LỊCH SỬ VIỆT NAM _ VŨ DUY MỀN Chủ biên_ NXB KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI _ Tập 1

["Ch\u01b0cmg VI. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 T\u00f9y - \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng... \\\"tham t\u00fang b\u1ea5t ph\u00e1p\\\"1. Theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n L\u00fd, L\u00e3o (t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai) ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 t\u00f4, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecdn quan l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 v\u1eabn ngang nhi\u00ean thu g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i. N\u0103m 687, \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 L\u00fd Di\u00ean H\u1ef1u b\u1eaft d\u00e2n L\u00fd n\u1ed9p c\u1ea3 s\u1ed1 t\u00f4, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n2. Theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 c\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea9m h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i qu\u1eadn tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng 50 t\u1ea5m l\u1ee5a3. H\u00e0ng n\u0103m, c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u thu\u1ed9c An Nam ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eadu kh\u1ea5u, l\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ed3i m\u1ed3i, m\u1eadt tr\u0103n, v\u1ea3i t\u01a1 chu\u1ed1i, h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u, v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c, l\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng... C\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m d\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 sa, the ; s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m, \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111an... Theo ghi ch\u00e9p trong Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ebfn, h\u00e0ng n\u0103m An Nam \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1ng 10 t\u1ea5m v\u1ea3i t\u01a1 chu\u1ed1i, 2.000 qu\u1ea3 cau, 20 c\u00e2n da c\u00e1, 20 c\u00e1i m\u1eadt tr\u0103n, 200 h\u1ed9p l\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3. Qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1ng 2 c\u1eb7p ng\u00e0 voi, 4 s\u1eebng t\u00ea, 20 c\u00e2n tr\u1ea7m h\u01b0\u01a1ng, 4 th\u1ea1ch v\u00e0ng thi\u1ebfp v\u00e0ng qu\u00fd4. \u1ede mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai, c\u00e1c T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1c th\u00fac nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt, r\u1ed3i \u0111em n\u1ed9p cho quan \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9. \u1edc mi\u1ec1n xu\u00f4i, c\u00e1c H\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, Huy\u1ec7n l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ed1c th\u00fac nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ch\u1ecbu thu\u1ebf d\u1ecbch, khai th\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean n\u1ed9p cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9. Ngo\u00e0i ra, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Giao Ch\u00e2u c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00fa li\u1ec5m kh\u00e1c. Nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1i gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n mu\u00f4i v\u00e0 s\u00e1t, l\u00e0m mu\u00f4i v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n mu\u1ed1i ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec1u nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m. H\u00e0ng n\u0103m ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 thu v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n n\u1ea5u mu\u1ed1i \u1edf L\u0129nh Nam trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 Giao Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1edbi 40 v\u1ea1n quan5. S\u00e1ch Th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n v\u0169 k\u00fd cho bi\u1ebft: nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u L\u1ee5c thu\u1ed9c An Nam ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng ngh\u1ec1 n\u1ea5u mu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 m\u00f2 ng\u1ecdc ch\u00e2u m\u1ed7i n\u0103m ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n thu\u1ebf c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 100 h\u1ed9c g\u1ea1o m\u1ed7i h\u1ed96. Kinh l\u01b0\u1ee3c 1. T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0, Q. 80. 1la. 2. T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0, Q. 201. 4 b. 3. V\u0103n hi\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng kh\u00e1o, Q. 22. 4. V\u0103n hi\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng kh\u1ea3o, Q. 22. 5. C\u1ef1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0, Q. 178; T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0. Q. 185. 6. Th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n v\u0169 k\u00fd, Q. 181. 11a. 349","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 s\u1ee9 An Nam L\u00fd Tr\u00e1c t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed5i cho d\u00e2n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5u mu\u1ed1i l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t con tr\u00e2u. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t si\u00eau l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u00e0n \u00e1c c\u1ee7a quan l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edd mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai, g\u00e2y n\u00ean n\u1ed7i b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch t\u1ee5 th\u00eam \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. B\u1ecdn quan l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c thu t\u00f4 thu\u1ebf c\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea9m cho tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f2n tranh th\u1ee7 v\u01a1 v\u00e9t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Theo T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng thir. \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 An Nam H\u00e0n \u01af\u1edbc l\u00e0 k\u1ebb \\\"do ti\u1ec1n g\u1ea1o m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn th\u00e2n, hom n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea5t An Nam l\u00e0 n\u01a1i gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, t\u00edch l\u0169y, t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, v\u1ed1n li\u1ebfng c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u1. T\u00f4n th\u1ea5t nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng L\u00fd Th\u1ecd \u0111\u1eddi Trinh Qu\u00e1n (627 - 649) l\u00e0m \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 Giao Ch\u00e2u \\\"v\u00ec tham lam b\u1ecb t\u1ed9i\\\"2. N\u0103m Th\u00f9y C\u1ee7ng th\u1ee9 3 (687), L\u01b0u Di\u00ean H\u1ee5ru l\u00e0m An Nam \u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c. \\\"L\u1ec7 c\u0169 d\u00e2n qu\u00ea h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m n\u1ea1p n\u1eeda thu\u1ebf. Di\u00ean H\u1ef1u b\u1eaft n\u1ea1p to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n...\\\"3. Vy C\u00f4ng C\u00e1n l\u00e0m Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed \u00c1i Ch\u00e2u, th\u1ea5y trong ch\u00e2u c\u00f3 c\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng, mu\u1ed1n chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1n nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i, ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4i4. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi trung \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edd \u0111i, Giao Ch\u00e2u tr\u1edd th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecba chi h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean tham quan nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01a1 v\u00e9t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u, g\u00e2y n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7i th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp Th\u1ed5 h\u00e0o, Th\u1ed5 t\u00f9, H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng, \\\"Man h\u00e0o\\\", Nam h\u00e0o, Kh\u00ea \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0o, T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, do b\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb ch\u00e8n \u00e9p qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Giao Ch\u00e2u, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 n\u00e9t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1ea5t qua ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7. \u0110\u1eb7t \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 N\u0103m 640, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7t An T\u00e2y \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eb1m kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 Ph\u1ed3n, \u0110\u1ed9t Quy\u1ebft (mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2n C\u01b0\u01a1ng, Thanh H\u1ea3i, cao nguy\u00ean Khang T\u1ea1ng ng\u00e0y nay). N\u0103m 668 \u0111\u1eb7t An \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eb1m kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf Cao Ly. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7t An B\u1eafc \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 1. T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0, Q. 179. 2. An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, S\u0111d, tr. 190. 3. An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, S\u0111d, tr. 193. 4. Th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n v\u0169 k\u00fd, Q. 171. 4b. 350","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 T\u00f9y - \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng... (mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t M\u00f4ng c\u1ed5), Thi\u1ec1n Vu \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7, B\u1eafc \u0110\u00ecnh \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c qu\u1ed1c v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean c\u1ea3nh. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 679, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed5i Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0m An Nam \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam. T\u00ean An Nam b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. An Nam \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, m\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn; l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng sau ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9 L\u0129nh Nam (tr\u1ecb s\u1edf \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u). Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9 thay m\u1eb7t Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1eeb th\u1eddi V\u0129nh Huy (650 - 655). \u0110en \u0111\u1eddi Huy\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng, c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean c\u1ea3nh Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 10 Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9; Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9 L\u0129nh Nam \u0111\u1eb7t n\u0103m Ch\u00ed \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 2 (757) (\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i y\u1ec3u Q 78). S\u1eed s\u00e1ch ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c thi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 An Nam \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 tuy c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn, c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau, song \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Ph\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd 4 \\\"C\u1ef1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\\\" quy\u1ec3n 41, ch\u00e9p: An Nam ph\u1ee7 \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Ung Qu\u1ea3n, \\\"Qu\u1eadn Giao Chi \u0111\u1eddi Tu\u1ef3. Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m V\u0169 \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 5, \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0m Giao Chi T\u1ed5ng qu\u1ea3n ph\u1ee7, qu\u1ea3n m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u: Giao, Phong, \u00c1i, Ti\u00ean, Di\u00ean, T\u1ed1ng, T\u1eeb, Hi\u1ec3m, \u0110\u1ea1o, Long... Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m \u0110i\u1ec1u L\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed5i Giao Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c ph\u1ee7 th \u00e0n h A n N am \u0110 \u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7. T h \u00e1n g 4 n\u0103m \u0110 \u1ea1i T \u00fac th \u1ee9 nh\u00e2t, \u0111\u1eb7t V\u0169 An (Y\u00ean) ch\u00e2u, Nam \u0110\u0103ng ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c An Nam ph\u1ee7. Th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m Ch\u00ed \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 hai, \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0m Tr\u1ea5n Nam \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7, sau l\u00e0 An Nam ph\u1ee7. Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed sung l\u00e0m \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9, qu\u1ea3n 4.200 binh. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia qu\u1ea3n l\u0129nh 8 huy\u1ec7n, g\u1ed3m 17.523 h\u1ed9, 88.788 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u. N\u0103m Thi\u00ean B\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n l\u0129nh 7 huy\u1ec7n, g\u1ed3m 24.230 h\u1ed9, 99.652 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u. (T\u1eeb tr\u1ecb s\u1edf c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ee7) \u0111\u1ebfn Kinh S\u01b0 7.523 d\u1eb7m, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u00f4 7.225 d\u1eb7m. Ph\u00eda t\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng Ti\u1ec3u Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi ch\u00e2u \u00c1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y 416 d\u1eb7m; t\u00e2y nam 150 d\u1eb7m \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea5n T\u0129nh Giang huy\u1ec7n V\u0103n D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi ch\u00e2u Tr\u01b0\u1eddng; t\u00e2y b\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng Lu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n Gia Ninh ch\u00e2u Phong, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y 150 d\u1eb7m; ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9a s\u00f4ng Ti\u1ec3u Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi huy\u1ec7n Chu Di\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y 500 d\u1eb7m; ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng A Lao ch\u00e2u Chu Di\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y 549 d\u1eb7m; ph\u00eda b\u1eafc 252 d\u1eb7m 351","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00f4ng V\u0169 \u0110\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi huy\u1ec7n V\u0169 B\u00ecnh; \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc 10 d\u1eb7m \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u00fac Sinh \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi huy\u1ec7n Giao Chi. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p tr\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y: qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 An Nam \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: n\u0103m \u0110i\u1ec1u L\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (679), \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb Giao Ch\u00e2u T\u1ed5ng qu\u1ea3n ph\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7; n\u0103m Ch\u00ed \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 hai (757), \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0m Tr\u1ea5n Nam \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7, n\u0103m \u0110\u1ea1i L\u1ecbch th\u1ee9 3 (768), kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i An Nam \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7, cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong c\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n do nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng, ho\u1eb7c n\u1ed9i lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u00fa \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ebf b\u1ecf hay ph\u1ea3i d\u1eddi \u0111i n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c. An Nam \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 4.200 qu\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c. Qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u00fa \u1edf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Giao Ch\u00e2u bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u01b0ng t\u1eadp t\u1eeb n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba Trung Qu\u1ed1c; nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi Trung T\u00f4ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 sau d\u00e2n \u0111inh Giao Ch\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng vi\u1ec7c tu\u1ea7n th\u00fa bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh ph\u1ea3i cung c\u1ea5p cho th\u00fa binh 300 con ng\u1ef1a. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng qu\u00e2n Nam Chi\u1ebfu t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft d\u00e2n \u0111inh L\u00e2m T\u00e2y (H\u01b0ng H\u00f3a) \u0111i l\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u00fa binh Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Quan l\u1ea1i \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7nh x\u00e9t xem n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c l\u1edbn, ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecd to th\u00ec b\u1eaft cung c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1p binh, k\u00ea t\u00ean c\u00f9ng h\u1ea1nh ki\u1ec3m, t\u00e0i c\u00e1n t\u00e2u v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft l\u00ednh b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n t\u00fac v \u1ec71. v \u1ec1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 An Nam, th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch ch\u00e9p ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Song, v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 An Nam th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 th\u1eddi tru\u1edbc. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o b\u1ea3ng (Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c I): Qua b\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c vi\u00ean quan gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p th\u00eam c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 Giao Ch\u00e2u c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. v \u1ec1 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a An Nam \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7: \\\"T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0' quy\u1ec3n 49 h\u1ea1, ph\u1ea7n \\\"B\u00e1ch quan t\u1ee9 h\u1ea1\\\" \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t nh\u01b0 sau: 1. An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, S\u0111d. 352","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 T\u00f9y - \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng... \\\"Th\u1ed1ng qu\u00e1n c\u00e1c phi\u00ean, g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c v\u1ed7 v\u1ec1, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1eb9p, th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng, ph\u1ea1t t\u1ed9i, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh chung c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c trong ph\u1ee7\\\". C\u00e1c s\u00e1ch s\u1eed kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng ghi ch\u00e9p n\u1ed9i dung t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vi\u00ean quan \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3: - B\u1ed1 tr\u00ed h\u1ec7 thong ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ef1, \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed3n binh l\u00ednh th\u00fa, ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. \u0110\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e0 V\u00e0, M\u00e3 Lai, L\u00e2m \u00c1p v\u00e0 Nam Chi\u1ebfu, quan l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1c th\u00fac d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 binh l\u00ednh \u0111\u1eafp th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec. N\u0103m 767, Kinh l\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00e1 Nghi x\u00e2y La Th\u00e0nh \u1edf T\u1ed1ng B\u00ecnh (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i). N\u0103m 801, \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 B\u00f9i Th\u00e1i thay Tri\u1ec7u X\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eaft qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh l\u1ea5p b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng h\u00e0o r\u00e3nh trong th\u00e0nh h\u1ee3p l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh; l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eafp c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh \u1edd ch\u00e2u Hoan, ch\u00e2u \u00c1i. N\u0103m 808, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu cho s\u1eefa l\u1ea1i hai th\u00e0nh Hoan, \u00c1i. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 824, \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 l\u00e0 L\u00fd Nguy\u00ean Hi r\u1eddi ph\u1ee7 tr\u1ecb sang ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, n\u0103m 825, tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh T\u1ed1ng B\u00ecnh. Trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n r\u1eddi th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1eafp th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 kh\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1n. Theo T\u01b0 tr\u1ecb th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m, quy\u1ec3n 249, ph\u1ea7n ghi v\u1ec1 th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang, nam th\u1ee9 12 ni\u1ebdn hi\u1ed9u \u0110\u1ea1i Trung (858) ch\u00e9p: \\\"V\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m \u0110 \u1ecf h\u1ed9, Kinh l\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9 An Nam... Khi \u0111\u1ebfn Giao Chi, Th\u1ee9c cho tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y c\u00f3 gai, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng t\u1edbi v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m. \u0110\u00e0o h\u00e0o s\u00e2u b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb trong th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o, ngo\u00e0i h\u00e0o tr\u1ed3ng \u1eebe, gi\u1eb7c tr\u1ed9m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\\\". T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0 quy\u1ec3n 224, \\\"B\u1ea1n th\u1ea7n li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n h\u1ea1\\\": \\\"Kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u H\u00e0m Th\u00f4ng, vua (\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng)... c\u1eed Cao Bi\u1ec1n l\u00e0m \u0110\u00f4 h \u1ed9 ... \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i b\u1ecdn \\\"man Nam Chi\u1ebfu\\\", diu r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i cung c\u1ea5p cho qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh... th\u0103ng Bi\u1ec1n l\u00e0m Ki\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7u Hinh b\u1ed9 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0, v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea5n \u1ee9\u1ecb An Nam, l\u1ea5y \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh T\u0129nh H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n, Bi\u1ec1n nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u00eam H\u00e0nh doanh Chi\u00eau th\u1ea3o s\u1ee9 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eafp th\u00e0nh An Nam\\\" (Th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i La). v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ef1 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Giao Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c C\u1ef1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0 quy\u1ec3n 41, ph\u1ea7n \\\"\u0110\u1ea1i l\u00fd t\u1ee9\\\" ch\u00e9p: \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 An Nam 353","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c \\\"b\u1ed1n ngh\u00ecn hai tr\u0103m\\\"; T\u0103n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0 quy\u1ec3n 42 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ph\u1ea7n \\\"\u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd th\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1ee3ng\\\" l\u1ea1i ch\u00e9p: Ph\u1ee7 \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 An Nam \\\"c\u00f3 qu\u00e2n Kinh l\u01b0\u1ee3c\\\". T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0 quy\u1ec3n 222, ph\u1ea7n \\\"Nam man li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n trung\\\" ch\u00e9p: \\\"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0o L\u00e2m \u1edf An Nam, s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i L\u00e2m T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean, L\u00fd Do \u0110\u1ed9c, th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ed9ng Th\u1ea5t Qu\u1ea3n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e0ng n\u0103m tu\u1ea7n th\u00fa bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng. Khi \u1ea5y, L\u00fd Tr\u00e1c tr\u1ecb nh\u1eadm t\u1ea1i An Nam, d\u00e2ng s\u1edb t\u00e2u b\u00e3i b\u1ecf 6.000 l\u00ednh ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u00f4ng, cho r\u1eb1ng Do \u0110\u1ed9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi (s\u1edf t\u1ea1i)\\\". C\u1ef1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0 quy\u1ec3n 13, ph\u1ea7n \\\"\u0110\u1ee9c T\u00f4ng k\u1ef7 h\u1ea1\\\" ch\u00e9p: Th\u00e1ng 5, n\u0103m Trinh Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee9 7 (791), \\\"\u0111\u1eb7t qu\u00e2n Nhu vi\u1ec5n t\u1ea1i An Nam \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7\\\"... Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ef1 Giao Ch\u00e2u c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ed3m ba b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn: qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c, thu\u1ed9c h\u1ea1 \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 d\u00e2n binh c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh. \\\"B\u1ed1n ngh\u00ecn hai tr\u0103m\\\" qu\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c, qu\u00e2n Kinh l\u01b0\u1ee3c, qu\u00e2n Nhu vi\u1ec5n, qu\u00e2n T\u0129nh h\u1ea3i m\u00e0 s\u1eed ch\u00e9p \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c nhau qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3. s\u1ed1 qu\u00e2n n\u00e0y do \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 An Nam tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ec9 huy, nh\u1eb1m duy tr\u00ec tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o Giao Ch\u00e2u. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 suy nh\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng sa s\u00fat, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng, c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. D\u00e2n \u0111inh b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00ednh \u0111i ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh nhau v\u1edbi Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh, Nam Chi\u1ebfu, ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1. V\u00ec th\u1ebf v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, binh l\u00ednh gi\u1eef ph\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh Giao Ch\u00e2u th\u01b0\u1eddng hay n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng b\u1ecdn quan l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9. Nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean quan \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 h\u00e8n k\u00e9m \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n n\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n, c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c, t\u00e0n h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh, Nam Chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Giao Ch\u00e2u, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Nam Chi\u1ebfu. T\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ea1i Trung, Nam Chi\u1ebfu b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Giao Ch\u00e2u. S\u00e1ch T\u01b0 tr\u1ecb th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m quy\u1ec3n 249, ph\u1ea7n th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m \u0110\u1ea1i Trung th\u1ee9 12 ch\u00e9p: 354","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 T\u00f9y - \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng... \\\"Tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, L\u00fd Tr\u00e1c (Tr\u1ecdc), \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 An Nam cai tr\u1ecb tham t\u00e0n, b\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u00e9p tr\u00e2u ng\u1ef1a trong ch\u1ee3 \\\"ng\u01b0\u1eddi man\\\", m\u1ed9t con tr\u00e2u (ng\u1ef1a) ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5u mu\u1ed1i. L\u1ea1i gi\u1ebft \u0110\u1ed7 T\u1ed3n Th\u00e0nh, T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng...\\\". C\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai o\u00e1n gi\u1eadn, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c Nam Chi\u1ebfu t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng An Nam \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf \u0111i, vi\u1ec7c Nam Chi\u1ebfu x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Giao Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Giao Ch\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Nam Chi\u1ebfu, th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch s\u1eed. N\u0103m th\u1ee9 4 ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u H\u00e0m Th\u00f4ng (863), An Nam ph\u00f9 b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed sau n\u00e0y tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian tri\u1ec7t b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t An Nam \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1u do s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng, chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng c\u00f9a Nam Chi\u1ebfu. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a Nam Chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean bi\u1ebft bao n\u1ed7i th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Giao Ch\u00e2u. N\u01b0\u1edbc Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng (Champa) ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi Giao Gh\u00e2u, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 x\u00e2m nhi\u1ec5u Giao Ch\u00e2u, m\u00e0 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa c\u00f2n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean tham gia v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u00f9a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Giao Ch\u00e2u... S\u00e1ch T\u01b0 tr\u1ecb th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m quy\u1ec3n 238, ph\u1ea7n th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m Nguy\u00ean H\u00f2a th\u1ee9 4 (809) ch\u00e9p: B\u00ednh Th\u00e2n, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110an, \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 An Nam d\u00e2ng t\u1ea5u: \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 tan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng\\\". T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0 quy\u1ec3n 222 h\u1ea1, ph\u1ea7n \\\"Nam man li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n\\\" ch\u00e9p: N\u01b0\u1edbc Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u Nguy\u00ean H\u00f2a ... kh\u00f4ng tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng, Tru\u01a1ng \u0110an, \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 An Nam b\u1eaft \\\"ng\u1ee5y \u0111\u1ea3ng\\\" \u0110\u00f4 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00e2u Hoan, ch\u00e2u \u00c1i, ch\u00e9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n 3 v\u1ea1n th\u1ee7 c\u1ea5p, b\u1eaft s\u1ed1ng 59 v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eed, thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c voi chi\u1ebfn, thuy\u1ec1n nh\u1ecf, \u00e1o gi\u00e1p\\\". C\u1ef1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0 quy\u1ec3n 17, ph\u1ea7n \\\"K\u00ednh T\u00f4ng k\u1ef3\\\" ch\u00e9p: Th\u00e1ng 11, n\u0103m Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Kh\u00e1nh th\u1ee9 4 (824)... L\u00fd Nguy\u00ean Gia, \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 An Nam t\u00e2u r\u1eb1ng: gi\u1eb7c Ho\u00e0ng Gia h\u1ee3p l\u1ef1c v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e2y h\u00e3m L\u1ee5c Ch\u00e2u, gi\u1ebft Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed C\u00e1t Duy\\\". C\u1ef1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0 quy\u1ec3n 19, ph\u1ea7n \\\"\u00dd T\u00f4r.g k\u1ef7\\\" ch\u00e9p: Th\u00e1ng 5, n\u0103m H\u00e0m Th\u00f4ng th\u1ee9 6 (865), Cao Bi\u1ec1n, \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 An Nam t\u1ea5u r\u1eb1ng: Ung Qu\u1ea3n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea1i b\u1edfi... (qu\u00e2n) L\u00e2m \u1ea8p\\\"... T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Giao Ch\u00e2u v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c An Nam \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 th\u1ef1c thi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, An Nam 355","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 \u0110\u00d4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Giao Ch\u00e2u. Nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 khi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u00fac th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, khi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u y\u00ean \u1ed5n. S\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ch\u1ed7, c\u00f3 l\u00fac x\u1ea3y ra nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady, kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Giao Ch\u00e2u, ho\u1eb7c b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n lo\u1ea1n t\u1eeb \u1eebong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u00fa. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, do g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n ho\u1eb7c qu\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec5u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng nh\u01b0 Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng, Nam Chi\u1ebfu g\u00e2y ra, khi\u1ebfn \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c, ph\u1ea3i b\u00f2 nhi\u1ec7m s\u1edd ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc... m . NH\u1eeeNG CU\u1ed8C KH\u1edeI NGH\u0128A GI\u00c0NH QUY\u00caN \u0110 \u1ed9c L\u1eacP, T \u1ef1 CH\u1ee6 C\u1ee6A NH\u00c2N D\u00c2N GIAO CH\u00c2U 1. S\u1ef1 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng S \u1ef1 chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a V\u00f5 T\u1eafc Thi\u00ean N\u0103m 649, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t, Th\u00e1i t\u1eed L\u00fd Tr\u1ecb l\u00ean ng\u00f4i (t\u1ee9c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Cao t\u00f4ng). Gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Cao t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u1eadu l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00f4n V\u00f4 K\u1ef5 chi b\u1ea3o. v \u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng ta l\u1eadp V\u00f5 T\u1eafc Thi\u00ean - v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i nh\u00e2n (c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc th\u1ea5p \u01b0ong h\u00e0ng phi t\u1ea7n) l\u00e0m Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu, khi\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1eb3n. N\u0103m 683, Cao T\u00f4ng m\u00e1t, Trung T\u1ed5ng v\u00e0 Du\u1ed9 T\u00f4ng l\u00e0n lu\u1ef1l \u0111u\u1ef1c c\u1eed l\u00ean l\u00e0m vua, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c n\u1eb1m trong tay Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu h\u1ecd V\u00f5. Th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 690, V\u00f5 T\u1eafc Thi\u00ean t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Chu (690 - 705). Trong su\u1ed1t m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb khi l\u00ean l\u00e0m Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, V\u00f5 T\u1eafc Thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eb3ng tay kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ee5c h\u00ecnh man r\u1ee3. Nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f4n th\u1ea5t, qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, c\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu c\u1ea3nh thu\u1ebf kho\u00e1, lao d\u1ecbch, binh d\u1ecbch n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb b\u1ecdn tham quan t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o nh\u0169ng nhi\u1ec5u n\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng kh\u1ed5 c\u1ef1c. N\u0103m 705, V\u00f5 T\u0103c Thi\u00ean \u1ed1m n\u1eb7ng, trong cung \u0111\u00ecnh x\u1ea3y ra ch\u00ednh bi\u1ebfn, bu\u1ed9c V\u00f5 T\u1eafc Thi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb. Tri\u1ec1u Chu c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb n\u1eef Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf duy nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. 356","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u1ec9. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 T\u00f9y - \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng... V\u1ee5 lo\u1ea1n A n - S \u1eed v\u00f2 s\u1ef1 suy tho\u00e1i c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng N\u0103m 710, sau khi Trung T\u00f4ng ch\u1ebft, con c\u00f9a Du\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng l\u00e0 L\u00fd Long C\u01a1 \u0111\u00f3n Du\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng v\u1ec1, tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ng\u00f4i vua. Hai n\u0103m sau, Du\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng nh\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1i ng\u00f4i vua cho L\u00fd Long C\u01a1 (t\u1ee9c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Huy\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng, 713 - 756). Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Huy\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y hai ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Khai Nguy\u00ean (713 - 742) v\u00e0 Thi\u00ean B\u1ea3o (743 - 756). Trong h\u01a1n hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u sau khi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Huy\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 thi h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch nh\u1eb1m \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1eebong n\u01b0\u1edbc. v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1n l\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u1edf trung \u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, ph\u00e1i c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i l\u00e0m Th\u00fa s\u1eed \u1edd c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh h\u1eadu h\u1ecda ch\u00ednh bi\u1ebfn \u1edf kinh \u0111\u00f4. v \u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, \u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t (ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c duy tr\u00ec ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec1n, c\u1eed quan v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng lo di\u1ec7t n\u1ea1n ch\u00e2u ch\u1ea5u ph\u00e1 m\u00f9a m \u00e0ng...) v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m (ra l\u1ec7nh ng\u1eebng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, b\u00f2 c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ec7t g\u1ea5m \u1edf hai kinh \u0111\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An v\u00e0 L\u1ea1c D \u01b0\u01a1ng)... Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00eam v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 s\u1eed s\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"Khai Nguy\u00ean chi tr\u1ecb\\\" - n\u00e8n th\u1ecbnh tr\u1ecb th\u1eddi Khai Nguy\u00ean' (ni\u1ebbn hi\u1ec7u c\u00f9a \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Huy\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng n\u0103m 713 - 742, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng l\u1ea5y ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Thi\u00ean B\u1ea3o, 743 - 756). \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Huy\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng say m\u00ea D\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u00fd Phi, vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh giao cho D\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ed1c Trung (anh trai c\u1ee7a D\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u00fd Phi) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n t\u00edn, do \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u01b0a l\u00e0m gi\u00f3 \u1edf kinh \u0111\u00f4, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u suy vong. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 suy vong \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n phi\u00ean tr\u1ea5n c\u00e1t c\u1ee9. Mi\u1ec1n bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m trong tay c\u00e1c Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00e1c Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9 chi n\u1eafm qu\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, v\u1ec1 sau quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c 5000 n\u0103m, T\u1eadp II, S\u0111d, tr. 365. 357","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 d\u1ea7n, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh phi\u00ean tr\u1ea5n c\u00e1t c\u1ee9, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111inh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb thu h\u1eb9p. \u1ede c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec1n tan r\u00e3, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa trung \u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gay g\u1eaft. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh r\u1ed1i ren, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 \u00e2m m\u01b0u ph\u1ea3n lo\u1ea1n. N\u0103m 755, An L\u1ed9c S\u01a1n - Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi S\u1eeb T\u01b0 Minh kh\u1edfi binh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. S\u1eed s\u00e1ch Trung Qu\u1ed1c g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ee5 \\\"lo\u1ea1n An - S\u1eed\\\". V\u1ee5 bi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n n\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. Tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ea5y n\u0103m binh l\u1eeda chi\u1ebfn tranh, sinh m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. Sau lo\u1ea1n An - S\u1eed, c\u1ea3nh th\u1ecbnh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa. Tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1ee3t d\u00e0i t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn suy y\u1ebfu. Nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u bi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 chia r\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i, \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111inh cao huy ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111i d\u1ea7n t\u1edbi ch\u1ed3 di\u1ec7t vong. Phong tr\u00e0o chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f2i \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng V\u1ee5 lo\u1ea1n An - S\u1eed \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00f9ng ho\u1ea3ng c\u00f9a tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 sau trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, vua \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng chi l\u00e0m b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn, m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u do ho\u1ea1n quan \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh. S\u1ef1 l\u0169ng \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1n quan ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean. B\u1ecdn ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 \u00fd ph\u1ebf l\u1eadp c\u00e1c vua, kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c quan t\u00f2 T\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng. B\u1ecb ho\u1ea1n quan o \u00e9p, c\u00e1c quan trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. \u1ede c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u00e1c Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh, tr\u1edd th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i su\u1ed1t b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed g\u1ecdi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \\\"B\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng chi tranh\\\" (s\u1ef1 tranh ch\u1ea5p b\u00e8 ph\u00e1i)1. 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c 5000 n\u0103m, T\u1eadp II, S\u0111d, tr. 493. 358","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 T\u00f9y - \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng... Sau lo\u1ea1n An - S\u1eed, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec1n b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eadp trung ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0o tay giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Thu\u1ebf kh\u00f3a c\u0169ng l\u00e0 g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng n\u1ed5i. \u0110\u1ebfn k\u1ef3 thu thu\u1ebf, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ee1 nh\u00e0 b\u00e1n ng\u00f3i, b\u00e1n g\u1ed3, b\u00e1n v\u1ee3, \u0111\u1ee3 con \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, mu\u1ed1i l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng b\u1ecb Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd r\u1ea5t ch\u1eb7t, th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01a1 n\u00e2ng gi\u00e1 n\u00ean n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1i \u0103n. Nhi\u1ec1u n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c canh t\u00e1c, \u0111i l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n mu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng. C\u1ea3nh s\u01b0u cao thu\u1ebf n\u1eb7ng, thi\u00ean tai li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp (\u0111\u00ea Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 b\u1ecb v\u1ee1, n\u1ea1n l\u1ee5t x\u1ea3y ra) khi\u1ebfn n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n, l\u01b0u t\u00e1n kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 c\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u0103m 860, \u1edd v\u00f9ng Chi\u1ebft \u0110\u00f4ng n\u1ed5 ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00ean t\u1edbi ba v\u1ea1n, duy tr\u00ec cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u su\u1ed1t t\u00e1m th\u00e1ng, l\u00e0m rung \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t Ch\u00e2u (tr\u1ecb s\u1edd \u1edf Thi\u1ec7u H\u01b0ng, Chi\u1ebft Giang ng\u00e0y nay). T\u00e1m n\u00e3m sau, 800 binh s\u0129 \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ebf L\u00e2m, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 qu\u00ea qu\u00e1n \u1edf T\u1eeb Ch\u00e2u, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft h\u1ea1n m\u00e0 quan tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng cho v\u1ec1, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft lu\u00f4n k\u00e8 chi huy, ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a. H\u1ecd t\u1eeb Qu\u1ebf L\u00e2m ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n l\u00ean ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng. D\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n, n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n r\u1ea7m r\u1ed9 h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng. Khi t\u1edbi T\u1eeb Ch\u00e2u, s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi hai m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n. Hai cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e8 b\u1eb9p, nh\u01b0ng tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng cao, quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a sau ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn. N\u00e3m 874, n\u0103m phong tr\u00e0o kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 \u1edf S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ti\u00ean Tri - m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh d\u00e2n bu\u00f4n mu\u1ed1i. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp m\u1ea5y ng\u00e0n n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u1ed5i l\u00ean kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u1edf Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea3n (H\u00e0 Nam ng\u00e0y nay). Qu\u00e2n kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a tuy\u00ean c\u00e1o v\u1ea1ch tr\u1ea7n t\u1ed9i \u00e1c c\u1ee7a quan l\u1ea1i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch gi\u00e0u ngh\u00e8o trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. L\u1eddi tuy\u00ean c\u00e1o nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng. 359","L\u1ecaCH S \u1eeb VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u1edf Oan C\u01b0 (nay \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc huy\u1ec7n T\u00e0o, S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng), m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi bu\u00f4n mu\u1ed1i l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng S\u00e0o c\u0169ng n\u1ed5i binh. Sau khi hai \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n kh\u1eddi nghTa c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ti\u00ean Tri v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng S\u00e0o h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng su\u1ed1t d\u1ea3i S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng, H\u00e0 Nam (h\u01a1n 10 t\u1ec9nh) li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00e2u huy\u1ec7n, thanh th\u1ebf m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t l\u1eaby l\u1eebng. N\u0103m 880, ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n Ho\u00e0ng S\u00e0o bao v\u00e2y th\u00e0nh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An. Kinh \u0111\u00f4 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n. Vua Hy T\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n th\u1ea7n nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n. Chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh \u0111\u00f4, Ho\u00e0ng S\u00e0o t\u1eeb l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, phong ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7. Nhu v\u1eady, \u1edf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9i lo\u1ea1n, b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Nam Chi\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean qu\u1ea5y ph\u00e1, khi\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng suy tho\u00e1i c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc nguy c\u01a1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ecdn l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa phi\u00ean tr\u1ea5n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3 theo l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a vua \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee3p l\u1ef1c k\u00e9o v\u1ec1 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n. Cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn di\u1ec5n ra quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t. Ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n Ho\u00e0ng S\u00e0o m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u anh d\u0169ng nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbch n\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa. Ho\u00e0ng S\u00e0o th\u1ea5t th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 t\u1eed. Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Ho\u00e0ng S\u00e0o (874-884) tuy \\\"ch\u01b0a l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n th\u00f3ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111a l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb chia n\u0103m x\u1ebb b\u1ea3y\\\"1, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Ho\u00e0ng S\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103m 907. N\u0103m 882, m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng S\u00e0o l\u00e0 Chu \u00d4n \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban t\u00ean l\u00e0 To\u00e0n Trung v\u00e0 giao cho quy\u1ec1n cao ch\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh. N\u0103m 900, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Chi\u00eau T\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u01b0u toan ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n quan ho\u1ea1n n\u00ean b\u1ecb quan ho\u1ea1n c\u1ea7m t\u00f9. Chu \u00d4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi v\u1ec1 kinh \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t b\u1ecdn quan ho\u1ea1n. Tr\u1eeb xong quan ho\u1ea1n, Chu \u00d4n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ph\u1ea3n n\u00ean 1. Nguy\u1ec5n Gia Phu - Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n \u00c1nh - \u0110\u1ed7 \u0110\u00ecnh H\u00e3ng, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trung \u0111\u1ea1i, Nxb. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2000, tr. 211. 360","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 T\u00f9y - \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng... m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay h\u1eafn. N\u0103m 904, Chu \u00d4n gi\u1ebft \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Chi\u00eau T\u00f4ng l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn l\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Chi\u00eau Tuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebf, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ai \u0111\u1ebf. Th\u00e1ng 2, m\u00f9a Xu\u00e2n, n\u0103m \u1ea4t S\u1eedu (905), Chu To\u00e0n Trung th\u1ea5y Chu To\u00e0n D\u1ee5c (l\u00e0 anh c\u1ee7a To\u00e0n Trung) \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee9c Giao Ch\u00e2u Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00ecnh ch\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu \u0111\u1ea7n, ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i c\u00e1n g\u00ec, t\u1ef1 xin b\u00e3i \u0111i1. Sau khi To\u00e0n D\u1ee5c b\u1ecb b\u00e3i ch\u1ee9c, c\u00f9ng trong n\u0103m 905 l\u1ea5y T\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1eddi Chi\u00eau T\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed9c C\u00f4 T\u1ed5n l\u00e0m T\u0129nh h\u1ea3i Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00e2u g\u1ecdi \u0110\u1ed9c C\u00f4 T\u1ed5n l\u00e0 \\\"ng\u1ee5c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0\\\" (Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 t\u00e0n \u00e1c), l\u00e0m Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2 th\u00e1ng th\u00ec b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfm l\u00e0m Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed L\u1ec7 Ch\u00e2u, sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft. \u0110\u1ed9c C\u00f4 T\u1ed5n l\u00e0 vi\u00ean quan \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u. N\u0103m 907, Chu \u00d4n ph\u1ebf Ai \u0111\u1ebf, t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf Bi\u1ec7n L\u01b0\u01a1ng (Khai Phong, H\u00e0 Nam ng\u00e0y nay). Chu \u00d4n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh L\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 - m\u1edd \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00e0 H\u1eadu L\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb Trung Qu\u1ed1c g\u1ea7n 300 n\u0103m (K\u1ef7 thu\u1ed9c T\u00f9y \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb 603-906)2 t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. Nh\u00e0 H\u1eadu L\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 H\u1eadu \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, H\u1eadu T\u1ea5n, H\u1eadu H\u00e1n, H\u1eadu Chu ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1eddi Ng\u0169 \u0110\u1ea1i (907 - 959), Th\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c (n\u0103m \u0111\u1eddi m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc) \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Ch\u00ednh trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1ch quan v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi c\u01a1 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Giao Ch\u00e2u trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9, l\u00e2u d\u00e0i gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7. 2. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf - ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Giao Ch\u00e2u T\u1eeb gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 622, n\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1. Nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng coi Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ecdng tr\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9. 1. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 143. 2. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 143. 361","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eabn th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1ed1i b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 b\u1eaft nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Giao Ch\u00e2u c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p. \\\"H\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u huy\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c An Nam ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p cho tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i l\u00e2m th\u1ed5 s\u1ea3n qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm (ng\u00e0 voi, s\u1eebng t\u00ea gi\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed3i m\u1ed3i, ng\u1ecdc trai, tr\u1ea7m h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c...), nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a, sa, the, \u0111\u1ed3 m \u00e2y...). C\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ch\u00e2u tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng 50 t\u1ea5m l\u1ee5a\\\"1. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u00f4 thu\u1ebf. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng thi h\u00e0nh \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 t\u00f4 thu\u1ebf nh\u01b0 ph\u00e9p t\u00f4, dung, \u0111i\u1ec7u (t\u00f4 l\u00e0 thu\u1ebf ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, dung l\u00e0 thu\u1ebf lao d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7u l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o h\u1ed9 kh\u1ea9u m\u00e0 thu thu\u1ebf - thu\u1ebf th\u00e2n). Theo ph\u00e9p t\u00f4, dung, \u0111i\u1ec7u th\u00ec \u0111inh nam c\u00f3 ru\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec1n, h\u00e0ng n\u0103m ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p t\u00f4 hai th\u1ea1ch l\u00faa, ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng 2 t\u1ea5m l\u1ee5a, 2 tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u0129nh, the, 3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu sai d\u1ecbch (dung), \u0111inh nam m\u1ed7i n\u0103m ch\u1ecbu sai d\u1ecbch 20 ng\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng \u1ee9ng d\u1ecbch th\u00ec c\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y n\u1ed9p 2 th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ee5a2. \u0110en n\u0103m 780, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u00f4 dung \u0111i\u1ec7u th\u00e0nh l\u01b0\u1ee1ng thu\u1ebf. Theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o chi. xu\u1ea5t t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed5ng ng\u1ea1ch thu\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ea5p gi\u00e0u ngh\u00e8o m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc, tr\u01b0ng thu theo hai v\u1ee5 H\u1ea1 v\u00e0 ThuJ. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Giao Ch\u00e2u h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt qu\u00ed nh\u01b0: ng\u00e0 voi, \u0111\u1ed3i m\u1ed3i, l\u00f4ng chim tr\u1ea3, h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u, v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c... cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n thu th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng mu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 s\u1eaft b\u1ecb thu thu\u1ebf r\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng. H\u00e0ng n\u0103m ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 thu thu\u1ebf mu\u1ed1i \u1edd L\u0129nh Nam (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Giao Ch\u00e2u) l\u00ean t\u1edbi hom 40 v\u1ea1n quan ti\u1ec1n. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u L\u1ee5c 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1eadp I, Nxb Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1976, tr. 120. 2. L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, \u1eef. 132. 3. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, S\u0111d, \u1eeb. 356. 362","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 T\u00f9y - \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng... thu\u1ed9c Giao Ch\u00e2u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng ngh\u1ec1 n\u1ea5u mu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 m\u00f2 ng\u1ecdc ch\u00e2u m\u1ed7i n\u0103m ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p kho\u1ea3n thu\u1ebf c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 100 h\u1ed9c g\u1ea1o m\u1ed7i h\u1ed91. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Kinh l\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ee9 An Nam th\u00ec nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u1eafm gi\u1eef. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edd c\u1ea5p ch\u00e2u, huy\u1ec7n nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng giao cho t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng, T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9. B\u1ecdn th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u0103m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch mua chu\u1ed9c, thu d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng, T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng l\u00e0m mai m\u1ed9t, \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1eadp t\u1eaft \u00fd ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Giao Ch\u00e2u. Ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng r\u00e1o ri\u1ebft thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n cai tr\u1ecb x\u1ea3o quy\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ngu d\u00e2n. Ch\u00fang kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf Giao Ch\u00e2u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i t\u1ecf ra \\\"r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c l\u1ecfng l\u00e8o\\\", mua chu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u00f9a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng chi v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf - ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 c\u00f2n tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Giao Ch\u00e2u v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham lam v\u01a1 v\u00e9t c\u00faa b\u1ecdn quan l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea9y ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Giao Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng h\u00f3a. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a giai c\u1ea5p trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, t\u1eeb n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 VIII, l\u1ee5t l\u1ed9i v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n x\u1ea3y ra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, chi\u1ebfn tranh li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp do c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng (Champa) v\u00e0 Nam Chi\u1ebfu g\u00e2y ra, khi\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng th\u00eam c\u01a1 c\u1ef1c. v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u0103n ho\u00e1, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u0103 \u0111u nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1o Nho, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Giao Ch\u00e2u. 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 133. 363","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Nho gi\u00e1o th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 xem l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, song c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng trong t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc d\u1ea1y ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edd nhi\u1ec1u \u1edd c\u00e1c ph\u1ee7, ch\u00e2u. Trong t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 cho con em h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia thi c\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea1t \u1edf B\u1eafc tri\u1ec1u, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p anh em Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee5c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 thi c\u1eed \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u v\u1eabn b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. L\u1ec7 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103m H\u1ed9i X\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 5 (845) quy \u0111\u1ecbnh: \\\"An Nam \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o thi Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1 t\u00e1m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Minh kinh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1 m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi\\\"1. D\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 v\u00e0o Giao Ch\u00e2u v\u1edbi hai ph\u00e1i Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Ph\u00e1i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t do T\u00ec Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp, truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 v\u00e0o Giao Ch\u00e2u cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VI, trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 ch\u00f9a Ph\u00e1p V\u00e2n (Thu\u1eadn Th\u00e0nh, B\u1eafc Ninh). Ph\u00e1i th\u1ee9 hai do V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp, truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o Giao Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IX, trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 ch\u00f9a Ki\u1ebfn S\u01a1 (Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ed5ng, ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i). B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 cho nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129, ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y sang Giao Ch\u00e2u, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9 Cao Bi\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u00e0 ma, b\u00f9a ch\u00fa \u0111\u1ec3 y\u1ec3m tr\u1eeb \\\"long m \u1ea1ch\\\"... Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Nho, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1u dung h\u00f2a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u00e2n gian c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t (nh\u01b0 t\u1ee5c th\u1edd th\u1ea7n s\u00f4ng, th\u1ea7n n\u00fai, th\u1edd c\u00e1c v\u1ecb anh h\u00f9ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.. t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i bang. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u1eeft c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Gmo Ch\u00e2u Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng cho kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Giao Ch\u00e2u. \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng th\u00eam c\u01a1 c\u1ef1c, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n 1. L\u00ea T\u1eafc, An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hu\u1ebf, 1961, tr. 251. 364","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 T\u00f9y - \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng... Giao Ch\u00e2u n\u1ed5i l\u00ean ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VII tr\u1edf \u0111i. Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a L\u00fd T\u1ef1 Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0110inh Ki\u1ebfn (687) \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi nghTa \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u1ed5 ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 687, do m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 L\u00fd T\u1ef1 Ti\u00ean l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t t\u00f4 thu\u1ebf n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n x\u1ea3y ra kh\u1eddi ngh\u0129a. Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u1ea1ch chung c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 (d\u00e2n \\\"Di L\u00e3o\\\") chi ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p m\u1ed9t n\u1eeba s\u1ed1 t\u00f4 thu\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng vi\u00ean quan \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 L\u01b0u Di\u00ean H\u1ef1u khi \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eaft nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai Giao Ch\u00e2u n\u1ed9p to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 t\u00f4 thu\u1ebf (gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 d\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n xu\u00f4i). S\u00e1ch \\\"C\u1ef1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\\\" q u y\u1ec3n 190 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ph\u1ea7n \\\"V\u0103n uy\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng\\\" ch\u00e9p: L\u01b0u Di\u00ean H\u1ef1u \\\"T\u1eeb tu\u1ed5i thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y l\u00e0 Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 trong b\u1ea3n ch\u00e2u, nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 l\u00e0m V\u1ecb Nam \u00fa y . L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 cung \u0111ao v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch b\u00fat, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00f9ng ngo\u1ea1i \u1ea5p kinh k\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi... Sau t\u1eebng gi\u1eef c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c H\u1eefu ty Lang trung, Ki\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7u ty T\u00e2n thi\u1ebfu khanh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong Ti\u1ebft huy\u1ec7n Nam. Sau (Di\u00ean H\u1ef1u) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed C\u01a1 Ch\u00e2u, chuy\u1ec3n th\u0103ng l\u00e0m \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 An Nam\\\". Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u0103m ph\u1eabn \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi L\u00fd T\u1ef1 Ti\u00ean n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ed9. L\u01b0u Dicn Il\u1ef1u mang qu\u00e2n \u0111i \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e0i ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 L\u00fd T\u1ef1 Ti\u00ean. S\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u1ef9 to\u00e0n th\u01b0 cho bi\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 687, m\u00f9a Thu, th\u00e1ng 7, \\\"c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u00e1i \u1edf L\u0129nh Nam, theo nh\u01b0 l\u1ec7 c\u0169, n\u1ed9p n\u1eeda thu\u1ebf; H\u1ef1u b\u1eaft ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p c\u1ea3. C\u00e1c h\u1ed9 L\u00e1i m\u1edbi o\u00e1n gi\u1eadn, m\u01b0u l\u00e0m lo\u1ea1n. L\u00fd T\u1ef1 Ti\u00ean l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 m\u01b0u, Di\u00ean H\u1ef1u gi\u1ebft \u0111i\\\"1. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh L\u00fd T\u1ef1 Ti\u00ean b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u1eaft. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0110inh Ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 T\u01b0 Th\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a. Ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 v\u00e2y quanh ph\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh T\u1ed1ng B\u00ecnh2. Qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1eafp l\u0169y c\u1ea7m c\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee3i qu\u00e2n c\u1ee9u vi\u1ec7n. Ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n 1. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ee9 k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 130. 2. L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u00fay \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 X, S\u0111d, \u1eeb. 370. 365","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng th\u1eddi c\u01a1 ph\u00e1 tan th\u00e0nh l\u0169y, ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft quan \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 L\u01b0u Di\u00ean H\u1ef1u, l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh T\u1ed1ng B\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian. Nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7n binh nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng do T\u01b0 m\u00e3 Qu\u1ebf Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 T\u00e0o Huy\u1ec1n T\u0129nh v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean Th\u01b0\u1eddng chi huy, \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n theo hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y b\u1ed9 sang \u0111\u00e1nh. C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 \u0110inh Ki\u1ebfn, T\u01b0 Th\u1eadn b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i. Ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a L\u00fd T\u1ef1 Ti\u00ean b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng h\u01a1n b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m sau l\u1ea1i b\u00f9ng l\u00ean cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Mai Th\u00fac Loan. Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Mai Th\u00fac Loan (713 - 722) Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Mai Th\u00fac Loan n\u1ed5 ra v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 V III1. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho r\u1eb1ng: nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0m b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Mai Th\u00fac Loan l\u00e0 do vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed1ng v\u1ea3i cho nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng; g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3 thi\u1ebfu c\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c2. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Mai Th\u00fac Loan c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u00e2u xa t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch cai tr\u1ecb t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o - b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t thu\u1ebf kh\u00f3a v\u00e0 s\u01b0u d\u1ecbch n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Giao Ch\u00e2u v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 (n\u00eau tr\u00ean). C\u0169ng t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i v\u00ec sao kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Mai Th\u00fac Loan. Qu\u00ea \u00f4ng \u1edf Mai Ph\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t l\u00e0ng chuy\u00ean l\u00e0m mu\u1ed1i \u1edf Hoan Ch\u00e2u (nay thu\u1ed9c x\u00e3 Mai Ph\u1ee5, huy\u1ec7n L\u1ed9c H\u00e0, tinh H\u00e0 T\u0129nh). 1. S\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ee9 k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ee9 th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c, \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd ti\u1ec1n bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u00e9p Mai Th\u00fac Loan kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u0103m Nh\u00e2m Tu\u1ea5t (722), v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eeb D\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u01b0 H\u00fac v\u00e0 Quang (Nguy\u00ean) S\u1edf Kh\u00e1ch sang \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p. 2. Phan Huy L\u00ea, \\\"Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Mai Th\u00fac Loan nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c minh\\\", K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o khoa h\u1ecdc to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c Mai Th\u00fac Loan v\u1edbi kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Hoan Ch\u00e2u, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2009, tr 24-46. 366","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 T\u00f9y - \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng... T heo Vi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n u linh, m \u1ee5c \\\"H\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u00e3m M a i \u0111 \u1ebf k\u00fd\\\" ghi: \\\"Nh\u00e0 vua h\u1ecd Mai, t\u00ean Th\u00fac Loan, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t Hoan Ch\u00e2u, Nh\u1eadt Nam v\u1eady. Cha l\u00e0 Mai Sinh, m\u1eb9 l\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ee9c... N\u0103m l\u00ean m\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec m\u1eb9 \u0111i h\u00e1i c\u1ee7i b\u1ecb h\u1ed5 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i, ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u cha c\u0169ng m\u1ea5t. B\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a cha l\u00e0 \u0110inh Th\u1ebf th\u1ea5y v\u1eady th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ecnh \u0111em v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 nu\u00f4i, coi nh\u01b0 con \u0111\u1ebb. \u0110\u1ebfn khi l\u1edbn l\u00ean t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 ch\u00ed l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ed5, m\u1eaft r\u1ed3ng, tay v\u01b0\u1ee3n, d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, \u0111a t\u00e0i v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta. \u0110inh Th\u1ebf y\u00eau m\u1ebfn qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng \u0111em con g\u00e1i l\u00e0 T\u00f4 Ng\u1ecdc g\u1ea3 cho. T\u00f4 Ng\u1ecdc hi\u1ec1n m\u00e0 \u0111a tr\u00ed, gi\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c c\u1eeda nh\u00e0, l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng gi\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c n\u00f4ng tang, cho n\u00ean gia s\u1ea3n ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec1u, m\u00f4n h\u1ea1 ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc sinh hai trai, sau sinh hai g\u00e1i... Con tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 B\u00e1o S\u01a1n, con th\u1ee9 l\u00e0 K\u1ef3 S\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 trang m\u1ea1o k\u1ef3 v\u0129, \u0111\u1ebfn khi l\u1edbn l\u00ean, v\u0103n m\u00f4 v\u0169 to\u00e1n, kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u00f9. Mai \u0111\u1ebf m\u1eebng v\u00ec trong nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1m vui, vi\u1ec7c trong vi\u1ec7c ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m. M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m b\u1ea3o phu nh\u00e2n r\u1eb1ng: ... Nay ta v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 ch\u00ed b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u00ean h\u1ea1, \u0111i kh\u1eafp h\u1ea3i n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 giao k\u1ebft v\u1edbi h\u00e0o ki\u1ec7t b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f9ng l\u1eadp s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p. N\u00e0ng \u1edf nh\u00e0 nu\u00f4i gi\u1eef con ta, l\u1ea1i ch\u0103m vi\u1ec7c n\u00f4ng tang, t\u00edch tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1edd l\u00fac l\u00e2m th\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn... \u0111\u1eebng ph\u1ee5 l\u00f2ng ta...