["Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n... Nh\u1eefng con th\u00fa n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ea3 t\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \\\"can chi\\\" [th\u1eadp can, th\u1eadp nh\u1ecb chi c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa], chi c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c th\u00e1ng T\u01b0, l\u1ea5y Th\u1ecf ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 M\u00e8o. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u00e2m l\u1ecbch, n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o tu\u1ea7n tr\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 chia m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng ra 2 tu\u1ea7n - tu\u1ea7n s\u00e1ng (banun) v\u00e0 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i (ranamJ; l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t tu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5 c\u00f3 7 ng\u00e0y v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y theo t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong 7 ng\u00e0y h\u00e0nh tinh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi: Ch\u00f9 nh\u1eadt: Adit (M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi), th\u1ee9 Hai: S\u00f4m (M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng), th\u1ee9 Ba: Anar hay Bhauma (H\u1ecfa tinh), th\u1ee9 T\u01b0 : But hay Vudha (Th\u1ee7y tinh), th\u1ee9 N\u0103m: Jip (M\u1ed9c tinh ), th\u1ee9 S\u00e1u: Sulk (Kim tinh), th\u1ee9 B\u1ea3y: Sanchar hay Saura (Th\u1ed5 tinh). C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Champa ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 t\u00ednh kh\u00e1 th\u1ea1o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed di chuy\u1ec3n theo th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eddi gian m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. C\u00f3 khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c vua Sri Vikr\u00e3ntavarman I, n\u0103m 653 - 679) \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: \\\"Th\u1eddi vua c\u00e1c Sakas, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 579 n\u0103m (n\u0103m 657 CN), th\u00e1ng Tapas (th\u00e1ng T\u01b0, th\u00e1ng con Th\u00f2), ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 10 c\u1ee7a tu\u1ea7n toi, Adit (ng\u00e0y Ch\u00f9 nh\u1eadt), Vasabha (Kim ng\u01b0u tinh) \u1edf l\u1ea7u Aditya (M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi), 11 ghatikas (= 4 gi\u1edd 24 ph\u00fat), sau l\u00fac (m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi) m\u1ecdc, Lagna (Tinh s\u1ed1) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i; Aditya (M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi), Vudha (Th\u1ee7y tinh) v\u00e0 Sukra (Kim tinh) n\u1eb1m \u1edf cung Snng ngtr; Rhnum (H\u00f2a tinh) v\u00e0 Saura (Th\u00f4 tinh) \u1edf cung Thi\u00ean B\u00ecnh; Jiva (M\u1ed9c tinh) \u1edf cung B\u1ea3o b\u00ecnh; Soma (M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng) \u1edf cung Song n\u1eef-, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng l\u00e0m n\u1ea3y n\u1edf nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n, [\u0110\u1ee9c vua] \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng [\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd] \u0111\u1ea5ng t\u00f4n ch\u00f9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, l\u00e0 S \u2019ri Prabhas es vara 6. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, t\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 m\u00faa Ch\u0103m Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Champa \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n t\u1eeb Qu\u1ea3ng Nam 1. N g \u00f4 V \u0103n D oanh, V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ch\u0103m P a, S\u0111d, tr. 41 - 42. 499","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 \u0111\u1ebfn B\u00ecnh Thu\u1eadn ng\u00e0y nay. Nh\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec1n th\u00e1p n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch phong ph\u00fa c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f9a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Champa. Th\u00e2n th\u00e1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, c\u00f3 c\u1eeda ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1eeda gi\u1ea3, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t trang tr\u00ed kho\u1ebb kho\u1eafn, m\u1ed3i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed mang m\u1ed9t phong c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau. N\u00f3c th\u00e1p g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng x\u1ebfp n\u1ebfp, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh trang tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng d\u01b0\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1ecf d\u1ea7n \u0111i v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh nh\u1ecdn v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean cao. H\u00ecnh trang tr\u00ed c\u00f3 khi l\u00e0 hoa l\u00e1 ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc tinh vi, c\u00f3 khi l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a th\u00e1p thu nh\u1ecf l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ec1n th\u00e1p g\u1ed3m 4 m\u1eb7t, g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 ba m\u1eb7t l\u00e0 ba c\u1eeda gi\u1ea3. Trong \u0111\u1ec1n th\u00e1p th\u01b0\u1eddng chi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7 th\u1edd t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea7n; vi\u1ec7c l\u1ec5 nghi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Theo quan ni\u1ec7m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh n\u00fai Meru m\u00e0 \u0111inh n\u00fai l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh n\u00ean ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u00e1p Ch\u0103m \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i cao, ph\u1ea7n n\u00f3c b\u00e0ng ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n, nh\u1ecf d\u1ea7n