LỊCH SỬ VIỆT NAM _ VŨ DUY MỀN Chủ biên_ NXB KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI _ Tập 1

["Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c Ba Th\u1ee5c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng gian, th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Th\u1ee5c, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn cao c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, vi\u1ec7c \u0111i t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft, truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft ghi ch\u00e9p v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eeb \u1edf v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecdc theo \u0111\u00f4i b\u1edd s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. Trong nh\u0169ng n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo, ch\u1eafc s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eed li\u1ec7u, di v\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc minh ch\u1ee9ng cho ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n - An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \\\"gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 coi Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c, m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c, m\u1ed9t \\\"n\u01b0\u1edbc\\\" n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u01b0 d\u00e2n V\u0103n Lang, m\u00e0 theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 Th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u L\u1ea1c \u1edf mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai ph\u00eda B\u1eafc\\\"1. n. s \u1ef1 TH\u00c0NH L\u1eacP N\u01af\u1edaC \u00c2u L\u1ea0C 1. Cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c Sau nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 chi\u1ebfn tranh li\u00ean mi\u00ean v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Xu\u00e2n Thu, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \\\"ng\u0169 b\u00e1 tranh h\u00f9ng\\\", ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c b\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 V TCN2. Tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 d\u00e0i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c vi\u1ec7c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn th\u00f4n t\u00ednh n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00f2, \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, S\u0111d, tr. 97. 2. Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ef1a theo ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a T\u01b0 M\u1eab Thi\u00ean trong b\u1ed9 S\u1ee9 k\u00fd ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 L\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c ni\u00ean bi\u1ec3u l\u1ea5y n\u0103m 475 TCN, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u0103m Chu Nguy\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00ean ng\u00f4i l\u00e0m n\u0103m m\u1edd \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 n\u0103m 221 TCN l\u00e0 n\u0103m T\u1ea7n Th\u00f9y Ho\u00e0ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0m n\u0103m k\u1ebft th\u00fac th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y. Song c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Quang trong T\u01b0 tr\u1ecb th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m, l\u1ea5y n\u0103m 403 TCN, t\u1ee9c n\u0103m nh\u00e0 Chu c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ba n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u00e0n, Tri\u1ec7u, Ng\u1ee5y l\u00e0 ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u l\u00e0m n\u0103m m\u1edd \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c. Nguy\u1ec5n Gia Phu - Nguy\u1ec5n Huy Qu\u00fd, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Nxb. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2003, tr. 22. 149","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 V TCN, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf \\\"Th\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c tranh h\u00f9ng\\\", t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tranh quy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 trong 7 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y 10 n\u0103m t\u00f2 n\u0103m 230 - 221 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III TCN, n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t s\u00e1u n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u00e0n, Tri\u1ec7u, Ng\u1ee5y, S\u1edf, Y\u00ean, T\u1ec1, k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee5c di\u1ec7n \\\"th\u1ea5t h\u00f9ng\\\", th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t to\u00e0n Trung Qu\u1ed1c. N\u0103m 221, tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, T\u1ea7n Doanh Ch\u00ednh t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1eddi sau v\u1eabn quen g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u1ecd T\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n, trong \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i cao v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng theo l\u1eddi t\u00e2u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00ecnh \u00fay (Th\u1eeba t\u01b0\u1edbng) L\u00fd T\u01b0 ph\u1ebf b\u00f2 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n phong cho c\u00e1c ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi T\u00e2y Chu, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n, chia c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh 36 qu\u1eadn, sau n\u00e0y t\u0103ng th\u00e0nh hom 40 qu\u1eadn. Qu\u1eadn th\u00fa \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t qu\u1eadn, d\u01b0\u1edbi qu\u1eadn l\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c Huy\u1ec7n l\u1ec7nh ho\u1eb7c Huy\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng cai qu\u1ea3n, c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c quan n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u do v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m. \u1ede Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb do Tam c\u00f4ng (Th\u1eeba t\u01b0\u1edbng, Th\u00e1i \u00fay, Ng\u1ef1 s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1i phu) v\u00e0 C\u1eedu khanh (Th\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng, Lang trung l\u1ec7nh, V\u1ec7 \u00fay, Th\u00e1i ph\u00f3, \u0110\u00ecnh \u00fay, \u0110i\u1ec3n kh\u00e1ch, T\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh, Tr\u1ecb t\u00fac n\u1ed9i s\u1eed, Thi\u1ebfu ph\u1ee7). Trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i, T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7, \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o lu\u00f2rng v\u00e0 v\u0103n t\u1ef1 to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0ng n\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Song v\u00ec tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea7n thi h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m do ch\u00ednh T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \\\"m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, kh\u1eafc b\u1ea1c, kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c, \u00e2n ngh\u0129a\\\"'. Th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb qu\u00e1 h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea7n, \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1ecb ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi kh\u00e9p v\u00e0o t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m. Th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch t\u1eebng ch\u00e9p: ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 kinh \u0111\u00f4 H\u00e0m D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i ch\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ng\u1ee5c 1. H\u00e1n th\u01b0, Th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a ch\u00ed. 150","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea7y \u1eafp t\u00e0 nh\u00e2n. T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng c\u00f2n cho th\u1ef1c thi \\\"Ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0 khanh Nho\\\" (\u0111\u1ed1t s\u00e1ch, ch\u00f4n h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2), x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cung \u0111i\u1ec7n, l\u0103ng t\u1ea9m xa hoa v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 700 h\u00e0nh cung tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u1ec9 t\u00ednh ri\u00eang vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cung A Ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 l\u0103ng m\u1ed9 L\u1ec7 S\u01a1n ph\u1ea3i huy \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn 720.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n tham gia. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, xa x\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. v \u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i, tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea7n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u00e0m m\u1edd r\u1ed9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1ea5c l\u1eabn ph\u00eda nam. S\u1eeb gia T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m S\u1eeb k\u00fd n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e9p r\u00f5 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi: \\\"L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc th\u00ec m\u1eafc h\u1ecda v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3, \u1edf ph\u00eda nam th\u00ec m\u1eafc h\u1ecda v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u00f3ng binh \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng, ti\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, tho\u00e1i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng xong. Trong hom m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m, \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng m\u1eb7c \u00e1o gi\u00e1p, \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf, kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng n\u1ed5i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1ef1 th\u1eaft c\u1ed5 tr\u00ean c\u00e2y d\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft tr\u00f4ng nhau. K\u1ecbp khi T\u1ea7n Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf b\u00e0ng h\u00e0 th\u00ec c\u1ea3 thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng\\\"1. V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00eda nam s\u00f4ng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Giang, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf T\u1ea7n. S\u00e1ch Ho\u00e0i Nam t\u1eed c\u1ee7a L\u01b0u An2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ea7n kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y 50 n\u0103m, v\u00ec v\u1eady nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p trong b\u1ed9 1. S\u1ee9 k\u00fd, Q.l 12, S\u0111d. 2. L\u01b0u An (179 - 122 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean), l\u00e0 con tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f9a Ho\u00e0i Nam L\u1ec7 v\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng, em ru\u1ed9t vua H\u00e1n V\u0103n \u0111\u1ebf (180-157 TCN). N\u0103m th\u1ee9 16 ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u H\u00e1n V\u0103n \u0111\u1ebf (165 TCN), Lui) An \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp phong l\u00e0m Ho\u00e0i Nam v\u01b0\u01a1ng. L\u01b0u An l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, t\u1eebng ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a H\u00e1n V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf (157-141 TCN) vi\u1ebft Ly Tao truy\u1ec7n. An th\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u00eau t\u1eadp t\u00e2n kh\u00e1ch, thu\u1eadt s\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0i ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f9ng nhau bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed1n H\u1ed3ng Li\u1ec7t. Sau n\u00e0y, khi L\u01b0u H\u01b0\u1edbng (77-6 TCN) chinh l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean H\u1ed3ng Li\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh Ho\u00e0i Nam, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb Kinh t\u1ecbch ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a T\u00f9V Th\u01b0 m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u00ean s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0i Nam t\u1eed. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edd \u0111i, Ho\u00e0i Nam t\u1ee9 th\u00e0nh t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a L\u01b0u An. (T\u1eeb Nguy\u00ean, Tu \u0111\u00ednh b\u1ea3n, Th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ee5 \u1ea5n th\u01b0 qu\u00e1n, 1992, B\u1ea5c Kinh, tr. 1833). 151","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed hom c\u1ea3. S\u00e1ch Ho\u00e0i Nam t\u1eed c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 kh\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \\\"b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t\\\" c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"Nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n l\u1ea1i ham s\u1eebng t\u00ea, ng\u00e0 voi, l\u00f4ng chim tr\u1ea3, ng\u1ecdc ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 ng\u1ecdc c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t, b\u00e8n sai \u00fa y \u0110\u1ed3 Th\u01b0 ph\u00e1t 50 v\u1ea1n binh, chia l\u00e0m 5 \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00f3ng \u1edd \u0111\u00e8o Ph\u00e0n Th\u00e0nh, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00f3ng gi\u1eef \u1ea3i C\u1eedu Nghi, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00f3ng \u1edf Phi\u00ean Ngung, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u1eef mi\u1ec1n Nam D\u00e3, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00f3ng \u1edf s\u00f4ng D\u01b0 Can. Trong 3 n\u0103m, [qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n] kh\u00f4ng c\u1edfi gi\u00e1p d\u00e3n n\u1ecf. Gi\u00e1m L\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1edf l\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y binh s\u0129 \u0111\u00e0o c\u1eeb cho th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh nhau v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. Gi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edfng T\u00e2y \u00c2u l\u00e0 D\u1ecbch Hu T\u1ed1ng. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00e0o trong r\u1eebng, \u1edf v\u1edbi c\u1ea7m th\u00fa, kh\u00f4ng ai ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n b\u1eaft. H\u1ecd c\u00f9ng nhau \u0111\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec7t tu\u1ea5n l\u00ean l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ec3 ban \u0111\u00eam ra \u0111\u00e1nh qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1 qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ed3 Th\u01b0. [Qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n] th\u00e2y ph\u01a1i m\u00e1u ch\u1ea3y h\u00e0ng m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, [nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n] b\u00e8n ph\u00e1t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3ng gi\u1eef\\\"1. T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng chi ch\u00e9p vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng xu\u1ed1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam c\u1ee7a T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ghi l\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t trong B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t \\\"[Nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n] sai \u00fa y \u0110\u1ed3 Th\u01b0 \u0111em qu\u00e2n xu\u1ed1ng nam \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea5t B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t, sai Gi\u00e1m L\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0o c\u1eeb ch\u1edf l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0o s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n. [Qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n] \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eef l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y, l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c b\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t ra \u0111\u00e1nh. Qu\u00e2n T\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea1i. [Nh\u00e0 T\u00e2n] b\u00e8n sai \u00fa y \u0110\u00e0 \u0111em binh \u0111\u00f3ng gi\u1eef \u0111\u00e1t Vi\u1ec7t\\\"2. S\u1eed k\u00fd c\u00f2n ch\u00e9p th\u00eam s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1nh xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda Nam nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"N\u0103m 33 (214 TCN), [Nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n] ph\u00e1t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf r\u1ec3 v\u00e0 l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n, c\u01b0\u1edbp chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t L\u1ee5c L\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00e0m c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn Qu\u1ebf L\u00e2m, T\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 Nam H\u1ea3i\\\"3. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t (B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t) \u1edd ph\u00eda Nam c\u1ee7a T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e1c minh l\u00e0 1. L\u01b0u An, Ho\u00e0i Nam \/\u1ee9 \u1ef3fl \\\"p, Nh\u00e2n gian hu\u1ea5n, Q. 18. 2. S\u1eeb k\u00fd, Q.112, S\u0111d. 3. S\u1eed k\u00fd, Q.6, T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, B\u1ea3n k\u1ef7, S\u0111d. 152","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c. Con trai c\u1ee7a T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng l\u00e0 T\u1ea7n Nh\u1ecb Th\u1ebf l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 210 TCN, hai n\u0103m sau t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u0103m 208 TCN, c\u00f2n ban l\u1ec7nh b\u00e3i binh x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm ph\u00eda nam. T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: trong h\u01a1n m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng ch\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 210 TCN, tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c Nam chinh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t [B\u00e1ch] Vi\u1ec7t, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft1. D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ghi ch\u00e9p th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb n\u0103m 218 TCN v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o n\u0103m 208 TCN. Ket c\u1ee5c, tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ra ba qu\u1eadn m\u1edbi g\u1ed3m: Qu\u1ebf L\u00e2m, T\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 Nam H\u1ea3i. Trong \u0111\u00f3, Qu\u1ebf L\u00e2m l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 Nam H\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n v\u1ecb tr\u00ed qu\u1eadn T\u01b0\u1ee3ng (T\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1eadn) \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Ph\u00e1p, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n... tranh lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1 gay g\u1eaft t\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u00e0 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ng\u00e3 ng\u0169. V\u00ec sao v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? Phan Huy L\u00ea cho r\u1eb1ng: \\\"\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y \u00c2u - L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t, c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n V\u0103n Lang - \u00c2u L\u1ea1c\\\"2. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau l\u00ean s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed qu\u1eadn T\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt N am (g\u00f4m c\u00e0 G iao Ch\u00ec v\u00e0 C\u1eedu C h\u00e2n). \u0110 \u00f3 l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Nhan S\u01b0 c \u1ed5 (581-645) ch\u00fa th\u00edch s\u00e1ch Ti\u1ec1n H\u00e1n th\u01b0 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam \u0111\u1eddi H\u00e1n: \\\"Qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam - qu\u1eadn T\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169 c\u1ee7a T\u1ea7n. V\u0169 \u0110inh n\u0103m th\u1ee9 6 \u0111\u1eddi V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf (111 TCN) m\u1edf qu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean. C\u00f3 16 s\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf, g\u1ed3m 3.189 d\u1eb7m, thu\u1ed9c Giao Ch\u00e2u\\\"3. Ti\u1ebfp theo, Nhan S\u01b0 c \u1ed5 c\u00f2n ch\u00e9p th\u00eam: \\\"N\u00f3i n\u00f3 1. S\u1eeb k\u00fd, Q.112, S\u0111d. 2. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, S\u0111d, tr. 97. 3. Ti\u1ec1n H\u00e1n th\u01b0, Quy\u1ec3n 28 h\u1ea1, T\u1edd 10b6, D\u1ea7n theo L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eadp kinh v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean c\u00f9a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta, S\u0111d, tr. 313. 153","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 \u1edf ph\u00eda nam m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi (chi ch\u1eef Nh\u1eadt Nam), n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Khai B\u1eafc h\u1ed9 (M\u1edd c\u1eeda ph\u00eda B\u1eafc) \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi\\\"1. Nh\u01b0ng, ngay ch\u00ednh trong b\u1ed9 Ti\u1ec1n H\u00e1n th\u01b0, ph\u1ea7n B\u1ea3n k\u1ef7 v\u1ec1 H\u00e1n Chi\u00eau \u0111\u1ebf (87 - 74 TCN) c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e9p r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t qu\u1eadn T\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"N\u0103m th\u1ee9 5 ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Nguy\u00ean Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng (H\u00e1n Chi\u00eau \u0111\u1ebf, t\u1ee9c n\u0103m 76 TCN), b\u00e3i b\u1ecf qu\u1eadn T\u01b0\u1ee3ng, chia \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0o hai qu\u1eadn u \u1ea5 t L\u00e2m v\u00e0 T\u01b0\u1eddng Kha\\\"2. Trong m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec1n H\u00e1n th\u01b0, khi ch\u00fa th\u00edch vi\u1ec7c H\u00e1n Cao t\u1ed5 l\u00e0 L\u01b0u Bang v\u00e0o n\u0103m th\u1ee9 5 (202 TCN) sai \\\"L\u1ea5y Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa, D\u1ef1 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Qu\u1eadn, Qu\u1ebf L\u00e2m, Nam H\u1ea3i l\u1eadp B\u00e0 Qu\u00e2n Nhu\u1ebf (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Ng\u00f4 Nhu\u1ebf) l\u00e0m Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa v\u01b0\u01a1ng\\\", Nhan S\u01b0 C\u1ed5 c\u0169ng d\u1eabn l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a (Th\u1ea7n) To\u00e0n n\u00f3i: s\u00e1ch M\u1eadu L\u0103ng th\u01b0 ch\u00e9p: T\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3ng \u1edf L\u00e2m Tr\u1ea7n, c\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1n b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u0103m d\u1eb7m\\\"3. Qu\u1eadn u \u1ea5 t L\u1ea7m l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y, qu\u1eadn T\u01b0\u1eddng Kha \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y qu\u1eadn u \u1ea5 t L\u00e2m v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n thu\u1ed9c Qu\u00fd Ch\u00e2u. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, qu\u1eadn T\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ed3m v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n Nam Qu\u00fd Ch\u00e2u. Tr\u1ecb s\u1edf c\u1ee7a Qu\u1eadn T\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 L\u00e2m Tr\u1ea7n \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y Nam Ninh, thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n T\u00e2n D\u01b0\u01a1ng tinh Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y4. T\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a qu\u1eadn T\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec1n H\u00e1n th\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0: C\u00e1c s\u00e1ch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c sau n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ch\u00e9p v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a qu\u1eadn T\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e9p th\u00eam v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n v\u00e0 coi T\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1eadn l\u00e0 \\\"An Nam\\\" nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"\u0110inh H\u1ee3i n\u0103m th\u1ee9 44 [214 TCN] (T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng n\u0103m th\u1ee9 33), nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf r\u1ec3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i bu\u00f4n, \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o ra l\u00e0m binh, sai Hi\u1ec7u \u00fay \u0110\u1ed3 Th\u01b0 \u0111em qu\u00e2n l\u00e2u thuy\u1ec1n, sai S\u1eed L\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0o ng\u00f2i v\u1eadn l\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t L\u0129nh Nam, \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea5y mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t L\u1ee5c L\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn Qu\u1ebf L\u00e2m (nay l\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n Qu\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t Minh Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y), Nam H\u1ea3i (nay l\u00e0 tinh Qu\u00e0ng \u0110\u00f4ng) v\u00e0 1. Ti\u1ec1n H\u00e1n th\u01b0, Quy\u1ec3n 28 h\u1ea1, t\u1edd lOb, S\u0111d. 2. Ti\u1ec1n H\u00e1n th\u01b0, \u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd ch\u00ed, Q.7, t\u1edd 9a. 3. Ti\u1ec1n H\u00e1n th\u01b0, Quy\u1ec3n 1 h\u1ea1, S\u0111d, t\u1edd 9b. 4. L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, S\u0111d, tr. 172. 