LỊCH SỬ VIỆT NAM _ VŨ DUY MỀN Chủ biên_ NXB KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI _ Tập 1

["Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang Trong V\u00e3n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i r\u00ecu t\u1ee9 gi\u00e1c, r\u00ecu c\u00f3 vai, b\u00e0n m\u00e0i, b\u00e0n k\u00ea, b\u00e0n gh\u1ed1, ch\u00e0y nghi\u1ec1n, khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac bang \u0111\u00e1 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u. L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tim th\u1ea5y qu\u1ea3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1. \u0110\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 nh\u01b0 v\u00f2ng tay, v\u00f2ng tai b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 m\u00e0u xanh l\u00e1 c\u00e2y, ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 th\u1ea1ch anh, h\u1ea1t chu\u1ed7i b\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1 m\u00e3 n\u00e3o v\u1eabn \u0111u\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n s\u1eeb d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u. \u0110\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i di v\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u trong c\u00e1c di ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ed3 gom v\u1eabn l\u00e0 v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m quan t\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ed3 t\u00f9y t\u00e1ng, m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed1m v\u1ee1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00ea hay l\u00e1t m\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft. \u0110\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i hinh g\u1ed3m khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac; n\u1ed3i n\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ed3ng; dpi xe ch\u1ec9; ch\u00ec l\u01b0\u1edbi; \u0111\u1ed3 gia d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 b\u00ecnh, v\u00f2, ch\u1eadu, b\u00e1t, ch\u00f5 (lo\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. Ch\u00f5 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3 x\u00f4i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1m nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i g\u1ea1o n\u1ebfp, g\u1ea1o t\u1ebb nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ef1a, \u0103n ngon h\u01a1n); ch\u1ea1c g\u1ed1m; bi g\u1ed1m v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, v.v... Ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng v\u00e0 hoa v\u0103n trang tr\u00ed giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u tuy ti\u1ebfp thu, k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng g\u1ed1m G\u00f2 Mun, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n mu\u1ed9n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 suy tho\u00e1i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf vi\u1ec7c trang tr\u00ed hoa v\u0103n ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n, c\u1ea9u th\u1ea3. \u1ede m\u1ed7i khu v\u1ef1c l\u1ea1i l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng ri\u00eang. \u1ede khu v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh lo\u1ea1i n\u1ed3i, b\u00ecnh. Khu v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng M\u00e3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ec3n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lo\u1ea1i b\u00ecnh con ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 v\u00f2. Khu v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng C\u1ea3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1i v\u00f2 c\u00f3 mi\u1ec7ng r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n th\u00e2n... \u1edc giai \u0111o\u1ea1n V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 V TCN - thu\u1ed9c s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c th\u1ee7y tinh, v\u1edbi 5.000 hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt g\u1ed3m v\u00f2ng tay, khuy\u00ean tai v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t chu\u1ed7i. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb th\u1ee7y tinh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7; v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, t\u1eeb m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng \u0111\u1ee5c, xanh \u0111en... \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e0u da cam, t\u00edm, \u0111\u1ecf. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ee7y tinh ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111i\u00eau luy\u1ec7n, do c\u00f2n b\u1ecdt kh\u00ed v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0u; m\u1edbi chi t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u00e0u s\u1eafc ri\u00eang (\u0111om l\u1ebb). 99","L\u1ecaCH S \u1eed VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft t\u00edch v\u00e0 di v\u1eadt v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed7, tre, n\u1ee9a l\u00e1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tim th\u1ea5y trong V\u00e0n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. H\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 s\u00e0n, h\u00ecnh thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n; m\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Kh\u00ea, quan t\u00e0i l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n c\u00e2y g\u1ed7 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn d\u00e0i 4,76m, r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn 0,77m. Ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi ngh\u1ec1 m\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1ee5c. N\u1ebfu ngh\u1ec1 m\u1ed9c ch\u01b0a kh\u00e9o th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 s\u00e0n b\u1ec1n ch\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u01b0 th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. Ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecd kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea1 ho\u1eb7c kho\u00e9t th\u00e2n c\u00e2y g\u1ed7 l\u1edbn l\u00e0m quan t\u00e0i nhu m\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Kh\u00ea. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed7, tre, n\u1ee9a, l\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 tham gia t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng b\u1edfi b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng. C\u00e1c di v\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng phong ph\u00fa v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c. Di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n mang s\u1eafc th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ri\u00eang, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0o \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t g\u1ed3m r\u00ecu, l\u01b0\u1ee1i x\u00e9o h\u00ecnh b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n g\u00f3t tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c g\u00f3t vu\u00f4ng, r\u00ecu h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt, r\u00ecu x\u00f2e c\u00e2n h\u00ecnh b\u00e1n nguy\u1ec7t, riu x\u00f2e c\u00e2n h\u00ecnh cung, r\u00ecu l\u01b0\u1ee1i l\u1ec7ch.v.v... Tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfc riu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n kh\u1eafc trang tri hoa v\u0103n sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, hoa v\u0103n h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc. R\u00ecu l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 qu\u00fd d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t c\u00e2y l\u00e0m n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby, l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn quanh n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa; d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f5o c\u1ed9t d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. R\u00ecu l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 v\u0169 kh\u00ed chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng th\u00fa d\u1eef; ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i k\u1ebb th\u00f9 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c ho\u1eb7c li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c. Chi\u1ebfc riu \u0111\u1ed3ng, sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u00ecu s\u1eaft, \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed v\u00e0 s\u01a1 s\u1eed cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. L\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u00e0y h\u1ec9nh qu\u1ea3 tim, h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c, h\u00ecnh ch\u00e2n v\u1ecbt, h\u00ecnh c\u00e1nh b\u01b0\u1edbm. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y g\u1ea7n 200 chi\u1ebfc l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u00e0y v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh n\u00eau tr\u00ean. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng, hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a V\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p d\u00f9ng c\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. Vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay tr\u00e2u, b\u00f2 l\u00e0m s\u1ee9c k\u00e9o c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Song trong c\u00e1c di chi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y 100","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang nhi\u1ec1u x\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00e2u, b\u00f2. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e2u, b\u00f2 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 v\u1eadt nu\u00f4i trong nh\u00e0 th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Cu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed3ng, x\u00e8ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, thu\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00e1 quen thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4ng Som d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn quanh nh\u00e0, t\u1ea1o ra ngu\u1ed3n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ra nh\u1eefng l\u01b0\u1ee1i dao g\u1eb7t, l\u01b0\u1ee1i li\u1ec1m hay l\u01b0\u1ee1i nh\u00edp b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec3 thu ho\u1ea1ch l\u00faa r\u1ea5t thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ee5c c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee5c v\u0169m, \u0111\u1ee5c l\u01b0\u1ee1i d\u1eb9t chu\u00f4i \u0111\u1eb7c. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu khi l\u00e0m m\u1ed9c. C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f2n c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i kim, \u0111inh ba, \u0111inh hai, l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u00e2u, dao, dao kh\u1eafc, m\u00f3c b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ra qu\u1ea3 c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng thay th\u1ebf qu\u1ea3 c\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Theo \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, qu\u1ea3 c\u00e2n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng, thi\u1ebfc tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u00fac, luy\u1ec7n ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt. Ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh xa, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 lao, \u0111\u1ea7u m\u0169i t\u00ean. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1eafn t\u00ean t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 cung, n\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 ho\u1eb7c tre. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n b\u1ed9 l\u1eaby n\u1ecf c\u00f3 h\u1ed9p, c\u00f3 r\u00e3nh \u0111\u1eb7t m\u0169i t\u00ean, c\u00f3 n\u1ea5c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef d\u00e2y n\u1ecf, c\u00f3 l\u1eaby cong \u0111\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f3p c\u00f2, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n \u1edd l\u00e0ng V\u1ea1c, cho th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng cung n\u1ecf c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n r\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i h\u1ea1i khi s\u0103n b\u1eafn, chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 Ih\u1ec3 tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Gi\u00e1o hlnh b\u00fap da, h\u00ecnh l\u00e1 mla. Lao c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0ng k\u00edch c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf hom. V\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u00e1nh g\u1ea7n c\u00f3 dao g\u0103m. Dao g\u0103m c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ec3u ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n c\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1c ch\u1eafn. Nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfc dao g\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac r\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng phu1. Chu\u00f4i dao \u0111\u00fac h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam ho\u1eb7c n\u1eef, y ph\u1ee5c hoa v\u0103n trang s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u00ea, s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ph\u1ea7n c\u00e1n dao g\u0103m c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea1m tr\u1ed5 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 r\u1eafn ng\u1eadm ch\u00e2n h\u1ed5, h\u1ed5 ng\u1eadm ch\u00e2n voi, 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 X, S\u0111d, tr. 119: \\\"\u0110\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1edbi 230 chi\u1ebfc (dao g\u0103m); \u1ee9ong \u0111\u00f3 L\u00e0ng V\u1ea1c c\u1ecf 130, khu m\u1ed9 \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n 30, Thi\u1ec7u D\u01b0\u01a1ng 10, N\u00fai N\u1ea5p 10, Ph\u00fa L\u01b0\u01a1ng 6, L\u00e0ng C\u1ea3 5, G\u00f2 De 3, Vi\u1ec7t Kh\u00ea 3....\\\" 101","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 hay r\u1eafn ng\u1eadm ch\u00e2n voi... Ngo\u00e0i ra, v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 r\u00ecu chi\u1ebfn, b\u00faa chi\u1ebfn, bao tay, bao ch\u00e2n, t\u1ea5m che ng\u1ef1c. Nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m che ng\u1ef1c h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng hay h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt, \u1edd b\u1ed1n g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u1ed7 bu\u1ed9c d\u00e2y. Tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t t\u1ea5m che ng\u1ef1c c\u00f3 trang tr\u00ed hoa v\u0103n h\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f3a trang l\u00f4ng chim \u0111ang ch\u00e8o thuy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ea5m che ng\u1ef1c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong m\u1ed9 \u1edf l\u00e0ng C\u1ea3, Thi\u1ec7u D\u01b0\u01a1ng, L\u1eadt Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf, l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t m\u1ecfng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u00f9y t\u00e1ng, n\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m che ng\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 m\u1ecfng hom th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong m\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Kh\u00ea \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ea5m m\u1ed9c b\u1eb1ng da s\u01a1n v\u1ebd hoa v\u0103n, tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y t\u1ea5m che ng\u1ef1c b\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, m\u1ed9c b\u1eb1ng da l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 v\u0169 kh\u00ed th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn binh \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. Vi\u1ec7c trang b\u1ecb v\u0169 kh\u00ed nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf t\u00ednh chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn binh \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. Trong b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, qua l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed xem nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Qua \u0111\u00e1 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean, \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu s\u1eeb d\u1ee5ng. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n qua \u0111\u00e1 m\u00e0 l\u00e0 qua \u0111\u1ed3ng. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc qua gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 qua Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ra nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc qua mang d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00e1 r\u00f5. Tr\u00ean qua c\u00f3 trang tr\u00ed hoa v\u0103n v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt chi c\u00f3 \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam nh\u01b0 h\u1ed5, voi, c\u00e1 s\u1ea5u, chim.v.v... Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed n\u00eau tr\u00ean chi mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. B\u1eddi khi h\u1eefu s\u1ef1 th\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng v\u0169 kh\u00ed th\u00f4 s\u01a1 m\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1ee3i h\u1ea1i. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng sinh ho\u1ea1t r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa; c\u00f3 b\u00ecnh, l\u1ecd, v\u00f2, \u00e2u, n\u1ed3i, \u1ea5m, ch\u1eadu, b\u00e1t, \u0111\u0129a, khay, mu\u00f4i.v.v... \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc th\u1ed1, th\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u k\u00edch c\u1ee1 to nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c nhau, trang tr\u00ed hoa v\u0103n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng. Th\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00e0o Th\u1ecbnh thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh - to \u0111\u1eb9p. Tr\u00ean n\u1eafp c\u0169ng c\u00f3 hoa v\u00e3n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 hoa v\u0103n tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 4 kh\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4i nam n\u1eef \u0111ang giao ph\u1ed1i h\u1ed3n nhi\u00ean. Th\u00e2n th\u1ea1p l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea3i hoa v\u0103n h\u00ecnh thuy\u1ec1n, h\u00ecnh chim L\u1ea1c nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. 102","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang Chi\u1ebfc mu\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Kh\u00ea thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ea7u m\u00fac gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc ca h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5, c\u00e1n d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea7u u\u1ed1n cong, tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 g\u1eafn t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ed3i th\u1ed5i kh\u00e8n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng trang tr\u00ed hoa v\u0103n, h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, chim L\u1ea1c tr\u00ean th\u1ea1p, th\u1ed1, mu\u00f4i ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng sinh s\u00f4i, no \u0111\u00f9 c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed3ng g\u1ed3m c\u1ed3ng chi\u00eang, thanh la, l\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c, kh\u00e8n, chu\u00f4ng, tr\u1ed1ng; nh\u01b0ng m\u1edbi chi t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y chu\u00f4ng, tr\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f2ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc, khi\u1ebfn V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng kh\u00f4ng chi \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u1edf tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i di v\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. Theo c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a F.Heger' nh\u1eefng tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i I. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t g\u1ecdi ch\u00fang l\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y h\u01a1n 150 tr\u1ed1ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 100 tr\u1ed1ng minh kh\u00ed2. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam, tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ed5 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i, song tr\u1ed1ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t. B\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c tr\u1ed1ng h\u00e0i h\u00f2a, hoa v\u0103n r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa, tinh t\u1ebf, kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 s\u00e0n, thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f3a trang ch\u00e8o thuy\u1ec1n hay mang y ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111ang gi\u00e3 g\u1ea1o, nh\u1ea3y m\u00faa, ho\u1eb7c tay c\u1ea7m v\u0169 kh\u00ed. Nh\u1eefng hoa v\u0103n h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, h\u00ecnh tia m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, hay h\u00ecnh chim, c\u00e1, h\u01b0\u01a1u, c\u00e1o... m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c3. Trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, 1. Kh\u00e1o c\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam. T\u1eadp II - Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i kim kh\u00ed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, S\u0111d, tr. 250: \\\"Tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i di v\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u1ea5t c\u00f9a V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng Son. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i, lo\u1ea1i I theo c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a F. Heger. Ng\u00e0y nay, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t g\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i tr\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n\\\". 2. C\u01a1 s\u1edf Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc, S\u0111d, tr. 200. 3. C\u01a1 s\u1edf Kh\u00e1o c\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc, S\u0111d, tr. 200: \\\"Lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1ecda ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a v\u00e0nh hoa v\u0103n (tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u1ed1ng) n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c nhau. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec cho l\u00e0 b\u00e1t qu\u00e1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec b\u1ea3o c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00fac tr\u1ed1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i cho l\u00e0 gi\u00e3 g\u1ea1o, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh r\u01b0\u1edbc thuy\u1ec1n h\u1ed3n. Th\u1ef1c ra, c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 n\u00e0o xem ra c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a h\u1ee3p l\u00fd n\u00ean ch\u01b0a thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c\\\". 103","L\u1ecaCH S \u1eeb VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 \u1ee9\u1ed1ng Ng\u1ecdc L\u0169 (H\u00e0 Nam) tuy\u1ec7t m\u1ef9 l\u00e0 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t cho tr\u1ed1ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ecba b\u00e0n ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 t\u1eadp trung nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n thu\u1ed9c mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n c\u00f2n v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Trang Qu\u1ed1c - V\u00e2n Nam - Qu\u00e0ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 nh\u01b0 L\u00e0o, Th\u00e1i Lan, Campuchia, Malaysia, Indonesia. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng phong ph\u00fa h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111eo c\u1ed5, \u0111eo tay, \u0111eo ch\u00e2n, khuy\u00ean tai, kh\u00f3a th\u1eaft l\u01b0ng. Ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc kh\u00f3a th\u1eaft l\u01b0ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf L\u00e0ng C\u1ea3, g\u1ed3m hai m\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng 2 chi\u1ebfc m\u00f3c. M\u1ed7i m\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00fac n\u1ed3i h\u00ecnh 4 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u00f9a v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u hoa v\u0103n kh\u00e1c. Chi\u1ebfc kh\u00f3a th\u1eaft l\u01b0ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, c\u0169ng g\u1ed3m hai m\u1ea3ng, n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng m\u00f3c. M\u1ed7i m\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn 6 nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ecf. Nh\u1eefng kho\u00e1 d\u00e2y l\u01b0ng ki\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 \u1edf L\u00e0ng C\u1ea3, \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n c\u00f3 l\u1ebd d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ean. Lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u00edt g\u1eb7p trong V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00f2n g\u1eafn tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa, h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0: t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f4i nam n\u1eef \u1eeb\u00ean th\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00e0o Th\u1ecbnh; t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ed3i th\u1ed5i kh\u00e8n tr\u00ean c\u00e1n mu\u00f4i Vi\u1ec7t Kh\u00ea, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean c\u00e1n dao g\u0103m, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i c. Hay nh\u01b0 kh\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u00f9a l\u00e0m kh\u00f3a th\u00e1t l\u01b0ng, ho\u1eb7c kh\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng chim \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng voi \u00e0 L\u00e0ng V\u1ea1c, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn tr\u00ean thanh \u0111\u1ed3ng, tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u1ed1ng minh kh\u00ed.v.v... T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ec1u h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. C\u01b0 d\u00e2n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng ph\u1ed3n th\u1ef1c s\u01a1 khai, h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc (thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean), c\u00e1c con v\u1eadt g\u1ea7n g\u0169i nhau. T\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00f2n \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n tuy ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao nh\u01b0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00fac hoa v\u0103n ch\u00ecm hay n\u1ed5i tr\u00ean tr\u1ed1ng, th\u1ea1p nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean phong c\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea1i. 104","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l i S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ntr\u1eedc V\u0103n Lang Trong V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft ch\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng; nh\u01b0ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt khai m\u1ecf, luy\u1ec7n qu\u1eb7ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Quan s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m cho th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ho\u00e0n nguy\u00ean ho\u1eb7c th\u1ed5i s\u1ed1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 luy\u1ec7n ra s\u1eaft, \u0111\u00fac gang, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1eaft trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u00e8n v\u00e0 gia c\u00f4ng ngu\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ed3 s\u1eaft th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 n\u1ed3i n\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ed3ng, l\u01b0\u1ee1i mai, cu\u1ed1c, li\u1ec1m, dao, \u0111\u1ee5c; v\u0169 kh\u00ed g\u1ed3m gi\u00e1o, lao, ki\u1ebfm, r\u00ecu. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng s\u1eaft nh\u01b0 v\u00f2ng c\u1ed5, v\u00f2ng tay v\u00e0 khuy\u00ean tai. V\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, s\u1eaft c\u00f2n l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng di v\u1eadt s\u1eaft t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt khai luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u00e0 s\u1eaft. B\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt t\u00f2 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed3ng sang c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e0 cho nh\u1eebng chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. III. TR\u1ea0NG TH\u00c1I KINH T\u1ebe Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, theo nh\u01b0 quan ni\u1ec7m trong truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i 2.000 n\u0103m TCN, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng thau \u0111\u1ebfn s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn cao. Khi m\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt luy\u1ec7n kim, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng thau ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111inh cao v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp sang s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1eaft \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1eeb d\u00e3 man chuy\u1ebfn sang v\u0103n minh. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t cao ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, s\u00f4ng M\u00e3 v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng C\u1ea3. Nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 sa m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chinh ph\u1ee5c r\u1eebng r\u1eadm, \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y m\u1edf mang \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u1eadu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi, gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a n\u00f3ng \u1ea9m, n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u01b0 th\u1eeba, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai ph\u00ec nhi\u00eau b\u00ean c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn \u1edf \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Trung B\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed3ng c\u1ea5y c\u00e2y l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ti\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean, \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu, G\u00f2 Mun, kh\u1ea3o 105","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 C\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y di t\u00edch v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t l\u00faa. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, l\u00faa g\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee9 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nen n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng cu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1 th\u1eddi Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean sang d\u00f9ng cu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed3ng, li\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu, G\u00f2 Mun v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1c s\u1eaft th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, trong canh t\u00e1c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt - \\\"c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng\\\" trong vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c k\u00e9o c\u1ee7a tr\u00e2u, b\u00f2 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea5t. S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m th\u1ee5c h\u01a1n, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch canh t\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t thu ho\u1ea1ch t\u0103ng l\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01b0 tr\u00fa d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n n\u00fai, ven thung l\u0169ng, c\u1ea1nh s\u00f4ng, su\u1ed1i v\u00e0 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3i g\u00f2 mi\u1ec1n trung du ven s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 khai ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gieo tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y l\u00faa. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c canh t\u00e1c c\u00f3 hai h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u01b0\u01a1ng (r\u1eaby) v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng. N\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c canh t\u00e1c c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai, \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh d\u1ed1c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m thu\u1ef7 l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00e2m canh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00f9ng r\u00ecu, dao ph\u00e1t c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i, d\u00f9ng l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y th\u00e0nh tro than, r\u1ed3i d\u00f9ng c\u1ecdc g\u1ed7, tre nh\u1ecdn ch\u1ecdc l\u1ed7, tra h\u1ea1t. L\u1ed1i canh t\u00e1c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trong L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i l\u00e0 \\\"\u0110ao canh h\u1ecfa ch\u00f9ng\\\" - c\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng dao, tr\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng l\u1eeda. Ho\u1eb7c theo ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a H\u1eadu H\u00e1n th\u01b0: ''C\u1eebu Ch\u00e2n (B\u1eafc Trung B\u1ed9) c\u00f3 t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1t c\u1ecf m\u00e0 tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt\u201d'. L\u1ed1i canh t\u00e1c n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby (c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai) v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. L\u00faa n\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i l\u00faa n\u1ebfp, h\u1ea1t tr\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ef1a, kh\u00f3 n\u1ea5u. N\u00ean vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ra ch\u00f5 g\u1ed1m (sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u1eeb g\u1ed7) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3 x\u00f4i, \u0103n ngon h\u01a1n. G\u1ea1o n\u1ebfp c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng tre lam, \u0111em n\u01b0\u1edbng, th\u00e0nh th\u1ee9 c\u01a1m lam \u0103n d\u1ebbo ngon, c\u00f2n truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u1edf mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai Vi\u1ec7t Nam. 1. Phan Huy L\u00ea, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn. Phan Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u00e0o tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn, Nxb. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2005, tr. 49. 106","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang Ru\u1ed9ng \u1edd v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed3m ru\u1ed9ng ph\u00f9 sa ven c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn, ru\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t cao, ru\u1ed9ng \u1edf ch\u00e2n tr\u0169ng ven \u0111\u1ea7m, h\u1ed3. S\u00e1ch Thu\u1ef3 kinh ch\u00fa (th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 V-VI) c\u00f3 d\u1eabn l\u1ea1i s\u00e1ch Giao Ch\u00e2u ngo\u1ea1i v\u1ef1c k\u00fd (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IV) ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"Ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a khi Giao Chi ch\u01b0a chia th\u00e0nh qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n, ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ru\u1ed9ng L\u1ea1c, ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 theo n\u01b0\u1edbc tri\u1ec1u l\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng, d\u00e2n kh\u1ea9n ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0103n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u00e2n L\u1ea1c\\\"1. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi \\\"L\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec1n\\\" l\u00e0 ru\u1ed9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u01b0 d\u00e2n L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng theo m\u00f9a, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u00f9a n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e0y ru\u1ed9ng. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111\u00ea, m\u1ed7i khi m\u00f9a l\u0169 l\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4ng tr\u00e0n b\u1edd, khi r\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i ph\u00f9 sa m\u00e0u m\u1ee1, t\u1ed1t cho s\u1ef1 sinh tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f9a c\u00e2y l\u00faa. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ru\u1ed9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c canh t\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt d\u00f9ng c\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c k\u00e9o c\u1ee7a tr\u00e2u, b\u00f2; ho\u1eb7c \\\"\u0111ao canh th\u1ee7y n\u00e2u\\\" - c\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng \u0111ao, l\u00e0m n\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. \\\"H\u1ecfa canh th\u1ee7y n\u1eadu\\\" - c\u00e0y bang l\u1eeba, l\u00e0m n\u00e1t b\u00e0ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i canh t\u00e1c ph\u00e1t c\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ed1t c\u1ecf, th\u00e1o n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o ru\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0m n\u00e1t r\u1ed3i gieo tr\u1ed3ng. Ru\u1ed9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 b\u1edd bao \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e2m canh t\u0103ng v\u1ee5. Gi\u1ed1ng l\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn th\u1eddi V\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n l\u00e0 l\u00faa n\u1ebfp. Ngo\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft b\u00e1nh ch\u01b0ng b\u00e1nh d\u1ea7y, s\u00e1ch L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i c\u00f2n cho bi\u1ebft th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \\\"\u0111\u1eaft s\u00e1n nhi\u1ec1u g\u1ea1o n\u1ebfp\\\". Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u t\u00edch v\u1ecf tr\u1ea5u, h\u1ea1t l\u00faa \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i nh\u01b0 L\u00e0ng C\u1ea3, \u0110\u00f4ng Ti\u1ebfn, L\u00e0ng V\u1ea1c... Ket qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t tr\u00f2n thu\u1ed9c l\u00faa n\u1ebfp, h\u1ea1t thon d\u00e0i l\u00e0 l\u00faa t\u1ebb. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng l\u00faa li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f9a v\u1ee5. L\u00faa n\u1ebfp l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea5m c\u00f9a v\u1ee5 m\u00f9a. Song c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 gieo tr\u1ed3ng hai v\u1ee5 chi\u00eam, m\u00f9a hay ch\u01b0a, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u1ea7n th\u00eam nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng, ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng. Truy\u1ec7n d\u01b0a h\u1ea5u, truy\u1ec7n c\u00e2y cau trong L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i ghi l\u1ea1i truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2n gian, vi\u1ec7c Mai An Ti\u00eam tr\u1ed3ng d\u01b0a h\u1ea5u v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00edch tr\u1ea7u cau r\u1ea5t c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng. Sau n\u00e0y, tr\u1ea7u cau nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu khi c\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3i kh\u00e1ch c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. B\u1ea7u, b\u00ed, rau, I. L\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ea1o Nguy\u00ean, Th\u00fay kinh ch\u00fa, Q.VI, tr. 62, B\u1ea3n in c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ee5 \u1ea5n th\u01b0 qu\u00e1n, B\u1eafc Kinh, 1958. 107","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 \u0111\u1eadu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng \u1edf v\u01b0\u1eddn quanh nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ee9c \u0103n. v \u1ecf b\u1ea7u gi\u00e0 l\u00e0m g\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ef1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby, l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn l\u00e0 ba h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt. Ket h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec ngh\u1ec1 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i, h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m, s\u0103n b\u1eafn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1. Ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i g\u00e1n ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng, ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch ra th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec1 ri\u00eang. Tr\u00e2u, b\u00f2, ch\u00f3, l\u1ee3n, g\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con v\u1eadt nu\u00f4i quen thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u x\u01b0\u01a1ng, r\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong c\u00e1c di chi c\u01b0 tr\u00fa. S\u1ef1 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt nu\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda th\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trang tr\u00ed r\u1ea5t s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t nung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf di chi x\u00f3m D\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu. T\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf di chi Vinh Quang, Chi\u1ec1n V\u1eady thu\u1ed9c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. C\u0169ng \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00f2 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t nung. Tr\u00ean tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0110\u1ed3i Ro, L\u00e0ng V\u1ea1c c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c h\u00ecnh b\u00f2 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p. T\u1ea1i di t\u00edch \u0110\u00ecnh Ch\u00e0ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00e2u b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1. C\u0169ng \u1edf l\u00e0ng V\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u1ee3ng voi c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean c\u00e1n dao. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho r\u00e0ng, v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, ngh\u1ec1 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i tr\u00e2u b\u00f2 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng hom tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y th\u1ecbt, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ee9c k\u00e9o ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Kinh t\u1ebf h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m v\u00e0 s\u0103n b\u1eafn v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng duy tr\u00ec, khai th\u00e1c. Tuy con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn xu\u1ed1ng khai ph\u00e1 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, s\u00f4ng M\u00e3, s\u00f4ng C\u1ea3 nh\u01b0ng xung quanh h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u khu r\u1eebng r\u1eadm v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y, s\u00f4ng, h\u1ed3 bao ph\u1ee7. Vi\u1ec7c h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m rau, c\u1ee7 cho b\u1ed9t nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y quang lang t\u1eeb r\u1eebng b\u1ed5 sung ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ee9c \u0103n quan tr\u1ecdng cho con ngu\u1eddi. So v\u1edbi h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c s\u0103n b\u1eafn gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u0103n b\u1eafn g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i th\u00fa r\u1eebng: h\u01b0\u01a1u, nai, ho\u1eb5ng, l\u1ee3n r\u1eebng, khi, c\u1ea7y h\u01b0\u01a1ng... v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i th\u00fa to l\u1edbn, hoang d\u00e3 nh\u01b0 voi, h\u1ed5, t\u00ea gi\u00e1c... Vi\u1ec7c s\u0103n b\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng cung c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ecbt 108","Ch\u01b0cmg II. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang t\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ed1ng cho b\u1eefa \u0103n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cung c\u1ea5p da, x\u01b0\u01a1ng, s\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng. S\u0103n b\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng th\u00fa d\u1eef, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n d\u00e0i, nhi\u1ec1u s\u00f4ng su\u1ed1i, ao, \u0111\u1ea7m ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft th\u1ee7y h\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong nh\u1eefng di chi kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n x\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u0103ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7n, l\u01b0\u1edbi, ch\u00ec b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t nung, l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u00e2u b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thau, m\u0169i lao \u0111\u00e2m c\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 ng\u1ea1nh s\u1eafc,... ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft th\u1ee7y h\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n \u1edf c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o thuy\u1ec1n b\u00e8 th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n mang l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1, gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n b\u1eefa \u0103n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng, c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c cho s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u00f9a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean, sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 d\u1ea7n cho ngh\u1ec1 luy\u1ec7n kim. S\u1ef1 thay th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 luy\u1ec7n kim l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi - m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e3 man sang x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u0103n minh. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng - th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n - m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ngh\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0o l\u00f2n sung ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1 d\u00e1 ch\u00f9 y\u00e9u l\u00e0m \u0111\u00f2 irang s\u1ee9c l\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u00f4 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 qu\u00fd. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e1 t\u00e0i hoa tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb9p cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng m\u1eadt t\u1eadp t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong nh\u1eefng x\u00f3m l\u00e0ng ven c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn \u1edf ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, s\u00f4ng M\u00e3, s\u00f4ng C\u1ea3. \u0110e d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 s\u00e0n g\u1ed7 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e0 t\u1ea1m b\u00e0ng tre, n\u1ee9a, l\u00e1 t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ngh\u1ec1 m\u1ed9c gi\u00fap s\u1ee9c. Tr\u1ea3i qua h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m m\u01b0a, n\u1eafng, \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed7 \u0111a ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ee5c n\u00e1t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc quan t\u00e0i h\u00ecnh thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c m\u1ed9c (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u00e9t nguy\u00ean c\u1ea3 c\u00e2y g\u1ed7 l\u1edbn) \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Kh\u00ea, Ch\u00e2u Can... Ri\u00eang trong m\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Kh\u00ea, 109","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 ngo\u00e0i hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 c\u00f2n ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed7 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1n gi\u00e1o, m\u00e1i ch\u00e8o... \u1ede m\u1ed9 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng D\u00f9 (H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng) c\u00f2n t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3 ngh\u1ec1 m\u1ed9c g\u1ed3m c\u01b0a, \u0111\u1ee5c, khoan, d\u00f9i...1H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh nh\u00e0 s\u00e0n g\u1ed7, thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e1n, ch\u00e0y, c\u1ed1i gi\u00e3 b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf ngh\u1ec1 m\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao hom tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ngh\u1ec1 m\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng sinh ho\u1ea1t th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00e0m nh\u00e0 \u1edf, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111i l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed. Ngh\u1ec1 m\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n s\u1ed1ng ti\u1ec7n \u00edch h\u01a1n. Ngh\u1ec1 \u0111an l\u00e1t tre, n\u1ee9a, l\u00e1 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft in tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u \u0111an theo ki\u1ec3u l\u00f3ng m\u1ed1t, l\u00f3ng hai, l\u00f3ng ba... \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c di v\u1eadt \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, c\u00f3i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111an l\u00e0m chi\u1ebfu n\u1eb1m v\u00e0 b\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft ch\u00f4n trong m\u1ed9. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ngh\u1ec1 \u0111an l\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m ra \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng sinh ho\u1ea1t cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ngh\u1ec1 s\u01a1n th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 m\u00e0 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Kh\u00ea, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed7, \u0111\u1ed3 da, \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111an c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e9t s\u01a1n m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf, m\u00e0u n\u00e2u v\u00e0 trang tr\u00ed kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1eb9p. Ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed3 s\u01a1n trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf n\u00f3 ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong d\u00e2n gian. Ngh\u1ec1 d\u1ec7t th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111a thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c han 1.000 m\u1ea3nh v\u1ea3i l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf2 trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ngh\u1ec1 d\u1ec7t. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1ea3i l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ec7t t\u1eeb lanh, gai, t\u01a1 t\u1eb1m. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng m\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u1ede v\u00f9ng n\u00fai T\u00e2y B\u1eafc v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 d\u1ec7t. V\u1edbi \u0111\u00f4i b\u00e0n tay kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n c\u00f9, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 may nh\u1eefng trang ph\u1ee5c l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb9p cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. H\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean tr\u1ed1ng 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edbi th\u00fay \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef9 X, S\u0111d, tr. 133. 2. L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, S\u0111d, tr. 54. 110","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, tr\u00ean th\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1eb7c \u00e1o, v\u00e1y ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00f3ng kh\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m g\u1ed1m \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch l\u0169y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u kinh nghi\u1ec7m n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. \u0110\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u00e0ng b\u00e0n xoay. X\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ed1m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t pha c\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u00edt b\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, v\u1eeba d\u1ec5 t\u1ea1o d\u00e1ng, ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7t cao khi nung, \u00edt b\u1ecb r\u1ea1n n\u1ee9t. Tuy v\u1eady, g\u1ed1m ch\u01b0a c\u1ee9ng, d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5m n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u1edc nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau, \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m c\u1ee9ng h\u01a1n, \u00edt th\u1ea5m n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u01a1n. K.\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nung g\u1ed1m giai \u0111o\u1ea1n G\u00f2 Mun \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0i thi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi 800 - 900\u00b0c. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1o d\u00e1ng v\u00e0 trang tr\u00ed tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc. Lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh g\u1ed1m phong ph\u00fa, hoa v\u0103n r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m b\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m g\u1ed1m c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 suy tho\u00e1i. Nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o s\u01b0u t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n cho th\u1ea5y lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh \u0111om \u0111i\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed. Ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf m\u1ed9t xu h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng, b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ef1ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3 trang tr\u00ed qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thau, m\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn cao g\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m. S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 luy\u1ec7n kim th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft, c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. B\u1edfi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 luy\u1ec7n kim \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i sau \u0111\u00f3. Ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng - giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean - ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp qua c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu, G\u00f2 Mun; \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111inh cao k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u1edd giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng c\u1ee5c x\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng, khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f9a ngh\u1ec1 luy\u1ec7n kim, \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ed3ng thau l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 t\u00edch c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n kim \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u00f2 vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm qu\u1eb7ng, khai m\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y l\u00f2, n\u1ea5u qu\u1eb7ng, 111","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eeb VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 pha ch\u1ebf h\u1ee3p kim, l\u00e0m khu\u00f4n, r\u00f3t \u0111\u1ed3ng, t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u1ed3ng thau cho bi\u1ebft th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c nhau: nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf ra h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ebfc trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ebfc 80 - 90%, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ebfc kho\u1ea3ng 10 - 20%, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfc gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ch\u00ec t\u0103ng l\u00ean1. Vi\u1ec7c gia gi\u1ea3m t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed3ng, thi\u1ebfc, ch\u00ec trong h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u1ed3ng thau t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng. Ch\u1ea3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 s\u1eafc th\u00ec t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ch\u00ec th\u1ea5p, thi\u1ebfc cao. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 tr\u1ed1ng, th\u1ed5, th\u1ea1p.... c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo cao \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u00fac th\u00ec t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ch\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u, thi\u1ebfc \u00edt... Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u00f2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng. B\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 t\u00e0i hoa \u0111\u00fac n\u00ean. Trong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u di t\u00edch kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 \u1edd L\u00e0ng C\u1ea3, L\u00e0ng V\u1ea1c, L\u00e0ng Ch\u1eeb... \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac r\u00ecu, chu\u00f4ng, dao g\u0103m, gi\u00e1o... \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac hai mang b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t, b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1. C\u00f3 khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fac nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. N\u1ed3i n\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho bi\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fac n\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 m\u0169i t\u00ean, l\u01b0\u1ee1i riu, m\u0169i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n n\u1ea5u ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kho\u1ea3ng 1.100\u00b0c. Ri\u00eang vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00fac tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 th\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1eeba c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn, h\u1ecda ti\u1ebft ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi 1.200\u00b0c \u0111\u1ebfn 1.250\u00b0c m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ea5u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea3y lo\u00e3ng, d\u1ec5 r\u00f3t v\u00e0o khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac tr\u1ed1ng, th\u1ea1p nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n, m\u00e0 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1edf Luy L\u00e2u (B\u1eafc Ninh). B\u00ed quy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c pha ch\u1ebf t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fac n\u00ean tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 th\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, S\u0111d, tr. 55-56. 112","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00f4i b\u00e0n tay kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o, c\u00f2n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft kh\u00e1 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u00edch l\u0169y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u kinh nghi\u1ec7m trong ngh\u1ec1 luy\u1ec7n kim \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi ngh\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng. S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea5m \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng do h\u1ecd l\u00e0m ra c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao, \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc. \u0110\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f9a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt luy\u1ec7n kim v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0103n minh c\u00f9a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Trong \u0111\u00f3 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n - tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ng\u1ecdc L\u0169 (tinh H\u00e0 Nam), m\u00e3i m\u00e3i l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 c\u00f9a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 con ch\u00e1u h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 h\u00f4m nay v\u00e0 mai sau. Tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao, ngh\u1ec1 luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Ch\u1ee9ng t\u00edch c\u00f9a ngh\u1ec1 luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i nh\u01b0 \u1edf Vinh Quang, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng M\u00e2y, Chi\u1ec1ng V\u1eady (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i), \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n (Thanh H\u00f3a). Ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i Cacbon ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 l\u01b0\u1ee1i cu\u1ed1c s\u1eaft t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf g\u00f2 Chi\u1ec1n V\u1eady l\u00e0 2.350 \u00b1 100 n\u0103m (1950), t\u1ee9c v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 400 TC N 1. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1eaft \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb qu\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 r\u00e8n. Qu\u1eb7ng s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c luy\u1ec7n, d\u00f9ng than c\u1ee7i \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eed \u00f4xy c\u1ee7a qu\u1eb7ng s\u1eaft, \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eaft ho\u00e0n nguy\u00ean, s\u1eaft ho\u00e0n nguy\u00ean x\u1ed1p, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nung \u0111\u1ecf pha r\u00e8n, \u0111\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n m\u1edbi r\u00e1n ch\u1eafc (s\u1eaft ch\u00edn). T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1ecfi s\u1eaft ch\u00edn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 r\u00e8n d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u00e8n, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed l\u1ee3i h\u1ea1i. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u00e8n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng Scm \u0111 s bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00fac gang \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ra r\u00ecu. N h\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m luy\u1ec7n kim t\u1eeb ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng, r\u00e8n s\u1eaft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111a d\u1ea1ng: r\u00ecu, gi\u00e1o, m\u0169i t\u00ean, tr\u1ed1ng, th\u1ea1p, mu\u00f4i, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt... \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e0 cho nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ngh\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng - tr\u1ed3ng c\u1ea5y c\u00e2y l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc, canh t\u00e1c tr\u00ean n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby - tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa n\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn quanh khu c\u01b0 tr\u00fa; khai th\u00e1c 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, S\u0111d, \u1eeb. 58. 113","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean - h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m, s\u0103n b\u1eafn, \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 t\u1ea1o ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng, l\u00e0m g\u1ed1m, l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng m\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1, th\u1ee7y t\u00ecnh. Qua \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n ti\u1ebfn v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u0103n minh; l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u01a1 khai - Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang - Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam. IV. QU\u00c1 TR\u00ccNH PH\u00c2N H\u00d3A X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i g\u1ed3m ngh\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng thung l\u0169ng ven s\u00f4ng su\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00f9ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, s\u00f4ng M\u00e3, s\u00f4ng C\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean nh\u1eefng x\u00f3m l\u00e0ng m\u1eadt t\u1eadp m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n sinh s\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. \u0110\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u1ed1n c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c khai th\u00e1c thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 thu h\u00e1i rau c\u1ee7, s\u0103n b\u1eb3n c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u00fa, h\u01b0\u01a1u, nai, l\u1ee3n, voi, h\u1ed5... \u1edf nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh r\u1eebng xung quanh c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 r\u1eadm r\u1ea1p, b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m cho b\u1eefa \u0103n. Vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c th\u1ee7y h\u1ea3i s\u00e0n t\u1eeb s\u00f4ng, su\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ven b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ed1ng d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, ngh\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111inh cao \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u00f9ng Nguycn d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n thu h\u1ecdp l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec \u1edd ngh\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c khuy\u00ean tai, nh\u1eabn, v\u00f2ng tay... t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 qu\u00fd, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb9p cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ngh\u1ec1 g\u1ed1m \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean, \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu, G\u00f2 Mun (tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n) \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch l\u0169y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c, ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u (\u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t, b\u00e3 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt...) v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o d\u00e1ng cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng - b\u00e1t, b\u00ecnh, v\u00f2, n\u1ed3i, ch\u1ea1c g\u1ed1m... v\u1edbi hoa v\u0103n t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c v\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c in r\u1eadp mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 kh\u00e1 cao. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nung g\u1ed1m ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c nung \u1edf ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c nung \u1edf trong l\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea1t 800 - 900\u00b0c, g\u1ed1m c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u00edt th\u1ea5m 114","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi nguy\u00ean s\u01a1. Nh\u00ecn chung, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt g\u1ed1m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111inh cao c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. K\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 luy\u1ec7n kim \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng, luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng, ch\u00ec, thi\u1ebfc t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba m\u00e0 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n (lo\u1ea1i I - F.Heger) - tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ng\u1ecdc L\u0169 l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i xoay quanh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00fac, \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng hoa v\u0103n tr\u00ean tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u00e0n ti\u1ebfp. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00eau tr\u00ean ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m g\u1ed1m, ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng, luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft, l\u00e0m m\u1ed9c, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ee7y tinh \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 c\u00f3 tay ngh\u1ec1 cao, l\u00e0m ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng tinh x\u1ea3o. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng, chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u00f3a trong c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o, quy m\u00f4 ra sao, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00eam. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u00e0m n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby, l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 luy\u1ed9n kim \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m, l\u00e0m m\u1ed9c, d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ee7y tinh... t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n l\u00e0m tan r\u00e3 quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c khai qu\u1eadt m\u1ed9 t\u00e1ng cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u1eeb c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c mai t\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 t\u00e0y t\u00e1ng cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch, c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 \u1edf Thi\u1ec7u D\u01b0\u01a1ng (Thanh H\u00f3a), l\u00e0ng V\u1ea1c (Ngh\u1ec7 An), Ch\u00e2u Can (H\u00e0 T\u00e2y c\u0169), Vi\u1ec7t Kh\u00ea (H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng) v\u00e0 l\u00e0ng C\u1ea3 (Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd)... \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 2 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Kh\u00ea \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y 107 hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt, trong \u0111\u00f3 115","L\u1ecaCH S \u1eed VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 C\u00d3 93 hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng g\u1ed3m c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, v\u0169 kh\u00ed, nh\u1ea1c kh\u00ed nh\u01b0 tr\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ea1p, th\u1ed1, \u1ea5m, \u0111\u00e8n..., ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u sang v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tuy nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 t\u00e1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Kh\u00ea chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u00f2, nh\u01b0ng qua t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9 t\u00e1ng cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i di\u1ec5n ra t\u1eeb t\u1eeb, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt \u1edf m\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Kh\u00ea c\u00f3 25 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, chi\u1ebfm 25,8% so v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3ng thau1. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ngu\u1eddi gi\u00e0u sang v\u1eabn g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tan r\u00e3 c\u00f9a quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi do \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb m\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i gi\u00e0u l\u00ean. \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1eabn gi\u1eef m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u00ecn chung, ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u, quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u00f2n kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9 t\u00e1ng cho bi\u1ebft s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ee9c tranh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2n gian v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t T\u1ed5 V\u0129nh - Ph\u00fa th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng: vua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh, s\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa vua t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Vua c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m c\u00f9ng \u0103n v\u1edbi d\u00e2n. Vua H\u00f9ng d\u1ea1y d\u00e2n c\u1ea5y l\u00faa, c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00f3ng m\u1edbi nghi tay. C\u00f3 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c: vua H\u00f9ng d\u1ea1y d\u00e2n \u0111i s\u0103n, khi s\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chim th\u1ee7 c\u00f9ng chia cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, vua chi \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh cho m\u00ecnh b\u1ed9 l\u00f2ng. Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2n gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong s\u00e1ch L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin: x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i V\u0103n L\u00e2ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m: H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, L\u1ea1c h\u1ea7u, L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng, B\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh, Quan lang, 1. Phan Huy L\u00ea - Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u1ee3ng..., L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T.l, S\u0111d, \u1eeb. 126. 116","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang M\u1ef5 n\u01b0\u01a1ng... v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"th\u1ea7n b\u1ed9c n\u1eef l\u1ec7\\\" hay \\\"n\u00f4 t\u00ec\\\". Theo nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 c\u00f9a Trung \u1eccu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 Giao Ch\u00e2u ngo\u1ea1i v\u1ef1c k\u00fd th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IV (d\u1eabn l\u1ea1i trong Th\u1ee7y kinh ch\u00fa), Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u k\u00fd th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V (d\u1eabn l\u1ea1i trong S\u1eed k\u00fd s\u00e1ch \u1ea5n) c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"d\u00e2n L\u1ea1c\u201d. H\u1ecd v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f9a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9a th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1eebng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i 3 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp \\\"d\u00e2n L\u1ea1c\\\" - d\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp n\u00f4 t\u1ef3. T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c - g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng, gi\u00e0 l\u00e0ng, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ec1ng (ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u chi\u1ec1ng - trung t\u00e2m c\u00f9a m\u1ed9t m\u01b0\u1eddng), T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c, Th\u00f9 l\u0129nh li\u00ean minh b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c, Nh\u00e0 lang - Ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ebf t\u1eadp - cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i. H\u1ecd l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u00f9a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebf chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ri\u00eang. D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n h\u1ecd t\u1eadp trung trong tay nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, tuy s\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t n\u00f4 t\u1ef3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n \\\"\u0103n ru\u1ed9ng\\\" c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n L\u1ea1c, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 thu cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lao d\u1ecbch hay c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb - qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 H\u00f9ng Virrmg. k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn L\u1ea1c h\u1ea7u, \u00ed.\u1ea1c tir\u00f3mg, B \u1ed3 ch\u00ednh, con c\u00e1i v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf t\u1eadp, tuy s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang nhung ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng gay g\u1eaft. T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp d\u00e2n L\u1ea1c - d\u00e2n c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu. B\u00e0n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 chia ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y \\\"kh\u1ea9n ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0103n\\\" nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd b\u1ecb L\u1ea1c h\u1ea7u \\\"\u0103n ru\u1ed9ng\\\", ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p ho\u1eb7c lao d\u1ecbch. T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp n\u00f4 t\u1ef3 (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi) l\u00e0 b\u1eadc th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do vi ph\u1ea1m lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 m\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00e0m n\u00f4 t\u1ef3, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb mua b\u00e1n n\u00f4 t\u1ef3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ed9c 117","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 (nh\u01b0 trong truy\u1ec7n Mai An Ti\u00eam). N\u00f4 t\u1ef3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00f9 binh b\u1ecb b\u1eaft t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 kh\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t, chi\u1ebfn tranh. N\u00f4 t\u1ef3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f4 t\u1ef3 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (c\u00f3 l\u1ebd) ch\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u, b\u1edfi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm s\u1ed1 \u00edt trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u00ecn chung, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tan r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y di\u1ec5n ra t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1c vua H\u00f9ng, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra, tuy ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng. T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm s\u1ed1 \u00edt trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, b\u1eb1ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m, t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0, bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n chung c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang. H\u1ecd \u1eeb\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eadp trung trong tay nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf. Kh\u00e1ch quan \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai qu\u1ea3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 - Gi\u00e0 l\u00e0ng, P\u00f4 chi\u1ec1ng, B\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh (\u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng x\u00e3, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n). T\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng, T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c; L\u1ea1c h\u1ea7u, L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng cai qu\u1ea3n c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c. [\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u01a1 khai - Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t - n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra \u0111\u1eddi]. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ee9ng ra ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn ph\u00e1t sinh trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, do s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t h\u00f2a gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, ho\u1eb7c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u1edbi nhau. Gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh khai ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai khu v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, s\u00f4ng M\u00e3, s\u00f4ng C\u1ea3 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean t\u00f2 r\u1eebng n\u00fai, s\u00f4ng, bi\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u00f2i k\u1ef3 H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i khi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn xung \u0111\u1ed9t, ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 trang hay chi\u1ebfn tranh. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, vai tr\u00f2 chi huy, huy \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp trung c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 li\u00ean minh b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng ai kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb - T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng - L\u1ea1c h\u1ea7u - L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng, m\u00e0 th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2n gian ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u00e1c li\u1ec7t ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i gi\u1eb7c \\\"Man\\\", gi\u1eb7c \\\"H\u1ed3 X\u01b0\u01a1ng\\\", gi\u1eb7c \\\"H\u1ed3 T\u00f4n\u201d, gi\u1eb7c \\\"M\u0169i \u0111\u1ecf\\\", 118","Ch\u01b0cmg II. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang gi\u1eb7c \\\"\u00c2n\\\". Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng gi\u1eb7c \u00c2n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 VI l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t anh h\u00f9ng ca tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi v\u1ec1 c\u1eadu b\u00e9 Gi\u00f3ng l\u00e0ng Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ed5ng (Gia L\u00e2m, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i) \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 tan l\u0169 gi\u1eb7c \u00c2n. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u00fd ch\u00ed qu\u1eadt c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f9a m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 d\u00e1m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng k\u00e8 th\u00f9 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Th\u00e1nh Gi\u00f3ng m\u00e3i m\u00e3i l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1ec1 \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea5t khu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. C\u0169ng theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft th\u00ec cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1eefa H\u00f9ng v\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t, k\u1ebft th\u00fac d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa 2 t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u00c2u Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ngo\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9 t\u00e1ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n cho bi\u1ebft s\u1ed1 v\u0169 kh\u00ed t\u00f9y t\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfm t\u1edbi h\u01a1n 50% s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n v \u1eadt1. Trong \u0111\u00f3, lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh v\u0169 kh\u00ed r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, phong ph\u00fa g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u00e1nh g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 dao g\u00e3m, qua, ki\u1ebfm ng\u1ea5n, r\u00ecu, gi\u00e1o...; v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u00e1nh xa nh\u01b0 lao, cung n\u00f2... C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i th\u00fa d\u1eef ho\u1eb7c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u0103n b\u1eafn ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 y\u00ean \u1ed5n c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u0169 kh\u00ed ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u cho th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn tranh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed1i lo th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng m\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa t\u1ef1 cho r\u1eb1ng Hoa H\u1ea1 l\u00e0 \u1edd gi\u1eefa - trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a thicn h\u1ea1. C\u00f2n c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c \u1edd xung quanh I loa I l\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ef1c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t; \u0110\u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Di, T\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u00e2y Nhung, Nam l\u00e0 Nam Man, B\u1eafc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u1eafc \u0110\u1ecbch. Mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00eda nam t\u1eeb Ng\u0169 L\u0129nh (mi\u1ec1n Hoa Nam) tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Man. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, s\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh tnr\u1edbng c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a Hoa H\u1ea1, V\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00e1n xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda nam b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00e1 s\u1edbm v\u00e0 xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t, nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. Ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i lo \u00e2u th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u1ea1n ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda nguy hi\u1ec3m. Th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu (770 - 403 TCN) nh\u00e2n nh\u00e0 Chu 1. Phan Huy L\u00ea - Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u1ee3ng..., L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T .l, S\u0111d, tr. 135. 119","L\u1ecaCH S \u1eed VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 suy y\u1ebfu, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 T\u1ec1, T\u1ea5n, T\u1ea7n, S\u1edd, Ng\u00f4, Vi\u1ec7t n\u1ed5i l\u00ean x\u01b0ng b\u00e1 kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i; g\u00e2y ra chi\u1ebfn tranh h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n, li\u00ean mi\u00ean. N\u01b0\u1edbc S\u1edf \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc Ba Th\u1ee5c (T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean - Trung Qu\u1ed1c), sau \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh mi\u1ec1n Trung (Qu\u00fd Ch\u00e2u), \u0110i\u1ec1n (thu\u1ed9c C\u00f4n Minh, V\u00e2n Nam) nh\u1eb1m \\\"b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t\u201d. S\u1edf l\u00e0 k\u1ebb m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e1n xu\u1ed1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam. N\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Giang (ph\u00eda nam Giang T\u00f4, Chi\u1ebft Giang) t\u1eebng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t V\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00e2u Ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh di\u1ec7t n\u01b0\u1edbc Ng\u00f4 (B\u1eafc Giang T\u00f4) tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u00f2 S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng. Theo ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c cho bi\u1ebft: Vi\u1ec7t V\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00e2u Ti\u1ec5n (505 - 465 TCN) \u0111\u00e3 sai s\u1ee9 t\u1edbi d\u1ee5, H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 l\u1ea1i1. Sau th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c (403 - 221 TCN): th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ea5t h\u00f9ng - b\u1ea3y n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n, S\u1edf, T\u1ec1, Y\u00ean, H\u00e0n, Ng\u1ee5y, Tri\u1ec7u, ki\u00eam t\u00ednh, tranh gi\u00e0nh l\u1eabn nhau. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 6 n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf phong ki\u1ebfn chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh. Sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III TCN, c\u1ee5c di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. T\u1eeb xu h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1t c\u1ee9 ph\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n chuy\u1ec3n sang t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf. T\u1eeb khi \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf T\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u00ec h\u1ecda x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u1eef\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi. \u0110\u1ea5t L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t tuy xa x\u00f4i c\u00e1ch tr\u1edf, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o t\u1ea7m ng\u1eafm c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng phu\u01a1ng B\u1eafc. Chi\u1ebfn tranh tuy ch\u01b0a lan t\u1edbi c\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a vua H\u00f9ng, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch c\u1ef1c ph\u00f2ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u01b0 d\u00e2n L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thau, g\u1ed7, \u0111\u00e1 hom m\u1ee9c b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba ho\u1eb7c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Vai tr\u00f2 chi huy c\u1ee7a th\u00f9 l\u0129nh - ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 li\u00ean minh b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c - L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang s\u01a1 khai. 1. Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ee9 l\u01b0\u1ee3c, T\u00e1i b\u1ea3n, S\u0111d, tr. 18. 120","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh rnr\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang V. N\u01af\u1edaC V\u00c3N LANG v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, theo ghi ch\u00e9p c\u00f9a Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ee9 l\u01b0\u1ee3c cho bi\u1ebft: \\\"\u0111en \u0111\u1eddi Trang V\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e0 Chu (696 - 682 TCN) \u1edb b\u1ed9 Gia Ninh1 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1, d\u00f9ng \u1ea3o thu\u1eadt \u00e1p ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c, t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf V\u0103n Lang, hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang, phong t\u1ee5c thu\u1ea7n h\u1eadu, ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1c, ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 d\u00f9ng loi k\u00e9t n\u00fat. Truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 18 \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng\\\"'. Kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VII TCN t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u01a1 khai d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp c\u00f9a n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a phong ph\u00fa b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba - V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ti\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n v\u00e0 V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ed3ng c\u1ea5y l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby, l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn, thu h\u00e1i rau, c\u1ee7, s\u0103n b\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3 trong r\u1eebng, ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft c\u00e1, l\u00e0m c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m, \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ed9c, d\u1ec7t, s\u01a1n... Trong \u0111\u00f3 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 luy\u1ec7n kim \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng, luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed5ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0. Tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i g\u1ed3m li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang. N\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i ghi ch\u00e9p r\u1ea5t s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c: \\\"H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng... chia c\u00e1c em ra cai tr\u1ecb, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c em l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u0103n, t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00f5, v\u0103n l\u00e0 L\u1ea1c h\u1ea7u, v\u00f5 l\u00e0 L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng. Con trai vua g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Quan lang, con g\u00e1i vua g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 M \u1ef5 n\u01b0\u01a1ng, tr\u0103m quan g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh, th\u1eb1n b\u1ed9c, n \u1eef l\u1ec7 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 x\u1ea3o x\u1ee9ng (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u00f4 t\u1ef3). Be t\u00f4i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hon, 1. Theo ch\u00fa th\u00edch trong Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, T\u00e1i b\u1ea3n, S\u0111d, tr. 19: \\\"Gia Ninh: Tr\u1ecb s\u1edf Phong Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u00f3c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t M\u00ea Linh nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n... \u0111\u1ec1n H\u00f9ng \u1edf Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd ng\u00e0y nay, theo t\u1eadp truy\u1ec1n x\u01b0a, H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3\\\". 2. Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ee9 l\u01b0\u1ee3c, T\u00e1i b\u1ea3n, S\u0111d, tr. 18. 121","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o. Vua \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1eadp, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 thay \u0111oi...\u201d'. Theo ghi ch\u00e9p tr\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u01a1 khai, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. \u0110\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \\\"\u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1eadp\\\". V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 vua - theo c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi sau. C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 danh x\u01b0ng \\\"H\u00f9ng\\\" theo nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1 GS. Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u1ee3ng2, l\u00e0 phi\u00ean \u00e2m m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb c\u1ed5 thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 - \\\"Khun\\\" - \\\"Cun\\\" - \\\"ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u\\\" - (ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh ) - ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f4n tr\u01b0\u1edfng (T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng -T \u1ed9 c tr\u01b0\u1eddng), con tr\u01b0\u1edfng, ng\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edfng, Nh\u00e0 lang cai qu\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t m\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, danh x\u01b0ng \\\"H\u00f9ng\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng, th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh. H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh - T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c V\u0103n Lang - m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft - li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c kh\u00e1c h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang. Theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 18 \u0111\u1eddi kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 2.000 n\u0103m th\u00ec ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng - V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 sau. M\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m \u0111\u1eddi vua H\u00f9ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd chi l\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfm ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh \u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec7. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n n\u1ed1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, b\u1ea3n Ng\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3 H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ec1n H\u00f9ng (Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd) v\u00e0 trong d\u00e2n gian ghi kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 ph\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed3, du\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi vua H\u00f9ng (18 \u0111\u1eddi) b\u00e0ng ch\u1eef phi\u00ean \u00e2m H\u00e1n Vi\u1ed9t v\u00e0o th\u00e9 k\u1ef7 XVII, ho\u1eb7c mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n sau n\u00e0y, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tham kh\u1ea3o. Neu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft 18 \u0111\u1eddi, th\u00ec c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd h\u01a1n 100 n\u0103m, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u01b0ng H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 li\u00ean minh b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf t\u1eadp, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda trong truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n tin l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt. 1. L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i, S\u0111d, tr. 23-24. 2. Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \\\"v\u1ec1 danh hi\u1ec7u \\\"H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng\\\", trong H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, T\u1eadp III, S\u0111d, tr. 353- 355. 122","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 11. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang N\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang chia l\u00e0m 15 b\u1ed9. Theo Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec 15 b\u1ed9 (\u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn tr\u00ean), v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 15 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c l\u00e0 L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng, ho\u1eb7c g\u1ecdi theo th\u1ea7n t\u00edch, truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 \\\"B\u1ed9 tr\u00fac, B\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u1edbng, Ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o\\\" \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i. Ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 t\u1eeb phi\u00ean \u00e2m H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t, t\u1eeb Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ea1o (ti\u1ebfng M\u01b0\u1eddng), T\u1ea1o (ti\u1ebfng T\u00e0y- Th\u00e1i) \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng Nh\u00e0 lang, Tr\u01b0\u1edfng Nh\u00e0 t\u1ea1o - T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng - th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng - m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c. Ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o hay L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n vua H\u00f9ng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1m h\u00ecnh dung b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang s\u01a1 khai nh\u01b0 sau: H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh (Cun) c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c V\u0103n Lang t\u1ed1i cao v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i r\u1ed9ng hai b\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng t\u1eeb ch\u00e2n n\u00fai Ba V\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n n\u00fai Tam \u0110\u1ea3o; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 lTnh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 15 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \\\"Cun\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, cai qu\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c. L\u1ea1c h\u1ea7u, L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng, Ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00e0ng c\u00fang l\u1ec5 ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng (chi huy), gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng khi h\u1eefu s\u1ef1. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 quan ch\u1ee9c thu\u1ed9c bi\u00ean ch\u1ebf Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c \u1edf b\u00ean vua nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y \u1edf th\u1eddi qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 sau n\u00e0y. D\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c l\u00e0 chi\u1ec1ng, m\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u00e0n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai, k\u00e8 (c\u1ed5, sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u00e0ng), ch\u1ea1 \u1eed m i\u00e8n \u0111\u00f2ng b\u00e0ng. V i\u1ed9c cai qu\u1ea3n c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0n v\u1ecb d\u00e2n c\u01b0 chi\u1ec1ng, m\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ea3n hay k\u1ebb, ch\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ec1u do nh\u1eefng Gi\u00e0 l\u00e0ng, Tr\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea3n - P\u00f4 chi\u1ec1ng - \u0111\u1ea3m tr\u00e1ch. Di \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3 sau n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng - Lang cun - con tr\u01b0\u1edfng - d\u00f2ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng Nh\u00e0 lang th\u1ebf t\u1eadp cai qu\u1ea3n c\u00e1c m\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ea3n. Ho\u1eb7c Nh\u00e0 T\u1ea1o trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i T\u00e0y - Th\u00e1i. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i V\u0103n Lang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1m chia th\u00e0nh 2 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp: t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp cai tr\u1ecb g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c (Ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o - L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng), c\u00e1c Gi\u00e0 l\u00e0ng - Tr\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea3n cai qu\u1ea3n c\u00e1c m\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ea3n, hay k\u1ebb. C\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng m\u01b0\u1eddng, chi\u1ec1ng, b\u1ea3n, k\u1ebb. Theo \u0111\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng, Gi\u00e0 l\u00e0ng, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea3n (P\u00f4 chi\u1ec1ng - B\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh) l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh 123","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 m\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t c\u00f9a c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eaft d\u00e2n c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt, ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i g\u00f3p s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c gia \u0111\u00ecnh hay s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \\\"\u0103n ru\u1ed9ng'' do c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u1edf m\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u00e0n, l\u00e0ng, ch\u1ea1 c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u h\u1ea1 m\u00e0 s\u00e1ch ghi l\u00e0 \\\"x\u1ea3o'\\\\ ''ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng\u201d. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do vi ph\u1ea1m lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 sa c\u01a1 l\u1ee1 v\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i lao d\u1ecbch t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 P\u00f4 chi\u00eang - B\u1ed3 chinh \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i. s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ''x\u1ea3o'', \\\"ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng\\\" kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u, ch\u01b0a h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3. Theo m\u00f4 t\u00e0 c\u00f9a L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i cho bi\u1ebft cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed5ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ed3i qu\u1ed1c s\u01a1, d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed5 d\u00f9ng, ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y v\u1ecf c\u00e2y l\u00e0m \u00e1o, d\u1ec7t c\u1ecf gianh l\u00e0m chi\u1ebfu, lay c\u1ed1t g\u1ea1o l\u00e0m r\u01b0\u1ee3u, l\u1ea5y c\u00e2y quang lang, c\u00e2y tung l\u01b0 l\u00e0m c\u01a1m (c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 u\u1ed1ng), l\u1ea5y c\u1ea7m th\u00fa, c\u00e1, ba ba l\u00e0m m\u1eafm, l\u1ea5y r\u1ec5 g\u1eebng l\u00e0m mu\u1ed1i, c\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng dao, tr\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng l\u1eeda. \u0110\u1ea5t s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u g\u1ea1o n\u1ebfp, l\u1ea5y \u1ed1ng tre m\u00e0 thoi com (c\u01a1m lam), b\u1eafc g \u1ed7 l\u00e0m nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf tr\u00e1nh ho s\u00f3i. c \u1eaf t t\u00f3c ngan \u0111\u1ec3 d \u1ec5 \u0111i l\u1ea1i trong r\u1eebng r\u00fa. \u0110\u1ebb con ra l\u1ea5y l\u00e1 chu\u1ed1i l\u00f3t cho nam, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft th\u00ec gi\u00e3 c\u1ed1i l\u00e0m l\u1ec7nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e2n c\u1eadn nghe ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee9u. Ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 tr\u1ea7u cau, vi\u1ec7c h\u00f4n th\u00fa gi\u1eefa nam n\u1eef l\u1ea5y g\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7u (c\u00f3 n\u01a1i l\u1ea5y g\u00f3i mu\u1ed1i l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7u) sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi gi\u1ebft tr\u00e2u d\u00ea l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ec5, l\u1ea5y com n\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp ph\u00f2ng c\u00f9ng \u0103n, sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh th\u00e2n...\u201d'. Trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i V\u0103n Lang, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t coi tr\u1ecdng. T\u1eeb truy\u1ec7n Ti\u00ean Dung v\u00e0 Ch\u1eeb \u0110\u1ed3ng T\u1eed cho th\u1ea5y ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f4n ph\u1ed1i. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eabu h\u1ec7 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng, tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi c\u00e1c vua H\u00f9ng, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee5 h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp. Tuy nhi\u00ean, quan h\u1ec7 vua - t\u00f4i v\u1eabn r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n g\u0169i. \\\"Vua t\u00f4i c\u00f9ng \u0111i c\u1ea1y, c\u00f9ng \u0111i s\u0103n\\\", ho\u1eb7c khi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00f3ng, vua t\u00f2i m\u1edbi d\u1eebng tay, ngh\u1ec9 \u0103n. Chuy\u1ec7n k\u00e9n r\u1ec3, chuy\u1ec7n Lang Li\u00eau ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd phong t\u1ee5c c\u00f2n thu\u1ea7n h\u1eadu, ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1c, b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u01b0a ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. 1. L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i, S\u0111d, tr. 24. 124","Ch\u01b0\u01a1rig II. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c m\u00e0 chi c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 \u1edf c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c, th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c trai tr\u00e1ng trong nh\u1eefng chi\u1ec1ng, m\u01b0\u1eddng, k\u00e8 (ch\u1ea1) tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c. Khi h\u1eefu s\u1ee5 vua H\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trai tr\u00e1ng \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c ho\u1eb7c li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c. Vua H\u00f9ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi huy t\u1ed1i cao li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c (15 b\u1ed9) ch\u1ed1ng gi\u1eb7c ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc cho n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ed3ng c\u1ea5y l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ea5y c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u01a1 khai - Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang. Kinh \u0111\u00f4 V\u0103n Lang hay trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb - v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f9a V\u0103n Lang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan t\u00e2m. Theo s\u1eed c\u0169: \\\"H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 con trai L\u1ea1c Long Qu\u00e2n (kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 t\u00ean h\u00fay), \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf Ch\u00e2u Phong\\\"' (nay g\u1ea7n B\u1ea1ch H\u1ea1c - Vi\u1ec7t Tr\u00ec). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1n H\u00f9ng v\u00e0 n\u00fai Ng\u0169 L\u0129nh (thu\u1ed9c x\u00e3 Hy C\u01b0\u01a1ng, huy\u1ec7n L\u00e2m Thao, tinh Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd) m\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng kinh \u0111\u00f4 V\u0103n Lang \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c di v\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edd L\u00e0ng C\u1ea3 (thu\u1ed9c ph\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1ecd S\u01a1n, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Vi\u1ec7t Tr\u00ec, Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd) m\u00e0 cho r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c kinh \u0111\u00f4 V\u0103n Lang th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a s\u1eed c\u0169 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c chi ra \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111\u00f4 V \u0103n Lang. Song m \u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3u ch\u0103c ch\u0103n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd khi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm kinh \u0111\u00f4 V\u0103n Lang kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t T\u1ed5 Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111\u00f4 V\u0103n Lang c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c g\u1ed1c V\u0103n Lang, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a li\u00ean minh 15 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c kh\u00e1c, l\u1eadp n\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang. \\\"Kinh \u0111\u00f4 V\u0103n Lang\\\" tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3ng tr\u1ecb s\u1edd, l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 V\u0103n Lang. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111em ti\u00eau ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111\u00f4 th\u1eddi qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 sau n\u00e0y \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o kinh \u0111\u00f4 V\u0103n Lang. Thi\u1ebft ngh\u0129, 1. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 60. 125","L\u1ecaCH S \u1eed VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi sau g\u1ecdi \\\"kinh \u0111\u00f4\u201d, \\\"V\u0103n Lang\\\", \\\"nh\u00e0 vua\\\" cho ho\u00e0nh tr\u00e1ng v\u1eady th\u00f4i. N\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1c nh\u01b0 s\u1eed s\u00e1ch ghi ch\u00e9p \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u1edf tr\u00ean. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u1ec1n V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 - th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng thau ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111inh cao v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc sang th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1eaft s\u1edbm, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VIII \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III TCN. N\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang c\u00f2n l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c gi\u1eeba khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng M\u00e3, s\u00f4ng C\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng Thanh - Ngh\u1ec7 tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a chung \u0111a s\u1eafc th\u00e1i. V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang tuy c\u00f2n s\u01a1 khai, ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ec3n \\\"c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng\u201d t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i hoang s\u01a1 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y sang th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u0103n minh h\u01a1n. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang l\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam. N\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ebb vang trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III TCN c\u0169ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc sang \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft. Trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 th\u1eed th\u00e1ch, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u00c2u L\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao hom. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eafp l\u0169y, ch \u1ebf t\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Tri\u1ec7u. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay h\u1ecd Tri\u1ec7u v\u00e0 b\u1ecb nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam Vi\u1ec7t. 126","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nir\u1eedc V\u0103n Lang \u1ea2nh 6. M\u1eb7t tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ng\u1ecdc L\u0169, H\u00e0 Nam Ngu\u1ed3n: B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Qu\u1ed1c gia. 127","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 \u1ea2nh 7. Tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ng\u1ecdc L\u0169, H\u00e0 Nam. Ngu\u1ed3n: B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Qu\u1ed1c gia. 128","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang Anh 8. Th\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00e0o Th\u1ecbnh, Y\u00ean B\u00e1i Ngu\u1ed3n: B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Qu\u1ed1c gia. 129","Chutmg m N\u01af\u1edaC \u00c2U L\u1ea0C I. NGU\u1ed2N G\u00d3C TH\u1ee4C AN D\u01af\u01a0NG V\u01af\u01a0NG K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch s\u1eed c\u1ed5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f9ng truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft trong d\u00e2n gian l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. 1. Th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 S\u1eeb Ic\u00fd c\u1ee7a T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean1, trong ph\u1ea7n Nam Vi\u1ec7t li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 t\u1ea1 t\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 g\u1eedi l\u00ean H\u00e1n V\u0103n \u0111\u1ebf, khi L\u1ee5c Gi\u1ea3 \u0111i s\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn 1. S\u1eed k\u00fd 5t iB do Tu M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean (sinh n\u0103m 145 TCN - m\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 90 TCN)> t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 T\u1eed Tr\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t H\u1ea1 D\u01b0\u01a1ng (nay l\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n H\u00e0n Th\u00e0nh, t\u1ec9nh Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y) bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 I TCN. S\u1eeb k\u00fd v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Th\u00e1i s\u1ee9 c\u00f4ng th\u01b0 M s t t \u1ec9 , t\u1eeb sau \u0111\u1eddi D\u00f4ng H\u00e1n m\u1edbi b\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u00ean g\u1ecdi S\u1eeb k\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. B\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 130 Thi\u00ean (quy\u1ec3n), g\u1ed3m B\u1ea3n k\u1ef3 12 quy\u1ec3n, Bi\u1ec3u 10 quy\u1ec3n, Th\u01b0 8 quy\u1ec3n, Th\u1ebf gia 30 quy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 70 quy\u1ec3n Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n. S\u1eed k\u00fd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 Th\u00f4ng s\u1eed mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0, n\u1ed9i dung phong ph\u00fa tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c... k\u00e9o d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 3.000 n\u0103m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi H\u00e1n V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c mi\u00eau t\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 t\u00edch li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu ra, S\u1eeb k\u00fd c\u00f2n ghi ch\u00e9p kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ebfu s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e2n bang. Ph\u1ea1m vi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p trong b\u1ed9 S\u1eed k\u00fd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb khi ra \u0111\u1eddi, S\u1ee9 k\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edd th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 s\u1eed quan tr\u1ecdng, chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c. 130","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam Vi\u1ec7t n\u0103m 179 TCN, n\u1ed9i dung c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c: n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam Vi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i ph\u00eda nam th\u1ea5p \u1ea9m, trong kho\u1ea3ng Man Di, M\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t \u1edd ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u0169ng x\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00c2u L\u1ea1c \u1edd ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1edfi tr\u1ea7n m\u00e0 c\u0169ng x\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng\\\"1. Sau \u0111\u00f3, trong b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch Ti\u1ec1n H\u00e1n th\u01b0 do Ban c \u1ed1 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c. Ghi ch\u00e9p s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng trong s\u00e1ch Giao Ch\u00e2u ngo\u1ea1i v\u1ef1c k\u00fd, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 IV, sau \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n. \u0110o\u1ea1n vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng trong Giao Ch\u00e2u ngo\u1ea1i v\u1ef1c k\u00fd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i trong b\u1ed9 Th\u1ee7y kinh ch\u00fa do L\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ea1o Nguy\u00ean bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VI. H\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi sau th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00edch d\u1eabn nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"Giao Ch\u00e2u ngo\u1ea1i v\u1ef1c k\u00fd ch\u00e9p: \u0111\u1ea5t Giao Chi ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a, l\u00fac ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n, ru\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 ru\u1ed9ng L\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec1n, theo n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u l\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng, d\u00e2n tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt \u1edf c\u00e1c ru\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1eddng hoa l\u1ee3i, v\u00ec v\u1eady d\u00e2n \u1ea5y c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 L\u1ea1c d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c L\u1ea1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, L\u1ea1c h\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng coi c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n. \u1ede huy\u1ec7n ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng. L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed3ng thao xanh. Sau con vua Th\u1ee5c \u0111em ba v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1c L\u1ea1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 L\u1ea1c h\u1ea7u, chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng. Con vua Th\u1ee5c v\u00ec v\u1eady xung l\u00e0 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Sau Nam Vi\u1ec7t V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 \u00fa y \u0110\u00e0 \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng\\\"2. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam khi tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u00e1ch trong Th\u1ee7y kinh ch\u00fa \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ecbch (Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed) th\u00e0nh con vua Th\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch hi\u1ebfu kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u00d4ng h\u1ecd Th\u1ee5c, \u00d4ng d\u00f2ng Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng, hay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a vua Th\u1ee5c3. Nguy\u1ec5n Duy Hinh \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1ch l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c: \\\"Ch\u1eef Th\u1ee5c\\\" c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ee5c \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u01b0ng \\\"v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eed\\\" th\u00ec chi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1eddi c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u n\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ee5c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i con c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. 1. T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean, S\u1ee9 k\u00fd quy\u1ec3n 113, Nam Vi\u1ec7t li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 53. 