v\u00e0 cao v\u00fat l\u00ean, kho\u1ea3ng 15-25m t\u1eeb ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111inh. Tuy \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00c1n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Champa r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i khi du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Champa n\u00f3 c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n, r\u1eadp khu\u00f4n, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia gi\u1ea3m v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n theo c\u00e1ch Champa t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t phong c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang. Tuy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng theo quan ni\u1ec7m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1ea8n \u0110\u1ed9, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 m\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea7m l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \\\"th\u00e1p Khmer\\\", \u0111\u1ec1n th\u00e1p Champa v\u1eabn t\u1ecf r\u00f5 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Th\u00e1p Ch\u0103m nh\u01b0 ta th\u1ea5y, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 nh\u1ecf nh\u1eafn hom \u0111\u1ec1n th\u00e1p \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, g\u1ecdn v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n th\u00e1p Campuchia. Th\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u00edt d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt gia c\u1ed1 ho\u1eb7c trang tr\u00ed b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a Champa \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ebfp x\u1ebfp tinh vi thay cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng b\u1ec7, l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng \u0111inh \u0111\u1ed3i cao \u0111\u1ec3 thay cho n\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho ch\u00e2n n\u00fai th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, \u00edt t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a quan ni\u1ec7m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o. Trong c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh th\u00e1p th\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00e1p M\u1ef9 Scm chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a Champa. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, 500","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n... nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p H. P\u00e1cm\u0103ngchi\u00ea \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 70 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec1n th\u00e1p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 5 khu v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, hi\u1ec7n nay, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1n th\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 tr\u1edd th\u00e0nh ph\u1ebf t\u00edch, v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, th\u00e1p M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i, gi\u1eefa th\u00e2n v\u1edbi n\u00f3c, c\u1eeda v\u00e0 th\u00e1p. C\u1eeda nh\u00f4 ra v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e1ng kh\u1ecfe kho\u1eafn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1. V\u00f2m c\u1eeda th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed h\u00ecnh c\u00e0nh l\u00e1 u\u1ed1n cong, m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Th\u00e2n th\u00e1p c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0ng c\u1ed9t, \u0111\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n c\u1ed9t ch\u1ea1m h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0i hoa; c\u1ed9t c\u1ecf 6 c\u1ea1nh, l\u1ea1i chia th\u00e0nh 24 r\u00e3nh c\u00f3 g\u1edd m\u00fai kh\u1ebf l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam v\u00e8 duy\u00ean d\u00e1ng. N\u00f3c th\u00e1p g\u1ed3m 4 t\u1ea7ng gi\u1ea3, nh\u1ecf d\u1ea7n, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh trang tr\u00ed ti mi, t\u1ea1o cho th\u00e1p c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e0i th\u1edd trong \u0111\u1ec1n th\u00e1p M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n E1 (c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VIII), c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec1n th\u00e1p E1 \u0111\u00e3 \\\"tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c, m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Cham pa\\\"1. Sau M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n th\u00ec nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ec1n th\u00e1p H\u00f2a Lai2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a phong c\u00e1ch v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh l\u1eadp th\u1ec3 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 b\u00ean tr\u00ean l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng nh\u1ecf d\u1ea7n. Trang tri gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edb c\u00e1c ch\u1ed7: khung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t \u1ed1p, c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec1m nh\u1eb5n \u1edd c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng. Trang tr\u00ed v\u1eeba nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh, t\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec3m cho c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ee1, v\u1eeba ph\u00f4 b\u00e0y ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb hi\u1ebfu ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o3. Tr\u00ean g\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a th\u00e1p B\u1eafc c\u00f3 v\u0103n c\u00e0nh l\u00e1 sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1eb9p; v\u00f2m c\u1eeda t\u1eeb h\u00ecnh cung du\u1ed7i \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh b\u00f3 c\u00e0nh l\u00e1 u\u1ed1n l\u01b0\u1ee3n l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng..,4 Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc Trong b\u1ed9 ba th\u1ea7n \u00c1n gi\u00e1o, Siva \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 cao h\u01a1n c\u1ea3. Siva l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Champa, S\u0111d, tr. 24. 