154","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Qu\u1eadn (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 An Nam), cho Nh\u00e2m Ngao l\u00e0m Nam H\u1ea3i \u00fay, Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 l\u00e0m Long Xuy\u00ean l\u1ec7nh (Long Xuy\u00ean l\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a qu\u1eadn Nam H\u1ea3i), \u0111em nh\u1eefng binh ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3 50 v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ed3n \u1edf Ng\u0169 L\u0129nh, Ngao v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 m\u01b0u x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm n\u01b0\u1edbc ta\\\"1. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng: qu\u1eadn T\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ea7n bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u00e3n Lang \u0111\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c \u0111\u1eddi An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn Nh\u1eadt Nam. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c coi cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng T\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y \u00c2u - L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i2. Thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y, ngay t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ho\u00e0i nghi v\u00e0 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n b\u00e1c b\u1ecf. Ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 s\u1eed th\u1ea7n V\u0169 Ph\u1ea1m K h\u1ea3i3, khi tham gia Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed qu\u00e1n, t\u1eebng gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Ph\u00f3 T\u1ed5ng t\u00e0i, bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c, c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0 t\u1eeb v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n s\u1eed th\u1ea7n T\u00f4 Tr\u00e2n4, 1. D\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1998, tr. 138. 2. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, S\u0111d, tr. 110. 3. V\u0169 Ph\u1ea1m Kh\u1ea3i (1807-1872), ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0ng Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng Tr\u00ec, x\u00e3 Y\u00ean M\u1ea1c, Tam \u0110i\u1ec7p, Ninh B\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed7 thi H\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m 1828, sau thi \u0111\u1ed7 C\u1eed nh\u00e2n n\u0103m 1831, m\u1ea5y l\u1ea7n tham gia thi H\u1ed9i nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00ec ph\u1ea1m tr\u01b0\u1eddng quy m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed7. Sau khoa thi H\u1ed9i n\u0103m 1835, \u00d4ng d\u1ee9t b\u1ecf con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng khoa c\u1eed, nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c Tri huy\u1ec7n H\u01b0ng Nguy\u00ean, Qu\u1ef3nh L\u01b0u, t\u1eebng gi\u1eef c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c \u0110\u00f4 s\u00e1t vi\u1ec7n I \u1ec5 khoa C\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 tmng. I.ang trung b\u1ed9 H\u00ecnh. H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n Thi \u0111\u1ed9c H\u1ecdc s\u0129... \u00d4ng t\u00ednh c\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ef1c, nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n d\u00e2ng s\u1edb \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ea7n khuy\u00ean ng\u0103n vua Minh M\u1ec7nh, Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb, T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f2ng th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kinh t\u1ebf..., \u0111\u00e0n h\u1eb7c t\u1ec7 n\u1ea1n c\u00f9a c\u00e1c quan, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi c\u00f3 l\u00fac tr\u00e1i \u00fd vua, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 hai l\u1ea7n b\u1ecb gi\u00e1ng c\u1ea5p, 19 l\u1ea7n b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 ba l\u1ea7n tham gia Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 To\u00e0n tu, Bi\u00ean tu v\u00e0 Ph\u00f3 T\u1ed5ng t\u00e0i. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, trung th\u1ef1c, c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n khi c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c s\u1eed th\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c. 4. T\u00f4 Tr\u00e2n (1791- ?), danh th\u1ea7n tri\u1ec1u Minh M\u1ec7nh (1820-1840), ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0ng Xu\u00e2n C\u1ea7u, huy\u1ec7n V\u0103n Giang, tinh B\u1eafc Ninh (nay thu\u1ed9c x\u00e3 Xu\u00e2n c\u1ea7u, huy\u1ec7n V\u0103n Giang, Hung Y\u00ean), \u0111\u1ed7 Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 n\u0103m 1826, t\u1eebng gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Tu\u1ea7n ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ecbnh T\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ecb c\u00e1ch. Sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u00e0m H\u1eefu Tham tri b\u1ed9 L\u1ec5, sung l\u00e0m To\u00e1n tu Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed qu\u00e1n r\u1ed3i v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed s\u0129. 155","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Ph\u1ea1m H\u1eefu Nghi1 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft s\u1eed, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eb3ng th\u0103n ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn quan ni\u1ec7m qu\u1eadn T\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam. S\u1eed quan h\u1ecd V\u0169 vi\u1ebft: ... S\u00e1ch T\u1eadp l\u00e3m ch\u00fa: \\\"Qu\u1ebf L\u00e2m nay l\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y, Nam H\u1ea3i nay l\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f3ng. T\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1eadn c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai r\u1ed9ng m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng, nay l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ee7 Li\u00eam, L\u00f4i \u0111\u1ea5t Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, ph\u1ee7 Kh\u00e1nh Vi\u1ec5n, Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea5t Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc An Nam\\\". Theo nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi ch\u00fa \u1ea5y th\u00ec T\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1eadn th\u1eddi H\u00e1n c\u00f3 hai ph\u1ea7n \u1edf v\u00f9ng L\u01b0\u1ee1ng Qu\u1ea3ng, c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n thu\u1ed9c n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam ta. V\u1eady th\u00ec l\u1ebd n\u00e0o l\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi ta l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc? V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, n\u01b0\u1edbc ta thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f2i vua Th\u1ee5c An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m 44 (214 TCN). \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta c\u00f3 vua \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u, n\u01b0\u1edbc chia l\u00e0m 15 b\u1ed9. V\u1eady l\u1ebd n\u00e0o nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t qu\u1eadn tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta! \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u1edd th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t\\\"2. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a V\u0169 Ph\u1ea1m Kh\u1ea3i: \\\"...T\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1eadn l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t3 trong B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t4 thu\u1ed9c n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t ta\\\"5. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u00f4ng ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c s\u00f9 c\u0169 c\u1ee7a ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef9, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ghi ch\u00e9p sai l\u1ea7m: \\\"T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t qu\u1eadn tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, tuy kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, song kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 tr\u00f9m l\u00ean c\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. B\u1eafc s\u1eed ghi ch\u00e9p ch\u1ec9 n\u00eau \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i. C\u00f2n s\u1eed c\u0169 c\u1ee7a ta th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn r\u00f5, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 cho l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1edd c\u00f5i n\u01b0\u1edbc An Nam thu\u1ed9c qu\u1eadn T\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a T\u1ea7n, th\u1ef1c sai l\u1ea7m l\u1eafm\\\"6. 1. Ph\u1ea1m H\u1eefu Nghi, nguy\u00ean qu\u00e1n Ngh\u1ec7 An, sau di c\u01b0 v\u00e0o huy\u1ec7n Di\u00ean Ph\u01b0\u1edbc, Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, \u0111\u1ed7 C\u1eed nh\u00e2n n\u0103m 1821, \u0111i s\u1ee9 Thanh v\u1ec1 th\u00ec b\u1ecb c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9c. Sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c ch\u1ee9c, l\u00e0m quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9c Tham tri b\u1ed9 L\u1ec5, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sung l\u00e0m To\u1ea3n tu Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed qu\u00e1n. 2. V\u0169 Ph\u1ea1m Kh\u1ea3i, \u0110\u00f4ng Dic\u01a1ng thi v\u0103n tuy\u1ec3n, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 M\u1ed9i, 1991, tr. 260. 3. Ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t 4 | n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u00ean tr\u00ean ch\u1eef \\\"h\u01b0\u1edbng\\\" trong l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 \\\"m\u1ec5\\\" ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 \\\"cung\\\". 4. Ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t \u00ae n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u00ean ch\u1eef \\\"t\u1ea9u\\\" b\u00ean trong ph\u00eda ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 \\\"Vi\u1ec7t\\\". 5. 6. \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng thi v\u0103n tuy\u1ebfn, S\u0111d, tr. 261. 156","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c Xung quanh vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed qu\u1eadn T\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean hai c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c nhau g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f9a tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea7n v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0 L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t. C\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p L.Aurousseau, \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed qu\u1eadn T\u01b0\u1ee3ng theo thuy\u1ebft lun truy\u1ec1n t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 qu\u1eadn T\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt Nam, hay bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 3 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t: Giao Chi, C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n, Nh\u1eadt N am 1. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1944, nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Tr\u1ea7n Tu H\u00f2a trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ed1 s\u1eed c\u1eadp k\u1ef3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u0103n h\u00f3a chi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, cho r\u1eb1ng: \\\"Qu\u1eadn T\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi l\u00e0 qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam \u0111\u1eddi H\u00e1n (Trung Trung B\u1ed9), kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m qu\u1eadn Giao Ch\u1ec9, C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n. Tr\u1ea7n Tu H\u00f2a ch\u00ec r\u00f5: qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n t\u1eeb Phi\u00ean Ngung, d\u00f9ng l\u00e2u thuy\u1ec1n v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 v\u00f9ng Nh\u1eadt Nam, l\u1eadp ra qu\u1eadn T\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3\\\"2. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 80 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c S\u1ea7m Th\u00e1nh M\u1ea7n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 cho vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fa th\u00edch nh\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 T\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec1n H\u00e1n th\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1edf c\u1ee9. H\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 h\u1ecd s\u1ea7m vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"L\u1eddi t\u1ef1 ch\u00fa v\u1ec1 Nh\u1eadt Nam qu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ban c \u1ed1 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9\\\"3. Hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ti\u1ebfu Mai, Qu\u00e1ch Ch\u1ea5n \u0110\u1ea1c khi vi\u1ebft quy\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00f4ng s\u1eed v\u00e0o n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI (2001) c\u0169ng theo c\u00e1c thuy\u1ebft sai l\u1ea7m x\u01b0a kia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 H\u00e1n th\u01b0 - \u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd ch\u00ed, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c \\\"ch\u00fa th\u00edch c\u1ee7a Ban c \u1ed1 v\u1ec1 Nh\u1ea1i N am (l\u00e0 qu\u1eadn T\u01b0\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1eddi T\u00e2n), l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c\\\" v\u00e0 \\\"Tr\u1ecb s\u1edf c\u1ee7a qu\u1eadn T\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m trong v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam \u0111\u1eddi H\u00e1n th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1\\\"4. H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch 1. L.Aurousseau, La prem i\u00e8re conqu\u00eate chinoise des pays Annammites. B.E.F.O XXIII, 1923. D\u1ea7n theo L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, S\u0111d, tr. 111. 2. Tr\u1ea7n Tu H\u00f2a, Vi\u1ec7t Nam co s\u1eed c\u1eadp k\u1ef3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u0103n h\u00f3a chi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, Nxb. C\u00f3n Minh, 1944. 3. T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u00c2n \u0111\u1ed9 China s\u1ed1 4, n\u0103m 1981. 4. Qu\u00e1ch Ch\u1ea5n \u0110\u1ea1c - Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ti\u1ebfu Mai, Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00f4ng s\u1eed, Nxb. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c, B\u1eafc Kinh, 2001, tr. 134-137 (ti\u1ebfng Trung). 157","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y l\u00e0: Qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t Nh\u1eadt Nam (Trung B\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam) v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y \u00c2u - L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n V\u0103n Lang - \u00c2u L\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. C\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i th\u1ee9 hai, l\u1ea1i theo xu h\u01b0\u1edbng coi qu\u1eadn T\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi qu\u1eadn Nam H\u1ea3i, Qu\u1ebf L\u00e2m, chi n\u1eb1m trong ph\u1ea1m vi tinh Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n Qu\u00fd Ch\u00e2u. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: Qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n m\u1edbi chi ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c V\u0103n Lang - \u00c2u L\u1ea1c v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t1. \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p H.Masp\u00e9ro v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt Guimei Saeki (T\u00e1 B\u00e1 Ngh\u0129a Minh)2. S\u1eed gia V\u0169 Ph\u1ea1m Kh\u1ea3i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n cho r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n ch\u01b0a v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u1ebf L\u00e2m, b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 s\u1edf c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"s\u00e1ch Ho\u00e0n V\u0169 Ic\u00fd ch\u00e9p: \\\"S\u1eed L\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0o s\u00f4ng t\u1eeb Linh L\u0103ng \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u1ebf L\u00e2m\\\". Con s\u00f4ng m\u00e0 S\u1eed L\u1ed9c chi \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u1ebf L\u00e2m. V\u1eady qu\u00e2n s\u0129 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed3 Th\u01b0 l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t Qu\u1ebf L\u00e2m m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?\\\"3 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Lam H\u1ed3ng \u1ea2n c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u00f9ng di v\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra quan \u0111i\u1ec3m: Sau khi Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed (h\u1ecd Khai Minh) b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 316 TCN, kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Giao Chi xa x\u00f4i4. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2004, h\u1ecdc gi\u00e1 Nguy\u1ec5n Duy Hinh c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra nghi v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng Ba Th\u1ee5c, T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Giao Ch\u1ec9 \u0111i qua n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110i\u1ec1n (V\u00e2n Nam)5. C\u00f9ng th\u1eddi gian 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, S\u0111d, tr. 111. 2. H.Masp\u00e9ro, Le commanerie de Siang, B.E.F.O XVI, 1916; T\u00e1 B\u00e1 Ngh\u0129a Minh, \\\"T\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1eadn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kh\u1ea3o\\\", Nam Phong, s\u1ed1 137, th\u00e1ng 9\/1928. D\u1ea7n theo L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, S\u0111d, tr. 110. 3. \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng thi v\u0103n tuy\u1ebfn, S\u0111d, tr. 261. 4. \\\"Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed ch\u0103ng? Hay l\u00e0 Tr\u00fac V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed?\\\", S\u0111d, tr. 19-21. 5. V\u0103n minh L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t, S\u0111d, tr. 58. 158","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IIL N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c n\u00e0y, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 L\u00ea M\u1ea1nh Th\u00e1t cho r\u1eb1ng: \\\"Bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n, sau khi \u0111\u01b0a \u00day \u0110\u00e0 (Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0) v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed3 Th\u01b0 xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00f9ng L\u1ee5c L\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp n\u00ean ba qu\u1eadn Nam H\u00e0i, Qu\u1ebf L\u00e2m v\u00e0 T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Qu\u1eadn, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t hai tinh Qu\u00e0ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Qu\u00fd Ch\u00e2u b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c\\\"1. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X sau khi \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1: \\\"th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a T\u1ea7n trong vi\u1ec7c chinh ph\u1ee5c B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t ph\u00eda nam l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1eadp 3 qu\u1eadn m\u1edbi l\u00e0 Qu\u1ebf L\u00e2m, T\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 Nam H\u1ea3i\\\", \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: \\\"Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n ch\u01b0a v\u00e0o t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n trung t\u00e2m c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t\\\"2. Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t cho r\u1eb1ng, qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda nam, \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ra 3 qu\u1eadn Qu\u1ebf L\u00e2m, Nam H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 T\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb 3 qu\u1eadn tr\u00ean, \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c \u00day, L\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec3 coi gi\u1eef, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 uy hi\u1ebfp tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9a v\u00f9ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng n\u00ean ph\u00e2n t\u00edch cho th\u1eadt ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng ghi ch\u00e9p trong Ho\u00e0i Nam t\u1eed v\u00e0 S\u1ee9 k\u00fd, chi m\u1edbi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f9a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n do vi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u1ed3 Th\u01b0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u. T\u01b0 li\u1ec7u c\u00f9a hai b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chung chung l\u00e0 d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9c B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t, t\u00ednh chung t\u1eeb ph\u00eda nam s\u00f4ng Dirrmg T \u00f9 tr\u00f2 xu\u00f4ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ghi r\u00f5 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u00e2n L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 coi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u1eed gia V\u0169 Ph\u1ea1m Kh\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n ch\u01b0a v\u00e0o t\u1edbi v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ch\u00e9p kh\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i: \\\"Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eeb qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n c\u00f3 v\u00e0o t\u1edbi b\u1edd c\u00f5i n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, ch\u1eb3ng qua c\u0169ng chi t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t, hai n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t L\u1ee5c Ch\u00e2u, Chi\u00eau T\u1ea5n \u1edf 1. L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eadp kinh v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean c\u00f9a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta, S\u0111d, tr. 327. 2. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, S\u0111d, tr. 171. 159","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 H\u01b0ng H\u00f3a m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1ebft \u0110\u1ed3 Th\u01b0, v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y t\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a T\u1ea7n ch\u1eb3ng qua c\u0169ng chi ghi ch\u00e9p kh\u1ed1ng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t ta\\\"1. L\u00ea M\u1ea1nh H\u00f9ng, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 s\u1eed Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t - T\u1eeb ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 ch\u00f9 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u0103m 2007, c\u0169ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 Trung Hoa, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u c\u00f9a s\u00e1ch Ho\u00e0i Nam t\u1eeb k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh: \\\"Cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 b\u1ecb sa l\u1ea7y tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng v\u00e0 n\u00fai c\u1ee7a tinh Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 qu\u00e2n tr\u1ea5n \u0111\u00f3ng, nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i g\u1edfi th\u00eam binh l\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00fa \u0111\u00f3ng \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng m\u1edbi chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n binh l\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0o vong, t\u00f9 t\u1ed9i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o \u1edf r\u1ec3 (chu\u1ebf tu\u1ebf), l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n. H\u1ecd \u1edf h\u1ed7n c\u01b0 v\u1edbi d\u00e2n B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t. Tuy nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n n\u00e0y v\u1eabn b\u1ecb ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f4 l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i n\u0103m 214 TCN, khi Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed v\u00e0o l\u00e0m \u00fa y qu\u1eadn Nam H\u1ea3i2 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i d\u00e2ng bi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 xin c\u1ea5p cho ba v\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 g\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c con g\u00e1i ch\u01b0a ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 \\\"may v\u00e1 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o cho qu\u00e2n s\u0129'. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n chi g\u1eedi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1n n\u0103m tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng ch\u1ebft (v\u00e0o n\u0103m 210 TCN)\\\"3. L\u00ea M\u1ea1nh H\u00f9ng c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng, qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ta khi \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 ho\u00e0i nghi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i H\u00f9ng Vu\u01a1ng tham gia chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n \\\"c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong S\u1eed k\u00fd, H\u00e1n th\u01b0 v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0i Nam t\u1eeb, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1ed1i \u0111a l\u00e0 t\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u s\u00f4ng T\u00e2y Giang m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, c\u00f2n c\u00e1ch bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ta c\u1ea3 m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m c\u00e2y s\u1ed1. Kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng 1. \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng thi v\u0103n tuy\u1ec3n, S\u0111d, tr. 261. 