO2 \u2192 Na2SO3 + H2O. 2NaOH + CO2 \u2192 Na2CO3 + H2O. - B\u00ecnh thu kh\u00ed C2H4 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c C2H4 do C2H4 nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, s\u1ebd bay ra kh\u1ecfi b\u00ecnh. - C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thu kh\u00ed b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea9y n\u01b0\u1edbc do C2H4 \u00edt tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1i C2H5OH. C\u00e2u 13. (CHUY\u00caN QU\u1ea2NG NAM) Cho h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf kh\u00ed Z trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m (theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea9y n\u01b0\u1edbc). a. H\u00e3y cho bi\u1ebft kh\u00ed Z c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 kh\u00ed n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed sau \u0111\u00e2y: SO2, Cl2, CH4, H2? Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. b. L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1eb7p ch\u1ea5t X v\u00e0 Y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf kh\u00ed Z (\u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn \u1edf a). Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc minh h\u1ecda. c. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1ch thu kh\u00ed Z (\u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn \u1edf a) nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea9y kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng? Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. 2.2. H\u1ecdc sinh A \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi h\u1ed3 tinh b\u1ed9t theo c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc sau: - B\u01a3\u1edbc 1: Cho v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m (\u1ed1ng 1) kho\u1ea3ng 3,0 ml dung d\u1ecbch h\u1ed3 tinh b\u1ed9t, th\u00eam ti\u1ebfp 4,0 ml n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5t v\u00e0 1,0 ml dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4. \u0110un n\u00f3ng h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1eeb 3 \u0111\u1ebfn 5 ph\u00fat. - B\u01a3\u1edbc 2: Sau khi \u0111un n\u00f3ng t\u1eeb 3 \u0111\u1ebfn 5 ph\u00fat, l\u1ea5y kho\u1ea3ng 0,5 ml dung d\u1ecbch (dung d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng 1) cho v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c (\u1ed1ng 2). \u0110\u1ec3 ngu\u1ed9i, nh\u1ecf v\u00e0i gi\u1ecdt dung d\u1ecbch I2 (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f2a tan trong c\u1ed3n) v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng 2. N\u1ebfu th\u1ea7y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0u xanh th\u00ec ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111un \u1ed1ng 1 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1eed v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch I2 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi dung d\u1ecbch \u0111em th\u1eed v\u1edbi I2 (trong c\u1ed3n) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00e0u xanh th\u00ec ng\u1eebng \u0111un n\u00f3ng h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p. - B\u01a3\u1edbc 3: \u0110\u1ec3 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p trong \u1ed1ng 1 ngu\u1ed9i, trung h\u00f2a axit b\u1eb1ng dung d\u1ecbch NaOH cho t\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ec1m. Sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u00edt dung d\u1ecbch cho v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m (\u1ed1ng 3) \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eed t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. - B\u01a3\u1edbc 4: Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00e1ng g\u01b0\u01a1ng (ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch AgNO3\/NH3) v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng 3 trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. H\u1ecdc sinh B theo d\u00f5i th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi sau: (1) M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 g\u00ec? CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P 328","(2) Vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a axit H2SO4 \u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc 1 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 g\u00ec? (3) \u1ede b\u01b0\u1edbc 2, v\u00ec sao khi l\u1ea5y dung d\u1ecbch sau khi \u0111un, th\u1eed v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch I2 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0u xanh? (4) C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng phenolphtalein \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft axit H2SO4 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trung h\u00f2a h\u1ebft \u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc 3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng? (5) V\u00ec sao \u0111\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1edbp \u201cg\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea1c\u201d tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc 4 c\u1ea7n \u0111un nh\u1eb9 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng? Em h\u00e3y tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh B c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi tr\u00ean. H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a. Trong h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd, kh\u00ed Z \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea9y n\u01b0\u1edbc. Do \u0111\u00f3 Z ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng tan ho\u1eb7c \u00edt tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u00edt \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (n\u1ebfu thu kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 thu v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, trong c\u00e1c kh\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 cho (SO2, Cl2, CH4, H2), Z c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 CH4 ho\u1eb7c H2 (SO2 v\u00e0 Cl2 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9c v\u00e0 tan kh\u00e1 t\u1ed1t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc). b. - Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 1: Z l\u00e0 CH4 \uf0de X v\u00e0 Y l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch HCl v\u00e0 Al4C3 12HCl + Al4C3 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae 4AlCl3 + 3CH4 \uf0ad - Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 2: Z l\u00e0 H2 \uf0de X v\u00e0 Y l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch HCl v\u00e0 Zn 2HCl + Zn \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae ZnCl2 + H2 \uf0ad L\u01a3u \u00fd: \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i ch\u1ea5t Z tr\u00ean, h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p ch\u1ea5t X, Y kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho \u0111i\u1ec3m. c. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1ch thu kh\u00ed b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea9y n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, c\u1ea3 hai kh\u00ed CH4 v\u00e0 H2 \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch t\u1ec9 kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. Do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 2 kh\u00ed \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea9y kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u1edbi b\u00ecnh thu kh\u00ed \u00fap ng\u01b0\u1ee3c (nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh b\u00ean). 2 Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n B: (1) M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng minh tinh b\u1ed9t b\u1ecb th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ea1o glucoz\u01a1. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3: - Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n: (C6H10O5)n + nH2O \uf0beH\uf0be\uf02b ,\uf0bet\uf0b0\uf0ae nC6H12O6 tinh b\u1ed9t glucoz\u01a1 - Ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a glucoz\u01a1 b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00e1ng b\u1ea1c: HOCH2[CHOH]4CHO + 2AgNO3 + 3NH3 + H2O \uf0bet\uf0be\uf0b0\uf0ae HOCH2[CHOH]4COONH4 + 2Ag \uf0af + 2NH4NO3 (2) H2SO4 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 t\u1ea1o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng axit cho ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n tinh b\u1ed9t. (3) \u1ede b\u01b0\u1edbc 2, dung d\u1ecbch sau khi \u0111un c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0u xanh khi th\u1eed v\u1edbi I2 v\u00ec trong dung d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n tinh b\u1ed9t d\u01b0, ph\u1ea7n tinh b\u1ed9t n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi I2 cho m\u00e0u xanh \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng. (4) C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng phenolphtalein \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft H2SO4 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trung h\u00f2a h\u1ebft \u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc 3: - Nh\u1ecf 1 - 2 gi\u1ecdt dung d\u1ecbch phenolphtalein v\u00e0o h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p trong \u1ed1ng 1. - Th\u00eam t\u1eeb t\u1eeb dung d\u1ecbch NaOH v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng 1 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi th\u1ea5y dung d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00e0u h\u1ed3ng th\u00ec khi \u0111\u00f3 H2SO4 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft v\u00e0 ki\u1ec1m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u01b0. (5) Khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00e1ng b\u1ea1c, n\u1ebfu \u0111un n\u00f3ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i th\u00ec ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eadm r\u00e3i, khi \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1c sinh ra \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tinh th\u1ec3, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean l\u1edbp \u201cg\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng b\u1ea1c. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111un n\u00f3ng m\u1ea1nh, b\u1ea1c sinh ra qu\u00e1 nhanh s\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111en, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1edbp g\u01b0\u01a1ng CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P 329","nh\u01b0 mong mu\u1ed1n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cg\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea1c\u201d, ta c\u1ea7n \u0111un nh\u1eb9 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111un c\u00e1ch th\u1ee7y, tr\u00e1nh \u0111un n\u00f3ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. C\u00e2u 14 (CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u0102K L\u0102K) H\u00ecnh v\u1ebd sau \u0111\u00e2y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf kh\u00ed Y t\u1eeb h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p r\u1eafn g\u1ed3m CaCO3 v\u00e0 CaSO3. a) X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p kh\u00ed X v\u00e0 kh\u00ed Y. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay b\u00ecnh r\u1eeda kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc brom d\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng dung d\u1ecbch n\u00e0o sau \u0111\u00e2y: n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong, thu\u1ed1c t\u00edm? b) Kh\u00ed Y th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 l\u1eabn h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, theo em b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00ed Y nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t? H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a) H\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p kh\u00ed X g\u1ed3m: CO2, SO2. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra trong b\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u l\u00e0: CaCO3 + 2HCl \uf0ae CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 \uf0ad CaSO3 + 2HCl \uf0ae CaCl2 + H2O + SO2 \uf0ad Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed Y l\u00e0: CO2. Do SO2 b\u1ecb gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i \u1edf b\u00ecnh n\u01b0\u1edbc brom theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O \uf0ae 2HBr + H2SO4 C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc brom b\u1eb1ng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ef1ng dung d\u1ecbch thu\u1ed1c t\u00edm v\u00ec c\u0169ng gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i kh\u00ed SO2 theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: 5SO2 + 2KMnO4 + 2H2O \uf0ae K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2H2SO4 Kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng b\u00ecnh n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong d\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec c\u1ea3 CO2 v\u00e0 SO2 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: CO2 + Ca(OH)2 \uf0ae CaCO3 + H2O SO2 + Ca(OH)2 \uf0ae CaSO3 + H2O b) D\u1eabn kh\u00ed Y (CO2) c\u00f3 l\u1eabn h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc qua b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ef1ng H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00ec h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd b\u1ecb gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i trong b\u00ecnh. Thu kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi b\u00ecnh ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00ed Y (CO2) tinh khi\u1ebft. C\u00e2u 15. (CHUY\u00caN GIA LAI) Z l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a axit trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m Z \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf theo h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd sau: - Bi\u1ebft X, Y, Z l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t X, Y, Z. 330 CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P","- N\u1ebfu hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1ea3y ra trong b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a dung d\u1ecbch KMnO4. - Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra. H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i Z l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a axit trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00ed Z l\u00e0: SO2 + X, Y, Z l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \uf0de X l\u00e0 H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c; Y l\u00e0 Na2SO3; kh\u00ed Z l\u00e0: SO2 + Kh\u00ed SO2 qua dung d\u1ecbch KMnO4 th\u00ec b\u00ecnh KMnO4 m\u1ea5t m\u1ea5t m\u00e0u d\u1ea7n. + C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra l\u00e0: H2SO4 + Na2SO3 \uf0ae Na2SO4 + SO2 + H2O 5SO2 + 2KMnO4 + 2H2O \uf0ae K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2H2SO4 C\u00e2u 16. (CHUY\u00caN B\u1ebeN TRE) Cho th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf kh\u00ed X t\u1eeb ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn Y v\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch Z nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd: a) X c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 kh\u00ed n\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c kh\u00ed sau: H2; SO2; CO2; HCl; NH3; Cl2; H2S; NO2? V\u00ec sao? Ch\u1ecdn h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t Y, Z th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf m\u1ed7i ch\u1ea5t X \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn \u1edf tr\u00ean. a) X c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0: SO2, CO2, Cl2, H2S, NO2 