2. Nh\u00f3m th\u00e1p H\u00f2a Lai (Ninh Thu\u1eadn) g\u1ed3m 3 th\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1edbn (th\u00e1p Gi\u1eefa, th\u00e1p Nam v\u00e0 th\u00e1p B\u1eafc). C\u1ea3 ba th\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb hu h\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng. C\u1ee5m th\u00e1p H\u00f2a Lai c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 IX. 3. V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ch\u0103m Pa, S\u0111d, tr. 122. 4. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Champa, S\u0111d, tr. 46. 501","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ng\u1eabu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng linga (d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eadt). \u1ede c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, Champa l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng linga, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n c\u1ea3. Hi\u1ec7n, ch\u00fang ta b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 linga l\u1edbn, th\u00e2n tr\u00ean tr\u00f2n, gi\u1eefa t\u00e1m c\u1ea1nh, d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ed1n c\u1ea1nh. Siva-linga c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c b\u1ed1c l\u1eeda, \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, n\u00ean Visnu ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y tay che, r\u1ed3i Brahma ph\u1ea3i che th\u00eam b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i n\u1eefa, v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e0n tay. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 ng\u1eabu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Yoni (\u00e2m v\u1eadt), ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Siva v\u00e0 Uma (hay Parvati) - v\u1ee3 Siva - k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau, th\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \\\"n\u1eeda \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, n\u1eeda \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0\\\". Ng\u1eabu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Linga- Yoni t\u1ea1c b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ee9ng, m\u00e0u h\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea1t, n\u00e9t g\u1ecdn, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p, gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebb trang nghi\u00eam \\\"th\u00e1nh h\u00f3a\\\" m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4 k\u1ec7ch. Ng\u1eabu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1eeb\u00ean b\u1ec7 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t h\u00e0i h\u00f2a. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh b\u1ec7 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u00e2n b\u1ec7 \u1edf Tr\u00e0 Ki\u1ec7u. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n b\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea1m hoa v\u0103n c\u00e0nh l\u00e1, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u00f4-t\u00edp ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e0nh l\u00e1 u\u1ed1n cong th\u00e2n v\u00e0 hai \u0111\u1ea7u, xo\u1eafn xu\u00fdt, tr\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1eafn v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng. Chi \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Indrapura, c\u00e0nh m\u1edbi du\u1ed7i d\u1ea7n ra, gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat d\u1ea7n n\u00e9t sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1ecfe kho\u1eafn. Ngo\u00e0i ra, trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u00e2n b\u1ec7 \u1edf M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n, Tr\u00e0 Ki\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc h\u00ecnh v\u0169 n\u1eef thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n (Apsaras). Tuy nhi\u00ean, Apsaras Tr\u00e0 Ki\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i, m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 duy\u00ean d\u00e1ng, c\u1eb7p v\u00fa kh\u00f4ng to m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 \u1edd \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c. Trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u00e1p Ch\u0103m c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea7n. Nhi\u1ec1u pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb9p, \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e1n th\u00e2n n\u1eef th\u1ea7n Parvati thu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VIII, t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf H\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ebf (Qu\u1ea3ng Nam). T\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1c gi\u1ed1ng y h\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi con g\u00e1i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi n\u00e9t m\u1eb7t t\u01b0\u01a1i t\u00e1n, thanh t\u00fa c\u1ee7a \\\"ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam \u00c1\\\", n\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1eddi mim h\u1ed3n nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 t\u00f3c t\u1ebft ki\u1ec3u Ch\u0103m \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o. Qua pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m x\u01b0a ch\u1eb3ng thua k\u00e9m g\u00ec c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y. Trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u s\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh. V\u00ed nh\u01b0, c\u00f3 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng 502","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n... l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ee9ng trong t\u01b0 th\u1ebf oai v\u1ec7, c\u1ea7m ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 m\u1ed9c; nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9c