2. L\u00ea M\u1ea1nh H\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea7m, khi \u0111\u00f3 Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 Huy\u1ec7n l\u1ec7nh Long Xuy\u00ean, ch\u01b0a l\u00e0m \u00fa y qu\u1eadn Nam H\u1ea3i. N\u0103m 208, \u00fa y qu\u1eadn Nam H\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Nh\u00e2m Ngao tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ebft, m\u1edbi d\u1eb7n \u0111\u00f2 v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft gi\u1ea5y trao quy\u1ec1n \u00fa y qu\u1eadn cho Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0. 3. Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t - T\u1eeb ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, S\u0111d, tr. 74-75. 160","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I\u1ec8L N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c chi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 l\u00e3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1edfi qu\u00e2n \u0111i h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m d\u1eb7m gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7\\\"1. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eadn v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta ch\u01b0a, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u00ecm th\u00eam c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u minh ch\u1ee9ng. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, do t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ef1c d\u00e2n c\u01b0, g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 sinh m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, cho n\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 tham gia t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9c T\u00e2y \u00c2u (hay \u00c2u Vi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c T\u00e2y \u00c2u Vi\u1ec7t), ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n di\u1ec5n ra v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t. Nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n huy \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda nam nh\u01b0 Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y, Qu\u00fd Ch\u00e2u, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t nguy c\u01a1 uy hi\u1ebfp tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp V\u00e2n Nam v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i Th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh (Qu\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edfng) c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9c T\u00e2y \u00c2u l\u00e0 D\u1ecbch Hu T\u1ed1ng, v\u01a1 v\u00e9t t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1eebng t\u00ea, ng\u00e0 voi, ng\u1ecdc ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 ng\u1ecdc c\u01a1. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c T\u00e2y \u00c2u c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, kh\u00f4ng cam ch\u1ecbu th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, \u1ea9n n\u00e1u v\u00e0o r\u1eebng s\u00e2u, ch\u1ecdn c\u1eed ra nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \\\"ki\u1ed9t tu\u1ea5n\\\" l\u00e0m ch\u1ec9 huy, \u0111\u00eam \u0111\u1ebdm b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd \u0111\u1ed5 ra \u0111\u00e1nh qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n. Ket qu\u1ea3, h\u00e0ng m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1 \\\"th\u00e2y ph\u01a1i m\u00e1u ch\u1ea3y\\\", gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed3 Th\u01b0. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ed9c T\u00e2y \u00c2u, b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1. Qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea5t, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp 3 qu\u1eadn Qu\u1ebf L\u00e2m, T\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 Nam H\u1ea3i. T\u1ed9c T\u00e2y \u00c2u b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y xu\u1ed1ng v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda nam c\u1ed9ng c\u01b0 v\u1edbi t\u1ed9c L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t. S\u00e1ch H\u1eadu H\u00e1n th\u01b0, truy\u1ec7n M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7n, truy\u1ec7n Nh\u00e2m Di\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u00e9p r\u00f5: ngu\u1eddi c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn Giao Chi v\u00e0 C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t. 1. Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t - T\u1eeb ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 ch\u00f9, S\u0111d, tr. 75. 161","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Do \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ef1c c\u1eadn k\u1ec1, t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc hai t\u1ed9c T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0 L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng qua l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n... M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9c l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 m\u1eb7t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 giao l\u01b0u h\u1eefu h\u1ea3o, trao \u0111\u1ed5i kinh t\u1ebf... v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 m\u1eb7t ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u tranh. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ea3 hai t\u1ed9c T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0 L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t, c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u00e9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c, th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft l\u1eabn nhau, d\u1ec5 h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f9ng nhau. Trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n hai t\u1ed9c T\u00e2y \u00c2u, L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u00ean khi chi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5 ra, h\u1ecd c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft g\u1eafn b\u00f3 hom. Chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng T\u1ea7n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 chi n\u1ed5 ra tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t T\u00e2y \u00c2u, song nguy c\u01a1 uy hi\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ea3n hi\u1ec3m nguy, s\u00e1t c\u00e1nh c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng T\u00e2y \u00c2u \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i bang. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, T\u00e2y \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n d\u1ed3n \u00e9p xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda nam, s\u00e1t v\u1edbi L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn c\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi \\\"ki\u1ec7t tu\u1ea5n\\\" l\u00ean l\u00e0m tir\u1edbng. Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, uy t\u00edn \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u00f9 t\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y \u00c2u khi \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n l\u00ean n\u1eafm vai tr\u00f2 th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh, \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u01b0 d\u00e2n L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3 ngoan c\u01b0\u1eddng, khi\u1ebfn cho qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n c\u00e0ng ti\u00e9n s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 phla nam c\u00e0ng li\u00ean ti\u00e9p ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee9ng ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng tlii\u00e9u th\u1ed5n \\\"l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c b\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu\\\", l\u1ea1i l\u00e2m v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh \\\"ti\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, tho\u00e1i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng xong\\\", ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ed1c l\u1ea5y th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i to l\u1edbn nh\u01b0: t\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ec9 huy b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft, r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh ph\u01a1i th\u00e2y tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Ket c\u1ee5c th\u1ea3m b\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n o\u00e1n th\u00e1n, ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5t \u00fd ch\u00ed ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, khi T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng v\u1eeba ch\u1ebft n\u0103m 210 TCN, l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 \u1edd Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a do Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1eafng, Ng\u00f4 Qu\u1ea3ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng T\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a H\u1ea1ng V\u0169 v\u00e0 L\u01b0u Bang n\u0103m 209 TCN l\u00e0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf T\u1ea7n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng trong 162","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, con c\u1ee7a T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng l\u00e0 T\u1ea7n Nh\u1ecb Th\u1ebf v\u1eeba n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i, sang n\u0103m 208 TCN \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i ra l\u1ec7nh b\u00e3i binh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam. Cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda nam c\u00f9a nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 10 n\u0103m t\u1eeb 218 -208 TCN, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ec3 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa T\u00e2y \u1ea2u v\u00e0 L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t di\u1ec5n trong v\u00f2ng \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eebng 4, 5 n\u0103m (k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1nh lui ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y \u00c2u xu\u1ed1ng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u00e1p ranh v\u1edbi t\u1ed9c L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t). Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 gi\u1eefa hai t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t. Th\u1eed th\u00e1ch qua cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb v\u00e0 uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n trong c\u01b0 d\u00e2n T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 thu ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1ebfn m\u1ed9 c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t. Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f9a m\u00ecnh trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f2ng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n T\u00e2y \u00c2u - L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t. Trong \u0111\u00f3, T\u00e2y \u00c2u (hay T\u00e2y \u00c2u Vi\u1ec7t) bao g\u1ed3m hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0 \u00c2u L\u1ea1c, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1edbi, c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u00c2u L\u1ea1c. S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia \u00c2u L\u1ea1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 Vi\u1ec7t Nam ghi ch\u00e9p v\u00e0o n\u0103m 257 TCN: \\\"Gi\u00e1p Thin, n\u0103m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (n\u0103m 257 TCN) (Chu No\u00e3n V\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m th\u1ee9 58). Vua \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4n t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang, \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 \u00c2u L\u1ea1c. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, vua nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh Il\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng Il\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01b0ng binh h\u00f9ng l\u01b0\u1ecfng m\u1ea1nh, vua b\u1ecb thua m\u00e3i. H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea3o vua r\u1eb1ng: \\\"Ta c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c th\u1ea7n, n\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 \u01b0?\\\" R\u1ed3i, H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng s\u1eeda sang v\u00f5 b\u1ecb, ch\u1ec9 ham \u0103n u\u1ed1ng vui ch\u01a1i. Qu\u00e2n Th\u1ee5c k\u00e9o s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i, h\u00e3y c\u00f2n say m\u1ec1m ch\u01b0a tinh, r\u1ed3i th\u1ed3 huy\u1ebft nh\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng gi\u1ebfng ch\u1ebft, qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh quay gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng\\\"1. S\u00e1ch Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c do Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed qu\u00e1n tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec1n bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 XIX, c\u0169ng ch\u00e9p n\u1ed9i dung 1. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ee9 k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp 1, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1998, tr. 136-137. 163","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 1, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u00e9p th\u00eam \\\"N\u0103m Gi\u00e1p Th\u00ecn (257 TCN (Th\u1ee5c An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m th\u1ee9 1): Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 \u00c2u L\u1ea1c, \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf Phong Kh\u00ea\\\"2. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y, c\u00e1c ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00ednh ch\u00ednh, v\u00ec th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m qu\u1ed1c gia \u00c2u L\u1ea1c ra \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i sau khi cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t ch\u1ed1ng T\u1ea7n th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 sau khi T\u1ea7n Nh\u1ecb Th\u1ebf ban l\u1ec7nh b\u00e3i binh n\u0103m 208 TCN. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00eam t\u1eeb s\u00e1ch (\u0110\u1ea1i) Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c cho bi\u1ebft: \\\"Cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Chu, H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb con vua Th\u1ee5c l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1n \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u00e0 l\u00ean thay\\\"3. N\u1ed9i dung ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ea7n t\u00edch v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2n gian s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea1i coi Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n l\u00e0 \\\"d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i\\\", ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 \\\"ch\u00e1u ngo\u1ea1i\\\" c\u1ee7a vua H\u00f9ng. Cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, gi\u1eefa H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t k\u00e9o d\u00e0i4 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 nghe theo l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a con r\u1ec3 l\u00e0 T\u1ea3n Vi\u00ean S\u01a1n Th\u00e1nh, t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00f4i cho Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n5. Qu\u1ed1c gia \u00c2u L\u1ea1c ra \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh dung h\u1ee3p h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, tuy kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a hai t\u1ed9c T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0 L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t. Hai t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 l\u1eabn nhau, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 uy hi\u1ebfp m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1c ngo\u1ea1i bang. Trong chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ho\u1ea1n n\u1ea1n, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh t\u00e0i ba l\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. Sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh tan gi\u1eb7c ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m, hai t\u1ed9c T\u00e2y \u00c2u, L\u1ea1c V i\u1ec7t th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi v\u1edbi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn hom, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng h\u01a1n. Th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kh\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 T\u00e2y \u00c2u - L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00f4i t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u Qu\u1ed1c gia \u00c2u L\u1ea1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 t\u1ea1i c \u1ed5 Loa. Qu\u1ed1c gia \u00c2u L\u1ea1c tuy m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, 1. Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c, S\u0111d, tr. 78. 2. Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c, S\u0111d, tr. 79. 3. Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ee9 l\u01b0\u1ee3c, S\u0111d, tr. 14. 4. \u0110\u1ecba ch\u00ed C\u1ed3 Loa, S\u0111d, tr. 199-200. 5. \u0110\u1ecba ch\u00ed C\u1ed3 Loa, S\u0111d, tr. 207. 164","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao h\u01a1n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. 2. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u00c2u L\u1ea1c T\u00ednh t\u00f2 khi ra \u0111\u1eddi (208 TCN), cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u1ecb Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 th\u00f4n t\u00ednh (179 TCN), th\u1eddi gian t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng g\u1ea7n 30 n\u0103m. C\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ghi ch\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f9a \u00c2u L\u1ea1c. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u qua nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9c L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t - m\u1ed9t trong hai t\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh Qu\u1ed1c gia \u00c2u L\u1ea1c. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong truy\u1ec7n Gi\u1ea3 Quy\u00ean Chi trong s\u00e1ch H\u00e1n th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Ban c \u1ed1 nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"N\u0103m S\u01a1 Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee9 6 (n\u0103m 48 TCN), \u0111\u1eddi H\u00e1n Chi\u00eau \u0111\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chu Nhai n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n. Vua b\u00e8n \u0111\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb n\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ecf Chu Nhai. Gi\u1ea3 Quy\u00ean Chi \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ri\u00eang Chu Nhai c\u00f3 ng\u1ecdc, n\u00ean b\u1ecf Chu Nhai. Trong l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb, Gi\u1ea3 Quy\u00ean Chi cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e0o xa x\u00f4i: \\\"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t, cha con tam chung m \u1ed9t d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng, quen u\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng m\u0169i, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec c\u1ea7m th\u00fa, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n\\\"', Vua b\u00e8n nghe theo b\u1ecf qu\u1eadn Chu Nhai\\\"2. Theo Nguy\u1ec5n Duy Hinh, \\\"c\u00e2u n\u00f3i cha con c\u00f9ng t\u1eafm chung d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u1ee5c t\u1ef5 \u1ea9m l\u00e0 chi chung ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t. Ng\u00e0y nay ch\u01b0a ai ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ee5c t\u1ef5 \u00e2m \u1edd \u0111\u1ea3o H\u1ea3i Nam m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1edd V i\u1ec7t Nam , ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Gi\u1ea3 Quy\u00ean Chi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m ri\u00eang v\u00e0o Chu Nhai nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ng\u1ecdc\\\"3. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII, Ph\u1ea1m Th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i sau th\u1eddi gian hai n\u0103m l\u00e0m Tri ph\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i ph\u1ee7 T\u0129nh Giang (t\u1ee9c v\u00f9ng Qu\u1ebf L\u00e2m, Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y, Trung Qu\u1ed1c ng\u00e0y nay) \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Qu\u1ebf H\u1ea3i ngu h\u00e0nh ch\u00ed, trong ph\u1ea7n 1. Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n phi\u00ean \u00e2m nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t chi nh\u00e2n ph\u1ee5 t\u1eed \u0111\u1ed3ng xuy\u00ean nhi d\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eadp d\u0129 t\u1ef5 \u1ea9m d\u1eef c\u1ea7m th\u00fa v\u00f4 d\u1ecb b\u1ea3nb\u1ea5t t\u00fac qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n trid\u00e3...\\\" 2. V\u00e2n minh L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t, S\u0111d, tr. 87. 3. V\u0103n minh L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t, S\u0111d, tr. 88. 165","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Kh\u00ed ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 u\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng m\u0169i nh\u01b0 sau: B\u00e1t t\u1ef5 \u1ea9m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef5 \u1ea9m, c\u00f3 b\u00e1t t\u1ef5 \u1ea9m b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed1m nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfc b\u00e1t \u0103n c\u01a1m b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 c\u1eafm m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u1ed1ng nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 v\u00f2i \u1ea5m. \u0111\u00fat \u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o m\u0169i h\u00fat n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u01b0\u1ee3u, m\u00f9a n\u00f3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 u\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u1ecd n\u00f3i n\u01b0\u1edbc theo m\u0169i v\u00e0o mi\u1ec7ng, r\u1ea5t kho\u00e1i\\\"1. Nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u00e9 k\u1ef7 XVIII, c\u0169ng t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u1ee5c t\u1ef5 \u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong s\u00e1ch Ki\u1ebfn v\u0103n ti\u1ec3u l\u1ee5c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n n\u0103m 1777: \\\"Gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La Qu\u1ea3... Gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y t\u00f2 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5 \u1edf n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba, sau t\u1ea3n ra tr\u00ean c\u00e1c n\u00fai x\u00e3 thu\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u B\u1ea3o L\u1ea1c, l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt, kh\u00f4ng d\u1eddi \u0111i n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c... Con trai b\u1eafn s\u00fang gi\u1ecfi, c\u0169ng l\u1ea5y ngh\u1ec1 s\u0103n b\u1eafn l\u00e0m sinh nhai. Th\u00edch u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u b\u1eb1ng m\u0169i (t\u1ef5 \u1ea9m), m\u1ed7i khi tr\u1eddi n\u00e1ng m\u1ecfi m\u1ec7t, li\u1ec1n \u0103n th\u1ecbt thui \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4, h\u1ecd gi\u00e3 qu\u1ea3 \u1edbt (\u1edbt qu\u1ea3) h\u00f2a v\u1edbi mu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong, r\u00f3t v\u00e0o trong chu\u00f4i c\u00e1i b\u1ea7u, r\u1ed3i nghi\u00eang c\u00e1i chu\u00f4i \u1ea5y v\u00e0o m\u0169i, ng\u1eeda m\u1eb7t l\u00ean m\u00e0 h\u00fat l\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0103n th\u1ecbt l\u1ee3n\\\"2... \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n ti\u1ebfp theo l\u1ea1i ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1: \\\"Gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi X\u00e1 T\u1ee5: c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La Qu\u1ea3... T\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c\u0169ng th\u00edch u\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng m\u0169i. T\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn t\u1ea3n c\u01b0 x\u00e3 T\u1ee5 Long, c\u0169ng ch\u1ecbu binh l\u00ednh dao d\u1ecbch\\\"3. L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n c\u00f2n cung c\u1ea5p th\u00eam t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 t\u1ee5c t\u1ef5 \u1ea9m \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00fai H\u00e0 Giang: \\\"X\u00e3 Y\u00ean Qu\u1ea3ng, ch\u00e2u V\u1ecb Xuy\u00ean, c\u00f3 n\u00fai Kh\u00e2u L\u00e2u, cao v\u00fat t\u1ea7ng m\u00e2y, h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng l\u00ean n\u00fai, bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i ng\u1ee7 ch\u00e2n n\u00fai..., th\u00f4n x\u00f3m \u1edf ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee3 b\u00faa... t\u00ednh th\u00edch \u0103n x\u00f4i b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1o n\u1ebfp, m\u1ed7i b\u1eefa c\u01a1m thi nghi\u1ec1n h\u1ed3 ti\u00eau h\u00f2a v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc trong, r\u1ed3i d\u1ed1c v\u00e0o m\u0169i, h\u00fat cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft, \u00edt khi \u0103n g\u1ea1o t\u1ebb, th\u00f3c g\u1ea1o t\u1ebb th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i g\u00e0 l\u1ee3n\\\"4. Th\u00f4ng qua ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean, Nguy\u1ec5n Duy Hinh \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u1ee5c t\u1ef5 \u1ea9m chi ch\u1ee9ng minh: c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi 1. V\u0103n minh L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t, S\u0111d, tr. 88. 