LỊCH SỬ VIỆT NAM _ VŨ DUY MỀN Chủ biên_ NXB KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI _ Tập 1

["Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n... n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1ed3 T\u00f4n. Nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb th\u1eddi T\u1ea7n, H\u00e1n, T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m l\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c Nam c\u1ee7a qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt N am 1. Sau khi nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n thay th\u1ebf nh\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 Giao Ch\u00e2u (n\u0103m 111 TCN), ngo\u00e0i Giao Chi v\u00e0 C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00eam qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam. Qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam chia l\u00e0m 5 huy\u1ec7n: Chu Ng\u00f4, T\u1ef3 \u1ea2nh, L\u00f4 Dung, T\u00e2y Quy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m. \u0110\u1ecba b\u00e0n huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m t\u1eeb H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i L\u00e3nh2. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi H\u00e1n, T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m l\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t xa nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu n\u1ed5i \u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n, nhi\u1ec1u c\u01b0 d\u00e2n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn Giao Ch\u1ec9, C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt Nam \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ed1n l\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng n\u00fai ph\u00eda t\u00e2y \u1ea9n n\u00e1u, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea1y xu\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c Nam (huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m) h\u1ee3p l\u1ef1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n c\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n H\u00e1n. Huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n tranh ch\u1ea5p quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa quan qu\u00e2n nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c. Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00f4n, Th\u00e1i th\u00fa qu\u1eadn C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n (25 - 56 TCN), m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m l\u00e0 \\\"nh\u1eefng gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n man di, chi bi\u1ebft b\u1eaft c\u00e1 v\u00e0 s\u0103n th\u00fa r\u1eebng, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y. B\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t tr\u1ecb, th\u01b0\u00f2ng hay n\u1ed5i l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i thi\u00ean tri\u1ec1u, \u0111\u1ed1t nh\u00e0, gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u01b0\u1edbp c\u1ee7a, r\u1ed3i r\u00fat v\u00e0o r\u1eebng s\u00e2u m\u1ed7i khi qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn\\\". 1. Xem Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III: N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c, nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n ch\u01b0a x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua H\u00f9ng. Nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t T\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1eadn thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5t t\u00e2y nam Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n Qu\u00fd Ch\u00e2u, Trung Qu\u1ed1c; s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n l\u01b0u d\u1ea5u. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi H\u00e1n m\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7t huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m thu\u1ed9c B\u1eafc mi\u1ec1n Trung Vi\u1ec7t Nam. 2. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi, S\u0111d, tr. 48 ghi v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tri \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam nh\u01b0 sau: T\u00e2y Quy\u1ec3n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh trong v\u00f9ng l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Gianh; T\u1ef7 \u00c0nh \u1edf \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh trong v\u00f9ng lun v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Nh\u1eadt L\u1ec7 cho \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00f4ng B\u1ebfn H\u1ea3i; Chu Ng\u00f4 \u1edd v\u00f9ng Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb, trong v\u00f9ng l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Th\u1ea1ch H\u00e3n; L\u00f4 Dung \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean, trong v\u00f9ng l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng H\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng B\u1ed3; c\u00f2n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n t\u1eeb H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i L\u00e3nh, ph\u1ea1m vi c\u00f9a n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00e2m \u1ea4p bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi kinh \u0111\u00f4 l\u00e0 Tr\u00e0 Ki\u1ec7u (\u1eccu\u00e0ng Nam). 449","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf Giao Chi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Khi T\u00f4 \u0110\u1ecbnh thay T\u00edch Quang l\u00e0m Th\u00e1i th\u00fa \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Giao Chi. N\u0103m 40, Tnm g Tr\u1eafc v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng Nh\u1ecb l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng M\u00ea Linh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi binh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n, Nh\u1eadt Nam, H\u1ee3p Ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1ed5i d\u1eady h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a nhanh ch\u00f3ng gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, \\\"Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Giao Chi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Th\u00e1i th\u00fa chi c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i\\\"1. Hai B\u00e0 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 65 th\u00e0nh, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n \u1edf Giao Chi tan r\u00e3. Hai B\u00e0 x\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf M\u00ea Linh, x\u00e1 thu\u1ebf cho d\u00e2n trong hai n\u0103m. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ngay t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng. Sau cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng (40 - 43), t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf Giao Chi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i y\u00ean b\u00ecnh trong h\u01a1n 1 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m, qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng. Theo th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch Trung Qu\u1ed1c2 ghi l\u1ea1i th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m \u1edd qu\u00e1 xa tr\u1ecb s\u1edd c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 n\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u1ecf th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng tranh ch\u1ea5p l\u1eabn nhau v\u00e8 quy\u00e8n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1t n\u00e0y. M\u00f9a H\u00e8 n\u0103m 100, h\u01a1n 2.000 d\u00e2n \u1edf huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m, qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1 dinh th\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn quan l\u1ea1i. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3i huy \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1eb9p, gi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1. H\u1eadu H\u00e1n th\u01b0, Q. 116, t\u1edd 9a. 2. H\u1eadu H\u00e1n th\u01b0, L\u01b0u Long truy\u1ec7n, M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7n truy\u1ec7n. 3. H\u1eadu H\u00e1n th\u01b0, Q. 4, t\u1edd 1la; ch\u00e9p l\u00e0 h\u01a1n 2.000; Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 119 ch\u00e9p l\u00e0 3.000: \\\"Theo H\u1eadu H\u00e1n th\u01b0 tru\u1edbc kia, huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m thu\u1ed9c qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam \u0111em h\u01a1n 3.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c dinh th\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng; c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n \u0111em qu\u00e2n ra \u0111\u00e1nh, ch\u00e9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00f2n d\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea3ng ra h\u00e0ng c\u1ea3. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd m\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7t ra quan t\u01b0\u1edbng binh Tr\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1eed \u1edf T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng m\u1ed1i lo bi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n\\\". 450","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n... th\u00f9 l\u0129nh cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh m\u1edbi t\u1ea1m y\u00ean. Ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 (n\u0103m 101), ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch xoa d\u1ecbu n\u1ed7i b\u1ea5t b\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t ch\u1ea9n l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0103n, th\u00f3c gi\u1ed1ng cho nh\u0169ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ed3ng d\u00e2u ch\u0103n t\u1eb1m \u1edf T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, n\u0103m 102, nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n l\u1ea1i ban b\u1ed1 mi\u1ec5n t\u00f4 thu\u1ebf cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n c\u0169ng t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n tr\u00ean mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y. C\u0169ng trong n\u0103m n\u00e0y, nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7t quan t\u01b0\u1edbng binh Tr\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1eed \u1edf T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m \\\"\u0111\u1ebf ph\u00f2ng h\u1eadu h\u1ecda\\\". N\u0103m \u0110inh S\u1eedu, ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u V\u0129nh H\u00f2a th\u1ee9 hai (137), nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Tu\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m l\u1ea1i n\u1ed5i d\u1eady kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a. L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Khu Li\u00ean (c\u00f3 s\u00e1ch ch\u00e9p l\u00e0 Khu L\u00e2n hay Khu \u0110\u1ea1t)1\u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n, gi\u1ebft Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i. Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 Ph\u00e0n Di\u1ec5n \u0111em h\u01a1n 1 v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n hai qu\u1eadn Giao Chi v\u00e0 C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh ng\u1ea1i \u0111i xa, ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfn, quay l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ee7 l\u1ef5. Th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m M\u1eadu D\u1ea7n (138), Th\u1ecb ng\u1ef1 s\u1eed l\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3 X\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111ang \u0111i s\u1ee9 ph\u00eda Nam c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u qu\u1eadn h\u1ee3p s\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1nh qu\u00e2n kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u1edf T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m, b\u1ecb Khu Li\u00ean v\u00e2y \u0111\u00e1nh, h\u01a1n 1 n\u0103m binh l\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf. Vua H\u00e1n Thu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebf lo l\u1eafng bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng khanh, thu\u1ed9c l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a 4 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3c, d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng 4 v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n c\u00f9a 4 ch\u00e2u K inh, D \u01b0 ang, D uy\u1ec7n, D \u1ef1 sang \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m. L\u00fac \u1ea5y, vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n t\u00f2ng s\u1ef1 trung lang l\u00e0 L\u00fd C\u1ed1 vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn 7 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e3n binh: 1. \\\"C\u00e1c ch\u00e2u Kinh, D\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eb7c c\u01b0\u1edbp t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp ch\u01b0a tan, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa, Qu\u1ebf D\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft l\u00ednh nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, n\u1ebfu nay l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m r\u1ed1i t\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i sinh h\u1ecda. 2. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edd ch\u00e2u Duy\u1ec7n, ch\u00e2u D\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i xa h\u00e0ng mu\u00f4n d\u1eb7m, chi\u1ebfu th\u01b0 th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n. 3. Nam ch\u00e2u tr\u1eddi n\u00f3ng n\u1ef1c \u1ea9m th\u1ea5p, l\u1ea1i th\u00eam lam ch\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ecbch l\u1ec7, qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh 10 ph\u1ea7n s\u1ebd \u1ed1m ch\u1ebft 4 - 5 ph\u1ea7n. 1. Xem th\u00eam l\u1eddi ch\u00fa trong s\u00e1ch Th\u00fay kinh ch\u00fa s\u1edb, Q.36 (b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch), S\u0111d, tr. 357. 451","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 4. \u0110i xa mu\u00f4n d\u1eb7m, qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh m\u1ecfi m\u1ec7t, m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn L\u0129nh Nam th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u. 5. Qu\u00e2n \u0111i m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y c\u00f3 30 d\u1eb7m, m\u00e0 ch\u00e2u Duy\u1ec7n, ch\u00e2u D\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch Nh\u1eadt Nam h\u01a1n 9.000 d\u1eb7m, ph\u1ea3i 300 ng\u00e0y m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn, t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u01a1ng 1 ngir\u1eddi \u0103n 1 ng\u00e0y 5 th\u0103ng, ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn 60 v\u1ea1n h\u1ed9c g\u1ea1o, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u1eeba ng\u1ef1a. 6. \u0110\u1eb7t qu\u00e2n \u1edd \u0111\u1ea5y, \u1ed1m ch\u1ebft r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng gi\u1eb7c, l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft th\u00eam. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 x\u00e8o c\u1eaft l\u00f2ng b\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafp v\u00e1 cho t\u1ee9 chi. 7. C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt Nam chi c\u00e1ch nhau 1.000 d\u1eb7m m\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i d\u00e2n \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh h\u1ecd c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu, hu\u1ed1ng chi l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m kh\u1ed5 qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh \u1edf b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u n\u1ea1n xa mu\u00f4n d\u1eb7m \\\"1. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, L\u00fd C\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0a ra k\u1ebf s\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea5t Nh\u1eadt Nam: \\\"Nay n\u00ean ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 d\u0169ng l\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u00e2n h\u1eadu, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1edbng s\u00fay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, cho l\u00e0m Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed, Th\u00e1i th\u00fa, d\u1eddi l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 d\u00e2n \u1edf Nh\u1eadt Nam \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a v\u1edbi qu\u1eadn Giao Ch\u1ec9 \u1edf B\u1eafc, tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i chi\u00eau m\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Man Di khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eabn nhau, chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eadn v\u00e0ng l\u1ee5a \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5p cho, k\u1ebb n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n gi\u00e1n, d\u1ee5 h\u00e0ng th\u00ec c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea5t phong cho\\\". K \u00cc s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a L\u00fd c \u1ed1 nh\u1eb1m ly gi\u00e1n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch mua chu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh, g\u00e2y chia r\u1ebd n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u1edf T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m. H\u00e1n Thu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebf theo k\u1ebf s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a L\u00fd c \u1ed1 , c\u1eeb Ch\u00fac L\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m Th\u00e1i th\u00fa C\u1eebu Ch\u00e2n, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ki\u1ec1u l\u00e0m Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Giao Ch\u00e2u. Khi Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ki\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i \\\"l\u1ea5y l\u00f2ng th\u1ef1c d\u1ed7 b\u1ea3o, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c. [Ch\u00fac] L\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i m\u1ed9t xe \u0111\u1ebfn C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n, t\u1ecf r\u00f5 uy t\u00edn. Ra \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0i v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi\\\"2. 1. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 95. - Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 154. 2. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 95. - Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ee9 th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 154. - An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, S\u0111d, tr. 164. 452","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n... Th\u00e1ng 8, n\u0103m Gi\u00e1p Th\u00e2n, ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Ki\u1ebfn Khang th\u1ee9 1 (144), h\u01a1n 1.000 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam v\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m l\u1ea1i n\u1ed5i l\u00ean \\\"li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh \u1ea5p\\\" nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Giao Ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 H\u1ea1 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1eb9p tan. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, n\u0103m 157 (n\u0103m th\u1ee9 3, ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u V\u0129nh Th\u1ecd), m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ean l\u00e0 Chu \u0110\u1ea1t \u1edf huy\u1ec7n C\u01b0 Phong \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p d\u00e2n ch\u00fang C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn 4.000 - 5.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i l\u00ean gi\u1ebft vi\u00ean Huy\u1ec7n l\u1ec7nh \u1edf C\u01b0 Phong v\u00e0 vi\u00ean Th\u00e1i th\u00fa Ngh\u00ea Th\u1ee9c. Nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n c\u1eed Ng\u1ee5y L\u00e3ng l\u00e0m \u0110\u00f4 \u00fay qu\u1eadn C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee7 d\u1ee5 binh l\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00fang \u0111i theo \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1eb9p. Ng\u1ee5y L\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t h\u01a1n 2.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi1. Ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n lui v\u00e0o ph\u00eda Nam, chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef Nh\u1eadt Nam, li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n. S\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa d\u00e2n ch\u00fang hai qu\u1eadn C\u1eebu Ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt Nam g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u lo ng\u1ea1i cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9. Trong ba n\u0103m li\u1ec1n, t\u1eeb 157 \u0111\u1ebfn 160, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh qu\u00e2n H\u00e1n v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm nhi\u1ec1u huy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt Nam. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 160, nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n l\u1ea1i c\u1eed H\u1ea1 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sang l\u00e0m Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Giao Ch\u1ec9, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 m\u1edbi d\u1eadp t\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t t\u00e0n t\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n khi\u1ebfn cho Giao Ch\u00e2u \\\"tr\u0103m h\u1ecd x\u00e1c x \u01a1 ... d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft nh\u1edd v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u0103m 178, L\u01b0\u01a1ng Long c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u1edf Giao Ch\u00ec, l\u00f4i k\u00e9o theo c\u1ea3 v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi hai qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam. C\u1eebu Ch\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n H\u00e1n. chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1eeb Giao Chi \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1ee3p Ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn Nh\u1eadt Nam trong 3 n\u0103m (178 - 181). Vua H\u00e1n Linh \u0111\u1ebf c\u1eed Chu Tu\u1ea5n sang l\u00e0m Th\u1ee9 s\u1eeb Giao Chi. Khi qua c\u1ed1 i K\u00ea, Chu Tu\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ed9 th\u00eam gia binh, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi binh l\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng 5.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, chia l\u00e0m hai \u0111\u1ea1o ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o Giao Ch\u1ec9. \u0110en Giao Chi, Chu Tu\u1ea5n \u00e1n binh b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng, sai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111em l\u1eddi ph\u1ee7 d\u1ee5 v\u00e0 d\u00f2 x\u00e9t t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a qu\u1eadn c\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh, gi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh L\u01b0\u01a1ng Long. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a tan r\u00e3, h\u01a1n hai v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra h\u00e0ng2. 1. Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d. 2. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ee9 k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 96. 453","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 II, v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi S\u01a1 B\u00ecnh (190 - 193), nh\u00e2n l\u00fac Trung Hoa lo\u1ea1n l\u1ea1c, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n \u1edd Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00f2ng l\u1ebbo, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Khu Li\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i d\u1eady, gi\u1ebft Huy\u1ec7n l\u1ec7nh. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n, Giao Chi nhi\u1ec7t li\u1ec7t \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. Qu\u00e2n kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1 ch\u00e2u th\u00e0nh, gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 Chu Ph\u00f9. Sau th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i n\u00e0y, n\u0103m 192, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Khu Li\u00ean gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 l\u1eadp n\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia L\u00e2m \u00c1p tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m, qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam, tho\u00e1t ly kh\u1ecfi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c H\u00e1n, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m, qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt Nam \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Giao Chi, C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9, v\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n. Th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sau m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea5u tranh b\u1ec1n bi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m tr\u00ean d\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5t mi\u1ec1n Trung - Nh\u00e0 nu\u1edbc L\u00e2m \u1ea4p. II. S \u1ef1 RA \u0110\u1edcI C\u1ee6A NH\u00c0 N\u01af\u1edaC L\u00c2M \u00c1P Theo th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 II, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ean l\u00e0 Khu Li\u00ean th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00e2m \u1ea2p. \u0110 \u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Champa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean d\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5t mi\u1ec1n Trung m\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \u1edf Tr\u00e0 Ki\u1ec7u (tinh Qu\u1ea3ng Nam ng\u00e0y nay)1. Qu\u1ed1c danh L\u00e2m \u1ea4p xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u 1. Nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 cho r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Ch\u0103m v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Champa. Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Huy cho r\u1eb1ng: \\\"Ch\u0103m l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n c\u01b0 g\u1ed1c Nam \u0110\u1ea3o (Malayo-Polyn\u00e9sien) sinh s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p d\u1ecdc duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i mi\u1ec1n Trung, Champa l\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n c\u01b0 thu\u1ed9c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh c\u0169 g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ngu\u1eddi Ch\u0103m \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng l\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng (g\u1ed1c Nam \u0110\u1ea3o ho\u1eb7c M\u00f4n Khmer), sinh s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng n\u00fai ph\u00eda t\u00e2y d\u00e3y Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n, hay T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean\\\". G. Masp\u00e9ro trong cu\u1ed1n Le Royaume de Champa, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1910, t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1928) x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn Champa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0111a ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, nh\u01b0ng cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u1eafm gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed5c n\u00e0y. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, 454","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n... ti\u00ean trong th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch Trung Hoa (Ng\u00f4 th\u01b0) kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 230 - 231 v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m C\u00e0n Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00fac t\u00f4ng (758). Trong b\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh s\u1eed Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c, khi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 Th\u1eeba tuy\u00ean Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, s\u1eed th\u1ea7n tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n chua: \\\"Kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Trinh Qu\u00e1n (607 - 649) nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, vua L\u00e2m \u1ea4p l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea7u L\u00ea ch\u1ebft, con l\u00e0 Tr\u1ea5n Long b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1eadp con nh\u00e0 c\u00f4 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea7u L\u00ea l\u00e0 Gia C\u00e1t \u0110\u1ecba l\u00ean l\u00e0m vua, \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng sang x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n An Nam. B\u1eca \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y m\u1edbi b\u1ecf L\u00e2m \u00c1p, d\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn Chi\u00eam, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh\\\"1. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 859 (ho\u1eb7c 861), Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 khi ch\u00e9p l\u00e0 L\u00e2m \u00c1p, c\u00f3 khi ch\u00e9p l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 trong C\u1ef1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng thu ch\u00e9p c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n L\u00e2m \u1ea4p v\u00e0o tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng (tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Trung Hoa) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 639, hay n\u0103m 859 L\u00e2m \u1ea4p \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1 Giao Ch\u00e2u, n\u0103m 861 L\u00e2m \u00c1p \u0111\u00e1nh An Nam ph\u1ee7... C\u0169ng trong s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, n\u0103m 809 l\u1ea1i ch\u00e9p vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c. C\u00f2n T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0 th\u00ec cho bi\u1ebft: sau ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Ch\u00ed \u0110\u1ee9c (756 - 758) L\u00e2m \u1ea4p \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 cho bi\u1ebft: \\\"Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 L\u00e2m \u1ea4p, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Chi\u00eam B\u1ea5t Lao, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Chi\u00eam B\u00e0, t\u1eeb Giao Ch\u00e2u \u0111i bi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Nam 3.000 d\u1eb7m. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y \u0110\u00f4ng, T\u00e2y hom 300 d\u1eb7m, Nam, B\u1eafc ngh\u00ecn d\u1eb7m S\u1eed t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a ta nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c danh Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng: n\u0103m 722, Mai Th\u00fac Loan chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef ch\u00e2u... \u0111\u1eafp 2 th\u00e0nh \u1edf ch\u00e2u Hoan, ch\u00e2u \u00c1i v\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh \u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y... T\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ghi ch\u00e9p thi\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u00ean c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn L. Finot trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean BEFEO (Pangduranga trong M\u00e9langes Kem [Brill]), 1903, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 n\u1ed9i dung v\u0103n b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean bia \u0111\u00e1 cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ch\u00f9 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Champa v\u00ec n\u1ed9i dung v\u0103n bia ch\u01b0a m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n nh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Ch\u0103m, vua Champa hay v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Champa... 1. Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eeb th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 154. 2. T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0, Q.222 (h\u1ea1), Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 147 (h\u1ea1), t\u1edd la. 455","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 cho r\u1eb1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch ghi v\u1ec1 Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn t\u1eeb v\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng sang qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Qu\u1ed1c danh Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u1ef7 to\u00e0n th\u01b0 n\u0103m 858 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng s\u1ee9 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i (v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng)1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, qua t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u0103n bia cho th\u1ea5y: t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Champa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean v\u0103n bia c\u1ee7a vua Champa l\u00e0 Sambhuvarman (595 - 629), t\u1ee9c kho\u1ea3ng cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VI, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 bia Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 bia Ang Chumnik c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i 668. v \u1ec1 c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c L\u00e2m \u00c1p, s\u00e1ch Th\u1ee7y kinh ch\u00fa cho bi\u1ebft: \\\"N\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00e2m \u1ea4p l\u00e0 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Th\u01b0\u1eddng. Th\u1eddi T\u1ea7n, th\u1eddi H\u00e1n l\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m c\u1ee7a T\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1eadn. Ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng k\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n xanh, ph\u00eda t\u00e2y \u1edf b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1eeb Lang, ph\u00eda nam gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam, ph\u00eda b\u1eafc li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi C\u1eedu \u0110\u1ee9c, sau b\u00f2 t\u00ean T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m, kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i t\u00ean L\u00e2m \u1ea4 p ...\\\" 2, v \u1ec1 danh x\u01b0ng, s\u00e1ch Th\u1ee7y kinh ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: \\\"L\u00e2m \u1ea4p l\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m, sau b\u1ecf ch\u1eef T\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 chi c\u00f2n ch\u1eef L\u00e2m\\\"3. Ng\u00f4 Th\u00ec S\u0129 khi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 L\u00e2m \u1ea6p cho bi\u1ebft: \\\"L\u00e2m \u1ea4p v\u1ed1n 1. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 135. 2. Th\u1ee7y kinh ch\u00fa s\u1edb, S\u0111d, Q. 36, tr. 376 - 377. 3. Theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Huy trong b\u00e0i Tim l\u1ee3i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngir\u1eddi Ch\u0103m \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi 6 m\u1ee5c l\u1edbn, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ee5c: Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean trang Web, ngu\u1ed3n UVYD.com n\u0103m 2006 cho hay: L\u00e2m \u00c1p chi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n, danh x\u01b0ng L\u00e2m \u1ea4p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 khinh mi\u1ec7t v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 chi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c Nam \u0111\u1ec3 Thi\u00ean tri\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i quan t\u00e2m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Trung Hoa \u1ee9ong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c phi\u00ean \u00e2m c\u00e1c t\u00ean ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c: L\u00e2m \u1ea4p l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t \u00e2m Vi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a t\u1eeb ch\u1eef Lin-i, phi\u00ean \u00e2m t\u1eeb ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \\\"Hindi\\\" hay \\\"Indi\\\", t\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch phi\u00ean \u00e2m t\u00f9 ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n \\\"Indirapura\\\" (\u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1n \u0110\u1ed9), v\u1ec1 sau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1eeb Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean l\u00e0 Indrapura (\u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Indra, Th\u1ea7n s\u1ea5m s\u00e9t). L\u00e2m \u00c1p c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t \u00e2m Vi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a t\u1eeb ch\u1eef \\\"Krom\\\" hay \\\"Prum\\\" (hai t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5) m\u00e0 ra. B\u00ecnh d\u00e2n h\u01a1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: L\u00e2m l\u00e0 r\u1eebng, \u00c1p l\u00e0 th\u00f4n nh\u1ecf, v.v... N\u00f3i chung, d\u00f9 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, L\u00e2m \u00c1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Trung Hoa t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda nam Giao Chi. 456","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n... l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t huy\u1ec7n L\u00e2m \u00c1p thu\u1ed9c T\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1eadn th\u1eddi T\u1ea7n. Th\u1eddi H\u00e1n l\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m thu\u1ed9c qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam. Ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng s\u00e1t b\u1ec3, ph\u00eda t\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn Qua Oa, ph\u00eda nam th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p, ph\u00eda b\u1eafc s\u00e1t v\u1edbi c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u Hoan c\u1ee7a An Nam. \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111ai ph\u00eda nam g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00e2u Thi B\u1ecb, ph\u00eda t\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u00e2u Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nguy\u00ean, ph\u00eda b\u1eafc l\u00e0 ch\u00e2u 0 L\u00fd th\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 38 ch\u00e2u l\u1edbn n h \u1ecf .. v \u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c gia L\u00e2m \u00c1p hi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ghi ch\u00e9p thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch. Th\u1ee7y kinh ch\u00fa ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"N\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi H\u00e1n trong cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n th\u1eddi S\u01a1 B\u00ecnh [190 - 193], con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng d\u1ea1 kh\u00e1c, vi\u00ean C\u00f4ng t\u00e0o huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m h\u1ecd Khu, c\u00f3 con t\u00ean l\u00e0 Li\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh huy\u1ec7n \u1ea5y, gi\u1ebft quan Huy\u1ec7n l\u1ec7nh, t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0m vua. G\u1eb7p bu\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n ly, n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00e2m \u1ea2p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, sau c\u1ee9 n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi, truy\u1ec1n ng\u00f4i cho con ch\u00e1u\\\"2. D\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1ee7 K\u00ednh d\u1eabn H\u1eadu H\u00e1n th\u01b0, Nam Man, ch\u00fa r\u00f5: n\u0103m V\u0129nh H\u00f2a th\u1ee9 2 (137), th\u1eddi H\u00e1n Thu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Man Di \u1edd ngo\u00e0i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m, qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam, kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0i ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 b\u1ecdn Khu Li\u00ean, \u0111\u00e1nh huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m gi\u1ebft vi\u00ean Tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1i... T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc ta c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"n\u0103m \u0110inh S\u1eedu (137), H\u00e1n (n\u0103m V\u0129nh H\u00f2a th\u1ee9 2), th\u00e1ng 4, m\u00f9a H\u1ea1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Man \u1edf T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam, l\u00e0 Khu Li\u00ean l\u00e0m ph\u1ea3n\\\". Theo s\u00e1ch H\u1eadu H\u00e1n thir, ngircri Man ngo\u00e0i c\u00f5i xa thu\u1ed9c T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m, qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam, l\u00e0 b\u1ecdn Khu Li\u00ean, \u0111em v\u00e0i ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m, \u0111\u1ed1t th\u00e0nh qu\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng s\u1edf, gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i. Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed qu\u1eadn Giao Chi l\u00e0 Ph\u00e0n Di\u1ec5n \u0111em hom 1 v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n \u1edf hai qu\u1eadn Giao Chi v\u00e0 C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5y c\u1ee9u vi\u1ec7n. Qu\u00e2n s\u0129 s\u1ee3 \u0111i xa quay l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1nh n\u01a1i ph\u1ee7 l\u1ef5. Ph\u00e0n Di\u1ec5n d\u1eabu c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecdn qu\u00e2n s\u0129 l\u00e0m ph\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n Man m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1nh3. T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 1. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd ti\u1ec1n bi\u00ean, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 93. 2. Th\u00fay kinh ch\u00fa s\u1edb, S\u0111d, Q.36, tr. 376 - 378. 3. Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 122. - \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 9: c\u0169ng ch\u00e9p s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n tr\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 137. Ti\u1ebfp sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Ch\u00fac L\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ki\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n c\u1eed \u0111i d\u1eb9p \\\"gi\u1eb7c\\\" Man Khu Li\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 138. 457","L\u1ecaCH S \u1eed VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 c\u00e1c vi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 Ph\u00e0n Di\u1ec5n, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ki\u1ec1u v\u00e0 Ch\u00fac L\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tham gia \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a Khu Li\u00ean, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00e2m \u1ea4p l\u00e0 n\u0103m 137 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edd. Trong An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, L\u00ea T\u1eafc ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c vi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"Ph\u00e0n Di\u1ec5n: trong n\u0103m V\u0129nh H\u00f2a th\u1ee9 2 (137) c\u1ee7a Thu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebf, l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9c Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed qu\u1eadn Giao Chi. Gi\u1eb7c m\u1ecdi Khu Li\u00ean huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m, qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam l\u00e0m ph\u1ea3n, Di\u1ec5n ph\u00e1t qu\u00e2n ra \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ecb thua; Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ki\u1ec1u: trong n\u0103m V\u0129nh H\u00f2a th\u1ee9 3 (138), l\u00e0m Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed qu\u1eadn Giao Ch\u00e2u, sai s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n \u0111i \u1ee7y d\u1ee5 b\u1ecdn gi\u1eb7c m\u1ecdi \u1edf huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m; b\u1ecdn gi\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec1u h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c; Ch\u00fac L\u01b0\u01a1ng-, t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec7u Khanh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u00e2m T\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong n\u0103m V\u0129nh H\u00f2a (136 - 141), l\u00e0m Th\u00e1i th\u00fa qu\u1eadn C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n. B\u1ecdn m\u1ecdi Khu Li\u00ean n\u1ed5i l\u00ean l\u00e0m ph\u1ea3n; l\u00fac L\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn chi \u0111i m\u1ed9t xe v\u00e0o n\u01a1i gi\u1eb7c hi\u1ec3u d\u1ee5, l\u1ea5y oai t\u00edn m\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 v\u00e0i v\u1ea1n, c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ea5t L\u0129nh ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u y\u00ean c \u1ea3 ...\\\" 1. Trong An Nam ch\u00ed [nguy\u00ean], t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Cao H\u00f9ng Tr\u01b0ng c\u0169ng cho bi\u1ebft c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ki\u1ec1u: \\\"\u0110\u1eddi H\u00e1n Thu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebf (126 - 144), Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ki\u1ec1u thay Chu X\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0m Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 Khu Li\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Man \u1edf T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m, \u0111em qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o l\u1ea5n c\u01b0\u1edbp, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1ebft Tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1i. Ph\u00e0n Di\u1ec5n \u0111cm h\u01b0n 9 v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n trong ch\u00e2u di c\u1ee9u. Qu\u00e2n s\u0129 s\u1ef1 \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh xa, b\u00e8n n\u1ed5i d\u1eady l\u00e0m ph\u1ea3n. Th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c gi\u1eb7c Man do \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh. Vua H\u00e1n xu\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdp s\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Thu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebf v\u1eddi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng khanh b\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 c\u00e1c duy\u00ean l\u1ea1i t\u1ee9 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0n h\u1ecfi s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u00e1i \u00fay L\u00fd C\u1ed1 b\u00e0n r\u1eb1ng: \\\"D\u1ea5y qu\u00e2n \u0111i xa h\u00e0ng mu\u00f4n d\u1eb7m, chi b\u1eb1ng k\u00e9n d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef n\u1ed5i\\\". B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n m\u1edbi d\u00f9ng Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ki\u1ec1u l\u00e0m Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed, Ki\u1ec1u \u0111i m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u, \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea3ng gi\u1eb7c t\u1ef1 y\u00ean\\\"2. 1. An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, S\u0111d, 2002, tr. 163 - 164. 2. An Nam ch\u00ed [nguy\u00ean], B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Vi\u1ec7n S\u1eeb h\u1ecdc, S\u0111d. 458","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n... Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec1u x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn L\u00e2m \u00c1p d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 192. S\u00e1ch T\u1eafn th\u01b0 (q. 97, t\u1edd 9a) ch\u00e9p: nu\u1edbc L\u00e2m \u00c0p l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi H\u00e1n m\u1ea1t. Cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi H\u00e1n, vi\u00ean C\u00f4ng t\u00e0o \u1edf huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m h\u1ecd Khu, c\u00f3 con t\u00ean l\u00e0 Li\u00ean, gi\u1ebft Huy\u1ec7n l\u1ec7nh, t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp l\u00e0m vua, con ch\u00e1u n\u1ed1i d\u00f5i nhau. Vua sau kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf t\u1ef1, ch\u00e1u ngo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m H\u00f9ng thay l\u1eadp. Nam Te th\u01b0 (q.58, t\u1edd 8b), T\u00f9y th\u01b0 (q.82, t\u1edd la) c\u0169ng ch\u00e9p L\u00e2m \u1ea4p d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi H\u00e1n m\u1ea1t nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng chi \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 ni\u00ean \u0111 \u1ea1i1. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ecdn n\u0103m 192 l\u00e0 n\u0103m th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c gia L\u00e2m \u00c1p2. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng, Khu Li\u00ean l\u00e0 v\u1ecb vua m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cho v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Sri Mara, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn trong 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 115. 2. \u0110\u01a1n c\u1eed nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng s\u1eed v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady n\u0103m 137 v\u00e0 n\u0103m 192: - L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 che \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d. - Phan Huy L\u00ea - Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u1ee3ng..., L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T. 1, S\u0111d. - L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edbi thu\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 X, S\u0111d. - Phan Khoang, Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed: x\u1ee9 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, Nxb. Khai Tr\u00ed, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, 1970. T\u00e1c gi\u00e0 Phan Khoang d\u1eabn kh\u00e2o ehirng c\u00f9a Tr\u1ea7n Kinh H\u00f2a cho r\u0103ng: \\\"Khu L\u00e2n hay Khu Li\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 l\u00e0 d\u1ecbch \u00e2m c\u1ee7a th\u1ed5 \u00e2m L\u00e2m \u1ea2p Kalinga ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp\\\". T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Huy c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng: v \u1ec1 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Khu Li\u00ean c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tranh lu\u1eadn. S\u1eed s\u00e1ch Trung Hoa vi\u1ebft t\u00ean v\u1ecb vua \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a L\u00e2m \u00c1p l\u00e0 Khu Li\u00ean, c\u00f3 s\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 Khu Qu\u1ef3, Khu \u0110\u1ea1t hay Khu V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eed gia cho r\u1eb1ng Khu Li\u00ean thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i c\u00f9a b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c D\u1eeba \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc... Th\u1eadt ra, Khu Li\u00ean kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u1ea3, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb cao trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 (l\u00e0ng, x\u00e3, huy\u1ec7n. .) \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \\\"Khu\\\" kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00ean ri\u00eang m\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng (l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa), phi\u00ean \u00e2m t\u1eeb ch\u1eef \\\"Kurung\\\" (nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c vua H\u00f9ng) c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 - hay ch\u1eef \\\"Varman\\\" c\u1ee7a ngu\u1eddi Ch\u0103m t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa hay vua. - Phan Du, Qu\u00e1ng Nam qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, c \u1ed5 h\u1ecdc t\u00f9ng th\u01b0, 1974. 459","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 n\u1ed9i dung t\u1ea5m bia V\u00f5 C\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II SCN1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u00e1c l\u1ea1i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean2. Theo t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch v\u00e0 bi k\u00fd th\u00ec ngay t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 II, L\u00e2m \u1ea4p - Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi v\u1ecb vua khai s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 Khu Li\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a Sa Hu\u1ef3nh. Ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia L\u00e2m \u1ea4p s\u00e1t v\u1edbi ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i mu\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a Sa Hu\u1ef3nh. Xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu) gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 V\u0103n h\u00f3a Sa Hu\u1ef3nh v\u00e0 V\u0103n h\u00f3a Champa m\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sa Hu\u1ef3nh v\u00e0 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Ch\u0103m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi suy lu\u1eadn logic l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh: V\u0103n h\u00f3a Champa n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb V\u0103n h\u00f3a Sa Hu\u1ef3nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m c\u1ed5 l\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sa Hu\u1ef3nh c\u1ed5. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Khu Li\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e9p trong Th\u1ee7y kinh ch\u00fa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i sinh c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed5 Sa Hu\u1ef3nh sau m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp bi\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u00c1n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng M\u00e3 Lai - \u0110a \u0110\u00e0o, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sa Hu\u1ef3nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Indon\u00e9sien. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Sa Hu\u1ef3nh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1edbn ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng Australoid v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng da \u0111cn, t\u00f3c xo\u0103n...3 Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1eadp c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 pha 1. Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed: x\u1ee9 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, S\u0111d, tr. 19. - Qu\u00e0ng Nam qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, S\u0111d, tr. 13. 2. Theo Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Huy th\u00ec: \\\"t\u1ea5m bia \u0111\u00e1 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edd l\u00e0ng V\u00f5 C\u1ea1nh (Nha Trang) cho bi\u1ebft v\u1ecb v\u01b0\u01a1ng cai tr\u1ecb v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00eda nam v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II t\u00ean l\u00e0 Sri Mara, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp. Nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Khu Li\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c L\u00e2m \u1ea8p \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, l\u00e0 sai. Theo h\u1ecd, Sri Mara ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng Champa \u1edf ph\u00eda nam (Kauthara), trong khi Khu Li\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u vu\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc (Indrapura). 3. L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 X, S\u0111d, tr. 338. 460","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V\/II. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n... tr\u1ed9n v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 pha tr\u1ed9n v\u0103n h\u00f3a gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m Indon\u00e9sien di c\u01b0 (V\u0103n h\u00f3a Indus) v\u00e0 c\u1ed5 M\u00e3 Lai (V\u0103n h\u00f3a Sa Hu\u1ef3nh), k\u1ebf l\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ed9c s\u01a1 s\u1eed (V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n), sau c\u00f3 th\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n (V\u0103n h\u00f3a Kh\u1ed5ng M\u1ea1nh) t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc di c\u01b0 xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M \u00f4n Khmer (V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo - Ph\u00f9 Nam) t\u1eeb t\u00e2y - nam \u0111i l\u00ean. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m Malayo- Polyn\u00e9sien (v\u0103n h\u00f3a M\u00e3 Lai - \u0110a \u0110\u1ea3o hay Nam \u0110\u1ea3o) t\u1eeb bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Nh\u00f3m sau c\u00f9ng, h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00e3 thu ph\u1ee5c hay \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ec3 chi c\u00f2n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 Nam \u0110\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n, v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7t quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb l\u00e2u d\u00e0i (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 I tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean - th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 I sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, hay kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu n\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m di d\u00e2n m\u1edbi t\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e3 di t\u1ea3n l\u00ean v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng n\u00fai sinh s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 tr\u1edd th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai b\u1ecb c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t, d\u00e2n c\u01b0 hai v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong su\u1ed1t th\u00f2i gian d \u00e0i1. III. V\u01af\u01a0NG QU\u1ed0C CHAMPA (TH\u1ebe K\u1ef6 n \u0110\u1ebeN TH\u1ebe K\u1ef6 X) V\u00c0 M\u00d3I QUAN H\u1ec6 V\u1edaI GIAO CH\u00c2U 1. G iai \u0111 o \u1ea1n t\u1eeb n \u0103m 192 \u0111 \u1ebfn n \u0103 m 757: C \u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1 u ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Theo L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0: Khu Li\u00ean l\u00ean ng\u00f4i n\u0103m 192, tr\u1ecb vi trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea5y \u0111\u1eddi. Sau th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Khu Li\u00ean tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, \u1edf qu\u1eadn C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n n\u1ed5 ra cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a do Tri\u1ec7u Th\u1ecb Trinh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o (n\u0103m 248) bu\u1ed9c nh\u00e0 Ng\u00f4 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1i danh t\u01b0\u1edbng L\u1ee5c D\u1eadn gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c An Nam Hi\u1ec7u \u00fay sang Giao Ch\u00e2u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1eb9p. L\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh Giao Ch\u00e2u r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n, L\u00e2m \u1ea4p \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh Giao Ch\u00e2u, v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y Th\u1ee7y kinh ch\u00fa cho bi\u1ebft: \\\"n\u0103m Ch\u00ednh Th\u1ee7y th\u1ee9 9 (248) nh\u00e0 Ng\u1ee5y, (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m X\u00edch \u00d4 th\u1ee9 11 nh\u00e0 Ng\u00f4), n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00e2m \u1ea4p ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng 1. Tham kh\u1ea3o th\u00eam: Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Huy, Tim l\u1ea1i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, S\u0111d. 461","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c huy\u1ec7n Th\u1ecd Linh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp c\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1edbi... Huy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u1edf ph\u00eda nam th\u00e0nh Khu T\u00fac, \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng n\u00fai Tr\u01b0\u1eddng L \u0129nh...\\\"1. L\u00e2m \u1ea4p v\u00e0 Giao Ch\u00e2u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1edbn \u1edf v\u1ee5ng c\u1ed5 Chi\u1ebfn. Qu\u00e2n L\u00e2m \u1ea4p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh Khu T\u00fac. Theo m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee7y kinh ch\u00fa th\u00ec \\\"th\u00e0nh \u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3ng \u1edf gi\u1eefa hai con s\u00f4ng, ba ph\u00eda g\u1ea7n n\u00fai, ph\u00eda nam v\u00e0 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc tr\u00f4ng xu\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng; ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u00f3 khe su\u1ed1i ch\u1ea3y t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh. Ph\u00eda T\u00e2y th\u00e0nh quanh co th\u00e0nh 10 g\u00f3c, chu vi 6 d\u1eb7m 170 b\u1ed9, \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e2y \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 650 b\u1ed9, th\u00e0nh x\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch cao hai tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u1edf tr\u00ean x\u00e2y t\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea1ch cao m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ed5 l\u1ed7 vu\u00f4ng. Tr\u00ean g\u1ea1ch th\u00ec l\u00e1t v\u00e1n, tr\u00ean v\u00e1n c\u00f3 g\u00e1c 5 t\u1ea7ng, tr\u00ean g\u00e1c c\u00f3 m\u00e1i, tr\u00ean m\u00e1i c\u00f3 l\u1ea7u, l\u1ea7u c\u00e1i cao l\u00e0 7,8 tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1i th\u1ea5p l\u00e0 5,6 tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Th\u00e0nh m\u1edf 13 c\u1eeda, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam ... binh kh\u00ed chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00e2m \u1ea4p \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh Khu T\u00fac\\\"2. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi vua sau kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con n\u1ed1i, l\u1eadp ch\u00e1u ngo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m H\u00f9ng (kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 270)3. Th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch Trung Qu\u1ed1c cho bi\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 268, 282, s\u1ee9 L\u00e2m \u1ea4p c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao4. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Ph\u1ea1m H\u00f9ng, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 L\u00e2m \u1ea4p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, ph\u00eda b\u1eafc t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh Khu T\u00fac5 v\u00e0 ph\u00eda nam t\u1edbi Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a (Kauthara). Ph\u1ea1m H\u00f9ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c n\u1eb1m d\u1ecdc duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i mi\u1ec1n Trung: Amavarati (Qu\u1ea3ng Nam), Vijaya (B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Aryaru (Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean). T\u1eeb n\u0103m 271 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 282, Ph\u1ea1m H\u00f9ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi vua Ph\u00f9 1. Th\u1ee7y kinh ch\u00fa s\u1edb, S\u0111d, tr. 360. 2. Th\u00fay kinh ch\u00fa s\u1edb, S\u0111d, tr. 362. 3. L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0, Q.54, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 48, Ch\u01b0 Di - H\u1ea3i Nam, t\u1edd 2a 4. T\u1ea5n th\u01b0. Q.3, \u0110\u1ebf k\u1ef3 3, V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf, (T\u1edd 5b) ch\u00e9p: ... Th\u00e1i Th\u1ee7y n\u0103m th\u1ee9 4 (268)... th\u00e1ng 12... Ph\u00f9 Nam, L\u00e2m \u00c1p \u0111\u1ec1u sai s\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng, (t\u1edd 13a)... Th\u00e1i Khang n\u0103m th\u1ee9 3 (282)... th\u00e1ng 12, ng\u00e0y Canh Ng\u1ecd... n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00e2m \u00c1p, \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u sai s\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng. 5. C\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft cho r\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh Khu T\u00fac n\u1eb1m \u1edf b\u1edd Nam s\u00f4ng H\u01b0\u01a1ng (Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean Hu\u1ebf), c\u0169ng c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng th\u00e0nh n\u00e0y \u1edf th\u00f4n Cao Lao H\u1ea1, b\u00ean b\u1edd Nam s\u00f4ng Gianh, tinh Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh. 462","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u1ec8II. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n... Nam l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m T\u1ea7m nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u. Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0o Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eebng d\u00e2ng th\u01b0 l\u00ean vua T\u1ea5n n\u00f3i r\u00f5 hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda c\u00f9a L\u00e2m \u00c1p \u1edd ph\u00eda nam nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"Giao Ch\u00e2u b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00e2m \u00c1p chi v\u00e0i ngh\u00ecn d\u1eb7m. T\u01b0\u1edbng Di l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m H\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh l\u00e0m gi\u1eb7c, t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng, nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam, ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, b\u00e8 \u0111\u1ea3ng d\u1ef1a nhau, c\u1eady th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c. Khi tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n thu\u1ed9c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ng\u00f4 th\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c, \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1 qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n, gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i. Th\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia \u0111u\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169 [t\u1ee9c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ng\u00f4] d\u00f9ng, cho \u0111\u00f3ng gi\u1eef ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam h\u01a1n 10 n\u0103m, tuy c\u00f3 gi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf ch\u1ed3 r\u1eebng s\u00e2u hang v\u1eafng, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 k\u1ebb tr\u1ed1n n\u1ea5p. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia s\u1ed1 qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n tr\u00f4ng coi l\u00e0 8 ngh\u00ecn, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam \u1ea9m th\u1ea5p, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c, l\u00e2u n\u0103m \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1eb9p, \u1ed1m ch\u1ebft hao h\u1ee5t, hi\u1ec7n nay chi c\u00f2n 2.400 n g \u01b0 \u1edd i...\\\"1. N\u0103m 282, qu\u00e2n L\u00e2m \u00c1p b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n T\u1ea5n do \u0110\u00e0o Ho\u00e0ng chi huy \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i. Ph\u1ea1m H\u00f9ng ch\u1ebft, con l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m D\u1eadt l\u00ean thay (n\u0103m 283). N\u0103m 284, Ph\u1ea1m D\u1eadt cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9 b\u1ed9 sang Trung Hoa c\u1ea7u h\u00f2a. Du\u1edbi th\u1eddi Ph\u1ea1m D\u1eadt, L\u00e2m \u00c1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 tir\u00f3mg l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m V \u0103n2 gi\u00fap s\u1ee9c, Ph\u1ea1m D\u1eadt x\u00e2y d\u1ee5ng th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec s\u1eeda sang binh gi\u00e1p, ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Do c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng lao gi\u00fap Ph\u1ea1m D\u1eadt, Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103ng ch\u1ee9c T\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng. 1. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 110 - 111. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd ti\u1ec1n bi\u00ean, S\u0111d, tr. 91: cho bi\u1ebft s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c \\\"qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh h\u01a1n 7.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi... c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i 2.420 ng\u01b0\u1eddi...\\\" 2. Theo L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0, Q.54, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 48, Ch\u01b0 Di - H\u1ea3i Nam, T\u1edd 2a: Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 gia n\u00f4 c\u1ee7a di so\u00e1i huy\u1ec7n T\u00e2y Quy\u1ec3n l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Tr\u0129, th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u0103n tr\u00e2u \u1edf khe n\u00fai, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai con c\u00e1 l\u1ec5 h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh s\u1eaft, nh\u00e2n \u0111em \u0111\u00fac \u0111ao. \u0110\u00fac xong, V\u0103n h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1 kh\u1ea5n r\u1eb1ng: \\\"N\u1ebfu ch\u00e9m \u0111\u00e1 m\u00e0 v\u1ee1 th\u1ec9 V\u0103n s\u1ebd l\u00e0m vua n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. R\u1ed3i gi\u01a1 dao ch\u00e9m \u0111\u00e1, \u0111\u1ee9t nh\u01b0 c\u1ecf r\u01a1m. Ph\u1ea1m Tr\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng sai V\u0103n \u0111i bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n. N\u0103m 321, Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0111\u1ebfn L\u00e2m \u00c0p, d\u1ea1y vua L\u00e2m \u00c2p l\u00e0m cung th\u1ea5t v\u00e0 binh xa, kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi...\\\" 463","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Ph\u1ea1m D\u1eadt qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 336, T\u1ebb t\u01b0\u1edbng Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n d\u00f9ng k\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh ng\u00f4i b\u00e1u. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n, c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00e2m \u1ea4p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 4 v\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn 5 v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111em qu\u00e2n th\u00f4n t\u00ednh c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf l\u00e2n c\u1eadn nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i K\u1ef3 Gi\u1edbi, Ti\u1ec3u K\u1ef3 Gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean. Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n c\u0169ng ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i Khu T\u00fac. Th\u00e0nh n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt, chu vi 2.100 m\u00e9t, t\u01b0\u1eddng cao 8 m\u00e9t, c\u00f3 16 c\u1eeda, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang s\u1ed1ng chung quanh ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh, m\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c c\u1eeda th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i. N\u0103m 340, Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n sai s\u1ee9 sang Trung Hoa xin nh\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng T\u1ea5n cho nh\u1eadp qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam, g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n T\u00e2y Quy\u1ec3n, T\u1ef7 \u1ea2nh, Chu Ng\u00f4, L\u00f4 Dung v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00eda nam huy\u1ec7n H\u00e0m Hoan (H\u00e0 T\u0129nh) v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 L\u00e2m \u00c1p nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n. N\u0103m 347, Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n li\u1ec1n \u0111em qu\u00e2n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Nh\u1eadt Nam, chi\u1ebfm huy\u1ec7n T\u00e2y Quy\u1ec3n, gi\u1ebft Th\u00e1i th\u00fa H\u1ea1 H\u1ea7u L\u00e3m, l\u1ea5y m\u0169i Ho\u00e0nh S\u01a1n (ph\u00eda nam H\u00e0 T\u0129nh ng\u00e0y nay) l\u00e0m bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, cho x\u00e2y l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh Khu T\u00fac ph\u00f2ng gi\u1eef. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ea5n th\u01b0 ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"V\u0129nh H\u00f2a n\u0103m th\u1eed 3 (347), m\u00f9a Xu\u00e2n th\u00e1ng 3, Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u1edf L\u00e2m \u00c1p \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u00e9m Nh\u1eadt Nam, gi\u1ebft Th\u00e1i th\u00fa H\u1ea1 H\u1ea7u L\u00e3m, l\u1ea5y th\u00e2y t\u1ebf t r \u1edd i . T i \u1ebf p \u0111\u00f3, th\u00e1ng 7, Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1 Nh\u1eadt Nam, gi\u1ebft \u0110\u1ed1c h\u1ed9 L\u01b0u H\u00f9ng... An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0169ng cho bi\u1ebft th\u00eam v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y: \\\"Trong n\u0103m V\u0129nh H\u00f2a (345 - 356) \u0111\u1eddi M\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf nh\u00e0 T\u1ea5n [H\u1ea1 H\u1ea7u L\u00e3m] gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Th\u00e1i th\u00fa qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam, say r\u01b0\u1ee3u qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, d\u00e2n \u1edf qu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1u c\u0103m h\u1eddn. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n gi\u1ebft L\u00e3m, l\u1ea5y th\u00e2y t\u1ebf tr\u1eddi, r\u1ed3i chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 Nh\u1eadt Nam\\\" ... \\\"Khi tr\u01b0\u1edbc vua L\u00e2m \u1ea4p l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n h\u00f9ng c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea5t Nh\u1eadt Nam, [Chu] Phi\u00ean sai quan \u0110\u1ed1c h\u1ed9 l\u00e0 L\u01b0u H\u00f9ng \u0111i tu\u1ea7n c\u00f5i Nh\u1eadt Nam, V\u0103n \u0111\u00e1nh h\u00e3m r\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e1nh lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 qu\u1eadn C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n, qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh [C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n] ch\u1ebft tr\u1eadn m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n 1. T\u1ea5n thu, Q.3 \u0110\u1ebf k\u1ef7 3, V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf, t\u1edd 2a. 464","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n... h\u1ebft t\u00e1m ch\u00edn... N\u0103m 349, vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ed1c h\u1ed9 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1eb1ng Tu\u1ea5n \u0111em qu\u00e2n Giao Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u, \u0111\u00e1nh Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n t\u1ea1i L\u00f4 Dung, b\u1ecb V\u0103n \u0111\u00e1nh b \u1ea1 i...\\\" 1. \u0110\u1eb1ng Tu\u1ea5n r\u00fat lui v\u1ec1 C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng Ph\u1ea1m V\u00e3n c\u0169ng b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ed3i ch\u1ebft, con l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u1eadt l\u00ean thay. Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 t\u1eeb ph\u00eda nam Ho\u00e0nh S\u01a1n tr\u1edf v\u00e0o thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 L\u00e2m \u00c2p. Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u1eadt l\u00ean ng\u00f4i v\u1eabn \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ed3n binh \u1edf Nh\u1eadt Nam. N\u0103m 351, Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u1eadt \u0111em qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb \u0110\u1ed1c h\u1ed9 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1eb1ng Tu\u1ea5n v\u00e0 Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh tan. D\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00ecnh, \u0110\u1eb1ng Tu\u1ea5n \u0111em qu\u00e2n truy \u0111u\u1ed5i qua huy\u1ec7n Th\u1ecd Linh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh Khu T\u00fac, Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed1n v\u00e0o r\u1eebng v\u00e0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn xin h\u00e0ng. \u0110\u1eb1ng Tu\u1ea5n ban l\u1eddi \u00fay l\u1ea1o, c\u00f9ng minh \u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m r\u1ed3i k\u00e9o qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 B\u1eafc. v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n di\u1ec5n ra trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, Th\u1ee7y kinh ch\u00fa ch\u00e9p r\u00f5: \\\"n\u0103m V\u0129nh H\u00f2a th\u1ee9 5, t\u01b0\u1edbng T\u00e2y chinh l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0n \u00d4n sai \u0110\u1ed1c h\u1ed9 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1eb1ng Tu\u1ea5n d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n Giao Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u1edf huy\u1ec7n L\u00f4 Dung, qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam c\u0169, b\u1ecb V\u0103n \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i... Tu\u1ea5n lui v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3ng \u1edf C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh, V\u0103n b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ebft, con l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt l\u00ean thay. N\u0103m th\u1ee9 7, Tu\u1ea5n c\u00f9ng Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00f4ng Th\u1ecd Linh v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3ng \u1edf Lang H\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1nh [Ph\u1ea1m] Ph\u1eadt \u1edf l\u1ef5 s\u1edd c\u0169 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt Nam. B\u00ean Ph\u1eadt qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 ki\u1ebfn, l\u0169y \u0111\u1eafp li\u1ec1n h\u01a1n 50 d\u1eadm . T u\u00e2n v\u00e0 B \u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh tan qu\u00e2n c\u00f9n Ph\u1eadt. Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea1ch, sai \u0111\u1ea1i so\u00e1i tr\u00f3i hai tay ra sau l\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu t\u1ed9i. Tu\u1ea5n sai v\u0169 s\u0129 l\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n Di\u00ean \u00fay l\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, c\u00f9ng th\u1ec1 r\u1ed3i v\u1ec1\\\"2. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u1eadt v\u1eabn c\u00f3 \u00fd d\u00f2m ng\u00f3 mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00ec nhi\u00eau c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt Nam n\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 mi\u1ec1n bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi bu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 T\u1ea5n \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9ng binh. N\u0103m 353, Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Phu \u0111em qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o ti\u1ec5u ph\u1ea1t L\u00e2m \u00c1p, ph\u00e1 b\u01a1n 50 l\u0169y3, nh\u01b0ng Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u1eadt v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu 1. An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, S\u0111d, tr. 181. L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0, Q.54, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 48, Ch\u01b0 Di - H\u00e0i Nam, t\u1edd 3a. 2. Th\u1ee7y kinh ch\u00fa s\u1edb, S\u0111d, tr. 367. 3. T\u1ea5n th\u01b0, Q.3, \u0110\u1ebf k\u1ef3 3, V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf, t\u1edd 4a. 465","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eeb VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 h\u00e0ng; tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, n\u0103m 357, Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u1eadt l\u1ea1i \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm Nh\u1eadt Nam. N\u0103m 359, Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u00d4n Ph\u00f3ng Chi \u0111em qu\u00e2n th\u1ee7y b\u1ed9, chia l\u00e0m hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng L\u00e2m \u1eaep, chi\u1ebfm huy\u1ec7n Th\u1ecd Linh, qu\u00e2n L\u00e2m \u1ea4p \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea1i. Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u1eadt c\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 trong th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra xin h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t Nh\u1eadt Nam, l\u1ea5y b\u1ebfn \u00d4n C\u00f4ng (Ch\u00e2n M\u00e2y - Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean Hu\u1ebf) l\u00e0m bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a L\u00e2m \u00c2p. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 361, L\u00e2m \u00c1p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng binh, bu\u1ed9c Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u0110\u1eb1ng H\u00e0m ph\u1ea3i \u0111em binh ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh, d\u1eb9p y\u00ean1. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u1eadt b\u1ecf \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Nh\u1eadt Nam v\u00e0 t\u1ecf th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f2a hi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 T\u1ea5n. Trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 372 v\u00e0 377, Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u1eadt cho s\u1ee9 b\u1ed9 sang Trung Hoa tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng2. Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u1eadt m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 380, con l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ea1t l\u00ean k\u1ebf v\u1ecb. Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ea1t n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i (380) c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fac t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n. M\u00f9a \u0110\u00f4ng, th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m Canh Th\u00ecn (380), vi\u00ean Th\u00e1i th\u00fa qu\u1eadn C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n l\u00e0 L\u00fd T\u1ed1n chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef ch\u00e2u qu\u1eadn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 T\u1ea5n. Vua T\u1ea5n Hi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebf sai Th\u00e1i th\u00fa Giao Ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed7 Vi\u1ec7n \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c L\u00fd T\u1ed1n, \u0110\u1ed7 Vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103ng l\u00e0m Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Giao Ch\u00e2u. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (380 - 413), Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ea1t t\u1eebng 3 l\u1ea7n \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh Nh\u1eadt Nam, C\u1eedu \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn ra Giao Chi. Th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m K\u1ef7 H\u1ee3i (399), Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ea1t \u0111em qu\u00e2n chi\u1ebfm qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam, b\u1eaft Th\u00e1i th\u1ee7 Nh\u1eadt Nam l\u00e0 C\u1ea3nh Nguy\u00ean, ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng qu\u1eadn C\u1eedu \u0110\u1ee9c, b\u1eaft Th\u00e1i th\u00fa T\u00e0o B\u00ednh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn ra x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Giao Ch\u00e2u nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed7 Vi\u1ec7n sai \u0110\u1ed1c h\u1ed9 \u0110\u1eb7ng D\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1nh tan ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat v\u1ec1 d\u01b0\u1edbi Ho\u00e0nh S\u01a1n3. - v \u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, S\u0111d, tr. 182: [Nguy\u1ec5n Phu]. Trong n\u0103m V\u0129nh H\u00f2a th\u1ee9 9 (353), l\u00e0m Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Giao Ch\u00e2u, \u0111\u00e1nh vua L\u00e2m \u00c1p, ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m \u0111\u1ed3n l\u0169y. (B\u1ea3n ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, tr. 448 ch\u00e9p r\u00f4 l\u00e0 \\\"ph\u00e1 th\u1eadp ng\u0169 d\u01b0 l\u0169y\\\") - \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 110 ghi l\u00e0 50 l\u0169y. 1. An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, S\u0111d, tr. 182. 2. T\u1ea5n th\u01b0, Q.9, \u0110\u1ebf k\u1ef7 9, Hi\u1ebfu V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf, T\u1edd 2b. 3. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ee9 k\u00fd ti\u1ec1n bi\u00ean, S\u0111d, tr. 94. 466","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n... N\u0103m \u0110inh M\u00f9i (407), Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ea1t l\u1ea1i \u0111em qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh Nh\u1eadt Nam, gi\u1ebft quan Tr\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1eed. \u0110\u1ed7 Vi\u1ec7n sai H\u1ea3i La, \u0110\u1ed1c h\u1ed9 Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00ed ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh, gi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n L\u00e2m \u00c1p r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, n\u00e3m Qu\u00fd S\u1eedu (413), Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ea1t chia hai c\u00e1nh qu\u00e2n th\u1ee7y b\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh Giao Ch\u00e2u. Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ea1t chi huy b\u1ed9 binh ra chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng Nh\u1eadt Nam, c\u00f2n th\u1ee7y binh \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0o C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1t ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 ven bi\u1ec3n. Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed7 Tu\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ed9 mang qu\u00e2n ra \u0111\u00e1nh, ch\u00e9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ea1t l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Tr\u00e2n Tr\u00e2n (t\u1ee9c Giao Long) v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ph\u1ea1m Ki\u1ec7n, b\u1eaft l\u00e0m t\u00f9 binh h\u01a1n 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed t\u00ean l\u00e0 T\u1ee9c Na N\u0103ng. Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ea1t tr\u1ed1n v\u00e0o r\u1eebng s\u00e2u r\u1ed3i m\u1ea5t t\u00edch. Trong khi ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua m\u1edbi, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh L\u00e2m \u1ea4p ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng Trang Hoa \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00ean v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Trong th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb n\u0103m 413 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 420, con ch\u00e1u Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ea1t tranh gi\u00e0nh ng\u00f4i vua, n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn x\u1ea3y ra kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, nh\u01b0ng n\u0103m 415, L\u00e2m \u1ea4p v\u1eabn cho qu\u00e2n ra c\u01b0\u1edbp Giao Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i. N\u0103m 413, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi con c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ea1t l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecbch Ch\u00e2n l\u00ean n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i, nh\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ecbch Ch\u00e2n b\u1ecf sang \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, em l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecbch Kh\u1ea3i l\u00ean thay. V\u00ec s\u1ee3 tri\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n \u00e1m h\u1ea1i n\u00ean \u0110\u1ecbch Kh\u1ea3i d\u1eabn m\u1eb9 ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n v\u00e0o r\u1eebng. Ng\u00f4i b\u00e1u \u0111\u00e0nh nh\u01b0\u1eddng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e1u \u0110\u1ecbch Ch\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ecb t\u00e2n v\u01b0 \u01a1 n g b\u1ecb T \u1ebb t\u01b0cm g T \u00e0n g L \u00e2n g i\u00e9t ch\u00e9t. N\u0103m 420, con ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a T\u00e0ng L\u00e2n \u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u1ecb vua m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi em c\u00f9ng m\u1eb9 kh\u00e1c cha c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ecbch Ch\u00e2n l\u00e0 V\u0103n \u0110\u1ecbch l\u00ean thay. V\u0103n \u0110\u1ecbch x\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i I nh\u01b0ng tr\u1ecb v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e2u v\u00e0 b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng L\u00e2m \u1ea4p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed7 Tu\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ed9 (n\u0103m 420)'. Con l\u00e0 Th\u00e1i t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ed1t, 19 tu\u1ed5i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng T\u1ea5n phong I. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u01b0 k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 112, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Ng\u00f4 Th\u00ec S\u0129 ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 sau: Canh Th\u00e2n (420), m\u00f9a Thu, th\u00e1ng 7, Tu\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ed9 sang \u0111\u00e1nh n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00e2m \u00c1p, ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u00e9m gi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 n\u1eeda. N\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00e2m \u00c1p xin h\u00e0ng, Tu\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ed9 cho. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb L\u00e2m \u00c1p b\u1eaft tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3... - \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd ti\u1ec1n bi\u00ean, S\u0111d, tr. 95:... \\\"Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ec1u sai v\u1ec1, ai n\u1ed9p voi l\u1edbn, v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1ed3i m\u1ed3i th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tha...\\\" \\\"X\u00e9t th\u1ea5y vua 467","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 h\u1ea7u n\u0103m 421, hi\u1ec7u D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i II. v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, T\u1ed1ng th\u01b0, (Q.97 Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 57, Di Man, T\u1edd la) ch\u00e9p: \\\"n\u0103m V\u0129nh S\u01a1 th\u1ee9 2 (421) \u0111\u1eddi Cao t\u1ed5, vua L\u00e2m \u1ea4p l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i sai s\u1ee9 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn, li\u1ec1n gia phong t\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea7u\\\". Trong th\u1eddi tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Ph\u1ea1m D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i II nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n sai s\u1ee9 sang th\u00f4ng hi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi Trung Hoa (c\u00e1c n\u0103m 430, 433, 434, 438, 439, 441), nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u00edt l\u1ea7n \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1 mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t Giao Ch\u00e2u. N\u0103m Nguy\u00ean Gia th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (424), D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i II \u0111em qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam, C\u1eebu \u0110\u1ee9c. Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed7 Ho\u00e0ng V\u0103n chinh b\u1ecb l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, r\u00e8n t\u1eadp binh l\u00ednh chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin nh\u00e0 T\u1ed1ng c\u1eed V\u01b0\u01a1ng Huy Chi sang thay gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Giao Ch\u00e2u n\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng V\u0103n ho\u00e3n binh. N\u0103m 430, D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i sai s\u1ee9 sang T\u1ed1ng xin tha th\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c g\u00e2y s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t h\u00f2a v\u1edbi Giao Ch\u00e2u, nh\u01b0ng ngay n\u0103m sau (431), D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i II ch\u1ec9 huy hom 100 chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng ven bi\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i c\u1eeda Th\u1ecd Linh, T\u1ee9 H\u1ed9i (qu\u1eadn C\u1eedu \u0110\u1ee9c). Th\u1ee9 s\u1eeb Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng Huy Chi sai \u0111\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 T\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u1ea1o Sinh \u0111em 3.000 qu\u00e2n \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh, m\u01b0\u1ee3n qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a vua Ph\u00f9 Nam nh\u01b0ng Ph\u00f9 Nam kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap, v \u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch ch\u00e9p thi\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 chi ch\u00e9p \u0111\u00f4i d\u00f2ng v\u1eafn t\u0103t: T\u00e2n M\u00f9i (431), [T\u1ed1ng N guy\u00ean Gia n\u0103m th\u1ee9 8], vua n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00e2m \u1ea4p l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u1edbp qu\u1eadn C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n, qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e1nh lui \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\\\". Ng\u00f4 Thi S\u0129 ch\u00e9p nh\u01b0 sau: ... Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Giao Ch\u00e2u sai \u0111\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 T\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u1ea1o Sinh \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh. \u0110\u00e1nh v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh Khu T\u00fac kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i \u0111em qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1. v \u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, L\u00ea T\u1eafc ch\u00e9p k\u1ef9 h\u01a1n: \\\"trong n\u0103m hi\u1ec7u Nguy\u00ean Gia (424 - 453) ... vua L\u00e2m \u1ea8p l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t ngo\u1ea1i, trong khi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 vi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a [Nguy\u1ec5n] Di Chi l\u00e0 L\u00e2m \u00c1p l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Tu \u0110\u1ea1t ch\u1ebft, con l\u00e0 \u0110\u00edch Ch\u00e2n n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i. \u0110\u00edch Ch\u00e2n b\u00f2 sang nu\u1edbc Thi\u00ean Tr\u00fac. Em l\u00e0 \u0110\u00edch Kh\u00e1i l\u00ean thay, \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Ch\u01b0 N\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp l\u00e0m vua. Ch\u01b0 N\u00f4ng ch\u1ebft, con l\u00e0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i l\u00ean thay.. - T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Phan Khoang c\u0169ng cho bi\u1ebft lai l\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i I l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t m\u1eadp m \u1edd... 468","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n... Nguy\u1ec5n V\u00f4 Chi l\u00e3nh 7.000 qu\u00e2n s\u0129 \u0111\u00e1nh \u00fap th\u00e0nh Khu T\u00fac (?). Di Chi v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n g\u1eb7p gi\u00f3 to, \u0111\u1ebfn ba ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed7 nghi h\u01a1i, \u0111\u00eam l\u1ea1i g\u1eb7p gi\u1eb7c \u1edf b\u00e3i Th\u1ecd L\u1ec7nh [Th\u1ecd Linh], qu\u00e2n th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh, \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn 500 chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n. Di Chi b\u1eafn tr\u00fang ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i, n\u00ean thuy\u1ec1n gi\u1eb7c tan v\u1ee1. C\u00f3 chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1edd D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n. Di Chi b\u1ecb gi\u00f3 phi\u00eau b\u1ea1t h\u01a1n 100 d\u1eb7m, li\u1ec7u th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u00e8n tr\u1edd v\u1ec1 B \u1eafc.. . 1 N\u0103m 433, Ph\u1ea1m D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i sai s\u1ee9 sang c\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt cho nh\u00e0 T\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 xin qu\u1ea3n l\u0129nh Giao Ch\u00e2u, nh\u01b0ng vua T\u1ed1ng vi\u1ec7n l\u00fd do \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xa kh\u00f4ng cho2, v\u00ec th\u1ebf D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i t\u1ecf th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u00fd ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean sai s\u1ee9 sang Trung Hoa c\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n Giao Ch\u00e2u. T\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn v\u00ec th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u1ea1o m\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a vua L\u00e2m \u1ea4p l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i, n\u0103m 436, vua T\u1ed1ng c\u1eed \u0110\u00e0n H\u00f2a Chi l\u00e0m Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Giao Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 sai ph\u00e1t binh th\u1ea3o ph\u1ea1t L\u00e2m \u00c2p. \u0110\u00e0n H\u00f2a Chi sai Ch\u1ea5n v\u0169 t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n l\u00e0 T\u00f4ng X\u00e1c l\u00e0m ti\u00ean phong. D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i nghe tin qu\u00e2n T\u1ed1ng xu\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n b\u00e8n sai s\u1ee9 d\u00e2ng bi\u1ec3u xin tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt N am b\u1ecb hat tnr\u00f3rc kia v\u00e0 n\u1ed9p 1 v\u1ea1n c\u00e2n v\u00e0ng, 10 v\u1ea1n c\u00e2n h\u1ea1c. Vua T\u1ed1ng ban chi\u1ebfu cho \u0110\u00e0n H\u00f2a Chi c\u0103n d\u1eb7n: n\u1ebfu D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng th\u00e0nh th\u00ec cho quy thu\u1eadn. Nh\u01b0ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i nghe l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed9c T\u0103ng \u0110\u1ea1t can gi\u00e1n n\u00ean b\u1ed9i \u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u00e0n H\u00f2a Chi \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed3n th\u00fa \u1edf Chu Ph\u1eabu [Chu Ng\u00f4] sai H\u1ed9 t\u00e0o tham qu\u00e2n ph\u1ee7 Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u1ecdng C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecdc \u00e2n chi c\u1ee7a vua T\u1ed1ng. D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111o\u00e0n s\u1ee9 nh\u00e0 T\u1ed1ng (28 ng\u01b0\u1eddi) r\u1ed3i sai t\u01b0\u1edbng Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u00f9 Long \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n l\u00ean \u0111\u00f3ng \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc. \u0110\u00e0n H\u00f2a Chi sai Ti\u00eau C\u1ea3nh Hi\u1ebfn 1. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 113. - \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd ti\u1ec1n bi\u00ean, S\u0111d, tr. 95. - An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, S\u0111d, tr. 184. - Th\u1ee7y kinh ch\u00fa s\u1edb, S\u0111d, ch\u00e9p l\u00e0 300 chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n. 2. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, ch\u00e9p n\u0103m Nh\u00e2m Th\u00e2n (432). 469","L\u1ecaCH S \u1eed VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n v\u00e2y Ph\u00f9 Long \u1edf th\u00e0nh Khu T\u00fac. D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i sai t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m C\u00f4n Sa \u0110\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ee9ng c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh qu\u00e2n nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a H\u00f2a Chi. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, T\u00f4ng X\u00e1c ng\u1ea7m \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh tan qu\u00e2n c\u00f9a Sa \u0110\u1ea1t. \u0110\u00e0n H\u00f2a Chi ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n h\u1ea1 th\u00e0nh Khu T\u00fac, ch\u00e9m Ph\u00f9 Long, th\u1eeba th\u00e1ng k\u00e9o v\u00e0o T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1ed1. Ph\u1ea1m D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i d\u1ed1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ra \u0111\u00e1nh, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng voi chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1eadn. T\u00f4ng X\u00e1c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf, ch\u1ebf h\u00ecnh s\u01b0 t\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i. Qu\u1ea3 nhi\u00ean, voi tr\u1eadn c\u1ee7a L\u00e2m \u00c1p tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh s\u01b0 t\u1eed li\u1ec1n b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y. \u0110\u00e0n H\u00f2a Chi ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o kinh \u0111\u00f4 L\u00e2m \u00c1p (Tr\u00e0 Ki\u1ec7u), c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c c\u1ee7a b\u00e1u, v\u1eadt l\u1ea1 kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 xi\u1ebft, l\u1ea1i n\u1ea5u c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee5c v\u1ea1n c\u00e2n v\u00e0ng1. Cha con D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i tr\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t. Trong l\u00fac ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam, D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i II chinh ph\u1ee5c lu\u00f4n c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i Vijaya (B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh), Aryaru (Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean), th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Khu T\u00fac th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3nh hoang t\u00e0n, bu\u1ed3n r\u1ea7u m\u00e0 ch\u1ebft (n\u0103m 446). T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a L\u00e2m \u1ea4p b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i v\u1ec1 huy\u1ec7n L\u00f4 Dung (Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean), con ch\u00e1u D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i II l\u1ea1i tranh ch\u1ea5p quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh. N\u0103m 455, con D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i II l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Ch\u00fat (Fan Tou) l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, hi\u1ec7u Th\u1ea7n Th\u00e0nh (Devanika). Trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1eabn t\u1ea1i Khu T\u00fac, nh\u01b0ng Th\u1ea7n Th\u00e0nh cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi t\u1ea1i Amaravati, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba H\u00e0o Quang (M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n, Qu\u1ea3ng Nam). V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c L\u00e2m \u00c1p ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda nam \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn s\u00f4ng Ba (Tuy H\u00f2a), thu\u1ed9c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Aryaru (Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean) v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng n\u00fai non ph\u00eda t\u00e2y l\u00e2n c\u1eadn (cao nguy\u00ean Kontum, \u0110\u1eafk l\u1eafk), v\u00e0 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y t\u1edbi Champassak (Nam L\u00e0o), nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean d\u00e3y Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n c\u0169ng theo v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng. Ph\u1ea1m Tr\u1ea7n Th\u00e0nh m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 472, L\u00e2m \u00c1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vua, n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng. L\u00fac n\u00e0y L\u00e2m \u1ea8p \u0111\u00e3 suy y\u1ebfu n\u00ean t\u1ecf th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c nh\u00e0 T\u1ed1ng. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea7n Th\u00e0nh, L\u00e2m \u00c1p 1. N\u0103m 1927, J.Y.Cleays khai qu\u1eadt di t\u00edch Tr\u00e0 Ki\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ph\u1ebf t\u00edch \u0111\u1ec1n th\u00e1p, th\u00e0nh, th\u00ec c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng kinh \u0111\u00f4 th\u1eddi s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u1edf Tr\u00e0 Ki\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c v\u00f9ng Tr\u00e0 Ki\u1ec7u. \u1ede giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi s\u01a1 k\u1ef3, kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Sinhapura v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m Tr\u00e0 Ki\u1ec7u ng\u00e0y nay. 470","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n... nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n sang Trung Hoa ti\u1ebfn c\u1ed1ng: n\u0103m 455, L\u00e2m \u00c1p sai Tr\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1eed Ph\u1ea1m Long B\u1ea1t ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9 d\u00e2ng c\u00f4ng. Nh\u00e0 T\u1ed1ng phong Long B\u1ea1t l\u00e0m D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0169 t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n; n\u0103m 458, vua L\u00e2m \u1eaep l\u1ea1i sai Tr\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1eed Ph\u1ea1m L\u01b0u d\u00e2ng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ed1ng v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u qu\u00fd c\u00f9ng v\u1ea3i v\u00f3c; n\u0103m 472, L\u00e2m \u1ea2p l\u1ea1i sai c\u1ed1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v \u1ead t...1 N\u0103m 484, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khmer t\u00ean Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u0103ng C\u0103n Th\u0103ng (Kieou Tcheou Lo), con vua Ph\u00f9 Nam Jayavarman t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i L\u00e2m \u00c1p, c\u01b0\u1edbp ng\u00f4i v\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n trong g\u1ea7n 10 n\u0103m. N\u0103m 492, con Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ea7n Th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Ch\u01b0 N\u00f4ng gi\u1ebft C\u0103n Th\u0103ng gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i ng\u00f4i b\u00e1u. Ph\u1ea1m Ch\u01b0 N\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft \u0111u\u1ed1i n\u0103m 498, con ch\u00e1u ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tr\u1ecb v\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 527: Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n T\u00e1n (Fan Wen Kuoan) tr\u1ecb v\u00ec t\u1eeb 498 \u0111\u1ebfn 502, Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean Kh\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7u Devavarman (510 - 514) v\u00e0 B\u1eadt Nhu\u1ebf B\u1ea1t Ma hi\u1ec7u Vijayavarman (526 - 529). N\u0103m 529, B\u1eadt Nhu\u1ebf B\u1ea1t Ma m\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf t\u1ef1. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh L\u00e2m \u1ea4p phong Cao T\u1ea5t Lu\u1eadt Thi La B\u1ea1t Ma l\u00ean l\u00e0m vua hi\u1ec7u Rudravarman I. L\u00fac n\u00e0y t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh Giao Ch\u00e2u c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. N\u0103m 542, L\u00fd B\u00ed kh\u1edfi binh \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 Ti\u00eau T\u01b0, x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 L\u00fd Nam \u0111\u1ebf, d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u1ea1n Xu\u00e2n. Nh\u00e0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng sai c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 L\u01b0 T\u1eed H\u00f9ng v\u00e0 T\u00f4n Qu\u00fdnh \u0111em binh sang \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea1i. Nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y, L\u00e2m \u1ea4p l\u1ea1i cho qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn ra x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n v\u00f9ng C\u1eefu \u0110\u1ee9c. L\u00fd Nam \u0111\u1ebf sai t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Tu \u0111em qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1nh tan qu\u00e2n L\u00e2m \u00c1p \u1edf C\u1eedu \u0110\u1ee9c. N\u0103m 577, Thi La B\u1ea1t Ma m\u1ea5t, con l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u1ea1n Ch\u00ed l\u00ean k\u1ebf nghi\u1ec7p. N\u0103m 605, vua T\u00f9y D\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf nghe b\u1ec1 t\u00f4i t\u00e2u n\u00f3i L\u00e2m \u1ea4p c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e1u v\u1eadt, b\u00e8n c\u1eed L\u01b0u Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 Hoan Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea1o H\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n T\u1ed5ng qu\u1ea3n \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh L\u00e2m \u00c1p. L\u01b0u Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sai Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Kh\u00e2m Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 N\u1ecbnh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u00e2n \u0111em h\u01a1n 1 v\u1ea1n b\u1ed9 binh v\u00e0 k\u1ef5 binh ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o C\u1eedu \u0110\u1ee9c, c\u00f2n m\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f9ng Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ed1n \u0111em th\u1ee7y binh ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o T\u1ef7 \u1ea2nh (kho\u1ea3ng K\u1ef3 Anh, H\u00e0 T\u0129nh ng\u00e0y nay). Vua L\u00e2m \u1ea4p l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u1ea1n Ch\u00ed sai qu\u00e2n gi\u1eef n\u01a1i hi\u1ec3m tr\u1edf nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb L\u01b0u Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng 1. T\u1ed1ng th\u01b0, Q.97, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 57, Di Man, t\u1edd 2b. 471","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111em qu\u00e2n qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3 L\u00ea th\u00ec g\u1eb7p qu\u00e2n L\u00e2m \u1ea4p c\u01b0\u1ee1i voi t\u1eeb b\u1ed1n ph\u00eda x\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn. L\u01b0u Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edbi sai qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ed1 nh\u00f2, ph\u1ee7 c\u1ecf l\u00ean tr\u00ean r\u1ed3i cho qu\u00e2n ra khi\u00eau chi\u1ebfn, gi\u1ea3 v\u1edd thua ch\u1ea1y. Qu\u00e2n L\u00e2m \u1ea4p \u0111u\u1ed5i theo, voi b\u1ecb sa xu\u1ed1ng h\u1ed1, h\u00e0ng qu\u1ea7n r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n. L\u01b0u Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sai l\u1ea5y n\u1ecf b\u1eafn, voi s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i quay \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ea1y, gi\u1eabm v\u00e0o tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecba. Qu\u00e2n L\u00e2m \u1ea4p \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea1i, b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft s\u1ed1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n. Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u1ea1n Ch\u00ed b\u1ecf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ea1y ra c\u1eeda bi\u1ec3n. L\u01b0u Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111em qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o Kinh \u0111\u00f4 (Tr\u00e0 Ki\u1ec7u) l\u1ea5y \u0111i 18 th\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 b\u00e0ng v\u00e0ng, 1.350 b\u1ed9 kinh Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef Chi\u00eam B\u00e0, kh\u1eafc bia ghi c\u00f4ng r\u1ed3i v\u1ec1. Nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c L\u00e2m \u1ea4p v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh ba ch\u00e2u: \u0110\u00e3ng Ch\u00e2u, N\u00f4ng Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 Xung Ch\u00e2u. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u00e3ng Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00e0m qu\u1eadn T\u1ef5 C\u1ea3nh g\u1ed3m 4 huy\u1ec7n (1.815 h\u1ed9), l\u00e0 T\u1ef5 C\u1ea3nh, Chu Ng\u00f4, Th\u1ecd Linh v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Quy\u1ec3n; N\u00f4ng Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 qu\u1eadn H\u1ea3i \u00c2m g\u1ed3m 4 huy\u1ec7n (1.100 h\u1ed9) l\u00e0 T\u00e2n Dung, Ch\u00e2u Long, \u0110a N\u00f4ng v\u00e0 An L\u1ea1c; Xung Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 qu\u1eadn L\u00e2m \u00c1p g\u1ed3m 4 huy\u1ec7n (1.220 h\u1ed9) l\u00e0 T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1ed1, Kim S\u01a1n, Giao Giang v\u00e0 Nam C \u1ef1c1. Kho\u1ea3ng cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi T\u00f9y, nh\u00e2n Trung Hoa bi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n, Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u1ea1n Ch\u00ed kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u0169 Hoan Ch\u00e2u (T\u1ef5 C\u1ea3nh), ch\u00e2u \u00c1i (H\u1ea3i \u00c2m) v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u Trong (Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng). N\u0103m 629, Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u1ea1n Ch\u00ed m\u1ea5t, con l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u1ea7u L\u00ea k\u1ebf nghi\u1ec7p. T\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi T\u00f9y sang \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, L\u00e2m \u1ea4p v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng sai s\u1ee9 sang Trung Hoa ti\u1ebfn c\u1ed1ng. N\u0103m 630, Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u1ea7u L\u00ea sai s\u1ee9 d\u00e2ng \\\"h\u1ecfa ch\u00e2u l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 tr\u1ee9ng g\u00e0, tr\u00f2n, tr\u1eafng mu\u1ed1t, chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng m\u1ea5y th\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ee7y tinh, v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh Ng\u1ecd, h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, hun l\u00e1 ng\u1ea3i th\u00ec l\u1eeda ch\u00e1y l\u00ean\\\"2. N\u0103m 645, Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u1ea7u L\u00ea qua \u0111\u1eddi, v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u L\u00e2m \u1ea4p lo\u1ea1n l\u1ea1c. Con c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea7u L\u00ea l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Tr\u1ea5n Long v\u1eeba gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00f4i li\u1ec1n b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft, tri\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a con trai c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa (em g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea5n Long) l\u00e0 B\u1ea1t \u0110\u00e0 La Th\u1ee7 La B\u1ea1t La l\u00ean l\u00e0m vua. Kh\u00f4ng bao l\u00e2u, tri\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 c\u0169 m\u1edbi ph\u1ebf B\u1ea1t \u0110\u00e0 La Th\u1ee7 La B\u1ea1t La \u0111i m\u00e0 l\u1eadp con g\u00e1i \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a 1. T\u00f9y th\u01b0, Q.31, Ch\u00ed 26, \u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd (h\u1ea1), t\u1edd 13a. 2. C\u1ef1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0, Q.197, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 147, t\u1edd lb. 472","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n... Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u1ea7u L\u00ea l\u00e0m vua nh\u01b0ng v\u1ecb N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u1ed1c n\u00ean n\u0103m 653, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi con ch\u00e1u ngo\u1ea1i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00e0 La B\u1ea1t Ma I (Rudravarman I) l\u00e0 Ch\u01b0 [Gia] C\u00e1t \u0110\u1ecba l\u00ean l\u00e0m vua, hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Vikrantavarman I. N\u0103m 685, Ch\u01b0 C\u00e1t \u0110\u1ecba (Vikrantavarman I) qua \u0111\u1eddi, nh\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00f4i cho con l\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn \u0110a \u0110\u1ea1t Ma (t\u1ee9c Vikrantavarman II). N\u0103m 731, Ki\u1ebfn \u0110a \u0110\u1ea1t Ma (Vikrantavarman II) qua \u0111\u1eddi, con l\u00e0 Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00e0 La B\u1ea1t Ma II (Rudravarman II) k\u1ebf v\u1ecb v\u00e0 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 757 th\u00ec m\u1ea5t. Con l\u00e0 Bhadravarman II l\u00ean thay nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00f4n mi\u1ec1n Nam h\u1ea1 b\u1ec7, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f9a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. Trong kho\u1ea3ng 5 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 vua H\u1eb1ng H\u00e0 (Gangaraja) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Champa. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u, g\u1ed3m mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, mi\u1ec1n Trung v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n Nam Champa, Nam \u0111\u00e8o C\u1ea3, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ch\u1eef Ch\u0103m c\u1ed5, m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, m \u1ed9t n\u1ec1n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt (th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec1n th\u00e1p), c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u1ebfn Nam Champa v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho c\u1ea3 Champa. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IV, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c L\u00e2m \u00c1p - v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c - \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ebf trong v\u00f9ng, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Bradravarman I (Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ea1t), ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Gangaraja ph\u00eda B\u1eafc. L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 L\u00e2m \u1ea4p, ph\u00eda b\u1eafc gi\u00e1p ranh v\u1edbi qu\u1eadn C\u1eebu Ch\u00e2n, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ph\u00eda nam tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u0169i K\u00ea G\u00e0 (Varella, Phan Thi\u1ebft). S \u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 p h \u1ed5 h \u1ec7 v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Gangar\u1ea1\u1ecba (192 - 757) -K hu Li\u00ean (1 9 2 -?) - Kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 th\u1ebf th\u1ee9 - Ph\u1ea1m H\u00f9ng (270 - 282) - Ph\u1ea1m D\u1eadt (283 - 336) - Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n (336 - 349) 473","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 - Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u1eadt (349 - 380) -Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ea1t (380-413) - \u0110\u1ecbch Ch\u00e2n, \u0110\u1ecbch Kh\u1ea3i, ch\u00e1u \u0110\u1ecbch Ch\u00e2n (413 - 420) - Ph\u1ea1m D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i I (420) - Ph\u1ea1m D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i II (421 - 446) - Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tranh ch\u1ea5p ng\u00f4i vua (446 - 455) - Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ea7n Th\u00e0nh (455 - 472) - Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tranh ch\u1ea5p ng\u00f4i vua (472 - 484) - Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u0103ng C\u0103n Th\u0103ng [con vua Ph\u00f9 Nam t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n] (484 - 492) - Ph\u1ea1m Ch\u01b0 N\u00f4ng (492 - 498) - Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n T\u00e1n (498 - 502) - T\u1eeb n\u0103m 502 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 510 (kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5) - Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean Kh\u1ea3i (510-514). - T\u1eeb n\u0103m 514 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 526 (kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5) - B\u1eadt Nhu\u1ebf B\u1ea1t Ma (526 - 529). - Cao T\u1ea5t Lu\u1eadt Th\u00ec La B\u1ea1t Ma (529 - 577) - Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u1ea1n Ch\u00ed (577 - 629) - Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u1ea7u L\u00ea (630 - 645) - Ph\u1ea1m Tr\u1ea5n Long, B\u1ea1t \u0110\u00e0 La Th\u1ee7 La B\u1ea1t La (em g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea5n Long), con g\u00e1i \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u1ea7u L\u00ea (645 - 653) - Ch\u01b0 C\u00e1t \u0110\u1ecba (653 - 685) -K i\u1ebfn \u0110a \u0110\u1ea1t Ma (685 - 731) - Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00e0 La B\u1ea1t Ma II (731- 757) 2. Vinmg tri\u1ec1u Panduranga (Ho\u00e0n Viromg qu\u1ed1c - Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh) Sau khi Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00e0 La B\u1ea1t Ma II (Rudravarman II) qua \u0111\u1eddi, Bradravarman II l\u00ean k\u1ebf v\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 757 v\u1ecb vua tr\u00e8 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00eda nam n\u1ed5i l\u00ean h\u1ea1 b\u1ec7 r\u1ed3i t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng, hi\u1ec7u Prithi Indravarman, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t d\u00f2ng Gangaraja ph\u00eda b\u1eafc. 474","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n... Prithi Indravarman l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Champa \\\"th\u1ed1ng l\u00e3nh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 Indra, th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n\\\". Th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch Trung Hoa g\u1ecdi V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Champa th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft Ch\u0103m cho r\u00e0ng Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia do n\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng Po Nagar cai tr\u1ecb trong su\u1ed1t 200 n\u0103m, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 758 \u0111\u1ebfn 958. Th\u1eddi gian tr\u1ecb v\u00ec l\u00e2u d\u00e0i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Panduranga th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh. N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng Po Nagar - c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Yang Pu Nagara, Po Ino Nagar (Th\u00e1nh M\u1ea7u Thi\u00ean Y A na)1. Po Nagar theo bi k\u00fd t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, Prithi Indravarman cho d\u1eddi kinh \u0111\u00f4 Sinhapura (th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 S\u01b0 T\u1eed hay Tr\u00e0 Ki\u1ec7u, Qu\u1ea3ng Nam) v\u1ec1 Virapura (th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u00f9ng Tr\u00e1ng) thu\u1ed9c tinh Ninh Thu\u1eadn ng\u00e0y nay2. Prithi Indravarman l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua t\u00e0i gi\u00f2i. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u00f4ng tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh, ph\u1ed3n th\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quan h\u1ec7 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, bang giao v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00e2n bang. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 \u1ea5y khi\u1ebfn Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i tir\u1ee3ng x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. N\u0103m 774, qu\u00e2n Java t\u1eeb ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed9 v\u00e0o Kauthara (Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a) v\u00e0 Panduranga (B\u00ecnh Thu\u1eadn), chi\u1ebfm kinh \u0111\u00f4 Virapura. Vua Prithi Indravarman \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t v\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u1eed tr\u1eadn trong \u0111\u00e1m lo\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e1u g\u1ecdi \u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u1eadu t\u00ean Satyavarman \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n l\u00ean k\u1ebf v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 tri\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y l\u00ean mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc (B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh) l\u00e1nh n\u1ea1n. Trong cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng n\u00e0y, qu\u00e2n Java 1. S\u1ef1 t\u00edch n\u1eef th\u1ea7n Po Nagar \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n ghi trong bia th\u1edd t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1n Po Nagar (Nha Trang), n\u0103m T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 9 (1856). Ki\u1ec1u Thu Ho\u1ea1ch, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u1ef1 t\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 trong T\u1ed1ng t\u1eadp v\u0103n h\u1ecdc d\u00e2n gian Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1eadp V: Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2n gian ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2004, tr. 645 - 648. 2. Trong minh v\u0103n Giai Lamau (R\u1eebng C\u00e2y) \u1edd Phan Rang, ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i 801 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf l\u00e0ng V\u0129nh Thu\u1eadn, x\u00e3 H\u1eefu \u0110\u1ee9c, huy\u1ec7n An Ph\u01b0\u1edbc, nay l\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n Ninh Ph\u01b0\u1edbc, r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n Po Nagar M\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 cho bi\u1ebft vua Indravarman I (kho\u1ea3ng 787 - 801) l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Indraparamesvara tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n ho\u00e0ng cung c\u0169 c\u1ee7a vua Satyavarman (l\u00ean n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i Prithi Indravarman)... 475","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e1u v\u1eadt, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eef th\u1ea7n Bhagavati b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng1. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1, Satyavarman \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh ti\u1ebfn xu\u1ed1ng Kauthara t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Java bu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i l\u00ean thuy\u1ec1n b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y ra kh\u01a1i. Satyavarman \u0111\u01b0a ho\u00e0ng gia v\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i Virapura, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u00d4ng cho x\u00e2y th\u00eam m\u1ed9t cung \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1edbi trong th\u00e0nh Krong Laa, cho tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y Kraik - bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia tr\u01b0\u1edbc cung \u0111i\u1ec7n, d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1n Po Nagar. \u0110en \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh sau 10 n\u0103m (774 - 784) v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay. N\u0103m 786, Satyavarman m\u1ea5t2, em trai \u00fat c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, hi\u1ec7u Indravarman I (786 - 801). N\u0103m 787, qu\u00e2n Java t\u1eeb ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i l\u1ea1i tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o Virapura c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1, ph\u00e1 th\u00e1p H\u00f2a Lai - n\u01a1i th\u1edd th\u1ea7n Bhadradhipatisvara. Ch\u00fang chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef Panduranga, s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u binh s\u0129 v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, b\u1eaft theo nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f9ng b\u00e1u v\u1eadt ch\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 799, sau hom 10 n\u0103m chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, Indravarman I m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n Java \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1ea1i Virapura, Indravarman I x\u00e2y l\u1ea1i th\u00e1p H\u00f2a Lai b\u1eb1ng ba th\u00e1p m\u1edbi, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Kalan Ba Th\u00e1p, th\u1edd c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n Indrabhadresvara, Sankara v\u00e0 Narayana. C\u0169ng trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, Indravarman I ph\u1ea3i lo \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi nhi\u00e8u nh\u00f3m n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n \u1edf kh\u00e1p n\u01b0i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Candra (ph\u00eda b\u1eafc), Indra (ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng - ph\u00eda b\u1eafc), Agni (ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng), Yama (ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng - ph\u00eda nam), quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1n Yakshas (ph\u00eda nam). N\u0103m 801, Indravarman I m\u1ea5t, em r\u1ec3 l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n Deva Rajadhiraja l\u00ean thay, hi\u1ec7u Harivarman I, m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c. 1. Vua Prithi Indravarman sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n ch\u00fang t\u00f4n th\u1edd d\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u00e1p danh Rudraloka. Theo n\u1ed9i dung bia \u1edf th\u00e1p Po Nagar cho bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Java n\u0103m 774 nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111en \u0111\u1ee7i v\u00e0 g\u1ea7y y\u1ebfu t\u00f9 mi\u1ec1n xa \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0103n nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9c \u0103n kh\u00f9ng khi\u1ebfp h\u01a1n x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh hung \u00e1c. B\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111i m\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ea5y c\u1eafp t\u01b0\u1ee3ng linga c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n Sri Sambhu, \u0111\u1ed1t ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd [Po Nagar]\\\". 2. Satyavarman \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n ch\u00fang th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u00e1p danh Isvaraloka. 476","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n... Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, Harivarman I t\u1eadp trung x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chinh chi\u1ebfn ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. N\u0103m 803, qu\u00e2n Champa nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n ra B\u1eafc, san phang th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec hai ch\u00e2u Hoan, \u00c1i v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u0111em v\u1ec1. V\u1edbi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu, Harivarman xu\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Kelantan \u1edf Java v\u00e0 Patani \u1edf Malaysia. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Harivarman I cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean m\u1ed9 th\u00eam binh s\u0129 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 hai l\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o cao nguy\u00ean \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n Khmer v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. Khi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, Harivarman I b\u00f2 tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng Trung Hoa. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, qu\u00e2n Champa l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ra v\u00f9ng Hoan, \u00c1i \u0111e d\u1ecda n\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u00f9a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edd An Nam \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7. N\u0103m 808, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eed Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu l\u00e0m An Nam \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9. Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu cho \u0111\u1eafp th\u00eam th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i La, \\\"\u0111\u00f3ng 300 thuy\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfn, m\u1ed7i thuy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9a 25 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh chi\u1ebfn, 33 phu ch\u00e8o, thuy\u1ec1n xu\u00f4i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhanh nh\u01b0 b ay .. L\u1ea5y l\u00fd do Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu ti\u1ebfn c\u1ed1ng, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu xu\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda nam tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh s\u1eed cho bi\u1ebft: \\\"L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd n\u01b0\u1edbc Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. [Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng] Chu sai qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh, b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u00f4 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00e2u Hoan, ch\u00e2u Ai c\u1ee7a ng\u1ee5y, ch\u00e9m 3 v\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e2u, b\u0103t \u0111ir\u1ee3c 50 ngtr\u00f2ri con c\u1ee7a viia nir\u00f3rc \u00e2y, thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c voi chi\u1ebfn, \u00e1o gi\u00e1p, kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. L\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y hai th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Hoan, ch\u00e2u \u00c1i b\u1ecb Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y, sai \u0111\u1eafp l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n\\\"1. N\u00e3m 809, Harivarman I l\u1ea1i \u0111em qu\u00e2n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ch\u00e2u Hoan, ch\u00e2u \u00c1i. An Nam \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111em qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p2. Sau khi Harivarman I m\u1ea5t, con ta i l\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea5t Panduranga l\u00ean k\u1ebf v\u1ecb n\u0103m 817, hi\u1ec7u Vikrantavarman III, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng Senapati Par 1. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ee9 k\u00fd ti\u1ec1n bi\u00ean, S\u0111d, tr. 124. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d.tr. 133. 2. Ng\u00f4 Th\u00ec S\u0129 c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n bia c\u1ee7a Li\u1ec5u T\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean ca ng\u1ee3i c\u00f4ng t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu nh\u01b0 sau:\\\"... Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1eady s\u1ee9c b\u1ed9i ngh\u0129a, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, m\u1edf mang th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea5y khu \u0111\u1ea5t.. 477","L\u1ecaCH S \u1eeb VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 ph\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh. Vikrantavarman III \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Kamb\u1ee5\u1ecbas (Kampuchea ng\u00e0y nay), ph\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec Khmer tr\u00ean cao nguy\u00ean \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ecbnh tr\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Vikrantavarman III v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u0169ng trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Angkor nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1. N\u0103m 854, Vikrantavarman III m \u1ea5t1, kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf t\u1ef1, n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u1eebi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh x\u00e0y ra tranh ch\u1ea5p. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Angkor di\u1ec5n ra trong kho\u1ea3ng 20 n\u0103m (854 - 875) \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c ki\u1ec7t qu\u1ec7. N\u0103m 875, m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00f4n (thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng ph\u00eda b\u1eafc) c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng trong cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t x\u00e2m l\u0103ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Angkor t\u00ean l\u00e0 Laksmindra Bhumisvara Gramasvamin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, hi\u1ec7u Indravarman II. Indravarm an II l\u00ean ng\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eddi trung t\u00e2m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00ean ph\u00eda b\u1eafc t\u1ea1i Indrapura - tr\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Ly Ly (m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh s\u00f4ng Thu B\u1ed3n, c\u00e1ch Tr\u00e0 Ki\u1ec7u 20km). Indrapura hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 s\u1ea5m S\u00e9t (t\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ed3ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng) n\u1eb1m \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed r\u1ea5t thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n K hm cr v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n Java. Indravarman II c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v \u1ecb vua \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u Campapura (Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4n vinh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Indravarman II, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai mi\u1ec1n Nam - B\u1eafc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n ra xung \u0111\u1ed9t. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ed3n th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu, Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Angkor, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia r\u1ea5t h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. N\u0103m 889, vua Angkor l\u00e0 Yasovarman hai l\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 n\u0103m 890 b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft trong 1. Vikrantavarman III \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd d\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u00e1p danh Vikrantasvara. 478","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n... r\u1eebng s\u00e2u, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u00ean \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0110\u00f4ng - B\u1eafc Angkor \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh. N\u0103m 898, Indravarman II m\u1ea5t1, ch\u00e1u l\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n Jaya Sinhavarmadeva Campapura Paramesvara k\u1ebf v\u1ecb, hi\u1ec7u Jaya Sinhavarman I. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Jaya Sinhavarman I, uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Indrapura n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean. Cao nguy\u00ean Darlac-Kontum do m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u00ean Mahindravarman cai tr\u1ecb. Jaya Sinhavarman I m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 908, con l\u00e0 Jaya Saktivarman l\u00ean thay nh\u01b0ng tr\u1ecb vi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao l\u00e2u th\u00ec qua \u0111\u1eddi. C\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 Sri Bhadravarman III (908 - 916) v\u00e0 con l\u00e0 IndravarmanlII (917 - 960); Jaya Indravarmanl (960 - 972) v\u00e0 Paramesvaravarman I (972 - 982) . S\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 ph\u1ed5 h\u1ec7 V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Panduranga (757 - 982) - Prithi Indravarman (757 - 774) - Satyavarman (774 - 786) - Indravarman 1(786 - 801) - Harivarman I (801- 817) - Vikrantavarman III (817 - 854) - T\u1eeb 854 - 875, n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 tranh ch\u1ea5p - Indravarman II (875 - 898) - Jaya Sinhavarman I (898 - 908) - Jaya Saktivarman (908) - Sri Bhadravarman III (908 - 916) - IndravarmanlII (917 - 960) - Jaya Indravarmanl (960 - 972) - Paramesvaravarman I (972 - 982) 1. Sau khi qua \u0111\u1eddi, Indravarman II \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n ch\u00fang th\u1edd d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean Paramabuddhaloka. 2. Trong ch\u00ednh s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u00ea Mi Thu\u1ebf, hay T\u1ef3 My Th\u1ebf, ho\u1eb7c B\u1ec1 Mi Thu\u1ebf. 479","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eed VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 T\u1eeb tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Indravarman III tr\u1edf \u0111i, Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n suy y\u1ebfu. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khmer t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng. N\u0103m 945, vua Khmer l\u00e0 R\u1ea1jendravarman II chi huy \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n t\u1eeb Angkor v\u00e0o Kauthara, c\u01b0\u1edbp t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eef th\u1ea7n Bhagavati b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng - v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 x\u1ee9 s\u1edf v\u00e0 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh - trong th\u00e1p Yan Po Nagara mang v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Indravarman III suy y\u1ebfu h\u1eb3n. N\u0103m 959, Indravarman III t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, con l\u00e0 Jaya Indravarman I l\u00ean thay n\u0103m 960. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf An Nam \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh. N\u0103m 905, l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng suy y\u1ebfu, Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba D\u1ee5 - m\u1ed9t H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea5t H\u1ed3ng Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n n\u1ed5i d\u1eady gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u00f9. Sau \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n Nam H\u00e1n tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng (n\u0103m 938), Ng\u00f4 Quy\u1ec1n x\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf C\u1ed5 Loa, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7. Nh\u01b0ng tri\u1ec1u Ng\u00f4 c\u0169ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng suy y\u1ebfu d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n 12 s\u1ee9 qu\u00e2n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi 2 th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 967 m\u1edbi ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t khi \u0110inh B\u1ed9 L\u0129nh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1eb7t qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i c \u1ed3 Vi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf Hoa L\u01b0. Tuy nhi\u00ean, tri\u1ec1u \u0110inh t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0i. N\u0103m 979, hai cha con \u0110inh Ti\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng b\u1ecb s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i, V\u1ec7 v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110inh To\u00e0n l\u00ean ng\u00f4i khi m\u1edbi 6 tu\u1ed5i c\u00f3 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u00e1i h\u1eadu nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 L\u00ea Ho\u00e0n ph\u00f2 gi\u00fap. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Hoa L\u01b0 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn, cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 979, s\u1ee9 qu\u00e2n Ng\u00f4 Nh\u1eadt Kh\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n ra ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh Hoa L\u01b0. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh s\u1eed cho bi\u1ebft: \\\"\u0110en b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd nghe tin Ti\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng m\u1ea5t, [Ng\u00f4 Nh\u1eadt Kh\u00e1nh] d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1. Ch\u00faa Chi\u00eam l\u00e0 Ba M\u1ef9 Thu\u1ebf D\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1ed1 \u1ea4n Tr\u00e0 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng khi n\u01b0\u1edbc ta c\u00f3 s\u01a1 h\u1edd, b\u00e8n d\u1eabn thuy\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n h\u01a1n ngh\u00ecn chi\u1ebfc theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh Hoa L\u01b0, qua c\u1eeda b\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i Nha v\u00e0 c\u1eeda b\u1ec3 Ti\u1ec3u Khang h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam, g\u1eb7p com gi\u00f3 b\u00e3o n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, thuy\u1ec1n b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1eafm. Nh\u1eadt Kh\u00e1nh v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n Chi\u00eam \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ebft \u0111u\u1ed1i. Ri\u00eang thuy\u1ec1n vua Chi\u00eam tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u00e8n thu nh\u1eb7t qu\u00e2n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i r\u00fat v\u1ec1\\\"1. 1. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd ti\u1ec1n bi\u00ean, S\u0111d, tr. 161. 480","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n... Sau cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng T\u1ed1ng gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i (981), \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u00f2a hi\u1ec3u v\u1edbi Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh nh\u1eb1m \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh mi\u1ec1n bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda nam, L\u00ea \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 sai T\u1eeb M\u1ee5c v\u00e0 Ng\u00f4 T\u1eed Canh sang s\u1ee9 Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ea1i c \u1ed3 Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb vua Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh b\u1eaft gi\u1eef. N\u0103m Nh\u00e2m Ng\u1ecd (982), L\u00ea \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e0nh li\u1ec1n sai s\u1eafm gi\u00e1p binh, \u0111\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n, th\u00e2n chinh Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh. Xu\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n t\u1eeb Hoa L\u01b0 qua ch\u00e2u \u00c1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00fai hi\u1ec3m tr\u1edf kh\u00f3 \u0111i, L\u00ea \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e0nh sai \u0111\u00e0o k\u00eanh t\u1eeb n\u00fai \u0110\u1ed3ng C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00f4ng B\u00e0 H\u00f2a \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n binh l\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong tr\u1eadn n\u00e0y, t\u01b0\u1edbng Chi\u00eam l\u00e0 T\u1ef3 Mi Thu\u1ebf b\u1ecb ch\u00e9m t\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn, qu\u00e2n Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea1i. L\u00ea \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e0nh b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m k\u1ef9 n\u1eef trong cung v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb s\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thi\u00ean Tr\u00fac, l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0a \u0111i nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt qu\u00fd, v\u00e0 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c c\u00f9a qu\u00fd t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n, san ph\u1eb3ng th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec, ph\u00e1 t\u00f4n mi\u1ebfu, tr\u00f2n m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng th\u00ec tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 kinh \u0111\u00f41. \u0110en th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Indrapura ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. IV. T\u00ccNH H\u00ccNH CH\u00cdNH TR\u1eca - X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I V\u00c0 HO\u1ea0T \u0110\u1ed8NG KINH T\u1ebe 1. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v \u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Champa g\u1ed3m 5 ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb \u0110\u00e8o Ngang (Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh) \u0111\u1ebfn m\u0169i K\u00ea G\u00e0 (B\u00ecnh Thu\u1eadn), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Indrapura (Qu\u00e0ng Binh, Qu\u00e0ng Tr\u1ecb, Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean - Hu\u00e9), Amaravati (Qu\u1ea3ng Nam), Vijaya (Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i, B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh), Kauthara (Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean, Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a) v\u00e0 Panduranga (B\u00ecnh Thu\u1eadn). M\u1ed7i ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ri\u00eang c\u00f9ng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n sinh s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf li\u00ean bang nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh trung \u01b0\u01a1ng chi gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n, g\u00ecn gi\u1eef s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eb9n to\u00e0n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh trung \u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n danh th\u1ea7n linh 1. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd ti\u1ec1n bi\u00ean, S\u0111d, tr. 168. - \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 169: \\\"v\u1eeba tr\u00f2n 1 n\u0103m th\u00ec tr\u1edd v\u1ec1 kinh s\u01b0\\\". Nhu v\u1eady, ch\u00faa Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 Ph\u00ea My Thu\u1ebf (T\u1ef3 My Th\u1ebf, B\u1ec1 Mi Thu\u1ebf) b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft trong tr\u1eadn n\u00e0y, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Indrapura. 481","L\u1ecaCH S \u1eed VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c huy \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i, v\u1eadt l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e0i th\u1edd v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chinh chi\u1ebfn hay thu n\u1ea1p c\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea9m m\u1ed9t khi ph\u1ea3i tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u do c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m. \u0110\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 vua. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua L\u00e2m \u1ea4p \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y t\u00ean m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 t\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n linh, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 v\u1edbi Siva (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Isvara) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i l\u1ecdng m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng, ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang vua m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng. Nh\u00e0 vua c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u1ed1i cao, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n. Vua l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh duy nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ban t\u1eb7ng ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n mi\u1ebfu, ban c\u1ea5p cho quan l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u1ea9u ph\u1ea7n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. Ph\u1ee5 t\u00e1 nh\u00e0 vua l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan l\u1ea1i trung \u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh ba h\u1ea1ng: \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 hai v\u1ecb t\u00f4n quan (Tapatica - hai T\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00f5 v\u00e0 v\u0103n), k\u1ebf l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c quan g\u1ed3m ba h\u1ea1ng: Lu\u00e2n \u0111a \u0111inh, Ca lu\u00e2n tri \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u1ea4t tha gi\u00e0 lan, sau c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i quan (quan l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng). Qu\u00e2n l\u1ef1c L\u00e2m \u1ea4p kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 40.000 \u0111\u1ebfn 50.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, g\u1ed3m k\u1ef5 binh, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng binh v\u00e0 th\u1ee7y binh. Gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0 vua c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c quan \u1edf trung u\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Theo ghi ch\u00e9p kh\u00e1 ti mi c\u1ee7a T\u00f9y th\u01b0, quan chia l\u00e0m ba h\u1ea1ng: 1. T\u00f4n quan, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c cao c\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t trong tri\u1ec1u chi c\u00f3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 Senapati (T\u00e2y na b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf), t\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng quan v\u00f5 v\u00e0 Tabatica (T\u00e1t b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ca), ngu\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng quan v\u0103n. 2. Thu\u1ed9c quan, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia l\u00e0m ba b\u1eadc: Lu\u00e2n \u0111a tinh (Dandavaso bhatah - t\u01b0\u1edbng chi huy c\u1ea5m v\u1ec7), Ca lu\u00e2n ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebf (Danay pinang, quan h\u1ea7u tr\u1ea7u) v\u00e0 \u00c1t tha gi\u00e0 lan (Yuvaraja - k\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng). 3. Ngo\u1ea1i quan, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quan tr\u1ecb nh\u1eadm \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, g\u1ed3m hai c\u1ea5p l\u00e0: Ph\u1ea5t-la v\u00e0 Kh\u1ea3-lu\u00e2n. Theo T\u00e2n Eh\u0129\u1eddng th\u01b0 cho bi\u1ebft th\u00ec v\u1ec1 sau h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quan ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u00e0ng ho\u00e0n chinh h\u01a1n. 482","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n... \u0110\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quan c\u00f3 th\u00eam ch\u1ee9c Te t\u01b0\u1edbng, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u00e0-man- \u0111\u1ecba (Adhipati)1. Bi k\u00fd kh\u00f4ng cho bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quan l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f4i khi n\u00f3i t\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 Dandavaso bhatah (chi huy c\u1ea5m v\u1ec7?)2, Danay pinang (quan h\u1ea7u tr\u1ea7u?) \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, Senapati (t\u01b0\u1edbng), Mahasenapati (\u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng)... C\u00e1c bia c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng hay n\u00f3i t\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c Yuvaraja (k\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng), phong cho Th\u00e1i t\u1eed ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c th\u00e2n th\u00edch, m\u00e0 T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 phi\u00ean \u00e2m l\u00e0 A-tr\u01b0\u1eddng-b\u00f4. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 quan l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u0103ng l\u1eef B\u00e0lam\u00f4n, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c s\u00e1c cao c\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1edf tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Champa. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i - c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh - c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Champa c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1edbi 4 - 5 v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p l\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00e0ng hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt (qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, th\u00f3c g\u1ea1o). Theo c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5, binh s\u0129 \\\"l\u1ea5y m\u00e2y \u0111an l\u00e0m \u00e1o gi\u00e1p, l\u1ea5y tre l\u00e0m cung t\u00ean\\\", s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed nh\u01b0 \\\"cung, n\u1ecf, k\u00edch, to\u00e0n\\\" (m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 k\u00edch). H\u1ecd c\u0169ng quen d\u00f9ng c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 binh, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t binh ch\u1ee7ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 k\u1ef5 binh v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng binh g\u00f4m 400 ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0 1.000 voi, l\u1ea1i chia l\u00e0m hai \u0111\u1ed9i, ti\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u00e2n. Th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan t\u00e2m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, n\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 V, Champa \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i \\\"l\u00e2u thuy\u1ec1n\\\". Th\u1ee7y kinh ch\u00fa cho bi\u1ebft, n\u0103m Nguy\u00ean Gia th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (424), Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Di Chi \u0111\u00e1nh L\u00e2m \u00c1p, Ph\u1ea5n uy t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n Nguy\u1ec5n Khi\u00eam Chi \u0111em 7.000 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh Khu T\u00fac, Ph\u1ea1m D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 chi huy 300 thuy\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ee9ng c\u1ee9u3. Theo Tong th\u01b0, Nam Di truy\u1ec7n, n\u0103m Nguy\u00ean Gia th\u1ee9 8 (431), Ph\u1ea1m D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i t\u1eebng \u0111em 100 l\u00e2u thuy\u1ec1n 1. Th\u1ee7y kinh ch\u00fa s\u1edb, S\u0111d, tr. 375. 2. L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ninh, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ch\u0103m Pa, Nxb. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2004. 3. Th\u1ee7y kinh ch\u00fa s\u1edb, S\u0111d, tr. 375. 483","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 ra \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1 qu\u1eadn C\u1eedu \u0110\u1ee9c... V\u00e0o m\u1ea5y th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau, th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a L\u00e2m \u1ea4p \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 1.000 chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft (r\u00e8n ki\u1ebfm, \u0111\u00fac lao) \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed9t \u0111inh. Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n theo m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u00e2m \u1ea4p sang Trung Hoa v\u00e0 \u1ea8n \u0110\u1ed9 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt luy\u1ec7n kim v\u00e0 x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh l\u0169y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a L\u00e2m \u00c1p l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh Khu T\u00fac1. Xung quanh th\u00e0nh Khu T\u00fac l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u0169y cao. Th\u1ee7y kinh ch\u00fa cho bi\u1ebft: \\\"n\u0103m 446, \u0110\u00e0n H\u00f2a Chi \u0111\u1ea3nh L\u00e2m \u00c1p... \u0111\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n \u1edf Khu T\u00fac, ti\u1ebfn s\u00e1t v\u00e2y th\u00e0nh, d\u00f9ng thang bay, c\u1ea7u m\u00e2y l\u1ea7u treo \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00ean l\u0169y...\\\" . D\u00e2n ch\u00fang s\u1ed1ng chung quanh ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh \\\"nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 2.100 gian\\\", \\\"m\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn, c\u00e1c c\u1eeda th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i\\\". 2. Ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Theo bia V\u00f5 C\u1ea1nh \u1edf Nha Trang c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III, th\u00ec \u0110\u1ea1o B\u00e0lam\u00f4n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a L\u00e2m \u1ea8p trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00ec v\u1eady lu\u1eadt Manu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o B\u00e0lam\u00f4n (Brahmanism) \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i L\u00e2m \u1ea8p trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef3. Lu\u1eadt Manu ph\u00e2n chia x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p. \u0110\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 Brahman (Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 sinh ra t\u00f2 mi\u1ec7ng c\u1ee7a Brahma. t\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng l\u1eef m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed1i ca\u1ecd v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u01b0 tur\u1eddng v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 Ksatriya (L\u00fd \u0110e L\u1ee3i) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb hai c\u00e1nh tay c\u1ee7a Brahma, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p vua ch\u00faa, qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, chi\u1ebfn binh (ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m g\u1ed1c Nam \u0110\u1ea3o), n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed1i cao v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 Vaisya (Ph\u1ec7 X\u00e1) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb h\u00e3i \u0111\u00f9i c\u1ee7a Brahma, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia v\u00e0 ph\u00fa n\u00f4ng (\u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ed1c Nam \u0110\u1ea3o), n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 l\u00e0 Sudra (Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u00e0) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh t\u1eeb hai b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Brahma, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p 1. L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ninh, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ch\u0103m Pa, S\u0111d, tr. 355. 2. Th\u1ee7y kinh ch\u00fa s\u1edb, S\u0111d, \u1ee9. 365. 