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng kh\u00ed n\u00e0y n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea9y kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1eeda b\u00ecnh; m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c nh\u1eefng kh\u00ed n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch axit m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111un n\u00f3ng. b) * \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf SO2: Y l\u00e0 Na2SO3, K2SO3\u2026; Z l\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch axit HCl (lo\u00e3ng), H2SO4 (lo\u00e3ng) Na2SO3 + 2HCl \u2192 2NaCl + SO2\u2191+ H2O * \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf CO2: Y l\u00e0 Na2CO3, \u2026; Z l\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch axit HCl (lo\u00e3ng), H2SO4 (lo\u00e3ng) CaCO3 + 2HCl \u2192 CaCl2 + CO2\u2191 + H2O * \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf Cl2: Y l\u00e0 KMnO4, KClO3, CaOCl2\u2026; Z l\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch axit HCl \u0111\u1eb7c 2KMnO4 + 16HCl \u2192 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 8H2O + 5Cl2\u2191 CaOCl2 + 2HCl \u2192 Cl2\u2191 + CaCl2 + H2O * \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf H2S: Y l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1i sunfua nh\u01b0 CaS, FeS, Na2S\u2026 Y l\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch axit HCl (lo\u00e3ng), H2SO4 (lo\u00e3ng) CaS + 2HCl \u2192 CaCl2 + H2S\u2191 FeS + 2H2SO4 (lo\u00e3ng) \u2192 FeSO4 + H2S\u2191 * \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf NO2: Y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 Cu, Ag \u2026; Y l\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch axit HNO3 \u0111\u1eb7c, n\u00f3ng Cu + 4HNO3 (\u0111\u1eb7c, n\u00f3ng)\u2192 Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2\u2191 +2H2O C\u00e2u 17: (CHUY\u00caN T\u00c2Y NINH) Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf kh\u00ed Y nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd: a. Kh\u00ed Y l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf kh\u00ed Y trong th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean. b. N\u00eau t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ef1ng dung d\u1ecbch NaCl. T\u1ea1i sao kh\u00ed Y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea9y n\u01b0\u1edbc? a. Kh\u00ed Y l\u00e0 H2. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf H2: CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P 331","Zn + 2HCl \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae ZnCl2 + H2 \u2191 b. T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ef1ng dung d\u1ecbch NaCl h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 h\u01a1i HCl bay ra. Kh\u00ed H2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea9y n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 v\u00ec H2 l\u00e0 kh\u00ed r\u1ea5t \u00edt tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. 3. D\u1ea1ng 3: M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01a3\u1ee3ng thu nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01a3\u1ee3c. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ho\u1eb7c vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 hay h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng C\u00e2u 1. (CHUY\u00caN PHAN B\u1ed8I CH\u00c2U) \u0110\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a axit X (SGK h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 9 - trang 16,17), ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 sau: Cho m\u1ed9t \u00edt tinh th\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t Y v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1y c\u1ed1c th\u1ee7y tinh, sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ecf t\u1eeb t\u1eeb 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 2 ml dung d\u1ecbch axit X \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c v\u00e0o c\u1ed1c. Quan s\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5y: m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Y chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng, sau \u0111\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00e0u n\u00e2u v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u00e0nh kh\u1ed1i m\u00e0u \u0111en x\u1ed1p, b\u1ecb b\u1ecdt kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi mi\u1ec7ng c\u1ed1c. a) X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t X v\u00e0 Y, vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean. b) Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t g\u00ec c\u1ee7a X? N\u1ebfu thay axit X \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng axit X lo\u00e3ng th\u00ec c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean hay kh\u00f4ng? c) Qua th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng axit X \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c. H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i 1) X l\u00e0 H2SO4 \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c, Y l\u00e0 saccaroz\u01a1. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: C12H22O11 \uf0beH\uf0be2SO\uf0be4 \u00f1a\uf0be\u00ebc\uf0ae 11H2O + 12C C + 2H2SO4 (\u0111\u1eb7c) \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae CO2 + 2SO2 + 2H2O Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u00ednh h\u00e1o n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a H2SO4 \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c, v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 ta c\u00f2n ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u00ednh oxi h\u00f3a m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a H2SO4 \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c. N\u1ebfu thay H2SO4 \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng H2SO4 lo\u00e3ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, v\u00ec H2SO4 lo\u00e3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u00e1o n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u00ednh oxi h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh. Qua th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean ta th\u1ea5y H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u00e1o n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u00ednh oxi h\u00f3a r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, v\u00ec v\u1eady khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng axit sunfuric \u0111\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn. C\u00e2u 2. (CHUY\u00caN QU\u1ea2NG B\u00ccNH) Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m: \u0110\u1eb7t hai c\u1ed1c tr\u00ean hai \u0111\u0129a c\u00e2n. R\u00f3t dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 lo\u00e3ng v\u00e0o hai c\u1ed1c, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng axit \u1edf hai c\u1ed1c b\u1eb1ng nhau, c\u00e2n \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng. Cho m\u1eabu K\u1ebdm v\u00e0o c\u1ed1c th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1eabu S\u1eaft v\u00e0o c\u1ed1c th\u1ee9 hai. Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a hai m\u1eabu b\u1eb1ng nhau. C\u00e2n s\u1ebd \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0o sau khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng? H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc l\u00e0: Zn + H2SO4 \uf0ae ZnSO4 + H2 \uf0ad (1) Fe + H2SO4 \uf0ae FeSO4 + H2 \uf0ad (2) \u0110\u1ed9 t\u0103ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a 2 c\u1ed1c sau ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng so v\u1edbi ban \u0111\u1ea7u: C\u1ed1c 1: \uf044m1 \uf03d mZn \uf02d mH2 ; C\u1ed1c 2: \uf044m2 \uf03d mFe \uf02d mH2 V\u00ec ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e2n th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 mFe \uf03d mZn n\u00ean khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, c\u00e2n s\u1ebd nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u1ed1c c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed H2 tho\u00e1t ra \u00edt h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1eb7t: mZn \uf03d mFe \uf03d a ; nH2 \uf03d nkim lo\u00b9i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 1: H2SO4 d\u01b0 so v\u1edbi Fe, Zn ( nZn \uf03c nFe \uf03c nH2SO4 ) CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P 332","n Zn \uf03d a \uf03c n Fe \uf03d a \uf0de nH2 (c\u1ed1c 1) < nH2 (c\u1ed1c 2) \uf0de mH2 (c\u1ed1c 1) < mH2 (c\u1ed1c 2) 65 56 \uf0de Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng H2 tho\u00e1t ra \u1edf c\u1ed1c 1 b\u00e9 h\u01a1n c\u1ed1c 2 n\u00ean c\u00e2n s\u1ebd nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u1ed1c 1. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 2: Zn h\u1ebft, Fe d\u01b0 ( nZn \uf03c nH2SO4 \uf03c nFe ) nH2 (c\u1ed1c 1) = nZn < nH2 (c\u1ed1c 2) = nH2SO4 \uf0de mH2 (c\u1ed1c 1) < mH2 (c\u1ed1c 2) \uf0de Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng H2 tho\u00e1t ra \u1edf c\u1ed1c 1 b\u00e9 h\u01a1n c\u1ed1c 2 n\u00ean c\u00e2n s\u1ebd nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u1ed1c 1. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 3: Hai kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u d\u01b0 so v\u1edbi H2SO4. n( H2SO4 \uf03c nZn \uf03c nFe ) L\u01b0\u1ee3ng H2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh theo s\u1ed1 mol H2SO4. nH2 (c\u1ed1c 1) = nH2 (c\u1ed1c 2) \uf0de mH2 (c\u1ed1c 1) = mH2 (c\u1ed1c 2) \uf0de Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng H2 tho\u00e1t ra \u1edf c\u1ed1c 1 b\u1eb1ng c\u1ed1c 2 n\u00ean c\u00e2n s\u1ebd v\u1eabn \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng. C\u00e2u 3. (CHUY\u00caN H\u00d9NG V\u01a2\u01a0NG PH\u00da TH\u1ecc) Cho 6,9 gam r\u01b0\u1ee3u etylic v\u00e0 a gam axit axetic v\u00e0o 1 b\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u. Th\u00eam ti\u1ebfp axit sunfuric \u0111\u1eb7c v\u00e0o. \u0110un s\u00f4i h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p trong b\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 0,08 mol este v\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch X. Chia X th\u00e0nh 2 ph\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng nhau. - Cho dung d\u1ecbch BaCl2 d\u01b0 v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n 1 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 29,125 gam k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a. - \u0110\u1ec3 trung h\u00f2a h\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n 2, c\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i \u0111a 270ml dung d\u1ecbch KOH 1M. T\u00ednh a. H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i Ta c\u00f3: n C2 H5OH = 6,9 = 0,15 (mol) ; nBaSO4 = 29,125 = 0,125 (mol) , 46 233 nKOH = 0,27 (mol) ; nCH3COOC2H5 = 0,08 (mol) S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: \uf0ec0,15 0,08 mol CH3COOC2H5 \uf0ef mol C2 H5OH \uf0ecC H OH d\u00ad \uf0ef \uf0eda \uf0beH\uf0be2SO\uf0bet04 \u00ae\uf0be\u00c6c\uf0ae 2 5 ph\u00c7n 1 \uf0be+\uf0beBaC\uf0bel2 d\uf0be\u00ad\uf0ae0,125 mol BaSO4 \uf0af \uf0ee\uf0ef 60 ph\u00c7n 2 \uf0be0\uf0be+,2K7O\uf0bemHol\uf0ae hh muo\u00e1i mol CH3COOH X \uf0edCH3COOH d\u00ad \uf0bec\uf0behia 2\uf0beph\u00c7\uf0ben\uf0ae b\u00bbng nhau \uf0ee\uf0efH2SO4\u00ae\u00c6c C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra: C2H5OH + CH3COOH \uf0ac\uf0be\uf0beH\uf0be2S\uf0beO\uf0be4\u00f1a\uf0be\u00ebc\uf0be, to\uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae CH3COOC2H5 + H2O (1) 0,08 \uf0ac 0,08 \uf0ac 0,08 (mol) \uf0ed\uf0ef\uf0ef\uf0ecCCH2 H3C5 OOHOHd\u00add\u00ad: 0,15 - 0,08 = 0,07 (mol) \uf0ef :a - 0,08 (mol) X 60 \uf0ee\uf0efH2SO4\u00ae\u00c6c - Ph\u1ea7n 1 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch BaCl2 d\u01b0 H2SO4 + BaCl2 \uf0ae BaSO4 \uf0af + 2HCl (2) 0,125 \uf0ac 0,125 mol \uf0de nH2SO4 = nBaSO4 = 0,125 (mol) - Trung h\u00f2a h\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n 2, c\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i \u0111a 270 ml dung d\u1ecbch KOH 1M 2KOH + H2SO4 \uf0ae K2SO4 + 2H2O (3) 0,25 \uf0ac 0,125 mol KOH + CH3COOH \uf0ae CH3COOK + H2O (4) (0,27- 0,25) \uf0ae 0,02 mol CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P 333","\uf0de n CH3COOH \uf03d a - 0,08 = 0,02 . 2 \uf0db a = 7,2 (g) 60 C\u00e2u 4. (CHUY\u00caN L\u00ca H\u1ed2NG PHONG NAM \u0110\u1ecaNH) Cho 40 gam Fe nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0o 416 mL dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 15% c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang l\u00e0 1,10 gam\/cm3. H\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn khi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. L\u1ecdc dung d\u1ecbch thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o b\u00ecnh n\u00f3n, axit h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0i gi\u1ecdt dung d\u1ecbch axit H2SO4 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng. B\u00ecnh n\u00f3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0n k\u00edn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 trong 2 ng\u00e0y. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh l\u1ecdc h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p, ph\u1ea7n dung d\u1ecbch thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho bay h\u01a1i m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n CO2 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft tinh \u1edf 20oC trong b\u00ecnh h\u00e0n k\u00edn. Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau, l\u1ea5y tinh th\u1ec3 r\u1eeda v\u1edbi c\u1ed3n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m kh\u00f4 nhanh trong gi\u1ea5y l\u1ecdc. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 140 gam tinh th\u1ec3 m\u00e0u xanh, ch\u1ee9a 11,51% kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh. a\/ Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 cho bi\u1ebft c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ec3 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean. b\/ C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 15% b\u1eb1ng dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 60% \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng? T\u1ea1i sao c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 dung d\u1ecbch bay h\u01a1i trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n CO2? \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu cho dung d\u1ecbch bay h\u01a1i trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed? Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc k\u00e8m theo. c\/ T\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh tinh th\u1ec3, bi\u1ebft dung d\u1ecbch b\u00e3o h\u00f2a \u1edf 20 oC ch\u1ee9a 78% kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. d\/ M\u1ed9t h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p axit HNO3 \u0111\u1eb7c v\u00e0 H2SO4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m tr\u00ean, sau khi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 kh\u00ed m\u00e0u n\u00e2u \u0111\u1ecf tho\u00e1t ra. Sau \u0111\u00f3, cho h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m bay h\u01a1i d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn khi dung d\u1ecbch tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u1ec1n s\u1ec7t, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ec3 m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng ch\u1ee9a 17,08% kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh. Cho bi\u1ebft c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra. H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i C\u00e2u 1.3. a) Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra: Fe + H2SO4 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae FeSO4 + H2\u2191 S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1i ng\u1eadm n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng: FeSO4.aH2O Theo \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00e0i, ta c\u00f3: n Fe \uf03d 40 \uf03d 0, 714 (mol); nH2SO4 \uf03d 416 \uf0b41,1\uf0b415 \uf03d 0, 7 (mol) 56 98 \uf0b4100 nS \uf03d 11, 51\uf0b4140 \uf03d 0, 5036 (mol) \uf0de n tinh the\u00e5 \uf03d 0, 5036 (mol) 100\uf0b4 32 \uf0de Mtinh the\u00e5 \uf03d 140 \uf03d 278 (gam \/ mol) \uf0de152 \uf02b18a \uf03d 278 \uf0db a \uf03d 7 0, 5036 \uf0de Tinh th\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1i ng\u1eadm n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0: FeSO4.7H2O 3b) Dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 60% th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a s\u1eaft(II) n\u00ean n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf dung d\u1ecbch 15%. N\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng H2SO4 60% v\u00e0 \u0111un n\u00f3ng th\u00ec s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1i s\u1eaft(II): 2Fe + 6H2SO4 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2\u2191 + 6H2O \u0110\u1ec3 dung d\u1ecbch bay h\u01a1i trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n CO2 nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n kh\u00f4ng cho mu\u1ed1i s\u1eaft(II) b\u1ecb oxi h\u00f3a. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 dung d\u1ecbch bay h\u01a1i trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed th\u00ec th\u00ec mu\u1ed1i s\u1eaft(II) s\u1ebd b\u1ecb oxi h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t s\u1eaft(III), n\u1ebfu dung d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c axit h\u00f3a th\u00ec: 4FeSO4 + O2 + 2H2SO4 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae 2Fe2(SO4)3 + 2H2O 3c) Ta c\u00f3: nFeSO4 \uf03d nH2 \uf03d nH2SO4 \uf03d 0, 7 (mol) \uf03c nFe ban \u00f1a\u00e0u \uf0de Fe d\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf. Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng dung d\u1ecbch mu\u1ed1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u: mdd \uf03d 0,7\uf0b456 \uf02b 416\uf0b41,1\uf02d 0,7\uf0b42 \uf03d 495, 4 (gam) CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P 334","Khi l\u00e0m bay h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n CO2, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda dung d\u1ecbch c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0: 495, 4 \uf03d 247, 7 gam 2 Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m bay h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t tan \uf0de mFeSO4 \uf03d 0,7\uf0b4152 \uf03d 106, 4 gam G\u1ecdi b l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 mol FeSO4.7H2O t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi dung d\u1ecbch theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft (H = 100%). N\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a dung d\u1ecbch FeSO4 b\u00e3o h\u00f2a sau khi k\u1ebft tinh mu\u1ed1i l\u00e0: C% (FeSO4 ) \uf03d 106, 4 \uf02d152b \uf0b4100% \uf03d 100% \uf02d 78% \uf03d 22% \uf0de b \uf03d 0, 5714 mol 247, 7 \uf02d 278b Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u1ec9 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 140 gam tinh th\u1ec3 FeSO4.7H2O, n\u00ean hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t l\u00e0: H \uf03d 140 \uf0b4100% \uf03d 81,133% 278 \uf0b4 0, 5714 3d) H\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p HNO3 v\u00e0 H2SO4 l\u00e0 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 t\u00ednh oxi h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh, s\u1ebd oxi h\u00f3a mu\u1ed1i s\u1eaft(II) th\u00e0nh mu\u1ed1i s\u1eaft(III): 2FeSO4 + H2SO4 + 2HNO3 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae Fe2(SO4)3 + 2NO2\u2191 + 2H2O V\u00ec HNO3 d\u1ec5 bay h\u01a1i, n\u00ean mu\u1ed1i trong dung d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1i Fe2(SO4)3 \uf0de Tinh th\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1i c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng: Fe2(SO4)3.yH2O V\u00ec S chi\u1ebfm 17,08% kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tinh th\u1ec3 \uf0de Mtinh th\u1ec3 \uf03d 100 \uf0b432\uf0b43 \uf03d 562 (g\/mol) 17, 08 \uf0de Mtinh the\u00e5 \uf03d 400 \uf02b18y \uf03d 562 \uf0de y \uf03d 9 . Tinh th\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1i ng\u1eadm n\u01b0\u1edbc thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0: Fe2(SO4)3.9H2O C\u00e2u 5 (CHUY\u00caN L\u00ca H\u1ed2NG PHONG NAM \u0110\u1ecaNH) Brom l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng (c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf n\u00e2u) \u00edt tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 tan t\u1ed1t trong dung m\u00f4i h\u1eefu c\u01a1. Cho v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m 2 mL dung d\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc brom (c\u00f3 m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng n\u00e2u). Nh\u1ecf t\u1eeb t\u1eeb v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3 1 mL benzen. Trong \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 2 l\u1edbp ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, l\u1edbp d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf n\u00e2u, l\u1edbp ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng ph\u00eda tr\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng. a\/ Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean. b\/ L\u1ea5y \u0111\u0169a th\u1ee7y tinh khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 2 l\u1edbp ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng tr\u00ean tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn v\u00e0o nhau, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 y\u00ean \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m. D\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a) Khi nh\u1ecf benzen v\u00e0o quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y benzen n\u1ed5i l\u00ean tr\u00ean v\u00ec benzen nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc; nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n l\u1edbp; l\u1edbp d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc brom v\u00e0 l\u1edbp tr\u00ean v\u00e0 benzen. b) Khi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u0169a th\u1ee7y tinh khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 2 l\u1edbp ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn v\u00e0o nhau, quan s\u00e1t l\u1edbp tr\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf n\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm d\u1ea7n, l\u1edbp d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1ea1t d\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng nh\u1ea1t v\u00ec benzen l\u00e0 dung m\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c h\u00f2a tan Br2 (ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c) t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n n\u01b0\u1edbc (dung m\u00f4i ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c). 4. D\u1ea1ng 4: D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c ph\u01a3\u01a1ng \u00e1n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00e0i. Nh\u01a3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea5t h\u00fat \u1ea9m, \u2026 C\u00e2u 1. (CHUY\u00caN PHAN B\u1ed8I CH\u00c2U) C\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m kh\u00f4: H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c, CaO. D\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o n\u00f3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m kh\u00f4 m\u1ed7i kh\u00ed \u1ea9m sau \u0111\u00e2y: SO2, O2, CO2, H2, H2S? H\u00e3y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00f3. H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P 335","- H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c l\u00e0m kh\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: SO2, O2, CO2. V\u00ec H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u00fat \u1ea9m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00ed n\u00e0y. - CaO l\u00e0m kh\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: O2, H2. V\u00ec CaO c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u00fat \u1ea9m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00ed n\u00e0y. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: 2H2 + H2SO4(\u0111\u1eb7c) \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae 2H2O + SO2 H2S + 2H2SO4(\u0111\u1eb7c) \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae 2H2O + 3SO2 CaO + SO2 \u2192 CaSO3 CaO + CO2 \u2192 CaCO3 H2S + CaO \u2192 CaS + H2O 5. D\u1ea1ng 5: C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p an to\u00e0n trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m C\u00e2u 1. (CHUY\u00caN LAM S\u01a0N THANH H\u00d3A) N\u00eau c\u00e1ch pha lo\u00e3ng axit sunfuric \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i \u0110\u1ec3 pha lo\u00e3ng axit sunfuric \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ea7n r\u00f3t t\u1eeb t\u1eeb axit v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc (theo t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u) v\u00e0 khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u. Axit sunfuric \u0111\u1eb7c n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n n\u01b0\u1edbc, khi tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ecfa nhi\u1ec7t n\u1ebfu cho t\u1eeb t\u1eeb axit v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ch\u00ecm xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1y n\u01b0\u1edbc, sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 dung d\u1ecbch. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u trong dung d\u1ecbch, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ebd t\u0103ng t\u1eeb t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 nhanh n\u00ean an to\u00e0n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu cho n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o axit, n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd n\u1ed5i tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t axit. V\u00ec axit r\u1ea5t h\u00e1o n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 khi tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ecfa nhi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1nh, nhi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi axit s\u00f4i (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u1ed5) v\u00e0 b\u1eafn l\u1eabn c\u00e1c gi\u1ecdt axit ra ngo\u00e0i d\u1ec5 d\u00e2y v\u00e0o qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o v\u00e0 da g\u00e2y m\u1ee5c v\u1ea3i, b\u1ecfng da\u2026 6. D\u1ea1ng 6: Nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t m\u1ea5t nh\u00e3n C\u00e2u 1. (CHUY\u00caN H\u00c0 NAM) Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c l\u1ecd ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t m\u1ea5t nh\u00e3n c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a: dung d\u1ecbch glucoz\u01a1, dung d\u1ecbch saccaroz\u01a1, dung d\u1ecbch axit axetic, n\u01b0\u1edbc. Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3). H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i L\u1ea5y m\u1ed7i h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf ra c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m m\u1eabu th\u1eed. - D\u00f9ng qu\u1ef3 t\u00edm + M\u1eabu l\u00e0m qu\u1ef3 t\u00edm h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecf l\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch CH3COOH + C\u00e1c m\u1eabu c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m qu\u1ef3 t\u00edm \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ea7u. - D\u00f9ng dung d\u1ecbch AgNO3\/NH3, + M\u1eabu t\u1ea1o k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a x\u00e1m b\u1ea1c l\u00e0 glucoz\u01a1. CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P 336","+ C\u00e1c m\u1eabu c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u00ec. C6H12O6 + Ag2O \uf0ae C6H12O7 + 2Ag - \u0110un n\u00f3ng hai m\u1eabu c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi Cu(OH)2 + M\u1eabu l\u00e0m k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tan t\u1ea1o dung d\u1ecbch m\u00e0u xanh l\u00e0 saccaroz\u01a1 2C12H22O11 + Cu(OH)2 \uf0ae (C12H10O11)2Cu + 2H2O + M\u1eabu c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e2u 2. (CHUY\u00caN TUY\u00caN QUANG) Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi t\u1eebng kim lo\u1ea1i X, Y, Z, c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong b\u1ea3ng sau: Kim lo\u1ea1i Dung d\u1ecbch HCl Dung d\u1ecbch CuSO4 Dung d\u1ecbch NaOH X C\u00f3 kh\u00ed C\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf C\u00f3 kh\u00ed Y Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng Z C\u00f3 kh\u00ed C\u00f3 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a xanh C\u00f3 kh\u00ed a) S\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i X, Y, Z theo chi\u1ec1u t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. b) Thay k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u X, Y, Z b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a X v\u00e0 Z v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch CuSO4, dung d\u1ecbch NaOH. H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a) Theo \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00e0i : - X t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi HCl, \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Cu ra kh\u1ecfi dung d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 tan trong dung d\u1ecbch NaOH \uf0de X l\u00e0 Zn ho\u1eb7c Al. - Y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 3 dung d\u1ecbch \uf0de Y l\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i sau Cu - Z t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch Cu(NO3)2 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a m\u00e0u xanh \uf0de Z l\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc Mg. V\u1eady th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n l\u00e0: Y, X, Z. b) X l\u00e0 Al ho\u1eb7c Zn, Y l\u00e0 Ag v\u00e0 Z l\u00e0 Na ho\u1eb7c K. * Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a Al: - V\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch CuSO4: 2Al + 3CuSO4 \u2192 Al2(SO4)3 + 3Cu - V\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch NaOH: 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O \u2192 2NaAlO2 + 3H2 \uf0ad * Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a Na: - V\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch CuSO4: 2Na + 2H2O \u2192 2NaOH + H2 \uf0ad 2NaOH + CuSO4 \u2192 Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4 - V\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch NaOH: 2Na + 2H2O \u2192 2NaOH + H2 \uf0ad C\u00e2u 3. (CHUY\u00caN S\u1ede GD V\u00c0 \u0110T TP HCM) Tr\u00ean b\u00e0n th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng l\u00e0: Na2CO3, KHCO3, Ba(HCO3)2, MgCO3, BaSO4. M\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t tr\u00ean b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 sau: Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 1: Cho t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 (lo\u00e3ng, d\u01b0) th\u1ea5y ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn tan ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tho\u00e1t ra ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 2: Nung c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t ra l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 3: L\u1ea5y ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i sau khi nung ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u1edf