LỊCH SỬ VIỆT NAM _ VŨ DUY MỀN Chủ biên_ NXB KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI _ Tập 1

["Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \/. Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y t\u00f2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y G\u00f2 Tr\u0169ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m nhi\u1ec1u hom trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi G\u00f2 Tr\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c nhau: ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, se s\u1ee3i, d\u1ec7t, \u0111an l\u01b0\u1edbi, \u0111\u00f3ng b\u00e8, m\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u00f3ng thuy\u1ec1n, b\u1ec7n th\u1eebng... \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng phong ph\u00fa, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng d\u1ea7n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh hom. C\u00e1c di t\u00edch \u0110a B\u00fat, c\u1ed3n c \u1ed5 Ng\u1ef1a, G\u00f2 Tr\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u00f9a V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110a B\u00fat, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i V\u0103n h\u00f3a B\u1eafc S\u01a1n cho \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1eadu k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Thanh H\u00f3a. Trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng c\u1eadn n\u00fai, c\u1eadn bi\u1ec3n, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7m h\u1ed3, s\u00f4ng l\u1ea1ch n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, v\u1eeba s\u0103n b\u1eaft th\u00fa r\u1eebng v\u1eeba thu l\u01b0\u1ee3m rau c\u1ee7, nhuy\u1ec5n th\u1ec3... \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ec3n tho\u00e1i l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c khai ph\u00e1 m\u1edd mang \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n c\u01b0 tr\u00fa. C\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0110a B\u00fat c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y rau, c\u1ee7; ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft c\u00e1 c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng, bi\u1ec3n; khi\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n h\u01a1n. Ch\u00ednh qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110a B\u00fat \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110a B\u00fat - m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1edbi, v\u1eeba mang n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ri\u00eang khu v\u1ef1c, v\u1eeba ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng chung c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh - B\u1eafc S\u01a1n, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c. C\u0169ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n D\u00e1c S\u01a1n - Da B\u00fat, in\u00e0 \u1eed m\u1ed9t s\u00f4 n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n Qu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n. Tr\u1ea3i qua h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh t\u1ea5t d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n c\u01b0 tr\u00fa v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a. s\u1ed1 \u00edt c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u1edd l\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng qu\u00ea g\u1ed1c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hang \u0111\u1ed9ng ven nh\u1eefng thung l\u0169ng, s\u00f4ng su\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh, Thanh H\u00f3a, ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 men theo c\u00e1c thung l\u0169ng, s\u00f4ng su\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfn sang khai ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi B\u1eafc S\u01a1n t\u1ea1o ra V\u0103n h\u00f3a B\u1eafc S\u01a1n. s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c theo c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn ra mi\u1ec1n ven bi\u1ec3n khai th\u00e1c thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi ngay \u1edd v\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n m\u00e0 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u \u1edf \u0110a B\u00fat (n\u00eau tr\u00ean) v\u00e0 \u1edf Qu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n Qu\u1ef3nh L\u01b0u, Ngh\u1ec7 An. 49","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 T\u1ea1i Qu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n, n\u01a1i c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3n ng\u00e0y nay kho\u1ea3ng 6 km, l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng ru\u1ed9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng c\u1ed3n v\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u1edbn. V\u00f9ng n\u00e0y c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 5.000 n\u0103m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecbnh bi\u1ec3n n\u00f4ng l\u1eb7ng gi\u00f3, r\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec7p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y b\u1eaft \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u00e0m m\u00f3n \u0103n. Do \u0103n nhi\u1ec1u, \u1edf l\u00e2u m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00ean v\u1ecf ch\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1ng. L\u1ea7n trong \u0111\u1ed1ng v\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7p ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea5u t\u00edch v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc r\u00ecu \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0m t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1 g\u1ed1c, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebdo th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc r\u00ecu to nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c nhau. R\u00ecu \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebdo tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 hai m\u1eb7t. R\u00ecu \u0111\u00e1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ea7m tay, l\u01b0\u1ee1i v\u00e0 r\u00eca c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e8 m\u1ecfng, t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1eafc. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 tuy c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 hom v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c B\u1eafc S\u01a1n. V\u0103n h\u00f3a Qu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i 5.000 n\u0103m c\u00e1ch ng\u00e0y nay. Do m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ecbnh bi\u1ec3n, Qu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u00e1 cu\u1ed9i n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e1 g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 r\u00ecu \u0111\u00e1. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00f2n cu\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ch\u00e0y nghi\u1ec1n, h\u00f2n gh\u00e8, \u0111\u1eadp, b\u00e0n nghi\u1ec1n. Tuy ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0i nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng m\u0169i d\u00f9i, \u0111\u1ee5c v\u1ee5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, l\u01b0\u1ee1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0i r\u1ea5t s\u1eafc. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0i ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf ngu\u1eddi Qu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn xa h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n Qu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m th\u00f4. G\u1ed1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c pha c\u00e1t, n\u1eb7n b\u1eb1ng tay, v\u0103n ch\u1ea3i \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai m\u1eb7t, \u0111\u1ed9 nung ch\u01b0a cao. B\u00ean ngo\u00e0i g\u1ed1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ecbn n\u00ean sau khi nung \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u00ecn b\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ee7 ngo\u00e0i g\u1ed1m l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ecbn t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u1eb9p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 l\u1edbn so v\u1edbi g\u1ed1m B\u1eafc S\u01a1n. Trong s\u1ed1 di v\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c V\u00e3n h\u00f3a Qu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i n\u1ed3i g\u1ed1m \u0111\u00e1y nh\u1ecdn1. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi 1. Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 209: \\\"Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc n\u1ed3i n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn, d\u00e1ng g\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh n\u00f3n hay h\u00ecnh ph\u1ec5u, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh mi\u1ec7ng r\u1ed9ng 30 - 50 cm, chi\u1ec1u cao x\u1ea5p xi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. N\u1ed3i g\u1ed1m m\u00e0u \u0111en, x\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ed1m c\u1ee9ng, ch\u1eafc pha nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ea1n s\u1ecfi, \u0111\u1ed9 nung kh\u00e1 cao, ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n mi\u1ec7ng d\u00e0y 0,6 - 0,7 cm, ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1y d\u00e0y 1-2 cm, n\u00fam nh\u1ecdn \u1edf gi\u1eefa \u0111\u00e1y d\u00e0i 1 - 2 cm. Hoa v\u0103n tr\u1ea3i su\u1ed1t t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1y l\u00ean s\u00e1t m\u00e9p mi\u1ec7ng \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai m\u1eb7t, m\u1eb7t ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft kh\u00f3i \u00e1m l\u00ean g\u1ea7n m\u00e9p mi\u1ec7ng.\\\" 50","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I. Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u00f9a \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m Qu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n v\u00e0 V\u0103n h\u00f3a Qu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ef1ng h\u1ea1t ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt. Tr\u00ean c\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u00f9a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc n\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e1y nh\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t l\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e0o s\u1eb5n ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u00ea v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi n\u1ed3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1y tr\u00f2n. Trong c\u00f4n \u0111i\u1ec7p th\u01b0\u1eddng tim th\u1ea5y ba h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 k\u00ea \u00e1m kh\u00f3i (b\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Qu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n). L\u1ea7n trong \u0111\u1ed1ng than tro c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i th\u00fa: h\u01b0\u01a1u, nai, tr\u00e2u, ch\u00f3, nh\u00edm, x\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e2y c\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng cua. \u0110i\u1ec7p, s\u00f2, \u1ed1c, ngao, h\u1ea7u... l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0103n ch\u00ednh c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Qu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n khai th\u00e1c t\u1eeb bi\u1ec3n. S\u00e0n ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb ngh\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng: rau, c\u1ee7, qu\u1ea3 th\u00eam v\u00e0o \\\"th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01a1n\\\" c\u1ee7a b\u1eefa \u0103n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Qu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u0103n b\u1eaft th\u00fa r\u1eebng l\u00e0m th\u1ee9c \u0103n. Ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Qu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 tr\u00e2u, ch\u00f3 hay g\u00e0. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Qu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 kh\u00e1 l\u00e2u tr\u00ean nh\u0169ng c\u1ed3n s\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7p, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda c\u00f9a h\u1ecd v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y. Li\u1ec7u c\u01b0 d\u00e2n V\u0103n ho\u00e1 Qu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n c\u00f3 \u1edf li\u00ean t\u1ee5c tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u1ed3n s\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7p hay ch\u1ec9 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa theo m\u00f9a? Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Qu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n ch\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft ngay t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa, tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3i s\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7p. \u0110\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y h\u01a1n 30 ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n theo t\u01b0 th\u1ebf ng\u1ed3i x\u1ed5m. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ed5 sinh h\u1ecdc cho bi\u1ebft k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00f9ng t\u1ed9c c\u00e1c m\u1ed9 t\u00e1ng \u1edf Qu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean 2 di c\u1ed1t s\u1ecd thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7ng Australoid v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u00e9t c\u00f9a ch\u1ee7ng Mongoloid. M\u1ed7i ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 ch\u00f4n 1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Duy chi m\u1edbi t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y 1 m\u1ed9 ch\u00f4n 2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, k\u00e8m theo c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ecf trai v\u00e0 v\u1ecf tr\u00f9ng tr\u1ee5c xuy\u00ean l\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111eo. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n. H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9 t\u00e1ng ch\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \\\"ng\u1ed3i x\u1ed5m\\\" hay ng\u1ed3i b\u00f3 g\u1ed1i, cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n g\u0169i c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Qu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh v\u00e0 V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110a B\u00fat. Cho d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Qu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn ven bi\u1ec3n nhung truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1, t\u1ee5c mai t\u00e1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n Qu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n - ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u00f9a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 g\u1ed1m s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n hom nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1eafc S\u01a1n, h\u1ecd ch\u01b0a tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kinh t\u1ebf s\u0103n b\u1eaft h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m - \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft h\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n 51","L\u1ecaCH S \u1eed VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 v\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ee3 v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7n, h\u00e1i lu\u1ee3m th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u0103n b\u1eaft th\u00fa r\u1eebng \u1edd v\u00f9ng n\u00fai r\u1eebng ven bi\u1ec3n; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng s\u01a1 khai. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i do \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c, b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c m\u1eabu h\u1ec7. L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng chi \u1edd B\u1eafc S\u01a1n, Qu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n m\u00e0 tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0 \u1edf v\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111a d\u1ea1ng nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc th\u00e1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a ri\u00eang, mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng song c\u00f9ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng chung, \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, m\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb V\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh - B\u1eafc S\u01a1n. V. C\u00c1C B \u1ed9 L\u1ea0C MI\u1ec0N BI\u00caN \u0110\u00d4NG B\u1eaeC Khi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c B\u1eafc S\u01a1n chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 v\u00f9ng n\u00fai L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n, Cao B\u0103ng, Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean, B\u1eafc Giang... r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c s\u00e1t ch\u00e2n n\u00fai ven v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ven bi\u1ec3n Thanh - Ngh\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 \u0110a B\u00fat, Qu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n, th\u1ec9 \u1edf v\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu thu\u1ed9c H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, Qu\u1ea3ng Ninh, tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o thu\u1ed9c v\u1ecbnh B\u00e1i T\u1eed Long v\u00e0 H\u1ea1 Long, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ebfn sinh s\u1ed1ng. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft trong nh\u1eefng hang \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf hang Soi Nh\u1ee5, hang H\u00e0 L\u00f9ng, hang Eo B\u00faa, hang Ngu\u1ed3n \u0110\u1eb7ng, hang Ma, hang Gi\u1eefa... Cho \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 27 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed3n c\u00e1t, c\u00e1c eo \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o ho\u1eb7c trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng ven \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai gi\u00e1p bi\u1ec3n thu\u1ed9c v\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u1ea1 Long \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Trong \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf hang Soi Nh\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c di v\u1eadt \u1edf c\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 V\u0103n h\u00f3a Soi Nh\u1ee5. Hang Soi Nh\u1ee5 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 hang Mi\u1ebfu, n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i Soi Nh\u1ee5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Soi Nh\u0169, thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n x\u00e3 H\u1ea1 Long, th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n C\u00e1i R\u1ed3ng, huy\u1ec7n V\u00e2n \u0110\u1ed3n. Hang n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m ba ph\u1ea7n: hang tr\u00ean, hang gi\u1eefa v\u00e0 hang d\u01b0\u1edbi. Hang tr\u00ean cao h\u01a1n 100 m so v\u1edbi m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u t\u00edch c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Hang gi\u1eefa k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o, b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng, thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c cu tr\u00fa c\u00f9a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1edd \u0111\u00e2y di c\u1ed1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 52","Ch\u01b0\u01a1n\u00ed> I. Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00f2i k\u1ef3 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 g\u1ed3m r\u00ecu m\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1ee1i qua loa ki\u1ec3u B\u1eafc S\u01a1n, n\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng m\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9i, b\u00e0n m\u00e0i, ch\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed1m. Hang d\u01b0\u1edbi tho\u00e1ng m\u00e1t, ti\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1ebfp, t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp \u0103n u\u1ed1ng. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0o th\u1ea5y l\u1edbp v\u1ecf s\u00f2 r\u1ea5t d\u00e0y, ch\u1ee9a l\u1eabn x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1, x\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00fa, l\u1ee3n r\u1eebng, h\u01b0\u01a1u, nai. Lo\u1ea1i h\u1ec9nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n ch\u1ee9ng t\u00f2 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Soi Nh\u1ee5 v\u1eabn s\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m, s\u0103n b\u1eaft l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m th\u00f4 s\u01a1 cho th\u1ea5y c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 qua m\u1ed9t ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. H\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o bi\u1ec3n kh\u00e1 s\u1edbm. So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 \u1edf Soi Nh\u1ee5 v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh, B\u1eafc S\u01a1n cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 qua l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n g\u0169i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c di v\u1eadt c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc, m\u00e0 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u \u1edd Soi Nh\u1ee5, t\u1eebng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh C |4cho bi\u1ebft Soi Nh\u1ee5 c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0: 14.125 \u00b1 80 v\u00e0 14.300 \u00b1 4 0 1 c\u00e1ch ng\u00e0y nay. Ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i Soi Nh\u1ee5 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh v\u00e0 B\u1eafc S\u01a1n. Song khi bi\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfn, n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n d\u00e2ng cao \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 To\u00e0n T\u00e2n, c\u00e1ch ng\u00e0y nay kho\u1ea3ng 7.000 n\u0103m, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ed3n c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Soi Nh\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3i d\u1eddi b\u1ecf hang \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169, di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed3 cao h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c l\u00f9i s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n ven bi\u1ec3n V\u1ecbnh H\u1ea1 Long, B\u00e1i T\u1eeb Long ho\u1eb7c v\u00f9ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa. H\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Soi Nh\u1ee5, do t\u00edch l\u0169y v\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u ti\u00e9p thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f9a m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u00e2n c\u01b0 t\u1eeb ph\u00eda B\u1eafc t\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ri\u00eang thu\u1ed9c H\u1eadu k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi t\u00ean l\u00e0 V\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u1ea1 Long. V\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u1ea1 Long c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia l\u00e0m hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u1edbm v\u00e0 mu\u1ed9n. Trong \u0111\u00f3, di chi Thoi Gi\u1ebfng thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n M\u00f3ng C\u00e1i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 di chi kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc Qu\u1ea3ng Ninh thu\u1ed9c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u1edbm, c\u00e1ch ng\u00e0y nay kho\u1ea3ng 5.000 \u0111\u1ebfn 4.000 n\u0103m2. 