l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh t\u1ea5m mo cau, c\u00f2n ki\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh cu\u1ed1ng t\u00e0u l\u00e1 d\u1eeba. T\u1ea5m mo cau l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho t\u1ed9c Cau, c\u00f2n cu\u1ed1ng t\u00e0u l\u00e1 d\u1eeba t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho t\u1ed9c D\u1eeba, l\u00e0 hai b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia Champa c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. \u1ede Tr\u00e0 Ki\u1ec7u c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 10 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau; M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n c\u00f3 68 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn thu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec1u Gangarajia; c\u00f2n \u0110\u1ed3ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 30 di t\u00edch. C\u00e1c di v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh thu\u1ed9c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 VII \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 X, \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f9a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 Champa. Tuy r\u1eb1ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f9a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Ch\u0103m c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng l\u1ea5m nhung ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 t\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Champa \u1edd giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VII - X v\u1eeba mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u1eeba th\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebb sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1eafn v\u00e0 duy\u00ean d\u00e1ng. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi \u0111ang l\u00ean c\u00f9a nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i n\u1eefa. \u1ea2 m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 m \u00faa Ch\u0103m Th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 Trung Hoa t\u1eedng x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn, khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nghi l\u1ec5 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \\\"ca m\u00faa v\u1edbi nhau\\\" (T\u00f9y th\u01b0). \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 m\u00faa c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Champa c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Trong sinh ho\u1ea1t cung \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 nghi \u00c0n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u00faa h\u00e1t l\u00e0m vui v\u00e0 t\u00f4n s\u1ef1 trang nghi\u00eam. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, trong d\u00e2n gian, nghi l\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1m c\u01b0\u1edbi bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u00faa h\u00e1t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen trong sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. T\u00f9y th\u01b0 cho bi\u1ebft Champa c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 g\u1ed3m 3 nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh: nh\u00f3m g\u00f5, nh\u00f3m k\u00e9o v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m h\u01a1i. Nh\u00f3m g\u00f5 c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i tr\u1ed1ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng Baram\u01b0ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng K.yn\u0103ng. Tr\u1ed1ng Baram\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00e2m nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch v\u1ed3 kh\u00e1c nhau, tr\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t ra nh\u1eefng \u00e2m thanh kh\u00e1c nhau. Lo\u1ea1i tr\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf c\u00e1c d\u00e0n nh\u1ea1c trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi tr\u1ed1ng Baram\u01b0ng, tr\u1ed1ng Kyn\u0103ng l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i 503","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e2m thanh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. Lo\u1ea1i tr\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. Thu\u1ed9c b\u1ed9 k\u00e9o trong d\u00e0n nh\u1ea1c Ch\u0103m, \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1ecb mu r\u00f9a; v\u1edbi b\u1ea7u c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u00e2m thanh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u1ecfe, ch\u1eafc, vang xa. Lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ecb n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong tang ma. Trong b\u1ed9 h\u01a1i, k\u00e8n Saranai c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong d\u00e0n nh\u1ea1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m v\u1edbi s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng \u00e2m thanh li\u1ec1n h\u01a1i1. Ng\u00e0y nay, khi quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ed5 Champa c\u00f2n nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau \u1edf \u0111\u1ec1n th\u00e1p c\u00f3 kh\u1eafc h\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u1ed1ng th\u1ed5i s\u00e1o. Nh\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7u Ch\u0103m c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111i\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1eebng nghi th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. C\u00f3 nh\u1ea1c cung \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u00fang l\u1ec5, h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, tang m a... giai \u0111i\u1ec7u bu\u1ed3n ai o\u00e1n c\u00f3, vui c\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m kh\u00f4ng chi bi\u1ebft s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5, s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 ca h\u00e1t m\u1ed3 h\u1ecd c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec7u m\u00faa uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua \u0111i\u1ec7u m\u00faa Apsaras \u1edd ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau \\\"ch\u00e2n b\u1ec7 Tr\u00e0 Ki\u1ec7u\\\". C\u00e1c Apsaras \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc qu\u1ea7n c\u1ee5t n\u1ecbt ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00e2n, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1t \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea1t kh\u00e1c bay ph\u1ea5p ph\u1edbi \u1edf ph\u00eda sau. Khi m\u00faa, tuy \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 m\u00ecnh c\u00e1c apsaras quay theo h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c t\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c tay g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t: hai ch\u00e2n ch\u00f9ng xu\u1ed1ng r\u1ed3i dang m\u1ea1nh hai \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 hai b\u00ean, tay tr\u00e1i g\u1eadp l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ec b\u00e0n tay l\u00ean b\u1eafp v\u1ebf tr\u00e1i, tay ph\u1ea3i g\u1eadp l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a b\u00e0n tay cao ngang v\u1edbi t\u1ea7m \u0111inh \u0111\u1ea7u2. Ngo\u00e0i ra, quan s\u00e1t b\u1ee9c \u0111i\u00eau kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0i th\u1edd \u1edf th\u00e1p M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n E1 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh nh\u1ea1c c\u00f4ng, v\u0169 n\u1eef m\u00faa l\u1ee5a h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1i. Trong nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u00e1c c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i cho th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ec3u m\u00faa nh\u01b0: 1. V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ch\u0103m Pa, S\u0111d, tr. 48. 2. V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ch\u0103m Pa, S\u0111d, tr. 55. 504","Ch\u01b0\u01a1\u00ecig VIII. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n... m\u00faa c\u1ee7a v\u0169 n\u1eef \u1edf cung \u0111\u00ecnh, \u1edf \u0111\u1ec1n mi\u1ebfu, m\u00faa t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 trong \u0111\u00e1m c\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y h\u1ed9i. Giai \u0111i\u1ec7u b\u00e0i h\u00e1t Ch\u0103m v\u00e0 v\u0169 \u0111i\u1ec7u Ch\u0103m c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a kh\u00f4ng chi c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u tr\u00ean mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m sinh s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ecdng l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n \u1edd nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edd v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng B\u1eafc B\u1ed9. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y nay, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n Trung trong v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Champa c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 10 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u, \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc. D\u1ea5u \u1ea5n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1ea5y c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 lan t\u1ecfa, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n kh\u00e1c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edd \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y nay. 505","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 \u1ea2nh 14. Th\u00e1p B\u00e0 Ponaga, Nha Trang, Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IV-VIII Ngu\u1ed3n: B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Qu\u1ed1c gia. \u1ea2nh 15. M\u00faa l\u1ee5a, Tr\u00e0 Ki\u1ec7u, Duy Xuy\u00ean, Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X Ngu\u1ed3n: B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Qu\u1ed1c gia. 506","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IX S\u1ef0 H\u00ccNH TH\u00c0NH, PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ebaN V\u00c0 SUY VONG C\u1ee6A V\u01af\u01a0NG QU\u1ed0C C\u1ece PH\u00d9 NAM I. S\u1ef1 RA \u0110\u1edcI C\u1ee6A QU\u1ed0C GIA PH\u00d9 NAM 1. T\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c, kinh \u0111\u00f4 T\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc S\u1eeb li\u1ec7u ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00f9 Nam s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i trong nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi Ph\u00f9 Nam xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong s\u00e1ch S\u1eeb k\u00fd c\u1ee7a T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean. D\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u Th\u00e0nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e0 Chu (Ch\u00e2u), n\u0103m T\u00e2n M\u00e3o (1100 TCN), c\u00f3 s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Th\u01b0\u1eddng sang tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng d\u00e2ng chim tr\u0129 tr\u00e1ng. V\u1ecb s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1. Chu C\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ea3n (\u0110\u00e1n?) cho 5 xe chi Nam \u0111\u1ebf d\u00f2 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. S\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 \u0111i qua Ph\u00f9 Nam, L\u00e2m \u00c1p v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t n\u0103m. Ph\u00f9 Nam l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia Trung Qu\u1ed1c phi\u00ean \u00e2m th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u1eef H\u00e1n (\u00e2m H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Ph\u00f9 Nam \u1ef3? \u00fd\u00e3, Phu Nam # s hay B\u1ea1t Nam \u1ec9\u00a3 S ) , theo ti\u1ebfng c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y l\u00e0 B'tuNam, BNam, Bnum, Vnum, ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 PhNom ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00fai ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3i (s\u01a1n