th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 2 cho t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch HCl c\u0169ng tho\u00e1t ra ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong. Em h\u00e3y cho bi\u1ebft h\u1ecdc sinh tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o tr\u00ean b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m? L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra. H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i \uf0b7 Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 1: Cho t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 (lo\u00e3ng, d\u01b0) th\u1ea5y ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn tan ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tho\u00e1t ra ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong \uf0de Lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t Ba(HCO3)2 v\u00ec Ba(HCO3)2 tan trong H2SO4 lo\u00e3ng d\u01b0 nh\u01b0ng s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t ra. \uf0de Lo\u1ea1i BaSO4 v\u00ec BaSO4 kh\u00f4ng tan trong dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 lo\u00e3ng d\u01b0. \uf0b7 Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 2: Nung c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t ra l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P 337","\uf0de Lo\u1ea1i Na2CO3 v\u00ec Na2CO3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao \uf0b7 Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 3: L\u1ea5y ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i sau khi nung ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u1edf th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m 2 cho t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch HCl c\u0169ng tho\u00e1t ra ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong \uf0de Lo\u1ea1i MgCO3 v\u00ec sau khi nung MgCO3 t\u1ea1o ra MgO t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch HCl kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t ra kh\u00ed l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i trong. V\u1eady h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y KHCO3 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: TN1: 2KHCO3 + H2SO4 \uf0ae K2SO4 + 2CO2 + 2H2O TN2: 2KHCO3 \uf0bet\uf0be0 \uf0ae K2CO3 + CO2 + H2O TN3: K2CO3 + 2HCl \uf0ae 2KCl + CO2 + H2O Ca(OH)2 + CO2 \uf0ae CaCO3 + H2O C\u00e2u 4. CHUY\u00caN B\u00ccNH D\u01a2\u01a0NG Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t X, Y, Z, T. K\u1ebft t\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi \u1edf b\u1ea3ng sau: M\u1eabu Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m Hi\u1ec7n t\u01a3\u1ee3ng th\u1eed X Th\u00eam m\u1ed9t \u00edt r\u01b0\u1ee3u etylic, l\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec1u C\u00f3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a \u0110un n\u00f3ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch NaOH (lo\u00e3ng, d\u01b0), \u0111\u1ec3 T\u1ea1o dung d\u1ecbch m\u00e0u xanh Y ngu\u1ed9i. Th\u00eam ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0i gi\u1ecdt dung d\u1ecbch CuSO4. lam Z T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch AgNO3 trong NH3, \u0111un T\u1ea1o k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a Ag n\u00f3ng. T T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch I2 lo\u00e3ng C\u00f3 m\u00e0u xanh t\u00edm. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh X, Y, Z, T (kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch). Bi\u1ebft ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t sau: tinh b\u1ed9t, ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o, glucoz\u01a1, l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee9ng. H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i Ch\u1ea5t X: L\u00f2ng tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee9ng; Ch\u1ea5t Y: Ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o; Ch\u1ea5t Z: Glucoz\u01a1; Ch\u1ea5t T: Tinh b\u1ed9t. III. B\u00c0I T\u1eacP TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N C\u00e2u 1. V\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. a) Kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng nh\u00f4m (nh\u01b0 x\u00f4, ch\u1eadu, \u2026) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i. b) Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u00f3n ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1m ure cho \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1eeba m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eed chua b\u1eb1ng v\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean H\u01b0ng Y\u00ean, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a) Kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng nh\u00f4m (nh\u01b0 x\u00f4, ch\u1eadu, \u2026) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i v\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4i ch\u1ee9a Ca(OH)2, ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y d\u1ea7n c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng nh\u00f4m do x\u1ea3y ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: Al2O3 + Ca(OH)2 \u2192 Ca(AlO2)2 + H2O 2Al + Ca(OH)2 + 2H2O \u2192 Ca(AlO2)2 + 3H2 b) Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u00f3n ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1m ure cho \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1eeba m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eed chua b\u1eb1ng v\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng v\u00ec s\u1ebd l\u00e0m th\u1ea5t tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1m v\u00e0 sinh ra l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea5t chai v\u00e0 c\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ed3ng. Do \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: CaO + H2O \u2192 Ca(OH)2 (NH4)2CO + 2H2O \u2192 (NH4)2CO3 (NH4)2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 \u2192 CaCO3\u2193 + NH3\u2191 + H2O C\u00e2u 2. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t n\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed1t ph\u00e1 r\u1eebng v\u00e0 tr\u1ed3ng th\u00eam th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2y xanh. H\u00e3y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3). (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean Y\u00ean B\u00e1i, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P 338","H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t n\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed1t ph\u00e1 r\u1eebng v\u00e0 tr\u1ed3ng th\u00eam th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2y xanh v\u00ec: Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh quang h\u1ee3p, c\u00e2y xanh h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 kh\u00ed CO2 (m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c kh\u00ed nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh), gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed CO2 trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh. PTHH: 6CO2 + 6H2O \uf0bec\uf0beloro\uf0bephin\uf0be, asm\uf0bet\uf0ae C6H12O6 + 6O2 C\u00e2u 3. C\u00f3 ba ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed (A), (B), (C) \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u1ec9 kh\u1ed1i so v\u1edbi oxi b\u1eb1ng 1,375. Bi\u1ebft ch\u1ea5t (A) ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch NaOH, (B) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hidrocacbon, C l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t nit\u01a1. a) X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t (A), (B), (C). b) N\u00eau m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ba ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed tr\u00ean trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 em bi\u1ebft. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a) Theo \u0111\u1ec1 ra ta c\u00f3: MA = MB = MC = 1,375. 32 = 44 (g\/mol) - (A) t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi NaOH. V\u1eady : (A) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 oxit axit \uf0de (A) l\u00e0 CO2 CO2 + 2NaOH \uf0ae Na2CO3 + H2O - (B) l\u00e0 hidrocacbon \u0110\u1eb7t : (B) l\u00e0 CxHy (x,y\uf0ce N*, y \uf0a3 2x+2, x < 4) 12x + y = 44 \uf0de x = 3, y = 8 V\u1eady: (B) l\u00e0 C3H8 - (C) l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nit\u01a1 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 oxit c\u1ee7a nit\u01a1 NxOy (x,y\uf0ce N*) 14x + 16y = 44 \uf0de x = 2, y = 1. V\u1eady: (C) l\u00e0 N2O b) M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u00ed - CO2 : D\u00f9ng l\u00e0m h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t ch\u1eefa ch\u00e1y, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1t c\u00f3 ga, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1m ure, \u0111\u00e1 kh\u00f4,.. - Kh\u00ed C3H8 : D\u00f9ng l\u00e0m nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a hi\u0111rocacbon. - Kh\u00ed N2O : D\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y m\u00ea, ch\u1ea5t k\u00edch th\u00edch,\u2026 C\u00e2u 4. Kh\u00ed CO l\u00e0 kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u, kh\u00f4ng m\u00f9i, r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra trong kh\u00ed l\u00f2 than, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 khi \u1ee7 b\u1ebfp than. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ecb ng\u1ea1t, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u1eed vong do \u1ee7 than khi \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn c\u1eeda. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch? (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i Khi \u1ee7 b\u1ebfp than trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed (\u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn c\u1eeda) s\u1ebd sinh ra nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00ed CO 2C + O2 \u0111\u1ee7 \uf0bet\uf0be0 \uf0ae 2CO2 Khi \u1ee7 b\u1ebfp th\u00ec qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y thi\u1ebfu oxi: 2C + O2 thi\u1ebfu \uf0bet\uf0be0 \uf0ae 2CO CO + Hb \u27f6HbCO Kh\u00ed CO x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi hemoglobin c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3ng c\u1ea7u l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng oxi trong m\u00e1u g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecf n\u00e3o, h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh, tim, \u2026 Ngo\u00e0i ra m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf CO h\u00f2a tan trong huy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Myoglobin l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ee9c co b\u00f3p c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 tim. T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac, n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c CO c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e3o v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n, t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng tim, r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n nh\u1ecbp tim, ng\u1eebng tim ho\u1eb7c h\u00f4n m\u00ea ng\u1ea1t th\u1edf v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 g\u00e2y t\u1eed vong. CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P 339","C\u00e2u 5. Em h\u00e3y cho bi\u1ebft: a. Ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef tr\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u1ee7y tinh? Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng minh h\u1ecda. b. S\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1ch nh\u0169 trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o? c. V\u00ec sao kh\u00ed CO2 l\u00e0 kh\u00ed th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y? C\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng kh\u00ed CO2 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu c\u00f3, h\u00e3y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean L\u00ea Khi\u1ebft \u2013 Qu\u00e3ng Ng\u00e3i, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a. HF \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef l\u00ean th\u1ee7y tinh do HF c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0103n m\u00f2n th\u1ee7y tinh theo ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng sau: 4HF + SiO2 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae SiF4 + 2H2O b. S\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1ch nh\u0169 trong c\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a l\u1eabn nhau gi\u1eefa hai mu\u1ed1i Ca(HCO3)2 v\u00e0 CaCO3: \uf02d Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00fai \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i l\u00e0 CaCO3. Khi g\u1eb7p n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a v\u00e0 kh\u00ed CO2 trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, CaCO3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh Ca(HCO3)2 tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ea3y qua khe \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0o trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng: CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae Ca(HCO3)2 (1) \uf02d D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9, Ca(HCO3)2 l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh CaCO3 r\u1eafn, kh\u00f4ng tan: Ca(HCO3)2 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O (2) Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a qua l\u1ea1i n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean th\u1ea1ch nh\u0169 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u00f9 kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft g\u1ecdn 2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 sau: CaCO3 (r) + H2O + CO2 \uf0ac\uf0be\uf0be\uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae Ca(HCO3)2 (dd) c. \uf02d Kh\u00ed CO2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y do CO2 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh tr\u01a1, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u00e1y. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, CO2 n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi oxi n\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng bao quanh b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ea5t ch\u00e1y, ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch ch\u1ea5t ch\u00e1y t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi oxi hay kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng: Trong c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh ch\u1eefa ch\u00e1y ch\u1ee9a CO2 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f3a l\u1ecfng trong d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao, khi phun ra gi\u00fap ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u00e1y v\u1edbi oxi, l\u00e0m t\u1eaft ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda v\u00e0 ng\u0103n l\u1eeda ch\u00e1y l\u00e2y lan. \uf02d M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng CO2 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y kim lo\u1ea1i m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 Mg, Al\u2026 Trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, CO2 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng d\u1eadp t\u1eaft m\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho l\u1eeda ch\u00e1y th\u00eam g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 Mg, Al c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u1eed m\u1ea1nh n\u00ean v\u1eabn ch\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong CO2: 2Mg + CO2 \uf0bet\uf0be\uf0b0\uf0ae 2MgO + C C sinh ra l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u00e1y: C + O2 \uf0bet\uf0be\uf0b0\uf0ae CO2 C\u00e2u 6. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean gi\u1eb7t \u00e1o qu\u1ea7n d\u1ec7t t\u1eeb t\u01a1 t\u1eb1m ho\u1eb7c len l\u00f4ng c\u1eebu b\u1eb1ng x\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ki\u1ec1m cao? (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean B\u00e0 R\u1ecba \u2013 V\u0169ng T\u00e0u, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i Ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean gi\u1eb7t \u00e1o qu\u1ea7n d\u1ec7t t\u1eeb t\u01a1 t\u1eb1m ho\u1eb7c len l\u00f4ng c\u1eebu b\u1eb1ng x\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ki\u1ec1m cao v\u00ec: T\u01a1 t\u1eb1m, len l\u00f4ng c\u1eebu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb protein, khi gi\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng x\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ki\u1ec1m cao ch\u00fang d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb thu\u1ef7 ph\u00e2n l\u00e0m qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o mau h\u1ecfng: Protein + n\u01b0\u1edbc \uf0beb\uf0beaz\u00f4\uf0be\uf0ae h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p amino axit. C\u00e2u 7. a) Khi \u0111un s\u00f4i n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ebfng (n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee9ng) \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng, l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1edbp c\u1eb7n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111un. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 n\u00eau ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch. CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P 340","b) \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u1eeb c\u00e1c khu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ea3i ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y m\u1ea9u kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i \u0111em ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c sau: CO2, SO2, H2S. N\u00eau c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c kh\u00ed tr\u00ean v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3). (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a) V\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee9ng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee9ng to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a mu\u1ed1i Ca(HCO3)2 ho\u1eb7c Mg(HCO3)2; khi \u0111un s\u1ebd nhi\u1ec7t ph\u00e2n t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh CaCO3, MgCO3 d\u1ea1ng k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng n\u00ean c\u00f3 l\u1edbp c\u1eb7n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111un. Ca(HCO3)2 \uf0bet\uf0be0 \uf0ae CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Mg(HCO3)2 \uf0bet\uf0be0 \uf0ae MgCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch l\u1edbp c\u1eb7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng gi\u1ea5m \u0103n ho\u1eb7c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed1t chanh. CaCO3 + 2CH3COOH \uf0ae Ca(CH3COO)2 + CO2 + H2O b) D\u00f9ng h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ki\u1ec1m nh\u01b0: Ca(OH)2, NaOH,\u2026 CO2 + Ca(OH)2 \uf0ae CaCO3 + H2O SO2 + Ca(OH)2 \uf0ae CaSO3 + H2O H2S + Ca(OH)2 \uf0ae CaS + 2H2O C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay Ca(OH)2 b\u1eb1ng dung d\u1ecbch baz\u01a1 kh\u00e1c (NaOH) trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc. N\u1ebfu c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u00e0 \u201cho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t r\u1ebb ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c kh\u00ed\u201d th\u00ec d\u00f9ng dung d\u1ecbch Ca(OH)2. C\u00e2u 8. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1eabu v\u1eadt \u1edf 15 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh di t\u00edch \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng, sau h\u01a1n 3 n\u0103m th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m, nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u do ki\u00ean tr\u00fac s\u01b0 Ph\u00f9ng Phu, Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Trung t\u00e2m b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n di t\u00edch C\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4 Hu\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft d\u00ednh d\u00f9ng trong tr\u00f9ng tu c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a di t\u00edch c\u00f4 \u0111\u00f4 Hu\u1ebf [1], \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i tr\u1ed9n h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p g\u1ed3m h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t Z v\u1edbi c\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 gia nh\u01b0 m\u1eadt m\u00eda, gi\u1ea5y, keo c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y b\u1eddi l\u1eddi, keo da tr\u00e2u.... Ch\u1ea5t Z c\u00f3 th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nung v\u1ecf s\u00f2, x\u00e1c san h\u00f4,... (v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u01a1 X) (giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1) r\u1ed3i th\u00eam n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m sau khi nung (Y) (giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2). Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh di\u1ec5n ra theo s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3: X \u2192 Y \u2192 Z Khi h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft d\u00ednh ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed th\u00ec Z ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi kh\u00ed T (giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 3) t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng tinh th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u1edbi nhau a. Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi 3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00eau tr\u00ean b. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5t Z t\u1eeb v\u1ecf s\u00f2, x\u00e1c san h\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra t\u1eeb l\u00e2u trong d\u00e2n gian. H\u00e3y cho bi\u1ebft giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t? V\u00ec sao? \u0110\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00ed \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng do qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5t Z \u1edf tr\u00ean g\u00e2y ra c. Ch\u1ea5t Y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n trong b\u00ec nilon k\u00edn, c\u00e1ch ly v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. V\u00ec sao? d. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00f4m c\u00e1 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 pH (c\u00e2u 1.2) \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, theo \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd ao \u0111ang nu\u00f4i c\u00e1, t\u00f4m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5t X, Y hay Z? T\u1ea1i sao? (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a. - Ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u01a1 X l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf s\u00f2, x\u00e1c san h\u00f4\u2026X l\u00e0 CaCO3. - Khi nung ch\u1ea5t X ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Y, Y l\u00e0 CaO. - Y ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng H2O thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5t Z, Z l\u00e0 Ca(OH)2 Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u1edf c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1: CaCO3 \uf0bet\uf0beo \uf0ae CaO + CO2 Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2: CaO + H2O \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae Ca(OH)2 Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 3: Ca(OH)2 + CO2 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae CaCO3 + H2O CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P 341","b. - Vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5t Z t\u1eeb v\u1ecf s\u00f2, x\u00e1c san h\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra t\u1eeb l\u00e2u trong d\u00e2n gian, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t. V\u00ec khi nung c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng than, \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00ed CO, CO2, SO2 s\u1ebd g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u01b0a axit. - Bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00ed \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng do qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5t Z \u1edf tr\u00ean g\u00e2y ra: + N\u00ean x\u00e2y l\u00f2 nung v\u00f4i, g\u1ea1ch ng\u00f3i \u1edf n\u01a1i xa d\u00e2n c\u01b0 + N\u00ean b\u1ecf ki\u1ec3u l\u00f2 nung v\u00f4i th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, thay th\u1ebf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2 nung v\u00f4i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00ec ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u, hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thu h\u1ed3i kh\u00ed CO2 tho\u00e1t ra n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. + Tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y g\u00e2y r\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m kh\u00ed CO2 c. Ch\u1ea5t Y l\u00e0 (CaO) c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n trong b\u00ec nilon k\u00edn, c\u00e1ch ly v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. V\u00ec CaO l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00fat \u1ea9m cao, n\u00ean n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n trong b\u00ec nilon k\u00edn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch ly v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed th\u00ec CaO s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u00fat \u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh Ca(OH)2 ngo\u00e0i ra CaO c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi CO2 trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed s\u1ebd l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a CaO CaO + H2O \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae Ca(OH)2 CaO + CO2 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae CaCO3 Ca(OH)2 + CO2 \uf0be\uf0be\uf0ae CaCO3 + H2O d. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00f4m c\u00e1 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 pH \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, theo \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd ao \u0111ang nu\u00f4i c\u00e1, t\u00f4m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng CaCO3 v\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng h\u1ea1 ph\u00e8n, kh\u1eed tr\u00f9ng. Kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00f4i t\u00f4i Ca(OH)2 v\u00ec t\u0103ng pH \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4m, c\u00e1. C\u00f2n v\u00f4i b\u1ed9t, v\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u0103ng pH m\u1ea1nh ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ao, kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng cho ao \u0111ang nu\u00f4i c\u00e1 t\u00f4m. C\u00e2u 9. COVID-19 l\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec5m g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi ch\u1ee7ng virus SARS -CoV-2. C\u0103n b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u00e2y lan nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2020, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (WHO) tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 d\u1ecbch vi\u00eam ph\u1ed5i do virus corona (ch\u1ee7ng m\u1edbi) l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba nguy c\u01a1 l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean r\u1eeda tay b\u1eb1ng dung d\u1ecbch r\u1eeda tay kh\u00f4. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 pha ch\u1ebf dung d\u1ecbch r\u1eeda tay kh\u00f4, v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00f9ng l\u00e0 500 ml c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c pha ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0 sau: C\u1ed3n (C2H5OH) 960 : 415 ml; oxi gi\u00e0 (H2O2) 3%: 20 ml; glyxerol (C3H8O3): 7,5 ml; tinh d\u1ea7u: 2,5ml; n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111un s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 ngu\u1ed9i: 55 ml. a. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a dung d\u1ecbch sau khi pha tr\u1ed9n c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean v\u1edbi nhau. b. V\u1edbi n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed3n v\u1eeba t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (\u1edf c\u00e2u 2a) th\u00ec t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng s\u00e1t khu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a dung d\u1ecbch r\u1eeda tay kh\u00f4 v\u1eeba pha ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 cao hay th\u1ea5p? Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i a. Th\u1ec3 t\u00edch c\u1ed3n nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t (C2H5OH) c\u00f3 trong 415 ml c\u1ed3n 960: VC2H5OH \uf03d 415. 96 \uf03d 398, 4 ml 100 \uf0de \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a dung d\u1ecbch sau khi pha: \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ed3n \uf03d VC2H5OH .100 \uf03d 398, 4 .100 \uf03d 79,680 Vdd 500 CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P 342","b. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf s\u00e1t khu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a c\u1ed3n: C\u1ed3n (C2H5OH) c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u t\u1ed1t qua m\u00e0ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a vi khu\u1ea9n, g\u00e2y \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1ee5 c\u00e1c protein trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbp v\u1ecf protein c\u1ee7a virus, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t c\u00e1c vi khu\u1ea9n, virus. - M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed3n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u00e1t khu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a dung d\u1ecbch: \u1ede n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed3n cao, c\u00e1c protein b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1ee5 nhanh, l\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng l\u1edbp v\u1ecf c\u1ee7a vi khu\u1ea9n, virus m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady lo\u1ea1i c\u1ed3n \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u00e1t khu\u1ea9n cao. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i \u1edf n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed3n th\u1ea5p, c\u00e1c protein ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1ee5, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ed3n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u00e1t khu\u1ea9n th\u1ea5p. Tuy nhi\u00ean khi \u1edf n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 cao, c\u1ed3n bay h\u01a1i qu\u00e1 nhanh, th\u1eddi gian l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea7n s\u00e1t khu\u1ea9n ng\u1eafn n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 s\u00e1t khu\u1ea9n mong mu\u1ed1n. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u1edf n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 cao, c\u00e1c protein l\u1edbp ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a vi khu\u1ea9n, virus \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 nhanh, l\u00e0m cho c\u1ed3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o s\u00e2u b\u00ean trong, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi khu\u1ea9n, virus kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi b\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y lo\u1ea1i c\u1ed3n t\u1eeb 60 - 800 cho hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 s\u00e1t khu\u1ea9n t\u1ed1i \u01b0u. Theo khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a WHO, c\u1ed3n 800 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u01b0u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t virus, c\u00f2n c\u1ed3n 70 \u2013 750 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u00ean d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t vi khu\u1ea9n. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: Dung d\u1ecbch r\u1eeda tay kh\u00f4 pha ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (\u1edf c\u00e2u 2a) c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed3n l\u00e0 79,680, thu\u1ed9c kho\u1ea3ng n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh s\u00e1t khu\u1ea9n cao. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 800, dung d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u01b0u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t virus, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh d\u1ecbch COVID-19 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp. C\u00e2u 10. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u1ecf t\u00e0u \u0111i bi\u1ec3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eafn nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m k\u1ebdm v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf t\u00e0u. - H\u00e3y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u00f3. - C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 bao ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1ecf t\u00e0u \u0111i bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng? Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. - Theo em, \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ecf t\u00e0u bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i ta ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec? (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean Tr\u00e0 Vinh, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i V\u1ecf t\u00e0u bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p. Khi di chuy\u1ec3n tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, th\u00e2n t\u00e0u ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n li n\u00ean th\u00e9p b\u1ecb \u0103n m\u00f2n, h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng. Do \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i g\u1eafn t\u1ea5m k\u1ebdm v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf t\u00e0u, khi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0103n m\u00f2n \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a. K\u1ebdm l\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n s\u1eaft n\u00ean b\u1ecb \u0103n m\u00f2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng s\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf t\u00e0u nh\u1eb1m kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u1ea7n th\u00e9p c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n t\u00e0u ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111u\u00f4i t\u00e0u, do t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n v\u1ecbt, n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1y t\u00e0u th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean va ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi v\u1eadt c\u1ee9ng n\u00ean bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p s\u01a1n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n. \u0110\u1ec3 v\u1ecf t\u00e0u bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, ta n\u00ean g\u1eafn nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m k\u1ebdm v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf t\u00e0u. Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m k\u1ebdm b\u1ecb \u0103n m\u00f2n th\u00ec s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00ec. C\u00e2u 11. Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng quang h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 n\u00eau c\u00e1c \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng quang h\u1ee3p. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean L\u00e2m \u0110\u1ed3ng, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng quang h\u1ee3p: 6nCO2 + 5nH2O \uf0bec\uf0beloro\uf0bephin\uf0be, as\uf0ae (-C6H10O5-)n + 6nO2 - C\u00e1c \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng quang h\u1ee3p: Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh quang h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P 343","+ T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1: s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a quang h\u1ee3p t\u1ea1o ra h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 cung c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt, d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u cho c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra thu\u1ed1c ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. + T\u00edch l\u0169y n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng: chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 t\u00edch l\u0169y n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt. + \u0110i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed: qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh quang h\u1ee3p \u1edf c\u00e2y xanh h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 kh\u00ed CO2, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u00ed O2 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh, cung c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1ee1ng kh\u00ed cho c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c. C\u00e2u 12. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p x\u1ea3y ra trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n sau: - Khi th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft tr\u1edf l\u1ea1nh, khi \u0111\u1ed1t than s\u01b0\u1edfi \u1ea5m trong ph\u00f2ng k\u00edn d\u1ec5 x\u1ea3y ra nh\u1eefng ca ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c v\u00e0 t\u1eed vong. - \u0110\u1ec3 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y x\u0103ng d\u1ea7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1t v\u00e0o ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y. - \u0110\u1ec3 k\u00edch th\u00edch hoa qu\u1ea3 mau ch\u00edn, trong c\u00e1c s\u1ecdt tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y lu\u00f4n x\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ea3 ch\u00edn v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa s\u1ecdt qu\u1ea3 xanh. - Khi nh\u1ecf chanh v\u00e0o s\u1eefa \u0111\u1eadu n\u00e0nh ho\u1eb7c s\u1eefa b\u00f2 th\u1ea5y s\u1eefa b\u1ecb v\u00f3n c\u1ee5c. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean Kon Tum, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - Khi \u0111\u1ed1t than s\u01b0\u1edfi \u1ea5m trong ph\u00f2ng k\u00edn m\u1ed9t l\u00fac sau trong ph\u00f2ng s\u1ebd thi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed oxi, than ch\u00e1y thi\u1ebfu oxi s\u1ebd sinh ra kh\u00ed CO. C + O2 \uf0bet\uf0be0 \uf0ae CO2 CO2 + C \uf0bet\uf0be0 \uf0ae 2CO CO l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u, kh\u00f4ng m\u00f9i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y k\u00edch \u1ee9ng n\u00ean r\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a CO trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. CO c\u00f3 t\u00ednh li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi hemoglobin (Hb) trong h\u1ed3ng c\u1ea7u m\u1ea1nh g\u1ea5p 250-280 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi oxy n\u00ean khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00edt v\u00e0o ph\u1ed5i CO s\u1ebd g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi Hb th\u00e0nh HbCO do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf oxy \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. CO c\u00f2n g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng tim do g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi myoglobin. - Khi d\u1eadp t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y x\u0103ng d\u1ea7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1t v\u00e0o ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda v\u00ec nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd c\u00e1ch li \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5t ch\u00e1y l\u00e0 x\u0103ng d\u1ea7u v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed (oxi), kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 oxi th\u00ec \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y s\u1ebd t\u1eaft. Kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00ec x\u0103ng d\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n n\u01b0\u1edbc do \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd n\u1ed5i tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u x\u0103ng d\u1ea7u lan ra \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 ra l\u00e0m cho ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda ch\u00e1y m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n. - Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00edn, tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t ra m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf kh\u00ed etilen. Kh\u00ed etilen sinh ra l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y l\u00e0m cho qu\u1ea3 xanh mau ch\u00edn. - Khi nh\u1ecf chanh v\u00e0o s\u1eefa \u0111\u1eadu n\u00e0nh ho\u1eb7c s\u1eefa b\u00f2 th\u1ea5y v\u00f3n c\u1ee5c v\u00ec trong n\u01b0\u1edbc chanh c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a axit xitric l\u00e0m cho protein c\u00f3 trong s\u1eefa \u0111\u1eadu n\u00e0nh ho\u1eb7c s\u1eefa b\u00f2 b\u1ecb k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1ee5 cho n\u00ean ta th\u1ea5y v\u00f3n c\u1ee5c. C\u00e2u 13. Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eefa ch\u00e1y c\u1ee7a b\u00ecnh c\u1ee9u h\u1ecfa. Ta bi\u1ebft kh\u00ed CO2 kh\u00f4ng duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 ch\u00e1y, nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i (b\u0103ng) magie \u0111ang ch\u00e1y v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1y m\u1ed9t l\u1ecd ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u00ed CO2, magie v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u00e1y. T\u1ea1i sao magie ch\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong kh\u00ed CO2? Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra. (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh chuy\u00ean B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2020-2021) H\u01a3\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i b\u00ecnh ch\u1eefa ch\u00e1y: + B\u00ecnh ch\u1eefa ch\u00e1y CO2 ch\u1ee9a kh\u00ed CO2 \u1edf -790 0C \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e9n v\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c cao, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y nh\u1ecf m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t sinh. Khi m\u1edf van b\u00ecnh, do c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch v\u1ec1 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t, CO2 l\u1ecfng trong b\u00ecnh tho\u00e1t ra ngo\u00e0i chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 tuy\u1ebft th\u00e1n kh\u00ed, l\u1ea1nh t\u1edbi -790 0C. Khi CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P 344","phun v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y CO2 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m lo\u00e3ng n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p h\u01a1i kh\u00ed ch\u00e1y, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh v\u00f9ng ch\u00e1y d\u1eabn t\u1edbi tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y. + B\u00ecnh ch\u1eefa ch\u00e1y d\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9a kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ea9y (N2, CO2) v\u00e0 b\u1ed9t kh\u00f4 trong \u0111\u00f3 NaHCO3 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 tr\u00ean 80%; d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn, l\u1ecfng, kh\u00ed ch\u00e1y, \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t sinh. Khi m\u1edf van b\u1ed9t kh\u00f4 trong b\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phun ra ngo\u00e0i nh\u1edd l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed n\u00e9n (n\u00e9n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi b\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c trong chai ri\u00eang) qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn. Khi phun v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y b\u1ed9t c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng k\u00ecm h\u00e3m ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ly ch\u1ea5t ch\u00e1y v\u1edbi O2 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n h\u01a1i kh\u00ed ch\u00e1y ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng ch\u00e1y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u1eaft. - Khi \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i (b\u0103ng) magie \u0111ang ch\u00e1y v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1y m\u1ed9t l\u1ecd ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u00ed CO2, magie v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u00e1y v\u00ec: Mg l\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u1eed m\u1ea1nh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi kh\u00ed CO2 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh oxi h\u00f3a n\u00ean Mg v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u00e1y sinh ra C. Cacbon ch\u00e1y ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. PTHH: 2Mg + CO2 \uf0bet\uf0be0\uf0ae 2MgO + C C + O2 \uf0bet\uf0be0 \uf0ae CO2 C\u00e2u 14. Etanol (r\u01b0\u1ee3u etylic) l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u00e1y t\u1ed1t. N\u1ebfu tr\u1ed9n etanol v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i x\u0103ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i x\u0103ng sinh h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i x\u0103ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u cho \u00f4 t\u00f4, xe m\u00e1y. X\u0103ng sinh h\u1ecdc E5 l\u00e0 x\u0103ng g\u1ed3m h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng etanol 5% v\u00e0 95% x\u0103ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ec3 t\u00edch. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u1ea1i (\u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng x\u0103ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng), n\u1ebfu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u x\u0103ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng etanol cao(H\u01a1n 10% theo th\u1ec3 t\u00edch) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u00e0m t\u1eeb kim lo\u1ea1i, cao su, nh\u1ef1a ho\u1eb7c polime, c\u00f2n v\u1edbi h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 5% etanol trong E5 th\u00ec c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra. H\u00e3y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00ec sao khi h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng etanol trong x\u0103ng cao(H\u01a1n 10% theo th\u1ec3 t\u00edch) th\u00ec g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau? (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh Chuy\u00ean L\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n Ch\u00e1nh \u2013 Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2015 - 2016) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i Etanol l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c, trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a cacbon, hidro, oxi n\u00ean d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb oxi h\u00f3a b\u1edfi ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 cung c\u1ea5p oxi \u0111\u1ec3 oxi h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c. Etanol l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c n\u00ean d\u1ec5 h\u00f2a tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, khi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n etanol cao s\u1ebd h\u00fat \u1ea9m m\u1ea1nh, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 v\u00e0o thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 oxi h\u00f3a l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb kim lo\u1ea1i. Ngo\u00e0i ra, etanol c\u00f2n t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng nh\u1ef1a ch\u1ecbu d\u1ea7u (caosu, nh\u1ef1a, polime l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c), l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 g\u00e2y h\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1. C\u00e2u 15. Khi ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng axit ch\u1ec9 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c glyxerol, 2 axit b\u00e9o C17H35COOH v\u00e0 C17H33COOH. a. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o. b. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao khi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e2u trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o c\u00f3 m\u00f9i \u00f4i ? \u0110\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, ta ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh Chuy\u00ean Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u \u2013 Ngh\u1ec7 An, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2016 - 2017) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i - Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch: Ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o l\u00e0 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u este c\u1ee7a glyxerol v\u1edbi c\u00e1c axit b\u00e9o, ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t (RCOO)3C3H5. Theo \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o cho ra 2 axit b\u00e9o n\u00ean ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf 3 nh\u00f3m RCOO- trong c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c tr\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a 2 axit (t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 mol l\u00e0 2:1) \uf0ae C\u00f3 2 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p: CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P 345","\uf0b7 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 1: nC17H35COO : nC17H33COO \uf03d 2 :1 \uf0ae 2 g\u1ed1c C17H35COO- v\u00e0 1 g\u1ed1c C17H33COO- (Ho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \uf0ae 2 CTCT kh\u00e1c nhau). \uf0b7 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 2: nC17H35COO : nC17H33COO \uf03d 1: 2 \uf0ae 1 g\u1ed1c C17H35COO- v\u00e0 2 g\u1ed1c C17H33COO- (Ho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \uf0ae 2 CTCT kh\u00e1c nhau). H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn: a) V\u00ec th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o sinh ra 2 axit h\u1eefu c\u01a1 n\u00ean ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o l\u00e0 este c\u1ee7a glyxerol v\u00e0 2 axit b\u00e9o theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 mol 2:1 C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o l\u00e0: C17H33COO CH2 C17H33COO CH2 C17H33COO CH2 C17H35COO CH2 C17H33COO CH ; C17H35COO CH ; C17H35COO CH ; C17H33COO CH C17H35COO CH2 C17H33COO CH2 C17H35COO CH2 C17H35COO CH2 b) Ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o (d\u1ea7u \u0103n, m\u1ee1 \u0103n) \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e2u trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a oxi (oxi h\u00f3a) v\u00e0 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o kh\u00f4ng no (c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u trong d\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt) b\u1ecb oxi h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t trung gian, ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c andehit v\u00e0 xeton l\u00e0m cho ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o c\u00f3 m\u00f9i kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu (m\u00f9i \u00f4i, thiu). \u0110\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 \u00f4i thiu c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o th\u00ec sau khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ta c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eady k\u00edn l\u1ecd v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c l\u1ecd \u0111\u1ef1ng. C\u00e2u 16. V\u00ec sao \u0103n s\u1eafn (c\u1ee7 m\u00ec) \u0111\u00f4i khi b\u1ecb ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 say s\u1eafn)? C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c khi lu\u1ed9c s\u1eafn. V\u1eabn lo\u1ea1i s\u1eafn \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu ph\u01a1i kh\u00f4, gi\u00e3 th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m b\u00e1nh th\u00ec khi \u0103n c\u00f3 b\u1ecb ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng ? T\u1ea1i sao? (\u0110\u1ec1 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh Chuy\u00ean Amsterdam \u2013 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2015 - 2016) H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i Trong s\u1eafn t\u01b0\u01a1i (c\u1ee7 m\u00ec) c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u axit xian hi\u0111ric (ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng c\u1ee7a khoai m\u00ec, m\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1i ...). \u1ede d\u1ea1ng tinh khi\u1ebft, axit xian hidric c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 hidro xianua (HCN) tan nhi\u1ec1u trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c. V\u00ec v\u1eady, khi \u0103n s\u1eafn lu\u1ed9c c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng axit HCN cao th\u00ec s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c (say s\u1eafn). \u2013 \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u1eafn th\u00ec khi lu\u1ed9c s\u1eafn c\u1ea7n g\u1ecdt b\u1ecf v\u1ecf, c\u1eaft 2 \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1ed3i ng\u00e2m trong n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 HCN tan b\u1edbt. Ngo\u00e0i ra do HCN d\u1ec5 bay h\u01a1i n\u00ean khi lu\u1ed9c s\u1eafn c\u1ea7n m\u1edf n\u1eafp vung \u0111\u1ec3 HCN tho\u00e1t ra ngo\u00e0i. \u2013 S\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 ph\u01a1i kh\u00f4, gi\u00e3 th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m b\u00e1nh th\u00ec khi \u0103n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec khi ph\u01a1i kh\u00f4 th\u00ec ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn axit HCN \u0111\u00e3 bay h\u01a1i v\u00e0 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1eafn. CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 BT TH\u1ef0C TI\u1ec4N-TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH-TH\u00cd NGHI\u1ec6M-T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P 346","CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 10: B\u00c0I T\u1eacP T\u1ef0 LUY\u1ec6N L\u00dd THUY\u1ebeT H\u00d3A V\u00d4 C\u01a0-H\u1eeeU C\u01a0 I. NH\u1eacN BI\u1ebeT CH\u1ea4T V\u00d4 C\u01a0 C\u00e2u 1(43): C\u00f3 5 ch\u1ea5t b\u1ed9t ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t: MgO, P2O5, BaO, Na2SO4, Al2O3. H\u00e3y d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t 5 ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y. Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3). C\u00e2u 2(44): C\u00f3 4 \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m, m\u1ed7i \u1ed1ng ch\u1ee9a 1 dung d\u1ecbch mu\u1ed1i (kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f9ng kim lo\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 g\u1ed1c axit) l\u00e0 clorua, sunfat, nitrat, cacbonat c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i Ba, Mg, K, Pb. a) H\u1ecfi m\u1ed7i \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9a dung d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a mu\u1ed1i n\u00e0o? b) N\u00eau ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t 4 \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e2u 3(45): Nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn \u1edf d\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9t g\u1ed3m Al, Cu, Al2O3, CaO, CuO, P2O5 ch\u1ee9a trong c\u00e1c l\u1ecd m\u1ea5t nh\u00e3n? C\u00e2u 4(46): B\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, h\u00e3y nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng, \u0111\u1ef1ng trong c\u00e1c l\u1ecd m\u1ea5t nh\u00e3n sau: P2O5, Mg(OH)2, CaO, NaCl, Ba. Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3). C\u00e2u 5(47): Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft 5 dung d\u1ecbch ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t: HCl, NaOH, Na2SO4, NaCl, NaNO3. Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3). C\u00e2u 6(48): N\u00eau ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c dung d\u1ecbch mu\u1ed1i sau: K2SO3, K2SO4, KCl, KNO3. Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3). C\u00e2u 7(49): Ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hai mu\u1ed1i t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u1eebng dung d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ef1ng trong c\u00e1c l\u1ecd ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t BaCl2, HCl, KCl v\u00e0 KNO3. Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3). C\u00e2u 8(50): Ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng kim lo\u1ea1i bari h\u00e3y nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c l\u1ecd \u0111\u1ef1ng dung d\u1ecbch m\u1ea5t nh\u00e3n sau: FeCl3, Na2SO4, CuCl2, NaNO3. Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. C\u00e2u 9(51): Ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng 1 h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft 4 dung d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ef1ng ri\u00eang trong 4 l\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1n nh\u00e3n: Na2SO3, Na2SO4, Na2CO3, AgNO3. Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu c\u00f3. C\u00e2u 11(52): C\u00f3 4 ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t: KNO3, NaNO3, KCl, NaCl. Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t trong m\u1ed7i l\u1ecd v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. C\u00e2u 12(53): C\u00f3 4 ch\u1ea5t b\u1ed9t m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng l\u00e0 Na2O, P2O5, MgO, Al2O3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng th\u00eam n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 qu\u1ef3 t\u00edm, h\u00e3y n\u00eau c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u1eebng ch\u1ea5t. Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra. C\u00e2u 13(54): N\u00eau c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t 5 dung d\u1ecbch ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t: NaNO3, NaCl, Na2S, Na2SO4, Na2CO3. Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra. C\u00e2u 14(55): D\u00f9ng c\u00e1c thu\u1ed1c th\u1eed: Dung d\u1ecbch Ca(OH)2, dung d\u1ecbch KI, h\u1ed3 tinh b\u1ed9t, dung d\u1ecbch Pb(NO3)2, kh\u00ed O2 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c kh\u00ed: SO2, O3, O2, H2S, H2 \u0111\u1ef1ng trong c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u1ebfu c\u00f3. C\u00e2u 15(56): Ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed1c th\u1eed h\u00e3y tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft 5 dung d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng nh\u00e3n sau \u0111\u00e2y: K2CO3, K2SO3, K2S, BaCl2, Ba(HCO3)2. Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu c\u00f3. C\u00e2u 16(57): C\u00f3 5 ch\u1ea5t b\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ef1ng trong c\u00e1c l\u1ecd ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t: MgO, P2O5, BaO, Na2SO4, Al2O3. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng 2 h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t (t\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn) \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y. Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3). CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 CHINH PH\u1ee4C L\u00dd THUY\u1ebeT H\u00d3A H\u1eccC 9 N\u00c2NG CAO 347","C\u00e2u 17(58): Cho c\u00e1c h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng nh\u00e3n \u0111\u1ef1ng trong c\u00e1c l\u1ecd ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t: Na, MgCl2, FeCl2, FeCl3, AlCl3. Ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng th\u00eam n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e3y nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t tr\u00ean. Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra. C\u00e2u 18(59): Ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng b\u1ed9t s\u1eaft \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thu\u1ed1c th\u1eed, h\u00e3y ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t 5 dung d\u1ecbch ch\u1ee9a trong c\u00e1c l\u1ecd ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t: H2SO4 lo\u00e3ng, Na2SO4, Na2CO3, MgSO4, BaCl2. Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda. C\u00e2u 19(60): C\u00f3 5 ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn d\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9t: CuO, Na2O, Mg, Ag, Al. Ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng th\u00eam dung d\u1ecbch H2SO4 lo\u00e3ng h\u00e3y n\u00eau c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u1eebng ch\u1ea5t, vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. C\u00e2u 20(62): Ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng th\u00eam kim lo\u1ea1i Ba, h\u00e3y tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t 5 dung d\u1ecbch ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ef1ng trong 5 l\u1ecd m\u1ea5t nh\u00e3n l\u00e0 (NH4)2SO4, NH4Cl, Ba(NO3)2, AlCl3, FeCl3. Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. C\u00e2u 21(63): Ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb l\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch phenolphtalein, h\u00e3y nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c dung d\u1ecbch ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u m\u1ea5t nh\u00e3n sau: MgSO4, NaNO3, KOH, BaCl2, Na2SO4. N\u00eau c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. C\u00e2u 22(64): C\u00f3 5 m\u1eabu ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf d\u1ea1ng r\u1eafn b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t nh\u00e3n g\u1ed3m: NH4NO3, Ca3(PO4)2, KCl, K3PO4 v\u00e0 Ca(H2PO4)2. H\u00e3y tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u1eabu ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i tr\u00ean b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc. C\u00e2u 23(65): Ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t, n\u00eau ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c dung d\u1ecbch ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t sau: AlCl3, NaCl, MgCl2, H2SO4, (NH4)2SO4. Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. C\u00e2u 24(66): C\u00f3 3 l\u1ecd b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t nh\u00e3n ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c dung d\u1ecbch: - L\u1ecd X g\u1ed3m K2CO3 v\u00e0 NaHCO3 - L\u1ecd Y g\u1ed3m KHCO3 v\u00e0 Na2SO4 - L\u1ecd Z g\u1ed3m Na2CO3 v\u00e0 K2SO4 Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng dung d\u1ecbch BaCl2 v\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch HCl. N\u00eau c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c l\u1ecd v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc minh h\u1ecda. C\u00e2u 25(67): C\u00f3 6 \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c dung d\u1ecbch sau: NaNO3, CuCl2, Na2SO4, K2CO3, Ba(NO3)2, CaCl2. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng dung d\u1ecbch, bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng khi tr\u1ed9n 1 v\u1edbi 3, 1 v\u1edbi 6, 2 v\u1edbi 3, 2 v\u1edbi 6, 4 v\u1edbi 6 th\u00ec cho k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a. Cho dung d\u1ecbch AgNO3 v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ed1 2 c\u0169ng cho k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a. C\u00e2u 26(68): C\u00f3 6 l\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng nh\u00e3n \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c dung d\u1ecbch ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t sau: HCl, H2SO4, CaCl2, Na2SO4, Ba(OH)2 v\u00e0 KOH. Ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng qu\u1ef3 t\u00edm h\u00e3y nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ef1ng trong m\u1ed7i l\u1ecd. C\u00e2u 27(69): Ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng qu\u00ec t\u00edm, h\u00e3y ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c dung d\u1ecbch m\u1ea5t nh\u00e3n sau: HCl, NaOH, BaCl2, NaCl, H2SO4 v\u00e0 Na2SO4. Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. C\u00e2u 28(70): Trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c dung d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ef1ng trong c\u00e1c l\u1ecd ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t nh\u00e3n: KCl, Al(NO3)3, NaOH, MgSO4, ZnCl2, AgNO3. D\u00f9ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed1c th\u1eed, h\u00e3y nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c dung d\u1ecbch tr\u00ean. Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3). C\u00e2u 29(71): Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed1c th\u1eed h\u00e3y n\u00eau ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c dung d\u1ecbch sau: Fe2(SO4)3, FeSO4, Al2(SO4)3, Na2SO4, MgSO4, (NH4)2SO4. Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. C\u00e2u 30(72): C\u00f3 6 l\u1ecd ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng nh\u00e3n ch\u1ee9a ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn sau: MgO, BaSO4, Zn(OH)2, BaCl2, Na2CO3, NaOH. Ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t tr\u00ean. Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra. C\u00e2u 31(73): Ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 kh\u00ed CO2 h\u00e3y ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t 6 ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn sau: KCl, K2CO3, KHCO3, K2SO4, BaCO3, BaSO4. C\u00e2u 32(75): C\u00f3 7 ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn d\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9t, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nhau: CuO, FeO, MnO2, Fe3O4, Ag2O, FeS, h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p (FeO v\u00e0 Fe). N\u00eau c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn ra t\u1eebng ch\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc, ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed1c th\u1eed. Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 CHINH PH\u1ee4C L\u00dd THUY\u1ebeT H\u00d3A H\u1eccC 9 N\u00c2NG CAO 348","C\u00e2u 33(76): Trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 8 l\u1ecd ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t m\u1ea5t nh\u00e3n \u0111\u1ef1ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c dung d\u1ecbch sau: NaCl, NaNO3, MgCl2, Mg(NO3)2, AlCl3, Al(NO3)3, CuCl2, Cu(NO3)2. B\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc h\u00e3y nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft m\u1ed7i dung d\u1ecbch? Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 ghi r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3). C\u00e2u 34(77): C\u00f3 3 kim lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u1ec1 d\u1ea1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i: Mg, Al, Cu, Ag, Fe, Zn, Ni, Hg, Pb. N\u1ebfu cho c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch axit HCl, dung d\u1ecbch axit H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c ngu\u1ed9i v\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch NaOH ta c\u00f3 k\u1ebft q\u1ee7a nh\u01b0 sau: Thu\u1ed1c th\u1eed Kim lo\u1ea1i X Kim lo\u1ea1i Y Kim lo\u1ea1i Z HCl - + + H2SO4 \u0111\u1eb7c ngu\u1ed9i + - + NaOH -++ Trong \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ea5u c\u1ed9ng (+) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 kim lo\u1ea1i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00f2n d\u1ea5u tr\u1eeb (-) ch\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh 3 kim lo\u1ea1i, vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. C\u00e2u 35(78): C\u00f3 4 \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9a 4 dung d\u1ecbch: Na2CO3, CaCl2, HCl, NH4HCO3 m\u1ea5t nh\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 4. H\u00e3y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i dung d\u1ecbch n\u1ebfu bi\u1ebft: - \u0110\u1ed5 \u1ed1ng 1 v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng 3 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a. - \u0110\u1ed5 \u1ed1ng 3 v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng 4 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 kh\u00ed bay ra. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t trong m\u1ed7i l\u1ecd v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch? Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3). C\u00e2u 36(79): Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft 4 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ef1ng trong 4 l\u1ecd m\u1ea5t nh\u00e3n: H2O, dung d\u1ecbch HCl, dung d\u1ecbch Na2CO3, dung d\u1ecbch NaCl m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed1c th\u1eed n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3). C\u00e2u 37(80): Kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, n\u00eau ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft 4 l\u1ecd \u0111\u1ef1ng 4 dung d\u1ecbch b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t nh\u00e3n sau: Na2CO3, BaCl2, NaCl, HCl. Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. C\u00e2u 38(81): C\u00f3 4 l\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng nh\u00e3n \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c dung d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u l\u00e0 NaCl, H2SO4, Ba(OH)2, Na2CO3. B\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng th\u00eam c\u00e1c h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c dung d\u1ecbch tr\u00ean. Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. C\u00e2u 39(83): Cho 5 l\u1ecd h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 5. M\u1ed7i l\u1ecd ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c dung d\u1ecbch h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t sau \u0111\u00e2y: Na2SO4, (CH3COO)2Ca, Al(NO3)3, NaOH, BaCl2. Ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9a trong l\u1ecd s\u1ed1 m\u1ea5y? Bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: - Dung d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a l\u1ecd th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a l\u1ecd th\u1ee9 ba c\u00f3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng sinh ra. - Dung d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a l\u1ecd th\u1ee9 hai t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a l\u1ecd th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o ra k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng, k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i tan n\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho th\u00eam dung d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a l\u1ecd th\u1ee9 hai. - Dung d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a l\u1ecd th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a l\u1ecd th\u1ee9 n\u0103m l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a, sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a khi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho th\u00eam dung d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a l\u1ecd th\u1ee9 t\u01b0. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch? Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. C\u00e2u 40(84): Kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng th\u00eam b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, n\u00eau ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft ra c\u00e1c dung d\u1ecbch sau: NaCl, BaCl2, Ag2SO4, H2SO4, Ba(NO3)2. Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3). C\u00e2u 41(85): C\u00f3 5 l\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng nh\u00e3n \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c dung d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u l\u00e0 NaCl, H2SO4, CuSO4, BaCl2, NaOH. B\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng th\u00eam c\u00e1c h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c h\u00e3y tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c dung d\u1ecbch tr\u00ean. Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. C\u00e2u 42(86): Kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng thu\u1ed1c th\u1eed n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c h\u00e3y ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c dung d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ef1ng trong c\u00e1c l\u1ecd ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t: NaHCO3, Na2CO3, BaCl2, Na3PO4, H2SO4. Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 CHINH PH\u1ee4C L\u00dd THUY\u1ebeT H\u00d3A H\u1eccC 9 N\u00c2NG CAO 349","C\u00e2u 43(87): C\u00f3 5 l\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng nh\u00e3n \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c dung d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u l\u00e0 NaHCO3, HCl, Ba(HCO3)2, MgCl2, NaCl. B\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng th\u00eam c\u00e1c h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c dung d\u1ecbch tr\u00ean. Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. C\u00e2u 44(88): C\u00f3 5 l\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng nh\u00e3n \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c dung d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u l\u00e0 NaOH, NH4Cl, BaCl2, MgCl2, H2SO4. B\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng th\u00eam c\u00e1c h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c dung d\u1ecbch tr\u00ean. Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. C\u00e2u 45(89): C\u00f3 6 \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 6 ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 dung d\u1ecbch sau: so\u0111a, axit clohi\u0111ric, b\u1ea1c nitrat, x\u00fat, nh\u00f4m clorua, bari clorua. Bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: - Dung d\u1ecbch (2) cho k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch (1), l\u00e0m s\u1ee7i b\u1ecdt kh\u00ed khi g\u1eb7p dung d\u1ecbch (4). - Dung d\u1ecbch (4) t\u1ea1o k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch (3) \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch (5) nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u00eam kh\u00ed xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. - Dung d\u1ecbch (1) cho k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a \u0111en v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch (6). - Dung d\u1ecbch (5) t\u1ea1o k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tr\u1eafng keo v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch (6) d\u01b0 nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a tan d\u1ea7n. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c dung d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng minh h\u1ecda. C\u00e2u 46(90): Kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng th\u00eam thu\u1ed1c th\u1eed, b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc h\u00e3y nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft 6 dung d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u: MgCl2, NaHCO3, H2SO4, BaCl2, NaCl v\u00e0 NaOH \u0111\u1ef1ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh m\u1ea5t nh\u00e3n. Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. C\u00e2u 47(91): Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ee9ng minh trong tinh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng sunfat ng\u1eadm n\u01b0\u1edbc (CuSO4.5H2O) c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u1edbc tinh khi\u1ebft. C\u00e2u 48(92): M\u1ed9t h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p g\u1ed3m Al, FeO v\u00e0 Cu. H\u00e3y d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra t\u1eebng ch\u1ea5t trong h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p. C\u00e2u 49(110): Ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t kim lo\u1ea1i t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c l\u1ecd ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t m\u1ea5t nh\u00e3n c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a dung d\u1ecbch NaCl, dung d\u1ecbch HCl, dung d\u1ecbch NaNO3. Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc minh h\u1ecda. C\u00e2u 50(111): Cho c\u00e1c dung d\u1ecbch ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t m\u1ea5t nh\u00e3n sau: Na2SO4, AlCl3, FeCl2, NaHSO4, FeCl3. M\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh cho r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng dung d\u1ecbch Na2S th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c dung d\u1ecbch tr\u00ean ngay \u1edf l\u1ea7n th\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng? V\u00ec sao? C\u00e2u 51(112): C\u00f3 5 l\u1ecd h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u1ed7i l\u1ecd ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t dung d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t sau: NaOH, HCl, H2SO4, BaCl2, Na2SO4. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng th\u00eam phenolphtalein (v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7). H\u00e3y tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn ra 5 h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t tr\u00ean v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3). C\u00e2u 53(113): C\u00f3 5 l\u1ecd h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t nh\u00e3n ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t sau: BaCl2, Na2CO3, H2SO4, NaOH, (NH4)2SO4. Kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng th\u00eam thu\u1ed1c th\u1eed h\u00e3y nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t tr\u00ean? Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3). C\u00e2u 54(114): Ho\u00e0 tan h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn g\u1ed3m Na2O, Na2CO3, NaHCO3 v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dung d\u1ecbch A. H\u00e3y tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 trong dung d\u1ecbch A. C\u00e2u 55(115): Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ef1ng trong c\u00e1c l\u1ecd m\u1ea5t nh\u00e3n sau: a) Dung d\u1ecbch AlCl3 v\u00e0 ZnCl2. b) Etilen v\u00e0 axetilen (ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc brom l\u00e0m thu\u1ed1c th\u1eed). CHUY\u00caN \u0110\u1ec0 CHINH PH\u1ee4C L\u00dd THUY\u1ebeT H\u00d3A H\u1eccC 9 N\u00c2NG CAO 350"]