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, S\u0111d, tr. 48. 2. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edbi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, S\u0111d, tr. 51. 53","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Di chi Ng\u1ecdc V\u1eebng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 di chi kh\u00e1c quanh khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n mu\u1ed9n, c\u00e1ch ng\u00e0y nay kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 3.500 \u0111\u1ebfn 3.000 n\u0103m 1. Thoi Gi\u1ebfng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t di t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh thu\u1ed9c th\u00f4n Trung, x\u00e3 V\u1ea1n Ninh, huy\u1ec7n M\u00f3ng C\u00e1i. Di v\u1eadt t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edd \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 m\u00e0i, \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebdo. H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 kh\u00e1 phong ph\u00fa: h\u00ecnh h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n, h\u00ecnh \u0111\u0129a, h\u00ecnh b\u00e1n nguy\u1ec7t... Ch\u00fang g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c n\u1ec1n V\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5y khi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng V\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u1ea1 Long c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb V\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 \u1edf Thoi Gi\u1ebfng kh\u00e1 phong ph\u00fa g\u1ed3m: \\\"68 chi\u1ebfc r\u00ecu, 36 chi\u1ebfc b\u00f4n, 6 \u0111\u1ee5c, 600 h\u00f2n k\u00ea, h\u00f2n \u0111\u1eadp, 400 b\u00e0n m\u00e0i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 di v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 kim, thanh \u0111\u00e1 c\u00f3 l\u1ed7 khoan...\\\"2. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u1edf Thoi Gi\u1ebfng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y b\u00f4n c\u00f3 vai, c\u00f3 n\u1ea5c. Vai, n\u1ea5c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tra th\u00eam c\u00e1n tre, c\u00e1n g\u1ed7 khi\u1ebfn khi ch\u1eb7t s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n c\u1ea7m tay tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. \u0110\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y kim \u0111\u00e1 khoan l\u1ed7 \u1edd Thoi Gi\u1ebfng. V\u1edbi c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng kim \u0111\u00e1 \u0111an l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft c\u00e1 \u1edf s\u00f4ng, bi\u1ec3n, thu v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1edd n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0i, c\u01b0a, khoan \u0111\u00e1 n\u00ean c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Thoi Gi\u1ebfng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5 trang s\u1ee9c: v\u00f2ng tay, khuycn tai h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n hay h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb9p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111eo \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thoi Gi\u1ebfng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m b\u1eb1ng b\u00e0n xoay, hoa v\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc v\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. \u0110\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 nung r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p n\u00ean g\u1ed1m x\u1ed1p. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m, tuy c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t th\u00f4 s\u01a1, ngir\u1eddi Thoi Gi\u1ebfng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u00eam \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u1ea5u \u0103n. Th\u1ee9c \u0103n n\u1ea5u ch\u00edn s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 \u0103n v\u00e0 \u0103n ngon h\u01a1n, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y d\u1ea7n v\u0103n minh h\u01a1n. 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 X, S\u0111d, tr. 55. 2. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edbi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, S\u0111d, tr. 52. 54","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I. Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0110\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf Ng\u1ecdc V\u1eebng, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. Ng\u1ecdc V\u1eebng mang t\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Danh Do La thu\u1ed9c x\u00e3 Ng\u1ecdc V\u1eebng, huy\u1ec7n V\u00e2n \u0110\u1ed3n, Qu\u1ea3ng Ninh. T\u1eeb B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn Nam \u0111\u1ea3o d\u00e0i 6 km, t\u1eeb \u0110\u00f4ng sang T\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 4 km 1, \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch kho\u1ea3ng 24 krrT. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3, r\u1eebng n\u00fai chi\u1ebfm 2\/3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed3n c\u00e1t b\u00e3i l\u1ea7y, b\u00e3i tri\u1ec1u. Th\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o kh\u00e1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00f3 s\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf ch\u1ea3y qua, ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o. \u1edc Ng\u1ecdc V\u1eebng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh khai qu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \\\"514 di v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1... trong m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 150 m2 g\u1ed3m r\u00ecu, b\u00f4n, \u0111\u1ee5c, m\u0169i nh\u1ecdn, h\u00f2n k\u00ea, ch\u00e0y, b\u00e0n m\u00e0i, ch\u00ec l\u01b0\u1edbi, v\u00f2ng trang s\u1ee9c\\\"2 trong \u0111\u00f3 riu, b\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0i to\u00e0n th\u00e2n c\u00f3 vai, c\u00f3 n\u1ea5c vu\u00f4ng v\u1ee9c chi\u1ebfm s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng. V\u1edbi vai, n\u1ea5c vu\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tra c\u00e1n v\u00e0o r\u00ecu, b\u00f4n ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn h\u01a1n, s\u1eeb d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao h\u01a1n. Do bi\u1ebft k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt khoan \u0111\u00e1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ng\u1ecdc V\u1eebng \u0111\u00e3 khoan nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean cu\u1ed9i nh\u1ecf l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh ch\u00ec l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft c\u00e1. B\u00e0n m\u00e0i \u0111\u00e1 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u1edd Ng\u1ecdc V\u1eebng. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n l\u00e0m hai lo\u1ea1i b\u00e0n m\u00e0i ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 b\u00e0n m\u00e0i \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1, c\u00f2n t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed1m \u1edf Ng\u1ecdc V\u1eebng. G\u1ed1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t pha c\u00e1t v\u00e0 tr\u1ed9n nhuy\u1ec5n th\u1ec3. G\u1ed1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng tay k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt b\u00e0n xoay n\u00ean hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o d\u00e1ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng han. Ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng gom Ng\u1ecdc V\u00ecrng c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i n\u1ed3i mi\u1ec7ng khum, mi\u1ec7ng loe, ho\u1eb7c loe g\u1eadp v\u00e0o trong. C\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1y tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf cao, th\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c nhau. G\u1ed1m v\u1eabn c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 nung th\u1ea5p, sau khi nung th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111\u00f2 ho\u1eb7c m\u00e0u x\u00e1m. G\u1ed1m x\u1ed1p, b\u1edf, d\u1ec5 v\u1ee1 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 mi\u1ebfng b\u00edch quy. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi g\u1ed1m Ng\u1ecdc V\u1eebng l\u00e0 \\\"g\u1ed1m b\u00edch quy\\\". Hoa v\u0103n g\u1ed1m g\u1ed3m v\u1eb7n th\u1eebng, kh\u1eafc sv\u1ea1ch ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ed5 l\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ed3 \u00e1n h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef (s\u00f3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc) ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh h\u1ea1t n\u1ea3y m\u1ea7m. Hoa v\u0103n th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1eafc v\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u1eafp n\u1ed5i l\u00e0 n\u00e9t ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a 1. PGS.TS. Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u1eafc S\u1eed (Ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean), Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u00e1i \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2005, tr. 69. 2. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb khen th\u00fa\\\\ \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 X, S\u0111d, tr. 55. 55","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eeb VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 g\u1ed1m Ng\u1ecdc V\u1eebng, H\u1ea1 Long. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u00e9t ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u1ea1 Long. Nh\u1eefng di v\u1eadt t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf Ng\u1ecdc V\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh thu\u1ed9c h\u1eadu k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9a V\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u1ea1 Long. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u1eeb H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh, B\u1eafc S\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1ea1 Long, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t nu\u1edbc ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc. H\u1ecd v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1 cu\u1ed9i th\u00f4 ph\u00e1c: r\u00ecu m\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1ee1i s\u01a1 qua ho\u1eb7c m\u00e0i m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t (H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh); ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn r\u00ecu m\u00e0i to\u00e0n th\u00e2n (B\u1eafc S\u01a1n). K\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt khoan, c\u1eaft \u0111\u00e1, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra r\u00ecu b\u00f4n c\u00f3 vai, c\u00f3 n\u1ea5c vu\u00f4ng v\u1ee9c, ho\u1eb7c r\u00ecu l\u01b0\u1ee1i x\u00f2e l\u1ec7ch, x\u00f2e c\u00e2n v\u00e0 khoan l\u1ed7 \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0m ch\u00ec l\u01b0\u1edbi, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb9p m\u1eaft (H\u1ea1 Long). K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt khoan, c\u1eaft \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111inh cao c\u00f9a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng tay \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n (H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh) ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt b\u00e0n xoay, khi\u1ebfn d\u1ec5 t\u1ea1o ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng; hoa v\u0103n phong ph\u00fa h\u01a1n v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eafp th\u00eam, kh\u1eafc v\u1ea1ch k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tr\u1ed5 l\u1ed7 (H\u1ea1 Long). G\u1ed1m H\u1ea1 Long \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1 cao v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f9a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0m g\u1ed1m (H\u1ea1 Long) \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i kim kh\u00ed, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ea1ch ngu\u1ed3n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp s\u00e0n sinh ra V\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t - V\u0103n h\u00f3a L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n V\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u1ea1 Long \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e0i qua \\\"m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh Mongoloid h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t \u0111i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thu\u1ed9c Australoid\\\"1. C\u01b0 d\u00e2n V\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u1ea1 Long, c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n vi\u1ec7c giao l\u01b0u, trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi V\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u1ea1 Long, \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. 1. Kh\u00e1o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 271. 56","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ec9. Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00f2i k\u1ef3 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y VI. C\u00c1C B \u1ed9 L\u1ea0C VEN BI\u00caN MI\u00caN TRUNG G\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ea1 Long, tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n Qu\u1ef3nh L\u01b0u thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh Ngh\u1ec7 An \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1edbp c\u01b0 d\u00e2n sinh s\u1ed1ng. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 di ch\u1ec9 c\u1ed3n s\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7p, \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u00f9a V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1eccu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1 g\u1ed1c, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebdo, hi\u1ebfm th\u1ea5y c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 m\u00e0i, tuy c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0i. \u0110\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1y nh\u1ecdn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n ki\u1ec3u ng\u1ed3i x\u1ed5m, b\u00f3 g\u1ed1i ngay t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa l\u00e0 c\u1ed3n s\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7p. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u01b0 tr\u00fa h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf nh\u1eefng c\u1ed3n s\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7p ven bi\u1ec3n Qu\u1ef3nh Luru, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi, ho\u1eb7c \u00e1p s\u00e1t bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c h\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n s\u1ed1ng nh\u1edd v\u00e0o bi\u1ec3n, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o ph\u00eda nam, m\u00e0 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u1edf Th\u1ea1ch L\u1ea1c thu\u1ed9c H\u00e0 T\u0129nh kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 n\u00e9t. Di t\u00edch Th\u1ea1ch L\u1ea1c thu\u1ed9c x\u00e3 Th\u1ea1ch L\u1ea1c, huy\u1ec7n Th\u1ea1ch H\u00e0, H\u00e0 Tinh, c\u00e1ch Qu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n, Qu\u1ef3nh L\u01b0u h\u01a1n 100 km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 4km. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 di t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec3n hinh so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c di t\u00edch kh\u00e1c quanh v\u00f9ng, h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Qu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n. Nh\u1eefng di t\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ea1ch L\u1ea1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi ph\u00e2n chia: di t\u00edch c\u00f3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u1edbm nh\u01b0 b\u00e3i Ph\u00f4i Ph\u1ed1i, di t\u00edch thu\u1ed9c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa l\u00e0 Th\u1ea1ch L\u1ea1c v\u00e0 di t\u00edch thu\u1ed9c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n mu\u1ed9n l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ed3i. \u01a1 di ch\u00ec b\u00e3i Ph\u00f4i Ph\u00f4i \u0111a t\u00ecm th\u00e2y m\u1ed9t s\u00f4 \u00edt c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 \u0111co, \u0111\u00f4 g\u1ed1m \u0111\u00e1y nh\u1ecdn mang \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a Qu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u1ec9m th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u00ecu \u0111\u00e1 m\u00e0i c\u00f3 vai, cu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m \u0111\u00e1y tr\u00f2n c\u00f3 trang tr\u00ed hoa v\u0103n th\u1eebng. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf b\u00e3i Ph\u00f4i Ph\u1ed1i l\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Qu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn khai m\u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi. T\u1ea1i di ch\u1ec9 Th\u1ea1ch L\u1ea1c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 m\u00e0i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebdo v\u00e0 g\u1ed1m \u0111\u00e1y nh\u1ecdn r\u1ea5t \u00edt. \u0110\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m \u0111\u00e1y tr\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4 m\u00e0u th\u1ed5 ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 trang tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed3 \u00e1n hoa v\u0103n kh\u1eafc v\u1ea1ch kh\u00e1 sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f2n t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y tai g\u1ed1m. \u1ede di t\u00edch \u0110en \u0110\u1ed3i h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebdo v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m \u0111\u00e1y nh\u1ecdn 57","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u00ecu, b\u00f4n m\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m \u0111\u00e1y tr\u00f2n v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh mi\u1ec7ng l\u1edbn 35 - 40 cm 1, hoa v\u0103n kh\u1eafc v\u1ea1ch, t\u00f4 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cao. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ea1ch L\u1ea1c b\u01b0\u1edbc sang th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i kim kh\u00ed. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, di c\u1ed1t t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ea1ch L\u1ea1c s\u1ed1ng ch\u00f9 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em b\u1eaft s\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7p ven b\u1edd l\u00e0m th\u1ee9c \u0103n. \u0110\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft h\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n xa b\u1edd b\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi. Vi\u1ec7c s\u0103n b\u1eaft th\u00fa r\u1eebng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00ec x\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00fa r\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u1edf n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa r\u1ea5t \u00edt. X\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1 l\u1edbn nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Ch\u1ee9ng t\u00f2 ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft, khai th\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c sinh s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ea1ch L\u1ea1c. Ngu\u1eddi Th\u1ea1ch L\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft se ch\u1ec9 d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i (t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y d\u1ecdi se chi \u0111\u1ea5t nung). Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ea1ch L\u1ea1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p d\u00f9ng cu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1, b\u00e0n nghi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1 (b\u00e0n x\u00e1t) r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ef1ng g\u1ed1m l\u1edbn khi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7 ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng n\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9a d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3, do khai th\u00e1c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ea1ch L\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i hom trong nh\u1eefng x\u00f3m l\u00e0ng ven bi\u1ec3n v\u00f9ng H\u00e0 T\u0129nh v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfn xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u00e0o ph\u00eda nam, \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edd nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n m\u1edbi. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c B\u00e0u Tr\u00f3 B\u00e0u Tr\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba danh ven bi\u1ec3n Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y di v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi gian t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ea1ch L\u1ea1c. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c Qu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n; ho\u1eb7c giao l\u01b0u v\u1edbi c\u01b0 d\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c V\u0103n h\u00f3a Hoa L\u1ed9c, H\u1ea1 Long \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, x\u00f3m c\u1ed3 n \u1edf ph\u00eda nam, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u1edf mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh, Ngh\u1ec7 An v\u00e0 xa h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c V\u0103n h\u00f3a Bi\u1ec3n H\u1ed3 \u1edf T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u00e9t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n H\u00e0 T\u0129nh, b\u1edfi d\u1ea3i \u0110\u00e8o Ngang ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 do qu\u00e1 trinh t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, S\u0111d, tr. 62. 58","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l. Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u00d3 Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1 qu\u1eafcz\u00edt v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 gran\u00edt n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n ngo\u00e0i. H\u1ecd ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 g\u1ed3m cu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i r\u00ecu, b\u00f4n c\u00f3 vai vu\u00f4ng, vai nh\u1ecdn ho\u1eb7c vai xu\u00f4i, b\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng, khum. C\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i b\u00f4n gi\u1ed1ng h\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfc r\u0103ng tr\u00e2u n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"b\u00f4n r\u0103ng tr\u00e2u\\\". M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt r\u00ecu \u0111\u00e1 h\u00f2ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebdo l\u1ea1i ph\u00eda l\u01b0\u1ee1i. Ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e1 \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y khan hi\u1ebfm n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e0u Tr\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e0u Tr\u00f3 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u1ed3n s\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7p, c\u1ed3n c\u00e1t, c\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ea5t ven nh\u1eefng b\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt v\u00f9ng c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng, v\u1ecbnh c\u1ea1n do ph\u00f9 sa b\u1ed3i t\u1ee5 ven bi\u1ec3n Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u00eda nam Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb, l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean... Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc cu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1 l\u1edbn, th\u00e2n cong, l\u01b0\u1ee1i th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0i v\u00e1t v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 chu\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebf tra c\u00e1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e0u Tr\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ed3ng rau c\u1ee7 ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1t. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m c\u00f3 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ef1ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c t\u00edch tr\u1eeb. N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e0u Tr\u00f3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i trong nh\u1eefng x\u00f3m l\u00e0ng. Tuy v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e0u Tr\u00f3 v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o khai th\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n, thu l\u01b0\u1ee3m s\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7p ven b\u1edd, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft h\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 m\u1ea3ng l\u00e0m t\u1eeb tre g\u1ed7. Vi\u1ec7c h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m rau qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 s\u0103n b\u1eaft th\u00fa r\u1eebng c\u1eadn k\u1ec1 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m quan tr\u1ecdng trong b\u1eefa \u0103n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e0u Tr\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e0u Tr\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 che th\u00e2n. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c B\u00e0u Tr\u00f3 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi, \\\"c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a (c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd) t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong khung t\u1eeb 4.000 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn 3.500 n\u0103m c\u00e1ch ng\u00e0y nay.\\\"1; m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a r\u00f5 n\u00e9t nh\u1ea5t \u1edf v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1eadu k\u1ef3 cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1 cao. Ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1, tuy t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ch\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u, g\u1ed3m h\u1ea1t chu\u1ed7i h\u00ecnh \u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 ng\u1ecdc, khuy\u00ean tai, nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng tay. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u01b0a, khoan, m\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng \u0111i\u00eau luy\u1ec7n. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c g\u1ed1m \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p b\u1eb1ng tay v\u1edbi b\u00e0n xoay, tuy r\u1eb1ng ch\u01b0a th\u1eadt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m \u0111a d\u1ea1ng g\u1ed3m 1. Kh\u00e1o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr 284. 59","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 n\u1ed3i, b\u00ecnh, b\u00e1t, \u0111\u0129a, c\u1ed1c ch\u00e2n cao, v\u00f2... \u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a g\u1ed1m B\u00e0u Tr\u00f3 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m c\u00f3 tai, ti\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u, h\u1ecd l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m c\u00f3 in hoa v\u0103n kh\u1eafc v\u1ea1ch ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 hoa v\u0103n th\u1eebng \u1edf hai m\u1eb7t, n\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e1y nh\u1ecdn; giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau chuy\u1ec3n sang in v\u0103n th\u1eebng, n\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e1y tr\u00f2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m \u0111\u00e1y tr\u00f2n c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf, in hoa v\u0103n h\u00ecnh mai r\u00f9a... \u0110\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4 th\u1ed5 ho\u00e0ng (s\u01a1n \u0111\u1ecf) ho\u1eb7c m\u00e0u \u0111en \u00e1nh ch\u00ec \u1edf ph\u1ea7n ngo\u00e0i c\u1ed5 mi\u1ec7ng. Qua \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt g\u1ed1m B\u00e0u Tr\u00f3. Ch\u1ee9ng t\u00f2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e0u Tr\u00f3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e9o tay, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 duy m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt phong ph\u00fa, sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e0u Tr\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u0103n b\u1eafn, h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u1eeba duy tr\u00ec cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i kim kh\u00ed, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1eeba m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam do vi\u1ec7c di d\u00e2n, khai th\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3, ch\u00ednh di d\u00e2n B\u00e0u Tr\u00f3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi di d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba Nam Trung B\u1ed9 t\u1eeb Qu\u1ea3ng Nam tr\u1edf v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u1ec1n V\u0103n h\u00f3a Sa Hu\u1ef3nh r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 V tr\u01b0\u1edbc CN \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 I sau CN. V\u0103n h\u00f3a Sa Hu\u1ef3nh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Champa c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. VII. C\u00c1C B \u1ed9 L\u1ea0C NH\u1eeeNG N\u01a0I KH\u00c1C Cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi, ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u1edd nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i tr\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c di t\u00edch m\u00e0 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn. Ho\u1eb7c vi\u1ec7c chi ra tuy\u1ebfn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang c\u00f2n kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. D\u1ea5u v\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c T\u00e2y B\u1eafc nh\u01b0 hang N\u1eadm Tun thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n Phong Th\u1ed5, Lai Ch\u00e2u. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1eb9t ho\u1eb7c m\u0169i nh\u1ecdn v\u00e0 ba ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 c\u1ed3 \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u00e1n ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c h\u1eadu k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi. \u1ede S\u1eadp Vi\u1ec7t - m\u1ed9t di chi ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n Y\u00ean Ch\u00e2u, S\u01a1n La \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m c\u00f3 hoa v\u0103n trang tr\u00ed h\u00ecnh b\u1ea7u d\u1ee5c hay \u1ea5n l\u00f5m gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf hang C\u00f2 L\u1eafm thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n M\u1ed9c Ch\u00e2u, S\u01a1n La. 60","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng L Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00f2i k\u1ef3 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c di v\u1eadt tim th\u1ea5y \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c T\u00e2y B\u1eafc ch\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u, ch\u00fang ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ef9 nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u1edf h\u1eadu k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 x\u01b0\u01a1ng, g\u1ed1m k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. D\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edd khu v\u1ef1c Vi\u1ec7t B\u1eafc. T\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thu\u1ed9c Cao B\u1eb1ng, Y\u00ean B\u00e1i, L\u00e0o Cai \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u00ecu \u0111\u00e1 m\u00e0i h\u00ecnh t\u1ee9 gi\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c r\u00ecu c\u00f3 vai, b\u00f4n c\u00f3 n\u1ea5c, c\u00f3 vai. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf tr\u1ed5 l\u1ed7 g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m H\u1ea1 Long. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3, gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 qua l\u1ea1i, ho\u1eb7c \u00edt ra c\u0169ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ngang b\u00e0ng nhau. \u1ede hang Ba X\u00e3 thu\u1ed9c L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed1m c\u00f3 hoa v\u0103n th\u1eebng v\u00e0 dpi se chi b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t nung, nhi\u1ec1u riu t\u1ee9 gi\u00e1c vai nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0i nh\u1eb5n, l\u01b0\u1ee1i s\u1eafc, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ee5c nh\u1ecf, v\u00f2ng trang s\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1eb9p m\u1eaft, nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecf \u1ed1c bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khoan l\u1ed7 d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c. Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t cao. Nh\u1edd n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt khoan, c\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u1edf hang Ba X\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb9p th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y. T\u1ea1i hang Mai Pha g\u1ea7n th\u1ecb x\u00e3 L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m, lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh phong ph\u00fa. Lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 mi\u1ec7ng loe, c\u1ed5 th\u1eaft ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 quai u\u1ed1n t\u1eeb mi\u1ec7ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n, lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 n\u00fam \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2u d\u00e2y d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 treo, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf trang tr\u00ed hoa v\u0103n tr\u1ed5 l\u1ed7. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf nhu c\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Mai Pha \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, phong ph\u00fa h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 hang \u1edf v\u00f9ng cao Thanh - Ngh\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 Th\u1ea9m Phong, Th\u1ea9m Ti\u1ebfn, Th\u1ea9m K\u00e9 Sang... \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u r\u00ecu \u0111\u00e1 m\u00e0i hay r\u00ecu t\u1ee9 gi\u00e1c, c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c g\u1ed3m v\u00f2ng tay, khuy\u00ean tai \u0111\u00e1, nh\u1eefng v\u1ecf \u1ed1c bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ee5c l\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2u d\u00e2y \u0111eo, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ecdi se chi b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t nung. \u0110\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m kh\u00e1 phong ph\u00fa m\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 g\u1ed1m hoa v\u0103n kh\u1eafc v\u1ea1ch, hoa v\u0103n th\u1eebng, hoa v\u0103n h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc s\u1ed1 8 hay h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef s. \u1edc mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai r\u1eebng mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y B\u00ecnh - Tr\u1ecb - Thi\u00ean, d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c hang Minh c\u1ea5m , Khe Tong hay Khe R\u00e0o. Di v\u1eadt g\u1ed3m r\u00ecu c\u00f3 vai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0i nh\u1eb5n, r\u00ecu t\u1ee9 gi\u00e1c, c\u00e1c m\u0169i 61","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 nh\u1ecdn b\u1eb1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed kh\u00e1 sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c hoa v\u0103n h\u00ecnh \u00f4 tr\u00e1m, s\u00f3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecf s\u00f2, v\u1ecf \u1ed1c xuy\u00ean l\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2u d\u00e2y. \u0110\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft. S\u01b0u t\u1eadp hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt phong ph\u00fa tr\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c m\u1ea5y so v\u1edbi V\u0103n h\u00f3a B\u00e0u Tr\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u1edf v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng n\u00fai B\u00ecnh - Tr\u1ecb - Thi\u00ean l\u1ea5y h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m, s\u0103n b\u1eafn l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd, \u0111\u1ea5y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u00e9t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c ven bi\u1ec3n B\u00e0u Tr\u00f3 d\u1ef1a nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y khai th\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 sinh t\u1ed3n. Tr\u00ean mi\u1ec1n cao nguy\u00ean Nam Trung B\u1ed9, \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c di v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1eadu k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi \u1edf l\u1edbp tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng l\u00f2ng h\u1ed3 Yaly thu\u1ed9c Kon Tum; \u1edf B\u00e0u C\u1ea1n, Bi\u1ec3n H\u1ed3 tr\u00ean cao nguy\u00ean Pleiku thu\u1ed9c Gia Lai; Bu\u00f4n H\u1ed3 thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1eafk L\u1eafk. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc r\u00ecu \u0111\u00e1 c\u00f3 vai h\u00ecnh t\u1ee9 gi\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c r\u00ecu, b\u00f4n m\u00e0i to\u00e0n th\u00e2n kh\u00e1 trau chu\u1ed1t, b\u00f4n h\u00ecnh \\\"r\u0103ng tr\u00e2u\\\", gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf B\u00e0u Tr\u00f3; cu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1 to, d\u00e0y b\u1ea3n. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u1edf T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng cu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1 trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7, qu\u1ea3, rau b\u1ea7u b\u00ed. N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u01a1 khai \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean. \u0110\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 di chi thu\u1ed9c T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean n\u00eau tr\u00ean, m\u00e0 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u \u1edf Bi\u1ec3n H\u1ed3, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 g\u1ed1m th\u00f4, x\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ed1m v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o b\u00e0ng b\u00e0n xoay, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t pha c\u00e1t, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 nung kh\u00e1 cao. Lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh g\u1ed1m phong ph\u00fa g\u1ed3m: n\u1ed3i c\u1ed5 loe cong, th\u00e2n n\u1edf, b\u1ee5ng ph\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e1y h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n; b\u00e1t b\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ebf cao, l\u00f2ng n\u00f4ng; b\u00e1t mi\u1ec7ng th\u1eb3ng, \u0111\u1ebf th\u1ea5p, th\u00e2n thu\u00f4n; \u00e2u; v\u00f2; li\u1ec5n; \u1ea5m c\u00f3 v\u00f2i...; ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 vi\u00ean bi v\u00e0 ch\u00ec l\u01b0\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed hoa v\u0103n kh\u1eafc v\u1ea1ch, tr\u1ed5 l\u1ed7 v\u00e0 in ch\u1ea5m th\u00e0nh b\u0103ng ch\u1ea1y ngang th\u00e2n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 hoa v\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c \u0111en, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m Bi\u1ec3n H\u1ed3, T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bi\u1ec3n H\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb9p b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc v\u00f2ng \u0111\u00e1 m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef T v\u00e0 khuy\u00ean tai h\u00ecnh hai \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00fa. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i m\u1edf v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u0103n h\u00f3a r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Bi\u1ec3n H\u1ed3 \u1edf T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean v\u1edbi c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Trung Vi\u1ec7t Nam ho\u1eb7c xa h\u01a1n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e0o v\u00e0 Campuchia. 62","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I. Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00f2i k\u1ef3 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 V\u0103n h\u00f3a Bi\u00ean H\u1ed3 - v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean - cho bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Giarai c\u00f4. H\u1ecd sinh s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean cao nguy\u00ean Pleiku, v\u1eabn l\u1ea5y s\u0103n b\u1eaft, h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Giarai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby. Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00e1 phong ph\u00fa. Tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m g\u1ed1m \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao, c\u00f3 th\u00ea s\u00e1nh ngang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u01b0 tr\u00fa tr\u00ean T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e0u Tr\u00f3 \u1edd ven bi\u1ec3n mi\u1ec1n Trung v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c... \u1eda di chi C\u1ea7u S\u1eaft thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n Xu\u00e2n L\u1ed9c, \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai sau k h i\\\"... khai qu\u1eadt 420 m2 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 788 hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt g\u1ed3m 294 r\u00ecu, b\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng vai, 72 vai xu\u00f4i, 76 m\u0169i nh\u1ecdn, 50 dao h\u00e1i, 269 b\u00e0n m\u00e0i, v.v... ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 2.500 - 300 n\u0103m TCN\\\", \\\"\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb cho giai \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng V\u00e3n h\u00f3a \u0110\u1ed3ng N ai\\\"1. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc b\u00f4n, riu \u1edf c \u1ea7 u s\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1 bazan, nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed3. Tuy ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0i to\u00e0n th\u00e2n song \u0111\u00f4i ch\u1ed7 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft gh\u00e8 \u0111\u1ebdo th\u00f4 ph\u00e1c. R\u00ecu, b\u00f4n l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng thu\u1ed9c d\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 vai xu\u00f4i. Lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vai xu\u00f4i h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c, l\u01b0\u1ee1i x\u00f2e r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1c nh\u1ecdn. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc dao h\u00e1i hay dao \u0111\u00e1 l\u01b0\u1ee1i cong, s\u1ed1ng th\u1eb3ng h\u00ecnh b\u00e1n nguy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0i nh\u1eb5n. Lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eaft, g\u1eb7t l\u00faa tr\u1eddi hay l\u00faa do con ngir\u1eddi thu\u1ea7n dir\u00f5rng tr\u1ed3ng c\u1ea5y nr v\u00f9ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 s\u00f4n g n \u1ed3 n g Nai c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 hoang d\u1ea1i, r\u1eadm r\u1ea1p. Vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc c\u00f9a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c th\u1eddi h\u1eadu k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi \u1edf l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai, Nam B\u1ed9. \u0110\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m \u1edf C\u1ea7u S\u1eaft \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng b\u00e0n xoay, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng tay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t tr\u1eafng - lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc b\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u1ed1c ch\u00e2n cao, th\u00e0nh m\u1ecfng m\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c r\u1ea5t \u00edt th\u1ea5y. 1. L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ninh, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam - L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, Vi\u1ec7n V\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 Nxb. V\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u00f4ng tin, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2005, tr. 11. 63","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1 s\u1edbm tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf N\u00fai \u0110\u1ecd v\u00e0 Xu\u00e2n L\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch ng\u00e0y nay kho\u1ea3ng 30 \u0111\u1ebfn 40 v\u1ea1n n\u0103m. Nh\u1eefng di c\u1ed1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 10 chi\u1ebfc r\u0103ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf hang Th\u1ea9m Khuy\u00ean, Th\u1ea9m Hai x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch ng\u00e0y nay kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 40 v\u1ea1n n\u0103m. H\u1ecd thu\u1ed9c gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3n \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1eb3ng. Di c\u1ed1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf hang H\u00f9m v\u00e0 hang Con Moong cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 8 \u0111\u1ebfn 10 v\u1ea1n n\u0103m. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4n ngoan Homo Sapiens. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9c \u0103n s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 trong thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 rau, c\u1ee7, qu\u1ea3, s\u00f2, h\u1ebfn, cua, \u1ed1c... l\u00e0m th\u1ee9c \u0103n. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t, th\u00f4ng qua lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c ra c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 t\u1eeb ph\u00e1c v\u1eadt r\u00ecu, hay m\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 th\u00f4 s\u01a1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ra t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1 bazan \u1edf N\u00fai \u0110\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc r\u00ecu \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0i m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t \u1edf H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh, hai m\u1eb7t \u1edd B\u1eafc S\u01a1n, v\u00e0 r\u00ecu, b\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0i to\u00e0n th\u00e2n, c\u00f3 vai, c\u00f3 n\u1ea5c \u1edf H\u1ea1 Long, Th\u1ea1ch L\u1ea1c, B\u00e0u Tr\u00f3, Bi\u1ec3n H\u1ed3... Tr\u1ea3i qua h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n n\u0103m lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao. T\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e1 gh\u00e8 \u0111\u00e1 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 th\u00f4 ph\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u01b0a, khoan, m\u00e0i \u0111\u00e1, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 \u1edf cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ea1 Long \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft c\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eebng chi\u1ebfc r\u00ecu, b\u00f4n c\u00f3 vai, c\u00f3 n\u1ea5c vu\u00f4ng v\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 tra c\u00e1n, d\u1ec5 c\u1ea7m n\u1eafm h\u01a1n khi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao h\u01a1n khi c\u1ea7m tay tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. V\u1edbi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt khoan m\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 khoan t\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc v\u00f2ng trang s\u1ee9c \u0111eo tay ho\u1eb7c khuy\u00ean tai \u0111\u1eb9p m\u1eaft. T\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1 - th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u to l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t minh ra \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m, tuy \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o th\u00f4 s\u01a1, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu n\u1eb7n b\u1eb1ng tay, cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p n\u1eb7n b\u1eb1ng tay v\u00e0 b\u00e0n xoay, khi\u1ebfn d\u1ec5 t\u1ea1o d\u00e1ng v\u00e0 hoa v\u0103n, lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh phong ph\u00fa. Tuy \u0111\u1ed9 nung g\u1ed1m c\u00f2n th\u1ea5p do ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 l\u00f2 nung, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi d\u00e3 man sang th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u0103n minh h\u01a1n. 64","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \/. Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0110\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m ti\u1ec7n d\u1ee5ng cho \u0111\u00f2i s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee5ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u1ea1t, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111un n\u1ea5u. Khi th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u1eb7c n\u1ea5u ch\u00edn s\u1ebd \u0103n ngon, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Ch\u00ednh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 s\u01a1 khai, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ed3ng rau, \u0111\u1eadu. \u0110en th\u1eddi B\u1eafc S\u01a1n, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ed3ng n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc r\u00ecu ng\u1eafn khi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eb7t c\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1t n\u01b0\u01a1ng, tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eaby nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai v\u1eabn l\u00e0m hi\u1ec7n nay (tuy h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng r\u00ecu v\u00e0 dao s\u1eaft). C\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ea1 Long, \u0110a B\u00fat, Th\u1ea1ch L\u1ea1c v\u00e0 c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ru\u1ed9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. Cu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1 to d\u00e0y b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 dao \u0111\u00e1, n\u1ed3i g\u1ed1m l\u1edbn t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf H\u1ea1 Long v\u00e0 D\u1ea7u Gi\u00e2y VI, c \u1ea7 u s\u1eaft khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng. Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c x\u00f3m l\u00e0ng, d\u00e2n c\u01b0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac h\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00eam. Trong h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c v\u1ea1n n\u0103m t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f9a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi. Kh\u00ed h\u1eadu th\u01b0\u1eddng thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u00edt t\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ph\u01b0\u01b0ng th\u1ee9c c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u00f9a ngu\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u0169y r\u00e1t da d\u1ea1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00fai \u0110\u1ecd \u1edf ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 trong nh\u1eefng c\u0103n nh\u00e0, m\u00e1i l\u1ec1u t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u01a1n Vi, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf h\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111a ph\u1ea7n \u1edf ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u0103n nh\u00e0 l\u00e1 m\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e3 x\u00f3a nh\u00f2a, c \u1ecf th\u1ec3 do bi\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfn m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0o \u1edf trong c\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng ven nh\u1eefng thung l\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u00f4ng su\u1ed1i ch\u1ea3y qua. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1eafc S\u01a1n v\u1eeba \u1edf trong c\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i v\u00f9ng n\u00fai r\u1eebng Vi\u1ec7t B\u1eafc r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n, v\u1eeba l\u00e0m nh\u00e0 \u1edf ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi. C\u01b0 d\u00e2n H\u1ea1 Long v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1eafc S\u01a1n. C\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ven bi\u1ec3n mi\u1ec1n Thanh - Ngh\u1ec7 t\u00f2 \u0110a B\u00fat \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u1ef3nh L\u01b0u v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n trung Th\u1ea1ch L\u1ea1c - B\u00e0u Tr\u00f3 - mi\u1ec1n nam D\u1ea7u Gi\u00e2y VI - c\u1ea7 u s\u1eaft - Bi\u1ec3n H\u1ed3, Yaly... 65","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 \u1edd T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m nh\u00e0 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa th\u00e0nh l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m m\u1eadt t\u1eadp. Ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0m l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 th\u00e0nh x\u00f3m l\u00e0ng t\u01b0cmg \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u00ean ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c v\u1ea1n n\u0103m, t\u1eeb khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 b\u00e0y kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0i ba ch\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u01b0 tr\u00fa \u1edd nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c ri\u00eang. Sau \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f9ng huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n (m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 v\u1ee3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00f4ng ch\u1ed3ng, con c\u00e1i; ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng ch\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0 v\u1ee3...), c\u00f9ng s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t hang \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5m hang \u0111\u1ed9ng. Do nhu c\u1ea7u s\u1ed1ng, h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n c\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ho\u1eb7c s\u0103n b\u1eaft th\u00fa r\u1eebng. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c m\u1eabu h\u1ec7 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c v\u1ea1n n\u0103m cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1. Nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y, sau \\\"c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e1 m \u1edbi\\\"1, khi n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ra \u0111\u1eddi, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 h\u01a1n trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi nhau trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, khai ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng, l\u00e0m th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p... ho\u1eb7c c\u00f9ng li\u00ean minh ch\u1ed1ng th\u00fa d\u1eef hay k\u1ebb th\u00f9 \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 chung. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1 s\u1edbm. Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u1eb1m trong khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 v\u00e0 ph\u00eda nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c - m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i n\u00f4i sinh ra lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ng\u01b0\u1eddi N\u00fai \u0110\u1ecd bi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 d\u00f9 c\u00f2n th\u00f4 ph\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra trang s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean - th\u1eddi Ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. Ch\u00ednh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, tr\u1ea3i qua h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c v\u1ea1n n\u0103m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1edd ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00ecnh cao v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t minh ra \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1eeb d\u00e3 man t\u1edbi v\u0103n minh. T\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 1. Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 313. 66","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1. Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u00e1 N\u00fai \u0110\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n V\u0103n h\u00f3a S\u01a1n Vi, H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh, B\u1eafc S\u01a1n, \u0110a B\u00fat, Qu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n, H\u1ea1 Long, Th\u1ea1ch L\u1ea1c, B\u00e0u Tr\u00f3, Bi\u1ec3n H\u1ed3, \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai... cho th\u1ea5y tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ngang b\u00e0ng, tuy nhi\u00ean v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng trong ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m g\u1ed1m so v\u1edbi c\u01b0 d\u00e2n khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 v\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f9a n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u1ea7n \u0111i v\u00e0o th\u1ebf \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i kim kh\u00ed sau \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a phong ph\u00fa c\u00f3 n\u00e9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ed9i sinh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba \u1edd tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 quy t\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ec9nh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean ba trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ed5 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u th\u1eddi s\u01a1 s\u1eed: V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, V\u0103n h\u00f3a Sa Hu\u1ef3nh \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Trung, V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai, Ti\u1ec1n \u00d3c Eo \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam. 67","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Anh 1. C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e1 c\u0169 s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 (di t\u00edch N\u00fai \u0110\u1ecd) Ngu\u1ed3n: B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, in trong H\u00e1n V\u0103n Kh\u1ea9n (Ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean), C\u01a1 s\u1edf Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam - Ph\u1ea7n b\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh. Nxb. \u0110HQGHN, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2008.","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I. Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00f2i k\u1ef3 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y Anh 2. C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 cu\u1ed9i V\u0103n h\u00f3a S\u01a1n Vi: 1-3 M\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbc, 4-5 Cu\u1ed9i b\u1ed3, 6-20 C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 cu\u1ed9i Ngu\u1ed3n: C\u01a1 s\u1edf Kh\u00e1o co h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam - Ph\u1ea7n b\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh, S\u0111d. 69","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 \u1ea2nh 3. C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 cu\u1ed9i h\u00ecnh h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n V\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh Ngu\u1ed3n: B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc, \u0110HQG HN, in trong C\u01a1 s\u1edf Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam - Ph\u1ea7n b\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh, S\u0111d. 70","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \/. Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y Anh 4. R\u00ecu ng\u1eafn H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh Ngu\u1ed3n: B\u00e0o t\u00e0ng Nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc, \u0110HQG HN, in trong C\u01a1 s\u1edf kh\u00e1o c\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam - Ph\u1ea7n b\u00e1n \u1ea3nh, S\u0111d. 10cm Anh 5. Hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt g\u1ed1m \u0110a B\u00fat Ngu\u1ed3n: H\u00e0 V\u0103n T\u1ea5n (Ch\u00f9 bi\u00ean), Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed7 h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u1eadp 1, Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 Vi\u1eb9t Nam, Nxb. KHXH, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1998, tr. 394. 71","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II S \u1ef1 H\u00ccNH TH\u00c0NH N\u01af\u1edaC V\u0102N LANG L TRUY\u1ec0N THUY\u00c9T, TH\u01af T\u1ecaCH c \u0169 V\u00c0 s \u1eed D\u1ee4NG K\u00c9T QU\u1ea2 C\u1ee6A PH\u01af\u01a0NG PH\u00c1P NGHI\u00caN c\u1ee9u LI\u00caN NG\u00c0NH X\u01b0a nay trong k\u00fd \u1ee9c d\u00e2n gian v\u00e0 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u01a1 khai \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Song th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb khi n\u00e0o? Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u. Cho d\u00f9 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n h\u1ed3 nghi v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng; m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao ph\u1ee7 b\u1eb1ng truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft lung linh t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 s\u01b0omg kh\u00f3i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i c\u1ed1t 15i c\u00f9a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf g\u1ea1t b\u00f2, ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn. \u1ede b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng v\u1eady, hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed chi di\u1ec5n ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00f4ng chi m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m. Trong h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m \u1ea5y, d\u00e2n gian \\\"vi\u1ebft\\\" hay nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00f4ng qua truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft; c\u00f2n c\u00e1c b\u1eadc tr\u00ed gi\u1ea3 th\u00ec vi\u1ebft hay nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch. Hai c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c tuy kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta ng\u00e0y nay hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. 72","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang 1. Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng song c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft c\u00f9a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 xa x\u01b0a chi c\u00f2n t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u00f9a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh qua truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y sang \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u00e2n gian, tuy c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eeb nh\u01b0ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec7 kh\u00e1 cao. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. \u1ede m\u1ed7i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ec3 hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u00ea s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c, th\u00eam v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft m\u1edbi cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn h\u01a1n; khi\u1ebfn k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u00f9a truy\u1ec7n lu\u00f4n m\u1edf. Ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft lu\u00f4n g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf song truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u phong ph\u00fa, quan tr\u1ecdng khi t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng khi m\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu v\u00e1ng th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u1ea3nh x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u1eeba h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1i c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u01b0ng khi khai th\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft c\u1ea7n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ch\u00fa \u00fd, v\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng: truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u (b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh v\u0103n), truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh v\u0103n b\u1ea3n (th\u00e0nh v\u0103n); truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n, l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i \u1edd l\u00e0ng x\u00e3. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ed1ng \\\"tr\u00f4i n\u1ed5i\\\" trong c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng x\u00e3. Trong \u0111\u00f3, truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c nh\u1ea5t \u1edd v\u00f9ng quanh \u0111\u1ec1n H\u00f9ng, huy\u1ec7n L\u00e2m Thao v\u00e0 quanh ch\u00e2n n\u00fai Ba V\u00ec thu\u1ed9c ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2n gian v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t T\u1ed5 (Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd) r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa, song nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecb b\u1ea3n. N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch. \u0110\u1ebfn nay, ch\u00fang v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i. 73","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n th\u1ea7n t\u00edch, ng\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 L\u00e8 s\u01a1 th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 XV; \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 XVI, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sao l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, XIX. Nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u00e2n gian h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u1ea5y h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ra sao? Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? M\u1ecf qu\u1eb7ng truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng khai th\u00e1c ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 bao. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u, \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f2n l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd th\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng l\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n Cao S\u01a1n, Qu\u00fd Minh, Cao L\u1ed7, Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ed5ng Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng, Ch\u1eeb \u0110\u1ed3ng T\u1eed, Ti\u00ean Dung, v.v... hay th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng - th\u1ea7n T\u1ea3n Vi\u00ean, th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc\/ H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1edd th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n gian th\u01b0\u1eddng ni\u00ean. Ng\u00e0y h\u1ed9i v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u00e2m linh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ph\u00f4 di\u1ec5n nghi l\u1ec5 c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n hay, phong t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb9p. Ng\u00e0y h\u1ed9i \u0111ua t\u00e0i v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7, th\u1ec3 thao d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i d\u00e2n gian c\u00f9a c\u1ea3 d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng v\u00e0 d\u00e2n trong v\u00f9ng. Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u01b0ng b\u1eebng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y h\u1ed9i xu\u00e2n l\u00e0m tan \u0111i nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 lo toan c\u00f9a m\u00f9a v\u1ee5 trong n\u0103m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n \u0111c b\u01b0\u1edbc sang n\u0103m m \u1edbi, v\u1ee5 m\u1edbi; v\u1eeba tri \u00e2n th\u1ea7n linh v\u00e0 mong \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea7n linh ph\u00f9 gi\u00fap d\u00e2n khang v\u1eadt th\u1ecbnh, m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng b\u1ed9i thu. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n \u00fd ngh\u0129a linh thi\u00eang l\u00e0 th\u1ebf, t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 \u1edf B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 khai b\u00e1o g\u1eedi cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 n\u0103m 1938 nh\u01b0ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 th\u1edd c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. \\\"L\u00fd l\u1ecbch\\\" hay h\u00e0nh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ra sao; l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng phong t\u1ee5c c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Khai th\u00e1c ch\u00fang ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd h\u1eefu \u00edch cho t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. 