484","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n... th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o (\u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1eafc d\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai v\u00e0 t\u00f9 binh); \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ea5p trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Champa c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd sinh ra \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecb sai khi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch. Bi k\u00fd nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n c\u00e1c t\u1eeb Brahman, Ksatriya l\u00e0 hai \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Champa c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, trong \u0111\u00f3 Ksatriya l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c - quan l\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0 Vaisya v\u00e0 Sudra kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc trong bi k\u00fd. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean \u1edf l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c, c\u00f2n tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc do ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Hoa v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Champa c\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u1edf quy\u1ec1n uy m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n sinh ho\u1ea1t, trang ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111i l\u1ea1i. Theo th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 Trung Hoa, qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf l\u1ea7u cao, m\u1eb7c \u00e1o g\u1ea5m, n\u1eb1m gi\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c quan chi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eb1m chi\u1ebfu, \\\"chi\u1ebfu l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng l\u00e1 d\u1eeba\\\"1. Y ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 trang s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t xa hoa: \\\"m\u1eb7c \u00e1o c \u1ed5 b\u1ed1i b\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7p, tr\u00ean \u0111eo tr\u00e2n ch\u00e2u, d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0ng l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh chu\u1ed7i...\\\". Khi \u0111i ra ngo\u00e0i th\u00ec c\u00f3 5.000 qu\u00e2n th\u1ecb v \u1ec7... Vua th\u1ed5i \u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u1ed1ng, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi: \\\"b\u00e1i y\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1eafp tay, r\u1eadp tr\u00e1n...\\\"2. M\u1ed9t bi k\u00fd t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1i th\u00e1p Po Nagar, I\u01281\u00d4 t\u1ea3 Vikrantavarman III th\u1eddi Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"[Ng\u01b0\u1eddi] \u0111eo nh\u1eefng d\u00e2y v\u00e0ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00ednh ng\u1ecdc trai v\u00e0 ng\u1ecdc b\u00edch, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7n, che m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc l\u1ecdng tr\u1eafng bao ph\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1eddi b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u1ecdng c\u00f2n s\u00e2u hom c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 [Ng\u01b0\u1eddi] trang s\u1ee9c ph\u1ee7 k\u00edn b\u1eddi v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n, \u0111ai, v\u00f2ng, hoa tai, nh\u1eefng tr\u00e0ng h\u1ed3ng ng\u1ecdc... b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y leo [s\u00e1ng l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh]\\\". \u0110\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef cung \u0111\u00ecnh c\u0169ng \u0111eo \u0111\u1ea7y trang s\u1ee9c: \\\"Phu nh\u00e2n m\u1eb7c v\u1ea3i c \u1ed5 b\u1ed1i tri\u00eau h\u00e0... m\u00ecnh trang s\u1ee9c d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n 1. T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0, Q.222 h\u1ea1, t\u1edd 1a. 2. C\u1ef1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0, Q.197, t\u1edd lb. 485","L\u1ecaCH S \u1eed VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 v\u00e0ng, chu\u1ed7i ng\u1ecdc trai\\\". Trong nhi\u1ec1u bi k\u00fd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c hi\u1ebfn ru\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt cho \u0111\u1ec1n th\u00e1p nh\u01b0 bia H\u00f2a Lai, bia B\u00e0n Lanh v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng bia M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n...1 Kh\u00e1c xa v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ea3, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n \\\"nh\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u00e0n, ch\u1ed7 \u1edf l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh g\u00e1c, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 can-lan\\\", \\\"c\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1edf h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eafc\\\"2, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7, tre, l\u00e1; th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \\\"h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, ng\u1ee7 tr\u00ean c\u00e2y, \u0103n th\u1ecbt c\u00e1 s\u1ed1ng, thu h\u00e1i c\u00e2y c\u1ecf th\u01a1m l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, trao \u0111\u1ed5i mua b\u00e1n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 d\u00e2n th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5 v\u1eady\\\"3. 3. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Champa v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n. Th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 c\u0169ng n\u00f3i t\u1edbi t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa: \\\"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m bi\u1ebft c\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn nay h\u01a1n 600 n\u0103m (t\u1ee9c t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean). Ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ed1t r\u1eaby \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa. N\u01a1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec1n th\u00ec tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa tr\u1eafng, th\u00e1ng b\u1ea3y l\u00e0m th\u00ec th\u00e1ng m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00faa ch\u00edn, n\u01a1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 x\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec1n th\u00ec tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa \u0111\u1ecf, th\u00e1ng m\u01b0\u1eddi hai l\u00e0m th\u00ec th\u00e1ng t\u01b0 l\u00faa ch\u00edn. N h\u01b0 thc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u00faa ch\u00edn hai m\u00f9a\\\"4. Tuy nhicn, \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a L\u00e2m \u1ea4p kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u, l\u1ea1i k\u00e9m m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 n\u00ean \\\"L\u00e2m \u1ea4p thi\u1ebfu ru\u1ed9ng, tham \u0111\u1ea5t Nh\u1eadt Nam\\\", do \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u00e2m \u00c1p th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ra ch\u00e2u Hoan, ch\u00e2u \u00c1i \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt... Vi\u1ec7c vua c\u1ea5p l\u01b0\u01a1ng cho binh l\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng th\u00f3c g\u1ea1o v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec1n bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00fang t\u1eb7ng ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u0169ng n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf. 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ch\u0103m Pa, S\u0111d. 2. Nam s\u1eed, Q.78, T\u1edd 3a. 3. Th\u1ee7y kinh ch\u00fa s\u1edb, S\u0111d, \u1eeb. 373. 4. Thu\u1ef7 kinh ch\u00fa s\u1edb, S\u0111d, tr. 387-88. 486","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n... Trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, quan h\u1ec7 s\u1edd h\u1eefu ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u1ebd s\u1edd h\u1eefu c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t chung c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng x\u00e3. Trong n\u1ed9i dung m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u0103n bia c\u00f3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00fang ru\u1ed9ng l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1n nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t ai \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ean khi c\u00fang ru\u1ed9ng cho \u0111\u1ec1n v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111em c\u00fang t\u1eb7ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 vua ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh cho m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u1eabn s\u1ed1ng theo t\u1eebng c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 (l\u00e0ng), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc giao cho ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 canh t\u00e1c m\u01b0u sinh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u00f4 thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 lao d\u1ecbch. Trong n\u1ed9i dung v\u0103n bia c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n s\u1edd h\u1eefu ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp quan l\u1ea1i, qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, t\u0103ng l\u1eef nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 n\u00e9t. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 bia M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n I c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IV n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd v\u00e0 c\u00fang \\\"m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n\\\"; \\\"\u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai trong ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00fang c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e0 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n. [Hoa l\u1ee3i] thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, 1\/6 s\u1ebd do Quan l\u1edbn gi\u1eef, c\u00f2n 1\/10 thi c\u00fang th\u1ea7n. -Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y... \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed9p t\u00f4 cho th\u1ea7n, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu lao d\u1ecbch... vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ho\u00e0ng gia c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. Qua n\u1ed9i dung v\u0103n bia ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 t\u00e0ng l\u1edbp quan l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban c\u1ea5p c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1eeb\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1ea5y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y tr\u00ean di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1ea5y n\u1ed9p t\u00f4 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban c\u1ea5p, coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed5ng Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5p cho (1\/6 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m); n\u1ed9p t\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00fang th\u1ea7n (1\/10 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m) nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu dao d\u1ecbch. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban c\u1ea5p cho \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p t\u00f4, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ed1 t\u00f4 n\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n sang n\u1ed9p cho \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00fang th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ec5n lao d\u1ecbch. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00fang t\u1eb7ng ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e0 vua ban c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd th\u1ea7n tuy kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t chi l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng. Th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p * Ngh\u1ec1 d\u1ec7t Y ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Champa c\u0169ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, \\\"t\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111i ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t, l\u1ea5y t\u1ea5m v\u1ea3i qu\u1ea5n m\u00ecnh, m\u00f9a \u0110\u00f4ng m\u1eb7c \u00e1o b\u00e0o. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef 487","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 b\u00fai t\u00f3c, tr\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfu l\u00e1 d\u1eeba.... ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n \\\"nam n\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u qu\u1ea5n ngang t\u1ea5m v\u1ea3i C\u00e1t b\u1ed1i t\u1eeb l\u01b0ng tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4-nam (hay Can-m an)...; xuy\u00ean tai \u0111eo v\u00f2ng nh\u1ecf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi sang \u0111i gi\u00e0y da, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m \u0111i ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t\\\". Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 d\u1ec7t: trong c\u00e1c di chi Sa Hu\u1ef3nh, kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdi xe chi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc ch\u1ee9ng minh ngh\u1ec1 d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i trong v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 Champa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi. Th\u1ee7y kinh ch\u00fa cho bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m x\u01b0a c\u00f3 ngh\u1ec1 ch\u0103n t\u1eb1m d\u1ec7t l\u1ee5a, \\\"vi\u1ec7c t\u01a1 t\u1eb1m th\u00ec m\u1ed9t n\u0103m t\u00e1m l\u1ee9a k\u00e9n\\\"2, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft tr\u1ed3ng \u0111ay v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u1ea3 b\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1ea3i tr\u1eafng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u x\u01b0a g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"C\u00e1t b\u1ed1i\\\". \\\"C\u00e1t b\u1ed1i\\\" l\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u00e2y, hoa n\u1edf gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00f4ng ng\u1ed7ng, r\u00fat l\u1ea5y s\u1ee3i d\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh v\u1ea3i tr\u1eafng mu\u1ed1t ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec v\u1ea3i \u0111ay, c\u00f2n nhu\u1ed9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103m s\u1eafc, d\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh v\u1ea3i hoa\\\"3. V\u1ea3i n\u00e0y \u0111em nhu\u1ed9m (c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u00e0u \u0111en, v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m chu\u1ed9ng m\u00e0u n\u00e0y) \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0m c\u00e1i \\\"Can-man\\\" (m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u qu\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ea3nh v\u00e0i qu\u1ea5n t\u1eeb ngang l\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ed1i), nam n\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 nhau. M\u00f9a \u0110\u00f4ng th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u00eam t\u1ea5m \u00e1o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"\u00e1o b\u00e0o\\\". H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1eeb vua, quan v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec1u chi d\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i v\u1ea3i n\u00e0y, tuy h\u1ecd c\u00f3 m\u1eb7c \u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111eo \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c; ri\u00eang vua th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u00eam \u00e1o b\u00e0o g\u1ea5m mua \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Ngo\u00e0i ra, v\u1ea3i tr\u1eafng c\u00f2n \u0111u\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1ng, t\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1edbn. V\u00e0i tr\u1eafng Ch\u0103m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c s\u00e0n \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 qu\u00fd, n\u00ean \u0110\u1ed7 Tu\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1nh L\u00e2m \u1ea4p c\u0169ng n\u00f3i c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c \u1ed5 b\u1ed1i; th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 Trung Hoa nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n ch\u00e9p Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh c\u1ed1ng v\u1ea3i tr\u1eafng. 1. T\u00f9y th\u01b0, Q .82, t\u1edd 2a. 2. Th\u1ee7y kinh ch\u00fa s\u1edb, S\u0111d, tr. 388. 3. L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0, Q .54, t\u1edd lb . 488","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n... Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c xe s\u1ee3i, d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i tr\u1eafng, nhu\u1ed9m v\u00e0 d\u1ec7t nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tinh x\u1ea3o, l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 th\u00f9 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y. * Ngh\u1ec1 gom Trong n\u1ec1n V\u0103n h\u00f3a Sa Hu\u1ef3nh, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 trang tr\u00ed m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 tinh x\u1ea3o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n sau Sa Hu\u1ef3nh kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh g\u1ed1m v\u1eabn l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 gia d\u1ee5ng thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn. C\u00f3 ch\u0103ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1edd b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong bi k\u00fd cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00f9a ngh\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, c\u00f2n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o thi kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ee9 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 minh ch\u1ee9ng. * Ngh\u1ec1 kim kh\u00ed Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed b\u00e0ng kim lo\u1ea1i. Sau nh\u1eefng v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 s\u1eaft t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u00e1c di ch\u1ec9 Sa Hu\u1ef3nh, la c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ef1c bi\u00e9t v\u00e8 ngh\u00e8 gia c\u00f4ng kim lo\u1ea1i qua c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u vi\u1ebft. Ch\u00ednh s\u1eeb Trung Hoa cho bi\u1ebft: Champa \u0111\u00fac t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi (t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea7n) b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea1c r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Theo m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 thi qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Champa trang s\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7u k\u1ef3, \u0111eo nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng tr\u00e2n ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 kim kh\u00ed qu\u00fd. N\u1ed9i dung bia Po Nagar m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn tr\u00ean. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1o, lao... l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 kim kh\u00ed. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3, ngh\u1ec1 r\u00e8n \u0111\u00fac kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 gia c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. * Ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng T\u00f9y th\u01b0 cho bi\u1ebft \\\"L\u00e2m \u00c1p l\u1ea5y g\u1ea1ch l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh, tr\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng v\u00f4i h\u00e0u\\\". Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a cung \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1edf v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Champa x\u01b0a h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac g\u1ea1ch c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1n th\u00e1p 489","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 (nh\u01b0 c\u1ed9t c\u1eeda, b\u1eadu c\u1eeda...). Nh\u00ecn chung, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3ng g\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 nung g\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao. Trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m d\u00f9ng v\u1ecf h\u1ea7u t\u00e1n nh\u1ecf l\u1ea5y v\u00f4i l\u00e0m v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea5t nh\u1ef1a th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9c tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi b\u1ed9t g\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t v\u1eefa c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u1ebft d\u00ednh r\u1ea5t b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e0i hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n cho th\u1ea5y gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp g\u1ea1ch x\u00e2y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ebft d\u00ednh r\u1ea5t b\u1ec1n ch\u1eafc. Qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, v\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb n\u1ee9t nh\u01b0ng chi n\u1ee9t theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u1ee9t theo khe c\u00e1c h\u00f2n g\u1ea1ch. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 tuy th\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ea7u k\u1ef3, theo ki\u1ec3u m\u00e1i v\u00f2m v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng nh\u01b0ng t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e1p th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 v\u1eefa m\u00e0 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0u g\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecf t\u01b0\u01a1i, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ngh\u1ec1 x\u00e2y g\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0 kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean g\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u00e1. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3ng ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc ti mi tr\u00ean t\u1eebng phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1, t\u1eebng vi\u00ean g\u1ea1ch v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t \u0111i\u00eau luy\u1ec7n. C\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ecda ti\u1ebft \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra tr\u00ean g\u1ea1ch khi \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f2n m\u1ec1m sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o nung. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ecda ti\u1ebft kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 th\u00ec kh\u00e1c, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 tay ngh\u1ec1 c\u00f9ng \u00f3c th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt cao. \u0110\u1ed5 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ed5 l\u00e0 ph\u00e0i huy \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eefng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00e9o tay \u1edf r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c kh\u1eafp th\u00f4n qu\u00ea, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee3 x\u00e2y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f3 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng. Kinh t\u1ebf th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n d\u00e0i, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Champa g\u1eafn v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u1edf c\u1eeda quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft h\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n m\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ecd c\u00f2n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o kh\u00e1c trong khu v\u1ef1c. Th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 t\u1eebng vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n theo c\u00e1c thuy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n \u0111i bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec, r\u00e8n \u0111\u00fac v\u0169 kh\u00ed. Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, do nhu c\u1ea7u ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, 490","Ch\u01b0omg VIII. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n... s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n v\u00e0 \\\"g\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng [xu\u1ea5t] ra ngo\u00e0i\\\"1 n\u00ean Champa kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, do \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i c\u00f2n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u00ean quan h\u1ec7 trao \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa Champa v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. S\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thuy\u1ec1n b\u00e8 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn do Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 b\u00f3 h\u1eb9p trong ph\u1ea1m vi cung c\u1ea5p cho t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nhu c\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 b\u00e1n l\u00e2m s\u1ea3n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 g\u1ed7 tr\u1ea7m h\u01b0\u01a1ng, k\u1ef3 nam... \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 g\u1ea5m v\u00f3c, v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c, \u0111\u00e1 qu\u00fd... v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a vua v\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. Nh\u00ecn chung, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Champa c\u1ed5 c\u00f2n mang n\u1eb7ng, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p t\u1ef1 t\u00fac. 4. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, phong t\u1ee5c, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1o B\u00e0lam\u00f4n Theo n\u1ed9i dung t\u1ea5m bia V\u00f5 C\u1ea1nh (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III) cho bi\u1ebft: \u0110\u1ea1o B\u00e0lam\u00f4n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ch\u00ednh trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00f3c L\u00e2m \u1ea4p, Iih\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ee9i v\u01b0ung t\u00f4n qu\u00fd l\u1ed9c m\u1edbi c\u00f3 quy\u00e8n h\u00e0nh l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 l\u1ec5. Bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1ea1o B\u00e0lam\u00f4n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00eda Nam v\u00e0 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IV b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ra mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u vua Bhadravarman I (Fan-houta hay Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ea1t), ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Gangaraja (s\u00f4ng Gange, \u1ea8n \u0110\u1ed9). D\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u vua Indravarman II (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IX), ph\u00e1p danh Paramabuddhaloka, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o B\u00e0lam\u00f4n c\u00f9ng nhau ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nhi\u1ec1u tu vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ch\u00f9a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed3ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1edd Buddha v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n Siva. Trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Champa c\u1ed5, \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p tu s\u0129 (Brahman) r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecdng v\u1ecdng, \u0111\u1ea1o B\u00e0lam\u00f4n r\u1ea5t th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh. Indravarman II r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o 1. Th\u1ee7y kinh ch\u00fa s\u1edb, S\u0111d, tr. 388. 