2. L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n, Ki\u1ebfn v\u0103n ti\u1ebfu l\u1ee5c, B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch, Nxb. V\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u00f4ng tin, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. 2007, tr. 391-392. 3. Ki\u1ebfn v\u0103n ti\u1ebfu l\u1ee5c, S\u0111d, tr. 392. 4. Ki\u1ebfn v\u0103n ti\u1ec3u l\u1ee5c, S\u0111d, tr. 413, 424. 166","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t trong B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edd khu v\u1ef1c mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai gi\u00e1p ranh hai n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam - Trung Qu\u1ed1c ng\u00e0y nay. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u01b0ng t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng ng\u00e0y nay. M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7n truy\u1ec7n trong s\u00e1ch H\u1eadu H\u00e1n th\u01b0, c\u00f3 ghi l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi t\u00e2u c\u00f9a M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7n l\u00ean vua H\u00e1n sau khi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a do Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o: \\\"T\u00e2u l\u00ean vua r\u1eb1ng, lu\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt H\u00e1n h\u01a1n 10 vi\u1ec7c, b\u00e8n l\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169 \u0111\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc th\u00fac h\u1ecd. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 sau, L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t tu\u00e2n theo vi\u1ec7c c\u0169 c\u00f9a t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n h\u1ecd M\u00e3 (L\u1ea1c l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7t danh c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t). M\u00f9a Thu n\u0103m th\u1ee9 20 (n\u0103m 44 SCN), M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7n k\u00e9o qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 Kinh s\u01b0, tr\u1ea3i qua ch\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00ed d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh, quan qu\u00e2n m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ebft b\u1ed1n n\u0103m ph\u1ea7n... M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7n th\u00edch c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a, gi\u1ecfi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ng\u1ef1a hay, l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf Giao Chi \u0111\u00fac th\u00e0nh ng\u1ef1a m\u1eabu...\\\"1. Nh\u00e2m Di\u00ean truy\u1ec7n trong s\u00e1ch H\u1eadu H\u00e1n th\u01b0 ch\u00e9p: \\\"\u0110\u1ea7u ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Ki\u1ebfn V\u0169 (n\u0103m 25-55 TCN) Nh\u00e2m Di\u00ean \u0111ang l\u00e0m quan (\u1edf th\u00e0nh L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng) d\u00e2ng Bi\u1ec3u xin v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1eed \u00f4ng l\u00e0m Th\u00e1i th\u00fa C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n. H\u00e1n Quang V\u0169 tri\u1ec7u ki\u1ebfn \u00f4ng ban cho ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0 g\u1ea5m v\u00f3c, h\u1ea1 l\u1ec7nh cho \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ee3 con \u1edf l\u1ea1i L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 s\u0103n b\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e0y tr\u00e2u (\u0110\u00f4ng Quan H\u00e1n k\u00fd vi\u1ebft: C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1t c\u1ecf tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt. Ti\u1ec1n H \u00e1n thir vi\u1ebft: Sini t\u00fac \u0111\u00f4 \u00fay Tri\u1ec7u Qu\u00e1 d\u1ea1y d\u00e2n c\u00e0y tr\u00e2u). D\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng mua g\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Giao Chi m\u1ed7i khi thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n. Nh\u00e2m Di\u00ean b\u00e8n h\u1ea1 l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00fac \u0111i\u1ec1n kh\u00ed d\u1ea1y d\u00e2n kh\u1ea9n hoang tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt, m\u1ed7i n\u0103m di\u1ec7n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t t\u0103ng, b\u00e1ch t\u00ednh no \u0111\u1ee7. L\u1ea1i d\u00e2n L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e9p gi\u00e1 th\u00fa, theo d\u00e2m hi\u1ebfu ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f4i c\u1eb7p, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd cha con, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng\\\"2. Ghi ch\u00e9p trong s\u00e1ch H\u1eadu H\u00e1n th\u01b0, cung c\u1ea5p cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 tam c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh: B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi vua 1. H\u1eadu H\u00e1n th\u01b0, Q.24, M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7n truy\u1ec7n. 2. H\u1eadu H\u00e1n th\u01b0, Q.76, Nh\u00e2m Di\u00ean truy\u1ec7n. 167","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 H\u00e1n Quang \u0111\u1ebf (n\u0103m 22-55 TCN) th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 chi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay (t\u1ee9c Giao Chi, C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi). \u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, kh\u00f4ng theo l\u1ec5 gi\u00e1o Nho gia, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1eafc Trung B\u1ed9 th\u00ec l\u00e0m n\u01b0\u01a1ng (theo ki\u1ec3u \u0111ao canh h\u1ecfa ch\u1ee7ng hay thi\u00eau th\u00e0o ch\u1ee7ng \u0111i\u1ec1n)1. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n (B\u1eafc Trung B\u1ed9) d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Nh\u00e2m Di\u00ean theo ngh\u1ec1 s\u0103n b\u1eafn, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa (n\u01b0\u1edbc), cho n\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ph\u1ea3i mua g\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Giao Chi (L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t). Sau n\u00e0y, Nh\u00e2m Di\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt r\u00e8n \u0111\u00fac c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng (\u0111i\u1ec1n kh\u00ed) khi\u1ebfn cho di\u1ec7n t\u00edch canh t\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. C\u01b0 d\u00e2n C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n c\u00f2n ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng gi\u1ed1ng l\u00faa c\u00f3 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao \u0111em v\u1ec1 tr\u1ed3ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, s\u00e1ch H\u1eadu H\u00e1n th\u01b0 ch\u00e9p: N\u0103m 123 TCN, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi vua H\u00e1n An \u0111\u1ebf \\\"C\u1eebu Ch\u00e2n b\u00e1o c\u00f3 c\u00e2y l\u00faa b\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1m l\u00e0nh (s\u00e1ch \u0110\u00f4ng Quan H\u00e1n k\u00fd vi\u1ebft: C\u00e2y l\u00faa c\u00f3 156 g\u1ed1c, 768 b\u00f4ng)\\\"2. Do v\u1eady, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c no \u0111\u1ee7 hom tr\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u1ebfu trong th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 m\u1edbi chi \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u00c2u L\u1ea1c, th\u00ec th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m qua \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng trong c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch. Th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: ngh\u1ec1 tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Ti\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. L\u00faa g\u1ea1o ch\u00e1y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kho\u1ea3ng ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i 3.500 \u0111\u00e9n 3.200 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong nhi\u1ec1u di ch\u1ec9 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u1edf l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, s\u00f4ng C\u1ea3 v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng M\u00e3. Trong khu\u00f4n l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3 l\u00faa g\u1ea1o ch\u00e1y l\u1eabn v\u1ecf tr\u1ea5u tr\u1ed9n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng l\u00faa n\u1ebfp v\u00e0 l\u00faa t\u1ebb3. L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i m\u00f9a l\u00faa v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e3 g\u1ea1o 1. V\u0103n minh L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t, S\u0111d, tr. 96. 2. Nguy\u00ean v\u00e0n: phi\u00ean \u00e2m: C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n ng\u00f4n gia h\u00f2a sinh (\u0110\u00f4ng Quan H\u00e1n k\u00fd vi\u1ebft h\u00f2a b\u00e1ch ng\u0169 th\u1eadp l\u1ee5c b\u1ea3n th\u1ea5t b\u00e1ch l\u1ee5c th\u1eadp b\u00e1t hu\u1ec7). H\u1eadu H\u00e1n th\u01b0. 3. Nguy\u1ec5n Vi\u1ec7t, \\\"V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00faa n\u1ebfp v\u00e0 ch\u00f5 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng\\\", T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc, 1980, s\u1ed1 3. 168","Ch\u01b0cmg III. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ng\u1ecdc L\u0169, c \u1ed5 Loa, S\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e0, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e3 g\u1ea1o, s\u00e0ng g\u1ea1o tr\u00ean th\u00e2n th\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1edf H\u1ee3p Minh (Y\u00ean B\u00e1i) hay th\u00f3c g\u1ea1o c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean tr\u1ea1ng trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00f9y t\u00e1ng theo m\u1ed9 \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n1, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u00f2 l\u00faa l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed3ng c\u1ea5y l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u00c2u L\u1ea1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 nu\u00f4i v\u00e0 thu\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1c gia c\u1ea7m, gia s\u00fac nh\u01b0 g\u00e0, ch\u00f3, l\u1ee3n... v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 tr\u00e2u... \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nhu y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea9m h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m s\u1ee9c k\u00e9o trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y x\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u0103ng tr\u00e2u trong nhi\u1ec1u di chi c\u01b0 tr\u00fa \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. \\\"Ch\u00f3 v\u00e0 tr\u00e2u c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c con v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean tang, th\u00e2n tr\u1ed1ng, r\u00ecu \u0111\u1ed3ng\\\"2. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f4i tr\u00e2u \u0111ang \\\"\u0111i t\u01a1\\\" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean th\u00e2n tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ed9ng X\u00e1 c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 I TCN. C\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh chim, th\u00fa r\u1eebng nh\u01b0 chim c\u00f4ng, t\u00ea gi\u00e1c, h\u01b0\u01a1u, nai, c\u00e1 voi, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0103n th\u1ecbt nh\u01b0 h\u1ed5, c\u00e1 s\u1ea5u... tr\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh minh h\u1ecda trang tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00f2ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. Ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t v\u1eabn l\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n kim m\u00e0 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng. Nh\u1edd tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cao trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc mang \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: \\\"V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt luy\u1ec7n kim \u0111\u1ed3ng thau. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft, n\u1ea5u ch\u1ea3y s\u1eaft ra \u0111\u1eddi, l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed1i giao l\u01b0u trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng xung quanh. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, \u0111\u1ee7 tho\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf ra \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u1edbi t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\\\"3. 1. H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n Th\u0103ng Long, S\u0111d, tr. 374. 2. H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n Th\u0103ng Long, S\u0111d, tr. 389. 3. Ph\u1ea1m Minh Huy\u1ec1n. V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n t\u00ednh thong nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1996, tr. 12-13. 169","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Th\u00f4ng qua b\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt c\u00f9a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng linh ho\u1ea1t c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5y tr\u1ed3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c mang t\u00ednh qu\u1ea3ng canh tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u0169ng nh\u1eb1m minh ch\u1ee9ng th\u00eam cho ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch Ti\u1ec1n H\u00e1n th\u01b0 l\u00e0: Nh\u00e2m Di\u00ean b\u00e8n h\u1ea1 l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00fac \u0111i\u1ec1n kh\u00ed d\u1ea1y d\u00e2n khan hoang tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt, m\u1ed7i n\u00e1m di\u1ec7n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t t\u0103ng, b\u00e1ch t\u00ednh no \u0111\u00f9. C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, phong ph\u00fa v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, bao g\u1ed3m: r\u00ecu, cu\u1ed1c, x\u1ebbng, thu\u1ed5ng, l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u00e0y, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 thu ho\u1ea1ch, d\u00f9i \u0111\u1ee5c...1 \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, trong s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ea5y tr\u1ed3ng, l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u00e0y l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf M\u1ea3 Tre, c \u1ed5 Loa thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn: \\\"s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o trong b\u1ed9 di v\u1eadt M\u1ea3 Tre (96\/192), \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ea3 so v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam (96\/10)\\\"3. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0o n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Qua th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1edf c \u1ed5 Loa, gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2u L\u1ea1c ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m ra c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng s\u1ee9c k\u00e9o c\u1ee7a gia s\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh canh t\u00e1c l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 B\u1eafc B\u1ed94. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa s\u1ee9c k\u00e9o c\u1ee7a gia s\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t 1. V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n t\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, S\u0111d, tr. 93-112. 2. TS. Nguy\u1ec5n Vi\u1ec7t trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 h\u01a1n 100 hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf M\u1ea3 Tre: \\\"...l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed ch\u00e9m b\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng\\\". H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n Th\u0103ng Long, S\u0111d, tr. 594. 3. 4. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, S\u0111d, tr. 179-180. 170","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c b\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u l\u1edbn trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0: N\u0103ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y l\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. Th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u0169ng cung c\u1ea5p s\u1eed li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c: Giao Chi m\u1ed9t n\u0103m canh t\u00e1c hai v\u1ee5 l\u00faa: \\\"S\u00e1ch Te d\u00e2n y\u1ebfu thu\u1eadt d\u1eabn D\u1ecb v\u1eadt ch\u00ed: L\u00faa tr\u1ed3ng hai v\u1ee5 h\u00e8 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng \u1edf Giao Ch\u00ec... th\u00e1ng 10 c\u00f3 l\u00faa ch\u00edn, ru\u1ed9ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 x\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec1n, th\u00ec tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa \u0111\u1ecf, th\u00e1ng 4 c\u00f3 l\u00faa ch\u00edn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi hai v\u1ee5 l\u00faa l\u00e0 v\u1eady\\\"1. Trong \u0111\u00f3, \\\"v\u1ee5 hai (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u1ee5 l\u00faa chi\u00eam, th\u00e1ng 4 thu ho\u1ea1ch) c\u1ee7a l\u00faa Giao Ch\u1ec9, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f2, thu ho\u1ea1ch l\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt\\\", nhung \\\"G\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n ra ngo\u00e0i, th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u c\u00f3\\\"2. Do v\u1eady, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c d\u01b0 th\u1eeba h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u01b0 d\u1eadt. Vi th\u1ebf, th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi ch\u00e9p r\u00e0ng: v\u00f9ng Giao Chi (L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t) th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean l\u00e0 n\u01a1i cung c\u1ea5p g\u1ea1o \u0103n cho d\u00e2n c\u01b0 C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n (B\u1eafc Trung b\u1ed9). Theo \u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd ch\u00ed ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 qu\u1eadn Giao Chi nh\u01b0 sau: D\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1eeb n\u0103m th\u1ee9 6 ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Nguy\u00ean \u0110inh th\u1eddi H\u00e1n V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf (113 TCN), c\u00f3 92.440 h\u1ed9, nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u 746.237, g\u1ed3m 9 huy\u1ec7n: An (Y\u00ean) \u0110\u1ecbnh, C\u00e2u L\u1eadu, Mi Linh, Kh\u00fac D\u01b0\u01a1ng, B\u1eafc \u0110\u1edbi, K\u00ea T\u1eeb, T\u00e2y Vu, Long Bi\u00ean, Chu Di\u00ean. S\u00e1ch c\u1ed5 c\u0169ng vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 qu\u1eadn C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n: d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1eeb n\u00e3m th\u1ee9 6 ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Nguy\u00ean \u0110\u1ec9nh th\u1eddi H\u00e1n V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf (113 TCN), c\u00f3 35.743 h\u1ed9, 166.113 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u, g\u1ed3m 7 huy\u1ec7n l\u00e0: T\u01b0 Ph\u1ed1, C\u01b0 Phong, \u0110\u00f4 Long, D\u01b0 Ph\u00e1t, H\u00e0m Hoan, V\u00f4 Thi\u1ebft, V\u00f4 Bi\u00ean. Qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1eeb n\u0103m th\u1ee9 6 ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Nguy\u00ean \u0110inh th\u1eddi H\u00e1n V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf, c\u00f3 15.460 h\u1ed9, 69.485 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u, g\u1ed3m 5 huy\u1ec7n: Chu Ng\u00f4, T\u1ef7 \u00c1nh, L\u00f4 Dung, T\u00e2y Quy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m3. Neu t\u00ednh c\u1ea3 ba qu\u1eadn Giao Ch\u1ec9, C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n, Nh\u1eadt Nam th\u00ec t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 h\u1ed9 l\u00e0 143.643 h\u1ed9 v\u1edbi 981.735 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo ghi ch\u00e9p trong H\u00e1n th\u01b0 (Ti\u1ec1n H\u00e1n Th\u01b0) th\u1ec9 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u tri\u1ec1u H\u00e1n, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a qu\u1eadn Giao Chi g\u1ea7n g\u1ea5p 4, 5 l\u1ea7n d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 qu\u1eadn C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n. 1. Th\u00fay kinh ch\u00fa s\u1edb, Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00e1 M\u00e3o d\u1ecbch, S\u0111d, tr. 387-388. 2. Th\u1ee7y kinh ch\u00fa s\u1edb, Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00e1 M\u00e3o d\u1ecbch, S\u0111d, tr. 388. 3. H\u00e1n th\u01b0, Quy\u1ec3n 28 h\u1ea1, \u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd ch\u00ed, \u0111\u1ec7 b\u00e1t h\u1ea1. +AT> 171","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Chi t\u00ednh ri\u00eang vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5p l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 cho g\u1ea7n 750 nghln ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong qu\u1eadn, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 g\u1ea1o ph\u1ea3i cung \u1ee9ng trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m c\u1ee7a qu\u1eadn Giao Chi \u1ec9\u00e0 kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn. Ngo\u00e0i ra, Giao Chi c\u00f2n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ph\u1ea3i cung c\u1ea5p l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c cho g\u1ea7n 170.000 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n, vi v\u1eady, nhu c\u1ea7u l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0ng n\u0103m \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t canh t\u00e1c. V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n tuy kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i nh\u01b0 v\u00f9ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng c\u00f9a Giao Ch\u1ec9 (L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t), nh\u01b0ng sau khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng, s\u1eaft v\u00e0o s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u00ec di\u1ec7n t\u00edch canh t\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t thu ho\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 n\u0103m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng b\u1ed9i thu, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n cho nhu c\u1ea7u l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7, gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i \u0111i mua n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c chuy\u00ean canh c\u00e2y l\u00faa l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Giao Chi v\u00e0 C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n c\u00f2n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u1eeb\u1ed3ng d\u00e2u nu\u00f4i t\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng th\u00eam thu nh\u1eadp, gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 trang ph\u1ee5c th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y. S\u1eed ch\u00e9p: t\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 hai v\u00f9ng Giao Chi v\u00e0 C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u thu ho\u1ea1ch t\u1eb1m m\u1ed9t n\u0103m t\u00e1m l\u1ee9a k\u00e9n. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n c\u00f3 s\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i k\u00e9n nh\u1ecf, nh\u1eb9 v\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh, s\u1ee3i t\u01a1 y\u1ebfu, s\u1ed3i m\u1ecfng'. Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t di v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1edf M\u1ea3 Tre, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Tr\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c \u1ed5 Loa (hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tr\u1ed5ng \u0111\u00f2ng M\u1ea3 Tre), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9p v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh Heger I (H \u1ec9), t\u1ee9c thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng tr\u1ed5ng c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Franz Heger ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2o. Hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed g\u1ecdi tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf c \u1ed5 Loa l\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, vi n\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho trang tr\u00ed ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. Ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i tr\u1ed5ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 V \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf ky IIITCN. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra tr\u1ed1ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh v\u0169 kh\u00ed: n\u0103m 19S9 t\u1ea1i c\u1ea7 u V\u1ef1c, 1. Th\u1ee7y l\u00e0nh ch\u00fa s\u1edb, Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00e1 M\u00e3o d\u1ecbch, S\u0111d, tr. 388. 