74","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang Trong c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft n\u00eau tr\u00ean, lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n h\u00f3a, c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i trong th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec7n k\u00ea truy\u1ec1n k\u1ef3, c\u1ed5 t\u00edch, th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i, in th\u00e0nh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eadp trung khai th\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. \u1edc n\u01b0\u1edbc ta t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i M\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n u linh c\u00f9a L\u00fd Te Xuy\u00ean, vi\u1ebft l\u1eddi t\u1ef1a v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1329. L\u00fd Te Xuy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u00e1ch c\u00f9a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u01b0ng nay \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0: Giao Chi k\u00fd, B\u00e1o c\u1ef1c truy\u1ec7n (kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3), Giao Ch\u00e2u k\u00fd c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec7u C\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u0103ng Con \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IX; Ngo\u1ea1i s\u1eeb k\u00fd c\u00f9a \u0110\u1ed7 Thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi L\u00fd th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII; v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec7n trong d\u00e2n gian \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n Vi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n u linh, g\u1ed3m 28 truy\u1ec7n1. Trong b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 truy\u1ec7n - T\u1ea3n Vi\u00ean h\u1ef1u th\u00e1nh khu\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ebfn \u1ee9ng vucmg2 c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u h\u00f4n c\u00f9a S\u01a1n Tinh v\u00e0 Th\u1ee7y Tinh th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u0103m 1978, khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 o . w . Wolters \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 (d\u1ecbch) c\u00f9a Ph\u1ea1m S\u01b0 M\u1ea1nh1: \\\"Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng trong, \u0111\u1eadu thuy\u1ec1n \u1edf b\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1 K\u1ebb l\u1ea1i coi s\u00f4ng tranh nhau ra \u0111\u00f3n c\u1edd s\u1ee9 th\u1eb1n c\u00f9a nh\u00e0 vua \u0111i qua. Ch\u1ed1n ph\u00ean d\u1eadu l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng L\u00f4, n\u01a1i t\u1ee5 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Thao D \u1eef tr\u00f9 i I\/UU n g \u00e0 y th\u00fang n \u01b0 \u1edb c V\u0103n L u n g , \u0111\u1eef l\u00f9ng l\u00f9 n \u00fa i s\u00f4ng vua Th\u1ee5c. 1. Vi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n u linh, Nxb.V\u0103n h\u1ecdc, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2008. 2. \u0110en th\u1edd ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh T\u00e1n \u1edf n\u00fai T\u00e0n Vi\u00ean, huy\u1ec7n Ba V\u00ec, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. 3. Theo o . w. VVolters: \\\"T\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m S\u01b0 M\u1ea1nh l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong s\u00e1ch s\u1eeb v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1340. \u0110en n\u0103m 1358, \u00f4ng gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c H\u00e0nh khi\u1ec3n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u00f9a \u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft khi \u0111i c\u00f4ng c\u00e1n \u1edd ph\u00eda T\u00e2y B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1360. Trong nh\u0169ng n\u0103m 1364 v\u00e0 1365 c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u qu\u00e2n l\u1ebbn bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba h\u1eadu qu\u00e0 c\u00f9a cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u1edd mi\u1ec1n Nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 nh\u00e0 Minh l\u00ean c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n n\u0103m 1368\\\". 75","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eeb VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Xe th\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ea1n d\u1eb7m, \u1edf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi l\u1eafng b\u1ee5i chi\u1ebfn tranh, V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 tr\u00e0i qua ng\u00e0n n\u0103m cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c Ta nay \u0111\u1ed9i om vua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao quy\u1ec1n m\u1edf mang c\u00f5i ngo\u00e0i Xua \u0111u\u1ed5i tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp, d\u1eadp t\u1eaft n\u1ea1n binh \u0111ao (H\u00e0nh qu\u1eadn - \u0110i kinh l\u00fd trong qu\u1eadn)' C\u0169ng theo O.W.Wolters: \\\"Ph\u1ea1m S\u01b0 M\u1ea1nh n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t Th\u1ee5c, g\u1eafn v\u1edbi mi\u1ec1n V\u0103n Lang, ch\u1ee9ng t\u00f2 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft anh h\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \\\"V\u0103n Lang\\\". Theo t\u00f4i th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c V\u0103n Lang\\\"2. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 h\u01a1n ch\u1eef \\\"V\u0103n Lang\\\" v\u00e0 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Masp\u00e9ro cho r\u1eb1ng \\\"\u0111\u1ea5t V\u0103n Lang l\u00e0 t\u00ean vi\u1ebft ch\u1ec7ch \u0111i c\u1ee7a Y\u00ean L\u0103ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Trung Hoa th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n. V\u0103n Lang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ed5 \\\"Vlang\\\", t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i chim s\u0103n l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4 tem m\u00e0 c\u00e1c vua H\u00f9ng l\u1ea5y t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t cho v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd\\\"3. Trong b\u00e0i kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, O.W.Wolters r\u1ea5t t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eafc v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 20 l\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang v\u1edbi h\u00e0m \u00fd t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi Ph\u1ea1m S\u01b0 M\u1ea1nh, t\u1eebng coi V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c V\u0103n Lang l\u00e0 th\u1eddi th\u1ecbnh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua H\u00f9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e9p trong Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i. S\u00e1ch L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ebf Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 XIV. V\u0169 Qu\u1ef3nh v\u00e0 Ki\u1ec1u Ph\u00fa bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1492 - 1493. Sau \u0111\u00f3 L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 so\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam truy\u1ec7n m\u1edbi. 1. O.W.Wolters, \\\"S\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIV\\\"; trong Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Nguy\u1ec7t san X\u01b0a & Nay - Nxb Tr\u1ebb, TP. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, tr. 132. 2. \\\"S\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f9a Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 XIV\\\", S\u0111d, tr. 133. 3. \\\"S\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f9a Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 XIV\u201d, S\u0111d, tr. 155. 76","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang Hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i 9 b\u1ea3n L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau1. Nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0n \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ed1ng nhau; c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1eb7c \u00edt truy\u1ec7n h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec7n trong d\u00e2n gian, tuy c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 truy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y trong nh\u0169ng s\u00e1ch x\u01b0a - T\u00e1i qu\u1ef3 k\u00fd c\u00f9a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u00e2n Ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng, Nam h\u1ea3i c\u1ed5 t\u00edch k\u00fd c\u00f9a Ng\u00f4 Lai \u0111\u1eddi Nguy\u00ean...2 \u0111\u1ec3 so\u1ea1n L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i. Song c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m chung gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec7n H\u1ed3ng B\u00e0ng th\u1ecb \u0111\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u00ecn chung, Vi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n u linh v\u00e0 L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f2n mang nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ch\u00fang ta l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u0103m 1272, L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u so\u1ea1n xong b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd - g\u1ed3m 30 quy\u1ec3n, ch\u00e9p s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n t\u1eeb Tri\u1ec7u V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf (Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0) \u0111\u1ebfn L\u00fd Chi\u00eau Ho\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng s\u00e1ch nay \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t. S\u1eed th\u1ea7n Phan Phu Ti\u00ean vi\u1ebft S\u1eed k\u1ef7 t\u1ee5c bi\u00ean - ch\u00e9p t\u1eeb Tr\u1ea7n Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng (1225 - 1258) cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi qu\u00e2n Minh r\u00fat v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1427. Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0. N\u0103m 1479, s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m xong v\u00e0 d\u00e2ng l\u00ean vua L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng (1460 - 14y7). Trong ph\u00e0m l\u1ec7 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n s\u00e1ch cho bi\u1ebft: \\\"S\u00e1ch n\u00e0y (\u0110VSKTT) l\u00e0m ra, g\u1ed1c \u1edf hai b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd c\u00f9a L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u v\u00e0 Phan Phu Ti\u00ean, tham kh\u1ea3o v\u1edbi B\u1eafc s\u1eed, d\u00e3 s\u1eed c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n truy\u1ec7n ch\u00ed v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c nghe th\u1ea5y truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i, r\u1ed3i kh\u1ea3o \u0111\u00ednh bi\u00ean ch\u00e9p m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh\\\"1\u2019. 1. V\u0169 \u1eccu\u1ef3nh - Ki\u1ec1u Ph\u00fa, L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i, Nxb. V\u0103n h\u00f3a - Vi\u1ec7n V\u0103n h\u1ecdc, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1960, tr. 7. 2. H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ee5ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, S\u0111d, T\u1eadp I, tr. 82. 3. Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1eeb th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eddi L\u00ea, \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eeb k\u00fd lo\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1972, tr. 82. 77","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Trong \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eeb k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean th\u00eam v\u00e0o k\u1ef7 h\u1ecd H\u1ed3ng B\u00e0ng v\u00e0 k\u1ef7 nh\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c \u1edf ph\u1ea7n ngo\u1ea1i k\u1ef7. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0a H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cho l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. L\u1eddi t\u1ef1a c\u00f3 ghi: \\\"N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t ta \u1edf ph\u00eda nam Ng\u0169 L\u0129nh, th\u1ebf l\u00e0 tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 chia v\u1ea1ch Nam B\u1eafc; th\u1ee7y to ta t\u1ef1 con ch\u00e1u Th\u1ea7n N\u00f4ng th\u1ecb, th\u1ebf l\u00e0 tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra ch\u00e2n ch\u00faa. V\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u1edbi c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi B\u1eafc tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m ch\u00f9 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d'. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed h\u1ea1 b\u00fat vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00f2ng t\u1ee5 t\u00f4n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a s\u1eed gia. N\u0103m 1511, V\u0169 Qu\u1ef3nh so\u1ea1n xong b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m, c\u00f3 ghi v\u1ec1 h\u1ecd H\u1ed3ng B\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn nay b\u1ed9 s\u1eed \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n n\u1eefa. N\u0103m 1697, L\u00ea Hy v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m s\u1eed th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eddi L\u00ea trung h\u01b0ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c t\u1ee5c bi\u00ean, so\u1ea1n xong b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0; cho kh\u1eafc in n\u0103m Ch\u00ednh H\u00f2a th\u00fa 18 (1697) v\u00e0 l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u1edf ph\u1ea7n Ngo\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Sang th\u1eddi Nguy\u1ec5n, t\u1eeb n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 XIX, Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed qu\u00e1n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o To\u00e0n th\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 s\u1eed l\u1edbn g\u1ed3m 52 quy\u1ec3n. Trong \u0111\u00f3 Ti\u1ec1n hi\u00ean g\u1ed3m 5 quy\u1ec3n, Ch\u00ednh hi\u00ean g\u1ed3m 47 quy\u1ec3n. Ph\u1ea7n Ti\u1ec1n bi\u00ean ch\u00e9p k\u1ef9 h\u01a1n (c\u00f3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a s\u1eed c\u0169) v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh s\u1eed c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 s\u1eed khuy\u1ebft danh ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong \u0111\u00f3 [\u0110\u1ea1i] Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 s\u1eed khuy\u1ebft danh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi Tr\u1ea7n, kho\u1ea3ng n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIV. S\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c, sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o T\u1ee9 kh\u1ed1 to\u00e0n th\u01b0\\\\ \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ti\u1ec1n Hy T\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eddi Thanh hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh, c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1... T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1960, s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra 1. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 17. 78","Ch\u01b0omg 11 S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang ti\u1ebfng V i\u1ec7t1. S\u00e1ch g\u1ed3m 3 quy\u1ec3n. Quy\u1ec3n M\u1ed9t ch\u00e9p s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 D\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ed (1435) c\u00f9a Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i; Vi\u1ec7t gi\u00e1m th\u00f4ng kh\u1ea3o tong lu\u1eadn (1514) c\u00f9a L\u00ea Tung; V\u00e3n \u0110\u00e0i lo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef c\u00f9a L\u00e8 Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n; Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed ti\u00eau \u00e1n c\u00f9a Ng\u00f4 Th\u00ec S\u0129; L\u1ecbch tri\u1ec1u hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ed c\u00f9a Phan Huy Ch\u00fa; S\u1eed h\u1ecdc b\u1ecb kh\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eb7ng Xu\u00e2n B\u1ea3ng, v.v... \u0111\u1ec1u ghi ch\u00e9p \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch \u1edd trong n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00eau tr\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 khai th\u00e1c t\u1eeb th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 c\u00f9a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1eed, Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp ng\u0169 s\u1eeb c\u00f9a Trung Qu\u1ed1c - g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ea5t s\u01a1 s\u00e0i, t\u1ea3n m\u1ea1n, phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n. Trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 S\u1eeb k\u00fd c\u1ee7a T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean (n\u0103m 67 TCN), c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t, \u00c2u Vi\u1ec7t. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 Ti\u1ec1n H\u00e1n th\u01b0 do Ban c \u1ed1 so\u1ea1n, Ban Chi\u00eau t\u1eadp hi\u1ec7u (th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 II SCN); H\u1eadu H\u00e1n th\u01b0 do Ph\u1ea1m Vi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng, L\u01b0u Chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eddi Lu\u01a1ng so\u1ea1n; C\u1ef1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0 do L\u01b0u H\u00fac \u0111\u1eddi H\u1eadu T\u1ea5n so\u1ea1n... C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh r\u1ea5t s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u01b0\u1edbc ta th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch tr\u00ean c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean s\u1eed kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u00e0 T ru n g Q u\u00f4c kh \u00f4 n g thc b\u1ecf qua khi nghicn c\u1ee9 u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. Ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 b\u1ed9 Th\u1ee7y kinh ch\u00fa c\u00f9a L\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ea1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1eddi B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y. Khi ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i L\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ea1o Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 tham kh\u1ea3o, d\u1eabn s\u00e1ch Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ee5c Th\u1eafng \u0111\u1eddi H\u00e1n v\u00e0 L\u00e2m Ap k\u00fd, Giao Ch\u00e2u ngo\u1ea1i v\u1ef1c k\u00fd (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IV), c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 nay \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t. B\u1ed9 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u00f9a \u0110\u1ed7 H\u1ef1u \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VIII); Th\u00fai B\u00ecnh qu\u00e0ng k\u00fd c\u00f9a L\u00fd Ph\u1ecfng; \u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a L\u01b0u H\u00fac (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X); 1. Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u1ee3ng, d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i, Nxb. S\u1eeb h\u1ecdc, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1960. - Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ee9 l\u01b0\u1ee3c, T\u00e1i b\u1ea3n, Nxb. Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a - Trung t\u00e2m V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e2y, Hu\u1ebf, 2005. 79","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 An Nam ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a Cao H\u00f9ng Tr\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eddi Thanh; L\u0129nh Nam c\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ed t\u1eadp l\u1ee5c do L\u00e2m S\u00e0n L\u1ed9c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n1. Nh\u00ecn chung, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u trong B\u1eafc s\u1eed kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i dung ghi ch\u00e9p c\u00f3 kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n. Trong c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch s\u1eed tr\u00ean th\u00ec \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e9p s\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ta t\u1eeb Kinh D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m vua \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a \u0110e Minh, ch\u00e1u ba \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Vi\u00eam \u0110\u1ebf Th\u1ea7n N\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ebf Minh sinh ra \u0110e Nghi. Sau \u0110\u1ebf Minh \u0111i tu\u1ea7n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam, l\u1ea5y con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a V\u1ee5 Ti\u00ean m\u00e0 sinh ra Kinh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ebf Nghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecb v\u00ec \u1edd ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc, Kinh D\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ecb v\u00ec \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam. N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Kinh D\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 X\u00edch Qu\u1ef7. Kinh D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9ng \u0110\u00ecnh Qu\u00e2n t\u00ean l\u00e0 Th\u1ea7n Long r\u1ed3i sinh ra L\u1ea1c Long Qu\u00e2n. L\u1ea1c Long Qu\u00e2n t\u00ean h\u00fay l\u00e0 S\u00f9ng L\u00e3m, l\u1ea5y con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf Lai l\u00e0 \u00c2u C\u01a1, sinh ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ecdc tr\u0103m tr\u1ee9ng n\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai l\u00e0 T\u1ed5 c\u00f9a B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t coi nhau nh\u01b0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o. M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m, L\u1ea1c Long Qu\u00e2n b\u1ea3o \u00c2u C\u01a1 r\u1eb1ng: \\\"Ta l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng R\u1ed3ng, n\u00e0ng l\u00e0 giong Ti\u00ean, th\u1ee7y h\u1ecfa kh\u1eafc nhau, kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ee5\\\". B\u00e8n t\u1eeb bi\u1ec7t nhau, chia 50 con theo m\u1eb9 v\u1ec1 n\u00fai, 50 con theo cha v\u1ec1 mi\u1ec1n Nam. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi con tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i vua cha, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u1eeb truy\u1ec1n v\u0103n n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o m\u00ecnh thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng gi\u1ed1ng Ti\u00ean, R\u1ed3ng cao qu\u00fd. H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00ean ng\u00f4i vua l\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang, \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf Phong Ch\u00e2u (nay l\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n L\u00e2m Thao, t\u1ec9nh Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd). C\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang ph\u00eda b\u1eafc gi\u00e1p h\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ed9ng \u0110\u1ec9nh, ph\u00eda nam gi\u00e1p n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1ed3 T\u00f4n (Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh), ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn Nam h\u1ea3i, ph\u00eda t\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc Ba Th\u1ee5c. N\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m 15 b\u1ed9: Giao Chi, Chu Di\u00ean, V\u0169 Ninh, Ph\u00fac L\u1ed9c, Vi\u1ec7t Th\u01b0\u1eddng, Ninh H\u1ea3i, 1. L\u0129nh Nam c\u1ed5 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ed t\u1eadp l\u1ee5c (b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Trung), L\u00e2m S\u00e0n L\u1ed9c s\u01b0u t\u1eadp v\u00e0 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n, L\u0129nh Nam m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt x\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u00e0n, 2007, T\u1eadp Thu\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 H\u1ea1. 80","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nir\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang D\u01b0\u01a1ng Tuy\u1ec1n, L\u1ee5c H\u1ea3i, V\u0169 \u0110\u1ecbnh, Ho\u00e0i Hoan, C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n, B\u00ecnh V\u0103n, T\u00e2n Hung, C\u1eedu \u0110 \u1ee9c1. B\u1ed9 V\u0103n Lang l\u00e0 n\u01a1i vua \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4. I. T\u00ean 15 b\u1ed9 c\u00f9a n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch ch\u00e9p c\u00f3 s\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau: - D\u1ee5i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eeb k \u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 61. - Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n, Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ee9 th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c, Nxb. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1998, T\u1eadp I, tr. 73 (Ti\u1ec1n bi\u00ean Quy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 1): \\\"B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chia trong n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m 15 b\u1ed9 l\u00e0: b\u1ed9 Giao Chi, b\u1ed9 Chu Di\u00ean, b\u1ed9 V\u0169 Ninh, b\u1ed9 Ph\u00fac L\u1ed9c, b\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Th\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u1ed9 Ninh H\u1ea3i, b\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Tuy\u1ec1n, b\u1ed9 L\u1ee5c H\u00e0i, b\u1ed9 V\u0169 \u0110\u1ecbnh, b\u1ed9 Ho\u00e0i Hoan, b\u1ed9 C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n, b\u1ed9 B\u00ecnh V\u0103n, b\u1ed9 T\u00e2n H\u01b0ng, b\u1ed9 C\u1eebu \u0110\u1ee9c, c\u00f2n b\u1ed9 V\u0103n Lang l\u00e0 n\u01a1i vua \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4.\\\" - L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i, S\u0111d, tr. 23: \\\"Vi\u1ec7t Th\u01b0\u1eddng, Giao Chi, Chu Di\u00ean, V\u0169 Ninh, Ph\u00fac L\u1ed9c, Ninh H\u1ea3i, D\u01b0\u01a1ng Tuy\u1ec1n, L\u1ee5c H\u00e0i, Ho\u00e0i Hoan, C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n, Nh\u1eadt Nam, Ch\u00e2n \u0110\u1ecbnh, V\u0103n Lang, Qu\u1ebf L\u00e2m, T\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1eadn\\\". - Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i to\u00e0n t\u1eadp, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1976, tr. 212 : chia trong n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m 15 b\u1ed9: Giao Chi, Chu Di\u00ean, V\u0169 Ninh, Ph\u00fac L\u1ed9c, Vi\u1ec7t Th\u01b0\u1eddng, Ninh H\u1ea3i, D\u01b0\u01a1ng Tuy\u1ec1n, L\u1ee5c H\u00e0i, V\u0169 \u0110\u1ecbnh, Ho\u00e0i Hoan, C\u1eebu Ch\u00e2n, B\u00ecnh V\u0103n, T\u00e2n H\u01b0ng, C\u1eebu \u0110\u1ee9c\\\" (14 b\u1ed9, thi\u1ebfu 1 b\u1ed9). - Ng\u00f4 Th\u1eddi S\u0129, Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed ti\u00eau \u00e1n, Nxb. Thanh ni\u00ean, tr. 13: \\\"15 b\u1ed9 l\u00e0: Giao Chi, Chu Di\u00ean, V\u0169 Ninh, Ph\u00fac L\u1ed9c, Vi\u1ec7t Th\u01b0\u1eddng, Ninh H\u1ea3i, D\u01b0\u01a1ng To\u00e0n, L\u1ee5c H\u1ea3i, V\u0169 Dinh, Ho\u00e0i Hoan, C\u1eebu Ch\u00e2n, B\u00ecnh V\u0103n, T\u00e2n H\u01b0ng, C\u1eebu \u0110\u1ee9c\\\". - Phan Huy Ch\u00fa, L\u1ecbch tri\u1ec1u hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ed, Nxb. S\u1eed h\u1ecdc, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1960, T\u1eadp I, tr. 25: \\\"...chia n\u01b0\u1edbc ra l\u00e0m 15 b\u1ed9: Giao Chi, Chu Di\u00ean, V\u0169 Ninh, Ph\u00fac L\u1ed9c, Vi\u1ec7t Th\u01b0\u1eddng, Ninh H\u1ea3i, D\u01b0\u01a1ng Tuy\u1ec1n, L\u1ee5c H\u1ea3i, V\u0169 \u0110\u1ecbnh, Ho\u00e0i Hoan, C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n, B\u00ecnh V\u0103n, T\u00e2n H\u01b0ng, C\u1eebu \u0110\u1ee9c. Ch\u1ed7 nh\u00e0 vuu \u1edd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n \u01b0 \u00e1c V \u0103n Lang\\\".(Z.77\/C). - Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim, Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, Nxb. V\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u00f4ng tin, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1999, tr. 24: \\\"C\u1ee9 theo s\u1eed c\u0169 th\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang chia ra l\u00e0m 15 b\u1ed9: (1) V\u0103n Lang \u00ca[I (B\u1ea1ch H\u1ea1c, tinh V\u0129nh Y\u00ean). 9. D\u01b0\u01a1ng Tuy\u1ec1n |\u1ec9\u00a7 7fl (H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng). (2) Ch\u00e2u Di\u00ean iS\u00ed (Scm T\u00e2y). 10. Giao Ch\u1ec9 \u00ed \u0129it (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, H\u01b0ng Y\u00ean, Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh...). (3) Ph\u00fac L\u1ed9c #1 w (S\u01a1n T\u00e2y). 11. C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n A \u00ed (Thanh H\u00f3a). (4) T\u00e2n H\u01b0ng |ff P\u1ec9 (H\u01b0ng H\u00f3a - Tuy\u00ean Quang). 12. Ho\u00e0i Hoan t \u1ec9 II (Ngh\u1ec7 An). (5) V\u0169 \u0110\u1ecbnh \/\u1ebc (Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean -Cao B\u0103ng). 13. C\u1eedu \u0110\u1ee9c \u00fd l \u00cd\u00c9! (H\u00e0 T\u00ecnh). (6) V\u0169 Ninh ^ (B\u1eafc Ninh). 14. Vi\u1ec7t Th\u01b0\u1eddng t \u00ec K\u1ec9 (Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh, Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb). 81","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 B\u1ed9 m\u00e1y cai tr\u1ecb g\u1ed3m: t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u0103n l\u00e0 L\u1ea1c h\u1ea7u, t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00f5 l\u00e0 L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng, con trai c\u1ee7a vua g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Quan lang, con g\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 M\u1ef5 n\u01b0\u01a1ng. Quan coi vi\u1ec7c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh; \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o. C\u00e1c vua truy\u1ec1n n\u1ed1i 18 \u0111\u1eddi' \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. S\u1eeb th\u1ea7n Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean khi vi\u1ebft ph\u00e0m l\u1ec7 cho r\u1eb1ng: \\\"T\u1eeb H\u00f9ng V\u01b0omg tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ni\u00ean bi\u1ec3u, l\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi vua truy\u1ec1n nhau kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 18 \u0111\u1eddi, e r\u1eb1ng ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fang.\\\" Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1c vua H\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e0n \u00e1nh trong s\u1eeb s\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 \u00edt, m\u01a1 h\u1ed3. T\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t x\u0103m m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh lo\u00e0i th\u1ee7y qu\u00e1i l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i, ho\u1eb7c t\u1ee5c nhu\u1ed9m r\u0103ng \u0103n tr\u1ea7u, s\u1ef1 t\u00edch b\u00e1nh ch\u01b0ng, b\u00e1nh d\u1ea7y, d\u01b0a h\u1ea5u... kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi vua H\u00f9ng th\u1ee9 m\u1ea9y? (7) L\u1ee5c H\u1ea3i \u1ec8\u1ec0 'M (L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n). 15. B\u00ecnh V\u0103n \u00a5 3t (?)\\\" (8) Ninh H\u00e0i m (Quang Y\u00ean). - Ng\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3 co truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m chi \u0111\u1eddi th\u00e1nh v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u H\u00f9ng. H\u00e0n L\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n Tr\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc s\u0129 Nguy\u1ec5n c \u1ed1 ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ec7nh so\u1ea1n. Ng\u00e0y t\u1ed1t, th\u00e1ng 3, n\u0103m Nh\u00e2m Th\u00ecn, ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u H\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ee9c nguy\u00ean ni\u00ean (1470). Ng\u00e0y t\u1ed1t th\u00e1ng 10, m\u00f9a \u0110\u00f4ng, n\u0103m Canh T\u00fd, ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ecbnh nguy\u00ean ni\u00ean (1600), H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u1ecdng hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh, L\u1ec5 phi\u00ean L\u00ea \u0110\u00ecnh Hoan sao. B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u H\u00e1n N \u00f4m - H\u00d2 s\u01a1 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1n H\u00f9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c di t\u00edch th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5 c\u1eadn, n\u0103m 2003. S\u00e1ch Khu di t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 r\u1eebng Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec1n H\u00f9ng do Ph\u1ea1m B\u00e1 Khi\u00eam bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u. S\u1edf V\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u00f4ng tin Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n. n\u0103m 2008. tr. 176 ghi: \\\"...Vua (H\u00f9ng) m\u1edbi phong h\u1ea7u, l\u1eadp ph\u00ean d\u1eadu, chia trong n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m b\u1ed9: B\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 S\u01a1n T\u00e2y, b\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 S\u01a1n Nam, b\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 l\u00e0 Kinh B\u1eafc, b\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m l\u00e0 \u00c1i Ch\u00e2u, b\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u l\u00e0 Hoan Ch\u00e2u, b\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y l\u00e0 B\u1ed1 Ch\u00ednh, b\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m l\u00e0 \u00d4 Ch\u00e2u, b\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn l\u00e0 Ai Lao, b\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 H\u01b0ng H\u00f3a, b\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 Tuy\u00ean Quang, b\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai l\u00e0 Cao B\u1eb1ng, b\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ba l\u00e0 L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n, b\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n l\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y, b\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m l\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng\\\". 1. C\u00e1c vua H\u00f9ng truy\u1ec1n n\u1ed1i 18 \u0111\u1eddi. Con s\u1ed1 18 \u0111\u1eddi vua H\u00f9ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c vua H\u00f9ng truy\u1ec1n n\u1ed1i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi. Hi\u1ec7n nay tr\u00ean n\u00fai Ngh\u0129a L\u0129nh thu\u1ed9c x\u00e3 Hy C\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Vi\u1ec7t Tri, tinh Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd c\u00f2n di t\u00edch \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd c\u00e1c vua H\u00f9ng. C\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc coi vua H\u00f9ng l\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ed5. H\u00e0ng n\u0103m v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y m\u1ed3ng 10 th\u00e1ng 3 \u00e2m l\u1ecbch, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y chi\u00eam b\u00e1i, c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. 82","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ec8L S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang Ho\u1eb7c theo s\u1eed ch\u00e9p v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 6 c\u00f3 truy\u1ec7n Th\u00e1nh Gi\u00f3ng 3 tu\u1ed5i \u1edf h\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ed5ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a s\u1eaft, m\u1eb7c gi\u00e1p s\u1eaft, \u0111\u1ed9i n\u00f3n s\u1eaft, m\u00faa g\u01b0\u01a1m s\u1eaft \u0111\u00e1nh tan gi\u1eb7c \u00c2n; sau \u0111\u00f3 bay l\u00ean tr\u1eddi \u1edf n\u00fai S\u00f3c, huy\u1ec7n Kim Hoa (nay l\u00e0 x\u00e3 Ph\u00f9 Linh, huy\u1ec7n S\u00f3c S\u01a1n, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i). Hi\u1ec7n \u1edd l\u00e0ng Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ed5ng huy\u1ec7n Gia L\u00e2m, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f2n mi\u1ebfu th\u1edd Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ed5ng Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 18, s\u1eed s\u00e1ch ch\u00e9p truy\u1ec7n S\u01a1n Tinh, Th\u1ee7y Tinh. H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u00e9n r\u1ec3 cho con g\u00e1i l\u00e0 M\u1ef5 N\u01b0\u01a1ng. S\u01a1n Tinh mang l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c M\u1ef5 N\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 n\u00fai T\u00e0n Vi\u00ean. Th\u1ee7y Tinh ch\u1eadm ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn sau kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c M\u1ef5 N\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00e8n t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn d\u00e2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp, \u0111em c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ee7y qu\u00e1i \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1nh S\u01a1n Tinh. S\u01a1n Tinh d\u00e2ng n\u00fai l\u00ean cao \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i Th\u1ee7y Tinh. Nh\u01b0ng Th\u1ee7y Tinh v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ch\u1ecbu thua. H\u00e0ng n\u0103m v\u1eabn d\u00e2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u00f9a m\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1nh S\u01a1n Tinh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1o th\u00f9. Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n c\u01b0\u1edbi M\u1ef5 N\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb can ng\u0103n, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i. Kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c M\u1ef5 N\u01b0\u01a1ng, Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0103m gi\u1eadn d\u1eb7n l\u1ea1i con ch\u00e1u nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i ki\u00eam t\u00ednh V\u0103n Lang. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi ch\u00e1u l\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n d\u0169ng l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c V\u0103n Lang, d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Ngo\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 H\u1ed3ng B\u00e0ng t\u00ednh t\u1eeb Kinh D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi \u0110e Nghi n\u0103m M\u1eadu Tu\u1ea5t (2879 TCN), truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e0i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, ngang v\u1edbi Chu No\u00e3n v\u01b0cmg n\u0103m th\u1ee9 57 l\u00e0 n\u0103m Qu\u00fd M\u00e3o (258 TCN, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2.622 n\u0103m (2879 - 258). S\u1eed ch\u00e9p l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft s\u1eed c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi b\u0103n kho\u0103n, h\u1ed3 nghi v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh vi\u1ebft ra. Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean t\u1eebng b\u00e0n: \\\"\u0110\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u l\u00e0m ph\u00ean gi\u1eadu, chia n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m 15 b\u1ed9, ngo\u00e0i 15 b\u1ed9 \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 T\u00e1, c\u00e1c con c\u1ee9 theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 chia nhau \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb. C\u00e1i thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3i 50 con theo m\u1eb9 v\u1ec1 n\u00fai, bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ebf? V\u00ec m\u1eb9 l\u00e0m qu\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00e1c con \u0111\u1ec3u l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u1ee9 xem nh\u01b0 T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Man ng\u00e0y nay, x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 nam ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o, n\u1eef ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o. C\u00f2n nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c S\u01a1n Tinh, Th\u1ee7y Tinh th\u00ec r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 qu\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea3n, tin s\u00e1ch ch\u1eb3ng b\u1eb1ng 83","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00e1ch, h\u00e3y t\u1ea1m thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec7n c\u0169 \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd th\u00f4i\u201d'. Sau Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 300 n\u00e3m, S\u1eeb gia Ng\u00f4 Th\u00ec S\u0129 khi x\u00e9t s\u1eed c\u0169 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi nghi ng\u1edd: \\\"...H \u1ecd H\u1ed3ng B\u00e0ng kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb n\u0103m Nh\u00e2m Tu\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft n\u0103m Qu\u00fd M\u00e3o, H\u00f9ng V\u01b0omg m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, An D\u01b0omg (V\u01b0\u01a1ng) noi l\u00ean, \u0111\u00edch x\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec3 n\u00e1m 57 \u0111\u1eddi vua Chu No\u00e3n. L\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y con to\u00e1n m\u00e0 k\u1ec3 xem t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1eddi Kinh, \u0111\u1eddi H\u00f9ng, 20 \u0111\u1eddi vua 2.622 n\u0103m, nhi\u1ec1u \u00edt tr\u1eeb \u0111i b\u00f9 l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed7i vua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 120 tu\u1ed5i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1, sao l\u1ea1i s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3?''2 Sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim vi\u1ebft Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1ee9 l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 tham kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1ch truy\u1ec7n ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng: \\\"Chang qua nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u1eed c\u0169ng nh\u1eb7t nh\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec7n hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i, cho n\u00ean nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec7n \u1ea5y to\u00e0n l\u00e0 truy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ea7n ti\u00ean qu\u1ef7 qu\u00e1i, tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi l\u1ebd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ea3\\\"3. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nay nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh s\u1eed. Tuy v\u1eady, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ho\u00e0i nghi n\u00eau tr\u00ean. T\u00ednh ch\u00e2n x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed chua th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1edbm nh\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n u linh, L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch s\u1eed. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp truy\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n k\u1ef3 d\u00e2n gian, \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, song t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 n\u00e9t h\u01a1n. Trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n, thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady nh\u01b0 v\u1eady khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 khi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0 c\u00f2n ho\u00e0i nghi l\u00e0 l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi - nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ed3ng h\u1ee3p li\u00ean ng\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf d\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111ang \u0111\u1eb7t ra. 1. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 63. 2. Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ee9 ti\u00eau \u00e1n, S\u0111d, tr. 18. 3. Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1ee9 l\u01b0\u1ee3c, S\u0111d, tr. 27. 84","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang 2. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u li\u00ean ng\u00e0nh D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u00e3 tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u0169ng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o H\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. H\u1ecd nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edd t\u1eadp trung khai th\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 ch\u00f9 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. H. Masp\u00e9ro th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n th\u00f4n t\u00ednh. T\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 D\u1ea1 Lang, do ch\u00e9p l\u1ea7m m\u00e0 s\u1eeb Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u00e9p l\u00e0 V\u0103n Lang. Vua n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 L\u1ea1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng ch\u00e9p th\u00e0nh H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng1. Nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n th\u1ea3o, tranh lu\u1eadn trong h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 70 c\u00f9a th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 XX. L. \u00d4rutx\u00f4 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00f9a m\u1ed9t vu\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf B\u1eafc B\u1ed9, B\u1eafc Trung B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Nam Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y, Nam Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n; nhung ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y \u00c2u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00f9a ngu\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed di c\u01b0 xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IV TCN2. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1924, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n di t\u00edch c\u1ee7tt m \u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed3ng tlmu r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 \u1edf Vi\u1ed9t N am . Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng - An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng chung cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111i t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00f9a V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n l\u00e0 do du nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o. V. Gloubevv \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00e1n v\u00e0 coi V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Indonesiens ti\u1ebfp thu 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, S\u0111d, tr. 78. 2. Phan Huy L\u00ea - Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u1ee3ng..., L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 78.","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 thu\u1eadt luy\u1ec7n kim c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean1. B. Cac Gren cho r\u1eb1ng V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt s\u00f4ng Ho\u00e0i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 III, IV TCN2. Theo o . Janse, V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c. M\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb V\u0103n h\u00f3a Hallstatt \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u truy\u1ec1n qua v\u00f9ng th\u1ea3o nguy\u00ean \u00c2 u - \u00c1 3.... Nh\u00ecn chung c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p li\u00ean ng\u00e0nh, n\u00ean k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3 quan. Nh\u01b0ng do quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft \\\"trung t\u00e2m ch\u00e2u \u00c2u\\\" chi ph\u1ed1i n\u00ean h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 khai qu\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng di t\u00edch kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n - c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n n\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y cho r\u1eb1ng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n do du nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o. Sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m n\u0103m 1945, n\u1ec1n s\u1eed h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i. Trong \u0111\u00f3, th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng - th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 60 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn thu h\u00fat nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia, kh\u00f4ng ri\u00eang gi\u1edbi s\u1eed h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan. D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, Vi\u1ec7n Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong 3 n\u0103m (1968- 1970), t\u1eadp trung l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tham gia k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 quan khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh s\u1eed h\u1ecdc, kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc, c\u1ed5 sinh h\u1ecdc, v.v... Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 1. Phan Huy L\u00ea - Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u1ee3ng..., L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 79. 2. Phan Huy L\u00ea - Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u1ee3ng..., L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 79. 3. Phan Huy L\u00ea - Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u1ee3ng..., L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 79. 86","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nu\u1ee9c V\u0103n Lang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn t\u1ea1i b\u1ed1n h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb khoa h\u1ecdc; sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean b\u1ed1n t\u1eadp k\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu mang ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc1 v\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed khoa h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh - Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc, Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, v.v... B\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, li\u00ean ng\u00e0nh, t\u00f9 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eeb d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c; kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trong truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 m\u00e0 trong h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c di t\u00edch kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 m\u00e0 di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh k\u1ebf th\u1eeba, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2n gian (Folklore), th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 khai th\u00e1c t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. H\u00e0ng tr\u0103m c\u00e1c di t\u00edch kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc cho th\u1ea5y di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1eeb s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng thau \u0111\u1ebfn s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng di v\u1eadt do kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc mang l\u1ea1i v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng qu\u00fd gi\u00e1, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u00f9 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp nh\u1eadn th\u00fac khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 s\u1eed th\u00e0nh v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e9p c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III TCN \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 III TCN. 1. B\u1ed1n h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n t\u1eadp k\u1ef3 y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0: - H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1968; v\u1edbi t\u1eadp k\u1ef3 y\u1ebfu H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, T\u1eadp I, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1970. - H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb th\u1ee9 hai t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i V\u0129nh Ph\u00fa, th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1969.; v\u1edbi t\u1eadp k\u1ef3 y\u1ebfu H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, T\u1eadp II, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1972. - H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb th\u1ee9 ba t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1970; v\u1edbi t\u1eadp k\u1ef3 y\u1ebfu H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, T\u1eadp III, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1973. - H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1971; v\u1edbi t\u1eadp k\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, T\u1eadp rv, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1974. 87","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eed VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng thau m\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean, V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec1u do c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra. T\u1eeb V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n tr\u1ea3i qua hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu v\u00e0 G\u00f2 Mun. V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao h\u01a1n V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean. Ch\u00ednh tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u01a1 khai - Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang. II. C \u01a1 S\u1ede H\u00ccNH TH\u00c0NH N\u01af\u1edaC V\u0102N LANG 1. S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u00f2i \u0111\u1ea1i kim kh\u00ed - V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ti\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n - Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta sau khi \u0111\u01b0a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111inh cao, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u0110\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. S\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi g\u1ed7, \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1edf bu\u1ed5i ban \u0111\u1ea7u khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i kim kh\u00ed, s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 nh\u1eadn ra. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 khai qu\u1eadt, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u00f3m b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c - ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean bi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o kim lo\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00f9 nh\u00e2n V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean, c\u01b0 tr\u00fa \u1edd l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng. Di chi kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean thu\u1ed9c th\u00f4n Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean, x\u00e3 Kinh K\u1ec7, huy\u1ec7n L\u00e2m Thao, tinh Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1959. Sau 3 l\u1ea7n khai qu\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean \u1edf v\u00f9ng trung du v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng B\u1eafc B\u1ed9, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh danh V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean1. 1. H\u00e1n V\u0103n Kh\u1ea9n, V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean, Nxb. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2005. 88","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 11 S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thu\u1ed9c V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 trong khu v\u1ef1c h\u1ee3p l\u01b0u c\u00f9a c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn: s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, s\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e0, s\u00f4ng L\u00f4 v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e1y. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd, Nam V\u0129nh Ph\u00fac, \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc v\u00f9ng H\u00e0 T\u00e2y c\u0169, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Nam B\u1eafc Ninh. C\u00e1c di t\u00edch n\u1eb1m r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3i, n\u00fai, ven c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng, su\u1ed1i v\u00f9ng trung du; ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ebdn nh\u1eefng g\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea5t cao v\u00f9ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 hay v\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng di v\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o c\u00f4 h\u1ecdc cho bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111inh cao c\u00f9a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1. K\u1ef9 th\u1eadt m\u00e0i, c\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1 ph\u00f4 bi\u1ebfn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng phong ph\u00fa v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao, v\u1eeba ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt khoan v\u00e0 ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1. Nh\u00ecn nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 nh\u01b0 r\u00ecu, b\u00f4n c\u00f3 thi\u1ebft di\u1ec7n t\u1ee9 gi\u00e1c, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf nh\u1eafn m\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng con dao nh\u1ecf s\u1eafc; ho\u1eb7c v\u00f2ng trang s\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1 tinh x\u00e0o c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, th\u00e1n ph\u1ee5c. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111inh cao c\u00f9a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 v\u1eabn chi\u1ebfm s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c di v\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean. G\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u01b0: r\u00ecu, b\u00e0n m\u00e0i, b\u00e0n d\u1eadp; \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u00e0n d\u1eadp c\u00f3 6 - 7 r\u00e3nh song song, ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u00e0n d\u1eadp n\u00e0y. Nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdi se s\u1ee3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edd c\u00e1c di ch\u1ec9. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0m g\u1ed1m c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c tinh x\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o hoa v\u0103n. Hoa v\u0103n g\u1ed1m Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa, g\u1ed3m v\u0103n ch\u1ea3i, v\u0103n th\u1eebng, v\u0103n kh\u1ea5c v\u1ea1ch, v\u0103n in, v\u0103n \u0111an... Hoa v\u0103n \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a g\u1ed1m Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u1eafc v\u1ea1ch k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi in, l\u0103n. C\u00e1c h\u1ecda ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng, sho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c h\u1ecda ti\u1ebft h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n nhau. \u0110\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean g\u1ed3m 3 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh: m\u1ecbn, th\u00f4 v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u00f4. \u0110\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng b\u00e0n xoay (ch\u00e2n, tay), ho\u1eb7c n\u1eb7n, g\u1eafn, ch\u1eafp. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft tr\u00e1ng g\u1ed1m ph\u00f9 ngo\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0a 89","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 v\u00e0o l\u00f2 nung. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tr\u00e1ng men g\u1ed1m sau n\u00e0y. G\u1ed1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nung trong h\u1ed1 h\u1edf \u1edf ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kho\u1ea3ng 600 - 800\u00b0c. G\u1ed1m t\u1ea1p s\u1eafc. Lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, phong ph\u00fa, song nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t v\u1eabn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 gia d\u1ee5ng, g\u1ed3m n\u1ed3i, b\u00ecnh, b\u00e1t c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf, d\u00e1ng \u0111\u1eb9p. \u0110\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh mi\u1ec7ng l\u1edbn, th\u00e0nh m\u1ecfng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng g\u1ed1m Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean. \u1ede m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 di chi c\u00f2n t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y bi g\u1ed1m, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i cho tr\u1ebb con b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Ho\u1eb7c trong nhi\u1ec1u di ch\u1ec9 su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng thau t\u1eeb Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n c\u00f2n t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt g\u1ed1m \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o m\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea1c g\u1ed1m hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n gi\u00f2 g\u1ed1m. C\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea1c g\u1ed1m gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \\\"nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc s\u1eebng tr\u00e2u c\u00f3 d\u00f9i m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 th\u1ee7ng ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1ecdn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u1ea7n\\\"1, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u1ea7n ng\u00e0y nay. N\u1ebfu qu\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 phong ph\u00fa. Trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng (tuy ch\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u) v\u00e0 thu\u1eadt luy\u1ec7n kim c\u00f2n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. \u1ede di chi G\u00f2 B\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u1edbm c\u00f9a V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y xi \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng xa. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee5c x\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f3 cho bi\u1ebft c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Ph\u00f9ng N guy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u1ed3ng thau, g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfc. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng nguy\u00ean chi\u1ebfc thu\u1ed9c V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean. Ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t khan hi\u1ebfm. \u0110\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1t g\u1ea1o ch\u00e1y trong t\u1ea7ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a di ch\u1ec9 \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu thu\u1ed9c V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ef1ng g\u1ed1m, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc. Song quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edbi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 X, S\u0111d, tr. 90. 90","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ra sao cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, do thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u c\u00e2n thi\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u00f3c g\u1ea1o l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ee9c \u0103n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean. H\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i trong nh\u1eefng l\u00e0ng ven \u0111\u1ed3i trung du, ven c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng ven b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ngh\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng, ngh\u1ec1 th\u00f9 c\u00f4ng gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u0103n b\u1eafn, \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 cho bi\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf s\u0103n b\u1eafn, h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m t\u1eeb t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1eabn h\u1ed3 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111ang kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho r\u00e0ng V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean m\u1edd \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i kim kh\u00ed - s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng thau. V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng cu\u1ed1i thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 III BC, \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 II BC v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef3 II B C 1. - Gmi \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0110\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1eadu V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi t\u00ean theo di chi \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu, thu\u1ed9c th\u00f4n \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n, x\u00e3 Minh T\u00e2n, huy\u1ec7n V\u0129nh L\u1ea1c, tinh V\u0129nh Ph\u00fac. Di t\u00edch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1961, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y (37 di t\u00edch)3 c\u00f9ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t, c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu. Ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu kho\u1ea3ng 3.500 - 3.000 n\u0103m c\u00e1ch ng\u00e0y nay. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 c\u00f9a c\u00e1c di t\u00edch thu\u1ed9c V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 c\u00f9ng n\u1eb1m trong khu v\u1ef1c c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean, c\u00f3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u01b0 tr\u00fa tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3i, g\u00f2 ven l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, s\u00f4ng L\u00f4, s\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e0, 1. C\u01a1 s\u1edd Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc, S\u0111d, tr. 170. 2. L\u00ea Xu\u00e2n Di\u1ec7m - Ho\u00e0ng Xu\u00e2n Chinh, Di chi Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1983. 3. C\u01a1 s\u1edb Kh\u00e1o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc, S\u0111d, tr. 172. 91","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 s\u00f4ng \u0110u\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn c\u00e1c tinh Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd, V\u0129nh Ph\u00fac, H\u00e0 T\u00e2y c\u0169, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Ninh, B\u1eafc Giang, v.v... Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 v\u1eabn chi\u1ebfm t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb kim lo\u1ea1i, x\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 s\u1eebng... C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u00e1 r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa nh\u01b0 r\u00ecu, \u0111\u1ee5c, gi\u00e1o, lao, qua, m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. \u0110\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1t chu\u1ed7i \u0111\u00e1, khuy\u00ean tai lo\u1ea1i 4 m\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf t\u1eeb Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00ean. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00fac luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi Ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed. \u0110\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng thay th\u1ebf d\u1ea7n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0 r\u00ecu, gi\u00e1o, lao, l\u01b0\u1ee1i qua, m\u0169i t\u00ean, \u0111\u1ee5c, dao kh\u1eafc, b\u00faa \u0111\u1ed3ng, l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c, m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng theo nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, v\u0169 kh\u00ed l\u00e0m t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1, x\u01b0\u01a1ng, s\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ebfc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft th\u00eam thi\u1ebfc, th\u00eam ch\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 s\u1eafc b\u00e9n h\u01a1n, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7, do c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u1edd m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 di t\u00edch nh\u01b0 n\u1ed3i \u0111\u00fac, khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u1ede Th\u00e0nh Den (thu\u1ed9c x\u00e3 T\u1ef1 L\u1eadp, huy\u1ec7n M\u00ea Linh, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i) \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y 44 m\u1ea3nh khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t nung, lo\u1ea1i khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac hai mang d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u m\u0169i t\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fac r\u00ecu \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 4 l\u00f2 n\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u x\u1ec9, gi \u0111\u1ed3ng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi Th\u00e0nh Den l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1ec9m th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac nh\u1ea5t trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Ti\u1ec1n s\u01a1 s\u1eed \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam 1. Th\u00e0nh D\u1ec1n l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110 \u1eadu2. 