2. L\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ea1o Nguy\u00ean, Th\u00f9y kinh ch\u00fa s\u1edb, Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00e1 M\u00e3o dich, Nxb. Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a, Hu\u1ebf, 2005, tr. 427. 3. L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, S\u0111d, tr. 162. 131","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 V\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 chi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ecf thu\u1ed9c c\u1ea5p V\u01b0\u01a1ng trong quan ch\u1ebf c\u1ed5\\\"1. Ti\u1ebfp theo cu\u1ed1n Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u k\u00fd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng Vu\u01a1ng, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 Giao Ch\u00e2u ngo\u1ea1i v\u1ef1c k\u00fd. S\u00e1ch Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u k\u00fd do c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 B\u00f9i Uy\u00ean, c \u1ed1 Vi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ea5n v\u00e0 L\u01b0u Tr\u1eebng \u0111\u1eddi Nam T\u1ed1ng bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 ba s\u00e1ch tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00edch d\u1eabn ph\u1ea7n ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i trong s\u00e1ch S\u1eed k\u00fd, Nam Vi\u1ec7t li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n, S\u00e1ch an do T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Trinh bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m Khai Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Tuy\u00ean t\u00f4ng (kho\u1ea3ng 713-741 SCN) nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"Di\u00eau th\u1ecb x\u00e9t: \\\"Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u k\u00fd\\\" vi\u1ebft: Giao Chi c\u00f3 ru\u1ed9ng L\u1ea1c, theo n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u l\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng, d\u00e2n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1eddng hoa l\u1ee3i, (v\u00ec th\u1ebf) d\u00e2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 L\u1ea1c d\u00e2n, c\u00f3 L\u1ea1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, L\u1ea1c h\u1ea7u, c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng, c\u00f3 \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed3ng thao xanh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c L\u1ec7nh tr\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u00e0y nay. Sau Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh L\u1ea1c h\u1ea7u, t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ecb s\u1edd \u1edf huy\u1ec7n Phong Kh\u00ea. Sau n\u00e0y, Nam Vi\u1ec7t vu\u01a1ng \u00fa y \u0110\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u1ec7nh cho hai \u0110i\u1ec3n s\u1ee9 tr\u00f4ng coi d\u00e2n hai huy\u1ec7n Giao Chi, C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n\\\"2. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u1eefa c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 Nam Vi\u1ec7t ch\u00ed, t\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Th\u1ea9m Ho\u00e0i Vi\u1ec5n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi Nam T\u1ed1ng so\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, chi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb ph\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd ch\u00ed trong C\u1ef1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0 nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"B\u00ecnh \u0110 \u1ea1o, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t Phong Kh\u00ea \u0111\u00f2i H\u00e1n. S\u00e1ch N am V i\u1ec7t ch \u00ed ch\u00e9p: \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a Giao Chi r\u1ea5t ph\u00ec nhi\u00eau, x\u01b0a c\u00f3 v\u1ecb Qu\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00f2 t\u00e1 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u00f9ng h\u1ea7u. Sau Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111em ba v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u1ee5c l\u1ea5y con trai l\u00e0 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng cai tr\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc Giao Chi.... \u00fa y \u0110\u00e0 \u1edf Phi\u00ean Ngung sai qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh. An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 n\u1ecf th\u1ea7n, b\u1eafn m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nam Vi\u1ec7t V\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00e8n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh h\u00f2a hi\u1ebfu, \u0111\u01b0a con trai m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Th\u1ee7y sang l\u00e0m con tin. An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ea3 con g\u00e1i 1. Nguy\u1ec5n Duy Hinh, V\u0103n minh L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t, Nxb. V\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u00f4ng tin, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2004, tr. 58. 2. S\u1eed k\u00fd, Nam Vi\u1ec7t li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n, S\u00e1ch \u1ea5n, S\u0111d. 132","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c l\u00e0 M\u1ef5 Ch\u00e2u cho Th\u1ee7y. Th\u1ee7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ecf th\u1ea7n li\u1ec1n ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y, qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Nam Vi\u1ec7t V\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ebft An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ki\u00eam t\u00ednh v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3\\\"1. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y trong n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a ba b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch c\u1ed5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed ho\u1eb7c Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng, nhung \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e9p r\u00f5 h\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u00ean, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh: ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ba b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp t\u1eeb truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2n gian v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u1ed9i dung c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 bi\u00ean t\u1eadp l\u1ea1i. Gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c khi t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00f9a Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n. T\u1eeb T\u00f9ng Th\u1ea1ch trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Vi\u1ec7t giang l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n s\u1eed, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u00f3i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c \u1ed1 Vi\u00eam V\u0169 vi\u1ebft trong Thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 qu\u1eadn qu\u1ed1c l\u1ee3i b\u1ec7nh th\u01b0 l\u00e0: \\\"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Choang l\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t x\u01b0a\\\"2. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 h\u1ecd T\u1eeb c\u00f2n b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam: \\\"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Choang t\u1ed1i s\u01a1 v\u00e0o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 Chi Na l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi San v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u00e0o..., \u1edf V\u00e2n Nam v\u1ec1 sau h\u1ecd chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Ai Lao v\u00e0 B\u1eb7c\\\"3. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1995, Lam H\u1ed3ng \u00c2n vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eeb ch\u0103ng? Hay l\u00e0 Tr\u00fac V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed? \u0110\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 nghi v\u1ea5n \u0111oi v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng4. Trong \u0111\u00f3, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ea1i ghi ch\u00e9p trong c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0a ra m\u1ea5y v\u00e1n \u0111\u00e8 nh\u01b0 sau: 1. C\u1ef1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0, \u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd ch\u00ed. 2. C\u1ed1 Vi\u00eam V\u0169, Thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 qu\u1eadn qu\u1ed1c l\u1ee3i b\u1ec7nh th\u01b0, D\u1ea7n theo L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 X, S\u0111d, tr. 160. 3. T\u1eeb T\u00f9ng Th\u1ea1ch, Vi\u1ec7t giang l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n s\u1eed, Trung Hoa th\u01b0 c\u1ee5c, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i, 1947. D\u1ea7n theo L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 X, S\u0111d, tr. 160. 4. Lam H\u1ed3ng \u00c2n, \\\"Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed ch\u0103ng? Hay l\u00e0 Tr\u00fac V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed? \u0110\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng\\\" trong \u0110\u00e0m N\u00e3i X\u01b0\u01a1ng (Ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean), T\u1eadp lu\u1eadn v\u0103n v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Choang \u0110ong, Nxb. D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y, Nam Ninh, 1995, tr. 19-21. 133","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 - C\u00d3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0, Trung Qu\u1ed1c. - C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 Qu\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e9p trong s\u1eed. - Nh\u01b0ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed hay kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng r\u1ea5t nghi ng\u1edd. L\u00fd do: ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eed gia hi\u1ec7n nay th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i c\u1ee7a Khai Minh V\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch Hoa D\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c ch\u00ed'. m\u00f9a Thu n\u0103m th\u1ee9 5 Chu Th\u1eadn V\u01b0\u01a1ng (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u H\u1eadu Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee9 9 \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ea7n Hu\u1ec7 V\u0103n V\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u0103m 316 TCN), c\u00e1c quan \u0110\u1ea1i phu c\u1ee7a T\u1ea7n l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Nghi, T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Th\u00e1c, \u0110\u00f4 \u00fa y M\u1eb7c... t\u00f2 Th\u1ea1ch Ng\u01b0u \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e1nh Th\u1ee5c, Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb H\u00e0 Minh ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb thua tr\u1eadn. V\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n, \u0111\u1ebfn V\u0169 D\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c quan v\u0103n, quan v\u00f5, c\u00f9ng Th\u00e1i t\u1eed lui v\u1ec1 Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u1ebft \u1edf B\u1ea1ch L\u1ed9c S\u01a1n. H\u1ecd Khai Minh b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t vong\\\". N\u0103m T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 33 (t\u1ee9c n\u0103m 214 TCN) b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c L\u0129nh Nam, \u0111\u1eb7t ra ba qu\u1eadn, Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 khi \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n t\u1ea1i L\u0129nh Nam, c\u00e1ch th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m Khai Minh V\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t vong \u0111\u00e3 102 n\u0103m, V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean nh\u00e2n gian?1T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho r\u00e0ng Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i, kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4ng xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eadn v\u00f9ng Giao Chi xa x\u00f4i. - T\u1ea5c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f2n nghi ng\u1edd, Th\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi, truy\u1ec1n xu\u1ed1ng L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m, nh\u01b0ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u1ee5c. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0a ra ghi ch\u00e9p trong Hoa D\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c ch\u00ed v\u1ec1 phong t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5c Khai Minh V\u01b0\u01a1ng: \\\"M\u1ed7i khi V\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ebft th\u00ec d\u1ef1ng h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 to (\u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea1ch) d\u00e0i 3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng, n\u1eb7ng ngh\u00ecn c\u00e2n (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 500kg) l\u00e0m m\u1ed9 ch\u00ed, nay l\u00e0 M\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1 ( 5 ^ ) g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Du\u1ea9n l\u00ed (C\u1ed9t m\u0103ng), ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t th\u1ee5y hi\u1ec7u, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea5y n\u0103m m\u1ea7u l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, cho n\u00ean mi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Thanh \u0111\u1ebf, X\u00edch \u0111\u1ebf, H\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebf, Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, B\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ebf. 1. \\\"Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed ch\u0103ng? Hay l\u00e0 Tr\u00fac V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eeb?\\\", S\u0111d, tr. 19-21. 134","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \/\/\/. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c Theo t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: \\\"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t coi tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh, v\u00ec th\u1ebf cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay (1995) t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng di chi kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y\\\"1. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 h\u1ecd c\u00f9a An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f2 th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n kh\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb ph\u00eda b\u1eafc khu v\u1ef1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ed3ng t\u1ea1i tinh H\u1ed3 Nam, sang \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc khu v\u1ef1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c B\u1ed1 Y, ph\u00eda nam \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi hai n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung Qu\u1ed1c - Vi\u1ec7t Nam. N\u1ed9i dung kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 sau: c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thanh ni\u00ean t\u00e0i gi\u00f2i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n trao cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i cung th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 ba m\u0169i t\u00ean v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 49, b\u1eafn ba m\u0169i t\u00ean v\u00e0o kinh th\u00e0nh th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vua trong thi\u00ean h\u1ea1. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ki\u00ean tr\u00ec, trong l\u00f2ng suy ngh\u0129: n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u00ean th\u1ea7n th\u00ec m\u00ecnh th\u1eeb b\u1eafn, ch\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ee7 ng\u00e0y. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 48, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em b\u1eafn c\u1ea3 ba m\u0169i t\u00ean v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda kinh th\u00e0nh. Khi b\u1eafn m\u0169i t\u00ean th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, m\u0169i t\u00ean c\u1eafm ngay v\u00e0o tr\u00ean b\u1ea3o t\u1ecda c\u00f9a nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ecb vi. Do h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3 bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng nh\u00e0 vua ch\u01b0a t\u1ec9nh gi\u1ea5c, n\u00ean m\u0169i t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ai b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u0169i t\u00ean th\u1ee9 hai b\u1eafn ra c\u1eafm \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0o long s\u00e0ng, may m\u1eafn nh\u00e0 vua v\u1eeba tinh d\u1eady v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng gi\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00ec v\u1eady c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m nh\u00e0 vua b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u0169i t\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o ng\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua, \u0111\u00fang khi vua \u0111ang r\u1eeda m\u1eb7t, m\u0169i t\u00ean bay \u0111\u1ebfn xuy\u00ean v\u00e0o kh\u0103n r\u1eeda m\u1eb7t. Nh\u00e0 vua hi\u1ec3u ngay hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m ph\u1ea3n, l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c sai qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh \u0111i truy b\u1eaft, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ebft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean d\u1eb7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c r\u1eb7ng tre sau nh\u00e0. Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau, c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u00f2n kh\u00eanh ki\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb quan b\u1ecb g\u1eaby, sai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1eb7ng tre \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb7t l\u00e0m chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u00f2n m\u1edbi. L\u00fac ch\u1eb7t c\u00e2y tre th\u1ea5y m\u00e1u ch\u1ea3y ra x\u1ed1i x\u1ea3, vi\u00ean quan li\u1ec1n cho ch\u1eb7t h\u1ebft c\u1ea3 r\u1eb7ng tre. Nghe n\u00f3i, n\u1ebfu ngu\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ee7 49 ng\u00e0y th\u00ec s\u1ed1 qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh v\u00e0 1. \\\"Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed ch\u0103ng? Hay l\u00e0 Tr\u00fac V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eeb?\\\", S\u0111d, tr. 20-21. 135","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 ng\u1ef1a trong l\u00f2ng c\u00e2y tre m\u1edbi m\u1edf m\u1eaft, khi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn, v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n. Sau khi ba m\u0169i t\u00ean b\u1eafn tr\u00fang nh\u00e0 vua, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u00ean h\u1ea1. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00e0o th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eafn v\u1edbi h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Th\u1ed5 ty, Th\u1ed5 t\u00f9 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ed d\u1ee5: v\u00f9ng trung du s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd Vi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u1ecd t\u00ean l\u00e0 Vi H\u1ed5 Th\u1ea7n, Vi Kim Lu\u00e2n. L\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n \u1edf v\u00f9ng T\u1ea3 Giang th\u00ec l\u1ea1i mang h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 ty h\u1ecd s\u1ea7m , c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 s\u1ea7m T\u1ed1n, s\u1ea7m Th\u1eafng, b\u00ean H\u1eefu Giang th\u00ec l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169 c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u0103ng \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ed5, n\u00ean c\u00f3 h\u1ecd t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng C\u1eedu Ti\u00eau, Ho\u00e0ng Hoa... Theo t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Lam H\u1ed3ng \u00c2n, c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Tr\u00fac v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a D\u1ea1 Lang. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, Th\u1ed5 t\u00f9, Th\u1ed5 ty c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0o v\u00ec h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a Tr\u00fac V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 cao \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb gia t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Tr\u00fac V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i n\u1ecf th\u1ea7n t\u00ean th\u1ea7n, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 h\u1ecd Lam cho r\u0103ng: An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 h\u1ecd Tr\u00fac ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecd Th\u1ee5c, l\u00fd do nh\u01b0 sau: a. T\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1eed li\u1ec7u: s\u00e1ch Giao Ch\u00e2u ngo\u1ea1i v\u1ef1c k\u00fd v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u k\u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e9p vi\u1ec7c An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft, chi c\u00f3 Nam Vi\u1ec7t ch\u00ed vi\u1ebft: [Ng\u01b0\u1eddi] Vi\u1ec7t b\u00e8n gi\u1ebft An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng s\u00e1ch Nam Vi\u1ec7t ch\u00ed l\u1ea1i ch\u00e9p nh\u1ea7m t\u00f2 ch\u1eef L\u1ea1c th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef H\u00f9ng. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Truy\u1ec7n r\u00f9a v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e9p An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft, m\u00e0 ch\u00e9p: R\u00f9a v\u00e0ng r\u1ebd n\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u1eabn V\u01b0\u01a1ng xu\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n nhau D\u1ea1 S\u01a1n, x\u00e3 Cao X\u00e1, Di\u1ec5n Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 n\u01a1i n\u00e0y. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y, An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ebft m\u00e0 chi b\u1ecb thua ch\u1ea1y, th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch sau n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ghi ch\u00e9p c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ee5c \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Theo s\u00e1ch An Thu\u1eadn ph\u1ee7 ch\u00ed c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p: Lang \u0110\u00e3i l\u00e0 D\u1ea1 S\u01a1n th\u1eddi c\u1ed5, D\u1ea1 Lang t\u1ee9c t\u1eeb t\u00ean D\u1ea1 S\u01a1n m\u00e0 g\u1ecdi v\u1eady. D\u1ea1 S\u01a1n \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi ph\u1ee7 H\u01b0ng Ngh\u0129a, s\u1ea3nh Ph\u1ee7 An, l\u00e0 n\u00fai ph\u00e2n chia c\u1ee7a nh\u1ecb B\u00e0n. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ed5, m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi di c\u01b0, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1edb T\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111em \u0111\u1ecba danh n\u01a1i th\u1edd c\u00fang 136","Ch\u01b0cmg UI. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c T\u1ed5 ti\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa m\u1edbi. N\u00fai D\u1ea1 S\u01a1n \u1edf Di\u1ec5n Ch\u00e2u, c\u00f9ng t\u00ean v\u1edbi n\u00fai D\u1ea1 S\u01a1n c\u1ee7a D\u1ea1 Lang. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t minh ch\u1ee9ng cho vi\u1ec7c An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi D\u1ea1 Lang t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Tr\u00fac V\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n, Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi D\u1ea1 Lang. S\u00e1ch H\u1eadu H\u00e1n th\u01b0, Nh\u00e2m Di\u00ean truy\u1ec7n ch\u00e9p: \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi Ki\u1ebfn V\u0169 (s\u00e1ch T\u01b0 tr\u1ecb th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m ch\u00e9p: n\u0103m Ki\u1ebfn V\u0169 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, t\u1ee9c n\u0103m 29), sai [Nh\u00e2m] Di\u00ean l\u00e0m Th\u00e1i th\u00fa C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n... Man Di ngo\u00e0i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi D\u1ea1 Lang m\u1ed9 ngh\u0129a b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 bi\u00ean t\u00e1i, Di\u00ean li\u1ec1n l\u1ec7nh d\u1eebng vi\u1ec7c trinh th\u00e1m \u0111\u1ee3i qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh. Ph\u1ea7n An \u0110e k\u1ef3 trong c\u00f9ng s\u00e1ch T\u01b0 tr\u1ecb th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u0169ng ch\u00e9p: n\u0103m V\u0129nh S\u01a1 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (n\u0103m 107), Man Di D\u1ea1 Lang ngo\u00e0i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi d\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1ed9i thu\u1ed9c, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng bi\u00ean c\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn 1.840 d\u1eb7m. S\u00e1ch Nguy\u00ean H\u00f2a qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n ch\u00ed ch\u00e9p: Phong Ch\u00e2u, l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eaft c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc D\u1ea1 Lang, x\u00e9t trong \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi huy\u1ec7n T\u00e2n X\u01b0\u01a1ng nay c\u00f3 khe D\u1ea1 Lang (D\u1ea1 Lang kh\u00ea). Nh\u1eefng s\u1eed li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9ng minh: di t\u00edch v\u1ec1 Tr\u00fac V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, m\u00e0 di t\u00edch v\u1ec1 Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng. b. T\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u1eef \u00e2m h\u1ecdc: n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ea3 hai t\u1eeb Tr\u00fac V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng t\u1ed9c Choang ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam, ph\u00e1t \u00e2m gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Tr\u00fac t\u1eed ti\u1ebfng Choang l\u00e0 Gocuk, L\u1ea1p ch\u00fac l\u00e0 Laocuk, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 Cuk. Ti\u1ebfng Choang \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c \u00e2m Th\u1ee5c v\u00e0 Tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t \u00e2m b\u00e0ng z, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t \u00e2m s. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u00e2m Th\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u00e2m Tr\u00fac r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1ea7m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 khi \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam, ph\u1ea3i qua hai l\u1ea7n phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch m\u1edbi ghi ch\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n, v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1ea3y ra vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef Tr\u00fac nh\u1ea7m th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef Th\u1ee5c. c. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Ph\u00e1n c\u00f9a Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed-. c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea5y ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u00e0y theo ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 t\u1ed9c Choang. Theo th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ch\u1ec9 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean, cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i t\u00ean Ph\u00e1n. C\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t \u00e2m Ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 B\u00e0n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u00e1i g\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i s\u0103n l\u00e0 B\u00e0n. Trong truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Th\u00e1i, lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i B\u00e0n t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0103n b\u1eafn. Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eeb t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1n, th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i s\u0103n. 137","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i s\u0103n c\u00f3 t\u00e0i thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea1, v\u00ec th\u1ebf r\u1ea5t s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i cung t\u00ean, cung th\u1ea7n, t\u00ean th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ecdng. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i s\u00e0n (ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed9c Choang c\u00f2n ki\u00eang k\u1ecb trong \u0111i s\u0103n, l\u00ean n\u00fai c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u00e0n). Trong truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2n gian Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i s\u0103n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng (L\u1ea1c V\u01b0\u01a1ng). Theo th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7t Nam, s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, Ngo\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 ch\u00e9p c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n S\u01a1n Tinh Th\u1ee7y Tinh. N\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0 sau: H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng (L\u1ea1c V\u01b0\u01a1ng) c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con g\u00e1i t\u00ean l\u00e0 M\u1ef5 N\u01b0\u01a1ng, S\u01a1n Tinh (S\u01a1n th\u1ea7n) v\u00e0 Th\u1ee7y Tinh (Th\u1ee7y th\u1ea7n) c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea7u h\u00f4n, V\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ea3 cho S\u01a1n Tinh. Th\u1ee7y Tinh t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn m\u00e0 d\u00e2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean cao \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1o th\u00f9. S\u01a1n Tinh d\u1ea1y d\u00e2n bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng tre (tr\u00fac) \u0111an th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 ng\u0103n \u0111\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ee5t, l\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng n\u1ecf th\u1ea7n b\u1eafn c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ee7y qu\u00e1i. Sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed1i th\u00f9 truy\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp, Th\u1ee7y Tinh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec1u g\u00e2y ra c\u1ea3nh l\u1ee5t l\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng S\u01a1n Tinh. T\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n d\u00e2n gian cho th\u1ea5y S\u01a1n Tinh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i s\u0103n, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i s\u0103n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u00f3a th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Tr\u00fac V\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00ec v\u1eady Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i s\u0103n c\u1ee7a Tr\u00fac V\u01b0\u01a1ng. d. D\u1ea1 Lang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c, T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean trong ph\u1ea7n m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Nam di truy\u1ec7n s\u00e1ch S\u1eed k\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: Qu\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00e2y Nam di c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c, D\u1ea1 Lang l\u00e0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t. T\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng M\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi khi d\u00e2ng th\u01b0 g\u1eedi l\u00ean vua H\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o: t\u1ea5t c\u00e0 tinh binh c\u1ee7a D\u1ea1 Lang l\u00ean t\u00f3i han 10 v\u1ea1n ngircri. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, sau n\u00e0y khi s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n sang D\u1ea1 Lang, Qu\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a D\u1ea1 Lang d\u00e1m \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: H\u00e1n v\u1edbi ta, ai m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n? \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ch\u1ee9ng minh: D\u1ea1 Lang \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh. Th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edd t\u00ecnh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 Tr\u00fac V\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do tr\u00ean, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Lam H\u1ed3ng \u00c2n cho r\u1eb1ng An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Tr\u00fac V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi D\u1ea1 Lang, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a D\u1ea1 Lang, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Tr\u00fac V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eeb. Trong truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady: v\u00f9ng T\u1ea3 Giang c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nam C\u01b0\u01a1ng, 138","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c th\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1t 9 b\u1ed9, l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda nam Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Cao B\u1eb1ng c\u00f9a Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y nay. Vua n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y t\u00ean l\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c Ch\u1ebf, con l\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n. Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao l\u00e0m vua khi c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf tu\u1ed5i, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c, \u0111em qu\u00e2n bao v\u00e2y Kinh th\u00e0nh, mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n d\u00f9ng m\u01b0u tr\u00ed chi\u1ebfn thang c\u1ea3 9 b\u1ed9, ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00ean ng\u00f4i vua. Sau n\u00e0y, Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n \u0111em qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng V\u0103n Lang \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam, V\u0103n Lang h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c, Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n b\u00e8n xung l\u00e0 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng1. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0a ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: Th\u1ee5c Vu\u01a1ng T\u1eed kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ed9c Th\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Khai Minh th\u1ecb, m\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 Choang c\u00f9ng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u1edbi D\u1ea1 Lang2. 2. Th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f9ng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n - An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 Vi\u1ec7t Nam k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00e9p kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u00f9 v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n - An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c (\u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c), b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ghi v\u1ec1 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"Cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi Chu, H\u00f9ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb con vua Th\u1ee5c l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1n \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u00e0 l\u00ean thay. Ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1eb3p th\u00e0nh \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Th\u01b0\u1eddng, x\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng hi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 Chu\\\"3. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 trong K\u1ef3 nh\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c, An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e9p: \\\"H\u1ecd Th\u1ee5c, t\u00ean h\u00fay l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1n, \u1edf ng\u00f4i 50 n\u00e3m, \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf Phong Kh\u00ea (nay l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c \u1ed5 Loa)\\\"4. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 1. Th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e2u truy\u1ec7n trong truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \\\"C\u1ea5u ch\u00faa cheng v\u00f9a\\\" (Ch\u00edn ch\u00faa tranh vua) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i Cao B\u1eb1ng, L\u00e3 V\u0103n L\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, s\u1ed1 50-51, th\u00e1ng 6\/1963. 2. \\\"Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0cmg T\u1eed ch\u0103ng? Hay l\u00e0 Tr\u00fac V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eeb?\\\", S\u0111d, tr. 21-25. 3. Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ee9 l\u01b0\u1ee3c, S\u0111d, tr. 14. 4. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, IV, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1998. Ngo\u1ea1i k\u1ef7 to\u00e0n th\u01b0, quy\u1ec3n I, t\u1edd 5b. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch gi\u00e0 b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eeb k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111o\u1ea1n \\\"\u1edd ng\u00f4i 50 n\u0103m\\\" xu\u1ed1ng sau \u0111o\u1ea1n \\\"H\u1ecd Th\u1ee5c, t\u00ean h\u00fay l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1n\\\" l\u00e0 sai v\u1ecb tri, m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n theo \u0111\u00fang th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0: K\u1ef3 nh\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c, An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u1edf ng\u00f4i 50 n\u0103m, h\u1ecd Th\u1ee5c, t\u00ean h\u00fay l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1n... 139","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 tr\u1edf \u0111i, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam lu\u00f4n theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0i nghi v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u00e1c ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a s\u1eed c\u0169. Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c chi \u0111\u1ea1o bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n, kh\u00e2m duy\u1ec7t. C\u00e1c s\u1eed th\u1ea7n trong Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed qu\u00e1n khi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 K\u1ef3 nh\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau l\u00ean s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3n v\u1ea5n nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"N\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ee5c t\u1eeb n\u0103m th\u1ee9 5 \u0111\u1eddi Chu Th\u1eadn T\u0129nh v\u01b0\u01a1ng [n\u0103m 316 TCN] \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb T\u1ea7n di\u1ec7t r\u1ed3i, l\u00e0m g\u00ec c\u00f2n c\u00f3 vua n\u1eefa? Hu\u1ed1ng chi t\u1eeb Th\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn V\u0103n Lang c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5t Ki\u1ec3n Vi, \u0111\u1ea5t D\u1ea1 Lang, \u0111\u1ea5t C\u1ee7ng, \u0111\u1ea5t T\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t Nhi\u1ec5m c\u00e1ch nhau h\u00e0ng hai, ba ng\u00e0n d\u1eb7m, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u00e0o Th\u1ee5c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y m\u00e0 sang \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang\\\"1. S\u1eed gia Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Si\u00eau trong b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecba d\u01b0 to\u00e0n bi\u00ean l\u00ean \u00e1n gay g\u1eaft s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn c\u1ee7a s\u1eed c\u0169 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00ednh ch\u00ednh l\u1ea1i: \\\"Phong Kh\u00ea \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n, M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi t\u00e2u xin \u0111\u1eb7t ra, m\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3ng kinh \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf Phong Kh\u00ea\\\", \\\"\u0110\u00f4ng M\u00e2n l\u00e0 Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn, T\u00e2y \u00c2u l\u00e0 Qu\u00fd Ch\u00e2u ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean l\u00e0m Ngo\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 theo l\u1eddi sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e0ng Ch\u00e2u k\u00fd l\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y chuy\u1ec7n ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i, truy\u1ec1n k\u1ef3 ch\u00e9p kh\u00e1c \u0111i r\u1eb1ng: An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed5i n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c, \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf Phong Kh\u00ea. S\u1eed s\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa l\u1ea1i\\\"2. B\u01b0\u1edbc sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u00e0i nghi thuy\u1ebft An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c, Trung Qu\u1ed1c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 h\u01a1n, ngay t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1914, Ho\u00e0ng Cao Kh\u1ea3i trong s\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed y\u1ebfu c\u0169ng n\u00eau l\u00ean s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh V\u0103n Lang: \\\"N\u00f3i v\u1ec1 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ai 1. Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 79. 2. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110inh Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Si\u00eau, \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecba d\u01b0 to\u00e0n bi\u00ean, Vi\u1ec7n S\u1eed h\u1ecdc - Nxb V\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u00f4ng tin, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1997, tr. 186-187. 140","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ai bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 qu\u00ea qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u? C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o c\u1ef1u s\u1eed ghi ch\u00e9p th\u00ec V\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t Ba Th\u1ee5c. Nh\u01b0ng Ba Th\u1ee5c c\u00e1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc ta \u0111\u1ebfn hai, ba ng\u00e0n d\u1eb7m, r\u1eebng s\u00e2u, n\u00fai th\u1eb3m, \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec7p tr\u00f9ng tr\u00f9ng, tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u00e1ch tr\u1edf, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 l\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 l\u00fd n\u00e0o V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eb3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ta m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch mau ch\u00f3ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady?\\\"1. Ti\u1ebfp theo, s\u1eed gia Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim vi\u1ebft Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng s\u1eeb Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1921, c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh Th\u1ee5c An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \\\"l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecd Th\u1ee5c g\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u00e3n Lang, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c b\u00ean T\u00e0u\\\"2. H\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Ng\u00f4 T\u1ea5t T\u1ed1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1edbi ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 N\u01b0\u1edbc Nam kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00f4ng An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c3. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng tham gia v\u00e0o xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u00e0i nghi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh ri\u00eang, H.Masp\u00e9ro cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1eed c\u0169 ch\u1ec9 ch\u00e9p theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 th\u00f4i v\u00e0 \\\"ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed\\\"4. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, L.Aurousseau v\u1eabn c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u00f9a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong 3 n\u00e3m t\u1eeb 210 - 208 TCN, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i 50 n\u0103m nh\u01b0 s\u1eed c\u0169 ghi ch\u00e9p5. T\u1eeb th\u1eadp k\u1ef3 50 v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 60 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e0u l\u01b0 nhi\u00e8u c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c. Trong d\u00f3, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c - giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m 1. Ho\u00e0ng Cao Kh\u1ea3i, Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eeb y\u1ebfu, Nxb. Ngh\u1ec7 An - Trung t\u00e2m V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e2y, 2007, tr. 46-47. 2. Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, S\u0111d, tr. 26. 3. Ng\u00f4 T\u1ea5t T\u1ed1, \\\"N\u01b0\u1edbc Nam kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00f4ng An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c\\\", Tao \u0110\u00e0n s\u1ed1 3, ng\u00e0y 1-4-1939. 4. H. Masp\u00e9ro, \\\"Bulletin critique, trong T'oung Pao\\\", Vol.23, tr. 373-379. 5. L Aurousseau, \\\"La premi\u00e8re conqu\u00eate chinoise des pays annamites\\\", B.E.F.E.O. XXIII, 1923. 141","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Xung quanh nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u, ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 m\u1edbi. Tuy v\u1eady, cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 50 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, thuy\u1ebft An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Th\u1ee5c, Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau. Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e1p cho r\u1eb1ng: Sau khi n\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ee5c b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t, con ch\u00e1u vua Th\u1ee5c t\u1eeb Ba Th\u1ee5c l\u1ea9n tr\u1ed1n xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda nam \u1ea9n n\u00e1u, r\u1ed3i d\u1ea7n di c\u01b0 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t, l\u1eadp n\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c v\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u Th\u1ee5c An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 5 n\u0103m t\u1eeb 210 \u0111\u1ebfn 206 TCN1. \u0110\u00e0o Duy Anh gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng: Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 con hay ch\u00e1u xa c\u1ee7a vua Th\u1ee5c \u1edf Ba Th\u1ee5c, sau khi nh\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed9c thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y xu\u1ed1ng v\u00f9ng \u0110i\u1ec1n Tr\u00ec, r\u1ed3i xu\u00f4i theo s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t, chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y Vu \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc trung du B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y nay. Sau khi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u00c2u kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang v\u00e0 l\u1eadp n\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 207 TCN2. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u00eam m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 H\u00e0 V\u0103n T\u1ea5n cho r\u00e0ng: Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i vua Th\u1ee5c \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Ba Th\u1ee5c m\u00e0 l\u00e0 T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng di c\u01b0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t Th\u1ee5c xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda nam v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u1ecd \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng Qu\u00e0ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1ed1ng chung v\u00f3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y \u00c2u \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra g\u1ed3m hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01b0 d\u00e2n T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0 L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t3. 1. Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e1p, \\\"M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 An Du\u01a1ng ng\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Th\u1ee5c An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng\\\", T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed V\u0103n S\u1eed \u0110\u1ecba, s\u1ed1 28, th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1957. 2. \u0110\u00e0o Duy Anh, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1957, tr. 27. 3. Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u1ee3ng - H\u00e0 V\u0103n T\u1ea5n, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Nxb. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1960, tr. 51-56. 142","Ch\u01b0omg III. Nir\u1edfc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1963, L\u00e3 V\u0103n L\u00f4 d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft c\u1ea5 u ch\u00f9a cheng v\u00f9a (Ch\u00fai ch\u00faa tranh vua) c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c T\u00e0y \u1edf Cao B\u1eb1ng1. Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft cho bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ean l\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c Ch\u1ebf, l\u00e0m vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam C\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf Cao B\u1eb1ng, Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y m\u00e0 v\u00f9ng trung t\u00e2m hi\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 H\u00f2a An, Cao B\u1eb1ng. Cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, Th\u1ee5c Ch\u1ebf ch\u1ebft, con trai l\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n c\u00f2n \u00edt tu\u1ed5i, khi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00edn ch\u00faa M\u01b0\u1eddng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam C\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f2i Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n ph\u1ea3i chia \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nh\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1i ng\u00f4i vua. Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n tuy c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf tu\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u1eed l\u00fd r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng minh, \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf s\u00e1ch \u0111ua t\u00e0i, quy \u01b0\u1edbc ai chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e0nh ng\u00f4i vua. Trong khi thi, Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng m\u01b0u khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c ch\u00faa M\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, chi duy nh\u1ea5t Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ebfn m\u1ed9, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, quy ph\u1ee5c2. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a th\u00e0nh \u1edd Cao B\u1eb1ng, d\u00e2n gian g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh B\u1ea3n Ph\u1ee7. T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a T\u1ee5c P\u1eafn (Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n), ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n l\u00e0m vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam C\u01b0\u01a1ng sau cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua t\u00e0i \\\"C\u1ea9u ch\u00f9a cheng v\u00f9a\\\" (Ch\u00edn ch\u00faa tranh vua). Th\u00e0nh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 hai l\u1edbp t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t bao b\u1ecdc g\u1ee3i ra truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eafp th\u00e0nh c \u1ed5 Loa sau khi An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eddi Cao B\u1eb1ng xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh B\u1ea3n Ph\u1ee7, Cao B\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y \u00c2u \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 III TCN, ho\u1eb7c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a huy\u1ec7n T\u00e2y Vu sau khi bi nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Nam Vi\u1ec7t r\u1ed3i T\u00e2y H\u00e1n3. 1. L\u00e3 V\u0103n L\u00f4. \\\"Quanh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n hay l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \\\"C\u1ea9u ch\u00f9a cheng v\u00f9a\\\" c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o T\u00e0y\\\". T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, s\u1ed1 50-51, th\u00e1ng 6\/1963. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2n gian \u1edf v\u00f9ng Cao B\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c L\u00ea S\u01a1n vi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1eddng ca hom ngh\u00ecn c\u00e2u ti\u1ebfng T\u00e0y, L\u00e3 V\u0103n L\u00f4 d\u1ecbch ra ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, kho\u1ea3ng cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 XX, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p khi vi\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0y, c\u00f3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u. 2. \\\"Quanh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n hay l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \\\"C\u1ea9u ch\u00f9a cheng v\u00f9a\\\" c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o T\u00e0y\\\", Tc\u0111d. 3. \u0110inh Ng\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7n, \\\"Qua th\u00e0nh B\u1ea3n Ph\u1ee7 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n - An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1eebong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam\\\" - K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u1ecdc 143","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 trinh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam C\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Sau khi gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n l\u1eadp ra n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c. \u0110\u1eb7ng Nghi\u00eam V\u1ea1n v\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u1eeb\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111ua ra m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi: Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n l\u00e0 T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y \u00c2u hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0y c\u1ed5 \u1edd v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng n\u00fai Nam Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 B\u1eafc B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 m\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edd v\u00f9ng Cao B\u1eb1ng'. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft c\u1ea5u ch\u00f9a cheng v\u00f9a m\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0o Duy Anh c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tnr\u1edbc kia c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, cho r\u1eb1ng: \\\"Con ch\u00e1u vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ee5c m\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 V\u00e2n Nam v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam C\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00f4ng L\u00f4, s\u00f4ng G\u00e2m, r\u1ed3i tr\u00e0n sang mi\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u s\u00f4ng c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng H\u1eefu Giang\\\",...\\\"C\u00e1i t\u00ean \u00c2u L\u1ea1c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0 L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t\\\",... \\\"Ngu\u1eddi T\u00e0y \u1edf T\u00e2y B\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc ta ng\u00e0y nay c\u0169ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Choang. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y \u00c2u x\u01b0a\\\"2. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 60 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n Th\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3, Th\u1ea7n t\u00edch, ng\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0a ra. Trong \u0111\u00f3, Nguy\u1ec5n Linh c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a H\u00f9ng v\u01b0cmg ng\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3, ng\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3 Th\u00e1nh T\u1ea3n Vi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a T\u1ea3n Vi\u00ean cho bi\u1ebft: Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n l\u00e0 \\\"Ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o x\u1ee9 Ai Lao\\\", l\u00e0 \\\"B\u1ed9 ch\u00faa Ai Lao\\\", \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y Nam Di, l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 III: Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec1n, Nxb. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2010; Nguy\u1ec5n Vi\u1ec7t, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n Th\u0103ng Long, Nxb. H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ecdi, 2010, tr. 615. 1. \u0110\u1eb7ng Nghi\u00eam V\u1ea1n - Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \\\"V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c T\u00e0y \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam\\\", Th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o khoa h\u1ecdc, T\u1eadp II - S\u1eed h\u1ecdc, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1966, tr. 74-82. 2. \u0110\u00e0o Duy Anh, \u0110\u1eaft n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi, Nxb. Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a, Hu\u1ebf, 1994, tr. 27-28. 144","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ec8JL N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c \u0111ua ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ee5c \u1edf T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 vua n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y Th\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai Lao di \u1edf v\u00f9ng V\u00e2n Nam, ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc. Cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c V\u0103n Lang m\u00e0 d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c\\\"1. N\u0103m 1969, Nguy\u1ec5n Duy Hinh vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c v\u00e0 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch c\u1ed5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh cho r\u1eb1ng: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t c\u01b0 tr\u00fa tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn t\u1eeb l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng T\u00e2y Giang. Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t, \u00c2u L\u1ea1c, T\u00e2y \u00c2u hay T\u00e2y \u00c2u L\u1ea1c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t do Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfm V\u0103n Lang l\u1eadp ra n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c, c\u0169ng chi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t2. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI, Nguy\u1ec5n Duy Hinh v\u1eabn \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi ng\u1edd v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Ba Th\u1ee5c v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Giao Chi: \\\"Li\u1ec7u r\u00e0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u1eeb Ba Th\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn Giao Chi \u0111i qua n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110i\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi (t\u1ec9nh V\u00e2n Nam ng\u00e0y nay) hay kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi v\u1ea5n\\\"3. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, Nguy\u1ec5n Duy Hinh cho r\u1eb1ng, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c c\u00f2n \u0111ang t\u1ed3n nghi tr\u00ean, n\u00ean \\\"khi Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00ednh so\u1ea1n c\u00e1c Th\u1ea7n t\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi c\u1ee7a H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ecd Th\u1ee5c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ee5c xa x\u00f4iA \u2022 1(4 . Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 70 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX tr\u1edf \u0111i, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n sang \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n c\u00e1c tinh ph\u00eda B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0 Y\u00ean B\u00e1i, L\u00e0o Cai d\u1ecdc theo s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng. N\u0103m 1976, \u0110inh V\u0103n Nh\u1eadt cho r\u1eb1ng v\u00f9ng Y\u00ean B\u00e1i n\u01a1i ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc 1. Nguy\u1ec5n Linh, \\\"B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n\\\", T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, s\u1ed1 124, th\u00e1ng 7\/1969, tr. 33-51. 2. Nguy\u1ec5n Duy Hinh, \\\"B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c v\u00e0 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng\\\", T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Kh\u1ea3o c\u00f4 h\u1ecdc, s\u1ed1 3-4, th\u00e1ng 12 \/1969, tr. 144-154. 3. V\u0103n minh L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t, S\u0111d, tr. 58. 4. V\u0103n minh L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t, S\u0111d, tr. 58. 145","L\u1ecaCH S \u1eed VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 th\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n1. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n kh\u00e1 phong ph\u00fa trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh tr\u00ean, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u1ed9 di v\u1eadt r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, trong \u0111\u00f3 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i H l, c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IV - III TCN, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eadp trung trong c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y \u00c2u (huy\u1ec7n V\u0103n S\u01a1n, thu\u1ed9c V\u00e2n Nam v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n Cao B\u1eb1ng, H\u00e0 Giang v\u00e0 L\u00e0o Cai) v\u00e0 L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t (trung, h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng M\u00e3)2, c\u1ea3ng l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c truy t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u00eam c\u01a1 s\u1edd khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 X c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n S\u1eed h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh: \\\"\u0110\u1ecba b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u1edf mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai L\u00e0o Cai - Y\u00ean B\u00e1i, l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi V\u00e2n Nam l\u00e0 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110i\u1ec1n, c\u00f3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng r\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\\\". \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho r\u1eb1ng, hai n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110i\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi nhau. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, do nh\u1eefng d\u01b0 ch\u00fang con ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng V\u00e2n Nam h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m, n\u00ean ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110i\u1ec1n, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110i\u1ec1n. Do \u0111\u00f3, khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, h\u1ecd nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edd th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ebfn khi n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang suy y\u1ebfu, h\u1ecd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ki\u00eam t\u00ednh, thay th\u1ebf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u1ea3y sinh m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc\\\"3. Trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 n\u0103m 2010, Nguy\u1ec5n Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00fd ki\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa V\u00e0n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n v\u00e0 V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110i\u1ec1n: \\\"Nhung c\u00f3 l\u1ebd nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng m\u1ecf kim lo\u1ea1i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng, ch\u00ec, thi\u1ebfc \u1edf v\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u m\u00e0 v\u00f9ng l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a 1. \u0110inh V\u0103n Nh\u1eadt, \\\"\u0110i t\u00ecm qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169 c\u1ee7a An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n\\\", T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Nghi\u00ean c\u1eedu l\u1ecbch s\u1ee9, s\u1ed1 166, n\u0103m 1976, tr. 65-83. 2. H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n Th\u0103ng Long, S\u0111d, tr. 698. 3. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 X, S\u0111d, tr. 162. 146","Ch\u01b0omg III. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110i\u1ec1n - \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. Theo d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y lan t\u1ecfa c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n - \u0110i\u1ec1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng n\u1ed5i nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 dao g\u0103m ch\u1eafn tay h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef T, l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u00e0y (v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u00ecnh c\u00e1nh sen hay h\u00ecnh tim, th\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng cao c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00fa... v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i riu x\u00e9o mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai) \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng xa h\u01a1n \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1...\\\"1. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n: \\\"l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n bao h\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u00f3a mang t\u00ednh v\u00f9ng. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u thu\u1ed9c trung l\u01b0u s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng (t\u1eeb C\u1ed5 Loa h\u1eaft l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn L\u00e0o Cai, Y\u00ean B\u00e1i). Lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi m\u1ed1i giao l\u01b0u \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t v\u1edbi V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110i\u1ec1n \u1edf V\u00e2n Nam - Trung Qu\u1ed1c\\\"2. Nguy\u1ec5n Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfm th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t g\u1ee3i \u00fd m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a An D\u01b0cmg V\u01b0\u01a1ng, Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n. Theo t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: \\\"C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c thu\u1ed9c V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ba Th\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 tham gia v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh T\u00e2y \u00c2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y \u00c2u trong cu\u1ed9c s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \\\"T\u1ee5c P\u1eafn\\\" - m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh T\u00e2y \u00c2u l\u00ean l\u00e0m vua. S\u1ef1 tham d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Ba Th\u1ee5c v\u00e0o T\u00e2y \u00c2u kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn, khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1edfng T\u1ee5c P\u1eafn nhu con ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n di\u1ec7t cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 IV TCN\\\"3. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y, gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Vi\u1ec7t, th\u1ef1c ra c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i xu h\u01b0\u1edbng cho r\u1eb1ng Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n - A n D\u01b0cmg V \u01b0ong c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u1edf Ba Th\u1ee5c, Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc. C\u00f9ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m cho r\u1eb1ng Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ee5c v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef5 n\u1ea1n \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u, L\u00ea M\u1ea1nh H\u00f9ng trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t - T\u1eeb ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 ch\u00f9 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1c: \\\"Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f3 (ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed9i binh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang, 1 ,2 .H \u00e0 N\u1ed9i th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n Th\u0103ng Long, S\u0111d, tr. 221-222. 3. H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n Th\u0103ng Long, S\u0111d, tr. 616-627. 147","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eafc \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean). T\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ee5c... C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y \u00c2u... C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y \u00c2u kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n v\u00e0 t\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang c\u1ee7a H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, r\u1ed3i nh\u00e2n th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ea1c m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t thu\u1ed9c gi\u00f2ng gi\u1ed1ng B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t\\\"1. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ecba ch\u00ed c \u1ed5 Loa, trong ph\u1ea7n T\u01b0 li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1m x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft, trong \u0111\u00f3 cho r\u1eb1ng: \\\"Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y \u00c2u \u1edf ph\u00eda B\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u00e0n Lang, theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o T\u00e0y th\u00ec li\u00ean minh b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam C\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ed3m 10 x\u1ee9 M\u01b0\u1eddng (9 M\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a 9 ch\u00faa v\u00e0 1 M\u01b0\u1eddng trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n) t\u1ee9c 10 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n c\u01b0 tr\u00fa g\u1ed3m v\u00f9ng Nam Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y, Cao B\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ed9ng hom, c\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng n\u00fai ph\u00eda b\u1eafc B\u1eafc B\u1ed9, m\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 Cao B\u1eb1ng. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c \u1ed5 Loa (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i) c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n r\u1eb1ng, An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \\\"m\u1ed9t t\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai\\\", l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00ea qu\u00e1n g\u1ed1c t\u00edch \u1edd mi\u1ec1n r\u1eebng n\u00fai ph\u00eda B\u1eafc\\\"2. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u1ea3 th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2n gian ghi ch\u00e9p th\u00e0nh v\u0103n hay truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea1i khu di t\u00edch c \u1ed5 Loa - \u0110\u00f4ng Anh. H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu l\u00e0 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1eebng gi\u1eef c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed li\u1ec7u, truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n th\u1ebf, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n - An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 2 c\u00f9a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i xu h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh: \\\"T\u1ee5c P\u1eafn\\\" - An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c 1. L\u00ea M\u1ea1nh H\u00f9ng, Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t - T\u1eeb ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 ch\u00f9, T\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng Hoa K\u1ef3, 2007, tr. 78. 2. Nguy\u1ec5n Quang Ng\u1ecdc - V\u0169 V\u0103n Qu\u00e2n (\u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee7 b i\u00ean ), \u0110\u1ecba ch\u00ed c \u1ed5 Loa, Nxb. H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2010.tr. 198-199. 148"]