172","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c C\u1ed5 Loa \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t kho m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u01b0a tra c\u00e1n, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00ean t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n chi\u1ebfc, n\u1eb7ng t\u1edbi 93kg) b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1 tinh x\u1ea3o', \u0111\u00e3 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng m\u1edbi: ngh\u1ec1 luy\u1ec7n kim, ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Song th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, hay ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o? c\u1ea7 n ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00eam. Khi th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ch\u1eafc ch\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c cho n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf quan tr\u1ecdng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u00f2i k\u1ef3 \u00c2u L\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hom tr\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec1u. 3. Th\u00e0nh c \u1ed5 Loa - K\u1ec9nh \u0111\u00f4 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c S\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa hai t\u1ed9c L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n T\u00e2y \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia \u00c2u L\u1ea1c v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 III TCN. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa hai t\u1ed9c, t\u1eebng di\u1ec5n ra s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n giao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c (T\u1ee5c) Ph\u00e1n - v\u1ecb th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9c T\u00e2y \u00c2u - d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n d\u00e2n hai t\u1ed9c, n\u1eafm gi\u1eef ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a \u00c2u L\u1ea1c. S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n giao n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t. Ch\u00ednh do \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, cho n\u00ean s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 khi x\u1ea3y ra chi\u1ebfn tranh, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e0ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. 1. N\u0103m 2005, gi\u1edbi kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n ba mang \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fac nh\u1eefng m\u0169i t\u00ean ba c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u1ed5 Loa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1959 \u1edf c\u1ea7u V\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c x\u00e3 c\u1ed5 Loa, \u0110\u00f4ng Anh, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. 173","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 v \u1ec1 kinh t\u00e9: \u0110\u1ecba v\u1ef1c canh t\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa t\u1ea1i l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng Nhu\u1ec7 - \u0110\u00e1y, \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu ng\u1ea1n s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch khai hoang l\u1ea5n bi\u1ec3n ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t l\u1edbn, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng l\u00faa m\u1edbi n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o gieo tr\u1ed3ng, s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng nhanh, tr\u1ed3ng d\u00e2u nu\u00f4i t\u1eb1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. v \u1ec1 an ninh qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc'. Nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh v\u0169 kh\u00ed m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng ba c\u1ea1nh, r\u00ecu, dao g\u0103m, gi\u00e1o, qua \u0111\u1ed3ng... s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia t\u0103ng m\u1ea1nh trong th\u1eddi gian \u00c2u L\u1ea1c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Trong c\u00e1c khu m\u1ed9 t\u00e1ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 c\u1eadn nh\u01b0: Vinh Quang, L\u00e0ng C\u1ea3, Ch\u00e2u Can, Vi\u1ec7t Kh\u00ea..., s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed (dao g\u0103m, riu, gi\u00e1o, m\u0169i t\u00ean...) \u0111\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 64% hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt t\u00f9y t\u00e1ng... B\u1ed9 v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n th\u1eddi \u00c2u L\u1ea1c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u0103ng m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi hai lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh v\u1eabn l\u00e0 r\u00ecu v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o1. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n dao g\u0103m \u0111\u00fac c\u00e1n h\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c di v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh trang tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. Xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng gi\u1eb7c ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111u\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n lo\u1ea1i n\u1ecf (cung) b\u1eafn m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u m\u0169i t\u00ean, th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch ghi l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 n\u1ecf li\u00ean ch\u00e2u, hay n\u1ecf m\u00f3ng r\u00f9a, d\u00e2n gian truy\u00e8n t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \\\"n\u1ecf Ih\u00e0n\\\" do th\u00e0n nh\u00e2n gi\u00fap s\u1ee9c. Th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 c\u00f2n m\u1ec7nh danh b\u00e0ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n cho lo\u1ea1i n\u1ecf n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Linh quang kim tr\u1ea3o th\u1ea7n n\u1ed7 (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0: N\u1ecf th\u1ea7n l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng m\u00f3ng r\u00f9a linh thi\u00eang). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tuy c\u00f3 mang t\u00ednh huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i, song \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc minh ch\u1ee9ng cho c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trong truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1i c \u1ea7 u V\u1ef1c, ph\u00eda nam Kinh th\u00e0nh c \u1ed5 Loa. v \u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb: B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c quan nh\u01b0: L\u1ea1c h\u1ea7u, L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng... \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng 1. H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n Th\u0103ng Long, S\u0111d, tr. 429. 174","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c \u1ed5 Loa, \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u00c2u L\u1ea1c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. v \u1ec1 th\u00e0nh C\u1ed5 Loa hay l\u00e0 Loa Th\u00e0nh th\u1eddi An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c ghi l\u1ea1i1. [\u0110\u1ea1i] Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ee9 l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f9ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eafp th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"Cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Chu, H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb con vua Th\u1ee5c l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1n \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u00e0 l\u00ean thay. Ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1eafp th\u00e0nh \u1edd Vi\u1ec7t Th\u01b0\u1eddng, x\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng...\\\"2. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t kinh th\u00e0nh (\u0111\u00f4) sau khi \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u00c2u L\u1ea1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ee9c thi\u1ebft m\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c (T\u1ee5c) P\u1eafn ph\u1ea3i g\u1ea5p r\u00fat ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. V\u00f9ng c \u1ed5 Loa l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t cho \u00fd t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac kinh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n, l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i giao th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y, c \u1ed5 Loa l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho trung t\u00e2m kinh t\u1ebf, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Theo chi d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch H\u00e1n th\u01b0, c \u1ed5 Loa thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n T\u00e2y Vu, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 32.000 h\u1ed9, chi\u1ebfm g\u1ea7n 1\/3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Giao Ch\u1ec9. \u0110en \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n (n\u0103m 22 - 220), c \u1ed5 Loa thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n Phong Kh\u00ea, v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi T\u00f9y - \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VI - X) l\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea1o. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, thir t\u1ecbch c\u00f9a Tning Qu\u1ed1c \u1ea3 m\u1ed7i th\u00f2i k\u1ef3 khi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 An Dirorng Viromg v\u00e0 kinh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat v\u1ec1 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m. S\u00e1ch Qu\u00e0ng Ch\u00e2u k\u00fd ghi: An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf huy\u1ec7n Phong Kh\u00ea, s\u00e1ch Nam Vi\u1ec7t ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea9m Ho\u00e0i Vi\u1ec5n ch\u00e9p: Th\u00e0nh c\u0169 1. Nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch: [D\u1ea1i\u1eca Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, Vi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n u linh, L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i, D\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ed, \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eeb k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, L\u1ecbch tri\u1ec1u hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ed, Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ee9 ti\u00eau \u00e1n, Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ee9 th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c, H\u1eadu H\u00e1n th\u01b0, Giao Ch\u00e2u ngo\u1ea1i v\u1ef1c k\u00fd, Qu\u00e0ng Ch\u00e2u k\u00fd, Th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n v\u0169 k\u00fd, Nam Vi\u1ec7t ch\u00ed, Th\u1ee7y kinh ch\u00fa, T\u00f9y th\u01b0, An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, An Nam ch\u00ed... 2. Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, S\u0111d, tr. 14. 175","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 c\u1ee7a An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng huy\u1ec7n B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea1o. S\u00e1ch Giao Ch\u00e2u ngo\u1ea1i v\u1ef1c k\u00fd c\u0169ng cho bi\u1ebft: Nay huy\u1ec7n B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea1o c\u00f2n d\u1ea5u c\u0169 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh vua An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong s\u00e1ch An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a L\u00ea T\u1eafc ch\u00e9p: \\\"Vi\u1ec7t V\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ee5c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh Kh\u1ea3 L\u0169, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ao c\u1ed5\\\"1. An Nam ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a Cao H\u00f9ng Tr\u01b0ng ghi l\u1ea1i: Loa Th\u00e0nh \u1edd huy\u1ec7n \u0110\u00f4ng Ng\u00e0n, xo\u00e1y tr\u00f2n ch\u00edn v\u00f2ng nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh tr\u00f4n \u1ed1c, ki\u1ec3u l\u00e0m do An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, l\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh Kh\u1ea3 L\u0169. S\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u00f2n ch\u00e9p th\u00eam: \\\"Ch\u1ed3 \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t, n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t V\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e0nh\\\"2. Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho r\u1eb1ng Kh\u1ea3 L\u0169 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Ch\u1ea1 Ch\u1ee7 - t\u00ean n\u00f4m c\u1ee7a c \u1ed5 Loa, x\u01b0a kia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh K'L\u1ee7, hay Kh'L\u1ee7 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean \u00e2m ch\u1eef H\u00e1n th\u00e0nh Kh\u1ea3 L\u0169 v\u00e0 C\u1ed5 Loa, v\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh Kim L\u0169 trang3. Theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ecba m\u1ea1o th\u00ec \\\"khu v\u1ef1c C\u1ed5 Loa - \u0110\u00f4ng Anh lu\u00f4n n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u1ea1nh ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc, song l\u1ec7ch h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a tam gi\u00e1c ch\u00e2u s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, trong \u0111\u00f3 khu v\u1ef1c Ph\u00f9 L\u1ed7, S\u00f3c S\u01a1n n\u1eb1m trong ph\u1ea1m vi r\u00eca ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a tam gi\u00e1c ch\u00e2u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f2n c \u1ed5 Loa l\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m \u1edf r\u00eca ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u1ea1nh tam gi\u00e1c ch\u00e2u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 hai. \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f4 v\u00e0 x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh\\\"4. Tuy v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a th\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 xu\u00f4n x\u1ebb. Theo c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n, khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eafp th\u00e0nh g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1, c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1eafp l\u00ean th\u00ec h\u00f4m sau th\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb s\u1ee5t l\u1edf. Sau nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n ki\u00ean tr\u00ec v\u00e0 r\u00fat kinh nghi\u1ec7m, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nh\u00e0 vua c\u00f2n t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea5n tr\u00f2ri \u0111\u1ea5t 1. L\u00ea T\u1eafc, An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, Nxb. Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a - Trung t\u00e2m V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e2y, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2002, tr. 64. 2. Cao H\u00f9ng Tr\u01b0ng, An Nam ch\u00ed, B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch l\u01b0u t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n S\u1eed h\u1ecdc, tr. 135. 3. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edbi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, S\u0111d, tr. 182-183. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, S\u0111d, tr. 118. 4. \u0110\u1ecba ch\u00ed C\u1ed5 Loa, S\u0111d, tr. 30-31. 176","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n linh s\u00f4ng n\u00fai, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a th\u00e0nh b\u1ec1 th\u1ebf, uy nghi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh c \u1ed5 Loa. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4i th\u00e0nh n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, Th\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eafp th\u00e0nh \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Th\u01b0\u1eddng, r\u1ed9ng ngh\u00ecn tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng, cu\u1ed1n tr\u00f2n nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh con \u1ed1c, cho n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Loa Th\u00e0nh, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh T\u01b0 Long (ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh C\u00f4n L\u00f4n, v\u00ec th\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t cao\\\")1. Nam Vi\u1ec7t ch\u00ed mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 ch\u00edn v\u00f2ng chu vi ch\u00edn d\u1eb7m. D\u00e2n gian \u0111\u00e3 huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i h\u00f3a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c gian kh\u1ed5, t\u1ed1n c\u00f4ng t\u1ed1n s\u1ee9c n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n mang t\u00ednh th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, ti\u00ean n\u1eef...2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi sau ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Truy\u1ec7n R\u00f9a v\u00e0ng (Kim Quy truy\u1ec7n) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi v\u00e0o qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed. Ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u00f9ng b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1eeb xa x\u01b0a c\u00f9a t\u00f2a th\u00e0nh c \u1ed5 Loa, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. Th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng gi\u1eefa v\u00f9ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, ngay s\u00e1t b\u00ean b\u1edd B\u1eafc c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng Ho\u00e0ng Giang, tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t khu \u0111\u1ea5t cao v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ao, \u0111\u1ea7m. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, con s\u00f4ng Ho\u00e0ng Giang \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thu h\u1eb9p nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con m\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu ru\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 c \u1ed5 Loa. S\u00f4ng Ho\u00e0ng Giang x\u01b0a v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Thi\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u1ea3y n\u1ed1i s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng c\u1ea7u \u1edf v\u00f9ng Qu\u1ea3 C\u1ea3m - Th\u1ed5 H\u00e0, t\u1ec9nh B\u1eafc Ninh. S\u00f4ng n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Thi\u1ebfp ch\u1ea3y qua 5 huy\u1ec7n Y\u00ean L\u00e3ng, Kim Anh, \u0110\u00f4ng Ng\u00e0n, Y\u00ean Phong, Ti\u00ean Du n\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ng\u0169 Huy\u1ec7n Kh\u00ea3. S\u00f4ng Ho\u00e0ng Giang ch\u1ea3y d\u1ecdc trong c \u1ed5 Loa, v\u00ec th\u1ebf x\u01b0a kia t\u1eeb C\u1ed5 Loa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u00f4ng ra bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean n\u00fai. 1. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u1eb5 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1998, tr. 136. 2. \u0110\u1ecba ch\u00ed Co Loa, C\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1eb2u L\u1ea1c, S\u0111d, tr. 674-687. 3. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, S\u0111d, tr. 182. S\u00e1ch Th\u00fay kinh ch\u00fa s\u1edb c\u00f9a L\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ea1o Nguy\u00ean c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 s\u00f4ng Di\u1ec7p Du (t\u1ee9c s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng) nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"S\u00f4ng Di\u1ec7p Du qua ph\u00eda b\u1eafc huy\u1ec7n Mi Linh, qu\u1eadn Giao Chi, chia l\u00e0m 5 con s\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng th\u00ec h\u1ee3p tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m 3 con s\u00f4ng\\\". Kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 5 con s\u00f4ng m\u00e0 L\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ea1o Nguy\u00ean ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi Ng\u0169 Huy\u1ec7n Kh\u00ea kh\u00f4ng? 177","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 D\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng Ho\u00e0ng Giang k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7m C\u1ea3, nh\u00e1nh s\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ba v\u00f2ng h\u00e0o th\u00e0nh t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y. Th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi giao th\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf r\u1ea5t thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n. Theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2n gian, ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a vua Th\u1ee5c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i thuy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1o kh\u1eafp kinh k\u1ef3. Khi c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5 ra, qu\u00e2n th\u1ee7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh N\u1ed9i men theo d\u00f2ng Ho\u00e0ng Giang sang s\u00f4ng c \u1ea7 u ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ra bi\u1ec3n l\u1edbn1. Di t\u00edch th\u00e0nh c \u1ed5 Loa hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n ba t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00f2ng (hay ba v\u00f2ng th\u00e0nh) kh\u00e9p k\u00edn. D\u00e2n gian quen g\u1ecdi theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 ba v\u00f2ng th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb trong ra ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh N\u1ed9i, Th\u00e0nh Trung v\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh Ngo\u1ea1i. Chu vi kh\u00e9p k\u00edn c\u1ee7a ba v\u00f2ng th\u00e0nh l\u00ean t\u1edbi h\u01a1n 16km. C\u1ea3 ba v\u00f2ng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngo\u1ea1i h\u00e0o, n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n nhau v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi s\u00f4ng Ho\u00e0ng Giang. Ngo\u00e0i ba v\u00f2ng th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 h\u00e0o kh\u00e9p k\u00edn t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00e0o - s\u00f4ng, thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u0169y c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \\\"h\u1ecfa h\u1ed3i\\\" hay \\\"c\u00f4ng s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u\\\". H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00e0o - s\u00f4ng v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u0169y, c\u00f4ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i ba v\u00f2ng th\u00e0nh c \u1ed5 Loa k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd tr\u1edd th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng tuy\u1ebfn b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \\\"v\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 r\u00fat lui\\\". Th\u00e0nh c \u1ed5 Loa kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng chi m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua kh\u00f4ng \u00edt \u0111\u1ee3t tr\u00f9ng tu, s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eafp th\u00eam m\u1edbi n\u1eefa. Gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00e0o Duy Anh2, Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n Kinh3, \u0110\u1ed7 V\u0103n Ninh4, Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u1ee3ng5, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh 1. \u0110\u1ecba ch\u00ed C\u1ed5 Loa, S\u0111d, tr. 216 2. \u0110\u00e0o Duy Anh, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c, Nxb. V\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u00f4ng tin, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2005, tr. 353-448. 3. Ph\u1ea1m V\u00e3n K\u1ec9nh, \\\"Ve th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c \u1ed5 Loa\\\", T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed7 h\u1ecdc, 12\/1969, tr. 128-134. 4. \u0110\u1ed7 V\u0103n Ninh, Th\u00e0nh c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Lu\u1eadn \u00e1n Ph\u00f3 Ti\u1ebfn s\u1ef9 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1981, L\u01b0u tr\u1eef t\u1ea1i Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Vi\u1ec7n S\u1eeb h\u1ecdc. 5. Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \\\"Tr\u00ean m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t c \u1ed5 Loa l\u1ecbch s\u1eed\\\", T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Kh\u00e1o c\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc, th\u00e1ng 12\/1969, tr. 100-127. 178","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh: L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 x ' , \u0110\u1ecba ch\u00ed c \u1ecf Loa2, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n Th\u0103ng Long*.... C\u00f3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh: \\\"\u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f9 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00f9a tr\u1ecb s\u1edf huy\u1ec7n Phong Kh\u00ea \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n l\u00e0 c \u1ed5 Loa, t\u00f2a huy\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh Phong Kh\u00ea, t\u1ee9c Ki\u1ec3n Th\u00e0nh, l\u00e0 t\u00f2a th\u00e0nh Trong c\u1ee7a di t\u00edch Loa Th\u00e0nh. Ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i di t\u00edch t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c \u1ed5 Loa ng\u00e0y nay bao ch\u1ee9a hai t\u00f2a th\u00e0nh c\u1ed5: Loa Th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 Ki\u1ec1n Th\u00e0nh\\\"4. L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn: \\\"Th\u00e0nh C\u1ed3 Loa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed3i tr\u00fac qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng quy m\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00f2a th\u00e0nh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u0169ng di v\u1eadt c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 kinh th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c (v\u1ec1 sau chi s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafp th\u00eam \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u)\\\"5. Tuy v\u1eady, mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh c \u1ed5 Loa v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan, c\u00f3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb: \\\"c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh khai qu\u1eadt tr\u00ean di\u1ec7n l\u1edbn khu di t\u00edch c \u1ed5 Loa\\\"6. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 mang t\u00ednh ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ebft ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed, c\u00f2n \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00e1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a Kinh th\u00e0nh (\u0111\u00f4) c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, th\u00e0nh c \u1ed5 Loa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1eddi tinh th\u00e2n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u00eat v\u01b0\u1ee3t bao nguy nan, hicm tr\u1edd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c do th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng chi huy. Th\u00e0nh c \u1ed5 Loa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed cao, s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u00f9y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, S\u0111d, tr. 104. 2. \u0110\u1ecba ch\u00ed C\u00f4 Loa, S\u0111d, tr. 213-214. 3. H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n Th\u0103ng Long, S\u0111d. 4. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u00fay \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 X, S\u0111d, tr. 194. 5. Tr\u00ean m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t c \u1ed5 Loa l\u1ecbch s\u1ee9, S\u0111d, tr. 100-127. 6. \u0110\u1ecba ch\u00ed C\u1ed3 Loa, S\u0111d, tr. 213. 179","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Th\u00e0nh c \u1ed5 Loa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u1ea7m th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 quy m\u00f4 to l\u1edbn c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tinh x\u1ea3o. Th\u00e0nh c \u1ed5 Loa l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba v\u1eadt v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi th\u1ebf c\u00f4ng th\u1ee7 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i: \\\"Th\u00e0nh c \u1ed5 Loa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi ti\u00eau ph\u00e0n \u00e1nh t\u1eadp trung s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c \u0111\u1eddi An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf t\u00e0i n\u0103ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c, c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\\\"1. \u0128II. CU\u1ed8C KH\u00c1NG CHI\u00caN CH\u00d3NG NH\u00c0 TRI\u1ec6U X\u00c2M L\u01af\u1ee2C 1. Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1eedc Nam Vi\u1ec7t Sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng xu\u1ed1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam, qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed gi\u1ebft \u0111u\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 Qu\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 D\u1ecbch Hu T\u1ed1ng, chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 l\u1eadp n\u00ean c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 Nam H\u1ea3i, Qu\u1ebf L\u00e2m, T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Qu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ed1c l\u1ea5y th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i th\u1ea3m h\u1ea1i. K\u1ebft c\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn vi\u00ean \u00fay \u0110\u1ed3 Th\u01b0 t\u1eed n\u1ea1n, m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n x\u00e1c ph\u01a1i m\u00e1u ch\u1ea3y. Sau khi l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn, nh\u00e0 T\u00e2n li\u1ec1n ph\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ed1ng cai tr\u1ecb nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, c\u00f3 \u00fa y \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea5p qu\u1eadn, Huy\u1ec7n l\u1ec7nh cai qu\u1ea3n huy\u1ec7n. Nh\u00e2m Ngao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c \u00day qu\u1eadn Nam H\u1ea3i (v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng), Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 l\u00e0m Huy\u1ec7n l\u1ec7nh Long Xuy\u00ean (m\u1ed9t huy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a qu\u1eadn Nam H\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi). \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n, t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n, l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eedi r\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 binh l\u00ednh trong \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh khai ph\u00e1, chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u00ean2. 1. \u0110\u1ecba ch\u00ed C\u1ed1 Loa, S\u0111d, \u1eeb. 217. 2. S\u1eed k\u00fd, Q.6, T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, B\u1ea3n k\u1ef7, S\u0111d. 180","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c N\u0103m 210 TCN, T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng ch\u1ebft, con trai l\u00e0 T\u1ea7n Nh\u1ecb Th\u1ebf l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf T\u1ea7n b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng suy y\u1ebfu. T\u1eeb khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, trong v\u00f2ng h\u01a1n 10 n\u0103m (221-210 TCN), tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u1edf hai mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n Nam, \u0111\u01b0a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n, kh\u1ed5 c\u1ef1c, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ecf hoang, to\u00e0n d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu m\u1ecdi chi ph\u00ed to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 cung t\u1ea9m, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 V\u1ea1n L\u00fd Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e0nh d\u00e0i hom 6.700km t\u1eeb Cam T\u00fac \u0111\u1ebfn Li\u00eau Ninh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng \u00edt s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c c\u00f9a qu\u1ed1c gia, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. T\u1ea7n Th\u00f9y Ho\u00e0ng c\u00f2n thi h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o khi\u1ebfn d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5t n\u1ed7i u\u1ea5t \u1ee9c trong l\u00f2ng. Ngay khi T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb, n\u0103m 211 TCN, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng: n\u0103m nay nh\u00e0 vua s\u1ebd ch\u1ebft, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eafc l\u00ean m\u1ed9t phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1 d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef: T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng ch\u1ebft \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft trong b\u1ed9 S\u1eed k\u00fd: \\\"K\u1ecbp khi T\u1ea7n ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf b\u0103ng h\u00e0 th\u00ec c\u1ea3 thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng\\\". Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed5 ra trong n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb n\u0103m 209 TCN, l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a do Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1eafng, Ng\u00f4 Qu\u1ea3ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng H\u00e0 Nam, lan r\u1ed9ng ra An Huy, Giang T\u00f4... tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t vong c\u00f9a tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea7n. \u0110\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1edbc nguy c\u01a1 tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, T\u1ea7n Nh\u1ecb Th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i ban l\u1ec7nh b\u00e3i binh \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hom 10 n\u0103m. Nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng xa x\u00f4i t\u00ecm m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1t c\u1ee9. N\u0103m 208 TCN, \u00fa y qu\u1eadn Nam H\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Nh\u00e2m Ngao m\u1eafc tr\u1ecdng b\u1ec7nh, g\u1ecdi Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 lu\u1eadn b\u00e0n: \\\"T\u00f4i nghe n\u00f3i, b\u1ecdn Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1eafng l\u00e0m lo\u1ea1n1, l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft theo v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2u. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u1edf n\u01a1i xa l\u00e1nh, s\u1ee3 b\u1ecdn gi\u1eb7c x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, mu\u1ed1n c\u00f9ng \u00f4ng ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t do nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 m\u1edd), t\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng b\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ee3i xem ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng 1. Chi cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea7n do Tr\u1ea7n Th\u00e1ng, Ng\u00f4 Qu\u1ea3ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u0103m 209 TCN. 181","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o\\\". Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u1ea5t, Ngao d\u1eb7n d\u00f2 th\u00eam: \\\"\u0110\u1ea5t Phi\u00ean Ngung (nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nam Th\u00e0nh)1d\u1ef1a n\u00fai c\u00e1ch s\u00f4ng, ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, ph\u00eda t\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1ea5y ngh\u00ecn d\u1eb7m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng gi\u00fap, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u1ea5y nghi\u1ec7p v\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i trong qu\u1eadn n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00f9ng m\u01b0u b\u00e0n, cho n\u00ean g\u1ecdi ri\u00eang \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o\\\"2. R\u1ed3i Nh\u00e2m Ngao vi\u1ebft gi\u1ea5y c\u1eed Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 thay m\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Nam H\u1ea3i. Sau khi Ngao ch\u1ebft, Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 qu\u1eadn Nam H\u1ea3i, g\u1eedi h\u1ecbch li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea5n gi\u1eef c\u00e1c quan \u1ea3i v\u00f9ng Ng\u0169 L\u0129nh, h\u1ee3p s\u1ee9c ch\u1eafn gi\u1eef m\u1ecdi ng\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c ch\u00e2u qu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng, nguy\u1ec7n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0. Ngo\u00e0i ra, Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 c\u00f2n ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u00fd b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ea7n, thay b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n th\u00edch, c\u00f9ng phe ph\u00e1i. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u1edd Phi\u00ean Ngung c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean \u1eeb\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1t c\u1ee9 ph\u00eda Nam. N\u0103m 206 TCN, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a L\u01b0u Bang v\u00e0 H\u1ea1ng V\u0169 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n T\u1ea7n Nh\u1ecb Th\u1ebf b\u1ecb gian th\u1ea7n Tri\u1ec7u Cao gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft. Tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea7n sau 15 n\u0103m t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t vong. Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm Qu\u1ebf L\u00e2m v\u00e0 T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Qu\u1eadn. C\u00f9ng n\u0103m 2 0 6 TCN , n\u01b0\u1edbc N am Vi\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 bao g\u1ed3m 3 qu\u1eadn c\u1ef1c Nam (Nam H\u1ea3i, Qu\u1ebf L\u00e2m, T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Qu\u1eadn) c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf T\u1ea7n, Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Nam Vi\u1ec7t V\u0169 V\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf Phi\u00ean Ngung. Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n, qu\u00ea \u1edf huy\u1ec7n Ch\u00e2n \u0110\u1ecbnh, tinh H\u00e0 B\u1eafc, Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Tri\u1ec7u t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf v\u00f9ng h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u ph\u00eda b\u1eafc s\u00f4ng Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0. Ngay t\u00f2 th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu, Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c (770 - 256 TCN), h\u1ecd Tri\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua nh\u00e0 Chu phong v\u00e0o n\u0103m 403 TCN. H\u1ecd Tri\u1ec7u t\u1eebng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 tay ba H\u00e0n - Tri\u1ec7u - Ng\u1ee5y chia nhau n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea5n m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cho th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c. Sau n\u00e0y v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 III TCN, 1. Nay l\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u. 2. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd lo\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, tr. 139. 182","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. Nir\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Tri\u1ec7u c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong \\\"Th\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c tranh h\u00f9ng\\\", \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 228 TCN vua Tri\u1ec7u V\u01b0\u01a1ng Thi\u00ean b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a T\u1ea7n l\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ti\u1ec5n b\u1eaft, n\u01b0\u1edbc Tri\u1ec7u b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t. Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng t\u1ed9c, ngay t\u1eeb thu\u1edf tr\u00e9 khi m\u1edbi 20 tu\u1ed5i, \u0111\u00e3 tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n Nam chinh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n. Theo nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 sinh v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 239 TCN, m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m Ki\u1ebfn Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee9 4 \u0111\u1eddi vua H\u00e1n V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf L\u01b0u Tri\u1ec7t (n\u0103m 137 TCN), h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd 102 tu\u1ed5i1. \u0110\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4n ngoan trong vi\u1ec7c \u1ee9ng x\u1eed ngo\u1ea1i giao, tuy ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Huy\u1ec7n l\u1ec7nh, nh\u01b0ng \u0110\u00e0 t\u1eebng d\u00e2ng Bi\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb l\u00ean tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea7n g\u1eedi 3 v\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 g\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c con g\u00e1i ch\u01b0a ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 \\\"may v\u00e1 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o cho qu\u00e2n s \u0129' \u0111ang kh\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1n t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t, nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh tinh th\u1ea7n qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam. V\u00ec v\u1eady, Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tranh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m qu\u00fd m\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u00fa y qu\u1eadn Nh\u00e2m Ngao, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng ta ph\u00f3 th\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Sau khi l\u00ean n\u1eafm gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c \u00fa y qu\u1eadn, Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u1eef v\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn c\u00e1t c\u1ee9 b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o, m\u1ec1m m\u1ecfng. Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi phircmg B\u00e1c xu\u1ed1ng phirrmg N am cai qu\u00e0n n\u00ean s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e0n \u1ee9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 quan l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, \u0110\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, l\u1ea5y v\u1ee3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t (m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 phu nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed3ng X\u00e2m, Ki\u1ebfn X\u01b0\u01a1ng, Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh)2, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp 1. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, K\u1ef3 nh\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u, V\u00f9 \u0111\u1ebf: \u1ede ng\u00f4i 71 n\u0103m [207-136 TCN], th\u1ecd 121 tu\u1ed5i [256 - 136 TCN], v\u00e0 b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 g\u1eedi H\u00e1n V\u0103n \u0111\u1ebf n\u0103m 179 TCN \u0111\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 sinh n\u0103m 256 TCN m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 136 TCN, th\u1ecd 121 tu\u1ed5i. 2. \u0110en th\u1edd Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed3 s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 hai n\u01a1i: Xu\u00e2n Quan, huy\u1ec7n V\u0103n Giang, H\u01b0ng Y\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed3ng X\u00e2m, huy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ebfn X\u01b0\u01a1ng, Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed3ng X\u00e2m li\u00ean quan ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1edbi phu nh\u00e2n h\u1ecd Tr\u1ecbnh v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i 183","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 b\u00fai t\u00f3c, ng\u1ed3i x\u1ed5m khi ti\u1ebfp kh\u00e1ch..., th\u01b0\u1eddng coi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. N\u0103m 179 TCN, khi g\u1eebi th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn vua H\u00e1n V\u0103n \u0111\u1ebf, \u0110\u00e0 t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Man Di \u0110\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o phu. L\u1ee5c Gi\u1ea3, s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vua H\u00e1n, khi ti\u1ebfp ki\u1ebfn c\u0169ng t\u1eebng nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf \u0110\u00e0: \\\"V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n, h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng m\u1ed3 m\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edd n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u00e1n, nay l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m tr\u00e1i t\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh...\\\"1. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u0110\u00e0 c\u00f2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c quan, binh l\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n chung s\u1ed1ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, l\u1ea5y v\u1ee3 Vi\u1ec7t, t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n H\u00e1n h\u00f3a t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch cai tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4n kh\u00e9o, th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1, v\u1eebng m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 96 n\u0103m (t\u00f9 206 TCN \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 111 TCN)2. Sau khi L\u01b0u Bang th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c, l\u1eadp ra tri\u1ec1u T\u00e2y H\u00e1n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 206 TCN 3, nh\u01b0ng do ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp trung x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh H\u00e1n S\u1edd \u0110\u1ed3ng X\u00e2m. Ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n hai b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 v\u00e0 phu nh\u00e2n c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc riu chi\u1ebfn. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, trong \u0111\u1ec1n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u01b0u gi\u1eef v\u0103n bia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o s\u1eafc do tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n phong t\u1eb7ng. C\u1ea3 hai ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd t\u1ea1i Xu\u00e2n Quan v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed3ng X\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng Di t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ea5p Qu\u1ed1c gia. Nguy\u1ec5n Vi\u1ec7t. H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n Th\u0103ng Long. S\u0111d, tr. 680-689. 1. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1998, tr. 142. 2. C \u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ee9 k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 t\u00ednh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 207 T C N , n\u00ean t\u00ednh chung 5 \u0111\u1eddi h\u1ecd Tri\u1ec7u t\u1eeb Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn Thu\u1eadt D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i 97 n\u0103m. S\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i cho r\u00e0ng: Tr\u1edf l\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u, t\u1eeb V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn Thu\u1eadt D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3 th\u1ea3y 5 ch\u00faa, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m \u0110inh T\u1ef5 (184 TCN) cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 n\u0103m Canh Ng\u1ecd (111 TCN), c\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 74 n\u0103m th\u00ec m\u1ea5t. Do t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 s\u00e1ch [\u0110 \u1ea1i] Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ee9 l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh t\u1eeb khi nh\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp \u00c2u L\u1ea1c v\u00e0o Nam Vi\u1ec7t n\u0103m 184 TCN, cho n\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c sai l\u1ec7ch v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 n\u0103m tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd Tri\u1ec7u. 3. Th\u00e1ng 2, n\u0103m 202 TCN, Lau Bang l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf t\u1ea1i S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng, kinh \u0111\u00f4 t\u1ea1i L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng, H\u00e0 Nam. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 202 TCN, m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7t kinh \u0111\u00f4 t\u1ea1i Tru\u1eddng An, T\u00e2y An. S\u00e1ch s\u1eed th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u T\u00e2y H\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c Ti\u1ec1n H\u00e1n, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u1eadu H\u00e1n (n\u0103m 25 - 220) do L\u01b0u T\u00fa s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp, kinh \u0111\u00f4 t\u1ea1i L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng. 184","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c tranh h\u00f9ng v\u1edbi B\u00e1 v\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ea1ng V\u0169 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 202 TCN m\u1edbi k\u1ebft th\u00fac, cho n\u00ean trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ea7u H\u00e1n Cao t\u1ed5 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00eda nam. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 196 TCN, H\u00e1n Cao t\u1ed5 (L\u01b0u Bang) m\u1edbi sai s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 L\u1ee5c Gi\u1ea3 sang phong Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 l\u00e0m Nam Vi\u1ec7t v\u01b0\u01a1ng, ban \u1ea5n thao v\u00e0 ph\u1eabu ph \u00f9 1, cho ph\u00e9p th\u00f4ng hi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt. Vua H\u00e1n c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1t c\u1ee9, nh\u1eb1m tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n T\u00e2y H\u00e1n, song trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf c\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn phong v\u01b0\u01a1ng cho \u0110\u00e0. Khi b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn c\u00f9ng s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 tri\u1ec1u H\u00e1n, Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 t\u1ecf ra t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 t\u1eebng so s\u00e1nh \\\"t\u00f4i v\u1edbi vua H\u00e1n ai h\u01a1n?\\\" ho\u1eb7c \\\"T\u00f4i chi l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m gi\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u1edd b\u00ean \u1ea5y (chi Trung Qu\u1ed1c), bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u ch\u1eb3ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n?\\\". L\u1ee5c Gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng chi r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c, c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 ki\u00eau c\u0103ng coi th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0 t\u1ea1i bu\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfp s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3: \\\"H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ebf sai s\u1ee9 mang \u1ea5n thao cho v\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ebd v\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3i ra ngo\u00e0i giao ngh\u00eanh b\u00e1i y\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f2 l\u00f2ng t\u00f4n k\u00ednh. Nay \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m th\u1ebf, th\u00ec n\u00ean s\u1eafm l\u1ec5 m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i, sao l\u1ea1i c\u1eady d\u00e2n B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f4ng m\u00e0 khinh nh\u1eddn s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean t\u1eed\\\"2. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 H\u00e1n Cao H\u1eadu ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh (187 - 180 TCN), quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam Vi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u H\u00e1n kh\u00e1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng. Vua Cao H\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n sang \u0111\u00e1nh Nam Vi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Tri\u1ec1u H\u00e1n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Cao H\u1eadu: c\u1ea5m b\u00e1n kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft, \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 s\u00fac v\u1eadt k\u00e9o nh\u01b0 ng\u1ef1a, tr\u00e2u, d\u00ea, chi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n con \u0111\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1n con c\u00e1i cho Nam Vi\u1ec7t, nh\u1eb1m kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c suy gi\u1ea3m th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u00e1t c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n h\u1ecd Tri\u1ec7u. 1. Ph\u1eabu ph\u00f9: l\u00e0m b\u00e0ng v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c, ng\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ed3ng... c\u1ea5p cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong quan t\u01b0\u1edbc, khi c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c t\u00edn th\u00ec r\u00e1p hai n\u1eeba kh\u1edbp nhau. 2. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ee9 k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1998, tr. 142. 185","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 N\u0103m 183 TCN, \u0110\u00e0 t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Nam Vi\u1ec7t V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb th\u1ebf ngang b\u1eb1ng vua H\u00e1n, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c tri\u1ec1u H\u00e1n. Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 nghi ng\u1edd Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e8m pha v\u1edbi Cao H\u1eadu, mu\u1ed1n \\\"d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh di\u1ec7t Nam Vi\u1ec7t\\\", \u0110\u00e0 l\u1ec7nh \u0111em qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u1ee3t mi\u1ec1n Ng\u0169 L\u0129nh, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i m\u1ea5y huy\u1ec7n l\u00e2n c\u1eadn Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa, tinh H\u1ed3 Nam r\u1ed3i r\u00fat qu\u00e2n. N\u0103m 181 TCN, Cao H\u1eadu sai L\u00e2m L\u01b0 h\u1ea7u Chu T\u00e1o sang b\u00e1o th\u00f9, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1eafng, \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i b\u00e3i qu\u00e2n v \u1ec11. Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc khi\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n ph\u1ea3i v\u1ecb n\u1ec3. Sau g\u1ea7n 30 n\u0103m quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hai tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, n\u0103m 179 TCN, H\u00e1n V\u0103n \u0111\u1ebf l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i c\u1eed s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 sang th\u00f4ng hi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng bi\u1ebfu s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt cho Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0. Trong th\u01b0 vua H\u00e1n g\u1eedi, c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hai y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0 l\u00e0: c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n B\u00e1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea7u \u1edf Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa; th\u0103m h\u1ecfi anh em th\u00e2n th\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh s\u1eeda sang ph\u1ea7n m\u1ed9 Ti\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Ch\u00e2n \u0110\u1ecbnh, H\u00e0 B\u1eafc, Trung Qu\u1ed1c. H\u00e1n V\u0103n \u0111\u1ebf c\u00f2n c\u00f4ng khai th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 m\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 \u0111ang tr\u1ecb v\u00ec \\\"C\u00f5i \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1eeb Ng\u0169 L\u0129nh v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam, V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee9 vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ecb l\u1ea5y\\\"2. Vua H\u00e1n ch\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf hi\u1ec1m kh\u00edch hai b\u00ean v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u00f4ng hi\u1ebfu, chi mong \u0110\u00e0 ng\u1eebng vi\u1ec7c x\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e9 th\u00f4i. Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 tuy t\u1ea1 l\u1ed7i v\u1edbi L\u1ee5c Gi\u1ea3: \\\"xin l\u00e0m phi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng, gi\u1eef m\u00e3i l\u1ec7 c\u1ed1ng\\\", v\u00e0 \\\"tri\u1ec7t b\u1ecf xe mui v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u1edd t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 nghi ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf\\\", m\u1ed7i khi sai s\u1ee9 sang H\u00e1n th\u00ec x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng, gi\u1eef l\u1ec5 nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u1eebong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00e0 v\u1eabn x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf. Vi\u1ec7c Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Nam Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tin c\u1eady Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t. Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf v\u00f9ng B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t g\u1ea7n n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp \\\"tam \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\\\" chung s\u1ed1ng 1. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1998, tr. 143. 2. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1998, tr. 144. 186","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y: \\\"L\u00e3o phu \u1edd \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 49 n\u0103m1, \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u00e3 \u1eb5m ch\u00e1u r\u1ed3i\\\"2. T\u00ednh t\u1eeb khi l\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam Vi\u1ec7t n\u0103m 206 TCN \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m \u0110\u00e0 ch\u1ebft (137 TCN), Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 70 n\u0103m3. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch cai tr\u1ecb linh ho\u1ea1t, m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea7n, tri\u1ec1u T\u00e2y H\u00e1n c\u00f9ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng ki\u00eam t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t M\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t (Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn) v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea2u L\u1ea1c. Th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh tr\u00ean nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"Vua (Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0) nh\u00e2n th\u1ebf d\u00f9ng binh uy v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u00eau v\u1ed7 M\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u00c2u L\u1ea1c \u1edd ph\u00eda t\u00e2y (t\u1ee9c Giao Chi v\u00e0 C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n). C\u00e1c n\u01a1i \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u theo v\u1ec1, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f4ng sang t\u00e2y r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u1ea1n d\u1eb7m\\\"4. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 c\u00f9ng Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam Vi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nay c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia quan t\u00e2m. S\u1eed th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eddi Tr\u1ea7n l\u00e0 L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 vua giao cho so\u1ea1n b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fds, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eeb ghi v\u00e0o 1. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh T\u00e2y H\u00e1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t V\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9, c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 n\u0103m 1991 t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh, \u0111\u00e3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c di v\u1eadt t\u1ec9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u00ednh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch S\u1eeb k\u00fd v\u00e0 H\u00e1n th\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea7m t\u1ef1 d\u1ea1ng \\\"tam th\u1eadp c\u1eedu\\\" (ba m\u01b0\u01a1i ch\u00edn) th\u00e0nh \\\"t\u1ee9 th\u1eadp c\u1eed u\u201d (b\u1ed1n m \u01b0\u01a1i ch\u00edn). N guy\u1ec5n V i\u1ec7t, \u00ec\u1ec9\u00e0 N \u1ed9i th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n Th\u0103ng Long, S\u0111d, tr. 632. 2. \u0110\u1ea1i V i\u1ec7ts\u1ee9k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1998,tr. 145. 3. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, L\u00fd L\u00e2m N\u1ea1i, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u01b0a ra thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 s\u1ee5 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 203 TCN, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 137 TCN Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 ch\u1ebft, \u1edf ng\u00f4i 67 n\u0103m . L\u00fd L \u00e2m N \u1ea1i, Nam Vi\u1ec7t t\u00e0ng tr\u00e2n, T ru n g H oa th \u01b0 c\u1ee5 c, B\u1eafc Kinh, 2002, tr. 6. D\u1ea9n theo H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n Th\u0103ng Long, S\u0111d, tr. 632. 4. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1998, tr. 143. S\u00e1ch S\u1eed k\u00fd c\u00f9a T\u01b0 M\u00e0 Thi\u00ean ch\u00e9p: \\\"Cao H\u1eadu ch\u1ebft [n\u0103m 180 TCN], t\u1ee9c b\u00e3i binh. [Tri\u1ec7u] \u0110\u00e0 nh\u00e2n th\u1ebf l\u1ea5y binh l\u1ef1c uy hi\u1ebfp bi\u00ean c\u1ea3nh, l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u0111\u00fat l\u00f3t, khi\u1ebfn M\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u00c2u L\u1ea1c th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c\\\". T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean, S\u1eed k\u00fd, q.l 13, S\u0111d, t\u1edd 2b. 5. \u0110 \u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd c\u1ee7a L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n, hi\u1ec7n chi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i 30 \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn do s\u1eeb gia L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u ch\u1ea5p b\u00fat. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T.I, S\u0111d, \\\"\u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0: T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 - v\u0103n b\u1ea3n - t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m\\\", tr. 19-20. 187","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc: \\\"Th\u1ebf m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ecfi tr\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng hay h\u1eb9p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Di, chi xem \u1edd \u0111\u1ee9c m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Tri\u1ec7u V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t ta m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ebf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ed1i ngang v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n, g\u1eedi th\u01b0 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \\\"l\u00e3o phu\\\", m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01a1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t ta, c\u00f4ng \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 to l\u1eafm v\u1eady\\\". Kh\u00f4ng chi ca ng\u1ee3i t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ee9c, s\u1eed th\u1ea7n L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u c\u00f2n chi ra kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc trong vi\u1ec7c g\u00ecn gi\u1eef to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u00f9a Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0: \\\"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t sau n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu bi\u1ebft b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf m\u00e0 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng b\u1edd c\u00f5i, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c, giao thi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o, gi\u1eef ng\u00f4i b\u00e0ng nh\u00e2n, th\u00ec g\u00ecn gi\u1eef b\u1edd c\u00f5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i ng\u1ea5p ngh\u00e9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\\\"1. Nh\u00f3m s\u1eed th\u1ea7n tri\u1ec1u L\u00ea nh\u01b0 Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean, V\u0169 Qu\u1ef3nh, tri\u1ec1u L\u00ea - Tr\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 Ph\u1ea1m C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9, L\u00ea Hy k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nhau so\u1ea1n b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 d\u00e0nh c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec3n 2 ph\u1ea7n Ngo\u1ea1i k\u1ef7 ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 K\u1ef7 h\u1ecd Tri\u1ec7u, coi nh\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Khi vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Tri\u1ec7u V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf (Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0), c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \\\"H\u1ecd Tri\u1ec7u, nh\u00e2n l\u00fac nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n suy lo\u1ea1n, gi\u1ebft Tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1i T\u1ea7n, chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ea5t L\u0129nh Nam, x\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebf, \u0111\u00f2i ngang v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n, h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u01b0\u1edbc truy\u1ec1n ng\u00f4i 100 n\u0103m m\u1edbi m \u1ea5t, c \u0169 n g l\u00e0 b \u1eadc v u a anh h \u00f9 n g\\\" 2. L \u00ea T u n g , m \u1ed9 t s \u1eed th\u1ea7n tri\u1ec1u L \u00ea, trong b\u00e0i Vi\u1ec7t gi\u00e1m th\u00f4ng kh\u1ea3o t\u1ed5ng lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean: \\\"Tri\u1ec7u V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf... \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 b\u1eadc vua anh h\u00f9ng t\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1ee3c\\\"3. V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed qu\u00e1n tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft tay bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n b\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1856, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1881 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, kh\u1eafc in n\u0103m 1884 tri\u1ec1u vua Ki\u1ebfn Ph\u00fac. N\u1ed9i dung b\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed ghi ch\u00e9p to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam 1.\u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadptNxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1998,tr. 146-147. 2. D\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ee9 k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp L,Nxb. Khoah\u1ecdc x\u00e3h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0N\u1ed9i, 1998, tr. 141. 3. E>\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7ts\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e2 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0N\u1ed9i, 1998, tr. 119. 188","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c t\u1eeb th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 XVIII (n\u0103m 1789). Trong ph\u1ea7n Ph\u00e0m l\u1ec7, c\u00e1c s\u1eeb th\u1ea7n x\u1ebfp An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, Tri\u1ec7u V\u0169 v\u01b0\u01a1ng (Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0), V\u0103n v\u01b0\u01a1ng, Minh v\u01b0\u01a1ng, Ai v\u01b0\u01a1ng, Tri\u1ec7u v\u01b0\u01a1ng Ki\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 hai vua Nh\u00e0 Ti\u1ec1n L\u00fd (L\u00fd Nam \u0110e), H\u1eadu L\u00fd (L\u00fd Ph\u1eadt T\u1eed), Nam T\u1ea5n v\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng... nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u00e9p theo nguy\u00ean v\u0103n S\u1eeb c\u0169 (t\u1ee9c b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0), duy l\u00fac ch\u1ebft th\u00ec ch\u00e9p ch\u1eef \\\"ho\u0103ng\\\" \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng1. Tuy c\u00e1c s\u1eed th\u1ea7n tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng coi h\u1ecd Tri\u1ec7u thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e9p v\u00e0o Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed. K\u1ef7 nh\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e9p trong s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi K\u1ef7 H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng trong Quy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea7n Ti\u1ec1n bi\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 Kh\u0103m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c. S\u1eeb gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u1eed l\u00e0 Ng\u00f4 Thi S\u0129 [1726 - 1780]. Trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed ti\u00eau \u00e1n2 Ng\u00f4 Th\u00ec S\u0129 vi\u1ebft: \\\"X\u00e9t s\u1eed c\u0169, An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 h\u1ecd Tri\u1ec7u, ch\u00e9p to 4 ch\u1eef \\\"Tri\u1ec7u k\u1ef7 V\u0169 \u0110e\\\". Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi sau theo \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i. Than \u00f4i, \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf Nam H\u1ea3i, Qu\u1ebf L\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf Giao Chi, C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n, Nh\u1eadt Nam. [Tri\u1ec7u] \u0110\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u1edf Long Xuy\u00ean, l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c \u1edf Phi\u00ean Ngung. mu\u1ed1n c\u00e1t \u0111\u1ee9t b\u1edd c\u00f5i. g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ta v\u00e0o l\u00e0m thu\u1ed9c qu\u1eadn, \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u00e1m th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u01a1 mi l\u1ea5y d\u00e2n, ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta\\\"3. Sau \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 s\u1eed c\u0169: \\\"\u0110en nh\u01b0 x\u01b0\u1edbng ra c\u01a1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, t\u00e1n t\u1ee5ng Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng to. L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra s\u1eed ch\u00e9p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean ch\u00e9p theo c\u00e1ch ch\u00e9p h\u1eb9p h\u00f2i \u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft thay \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 b\u00e0i T\u1ed5ng lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a L\u00ea Tung... thay nhau m\u00e0 t\u00e1n t\u1ee5ng, cho Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1eadc th\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. Qua h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai c\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh, v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ec7n b\u1ea1ch k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng\\\"4. 1. Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c, S\u0111d, \u1ee9. 34-35. 2. Ng\u00f4 Th\u00ec S\u0129, Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed ti\u00eau \u00e1n, Nxb.Thanh ni\u00ean, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2001. 3. Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ee9 ti\u00eau \u00e1n, S\u0111d, tr. 29. 4. Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed ti\u00eau \u00e1n, S\u0111d, tr. 40. 189","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, s\u1eed gia \u0110\u1eb7ng Xu\u00e2n B\u1ea3ng [1828 - 1910] trong b\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c ti\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1edbi Ng\u00f4 Th\u00ec S\u0129, ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n b\u1ed9 Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c theo sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0. Thi\u1ec7n \u0110\u00ecnh x\u00e9t: \\\"Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, v\u1eeba l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. Nh\u01b0ng Ph\u00e1n \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean, nh\u00e0 Thanh l\u00e0m vua \u1edd Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 \u1edd Phi\u00ean Ngung kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta... N\u01b0\u1edbc ta n\u1ed9i thu\u1ed9c Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u1ed9i thu\u1ed9c H\u00e1n, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00e0m sao so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n m\u00e0 l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n th\u00e0nh tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed theo s\u1eed c\u0169, cho l\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m\\\"1. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 v\u00e0 Nam Vi\u1ec7t ch\u1eafc s\u1ebd c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00eam tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 trung th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd Tri\u1ec7u. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 L\u00ea M\u1ea1nh Th\u00e1t cho r\u1eb1ng: \\\"...M\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng quan h\u1ec7 g\u00ec h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. Ph\u1ea7n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u k\u1ef7 trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ta t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf \u0111i do th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00ean lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf\\\"2, ho\u1eb7c \\\"Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u c\u00f9ng con ch\u00e1u Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0\\\"J. 2. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng nh\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c V\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 giao l\u01b0u. \u0110\u1ecba b\u00e0n Nam Vi\u1ec7t n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 kh\u00e1 m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng T\u00e2y Giang v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng. Ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c 1. \u0110\u1eb7ng Xu\u00e2n B\u1ea3ng, Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c ti\u1ebft y\u1ebfu, D\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i: Ho\u00e0ng V\u0103n L\u00e2u, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2000, tr. 19-20. Thi\u1ec7n \u0110\u00ecnh l\u00e0 t\u00ean hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eb7ng Xu\u00e2n B\u1ea3ng. 2. L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eadp kinh v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean c\u00f9a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta, S\u0111d, tr. 89. 3. L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eadp kinh v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u1edbi nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta, S\u0111d, \u1eeb. 249. 190","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c s\u00f4ng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Giang, ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 giao l\u01b0u v\u1edbi \u0110i\u1ec1n (V\u00e2n Nam), Th\u1ee5c (T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean), D\u1ea1 Lang (Qu\u00fd Ch\u00e2u), ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nam l\u00e0 \u00c2u L\u1ea1c, ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng. Kinh \u0111\u00f4 Phi\u00ean Ngung (Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng Nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c. V\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c, m\u1edd r\u1ed9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 t\u1eebng v\u01b0\u1ee3t Ng\u0169 L\u0129nh \u0111\u00e1nh l\u00ean Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 182 TCN, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat v\u1ec1. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf ph\u00eda T\u00e2y nh\u01b0 \u0110i\u1ec1n, Th\u1ee5c, D\u1ea1 Lang v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh, Nam Vi\u1ec7t ch\u01b0a th\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c \u0111ua tranh. Trong c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00ec v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nam gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi \u00c2u L\u1ea1c, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 Nam Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ngh\u1ec1 tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u1edf ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i b\u1ed9i thu h\u00e0ng n\u0103m, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00edch tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00c2u L\u1ea1c d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u00c2u L\u1ea1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng trang b\u1ecb v\u0169 kh\u00ed kh\u00e1 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1. Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 tuy mu\u1ed1n b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng xu\u1ed1ng t\u00e2y nam, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng chinh ph\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c \u0111ang trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. Th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2n gian Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ee9ng minh: Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 t\u1eebng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111em qu\u00e2n sang x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00c2u L\u1ea1c, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u1eefa Nam Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u00c2u L\u1ea1c trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n ra ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng n\u00fai Ti\u00ean Du (Ti\u00ean S\u01a1n, B\u1eafc Ninh), \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00fai V\u0169 Ninh (n\u00fai Tr\u00e2u, Qu\u1ebf V\u00f5, B\u1eafc Ninh). N gay t\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh n\u00e0y, qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd Tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u00c2u L\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t tr\u1eadn b\u1eddi th\u1ee9 v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 n\u1ecf th\u1ea7n. S\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 ch\u00e9p: \\\"[Tri\u1ec7u] \u0110\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n \u1edf n\u00fai Ti\u00ean Du, B\u1eafc Giang \u0111\u00e1nh nhau v\u1edbi vua [An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng]. Vua \u0111em n\u1ecf th\u1ea7n ra b\u1eafn, \u0110\u00e0 thua ch\u1ea1y\\\"1. 1. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T.I, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1998, tr. 138. 191","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Th\u00fay l\u00e0nh ch\u00fa s\u1edb cho bi\u1ebft: \\\"An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 n\u1ecf th\u1ea7n... Nam Vi\u1ec7t v\u01b0\u01a1ng bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, lui qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3ng \u1edf huy\u1ec7n V\u0169 Ninh... huy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c qu\u1eadn Giao Chi\\\"1. Lo\u1ea1i n\u1ecf th\u1ea7n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f9ng truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft ghi l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi m\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9 khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng trong d\u00e2n gian nh\u01b0: \\\"m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n gi\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ecf b\u1eafn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t t\u00ean\\\"2, \\\"m\u1ed7i ph\u00e1t [t\u00ean] gi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 300 ng\u01b0\u1eddi\\\"3, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed s\u00e1ch Nam Vi\u1ec7t ch\u00ed c\u00f2n ch\u00e9p \\\"b\u00e1n m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft qu\u00e2n [Nam] Vi\u1ec7t h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1eafn ba ph\u00e1t gi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn ba v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi\\\" hay \\\"m\u1ed7i ph\u00e1t t\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng xuy\u00ean qua hom ch\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi\\\"4. Ngo\u00e0i lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng th\u1ea7n di\u1ec7u \u1ee9ong chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ra, th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a \u00c2u L\u1ea1c trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n giao chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Nam Vi\u1ec7t, c\u00f2n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00c2u L\u1ea1c r\u1ea5t h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh. S\u1ed1 qu\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh C\u1ed5 Loa l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee5c v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u00e1ch [\u0110\u1ea1i] Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e9p: \\\"...An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng... d\u1ea1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh\\\"5. \u00c2u L\u1ea1c khi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed l\u1ee3i h\u1ea1i (n\u1ecf th\u1ea7n, m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng, r\u00ecu, gi\u00e1o, qua \u0111\u1ed3ng...), c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam qu\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c \u1ed5 Loa ki\u00ean c\u1ed1, c\u00f4ng th\u1ee7 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 chi huy t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng - v\u1ecb Ch\u1ee7 so\u00e1i c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m chi\u1ebfn tr\u1eadn c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng s\u00fay l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 Cao L\u1ed7, \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u00e8 g\u00e3y t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ee3t x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Nam Vi\u1ec7t. Sau nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 b\u00e0n m\u01b0u t\u00ednh k\u1ebf c\u00f9ng qu\u1ea7n th\u1ea7n, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c. 1, 2. Th\u1ee7y kinh ch\u00fa s\u1edb, S\u0111d, tr. 427. 3. Giao Ch\u00e2u ngo\u1ea1i v\u1ef1c k\u00fd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i trong L\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ea1o Nguy\u00ean, Th\u1ee7y l\u00e1nh ch\u00fa s\u1edb, S\u0111d, tr. 427. 4. L\u00fd V\u0103n Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng, Vi\u1ec7t ki\u1ec7u th\u01b0. 5. Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, S\u0111d, tr. 15. 192","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c Trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e2n bang th\u00ec s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng binh l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi mua chu\u1ed9c, h\u1ed1i l\u1ed9 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111em l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam Vi\u1ec7t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean chi ra trong b\u1ed9 S\u1eed k\u00fd: \\\"Cao H\u1eadu ch\u1ebft, t\u1ee9c b\u00e3i binh. [Tri\u1ec7u] \u0110\u00e0 nh\u00e2n th\u1ebf l\u1ea5y binh l\u1ef1c uy hi\u1ebfp bi\u00ean c\u1ea3nh, l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u0111\u00fat l\u00f3t, khi\u1ebfn M\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u00c2u L\u1ea1c th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c\\\"1. Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c chinh ph\u1ee5c \u00c2u L\u1ea1c. Sau khi t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u00c2u L\u1ea1c, Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3 v\u1edd c\u1ea7u h\u00f2a, th\u00f4ng hi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a con trai l\u1edbn sang c\u1ea7u h\u00f4n v\u1edbi con g\u00e1i An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd Tri\u1ec7u l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n t\u00edn v\u00e0o kinh th\u00e0nh c \u1ed5 Loa, \u0111i\u1ec1u tra t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ef1, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i trong th\u00e0nh, l\u1ea5y c\u1eafp b\u00ed m\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ecf th\u1ea7n - v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u00c2u L\u1ea1c. S\u00e1ch Giao Ch\u00e2u ngo\u1ea1i v\u1ef1c k\u00fd ch\u00e9p: \\\"...Nam Vi\u1ec7t V\u01b0\u01a1ng sai Th\u00e1i t\u1eed t\u00ean l\u00e0 Th\u1ee7y sang xin h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c An D\u01b0omg V\u01b0\u01a1ng, x\u01b0ng th\u1ea7n th\u1edd vua. An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft Cao Th\u00f4ng2 l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u00e3i ng\u1ed9 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o, Th\u00f4ng b\u00e8n b\u1ecf \u0111i, n\u00f3i v\u1edbi vua r\u1eb1ng: \\\"Gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ecf n\u00e0y th\u00ec l\u00e0m vua thi\u00ean h\u1ea1, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ecf n\u00e0y th\u00ec m\u00e1t Ihi\u00f4n h\u1ea1\\\". Sau khi Th\u00f4ng \u0111i r\u1ed3i, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con g\u00e1i t\u1ebdn l\u00e0 M\u1ef5 Ch\u00e2u th\u1ea5y Th\u1ee7y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111oan ch\u00ednh, c\u00f9ng Th\u1ee7y qua l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. Th\u1ee7y h\u1ecfi Ch\u00e2u, b\u1ea3o Ch\u00e2u l\u1ea5y n\u1ecf c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1 cho xem. Th\u1ee7y th\u1ea5y n\u1ecf, b\u00e8n l\u1ea5y \u1eeb\u1ed9m, \u0111em c\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee9t n\u00f2, r\u1ed3i tr\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 b\u00e1o v\u1edbi Nam Vi\u1ec7t V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Khi Nam Vi\u1ec7t V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh, An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eafn n\u1ecf, n\u1ecf g\u1eaby, n\u00ean thua. An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng xu\u1ed1ng thuy\u1ec1n ch\u1ea1y ra bi\u1ec3n\\\"3. S\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t ki\u1ec7u th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a L\u00fd V\u0103n Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng ch\u00e9p c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u01b0u k\u1ebf x\u1ea3o \u1eeb\u00e1, \u0103n c\u1eafp n\u1ecf th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd Tri\u1ec7u c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean: \\\"Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 sai con sang \u1edf r\u1ec3. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y 3 n\u0103m h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1. S \u1ee9 k\u00fd, quy\u1ec1n 113, Nam Vi\u1ec7t li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 53, S\u0111d. 2. Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ch\u00e9p l\u00e0 Cao L\u1ed7, S\u0111d, tr. 15. 3. Th\u1ee7y kinh ch\u00fa s\u1edb, S\u0111d, tr. 427 - 428. 193","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 ph\u00e9p ch\u1ebf n\u1ecf v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 n\u00f2. B\u00e8n sai \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh, b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua Man \u0111em v\u1ec1\\\"1. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ean l\u00e0 Lan Ch\u00e2u ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 M\u1ef5 Ch\u00e2u. Trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh s\u1eed, t\u01b0 s\u1eed v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2n gian c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng ghi l\u1ea1i \u00e2m m\u01b0u c\u00f9ng th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 chinh ph\u1ee5c \u00c2u L\u1ea1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u00e2u s\u1eafc trong truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft M\u1ef5 Ch\u00e2u - Tr\u1ecdng Th\u1ee7y. S\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 ch\u00e9p: \\\"...\u0110\u00e0 bi\u1ebft vua c\u00f3 n\u1ecf th\u1ea7n, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbch n\u1ed5i, b\u00e8n lui gi\u1eef n\u00fai V\u0169 Ninh, sai s\u1ee9 sang gi\u1ea3ng h\u00f2a\\\", \\\"...\u0110\u00e0 sai con l\u00e0 Tr\u1ecdng Th\u1ee7y v\u00e0o h\u1ea7u l\u00e0m t\u00fac v\u1ec7, c\u1ea7u h\u00f4n con g\u00e1i vua l\u00e0 M\u1ef5 Ch\u00e2u... Tr\u1ecdng Th\u1ee7y d\u1ed7 M\u1ef5 Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 xem tr\u1ed9m n\u1ecf th\u1ea7n, r\u1ed3i ng\u1ea7m b\u1ebb g\u00e3y l\u1eaby n\u1ecf, thay c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o, gi\u1ea3 v\u1edd v\u1ec1 B\u1eafc th\u0103m cha m\u1eb9... Tr\u1ecdng Th\u1ee7y v\u1ec1 b\u00e1o cho \u0110\u00e0 bi\u1ebft... \u0110\u00e0 \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh vua [An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng]. Vua kh\u00f4ng bi\u00e9t l\u1eaby n\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t, ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e1nh c\u1edd c\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 b\u00e0o: \\\"\u0110\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 n\u1ecf th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ta sao?\\\" Qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i, vua gi\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ecf th\u00ec l\u1eaby \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e3y r\u1ed3i. Vua thua ch\u1ea1y, \u0111\u1ec3 M\u1ef5 Ch\u00e2u ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean ng\u1ef1a, c\u00f9ng ch\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam\\\"2. Truy\u1ec7n R\u00f9a v\u00e0ng ghi trong s\u00e1ch L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e9p. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, L\u00ea Ng\u00f4 C\u00e1t v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u00ecnh To\u00e1i trong \u0110\u1ea1i Nam qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed di\u1ec5n ca - m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n v\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam - \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"...B\u00ecnh Giang r\u1ea1ch n\u1eeda s\u01a1n h\u00e0, B\u1eafc l\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u \u00fay, Nam l\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, M\u1eb7t ngo\u00e0i hai n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e2n c\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u00e0 trong Tri\u1ec7u l\u1ea1i m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u0111\u01b0cmg th\u00f4ng gia. N gh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng hai n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0, 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, S\u0111d, tr. 203. 2. \u0110 \u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T.I, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N \u1ed9i, 1998, tr. 138 - 139. 194","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c N\u00e0o hay h\u00f4n c\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i ra kh\u1ea5u th\u00f9 Th\u1ee5c c\u01a1 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi M\u1ef5 Ch\u00e2u, G\u1ea3 cho Tr\u1ecdng Th\u1ee7y, con \u0111\u1ea7u Tri\u1ec7u v\u01b0\u01a1ng, Tr\u0103m n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0ng, Ai ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ebf t\u1eed ra \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5 \u00e2n T\u00f3c t\u01a1 t\u1ecf h\u1ebft xa g\u1ea7n, Th\u1eeba c\u01a1 \u0111em m\u00e1y n\u1ecf th\u1eb1n \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111i. ... An D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1eady c\u00f3 n\u1ecf th\u1ea7n, Vi k\u1ef3 c\u00f2n h\u00e3y ham ph\u1ea7n vui ch\u01a1i Tri\u1ec7u qu\u00e2n ru\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn n\u01a1i, M\u00e1y thi\u00eang \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t, th\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng suy\\\"'. Nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 T\u1ed1 H\u1eefu \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3m th\u00e1n vi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u th\u01a1 bi th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i t\u00ecnh Tr\u1ecdng Th\u1ee7y - M\u1ef5 Ch\u00e2u: T\u00f4i k\u00e9 ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a truy\u1ec7n M \u1ef5 Ch\u00e2u, Tr\u00e1i tim l\u1ea7m l\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ean \u0111au, N\u1ecf th\u1ea7n v\u00f4 \u00fd trao tay gi\u1eb7c, N\u00ean n\u1ed7i c\u01a1 \u0111o \u0111\u1eb1m bi\u1ebfn s\u00e2u. Sau khi Tr\u1ecdng Th\u1ee7y tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Phi\u00ean Ngung, th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra, Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh sang x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00c2u L\u1ea1c, b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o kinh th\u00e0nh c \u1ed5 Loa. An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1edf tay kh\u00f4ng k\u1ecbp, chi m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn kinh th\u00e0nh th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7, vua ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf th\u00e0nh r\u00fat ch\u1ea1y. Qu\u1ed1c gia \u00c2u L\u1ea1c s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, qu\u00e2n Tri\u1ec7u v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng \u00c2u L\u1ea1c t\u1eeb n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3. T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean ch\u00e9p trong b\u1ed9 S\u1eed k\u00fd: n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 sau khi Cao H\u1eadu (t\u1ee9c L\u00e3 [L\u1eef] H\u1eadu) nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n ch\u1ebft th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 180 TCN, t\u1ee9c s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 179 TCN. An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng sau khi ch\u1ea1y xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda nam, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 v\u1eabn. N\u01a1i nh\u00e0 vua \u1eeb\u1eabm m\u00ecnh, 1, 2. L\u00ea Ng\u00f4 C\u00e1t - Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u00ecnh To\u00e1i, \u0110\u1ea1i Nam qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed di\u1ec5n ca, Nxb. V\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u00f4ng tin, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1999, tr. 78 - 80. 195","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd t\u1ea1i x\u00e3 Cao X\u00e1, huy\u1ec7n Di\u1ec5n Ch\u00e2u, Ngh\u1ec7 An v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed* v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2n gian. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vun \u0111\u1eafp tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c chung c\u1ee7a li\u00ean minh hai t\u1ed9c T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0 L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t tr\u1ea3i qua bao gian kh\u1ed5, hy sinh m\u1edbi g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean, b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ee1. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i to l\u1edbn n\u00e0y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i quy v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 vua An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Sau khi gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00f4i b\u00e1u, nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh, li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i k\u1ebb th\u00f9 \u1eeb\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ti\u00ean Du - V\u0169 Ninh. Nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c, An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 \\\"ng\u1ee7 qu\u00ean tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng\\\", xa r\u1eddi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 kh\u1ed1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh. Vua \u0111am m\u00ea h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5, khi gi\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ung dung ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e1nh c\u1edd, c\u00f3 s\u00e1ch c\u00f2n ch\u00e9p vua \u0111ang say r\u01b0\u1ee3u ch\u01b0a tinh. Nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 Cao L\u1ed7, N\u1ed3i H\u1ea7u, \u0110inh To\u00e1n... ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec b\u1ecb b\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec b\u1ecb s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e3 t\u00f2 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ra \u0111i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh r\u00f5 trong ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a s\u1eeb s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2n gian nh\u01b0 chuy\u1ec7n n\u1eb1m m\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Cao Bi\u1ec1n, th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Cao L\u1ed7 n\u00f3i: \\\"Ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a gi\u00fap An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh lui gi\u1eb7c, b\u1ecb L\u1ea1c h\u1ea7u gi\u00e8m pha ph\u1ea3i b\u00f3 \u0111i\\\"1. Vua ch\u00fa quan \u00fd v\u00e0o v\u0169 kh\u00ed m\u1ea1nh, th\u00e0nh C\u1ed5 Loa ki\u00ean c\u1ed1, coi th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ecbch, m\u1eafc m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y, b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 h\u1ed1i l\u1ed9, g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t h\u00f2a, chia r\u1ebd gi\u1eefa vua t\u00f4i \u00c2u L\u1ea1c, Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc khi\u1ebfn An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea5t c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e2n th\u00f9 l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa qu\u00e2n doanh, l\u1ea5y v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 h\u1ecfng v\u0169 kh\u00ed b\u00ed m\u1eadt, l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u00c2u L\u1ea1c. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 quan v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y suy y\u1ebfu, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ed1ng gi\u1eb7c \u1eebong qu\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u0169ng d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb tr\u1ec5 n\u1ea3i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tinh th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, khi k\u1ebb th\u00f9 1. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T.I, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u0103 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1998, tr. 137. 196","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1, nhanh ch\u00f3ng tan v\u1ee1. Ket c\u1ee5c, giang s\u01a1n \u00c2u L\u1ea1c r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay h\u1ecd Tri\u1ec7u, tr\u1edd th\u00e0nh hai qu\u1eadn Giao Ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam Vi\u1ec7t. Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Tri\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0m cho c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u00c2u L\u1ea1c b\u1ecb tan v\u1ee1, m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 111 TCN khi Nam Vi\u1ec7t b\u1ecb nh\u00e0 T\u00e2y H\u00e1n th\u00f4n t\u00ednh th\u00ec to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u00c2u L\u1ea1c c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1eadn, huy\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c H\u00e1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia \u00c2u L\u1ea1c oai h\u00f9ng x\u01b0a kia ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng trong c\u1ea3nh m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u00f2 tri\u1ec1u H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eb5ng h\u01a1n ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00eam tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c. S\u1eeb gia Ng\u00f4 Th\u00ec S\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"N\u01b0\u1edbc ta n\u1ed9i thu\u1ed9c Trung Hoa t\u1eeb H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, truy nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 h\u1ecda ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u \u0110 \u00e0\\\"1. Qu\u1ed1c gia \u00c2u L\u1ea1c, k\u1ebf th\u1eeba truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang c\u00f9a c\u00e1c Vua H\u00f9ng, l\u00e0 tinh hoa c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng - An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1, v\u1eabn r\u1ea1ng t\u1ecfa trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u00e0o h\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ch\u00fang ta t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1ec1 T\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb vua H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edd ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00e2n y\u00eau m\u1ed9t b\u1ec1 d\u00e0y v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c s\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u00f2ng t\u1ed5n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi th\u1eed th\u00e1ch kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t c\u00f9a th\u1eddi gian, thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Qu\u00e1 trinh d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a cha \u00f4ng ch\u00fang ta m\u00e3i m\u00e3i l\u00e0 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc kinh nghi\u1ec7m qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00e1u con c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau g\u00ecn gi\u1eef v\u00e0 noi theo. 1. Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ee9 ti\u00eau \u00e1n, Nxb.Thanh ni\u00ean, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2001, tr. 137. 197","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Anh 9. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc khu c \u1ed5 Loa Ngu\u1ed3n: H\u00e0 V\u0103n T\u1ea5n (Ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean), Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u1eadp III, Kh\u00e1o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Nxb K.HXH, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. 2002, tr. 465. 198"]