\\\"1. Sau khi chi\u00eau t\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0o ki\u1ec7t b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \\\"nh\u00e0 vua (Mai Th\u00fac Loan) th\u1ea5y l\u00f2ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u1ee3p nhau, b\u00e8n m\u1edf ti\u1ec7c l\u1edbn, \u0111em gia t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebf cung ph\u1ee5ng t\u00e2n kh\u00e1ch. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 chi\u00eau binh m\u00e3i m\u00e3, d\u1ef1ng l\u0169y x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh. Trong m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n, xa g\u1ea7n h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng, c\u00f3 qu\u00e2n h\u01a1n m\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ea1n. D\u00f9ng Ph\u00f2ng H\u1eadu l\u00e0m Qu\u00e2n s\u01b0, Th\u00f4i Th\u1eb7ng l\u00e0m Th\u00e1i \u00fay, Th\u1ee5c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1ee7 l\u00e0m Tham m\u01b0u, \u0110\u00e0n V\u00e2n Du l\u00e0m T\u00e1n ngh\u1ecb, Mao Ho\u00e0nh l\u00e0m Th\u00e1i trung \u0111\u1ea1i phu, T\u00f9ng Ph\u1ee5 l\u00e0m Tr\u1ecb trung n\u1ed9i s\u1eed, Kh\u1ed5ng Qua l\u00e0m Th\u1ea3o l\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n, Cam H\u1ec1 l\u00e0m \u0110\u1ecbnh bi\u00ean hi\u1ec7u \u00fay, S\u0129 L\u00e2m l\u00e0m H\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n, B\u1ed9 T\u00e2n l\u00e0m Lang t\u01b0\u1edbng. L\u1ea1i chia binh l\u00e0m b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1o, m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i chia l\u00e0m ba qu\u00e2n, m\u1ed7i qu\u00e2n m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi do m\u1ed9t Trung \u00fay su\u1ea5t l\u0129nh... L\u1ea1i sai Ti\u1ebft c\u00f4ng l\u00e0m L\u00e2m \u1ea2p Th\u00f4ng v\u1ea5n s\u1ee9, Ho\u1eafc \u0110an l\u00e0m Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p C\u00e1o d\u1ee5 s\u1ee9. M\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c trong ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y c\u1ea3, 1. Vi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n u linh, S\u0111d, tr. 51-53. 367","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 thanh th\u1ebf qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5n. B\u1ecdn quan th\u00fa m\u1ee5c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, tr\u00f4ng ng\u1ecdn gi\u00f3 m\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n. Nh\u00e0 vua b\u00e8n \u0111em qu\u00e2n chi\u1ebfm Ch\u00e2u Th\u00e0nh chia qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3ng gi\u1eef. Qu\u1ea7n th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1eebng, \u0111\u1ec1u xin l\u00ean ng\u00f4i b\u00e1u. Nh\u00e0 vua b\u00e8n l\u00ean ng\u00f4i Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u1edf ph\u00eda nam H\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u00e3m..., x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 H\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebf. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u0103m Qu\u00fd S\u1eedu m\u00f9a H\u1ea1, th\u00e1ng T\u01b0, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Huy\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng, ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Khai Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (713). Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ed1n h\u1ea3i n\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh. Vi\u00ean Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed l\u00e0 T\u00e0o Ch\u00e2n T\u0129nh lui v\u1ec1 gi\u1eef Qu\u1ebf S\u01a1n. N\u0103m sau, n\u0103m Gi\u00e1p D\u1ea7n (714), b\u1ecdn Ti\u1ebft Anh, Ho\u1eafc \u0110an ph\u1ee5ng chi \u0111i tuy\u00ean d\u1ee5 hai n\u01b0\u1edbc phi\u00ean. Hai n\u01b0\u1edbc phi\u00ean l\u00e2u nay b\u1ecb kh\u1ed5 nh\u1ee5c v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ebfn nay th\u1ea5y nh\u00e0 vua c\u00e1o d\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ec1u nghe theo m\u1ec7nh. Vua L\u00e2m \u1ea4p l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3 D\u0129nh sai t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 Ch\u01b0 H\u01b0\u01a1ng An \u0111em qu\u00e2n m\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ea1n, vua Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p l\u00e0 H\u1ec1 A Khi\u00eam sai t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 Tham Ninh Na \u0111em qu\u00e2n m\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed9i h\u1ee3p. Nh\u00e0 vua v\u00ec c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng xa \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh cho n\u00ean uy danh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebb n\u00e0o k\u1ebb n\u1ea5y d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n v\u1ec1. Nh\u00e0 vua b\u00e8n \u0111\u1ecbnh kinh \u0111\u00f4, l\u1eadp ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec7, nay \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea5t H\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u00e3m, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng cung \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u1edf. (Vua) c\u00f3 h\u00f9ng binh h\u01a1n ba ch\u1ee5c v\u1ea1n. ... \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m Nh\u00e2m Th\u00ecn (Nh\u00e2m Tu\u1ea5t, 722 - TG), vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed9i lo\u1ea1n trong nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eb9p xong. Vua \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng nghe tin nh\u00e0 vua (Mai H\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebf) ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh, b\u00e8n sai quan N\u1ed9i th\u1ecb D\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed H\u00fac l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9c T\u1ea3 gi\u00e1m m\u00f4n v\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n. Nguy\u00ean S\u1edf Kh\u00e1ch l\u00e0m \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ed1c su\u1ea5t b\u1ea3y m\u01b0\u01a1i nh\u0103m dinh qu\u00e2n th\u1ee7y b\u1ed9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ef1a h\u01a1n ba ch\u1ee5c v\u1ea1n, hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y l\u1ee5c c\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfn, x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh Long Bi\u00ean. Quan, t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua thua \u1eef\u1eadn, qu\u00e2n s\u0129 ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 xi\u1ebft. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eeba th\u1eafng k\u00e9o th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ebfn, v\u00e2y b\u1ee9c ph\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh. Nh\u00e0 vua b\u1ecb h\u00e3m tr\u1eadn m\u00e0 ch\u1ebft. Qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i d\u1ee9t. B\u1ec1 t\u00f4i v\u0103n v\u00f5 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u00e2m \u1ea4p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ebft, th\u1ea5y thua qu\u00e2n, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng thu qu\u00e2n ch\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam. Nh\u00e0 vua d\u1ea5y binh n\u0103m Qu\u00fd S\u1eedu (713), ch\u1ebft n\u0103m Nh\u00e2m D\u1ea7n, \u1edf ng\u00f4i b\u00e1u m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m...\\\"1. 1. Vi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n u linh, S\u0111d, tr. 54-56. 368","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 T\u00f9y - \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng... Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Mai Th\u00fac Loan \u1edd Hoan Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ebbn trong tr\u00ed nh\u1edb d\u00e2n gian s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong Vi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n u linh l\u00e0 v\u1eady. Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1i c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eeb n\u00ean th\u00f4ng qua truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh x\u1ea1 c\u00f9a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u1ef7 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, s\u1eed s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Mai Th\u00fac Loan. Theo \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n thir. \\\"N\u0103m Nh\u00e2m Tu\u1ea5t (722), \\\"t\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1eb7c\u2019 l\u00e0 Mai Th\u00fac Loan chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef ch\u00e2u x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 H\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebf, b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi L\u00e2m \u00c0p, Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p, s\u1ed1 qu\u00e2n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u00f3 30 v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebf sai N\u1ed9i th\u1ecb t\u1ea3 gi\u00e1m m\u00f4n v\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n l\u00e0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u01b0 H\u00fac v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 l\u00e0 Quang S\u1edd Kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1eb9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\\\"1. Trong \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd ti\u1ec1n bi\u00ean, c\u0169ng ch\u00e9p: \\\"Nh\u00e2m Tu\u1ea5t [722] (\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Huy\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng, Khai Nguy\u00ean n\u0103m th\u1ee9 10), b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoan Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 Mai Th\u00fac Loan chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 Hoan Ch\u00e2u t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 H\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebf, b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u00e2m \u00c1p, Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p, qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 30 v\u1ea1n (Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c ch\u00e9p 40 v\u1ea1n). Qu\u00e2n nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng sai N\u1ed9i th\u1ecb t\u1ea3 \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 l\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean S\u1edf Kh\u00e1ch d\u1eb9p y\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (Th\u00fac I.oan ngir\u00e0i Hirrmg I.\u00e3m , huy\u1ec7n N am \u0110 \u01b0 \u1eddng, nay c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd \u1edf th\u00f4n ch\u1ee3 Sa Nam, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u00f4ng. T\u01b0 H\u00fac t\u00ednh t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn, b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f9 binh ho\u1eb7c l\u1ed9t da m\u1eb7t, ho\u1eb7c b\u00f3c da \u0111\u1ea7u, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfp s\u1ee3)\\\"2. S\u1eed gia Ng\u00f4 Th\u00ec S\u0129 b\u00e0n (th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng): \\\"\u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00fac n\u1ed9i thu\u1ed9c, Mai H\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebf \u1edf Nam \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1edfi binh chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef ch\u00e2u, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn quan l\u1ea1i b\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 tay l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c trong b\u1eadc Th\u1ed5 h\u00e0o. Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u00ec c\u00f3 L\u00fd B\u00f4n, Tri\u1ec7u Quang Ph\u1ee5c, kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u00ec c\u00f3 Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng, Mai Th\u00fac Loan. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra m\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u d\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1eed c\u0169 l\u1ea1i ch\u00e9p l\u00e0 \\\"t\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1eb7c\\\" l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m....\\\" . 1. \u0110\u1ea1 Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 43. 2. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd ti\u1ec1n bi\u00ean, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u1eab h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1997, tr. 119. 3. D\u1ea1 Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd ti\u1ec1n bi\u00ean, S\u0111d, tr. 119. 369","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 C\u00e1c s\u1eed th\u1ea7n trong Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed qu\u00e1n tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n khi vi\u1ebft Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c t\u1ecf ra nghi ng\u1edd l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f9a Mai Th\u00fac Loan v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng \\\"s\u1ed1 qu\u00e2n c\u00f3 30 v\u1ea1n c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u0169ng c\u1ee9 d\u1ef1a qua v\u00e0o \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0, ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c.\\\"1 Qua l\u1eddi chua (ch\u00fa) cho bi\u1ebft th\u00eam: Mai Th\u00fac Loan: \\\"ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mai Ph\u1ee5, huy\u1ec7n Thi\u00ean L\u1ed9c, huy\u1ec7n Hoan Ch\u00e2u, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n Can L\u1ed9c, ph\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ecd, t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 T\u0129nh. Th\u00fac Loan ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111en l\u1eafm, n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoan Ch\u00e2u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebf. Nay c\u00f2n c\u00f3 v\u1ebft th\u00e0nh c\u0169 \u1edd n\u00fai V\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n Nam \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd \u1edf x\u00e3 H\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u00e3m thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n \u1ea5y. \u0110\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i\\\"2 Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh trong cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Mai Th\u00fac Loan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ta ch\u00e9p \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Trang Qu\u1ed1c. Tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong v\u00f2ng g\u1ea7n 300 n\u0103m (618-907), vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 hai b\u1ed9 s\u1eed l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0 (hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u1ef1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0) do L\u01b0u H\u00fac, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Chi\u00eau Vi\u1ec5n bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi H\u1eadu T\u1ea5n, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m Khai V\u1eadn th\u1ee9 2 (945), g\u1ed3m 200 quy\u1ec3n vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1i t\u1ed5 n\u0103m V\u0169 \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (618) \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Ai \u0111\u1ebf n\u0103m Thi\u00ean H\u1ef1u th\u1ee9 4 (907). B\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 2 l\u00e0 T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf b\u1ed9 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0. V\u00e0o n\u0103m Kh\u00e1nh L\u1ecbch th\u1ee9 4 \u0111\u00f2i vua T\u1ed1ng Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng (1044), tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh giao cho T\u1ed1ng K\u1ef3, sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u00c2u D\u01b0\u01a1ng Tu ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec vi\u1ec7c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0. Sau 17 n\u0103m bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m Gia H\u1ef1u th\u1ee9 5 (1060). B\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch g\u1ed3m 225 quy\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt... c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng; trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ebf k\u1ef3 10 quy\u1ec3n, 1. Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c, S\u0111d, tr. 188. 2. Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 188-189. 370","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 T\u00f9y - \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng... Ch\u00ed 50 quy\u1ec3n, Bi\u1ec3u 15 quy\u1ec3n, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 150 quy\u1ec3n. (Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng thu th\u00e0nh C\u1ef1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0). C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a hai b\u1ed9 C\u1ef1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0 v\u00e0 T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1ng qu\u00fd v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, b\u1ed3 sung l\u1eabn nhau, cung c\u1ea5p s\u1eed li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u k\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u00f9a Mai Th\u00fac Loan, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng khai th\u00e1c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0. C\u1ef1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0, quy\u1ec3n 8, ph\u1ea7n B\u1ea3n k\u1ef3 5 c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p: n\u0103m th\u1ee9 10 ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Khai Nguy\u00ean (\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Huy\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng - n\u0103m 722), th\u00e1ng 8 B\u00ednh Tu\u1ea5t, B\u00f9i Tr\u1ee5c Ti\u00ean l\u00e0 \u00c1n s\u00e1t s\u1ee9 L\u0129nh Nam d\u00e2ng th\u01b0 vi\u1ebft: \\\"C\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1eb7c An Nam l\u00e0 b\u1ecdn Mai Th\u00fac Loan ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng v\u00e2y ch\u00e2u huy\u1ec7n, (tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh) sai D\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u01b0 H\u00fac l\u00e0 Phi\u00eau k\u1ef5 t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n ki\u00eam N\u1ed9i th\u1ecb d\u1eb9p lo\u1ea1n\\\"1. C\u0169ng trong b\u1ed9 C\u1ef1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0, ph\u1ea7n Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 D\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u01b0 H\u00fac cung c\u1ea5p th\u00eam th\u00f4ng tin nh\u01b0 sau: N\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Khai Nguy\u00ean (\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Huy\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng), Th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh An Nam l\u00e0 Mai Huy\u1ec1n Th\u00e0nh l\u00e0m ph\u1ea3n, t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 (Mai) H\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebf, c\u00f9ng th\u00f4ng m\u01b0u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00e2m \u1ea4p v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p v\u00e2y h\u00e3m ph\u1ee7 (\u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9) An Nam. (\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Huy\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng) ban chi\u1ebfu cho (D\u01b0\u01a1ng) T\u01b0 H\u00fac \u0111em qu\u00e2n d\u1eb9p lo\u1ea1n. T\u01b0 H\u00fac \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t L\u0129nh Bi\u1ec3u t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p con em c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n 10 v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ti\u1ebfn theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ee5c Ba (M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7n), xu\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u1ea5t \u00fd (\u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o). Huy\u1ec1n Th\u00e0nh nghe tin qu\u00e2n (T\u01b0 H\u00fac) \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1ea3ng h\u1ed1t kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 ra k\u1ebf s\u00e1ch g\u00ec, r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ecb quan qu\u00e2n b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u00e9m ngay t\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn, gi\u1ebft h\u1ebft d\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea3ng, sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft th\u00e0nh g\u00f2 \u0111\u1ed1ng cao r\u1ed3i tr\u1edf v\u1ec12. 1. C\u1ef1u Eh\u1ec9\u1eddng th\u01b0, S\u00fac \u1ea5n b\u00e1ch n\u1ea1p Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1eed, Th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ee5 \u1ea5n th\u01b0 qu\u00e1n. C\u1ef1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0, Q.8, B\u1ea3n k\u1ef7 5, t\u1edd lOb. 2. C\u1ef1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0, S\u0111d, Q. 184, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 134, t\u1edd 2a. 371","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eed VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 B\u1ed9 T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0 quy\u1ec3n 5, ph\u1ea7n B\u1ea3n k\u1ef7 c\u0169ng ch\u00e9p: N\u0103m th\u1ee9 10 ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Khai Nguy\u00ean (\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Huy\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng - n\u0103m 722), (th\u00e1ng) B\u00ednh Tu\u1ea5t, Mai Th\u00fac Loan ng\u01b0\u1eddi An Nam l\u00e0m ph\u1ea3n, b\u1ecb ch\u00e9m ch\u1ebft1. Ph\u1ea7n Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n cho bi\u1ebft th\u00eam t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Mai Th\u00fac Loan: N\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Khai Nguy\u00ean (\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Huy\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng), th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \\\"man An Nam\\\" l\u00e0 Mai Th\u00fac Loan l\u00e0m ph\u1ea3n, x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 H\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebf t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p d\u00e2n ch\u00fang 32 ch\u00e2u, b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00e2m \u1ea4p, Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p, Kim L\u00e2n chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 v\u00f9ng Nam H\u1ea3i, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1edbi 40 v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi. (D\u01b0\u01a1ng) T\u01b0 H\u00fac xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfu chi, chi\u00eau m\u1ed9 con em c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 10 v\u1ea1n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 An Nam l\u00e0 Quang S\u1edf Kh\u00e1ch theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169 c\u1ee7a M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7n xu\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u1ea5t \u00fd, qu\u00e2n gi\u1eb7c kinh h\u00e3i, kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 ra k\u1ebf s\u00e1ch g\u00ec b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea1i, qu\u00e2n nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ebfp x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft th\u00e0nh g\u00f2 \u0111\u1ed1ng cao r\u1ed3i tr\u1edd v\u00ea\u00ab2 . Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Quang, \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng, trong b\u1ed9 s\u1eed T\u01b0 tr\u1ecb th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p th\u00eam s\u1eed li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Mai Th\u00fac Loan: N\u0103m th\u1ee9 10 ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Khai Nguy\u00ean (\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Huy\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng, Nh\u00e2m Tu\u1ea5t, n\u0103m 722 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean)... c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u \\\"gi\u1eb7c An Nam\\\" l\u00e0 b\u1ecdn Mai Th\u00fac Y\u00ean t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng bao v\u00e2y ch\u00e2u huy\u1ec7n, (tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh) sai Phi\u00eau k\u1ef5 t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n ki\u00eam N\u1ed9i th\u1ecb l\u00e0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u01b0 H\u00fac \u0111i d\u1eb9p. T\u01b0 H\u00fac chi\u00eau m\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n 10 v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh l\u00e0 con em \\\"c\u00e1c man\\\", ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1eadp k\u00edch, \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1, ch\u00e9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u00fac Y\u00ean, ch\u1ea5t x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft th\u00e0nh g\u00f2 \u0111\u1ed1ng cao r\u1ed3i tr\u1edf v\u1ec13. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Mai Th\u00fac Loan x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 H\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebf kh\u00e1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. 1. T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0, S\u0111d, B\u1ea3n k\u1ef7 5, t\u1edd 7a. 2. T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng thu, S\u0111d, Q. 207, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 132, t\u1edd 7a. 3. T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Quang, T\u01b0 tr\u1ecb th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m, Quy\u1ec3n 212, D\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef7 28. 372","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 T\u00f9y - \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng... T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng s\u1eed li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec1 r\u00fat ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau: - V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Khai Nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a vua \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Huy\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng, t\u1ee9c kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 713-715, n\u1ed5 ra cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Mai Th\u00fac Loan, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f9ng nhau ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u00e1ch \u00e1p b\u1ee9c t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 cai tr\u1ecb nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, do c\u00e1c vi\u00ean Tr\u01b0\u1edfng quan h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh t\u1ed1i cao (\u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9, Th\u00e1i th\u00fa, Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed) tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp g\u00e2y ra. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi kh\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5t t\u1ec1 tham gia chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u. Theo ch\u00ednh s\u1eed c\u00f9a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9p \\\"t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p d\u00e2n ch\u00fang 32 ch\u00e2u\\\", kh\u00f4ng chi \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng, m\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u, \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai Giao Ch\u00e2u. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u00f2n li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e2n c\u1eadn nh\u01b0 L\u00e2m \u00c2p, Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 Kim L\u00e2n h\u1ee3p s\u1ee9c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn H\u1ea3i Nam, ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ecdn \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. - L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Mai Th\u00fac Loan x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 H\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, T\u1ed1ng ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c nhau: Mai Th\u00fac Loan, Mai Huy\u1ec1n Th\u00e0nh1, Mai Th\u00fac Y\u00ean. Th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh Mai Th\u00fac Loan l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Hoan Ch\u00e2u, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft trong chi\u1ebfn tr\u1eadn. - L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tham gia cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00ean t\u1edbi 40 v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi2. - Trong v\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y 10 n\u0103m, cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Giao Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 l\u00e2n c\u1eadn. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 722, Mai Th\u00fac Loan \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n l\u1edbn ti\u1ebfn ra bao v\u00e2y Ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 An Nam khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng t\u1ea1i T\u1ed1ng B\u00ecnh (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y nay). 1. C\u1ef1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0, Quy\u1ec1n 8, ph\u1ea7n B\u1ea3n k\u1ef7 5, ch\u00e9p l\u00e0 Mai Huy\u1ec1n Th\u00e0nh. Ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fa th\u00edch \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, tr. 190 ghi l\u00e0 Mai L\u1eadp Th\u00e0nh. 2. An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, tr. 118 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, tr. 190 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u00e9p \\\"s\u1ed1 qu\u00e2n l\u00e0 30 v\u1ea1n\\\". 373","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 - Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 An Nam khi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Quang S\u1edf Kh\u00e1ch' cai tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb n\u0103m 713, n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u Khai Nguy\u00ean, ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf tr\u1ecb s\u1edf, r\u00fat v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc xin chi vi\u1ec7n. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 722, cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, uy hi\u1ebfp tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u00e2u. \u00c1n s\u00e1t s\u1ee9 L\u0129nh Nam l\u00e0 B\u00f9i Tr\u1ee5c Ti\u00ean, v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng d\u00e2ng th\u01b0 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1o di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Huy\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng \u0111ang tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n lo l\u1eafng, l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u00e0n b\u1ea1c k\u1ebf s\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn c\u1eed nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1eb9p. Phi\u00eau k\u1ef5 t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n ki\u00eam N\u1ed9i th\u1ecb D\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u01b0 H\u00fac2 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u00ean \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 An Nam \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 Quang S\u1edf Kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7nh t\u1eadp trung kho\u1ea3ng hom 10 v\u1ea1n l\u00ednh theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169 c\u1ee7a M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ven bi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u, Trung Qu\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n sang v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n Qu\u1ea3ng Ninh, r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba Giao Ch\u00e2u. Khi \u0111\u00f3, \u0111ang l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ecbnh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, do v\u1eady tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng n\u00e0o \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. B\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Mai Th\u00fac Loan \u1edd Giao Ch\u00e2u c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t xu th\u1ebf uy hi\u1ebfp s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n vong c\u1ee7a tri\u00e8u D\u01b0\u1eddng. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Mai Th\u00fac Loan n\u0103m 713 - 722 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c ngo\u1ea1i bang c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Giao Ch\u00e2u. Tuy cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, song tinh th\u1ea7n b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t cao tr\u00e0o ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Giao Ch\u00e2u trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c. 1. An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, tr. 118 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7ts\u1eebk\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, tr. 190 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u00e9p l\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean S\u1edd Kh\u00e1ch. C\u1ef1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0 v\u00e0 T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u00e9p l\u00e0 Quang S\u1edf Kh\u00e1ch. 2. An Nam ch\u00ed lit\u1ee3c, tr. 414 ch\u00e9p l\u00e0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u01b0 Mi\u1ec5n. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea7m ch\u1eef H\u00fac th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef Mi\u1ec5n. V\u00ec t\u1ef1 d\u1ea1ng hai ch\u1eef n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nhau. 374","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 T\u00f9y - \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng... Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng (766 - 791) Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a do l\u00e0 ba anh em Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng, Ph\u00f9ng H\u00e3i v\u00e0 Ph\u00f9ng D\u0129nh1l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, trong \u0111\u00f3 Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. Anh em Ph\u00f9ng Hung v\u1ed1n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i h\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng L\u00e2m thu\u1ed9c Giao Ch\u00e2u (nay l\u00e0 S\u01a1n T\u00e2y, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i). Theo \\\"Bia Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng\\\" cho bi\u1ebft: t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Ph\u00f9ng Tr\u00ed C\u00e1i, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0m Th\u1ed5 t\u00f9, t\u1ee5c g\u1ecdi Quan lang \u1edd \u0111\u1ea5t \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng L\u00e2m. Gia \u0111\u1ec9nh r\u1ea5t gi\u00e0u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn l\u1edbn v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n quanh v\u00f9ng. B\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Ph\u00f9ng H\u1ea1p Khanh (\u0111\u1eddi th\u1ee9 6) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9. Kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m Nh\u00e2m Tu\u1ea5t (722), \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Khai Nguy\u00ean, \u00f4ng theo Mai H\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebf kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a. Sau \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecb ph\u00e1t gi\u00e1c, b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9c, \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1n vi\u00ean, th\u01b0\u1eddng phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n kh\u00f4ng vui. Ph\u00f9ng H\u1ea1p Khanh c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 h\u1ecd S\u1eeb; sau theo l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3, \u00f4ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ch\u0103m nom v\u01b0\u1eddn ru\u1ed9ng. Ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, gia t\u00e0i t\u00edch lu\u1ef9 k\u1ec3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m v\u1ea1n. \u00d4ng b\u00e0 sinh m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai kh\u00f4i ng\u00f4, tu\u1ea5n t\u00fa. Con l\u1edbn l\u00e0 H\u01b0ng, t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng Ph\u1ea5n, con th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 H\u00e3i, t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 T\u1eed H\u00e0o, con th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 D\u0129nh, t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 Danh \u0110\u1ea1t. L\u1edbn l\u00ean ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00f4i tr\u00e2u \u0111\u00e1nh h\u1ed5. N\u0103m 18 tu\u1ed5i, cha m\u1eb9 m\u1ea5t, ba anh em \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f4n thu\u1eadn, hi\u1ebfu k\u00ednh, hay l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e2n ngh\u0129a2. N\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VIII, kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i L\u1ecbch (766 - 779), chi\u1ebfn tranh li\u00ean mi\u00ean gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \\\"phi\u00ean tr\u1ea5n\\\" \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng suy y\u1ebfu. Sau lo\u1ea1n An - S\u1eed, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1eddng ly t\u00e2m, ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n trong tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, ngo\u00e0i ch\u00e2u qu\u1eadn, bi\u00ean tr\u1ea5n c\u00e0ng l\u1ed9 r\u00f5. Nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c phong ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 Giao Ch\u00e2u, t\u00ecm m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, c\u00e1t c\u1ee9, xa d\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5ng ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfu qu\u1ed1c xung quanh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u0103m 767, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 1. Tr\u1ea7n Huy B\u00e1, \\\"Bia Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng\\\", T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Kh\u00e1o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc, s\u1ed1 3,1977, tr. 73. 2. \\\"Bia Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng\u201d, Tl\u0111d, tr. 73. 375","L\u1ecaCH S \u1eeb VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 C\u00f4n Lu\u00e2n, Ch\u00e0 V\u00e0, Nam Chi\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i nhau \u0111em qu\u00e2n c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1, g\u00e2y n\u00ean bao t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Giao Ch\u00e2u. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 suy y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c. Song uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9 v\u00e0 b\u1ecdn \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t t\u0103ng. Cao Ch\u00ednh B\u00ecnh - t\u00ean quan \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 \u1edf An Nam l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 - \u0111\u00e3 ra s\u1ee9c b\u00f2n r\u00fat c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, t\u1ef1 \u00fd tr\u01b0ng thu thu\u1ebf m\u00e1 r\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng. S\u1ef1 tham lam t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn quan l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tr\u0103m h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu n\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 nh\u0169ng nhi\u1ec5u \u1ea5y... Kh\u1eddi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5 ra trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edd v\u00f9ng \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng L\u00e2m r\u1ed3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ed9ng ra c\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n xung quanh, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u tham gia, t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh th\u1ebf r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh. Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng c\u00f9ng hai em H\u00e3i v\u00e0 D\u0129nh m\u01b0u thu ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea5y ph\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh T\u1ed1ng B\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0i v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng b\u00e8n x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4 qu\u00e2n, Ph\u00f9ng H\u00e3i x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4 B\u1ea3o, Ph\u00f9ng D\u0129nh x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4 T\u1ed5ng. Ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n tr\u1ea5n gi\u1eef \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i hi\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu, t\u00edch l\u01b0\u01a1ng, nu\u00f4i qu\u00e2n, t\u1ef1 th\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u00ean quan \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 Cao Ch\u00ednh B\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111i \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. L\u1ea7n l\u1eefa th\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y g\u1ea7n 20 n\u0103m, hai b\u00ean c\u1ea7m c\u1ef1 nhau, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thua ch\u01b0a quy\u1ebft1. N\u0103m T\u00e2n M\u00f9i (791), \u0111\u00f2i Trinh Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e2y \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh (La Th\u00e0nh). Cao Ch\u00ednh B\u00ecnh l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 hom 4 v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n, ra s\u1ee9c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u di\u1ec5n ra trong kho\u1ea3ng b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbch ch\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f4 k\u1ec3. Cao Ch\u00ednh B\u00ecnh th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf qu\u00e2n ta l\u1edbn qu\u00e1, kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m \u0111\u00e1nh n\u1eefa, r\u00fat ch\u1ea1y v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u00f3ng ch\u1eb7t c\u1eeda c\u1ed1 th\u1ee7. Theo k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Sa B\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n A Gia v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed7 Anh H\u00e0n (l\u00e0 anh \u0110\u1ed7 Anh Lu\u00e2n, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 em \u0110\u1ed7 Anh Nho, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng l\u00e0ng. Anh H\u00e0n h\u1ecdc r\u1ed9ng, m\u01b0u cao; c\u00f3 danh v\u1ecdng th\u1eddi \u1ea5y, Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3i nh\u01b0 b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n - V\u0103n bia), Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng chia qu\u00e2n l\u00e0m t\u00e1m m\u1eb7t, sai t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p qu\u00e2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 bao v\u00e2y, Cao Ch\u00ednh B\u00ecnh 1. \\\"Bia Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng\\\", Tl\u0111d, tr. 73. 376","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 T\u00f9y - \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng... 10 s\u1ee3 ph\u1eabn u\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh b\u1ec7nh m\u00e0 ch\u1ebft, qu\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u xin h\u00e0ng h\u1ebft1. Chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh Giao Ch\u00e2u, Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng l\u00ean ng\u00f4i ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao l\u00e2u, b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh m\u1ea5t. Theo Vi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n u linh: \\\"Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng v\u00e0o ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 coi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 7 n\u0103m th\u00ec m\u1ea5t\\\". C\u00f2n theo Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u1ec1n c\u1ed7 v\u0129 nh\u00e2n li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n, \\\"Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng l\u00e0m vua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 7 n\u0103m th\u00ec m\u1ea5t\\\"2. Nh\u01b0ng theo \u0110\u1ea1i Nam nh\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ed, Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng \\\"tr\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc 11 n\u0103m, trong n\u01b0\u1edbc y\u00ean \u1ed5n\\\"3. Trong th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng ra sao, v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ghi ch\u00e9p. Theo nh\u01b0 v\u0103n bia: c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng mu\u1ed1n l\u1eadp Ph\u00f9ng H\u00e3i n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n v\u00e0o h\u1ea1ng \u0110\u1ea7u m\u1ee5c t\u00ean l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 Ph\u00e1 L\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng theo, b\u00e8n \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Ph\u00f9ng An l\u00ean n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i, r\u1ed3i \u0111em qu\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Ph\u00f9ng H\u00e3i. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh c\u1ed1t nh\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e0n, Ph\u00f9ng H\u00e3i c\u00f9ng Ph\u00f9ng D\u0129nh tr\u00fat b\u1ecf v\u0169 kh\u00ed, \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ecd thay t\u00ean v\u00e0o \u1ea9n trong \u0111\u1ed9ng Chu Nham, v \u1ec1 sau kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c ra sao? Ph\u00f9ng An - con trai Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng n\u1ed1i nghi\u1ec7p cha, t\u00f4n cha danh hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 \\\"B\u1ed1 C\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng\\\"- h\u00e0m \u00fd t\u00f4n vinh \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 vua cha c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. 1. \\\"Bia Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng\\\". Tl\u0111d. tr. 74. T\u0103n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0. quv\u1ec3n 170. ph\u1ea7n \\\"Tri\u00eau X\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n\\\" ch\u00e9p: \\\"Khi \u0110\u1ed7 Anh H\u00e0n, T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng An Nam l\u00e0m ph\u1ea3n, \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 Cao Ch\u00ednh B\u00ecnh v\u00ec lo s\u1ee3 m\u00e0 ch\u1ebft. Tri\u1ec7u X\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong ch\u1ee9c \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9, b\u1ecdn man di \u0111\u1ec1u theo v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o ho\u00e1 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. Tr\u1ecb nh\u1eadm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 10 n\u0103m, ch\u00e2n m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh, xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec1u, l\u1ea5y B\u00f9i Th\u00e1i, Lang trung b\u1ed9 Binh thay, X\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec1u gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eed T\u1ebf t\u1eedu. Kh\u00f4ng bao l\u00e2u sau, Th\u00e1i b\u1ecb (d\u00e2n) ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111u\u1ed5i, \u0110\u1ee9c T\u00f4ng v\u1eddi Tri\u1ec7u X\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ecfi r\u00f5 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t An Nam, n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 X\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed9 h\u01a1n 70 tu\u1ed5i m\u00e0 \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c, vua \u0110\u1ee9c t\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m l\u1ea1, l\u1ea1i phong X\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 An Nam. Khi Chi\u1ebfu th\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi, c\u00e1c quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fac m\u1eebng, binh l\u00ednh l\u00e0m ph\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 y\u00ean\\\". 2. GS. Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1eefu Qu\u00fdnh, \\\"V\u1eca th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh h\u00f9ng Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng v\u00e0 Ng\u00f4 Quy\u1ec1n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\\\", \\\"B\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n, t\u00f4n t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng khu di t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed - v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng L\u00e2m\\\", Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2005, tr. 24. 3. \u0110\u1ea1i Nam nh\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ed, T\u1eadp rv, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1971, tr. 223. 377","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Ph\u00f9ng An l\u00ean n\u1eafm binh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai n\u0103m, sau b\u1ecb \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 Tri\u1ec7u X\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ee5 h\u00e0ng. Nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u00e2u. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i \u00fd th\u1ee9c gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u xu th\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a B\u1ed1 C\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng - \\\"Vua cha m\u1eb9\\\" \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi trong s\u1eed s\u00e1ch; nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1n, l\u0103ng, th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u00e3i m\u00e3i kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean. Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u00f9a D\u01b0\u01a1ng Thanh (819 - 820) Kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1eddi Nguy\u00ean H\u00f2a (806 - 820), L\u00fd T\u01b0\u1ee3ng c \u1ed5 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n th\u1ea5t nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed l\u00e0m \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 An Nam. Y v\u1ed1n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng tham b\u1ea1o, hung h\u00e3n. Khi sang nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c, y \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o theo h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn gia thu\u1ed9c h\u00f2ng v\u01a1 v\u00e9t ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Giao Ch\u00e2u. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \\\"d\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t tr\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t\\\" n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quan l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t trong ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9. Nh\u01b0ng do t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, s\u1ed1 quan l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 binh l\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. Khi L\u00fd T\u01b0\u1ee3ng c \u1ed5 sang cai tri Giao Ch\u00e2u, m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 danh ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Thanh \u0111ang gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Hoan Ch\u00e2u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u01b0\u1ee3ng c \u1ed5 cho l\u00e0m Nha m\u00f4n t\u01b0\u1edbng. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng khi\u1ebfn D\u01b0\u01a1ng Thanh b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh, c\u0103m t\u1ee9c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c, chi ch\u1edd th\u1eddi c\u01a1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang. N\u0103m 819, t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u1edd mi\u1ec1n T\u1ea3 H\u1eefu giang' (s\u1eed nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"Man Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed9ng\\\", t\u1ee9c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Choang) lu\u00f4n n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. L\u00fd T\u01b0\u1ee3ng c \u1ed5 b\u00e8n ph\u00e1t kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi, trao cho D\u01b0\u01a1ng Thanh 3.000 qu\u00e2n sai \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1eb9p Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i trong tay, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng binh l\u00ednh y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, D\u01b0\u01a1ng Thanh \u0111em qu\u00e2n tr\u1edd l\u1ea1i t\u1eadp k\u00edch ph\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh An Nam, gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 195. 