1. C\u01a1 s\u1edf Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc, S\u0111d, tr. 173. 2. C\u01a1 s\u1edf Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc, S\u0111d, tr. 174. 92","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \/\/. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u00f2 n\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ecf, quanh \u0111\u00f3 \u00edt xi \u0111\u1ed3ng, m\u1ea3nh n\u1ed3i n\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ed3ng, khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t nung cho th\u1ea5y quy m\u00f4 ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng theo t\u1eebng h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh trong l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m. Ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u00f3a b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do chi ph\u1ed1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng g\u1ed1m, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o d\u00e1ng, trang tr\u00ed hoa v\u0103n, ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 nung g\u1ed1m. G\u1ed1m \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu ch\u00f9 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng b\u00e0n xoay, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u1eb7n, ch\u1eafp, \u0111\u1eafp, g\u1eafn, v.v... Lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa, ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ec9nh, v\u00f2, ch\u1eadu, b\u00e1t... c\u00f2n c\u00f3 n\u1ed3i n\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1y tr\u00f2n, \u0111\u00e1y b\u1eb1ng, khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng, dpi xe s\u1ee3i, ch\u1ea1c g\u1ed1m; c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ed1m nh\u01b0 b\u00f2, g\u00e0, r\u00f9a, bi g\u1ed1m... \u0110\u1eb7c trung c\u1ee7a g\u1ed1m \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu \u0111a s\u1ed1 m\u00e0u x\u00e1m nh\u1ea1t, g\u1ed1m c\u1ee9ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ed1m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nung trong l\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi 800 - 900\u00b0c, g\u1ed1m b\u1ec1n h\u01a1n g\u1ed1m Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean. Hoa v\u0103n trang tr\u00ed tr\u00ean g\u1ed1m ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00e1c m\u00f4 t\u00edp th\u1eddi Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean, c\u00f3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o th\u00eam v\u0103n th\u1eebng, h\u00ecnh s\u00f3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, khu\u00f4ng nh\u1ea1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m , ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh s\u1ed1 8, h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef s n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau, tr\u00f4ng r\u1ea5t sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean. H\u1ecd v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ru\u1ed9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, s\u1ed1ng nh\u00f2 v\u00e0o l\u00faa g\u1ea1o. Ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 l\u00e0 t\u00ecm th\u00e2y nhi\u00eau v\u1ebft t\u00edch g\u1ea1o ch\u00e1y, n\u1ed5i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng l\u1edbn trong di chi c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu. H\u1ecd l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn quanh ch\u1ed7 \u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u00eam rau c\u1ee7 b\u1ed5 sung cho b\u1eefa \u0103n. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c s\u0103n b\u1eafn th\u00fa, c\u00e2u c\u00e1 v\u00e0 thu h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m rau c\u1ee7 t\u1eeb t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc cho bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt luy\u1ec7n kim, \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng, l\u00e0m g\u1ed1m. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean; t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 XV-XIV TCN, k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X - IX TCN. V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a G\u00f2 Mun k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp sau \u0111\u1ea5y. 93","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 - Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n G\u00f2 Mun Di t\u00edch G\u00f2 Mun thu\u1ed9c T\u1ee9 X\u00e3, huy\u1ec7n L\u00e2m Thao, t\u00ecnh Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd. Sau cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t qu\u1eadt l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1961, V\u0103n h\u00f3a G\u00f2 Mun' \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh danh. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y 34 di t\u00edc h 2 c\u00f9ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n G\u00f2 Mun \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n G\u00f2 Mun chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng trung du xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng B\u1eafc B\u1ed9, ven \u0111\u00f4i b\u1edd t\u1ea3 h\u1eefu ng\u1ea1n s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi l\u01b0u l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng \u0110u\u1ed1ng, s\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e1y. C\u01b0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c Phong Ch\u00e2u (Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd); n\u01a1i h\u1ee3p lun c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e0, s\u00f4ng L\u00f4 v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng. Khu v\u1ef1c H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i b\u00ean h\u1eefu ng\u1ea1n s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1eadp trung d\u00e2n c\u01b0 tr\u00f9 m\u1eadt. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi G\u00f2 Mun tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean, \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfn s\u00e1t khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u00f2n hoang vu \u1edf ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, l\u1eadp n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m m\u1edbi, c\u01b0 tr\u00fa l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n. T\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thu\u1ed9c V\u0103n h\u00f3a G\u00f2 Mun \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u di v\u1eadt g\u1ed3m c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u0169 kh\u00ed, t\u00e0n t\u00edch th\u1ee9c \u0103n, v\u1ebft t\u00edch n\u1ec1n nh\u00e0, b\u1ebfp l\u00f2, m\u1ed9 t\u00e1ng, nh\u1eefng h\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111en - c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u1ea7m ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c, h\u1ed1 r\u00e1c b\u1ebfp3. Qua nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111em l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi G\u00f2 Mun. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi G\u00f2 Mun ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh r\u00ecu chi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn, trong \u0111\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i r\u00ecu h\u00ecnh thang, h\u00ecnh t\u1ee9 gi\u00e1c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u00ecu c\u00f3 vai c\u00f3 n\u1ea5c t\u1eebng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean, \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu. Ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf t\u1eeb V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu, G\u00f2 Mun c\u00f3 t\u00ednh k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi G\u00f2 Mun \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111inh cao c\u00f9a 1. H\u00e0 V\u0103n Ph\u00f9ng, V\u0103n h\u00f3a G\u00f2 Mun, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1996. 2. C\u01a1 s\u1edf Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed3 h\u1ecdc, S\u0111d, tr. 176. 3. H\u00e0 V\u0103n T\u1ea5n (Ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean), Kh\u00e1o c\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1eadp II - Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i kim kh\u00ed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1999, tr. 133.","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u01b0a, khoan, m\u00e0i, ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1. Song \u1edd giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n suy tho\u00e1i c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0i b\u00f3ng ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ea3i chu\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 v\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfm t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 cao so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng thau. B\u00e8n c\u1ea1nh r\u00ecu \u0111\u00e1 c\u00f2n t\u1ec9m th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0n m\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ee5c, khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng, ch\u00ec l\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u00e1 nh\u01b0 qua, m\u0169i t\u00ean. \u0110\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi G\u00f2 Mun. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi G\u00f2 Mun v\u1eabn ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc xanh, v\u00e0ng nh\u1ea1t, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc v\u00f2ng tay, kh\u00e1nh \u0111eo c\u1ed5, khuy\u00ean tai \u0111\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 lo\u1ea1i m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef p, ch\u1eef T, h\u00ecnh thoi, h\u1ec9nh tam gi\u00e1c, h\u00ecnh thang tinh x\u1ea3o, \u0111\u1eb9p m\u1eaft. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, lo\u1ea1i khuy\u00ean tai 4 m\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebb th\u00eam 2 \u0111\u1ebfn 3 r\u00e3nh trang tri, r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i hoa tai 4 m\u1ea5u tr\u01a1n c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean, \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu. So v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi G\u00f2 Mun \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao hom k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 h\u1ee3p kim qua s\u1ef1 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 t\u00edch l\u0169y kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd \u0111i\u1ec1u chinh ti l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ebfc kh\u00e1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ea1t trinh \u0111\u1ed9 cao trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt pha ch\u1ebf kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u1ea5u luy\u1ec7n. Nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac t\u1eeb khu\u00f4n hai mang v\u00e0 gia c\u00f4ng th\u00eam b\u1eb1ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ngu\u1ed9i. Lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng g\u1ed3m r\u00ecu, gi\u00e1o, lao, m\u0169i t\u00ean, b\u00faa, d\u0169a, \u0111\u1ee5c, l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u00e2u.v.v... \u0110\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c b\u0103ng \u0111 \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u00f2ng tny thict di\u1ec7n b\u0169u d\u1ee5c, khuy\u00ean tai, Iili\u1eabn hlnh S\u1ed1ng tr\u00e2u, l\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c, tr\u00e2m c\u00e0i, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. Lo\u1ea1i r\u00ecu l\u01b0\u1ee1i x\u00e9o, m\u0169i lao, m\u0169i t\u00ean h\u00ecnh l\u00e1, dao kh\u1eafc xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edd giai \u0111o\u1ea1n G\u00f2 Mun v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n sau \u0111\u00f3. Lo\u1ea1i li\u1ec1m hay \\\"v\u1eb1ng\\\" l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edd giai \u0111o\u1ea1n G\u00f2 Mun, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eaft l\u00faa. \u0110\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y 20 lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thau1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng G\u00f2 Mun v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed hoa v\u0103n. Sang th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp hoa v\u0103n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng (tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n), th\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ed3ng 1. C\u01a1 s\u1edb Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed3 h\u1ecdc, S\u0111d, tr. 178. 95","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 (\u0110\u00e0o Th\u1ecbnh)... \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tuy\u1ec7t m\u1ef9. Ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1ed9c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n G\u00f2 Mun \u0111\u00e3 phong ph\u00fa h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 ngh\u1ec1 luy\u1ec7n kim ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111i\u00eau luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m G\u00f2 Mun \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111inh cao v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 trang tri hoa v\u0103n. G\u1ed1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t pha c\u00e1t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00edt t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng b\u00e0n xoay. G\u1ed1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nung trong l\u00f2 chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb 800-900\u00b0C, n\u00ean r\u1ea5t c\u1ee9ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5m n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 m\u00e0u x\u00e1m \u0111en ho\u1eb7c m\u00e0u h\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea1t. Lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh g\u1ed1m G\u00f2 Mun g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111un n\u1ea5u (n\u1ed3i) c\u00f3 mi\u1ec7ng loe r\u1ed9ng, c\u1ed5 u\u1ed1n cong d\u1ec5 trang tr\u00ed hoa v\u0103n; \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ec9nh, ch\u1eadu, v\u00f2, b\u00e1t, m\u00e2m b\u1ed3ng, bi g\u1ed1m, d\u1ecdi xe s\u1ee3i, ch\u00ec l\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00fa b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t nung. Ch\u1ea1c g\u1ed1m xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi G\u00f2 Mun ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Ch\u1ea1c g\u1ed1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed hoa v\u0103n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, khi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0a gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Hoa v\u0103n g\u1ed1m G\u00f2 Mun r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o theo c\u00e1ch quen thu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eadp l\u0103n, in ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e1p n\u1ed5i, kh\u1eafc v\u1ea1ch. N\u00e9t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt \u1edf g\u1ed1m G\u00f2 Mun l\u00e0 hoa v\u0103n theo m\u00f4 t\u00edp h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea5p kh\u00fac, hay h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c, h\u00ecnh ch\u1eeb nh\u1eadt... k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n \u0111\u01a1n tuy\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m; th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc cao, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u00f2ri G\u00f2 Mun. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, g\u1ed1m G\u00f2 Mun \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed9 nung v\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch trang tri hoa v\u0103n so v\u1edbi g\u1ed3m \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 g\u1ed1m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 t\u00edch l\u0169y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u kinh nghi\u1ec7m qu\u00fd, c\u00f3 tay ngh\u1ec1 cao. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, V\u0103n h\u00f3a G\u00f2 Mun l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu. Nh\u1eefng di v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1, \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m cho th\u1ea5y kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh k\u1ebf th\u1eeba, ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00f3. D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o C14 cho bi\u1ebft ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a G\u00f2 Mun, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 1.100 - 1.000 BC v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 96","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang 800 - 700 n\u0103m BC1. V\u0103n h\u00f3a G\u00f2 Mun l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt luy\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt g\u1ed1m G\u00f2 Mun t\u1ea1o n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt luy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y trong v\u00e3n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. Ngo\u00e0i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a quanh khu v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 s\u00f4ng M\u00e3, s\u00f4ng C\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. 2. V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n2 thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng thau - s\u1eaft s\u1edbm (s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1eaft). \u0110\u1ecba b\u00e0n ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00eda nam \u0111\u00e8o Ngang thu\u1ed9c Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh ng\u00e0y nay. Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea s\u01a1 b\u1ed9, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1924 \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u 275 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thu\u1ed9c V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n3. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u1edd 28 t\u1ec9nh th\u00e0nh cho bi\u1ebft V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n c\u00f3 379 di t\u00edch4. Trong \u0111\u00f3, Thanh H\u00f3a c\u00f3 104 di t\u00edch, H\u00e0 T\u00e2y (c\u0169) c\u00f3 52, Ngh\u1ec7 An c\u00f3 25, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 20, Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Cao B\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i tinh c\u00f3 1 di t\u00edch... \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn Nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. Di t\u00edch c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba hinh, t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng du \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ven bi\u1ec3n. C\u00f3 khi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5m di t\u00edch nh\u01b0 Vinh Quang, thu\u1ed9c Ho\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c; c \u1ed5 Loa, huy\u1ec7n \u0110\u00f4ng Anh, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i; di t\u00edch \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, Thanh H\u00f3a; di t\u00edch Qu\u1ef3 Ch\u1eeb thu\u1ed9c x\u00e3 Ho\u1eb1ng Qu\u00fd, huy\u1ec7n Ho\u1eb1ng H\u00f3a, Thanh H\u00f3a; di t\u00edch L\u00e0ng V\u1ea1c, 1. C\u01a1 s\u1edf Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc, S\u0111d, tr. 179. - Kh\u00e1o c\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1eadp II - Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i kim kh\u00ed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, S\u0111d, tr. 146. 2. Ch\u1eed V\u0103n T\u1ea7n, V\u00e3n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n v\u0103n minh Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed1, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2003. 3. Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1eadp II - Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i kim kh\u00ed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, S\u0111d, tr. 209. 4. C\u01a1 s\u1edf Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc, S\u0111d, tr. 197. 97","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 x\u00e3 Ngh\u0129a H\u00f2a, huy\u1ec7n Ngh\u0129a \u0110\u00e0n, tinh Ngh\u1ec7 An v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u di t\u00edch l\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i. Nh\u00ecn chung, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t cao ven \u0111\u1ed3i ven s\u00f4ng, su\u1ed1i thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c sinh s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111i l\u1ea1i. H\u1ecd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f9ng thung l\u0169ng n\u00fai v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t cao \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng B\u1eafc B\u1ed9. V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf c\u1ea3 ba khu v\u1ef1c, m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Khu v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb V\u0103n h\u00f3a G\u00f2 Mun; khu v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng M\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb v\u0103n h\u00f3a hay nh\u00f3m di t\u00edch Qu\u1ef3 Ch\u1eeb; khu v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng C\u1ea3 l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m di t\u00edch R\u00fa Tr\u0103n. Ket qu\u1ea3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh C14 cho bi\u1ebft ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VIII TCN v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 II SCN. T\u1eeb k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ngay t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 60 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi s\u1eed h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. Nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u00e0ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n hay V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang - \u00c2u L\u1ea1c - Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ho\u1eb7c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n: Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng - An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng - giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n V\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00e1n th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean - th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c. V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u00f2 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua H\u00f9ng. V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng phong ph\u00fa. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1, g\u1ed1m, th\u1ee7y tinh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng, thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c di chi c\u01b0 tr\u00fa, m\u1ed9 t\u00e1ng v\u00e0 di chi x\u01b0\u1edfng. 98"]