491","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Brahman v\u00e0 Ksatriya, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh nh\u00e0 vua c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Brahman. Jaya Sinhavarman I m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 898, con l\u00e0 Jaya Saktivarman l\u00ean thay (899-901). Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb vua ti\u1ebfp theo - Bhadravarman II (901-918) v\u00e0 con l\u00e0 Indravarman III (918-959) - ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a cha \u00f4ng trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o: \u0111\u1ea1o B\u00e0lam\u00f4n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o. \u0110\u1ea1o B\u00e0lam\u00f4n gi\u1eef vai t \u00f2 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n trong c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng vai tr\u00f2 Qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o cho \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba (Thevada). Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ea1t, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba (Thevada) ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 sang L\u00e2m \u00c1p truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o. Th\u00e0nh Khu T\u00fac - trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c - \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh Kandapurpura, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt Bao Th\u00e0nh (v\u00ec l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e0i v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 Siva). B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ea1t c\u00f2n cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi t\u1ea1i Amavarati, t\u1ee9c th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba H\u00e0o Quang (nay l\u00e0 M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t thung l\u0169ng c\u00e1ch \u0110\u00e0 N\u0103ng 70km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y). Nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd B\u00e0lam\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1edd th\u1ea7n Siva v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Linga, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ph\u00e1i nam. Ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IV mang t\u00ean Bradresvara, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa t\u00ean vua Bradravarman I v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n Isvara (hay Siva). K\u1ebb t\u00f2 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IV tr\u1edd \u0111i, l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i L\u00e2m \u1ea8p h\u00f2a v\u00e0o l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t: th\u1edd th\u1ea7n t\u1ee9c th\u1edd vua, vua thay m\u1eb7t th\u1ea7n Siva cai qu\u1ea3n mu\u00f4n d\u00e2n. Siva v\u1eeba l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 x\u1ee9 s\u1edf v\u1eeba l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1n (Dvarapala) \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 d\u00e2ng l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba tuy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c du nh\u1eadp c\u00f9ng l\u00fac v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o B\u00e0lam\u00f4n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh c\u1ef1c \u0111oan c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, do \u0111\u00f3 chi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh trong d\u00e2n gian. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Champa c\u00f3 hai ph\u00e1i: ph\u00e1i Arya Sammitinikaya (Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba) v\u00e0 ph\u00e1i Sarva Stivadanikaya (\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba). \u0110a s\u1ed1 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed 492","Ch\u01b0cmg VIII. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n... Ch\u0103m trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u theo ph\u00e1i Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec1n Nam h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba do c\u00e1c v\u1ecb s\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 VI \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IX; \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Indravarm an II, trung t\u00e2m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eddi l\u00ean ph\u00eda b\u1eafc t\u1ea1i Indrapura - th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 s\u1ea5m S\u00e9t (nay l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed3ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1ch \u0110\u00e0 N\u0103ng h\u01a1n 50km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam) tr\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Ly Ly (m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh s\u00f4ng Thu B\u1ed3n, c\u00e1ch th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba Tr\u00e0 Ki\u1ec7u 15km). V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Indrapura r\u1ea5t thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Khmer v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n Nam \u0110\u1ea3o. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 Trung Hoa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ebfn Indrapura truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o, x\u00e2y ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 thu n\u1ea1p gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed3, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh. Indravarman II l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 dung h\u00f2a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th \u1edd i d \u00f3 (B\u00e0lain\u00f4n v \u00e0 Pli\u1eadl g i \u00e1 o ) t r o n g d\u00e2n g i a n v \u00e0 xa h \u1ed9 i: I ih i \u00e8 u Ph\u1eadt vi\u1ec7n (Vihara), Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, tu vi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o th\u00e1p d\u00e0i 1.330m t\u00ean Laksmindra Lokesvara \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd B\u00e0lam\u00f4n (m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Buddha th\u1eddi n\u00e0y, cao 1,14m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed3ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m 1978). \u0110\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c0r\u1eadp truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 v\u00e0o \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VII, m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Sumatra, Java, b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o M\u00e3 Lai v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ecf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam Philippines. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Java [Indonesia] ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i qua c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n \u1ea2 R\u1eadp tr\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra quanh v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 Trung \u0110\u00f4ng t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VII \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IX. Yeu t\u1ed1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn d\u00e2n c\u01b0 Nam \u0110\u1ea3o theo \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i l\u00e0 t\u00ednh (thi\u1ec7n) tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4n th\u1edd h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng 493","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e0i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1o B\u00e0lam\u00f4n. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Java (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 h\u1ea3i t\u1eb7c) t\u00f2 bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 l\u00ean mi\u1ec1n Trung, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 mang theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n c\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba. Do thi\u1ebfu t\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ea5p, n\u00ean \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t. C\u0169ng trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VII - IX, nhi\u1ec1u thuy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n \u00c0 R\u1eadp t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng Basra, Siraf v\u00e0 Oman \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed3ng h\u1eadu v\u00ec ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1ed1c th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c du nh\u1eadp m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0o Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi vua Indravarman III (918 - 959), T\u1ebb t\u01b0\u1edbng Po Klun Pilih Rajadvara nh\u1eadn cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c Rahdar Ahmed Abu Kamil, Naqib Amr, Ali (tr\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch cai tr\u1ecb kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng Java) v\u00e0o t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 lu\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i cho c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh ho\u00e0ng gia Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh. Trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u00eam c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129, th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Java \u0111\u1ebfn Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 lan t\u1ecfa r\u1ed9ng trong qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i chinh ph\u1ee5c nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh. \u0110\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n tin theo. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129, qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n... truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 lu\u00f4n v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Nam \u0110\u1ea3o, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc, cho ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n Ch\u0103m. Qua h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111i bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e2n bang. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XI \u1eeb\u1edf \u0111i, \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh, sau \u0111\u1ea1o B\u00e0lam\u00f4n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 v\u00e0o v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh qua trung gian c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n Java v\u00e0 Sumatra, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng. 494","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n... Phong t\u1ee5c, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m gi\u1eef r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 phong t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. H\u1ecd \\\"cho m\u00e0u \u0111en l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p\\\"1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 Trung Hoa \u0111\u1ec1u ghi, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u00f3i t\u1ee5c \u0103n tr\u1ea7u l\u00e0 t\u1ee5c nhu\u1ed9m r\u0103ng \u0111en. T\u1eadp t\u1ee5c \\\"c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi nhau\\\" (Nam Te th\u1eeb) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n trong su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c. Trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ch\u0103m, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi con g\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng trong quan h\u1ec7 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ednh theo d\u00f2ng m\u1eb9 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. M\u00e3 \u0110oan L\u00e2m, m\u1ed9t s\u1eed gia th\u00f2ri c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 phong t\u1ee5c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u1edf Champa nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"Con g\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i c\u01b0\u1edbi con trai. H\u00f4n th\u00fa gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng mang m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m\\\"2. Vi\u1ec7c h\u00f4n th\u00fa c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t chi ti\u1ebft. Nam T\u1ec1 th\u01b0 vi\u1ebft: \\\"Qu\u00fd n\u1eef, khinh nam, g\u1ecdi s\u01b0 qu\u00e2n l\u00e0 B\u00e0lam\u00f4n, t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi nhau, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean sai m\u1ed1i xin r\u1ec3. Con g\u00e1i l\u1ea5y ch\u1ed3ng, m\u1eb7c \u00e1o gi\u00e0 lam, qu\u1ea5n ngang t\u1ea5m v\u1ea3i may l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 r\u00e0o gi\u00eang, \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9i hoa b\u00e1u. Ngu\u1eddi B\u00e0lam\u00f4n d\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ec3 v\u00e0 v\u1ee3, n\u1eafm tay d\u1eb7n d\u00f2 nhau, kh\u1ea5n nguy\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh\\\"3. T\u00f9y th\u01b0 c\u0169ng cho bi\u1ebft: \\\"M\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, sai ng\u01b0\u1eddi mai \u0111em xuy\u1ebfn v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c, hai h\u1ed3 r\u01b0\u1ee3u, m\u1ea5y con c\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 g\u00e1i, sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn ng\u00e0y, nh\u00e0 ch\u1ed3ng h\u1ee3p th\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ch kh\u1ee9a, ca m\u00faa v\u1edbi nhau. Nh\u00e0 g\u00e1i m\u1eddi m\u1ed9t vi B\u00e0lam\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u00e0i con g\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 trai. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ec3 r\u1eeda tay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e0lam\u00f4n d\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi con g\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn cho anh ta4. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p \u1edd Champa r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t nh\u01b0ng trong h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \\\"tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y v\u1ee3 ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ed3ng \u1edf \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra\\\"5. 1. Th\u1ee7y kinh ch\u00fa s\u1edb, S\u0111d, tr. 393. 2. Ng\u00f4 V\u0103n Doanh, V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ch\u0103m Pa, Nxb. V\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u00f4ng tin, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1994, tr. 32. 3. Nam T\u1ec1 th\u01b0, Q. 58, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n, M an - \u0110 \u00f4ng N am D i, T \u1edd lOa 4. T\u00f9y th\u01b0, Q.82, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 47, t\u1edd 2a. 5. V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ch\u00e2m Pa, S\u0111d, tr. 32. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 d\u1eabn ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p quan h\u1ec7 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u1edd Champa m\u00e0 bi k\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn nhu ch\u00e1u vua thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p Ksatrya l\u1ea5y ch\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e0lam\u00f4n... 495","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m c\u0169ng b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u kh\u00e1 nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tang l\u1ec5. T\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd. D\u00f2ng h\u1ecd g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean v\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh. Tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, tang l\u1ec5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Champa, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tang l\u1ec5 g\u00ec, hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1ecfa thi\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Khi ai \u0111\u00f3 qua \u0111\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh h\u1ecfa thi\u00eau r\u1ed3i ch\u00f4n tro x\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea3nh x\u01b0\u01a1ng trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed9 v\u00f2. Kh\u00e0o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ed9 v\u00f2 \u0111\u1ef1ng tro x\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1 \u1edf Tam M\u1ef9 (Qu\u1ea3ng Nam), \u1edf Sa Hu\u1ef3nh (Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i) hay \u1edf H\u00e0ng G\u00f2n VI (\u0110\u1ed3ng Nai), v \u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y, tro x\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf v\u00e0o b\u00ecnh nh\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng, b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng hay \u0111\u1ea5t nung, th\u1ea3 xu\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec3n, b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n hay xu\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng, t\u00f9y theo \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 vua ch\u00faa, sau khi ch\u1ebft th\u00ec v\u1ee3 v\u00e0 cung n\u1eef c\u0169ng l\u00ean gi\u00e0n h\u1ecfa thi\u00eau. Ch\u00ednh s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 Ch\u1ebf M\u00e2n ch\u1ebft n\u0103m 1307, c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e2n bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i l\u00ean gi\u00e0n h\u00f2a thi\u00eau, sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tr\u1ea7n Kh\u1eafc Chung c\u1ee9u tho\u00e1t. 5. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft, l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Khi \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u0103n minh, v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m v\u1edbi v\u0103n minh, v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f9ng h\u1ec7 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc x\u1ebfp ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng Nam \u0110\u1ea3o (Malayo Polyn\u00e9sien), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea3o ph\u00eda nam v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, qua nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n do ngo\u1ea1i nh\u1eadp m\u00e0 c\u1ecf s\u1ef1 pha tr\u1ed9n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a nh\u1eebng nh\u00f3m c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc. 496","Ch\u01b0omg VIII. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n... Hi\u1ec7n, r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd ban \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u1eefng th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ed5 M\u00e3 Lai, k\u1ebf l\u00e0 th\u1ed5 ng\u1eeb Nam \u0110\u1ea3o. v\u1ec1 sau, do nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c nhau, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n c\u01b0 t\u1eeb ph\u00eda c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c ph\u00eda nam tr\u00e0n l\u00ean mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n cao nguy\u00ean sinh s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 pha tr\u1ed9n ng\u1eef \u00e2m M\u00f4n Khmer v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfng b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t di d\u00e2n t\u1eeb ngo\u00e0i bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0o hay t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00eda b\u1eafc xu\u1ed1ng (V\u0103n Lang, Trung Hoa) c\u00f9ng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u00e3n minh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1n \u0110\u1ed9, \u1ea2 R\u1eadp li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp gia nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Champa bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c nhau (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u01b0 d\u00e2n cao nguy\u00ean). Tuy v\u1eady, x\u00e9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 Nam \u0110\u1ea3o v\u1eabn n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n c\u1ea3, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 chi ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed1i ph\u00e1t \u00e2m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m. Ch\u1eef vi\u1ea7 T\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, cho \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Khu Li\u00ean th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c gia L\u00e2m \u1ea2p, do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp t\u00f4n th\u1ea5t, qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Ch\u0103m nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00f4n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n th\u01b0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n t\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u1ec9, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 thu\u1ed9c nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n (qu\u1eadn T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m). Sau khi Khu Li\u00ean qua \u0111\u1eddi, ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n c\u1ed5 (Sanskrit) - m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n Nam \u00c1n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y hom 2.000 n\u0103m - tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u. Nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eeb sang Giao Chi tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c v\u0103n th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1u vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eeb H\u1ed3 (ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1ed3 T\u00f4n, t\u1ee9c ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n c\u1ed5). Th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 Trung Hoa cho bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n \\\"vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng l\u00e1 c\u00e2y\\\"1, \\\"l\u00e1 b\u1ed1i \u0111a\\\"2. Ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean bia ca t\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1n, t\u1eb7ng ru\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1edd, vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 giao d\u1ecbch v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0o L\u00e2m \u1ea4p truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng 1. Nam s\u1ee9, Q .78, t\u1edd 3a. 2. Ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1eed k\u00fd, Q .7 4 , t\u1edd 17a. 497","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft. T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng bi k\u00fd cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba danh v\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II tr\u1edd \u0111i \u0111\u1ec1u mang t\u00ean \u1ea8n \u0110\u1ed9, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc (Campapura l\u00e0 t\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba danh t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9). Ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Champa c\u1ed5 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 II. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Prithi Indravarman, v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 v\u00e3n h\u00f3a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 t\u1eeb ph\u00eda nam \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean l\u1ea5n \u00e1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m ph\u00eda b\u1eafc; ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong gi\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01a1i th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng. V\u00e3n h\u00f3a \u1ea8n \u0110\u1ed9, t\u1eeb ph\u00eda nam \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c L\u00e2m \u00c1p. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n c\u1ed5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ch\u1eef Ch\u0103m c\u1ed5. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t. C\u00f9ng trong nh\u00f3m M\u00e3 Lai - \u0110a \u0110\u1ea3o, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i ri\u00eang, thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef M\u00e3 Lai. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edd ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e3m \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n t\u1ef1 ri\u00eang l\u00e0 ch\u1eef Ch\u0103m c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o to l\u1edbn. Ch\u1eef Ch\u0103m c\u1ed5 g\u1ed3m 16 nguy\u00ean \u00e2m, 31 ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m, kho\u1ea3ng 32 d\u1ea5u \u00e2m s\u1eafc v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh t\u1ea3. Ch\u1eef Ch\u0103m c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n tr\u00ean v\u0103n bia. Bia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef Ch\u0103m c\u1ed5 l\u00e0 bia \u0110\u00f4ng Y\u00ean Ch\u00e2u, thu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IV. L\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m t\u1eeb th\u1eddi x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng l\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi v\u1ee5 m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ghi ch\u00e9p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m ti\u1ebfp thu v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ecbch \u1ea8n \u0110\u1ed9. L\u1ecbch Saka l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn qua bi k\u00fd. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u1ecbch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn sang nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Champa. Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch Saka t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 78 c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng l\u1ecbch. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng t\u00ednh th\u1eddi gian theo chu k\u1ef3 12 n\u0103m, m\u1ed7i n\u0103m 12 th\u00e1ng v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed7i con th\u00fa l\u00e0m bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a chu k\u1ef3. 498"]