378","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u1ec9. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 T\u00f9y - \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng... L\u00fd T\u01b0\u1ee3ng c \u1ed5 c\u00f9ng h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn gia thu\u1ed9c, b\u1ed9 h\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn, chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef ph\u00f9 th\u00e0nh. Vua \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng \u00e2m m\u01b0u x\u1ea3o quy\u1ec7t, h\u1ea1 chi\u1ebfu \\\"tha t\u1ed9i\\\" cho D\u01b0\u01a1ng Thanh v\u00e0 c\u1eed \u00f4ng gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Qu\u1ef3nh Ch\u00e2u (\u1edf \u0111\u1ea3o H\u1ea3i Nam), th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0y \u00f4ng \u0111i bi\u1ec7t x\u1ee9 r\u1ed3i t\u1ec9m c\u00e1ch \u00e1m h\u1ea1i. Kh\u00f4ng m\u1eafc m\u01b0u gi\u1eb7c, D\u01b0\u01a1ng Thanh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft gi\u1eef th\u00e0nh T\u1ed1ng B\u00ecnh1. \\\"C\u1ef1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\\\" quy\u1ec3n 131, ph\u1ea7n \\\"L\u00fd Cao T\u00f4ng li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n\\\" ch\u00e9p: \\\"D\u01b0\u01a1ng Thanh, thay l\u00e0m H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam, do L\u00fd T\u01b0\u1ee3ng C\u1ed5 tham lam ho\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh, l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c, (C\u1ed5) l\u1ea1i s\u1ee3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng Thanh m\u1ea1nh, li\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0a Thanh t\u1eeb Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Hoan Ch\u00e2u v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m T\u01b0\u1edbng nha m\u00f4n, (Thanh) u\u1ea5t \u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng vui. Ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u, gi\u1eb7c Ho\u00e0ng Gia \u1edd Ung Qu\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3n lo\u1ea1n, ban chi\u1ebfu cho T\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5 \u0111em theo m\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n c\u00f9ng ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t. T\u01b0\u1ee3ng c \u1ed5 l\u1ec7nh cho D\u01b0\u01a1ng Thanh d\u1eabn ba ngh\u00ecn qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn th\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3. Thanh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi con l\u00e0 Ch\u00ed Li\u1ec7t, c\u00f9ng th\u00e2n nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed7 S\u0129 Giao ng\u1ea7m m\u01b0u ph\u1ea3n. \u0110ang \u0111\u00eam t\u1eadp k\u00edch An Nam, v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y sau th\u00e0nh b\u1ecb h\u1ea1, T\u01b0\u1ee3ng c \u1ed5 b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft trong \u0111\u00f3. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec9nh m\u1ec7nh cho Qu\u1ebf Tr\u1ecdng V\u0169 l\u00e0 Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u00e2u gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u1ea1i chi\u00eau d\u1ee5 Thanh. Sau \u0111\u00f3 ban chi\u1ebfu x\u00e1 t\u1ed9i, cho D\u01b0\u01a1ng Thanh l\u00e0m Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Qu\u1ef3nh Ch\u00e2u. Tr\u1ecdng V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, Thanh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu, l\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m ch\u00e9 c\u00e1c quan thu\u1ed9c, d\u00f9ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Tr\u1ecdng V\u0169 cho chi\u00eau d\u1ee5 c\u00e1c H\u00e0o ph\u00fa, T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea5y th\u00e1ng th\u00ec theo nhau v\u1ec1 quy ph\u1ee5, \u01b0\u1edbc kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 7 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi, thu l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh, gi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thanh c\u00f9ng con l\u00e0 Ch\u00ed Trinh, t\u1ecbch thu to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 gia s\u1ea3n. Ch\u00ed Li\u1ec7t c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi S\u0129 Giao b\u1ecb thua, c\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng khe n\u00fai Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u00e2u, k\u1ecbp qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh d\u1ea7n t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng.\\\" Nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e0 c\u1eed vi\u00ean quan \u0111\u00f2 h\u1ed9 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 Qu\u1ebf Tr\u1ecdng V\u0169 l\u00e0m \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 An Nam. Qu\u1ebf Tr\u1ecdng V\u0169 d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n chia r\u1ebd ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Thanh, mua chu\u1ed9c binh s\u0129 d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 sau 1. Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ee9 th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 195. 379","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh An Nam, \u0111\u00e1nh ch\u00e9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c D\u01b0\u01a1ng Thanh, tru di c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd1. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u1eaft. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a D\u01b0\u01a1ng Thanh * Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i T\u1eeb di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a cho th\u1ea5y ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u D\u01b0\u01a1ng Thanh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a binh \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i - gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft vi\u00ean quan \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 L\u00fd T\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5 , gia quy\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a y c\u00f9ng h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn thu\u1ed9c h\u1ea1; l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh T\u1ed1ng B\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u1edf ph\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh, D\u01b0\u01a1ng Thanh c\u00f9ng ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian sau, D\u01b0\u01a1ng Thanh c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u0129 tham gia kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e2m m\u01b0u ly gi\u00e1n, mua chu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a vi\u00ean quan \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 Qu\u1ebf Tr\u1ecdng V\u0169. \\\"Tr\u1ecdng V\u0169 \u0111i d\u1ee5 ri\u00eang t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u s\u00f2 trong \u0111\u00e1m \\\"d\u00e2n Man\\\" - \\\"Th\u1ed5 h\u00e0o\\\" trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ea5y th\u00e1ng, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft D\u01b0\u01a1ng Thanh, thu l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh, thu ph\u1ee5c kho\u1ea3ng 7.000 qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o m\u00e0 Qu\u1ebf Tr\u1ecdng V\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 chia r\u1ebd, mua chu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c Th\u1ed5 h\u00e0o, qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh tham gia ho\u1eb7c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Thanh? C\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng: r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 Qu\u1ebf Tr\u1ecdng V\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c s\u01b0 t\u0103ng \u0111ang c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 820, \u0110\u1ea1i thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c sang Giao Ch\u00e2u \u1edf ch\u00f9a Ki\u1ebfn S\u01a1 (nay thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ed5ng, Gia L\u00e2m, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i) v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n t\u00e2m \u1ea5n cho s\u01b0 C\u1ea3m Th\u00e0nh \u0111ang tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai m\u1edf d\u00f2ng Thi\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 hai \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c. Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft Qu\u1ebf Tr\u1ecdng V\u0169 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u00e2m m\u01b0u ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean hay kh\u00f4ng? Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f32. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n do D\u01b0\u01a1ng Thanh v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 binh l\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tham gia hay \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 1. Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr 195. 2. Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, S\u0111d, tr. 231. 380","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 T\u00f9y - \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng... v\u1ea7n c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, hay v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n gi\u1eefa Giao Ch\u00e2u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u Hoan, \u00c1i, ch\u00e2u Phong, ch\u00e2u Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng t\u1eeb trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, Qu\u1ebf Tr\u1ecdng V\u0169 l\u00e0 vi\u00ean quan \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u00e1o gi\u00e0, nhi\u1ec1u kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft khai th\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chia r\u1ebd, chi\u00eau d\u1ee5 \\\"ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf\\\" trong \u0111\u00e1m ngh\u0129a qu \u00e2n... cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eb9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a. * \u00dd ngh\u0129a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed G\u1ea7n ba tr\u0103m n\u0103m d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a L\u00fd T\u1ef1 Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0110inh Ki\u1ebfn, kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Mai Th\u00fac Loan, Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng... trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a D\u01b0\u01a1ng Thanh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng qua cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, tinh th\u1ea7n qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, \u00fd th\u1ee9c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ea7n qu\u1eadt kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t, b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u1edbi \u1eebong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i chung, kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a D\u01b0\u01a1ng Thanh n\u00f3i ri\u00eang, \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edd Giao Ch\u00e2u ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t suy y\u1ebfu, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0 a tricu \u0110 \u01b0 \u1edd ng \u0111i \u0111cn di\u1ec7t vong. C u\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a D \u01b0 \u01a1ng Thanh m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u01b0a \u0111i t\u1edbi th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, song n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 kh\u01a1i d\u1eady tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 l\u1edbn lao c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng H\u00e1n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e3i m\u00e3i ghi nh\u1edb c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a D\u01b0\u01a1ng Thanh - m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi con anh h\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t, c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd D\u01b0\u01a1ng trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam. K h\u00fac Th\u1eeba D \u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 Tinh h\u00ecnh Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 IX \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta. \u1ede ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c, kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u1ed5 ra kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i v\u1edbi \u0111inh cao l\u00e0 381","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Ho\u00e0ng S\u00e0o (874 - 884), \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m lung lay \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 n\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. \u1ede Giao Ch\u00e2u, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u00e1m 863, tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Nam Chi\u1ebfu, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf An Nam \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 r\u00fat v\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ea5t Ung Ch\u00e2u. Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 865, Cao Bi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n Nam Chi\u1ebfu ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i n\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u00e2u. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 866, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7t T\u0129nh H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u, d\u00f9ng Cao Bi\u1ec1n l\u00e0m Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9. Cao Bi\u1ec1n ra s\u1ee9c x\u00e2y \u0111\u1eafp th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec, kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Giao Ch\u00e2u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ecdi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u1ea5y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee9u v\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. Li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb n\u0103m 868 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 905, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i thay t\u1edbi 7 Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9 \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u. Ti\u1ebfp sau c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u1edbn, t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IX, c\u00e1c quan l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u00e1t c\u1ee9 kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1eddi c\u01a1 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho n\u01b0\u1edbc ta gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf r\u00f5 vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9. Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba D\u1ee5 v\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba D\u1ee5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t H\u00e0o tru\u1edfng xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u1ecdng t\u1ed9c \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t H\u1ed3ng Ch\u00e2u' (Nay l\u00e0 l\u00e0ng C\u00fac B\u1ed3 (t\u00ean c\u1ed5 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 G\u1ecdc) thu\u1ed9c x\u00e3 Ki\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c, huy\u1ec7n Ninh Giang, tinh H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng). L\u00e0ng C\u00fac B\u1ed3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ph\u00e1t t\u00edch v\u00e0 d\u1ef1ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd Kh\u00fac. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u1edf C\u00fac B\u1ed3 1. v \u1ec1 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ecd Kh\u00fac hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c nhau: L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n, Ki\u1ebfn v\u0103n ti\u1ebfu l\u1ee5c, Nxb. V\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u00f4ng tin, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2007, \u1eeb. 520 c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p: \\\"X\u00e3 L\u1ed7 X\u00e1, huy\u1ec7n c\u1ea9m Gi\u00e0ng, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Kh\u00fac Ti\u00ean ch\u00faa. T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9 h\u1ecd Kh\u00fac qu\u00ea qu\u00e1n \u1edd \u0111\u00e2y. Nay trong x\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang h\u1ecd Kh\u00fac\\\". - L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, S\u0111d, tr. 378: \\\"D\u00f2ng h\u1ecd Kh\u00fac l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecdng t\u1ed9c l\u1edbn, l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi \u1edd \u0111\u1ea5t H\u1ed3ng Ch\u00e2u (mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t tinh H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00e0y nay)\\\". 382","Ch\u01b0cmg V\u1ec9. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 T\u00f9y - \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng... kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u1ecd Kh\u00fac sinh s\u1ed1ng. Tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 vi nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c nhau, h\u1ecd Kh\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb C\u00fac B\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e1nh \u0111i n\u01a1i xa l\u1eadp nghi\u1ec7p ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed5i sang m\u1ed9t h\u1ecd kh\u00e1c1. T\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd Kh\u00fac t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn? C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eeb c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ghi ch\u00e9p r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c gia ph\u1ea3 h\u1ecd Kh\u00fac c\u00f9a Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea5p Kh\u00fac \u1ed0c, nay \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc huy\u1ec7n V\u0103n H\u1ef7, tinh S\u01a1n T\u00e2y, Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Kh\u00fac Ho\u00e0n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng gi\u1eef ch\u00fac Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9 t\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u00e2u, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u00f9ng h\u00e0nh tr\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ghi ch\u00e9p2. S\u1eed c\u0169 cho bi\u1ebft, h\u1ecd Kh\u00fac l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecd l\u1edbn l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf H\u1ed3ng Ch\u00e2u. Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba D\u1ee5 t\u00ednh khoan h\u00f2a, hay th\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n ch\u00fang suy t\u00f4n3. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 905, nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edd ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c suy y\u1ebfu, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u \u0111ang tan r\u00e3, Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba D\u1ee5 nh\u00e2n danh H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t x\u1ee9, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee94 v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u0103m 906, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba D\u1ee5 v\u00e0 phong \u00f4ng l\u00e0m T\u0129nh H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00ecnh ch\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1. Tuy mang danh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c quan c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00f9a Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba Du l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, \u0111\u1eb7t ca s\u1edf cho n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp hen l\u00e2u c\u00f9a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. 1. \u0110\u1ed7 Danh Hu\u1ea5n, \\\"B\u00e0n th\u00eam v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ecd Kh\u00fac tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t H\u1ed3ng Ch\u00e2u\\\", T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, s\u1ed1 10, 2009, tr. 25 cho bi\u1ebft th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba D\u1ee5. Theo \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0ng C\u00fac B\u1ed3, x\u01b0a thu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5ng Can Tr\u00ec, huy\u1ec7n V\u0129nh L\u1ea1i, ph\u1ee7 H\u1ea1 H\u1ed3ng, tr\u1ea5n H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nay l\u00e0 l\u00e0ng C\u00fac B\u1ed3 (t\u00ean c\u1ed5 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 G\u1ecdc) thu\u1ed9c x\u00e3 Ki\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c, huy\u1ec7n Ninh Giang, t\u1ec9nh H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng. 2. Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu T\u00e2m, \\\"Th\u00f4ng tin th\u00eam v\u1ec1 Kh\u00fac Ho\u00e0n, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf k\u00fd VIII\\\". Th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o H\u00e1n N\u00f4m h\u1ecdc n\u0103m 2008, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2009, tr. 834-839. 3. Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ee9 th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 217. 4. Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ee9 th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 218. 383","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb tay b\u1ecdn phong ki\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba D\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m c\u1ee7a phong ki\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ghi nh\u1edb c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba D\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u0103m 907, Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba D\u1ee5 m\u1ea5t. Ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 con l\u00e0 Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o n\u1ed1i nghi\u1ec7p cha. Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c cho bi\u1ebft: \\\"Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o nh\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u01a1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169, gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y La Th\u00e0nh, t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9, chia \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c l\u1ed9, ph\u1ee7, ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 x\u00e3 \u1edf c\u00e1c x\u1ee9: \u0111\u1eb7t ra Ch\u00e1nh l\u1ec7nh tru\u1edfng v\u00e0 T\u00e1 l\u1ec7nh tr\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n thu\u1ebf m\u1ed9ng, tha b\u1ecf l\u1ef1c d\u1ecbch; l\u1eadp s\u1ed5 khai h\u1ed9 kh\u1ea9u, k\u00ea r\u00f5 h\u1ecd t\u00ean qu\u00ea qu\u00e1n, giao cho Gi\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f4ng coi. Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1t chu\u1ed9ng khoan dung gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00ean vui\\\"2. Trong L\u1eddi chua (ch\u00fa) c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c c\u00f2n cho bi\u1ebft th\u00eam: \\\"... theo s\u00e1ch An Nam k\u1ef3 y\u1ebfu, Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi Giao Chi. Cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o l\u00e0m Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9 thay cho \u0110\u1ed9c C\u00f4 T\u1ed5n: \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edd c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n l\u00e0m gi\u00e1p, \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed7i gi\u00e1p m\u1ed9t Qu\u1ea3n gi\u00e1p v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Ph\u00f3 tri gi\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf. Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 4 n\u0103m th\u00ec m\u1ea5t\\\"3. Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha l\u00e0 Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba D\u1ee5, \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n cai qu\u1ea3n An Nam. Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, thay th\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng chia Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0m ch\u00e2u, huy\u1ec7n, ch\u00e2u c\u01a1 mi \u1edf mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai, h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 x\u00e3. Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u1ed9, ph\u1ee7, ch\u00e2u, gi\u00e1p (gi\u00e1p thay cho hu\u01a1ng). Theo An Nam ch\u00ed nguy\u00ean: \\\"Trong \u0111\u1eddi Khai B\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 H\u1eadu L\u01b0\u01a1ng (907-911), Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 (s\u1ee9) Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00eam 150 gi\u00e1p, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec c\u00f3 314 gi\u00e1p\\\"4 (\u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a h\u01b0\u01a1ng - gi\u00e1p 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, S\u0111d, tr. 379. 2. Kh\u0103m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eeb th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 218. 3. Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ee9 th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 219. 4. An Nam ch\u00ed nguy\u00ean, S\u0111d, \u1eeb. 112. 384","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u1ec9. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 T\u00f9y - \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng... t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 M\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 sau), x\u00e3. \u1edc x\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra Ch\u00e1nh l\u1ec7nh tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 T\u00e1 l\u1ec7nh tr\u01b0\u1edfng. \u0110\u1eb7t m \u1ed7i gi\u00e1p m\u1ed9t Qu\u1ea3n gi\u00e1p v\u00e0 Ph\u00f3 tri gi\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf. Ri\u00eang giao cho Gi\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00f4ng coi l\u1eadp s\u1ed5 h\u1ed9 kh\u1ea9u, k\u1ebd r\u00f5 h\u1ecd t\u00ean qu\u00ea qu\u00e1n c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai, \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed9 kh\u1ea9u. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \\\"b\u1ec9nh qu\u00e2n thu\u1ebf ru\u1ed9ng, tha b\u1ecf l\u1ef1c d\u1ecbch... Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1t chu\u1ed9ng khoan dung gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00ean vui\\\". Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n n\u0103m 907, khi m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t, nh\u00e0 H\u1eadu L\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00ean thay c\u0169ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o l\u00e0m Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 L\u01b0u \u00c2n chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 Phi\u00ean Ngung (Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u). \u00c2n ch\u1ebft, con l\u00e0 L\u01b0u Y\u00eam' k\u1ebf l\u1eadp, x\u01b0ng qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Nam H\u00e1n. Nh\u01b0ng n\u0103m sau 908, nh\u00e0 H\u1eadu L\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea1i phong cho L\u01b0u Y\u1ec3m ki\u00eam nhi\u1ec7m lu\u00f4n ch\u1ee9c T\u0129nh H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9, An Nam \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9. M\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa Nam H\u00e1n v\u00e0 h\u1ecd Kh\u00fac n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. N\u0103m \u0110inh S\u1eedu (917), Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o sai con l\u00e0 Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba M\u1ef9 sang th\u00f4ng hi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 Nam H\u00e1n \u1edf Phi\u00ean Ngung (Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u). Th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba M\u1ef9 nh\u1eb1m d\u00f2 x\u00e9t t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh h\u01b0 th\u1ef1c \u1edf Phi\u00ean Ngung. Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o m\u1ea5t, Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba M\u1ef9 l\u00ean thay n\u0103m 917. S\u00e1ch An Nam k\u1ef3\u2019 y\u1ebfu cho hi\u1ebft: Th\u1eeba M\u1ef9 (t\u1eedng) sai s\u1ee9 sang nh\u00e0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng xin l\u0129nh \\\"Ti\u1ebft vi\u1ec7t\\\"; nh\u00e2n th\u1ebf, nh\u00e0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng cho l\u00e0m Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9, coi qu\u1ea3n Giao Ch\u00e2u2. \\\"... L\u01b0u Cung (vua Nam H\u00e1n) nghe n\u00f3i Th\u1eeba M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \\\"Ti\u1ebft vi\u1ec7t\\\" c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng, gi\u1eadn l\u1eafm, [m\u00f9a Thu, th\u00e1ng 7, n\u0103m Qu\u00fd M\u00f9i (923)] sai t\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ecfi l\u00e0 L\u00fd Kh\u1eafc Ch\u00ednh3 \u0111em qu\u00e2n sang \u0111\u00e1nh, b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u1eeba M\u1ef9 \u0111em v\u1ec1\\\"4. \u00ec. An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, S\u0111d, tr. 225. L\u01b0u Y\u00eam - L\u01b0u Nghi\u1ec5m. 2. Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ee9 th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 219. 3. An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, S\u0111d, tr. 225 - ghi l\u00e0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u1eafc Ch\u00ednh. 4. Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ee9 th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, \u01b0. 220. 385","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Sau khi chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Giao Ch\u00e2u, L\u00fd Kh\u1eafc Ch\u00ednh \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh, c\u01b0\u1edbp nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e1u v\u1eadt mang v\u1ec1. Nam H\u00e1n c\u1eed L\u00fd Ti\u1ebfn' gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Giao Ch\u00e2u, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi L\u00fd Kh\u1eafc Ch\u00ednh gi\u1eef th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i La. N\u0103m 931, D\u01b0\u01a1ng Di\u00ean Ngh\u1ec72 m\u1ed9t H\u00e0o t\u1ed9c (th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh) v\u00f9ng \u00c1i Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 \\\"t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o\\\"3 \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o qu\u00e2n ra bao v\u00e2y th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i La, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n Nam H\u00e1n. D\u01b0\u01a1ng Di\u00ean (\u0110\u00ecnh) Ngh\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u00e2n phong c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00e2n t\u00edn \u0111i tr\u1ea5n tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u trong v\u00f9ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 B\u1eafc B\u1ed9. \u0110inh C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9 (th\u00e2n ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u0110inh B\u1ed9 L\u0129nh) coi gi\u1eef Hoan Ch\u00e2u, Ng\u00f4 Quy\u1ec1n phong gi\u1eef \u00c1i Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c D\u01b0\u01a1ng Di\u00ean (\u0110\u00ecnh) Ngh\u1ec7 g\u1ea3 con g\u00e1i cho... D\u01b0\u01a1ng Di\u00ean (\u0110\u00ecnh) Ngh\u1ec7 cai qu\u1ea3n Giao Ch\u00e2u trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian4 t\u00f2 n\u0103m 931 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 937. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh Giao Ch\u00e2u trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3 ra sao? Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ghi ch\u00e9p. Nha t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a D\u01b0\u01a1ng Di\u00ean (\u0110\u00ecnh) Ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0 Ki\u1ec1u C\u00f4ng Ti\u1ec7n5 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft D\u01b0\u01a1ng Di\u00ean (\u0110\u00ecnh) Ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1t ch\u1ee9c Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9. Nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4 Quy\u1ec1n, Nha t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1eeba l\u00e0 con r\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a D\u01b0\u01a1ng Di\u00ean (\u0110\u00ecnh) Ngh\u1ec7 t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c1i k\u00e9o ra, Ki\u1ec1u C\u00f4ng Ti\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7u c\u1ee9u vua Nam H\u00e1n \u0111em qu\u00e2n sang gi\u00fap. Ng\u00f4 Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb Ki\u1ec1u C\u00f4ng Ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1nh tan qu\u00e2n Nam H\u00e1n tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng n\u0103m 938; m\u1edf ra k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u00f2 Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba D\u1ee5, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o - Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n qu\u00e0n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00e0 c\u00e1c 1. An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, S\u0111d, tr. 225, ghi l\u00e0 L\u00fd T\u1ea5n. 2. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 145 v\u00e0 An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, S\u0111d, tr. 225 \u0111\u1ec1u ghi l\u00e0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00ecnh Ngh\u1ec7. 3. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 145 v\u00e0 An Nam ch \u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, S\u0111d, tr. 225, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u ghi D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110inh Ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o. 4. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 145 v\u00e0 An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, S\u0111d, tr. 225, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u ghi D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00ecnh Ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o. 5. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 145 v\u00e0 An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, S\u0111d, tr. 225 \u0111\u1ec1u ghi l\u00e0 Ki\u1ec1u C\u00f4ng Ti\u1ec5n. 386","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 T\u00f9y - \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng... l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 - \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia ch\u01b0a l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u00fang m\u1edbi chi n\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5p huy\u1ec7n. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c, hay ngay c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, chi ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9. L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t ch\u01b0a m\u1ea5t, v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t. Ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb l\u00e0ng m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc. H\u1ecd Kh\u00fac ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho nh\u1eefng H\u00e0o t\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t, gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c. H\u1ecd Kh\u00fac, \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4 - \u0110inh - Ti\u1ec1n L\u00ea v\u00e0 L\u00fd - Tr\u1ea7n... sau n\u00e0y. 387","C h\u01b0\u01a1ng vn L\u00c0NG X\u00c3 - \u0110\u01a0N V\u1eca c \u01a1 S\u1ede TH\u1edcI B\u1eaeC THU\u1ed8C T\u1eeb l\u00e0ng-ch\u1ea1 (k\u00e8-chi\u1ec1ng) \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 trong thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean - th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edd. Trong \u0111\u00f3 bao h\u00e0m c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf - h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Do v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. LTI\u1ebeNTR\u00ccNHN\u00d4NGNGHI\u1ec6PL\u00daAN\u01af\u1edaC- c \u01a1 S\u1edeKINHT\u00c9 C\u1ee6AT\u1eceCH\u1ee8CH\u00c0NHCH\u00cdNHV\u00c0X\u00c3H\u1ed8I C\u1eceTRUY\u1ec0N T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u cho bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t, \u1ee9ong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t (Kinh) v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ed1n c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i. Tho\u1ea1t k\u1ef3 th\u1ee7y h\u1ecd c\u00f9ng sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00fai r\u1eebng H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng ch\u00e2n n\u00fai Ba V\u00ec, Tam \u0110\u1ea3o. Sau h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m sinh t\u1ed3n. c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, chia t\u00e1ch. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 chia t\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t - M\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VIII \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XI v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, ch\u01b0a ng\u00e3 ng\u0169. S\u1ef1 chia t\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t - M\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edd l\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh v\u00e0 Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd trong h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m qua \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u phong t\u1ee5c, t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn xu\u1ed1ng khai th\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, s\u00f4ng M\u00e3, s\u00f4ng C\u1ea3 (s\u00f4ng Lam), m\u1edd ra \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u00ec nhi\u00eau; r\u1ed3i \u00e1p s\u00e1t bi\u1ec3n, khai th\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3. Tr\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n, m\u01b0u sinh h\u1ecd may m\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Trung Hoa, \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. Tuy c\u00f3 th\u00e2u nh\u1eadn th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00f3, 388","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII. L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 - \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c song c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1ecf. Sau khi chia t\u00e1ch, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edd m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n; song d\u01b0 \u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 trong thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n. Mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng anh em \u0111\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o v\u00e0 truy nguy\u00ean. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tim hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc, thi\u1ebft ngh\u0129 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1edbt qua ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf v\u00f9ng H\u00f2a Binh. Khi m\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb chia t\u00e1ch, t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \\\"\u0111ao canh h\u1ecfa ch\u1ee7ng\\\"- l\u00e0m n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh canh t\u00e1c tr\u00ean n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00f9ng dao ph\u00e1t c\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng sau c\u00e2y kh\u00f4, \u0111\u1ed1t n\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng g\u1eady g\u1ed7 v\u00f3t nh\u1ecdn ch\u1ecdc l\u1ed7, gieo h\u1ea1t l\u00faa. Sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m c\u1ecf vun g\u1ed1c. Su\u1ed1t trong qu\u00e1 trinh t\u1eeb sau khi gieo h\u1ea1t cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac thu ho\u1ea1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1ng l\u00e1n coi n\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111u\u1ed5i mu\u00f4ng th\u00fa v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1 n\u01b0\u01a1ng. Kinh t\u1ebf n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0o thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. N\u01a1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0u m \u00e3 t\u01a1i x\u1ed1p, g\u1eb7p n\u0103m mira thu\u1eadn gi\u00f3 h\u00f2a th\u00ec l\u00faa niromg \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f9a. \u1ede M\u01b0\u1eddng Bi, n\u0103m l\u00faa n\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f9a thu kho\u1ea3ng 1,5 t\u1ea5n m\u1ed9t ha1. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m m\u01b0a qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u, ho\u1eb7c n\u1eafng h\u1ea1n l\u00faa n\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5t b\u00e1t. Theo truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i \u1edf M\u01b0\u1eddng Bi c\u00f3 t\u1edbi \\\"pa m\u01b0\u01a1il t\u1ed1ng l\u00f3 roong\\\" - 30 lo\u1ea1i l\u00faa n\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tr\u00ean n\u01b0\u01a1ng, ngo\u00e0i c\u00e2y l\u00faa, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00f2n tr\u1ed3ng ng\u00f4, s\u1eafn, b\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 th\u00eam cho nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt. Th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eafn v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f9a th\u00ec d\u00e2n c\u00f3 \u0103n, m\u1ea5t m\u00f9a th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3i k\u00e9m, ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0o r\u1eebng ki\u1ebfm rau m\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00f9 m\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng qua ng\u00e0y. 1. Nguy\u1ec5n Ng\u1ecdc Thanh, \\\"Sinh ho\u1ea1t kinh t\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng\\\", trong Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mu\u1eddng v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n M\u01b0\u1eddng Bi, UBND huy\u1ec7n T\u00e2n L\u1ea1c, S\u1edd V\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u00f4ng tin H\u00e0 S\u01a1n B\u00ecnh, 1988, tr. 51. 389","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, r\u1eebng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i l\u1edbn m\u00e0 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 khai th\u00e1c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Kinh t\u1ebf n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00f2 b\u1ea3n - l\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c m\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00ec n\u1ebfu canh t\u00e1c m\u00e3i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u1eeda n\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u0103m b\u00f3n (do ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 th\u00f3i quen d\u00f9ng ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n), ch\u1ec9 qua v\u00e0i n\u0103m th\u1eeda n\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1c m\u00e0u; vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 cho thu ho\u1ea1ch r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea5t thu, trong khi nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0103n ti\u00eau sinh ho\u1ea1t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, d\u00e2n c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n m\u01b0\u1eddng bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i du canh, du c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi. H\u1ecd l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 m\u1edbi, ph\u00e1t n\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi v\u1ea5t v\u00e0, nh\u1ecdc nh\u1eb1n. V\u00f2ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng du canh, du c\u01b0 lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft k\u00e9o d\u00e0i bao nhi\u00eau \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau l\u1ea7n trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 t\u00e0n d\u01b0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay \u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi H' M\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u00e0 B\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng r\u1ebbo cao kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c T\u00e2y B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn khi n\u00e0o th\u00ec c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00e1c thung l\u0169ng ven s\u00f4ng, su\u1ed1i \u1edd H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh? C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1m cho r\u1eb1ng khi m\u00e0 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t bi\u1ebft tr\u1ed3ng c\u1ea5y l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fac c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai trong thung l\u0169ng. Khi m\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edd r\u1ed9ng, n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec1u t\u0103ng, t\u00ecnh h\u1ec9nh \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf d\u1ea7n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m nu\u01a1ng r\u1eaby trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f2ng; ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng du canh, du c\u01b0. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c thi\u00ean di \u0111\u00f4i khi v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 mang t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kinh t\u1ebf. Khi vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed3ng c\u1ea5y l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n m\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p t\u1ef1 t\u00fac \u1edf m\u1ee9c b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, m\u1ee9c cao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ed1ng \u1eeb\u1ecb Lang \u0110\u1ea1o, Ph\u00eda T\u1ea1o..., song kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby b\u1ecb tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau. Nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ru\u1ed9ng v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng nh\u1edd v\u00e0o r\u1eaby; nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 \u00edt ru\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i tr\u00f4ng c\u1eady v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, trong h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, kinh t\u1ebf n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed3 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c cho vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3n m\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u00edt c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt canh t\u00e1c, n\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 390","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII. L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 - \u0110on v\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng l\u00faa. Khi m\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ea5p, k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00ec ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby; g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng du canh, du c\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edd th\u00e0nh t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n kinh t\u1ebf; x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Nh\u01b0ng khi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p, giai c\u1ea5p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n, nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t cao th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n b\u1ecb thu h\u1eb9p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eabn c\u00f2n canh t\u00e1c tr\u00ean n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby (\u0111\u1ed1t r\u1eebng l\u00e0m n\u01b0\u01a1ng) ph\u1ee5 th\u00e8m cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Song kinh t\u1ebf n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t s\u1edd t\u1ea1i \u1edf v\u00f9ng H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n sau n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H'M\u00f4ng \u1edd Mai Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ed3ng c\u1ea5y l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng kinh t\u1ebf, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f9a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh h\u01a1n \u1edf v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh. Trong h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1n b\u00ec tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng nh\u1eefng M\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn: M\u01b0\u1eddng Bi (T\u00e2n L\u1ea1c), M\u01b0\u1eddng Vang (L\u1ea1c S\u01a1n), M\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e0ng (K\u1ef3 S\u01a1n), M\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ed9ng (Kim B\u00f4i); v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng huy\u1ec7n Mai Ch\u00e2u, \u0110\u00e0 B\u1eafc..., ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u00edch l\u0169y thcm nhicu kinh nghi\u1ec7m vc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tr\u1ed3ng c\u1ea5y c\u00e2y l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e0 con Kinh (Vi\u1ec7t) ti\u1ebfn xu\u1ed1ng khai ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ven nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, s\u00f4ng M\u00e3, s\u00f4ng C\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u00ea, l\u00e0m th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n khu c\u01b0 tr\u00fa v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ee7 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau cho \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng. C\u00f9ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u01b0\u01a1ng phai th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i, d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb c\u00e1c con su\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u1edbi cho \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00faa. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc cho c\u00e2y l\u00faa sinh tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n cho m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng b\u1ed9i thu. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u00f9a v\u1ee5, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u0103m s\u00f3c c\u00e2y l\u00faa c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd... Tuy k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf kinh t\u1ebf c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 duy tri cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n - m\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eeb th\u00e1ch trong ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tranh \u0111\u1ea5u, sinh t\u1ed3n, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. 391","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Trong c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Do s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 Lang- nh\u00e0 T\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u00fa trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t di d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb M\u01b0\u1eddng Bi (M\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ed1c) ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u00e1i t\u1eeb Mai Ch\u00e2u c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i di c\u01b0 l\u00ean mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y B\u1eafc (S\u01a1n La, Y\u00ean B\u00e1i, Ngh\u0129a L\u1ed9), ho\u1eb7c xu\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y Nam (Thanh H\u00f3a, Ngh\u1ec7 T\u0129nh), ho\u1eb7c sang L\u00e0o. Nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u00f2n \u1edf l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n, m\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 khai ph\u00e1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt. Vi\u1ec7c khai ph\u00e1 vu\u01a1n t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thung l\u0169ng h\u1eb9p c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u1edf b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thung l\u0169ng n\u00fai kh\u00e1c quanh khu v\u1ef1c; ho\u1eb7c khai ph\u00e1 v\u00f9ng v\u01b0\u1eddn \u0111\u1ed3i g\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng khu ru\u1ed9ng b\u1eadc thang tr\u1ed3ng c\u1ea5y l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch canh t\u00e1c l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee7 k\u00edn nh\u1eefng thung l\u0169ng l\u1edbn, v\u1eeba v\u00e0 h\u1eb9p n\u01a1i g\u1ea7n ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. V\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edd r\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a bao m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh m\u1edbi c\u00f3. Tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c M\u01b0\u1eddng, Th\u00e1i... c\u00f9ng chung l\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1eadt l\u00e0m ra c\u00e2y l\u00faa h\u1ea1t g\u1ea1o. \u0110\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy ho\u1ea1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ho\u00e0n chinh. Theo k\u00e9t qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1 PGS. N guy\u1ec5n T\u1eeb C h i1 th\u1ec9: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc theo ki\u1ec3u Th\u00e1i. V\u00ec \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ebf c\u00e1c thung l\u0169ng ru\u1ed9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t h\u1eb9p, chi\u1ec1u ngang ch\u1eebng n\u1eeda c\u00e2y s\u1ed1, \u0111\u00e1y thung l\u1ea1i s\u00e2u so v\u1edbi mi\u1ec7ng thung. Do v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n chia ru\u1ed9ng ra th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng m\u1ea3nh nh\u1ecf h\u1eb9p (b\u1eadc thang) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc. Tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh ru\u1ed9ng nh\u1ecf h\u1eb9p \u0111\u00f3 chi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng n\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 nh\u1ecf, nh\u1eb9, d\u1ec5 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfp thu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u00e1i t\u1eeb thu\u1edf xa x\u01b0a truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i, khi t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean h\u1ecd c\u00f2n c\u01b0 tr\u00fa trong nh\u1eefng thung l\u0169ng h\u1eb9p \u1edf V\u00e2n Nam, Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X. Trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng chi ti\u1ebfp thu s\u1eed 1. Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1eeb Chi, \\\"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh c\u0169\\\", \\\"Sinh ho\u1ea1t kinh t\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng\\\", Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n M\u01b0\u1eddng Bi, S\u0111d. 392","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII. L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 - \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c d\u1ee5ng n\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u00e1i, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i. \u0110\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n n\u00fai trong nh\u1eefng thung l\u0169ng h\u1eb9p, c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng su\u1ed1i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ch\u1ea3y qua t\u1eeb thung n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn thung kia, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ed5 ra s\u00f4ng. Ho\u1eb7c n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1eeb s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai xu\u1ed1ng thung, ch\u1ea3y ra s\u00f4ng su\u1ed1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u00e1i. D\u1ecdc theo \u0111o\u1ea1n su\u1ed1i l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng cho \u0111\u1eafp m\u1ed9t phai, phai l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eadp \u0111\u1eafp ng\u0103n su\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2ng v\u00e0o m\u01b0\u01a1ng. Phai h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e8 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 c\u00e2y x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean nhau, \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1ecdc hai b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef; ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e0o M\u01af\u01a0NG (m\u01b0\u01a1ng) l\u1edbn, m\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o ru\u1ed9ng. \\\"\u0110en nay \u1edf M\u01b0\u1eddng Bi v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 Mu\u1eddng Ai (x\u00e3 Phong Ph\u00fa) l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u1ea3i L\u00fd, \u1ea3i L\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0o m\u01b0\u01a1ng dan n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u1edbi ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng N\u00f3ng (= \u0111\u1ed3ng em) \u1edf \u0110\u1ecbch Gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 kh\u00e1c...\\\"\\\\ Ngo\u00e0i m\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 H\u1ea1nh, H\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf t\u1eeb m\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o t\u1eebng th\u1eeda ru\u1ed9ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta x\u00e8 b\u1edd ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb H\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o; g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u1ea1ng. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p su\u1ed1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m co\u1ecdng (gu\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc) \u0111c \u0111\u00f4 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f2o ru\u1ed9ng. N eu ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edd tr\u00ean cao v\u00e0 xa m\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 hay tre b\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ea7u ch\u1ea1y qua nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o ru\u1ed9ng; v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ee7 n\u01b0\u1edbc cho \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng... Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i kh\u00f4ng chi l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i l\u00e0ng - b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 m\u01b0\u1eddng. Do v\u1eady \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u00ednh c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n trong m\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i m\u01b0\u1eddng. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ee9ng ra t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Lang, nh\u00e0 T\u1ea1o, nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc cho c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 1. Ho\u00e0ng L\u01b0\u01a1ng, \\\"Nh\u1eefng diu t\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u00e1i \u1edf v\u00f9ng M\u01b0\u1eddng H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh\\\", T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc, s\u1ed1 3, 2001, tr. 57. 393","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n. Ket qu\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u00e1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 quan, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p; v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0o thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean; ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng; \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ee7 n\u01b0\u1edbc cho c\u00e2y l\u00faa, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n m\u00f9a v\u00e0ng b\u1ed9i thu. Kh\u00f4ng chi gi\u1ecfi l\u00e0m th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1edf H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 canh t\u00e1c thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng ven ch\u00e2n n\u00fai. \u0110\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eddi, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch l\u0169y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u kinh nghi\u1ec7m qu\u00fd b\u00e1u: t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn gi\u1ed1ng l\u00faa th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho t\u1eebng ch\u00e2n ru\u1ed9ng cao, th\u1ea5p; lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea5y v\u00e0o v\u1ee5 chi\u00eam, lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea5y v\u00e0o v\u1ee5 m\u00f9a. C\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng l\u00faa \u1edd M\u01b0\u1eddng Bi, M\u01b0\u1eddng Vang, M\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e0ng, M\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa. D\u00e2n gian \u1edd \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft: \\\"Ch\u1ec9n m\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1ed1ng l\u00f3 n\u00e3... \\\"(Ch\u00edn m\u01b0\u01a1i th\u1ee9 l\u00faa ru\u1ed9ng...) \u1ede M\u01b0\u1eddng Bi ri\u00eang l\u00faa n\u1ebfp c\u00f3 13 lo\u1ea1i: \\\"Qu\u00e0 Wo\u00e1ng Trl\u00e1ng Kh\u00ea, C\u00fa, Pu\u1ed9t, B\u1ea3n, \u00d4i, Bo\u00f3ng, Ti\u00ean H\u01b0\u01a1ng, Ch\u1ea1c, M\u00f9n, Di\u1ec7n, H\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u1ea5m... L\u00faa t\u1ebb: Trl\u1eafng, Thail, H\u00e9, T\u00e1m\\\"2. C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ng\u00e2m gi\u1ed1ng l\u00faa \u1edf M\u01b0\u1eddng Bi v\u00e0 M\u00e3n \u0110\u1ee9c, c\u00f9ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea5t k\u1ef9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi gieo m\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Jeanne Cuisinier mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00e0y ph\u01a1i \u1ea3i; b\u1eeba l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u1ea5y l\u00faa. M\u00f9a v\u1ee5 c\u1ea5y tr\u1ed3ng theo n\u00f4ng l\u1ecbch. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m b\u00f3n l\u00e0m c\u1ecf ru\u1ed9ng theo \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u00fa \u00fd . v i\u1ec7 c b\u1ea3o v\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7 m\u01b0\u1eddng, lu\u1eadt m\u01b0\u1eddng (th\u00e0nh v\u0103n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh v\u0103n) \u1edd Mai Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 4 m\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn \u1edf H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh quy \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. Trong \u0111\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u1eed ph\u1ea1t k\u1ebb n\u00e0o th\u00e1o tr\u1ed9m n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m kh\u00f4 ru\u1ed9ng: \\\"N\u1ebfu th\u00e1o n\u01b0\u1edbc ru\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c (b\u1ed9c t\u00e1ng n\u00e0: th\u00e1o ch\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y \u1edf b\u1edd ru\u1ed9ng) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n c\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e1o n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t l\u1ea1ng b\u1ea1c... k\u00e8m theo r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 g\u00e0 c\u00fang v\u00eda cho ch\u00f9 ru\u1ed9ng. Neu ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i v\u1edd ong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c (b\u1ed9c ong t\u00e1ng n\u00e0: th\u00e1o ong d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t qua b\u1edd ru\u1ed9ng) \u0111\u1ebf \u0103n c\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e1o 1. T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc, s\u1ed1 3, 2001, Tl\u0111d, tr. 60. 2. \\\"Sinh ho\u1ea1t kinh t\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng\\\", Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a co truy\u1ec1n M\u01b0\u1eddng Bi, S\u0111d, tr. 49. 394","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VU. L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 - \u0110on vi c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ee7i ph\u1ea1t ba l\u1ea1ng b\u1ea1c; k\u00e8m theo r\u01b0\u1ee3u, g\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00fang v\u00eda cho ch\u00f9 ru\u1ed9ng'. Ho\u1eb7c l\u1ec7 lu\u1eadt m\u01b0\u1eddng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea1t g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i (\u0111\u1ec1n hai con tr\u00e2u) n\u1ebfu k\u00e8 n\u00e0o t\u1ef1 \u00fd g\u00e2y ra vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e2u h\u00fac ch\u1ebft tr\u00e2u (b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ee9c k\u00e9o). Ngo\u00e0i ra, lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 m\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea1t ti\u1ec1n gia ch\u1ee7 khi \u0111\u1ec3 gia s\u00fac ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i ru\u1ed9ng l\u00faa, hoa m\u00e0u; ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea1t k\u00e8 \u0103n c\u1eafp l\u00faa tr\u00ean c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng: \\\"Ai \u0103n c\u1eafp l\u00faa \u1edf ru\u1ed9ng (ph\u00e1t khau - t\u1ee9c g\u1eb7t l\u00faa), l\u00faa m\u00f9a no, ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea1t 15 l\u1ea1ng b\u1ea1c (n\u1eb7ng) k\u00e8m theo r\u01b0\u1ee3u, tr\u00e2u, ph\u1ea3i c\u00fang v\u00eda cho ch\u00f9 l\u00faa 1,5 l\u1ea1ng b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 l\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y\\\"2. Lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 m\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng - th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f9a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n m\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh. Nh\u00ecn chung, v\u1edbi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n m\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi qu\u1ea3ng canh - t\u1eeb c\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 m\u00f9a ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi c\u1ea5y hai v\u1ee5 chi\u00eam - m\u00f9a trong n\u0103m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia. Th\u00f3c l\u00faa thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 XIX, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc so v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p cho ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho N h\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110 \u00f4ng th\u1eddi, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u00ean t\u1ea3ng kinh t\u00ea \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n \u1edf H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh. II. T\u00d3 CH\u1ee8C X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I C\u1ece TRUY\u00c8N C\u1ee6A NG\u01af\u1edcI M\u01af\u1edcNG H\u00d2A B\u00ccNH Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u00e1i. C\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c anh em kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Dao, H' M\u00f4ng,... 1. \u0110\u1eb7ng Nghi\u00eam V\u1ea1n (Ch\u00f9 bi\u00ean), c\u1ea7m Tr\u1ecdng - Kh\u00e0 V\u0103n Ti\u1ebfn - T\u00f2ng Kim \u00c2n, T\u01b0 li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Th\u00e1i, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed8I, 1977, tr. 277. 2. T\u01b0 li\u1ec7u v\u1ebf l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Th\u00e1i, S\u0111d, tr. 291. 395","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 \u0111\u1ebfn mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n. V\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu do t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u khan hi\u1ebfm, t\u1ea3n m\u00e1t n\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, d\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c anh em kh\u00e1c \u1edf H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c M\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh. Do tr\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi, n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh: ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Lang \u0111\u1ea1o hay ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Nh\u00e0 lang. 1. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Nh\u00e0 lang - t\u00ean g\u1ecdi t\u1ed5 ch\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Mu\u1eddng c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i M\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n t\u1eebng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c nhau: T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh s\u1eed \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai x\u01b0a (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea3n) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 N\u00f9ng, Th\u00e1i, M\u01b0\u1eddng... v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi nh\u01b0: T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng - ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c - m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i. Ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o - c\u0169ng l\u00e0 hlnh th\u1ee9c c\u00f9a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ebf t\u1eadp - cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i, quy ph\u1ee5c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. N\u1ebfu Ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh phong th\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbc. Ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o thi h\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb trong \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t (m\u01b0\u1eddng) m\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. Ngo\u00e0i ra, h\u00e0ng n\u0103m Ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p phu thu\u1ebf, s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng cho tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh trung \u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u1ed3 t\u00f9 - m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 Ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o. Quan lang - Lang \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c quan c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee71. 1. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, Qu\u00e1ch \u0110i\u00eau m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 Nho ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, qu\u00ea \u1edd M\u01b0\u1eddng Bi, x\u00e3 M\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c, huy\u1ec7n T\u00e2n L\u1ea1c, H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh, khi vi\u1ebft H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh Quan lang s\u1ee9 kh\u00e1o n\u0103m 1925 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt 396","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII. L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 - \u0110om v\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u00f2i B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c Nh\u00e0 lang - ch\u1ec9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 lang. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 XX, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Ph\u00e1p trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 b\u00e0 Gian Quydini\u00ea (Jeanne Cuisinier) khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd nh\u00e2n v\u0103n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc \\\"ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng\\\" c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \\\"Th\u1ed5 lang\\\"1. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 nu\u1edbc ta, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 GS. \u0110\u00e0o Duy Anh khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i M\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf Thanh H\u00f3a, H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh, Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd... \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Lang \u0111\u1ea1o2. Trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh G\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u00ecm hi\u1ebfu tinh H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh, B\u00f9i V\u0103n K\u00edn v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i M\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Nh\u00e0 la n g \\\\ Song s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. C\u1ed1 PGS. Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1eeb Chi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u M\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi ri\u00eang: Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Nh\u00e0 lang4. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c chi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u00ecn chung nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi tr\u00ean: T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng, Th\u1ed5 t\u00f9, Ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o, Quan lang, Lang \u0111\u1ea1o, Th\u1ed5 lang, Th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1o, Th\u1ee9 lang, Nh\u00e0 lang; tuy c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c nhau song \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m chung c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i M\u01b0\u1eddng. c\u00f9a b\u00f2 C\u00f4lani (B\u1eddi v\u1ec9 trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1927 - 1932 Qu\u00e1ch Dicu \u0111a nh\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb3n m\u1ed9t gian nh\u00e0 s\u00e0n cho hai ch\u1ecb em C\u00f4lani \u1edf nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u1ec1n V\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh). N\u0103m 1944, trong Ch\u00fac th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i Qu\u00e1ch \u0110i\u00eau c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0: Th\u1ed5 lang - ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c M\u01b0\u1eddng - con tr\u01b0\u1eddng - Lang cun. Th\u1ee9 lang hay Th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1o - ch\u1ec9 ng\u00e0nh th\u1ee9, em c\u00f9a Th\u1ed5 lang hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Lang \u0111\u1ea1o. 1. Jeanne Cuisinier, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng - \u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd nh\u00e2n v\u0103n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc, Nxb. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1995.tr. 398. 2. \u0110\u00e0o Duy Anh, Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Lang \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng Thanh H\u00f3a, B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e1nh m\u00e1y Vi\u1ec7n S\u1eeb h\u1ecdc. 3. B\u00f9i V\u0103n K\u00edn - Mai V\u0103n Tri - Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u1ee5ng, C\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh, Ty V\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u00f4ng tin H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh, 1972. 4. Tr\u1ea7n T\u1eeb, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, H\u1ed9i Khoa h\u1ecdc L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, 1996. 397","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Tuy v\u1eady, trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi tr\u00ean, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1eabn t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eafc c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Nh\u00e0 lang c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1 PGS. T\u1eeb Chi, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a l\u00e0m r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u1ed9t t\u1ea3 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c, v\u1eeba bao qu\u00e1t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i M\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean v\u00f9ng M\u01b0\u1eddng H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Nh\u00e0 lang c\u00f3 kh\u1eddi ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e2u xa t\u1eeb trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f9a t\u1ed9c M\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed5 \u1edf H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh. 2. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Nh\u00e0 lang Qua truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc cho ph\u00e9p kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed trong c\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edd H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 tr\u00fa. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra n\u1ec1n V\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh. Theo \u0111\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u00e0o h\u1eadu k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn xu\u1ed1ng khai ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng thung l\u0169ng h\u1eb9p ch\u1ea1y d\u00e0i trong b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed5: Bi, Vang, Th\u00e0ng, \u0110\u1ed9ng \u1edd H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh. D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n trong kh\u1ed1i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t do L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u; gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 Quan lang, b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0 L\u1ea1c d\u00e2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch, ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c M\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng thung l\u0169ng ch\u00e2n n\u00fai H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh; duy tri cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng sinh ho\u1ea1t l\u00e0m n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby, s\u0103n b\u1eaft. h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m v\u1eeba b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t (Kinh) theo c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn - s\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e0, s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, s\u00f4ng M\u00e3, s\u00f4ng Lam ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 khai ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia Vi\u1ec7t - M\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ea3y sinh. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n chia b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X - XI ho\u1eb7c s\u1edbm hom n\u1eefa. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i M\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u1edf m\u1ed7i v\u00f9ng (m\u01b0\u1eddng) b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c v\u1ed1n do c\u00e1c T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u cai qu\u1ea3n. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng M\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i mang t\u00ednh t\u00f4ng t\u1ed9c. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e0n t\u00edch nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u00f2n kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 n\u00e9t; T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng - th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy t\u00f4n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. T\u01b0 h\u1eefu \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, tuy ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a gi\u00e0u ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh song ch\u01b0a t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ed9c M\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edd H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh. 398"]