nh\u1ea1c lLi \u1ec4 ) , l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00fai Th\u00e1nh (Th\u00e1nh s\u01a1n S\u1ec9 lii). C\u00f3 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef cho r\u1eb1ng: \\\"C\u01b0 d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam c\u1ed5 l\u00e0 hai b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c M\u00f4n c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 Nam \u0111\u1ea3o... \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai hay Ng\u01b0\u1eddi BN\u01a1m, M'N\u00f4ng, P'N\u00f4ng tr\u00ean Nam Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n l\u1ea1i... Ph\u00f9 Nam l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch phi\u00ean \u00e2m t\u00ean 507","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi\\\"1, hay \\\"\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb ri\u00eang (Ph\u00f9 Nam) - t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi - trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m M\u00f4n c\u1ed5 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c h\u1ea7u kh\u1eafp \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u1edf xa v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng - Nam, \u1edd Nam \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi N\u00fai - Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vnam, Bnam, l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi, do \u1edd g\u1ea7n k\u1ec1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m Ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u1eebng (Orang Giai), Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bi\u1ec3n (Orang Laut). Ng\u00e0y nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Penong \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng - Nam d\u00e3y Dangrek, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mnong, Bncrm \u1edd Nam Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m M\u00f4n c\u1ed5\\\"2. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, nh\u01b0 E.Aymonier cho r\u1eb1ng, Ph\u00f9 Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c Khmer, l\u00e0 Pn\u00f4m P\u00eanh v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Fu Nan (Ph\u00f9 Nam) bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Tchenla (Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p) m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra c\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Th\u00e1i Lan v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng chung quanh3. Paul Pelliot \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 Trung Hoa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n bia c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a E.Aymonier \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t Fu Nan (Ph\u00f9 Nam) v\u1edbi Tchenla (Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p), p. Pelliot \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng Ph\u00f9 Nam v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p l\u00e0 hai n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c hai th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau4. H\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 G.Coede's l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng Founan l\u00e0 phi\u00ean \u00e2m ph\u00e1t \u00e2m \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb b'\u00edu-n\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Khmer c\u1ed5 l\u00e0 bnam, hay l\u00e0 phnom c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00fai, vua Founan l\u00e0 \\\"vua N\u00fai\\\", theo ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit l\u00e0 pavratabhu'pp\u00e2la hay cailar\u00e2ja v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Khmer l\u00e0 kurung bnam5. 1. L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ninh, \\\"V\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ed5 Ph\u00f9 Nam - V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng C\u1ee9u Long\\\", in trong M\u1ed9t ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed (1995-2000), Nxb. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 2000, tr. 106-107. L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ninh, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam - L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, Nxb. V\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u00f4ng tin, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2005, tr. 51. 2. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam - L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, S\u0111d, tr. 51. 3. Aymonier, Le Cambodge, Paris, 1901. D\u1ea7n theo Phan Huy L\u00ea, \\\"Qua di t\u00edch V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo v\u00e0 th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 th\u1eeb nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam\\\", V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo v\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam, Nxb. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2008, tr. 235. 4. Paul Pel\u1ec9iot, Le Fou Nan, BEFEO, 1903, tr. 302-303. D\u1ea7n theo Phan Huy L\u00ea, \\\"Qua di t\u00edch V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo v\u00e0 th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 th\u1eed nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam\\\", S\u0111d, tr. 235-236. 5. G.Coede's, Les \u00e9tats hindouis\u00e9 cT\u00cdndochine et cTlndon\u00e9sie, Paris, 1948, tr. 68. Dan theo Phan Huy L\u00ea, \\\"Qua di t\u00edch v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo v\u00e0 th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 th\u1eeb nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam\u201d, S\u0111d, tr. 236. 508","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IX. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 suy vong... N\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 I), theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c b\u00e0ng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa hai d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd Soma (M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng) v\u00e0 Kaundynia (thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n). Theo s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Khang Th\u00e1i - m\u1ed9t trong hai s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Ng\u00f4 (221 - 236) c\u1eed \u0111i s\u1ee9 Ph\u00f9 Nam, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i trong s\u00e1ch T\u1eafn th\u01b0 nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"Vua n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, t\u00ean l\u00e0 Di\u1ec7p Li\u1ec5u. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i t\u00ean l\u00e0 H\u1ed7n H\u1ed9i, v\u1ed1n th\u1edd Th\u1ea7n, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam H\u1ed7n H\u1ed9i n\u1eb1m m\u01a1 th\u1ea5y Th\u1ea7n ban cho c\u00e2y cung, l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o cho \u0111i thuy\u1ec1n ra bi\u1ec3n. S\u00e1ng h\u00f4m sau, H\u1ed7n H\u1ed9i ra mi\u1ebfu th\u1edd Th\u1ea7n, nh\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2y cung, sau theo thuy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n. Khi thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea5p ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam, Di\u1ec7p Li\u1ec5u \u0111em qu\u00e2n kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1. H\u1ed7n H\u1ed9i gi\u01b0\u01a1ng cung, Di\u1ec7p Li\u1ec5u s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, li\u1ec1n xin h\u00e0ng. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i H\u1ed7n H\u1ed9i l\u1ea5y Di\u1ec7p Li\u1ec5u l\u00e0m v\u1ee3 v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm lu\u00f4n Ph\u00f9 Nam. Sau n\u00e0y, h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed7n H\u1ed9i suy y\u1ebfu, con ch\u00e1u kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u1ec7p\\\"1. Theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u00e0 ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a N\u1eef ch\u00faa Ph\u00f9 Nam l\u00e0 Li\u1ec5u Di\u1ec7p ($p M )2 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu s\u0129 \u00c1n \u0110\u1ed9 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi H\u1ed7n \u0110i\u1ec1n (\u1ec8U i l phi\u00ean \u00e2m ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n: Kaundynia hay Kundina). Sau n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Nam Te th\u01b0, L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0, Th\u00f4ng ch\u00ed, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec3n... \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p theo ki\u1ec3u \\\"\u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec3u d\u1ecb\\\" v\u1edbi T\u1ea5n th\u01b0, nh\u01b0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb n\u1eef ch\u00faa l\u00e0 Li\u1ec5u Di\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \\\"l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc Kh\u00edch t\u00ean l\u00e0 H\u1ed7n \u0110i\u1ec1n\\\", ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u1eef ch\u00faa tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i, c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe nh\u01b0 nam gi\u1edbi. S\u00e1ch L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0 cho bi\u1ebft: \\\"T\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam v\u1ed1n kh\u1ecfa th\u00e2n, v\u1ebd m\u00ecnh, x\u00f5a t\u00f3c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft may qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0m vua. V\u1ecb n\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea5y t\u00ean l\u00e0 Li\u1ec5u Di\u1ec7p, c\u00f2n \u00edt tu\u1ed5i, kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 nam gi\u1edbi\\\"3. 1. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1eed, T\u1ea5n th\u01b0, S\u0111d, Quy\u1ec3n 97, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 67, T\u1ee9 di, t\u1edd 9b-10a. 2. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o ch\u1eef H\u00e1n m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u00f9a Li\u1ec5u Di\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"C\u00e2y d\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n cho n\u00ean s\u1eeb gia Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ec7nh danh cho n\u1eef ch\u00faa l\u00e0 Li\u1ec5u Di\u1ec7p (l\u00e1 d\u1eeba m\u00e0 h\u1ecd cho gi\u1ed1ng l\u00e1 li\u1ec5u)\\\". L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edbi thu\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X. S\u0111d. Tr. 434. 3. Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu T\u00e2m, \\\"Kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 Ph\u00f9 Nam - Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p qua ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c\\\", in trong V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo v\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam, Nxb. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2008, tr. 274. 509","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam kh\u00f4ng chi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc duy nh\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf thu\u1ed9c qu\u1ed1c ho\u1eb7c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kimi c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam. Ngay trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ee5ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 I, H\u1ed7n H\u1ed9i (H\u1ed7n \u0110i\u1ec1n) \u0111\u00e3 chia n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ed3m 7 \u1ea5p (hay n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf) cho c\u00e1c con trai cai qu\u1ea3n. Ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III, \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn 10 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam, s\u00e1ch T\u1ea5n th\u01b0 cho bi\u1ebft n\u0103m 285: \\\"10 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam sang tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng\\\" (Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng). Ngay n\u0103m sau, t\u1ee9c n\u0103m 286, l\u1ea1i ch\u00e9p: \\\"21 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam sang tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng\\\" (Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u1eb3ng nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng)1. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m , \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i du\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e2n bang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Khi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ed1n T\u1ed1n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c cho bi\u1ebft: \\\"c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed1n T\u1ed1n, c\u0169ng \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o d\u1ed1c, chu vi h\u01a1n 1.000 d\u1eb7m. C\u00f3 5 v\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kimi c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam\\\"2. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean cho r\u1eb1ng, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh3. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u, khi m\u1edbi t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p th\u00ec V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn k\u1ebft, ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh. Nh\u01b0ng sau n\u00e0y, khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00ec V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 N am \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m \u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia h\u00f9ng c\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, chi sau kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 100 n\u0103m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh song song v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thanh tr\u1eebng n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 trong cung \u0111\u00ecnh, Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n l\u1edbn v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n, \u0111i chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn 10 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e2n bang, oai danh c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam l\u00e0m cho nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i khi\u1ebfp s\u1ee3, ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c, tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi thu\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X , S\u0111d, tr. 431. 2. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1eed, Nam s\u1eed, quy\u1ec3n 78, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 68, t\u1edd 5a -1 la. 3. L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ninh, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam - L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u00e2n h\u00f3a, S\u0111d, tr. 45. Hu\u1ef3nh L\u1ee9a, v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t vong c\u00f9a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam, S\u0111d, tr. 351. 510","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IX. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 suy vong... ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p c\u00f9a c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i: sau khi H\u1ed7n \u0110i\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1ea5y n\u1eef ch\u00faa Li\u1ec5u Di\u1ec7p l\u00e0m v\u1ee3, sinh con, r\u1ed3i chia n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m 7 \u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c con cai qu\u1ea3n \\\"sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi con t\u00ean l\u00e0 H\u1ed7n B\u00e0n Hu\u1ed1ng d\u00f9ng k\u1ebf ly gi\u00e1n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eabn nhau, r\u1ed3i th\u00f4n t\u00ednh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"Ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng\\\". B\u00e0n Hu\u1ed1ng th\u1ecd h\u01a1n 90 tu\u1ed5i th\u00ec m\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ng\u01b0\u1eddi con t\u00ean l\u00e0 B\u00e0n B\u00e0n l\u00e0m vua, \u0111em quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y \u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7m cho \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00faa y Ph\u1ea1m M\u1ea1n. B\u00e0n B\u00e0n l\u00e0m vua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 3 n\u0103m th\u00ec m\u1ea5t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed c\u1eed Ph\u1ea1m M\u1ea1n l\u00e0m vua. Ph\u1ea1m M\u1ea1n d\u0169ng ki\u1ec7n, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00ean l\u1ea1i \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c theo. Ph\u1ea1m M\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng, r\u1ed3i cho \u0111\u00f3ng thuy\u1ec1n l\u1edbn, k\u00e9o qu\u00e2n \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh kh\u1eafp mi\u1ec1n bi\u1ec3n l\u1edbn. Ph\u1ea1m M\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c x\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00f4 C\u00f4n, C\u1eedu Tri, \u0110i\u1ec3n T\u00f4n, c\u1ea3 th\u1ea3y h\u01a1n 10 n\u01b0\u1edbc, chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m s\u00e1u ngh\u00ecn d\u1eb7m vu\u00f4ng\\\"1. C\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c Ph\u00f9 Nam C\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 T\u1ea5n th\u01b0, Nam T\u1ec1 th\u01b0, Nam s\u1eed, L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0... trong Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1eed v\u00e0 Th\u1ee7y kinh ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a L\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ea1o Nguy\u00ean, c\u00f9ng s\u00e1ch Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed7 H\u1ee5ru, Th\u00f4ng ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ecbnh Ti\u1ec1u, V\u0103n hi\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a M\u00e3 \u0110oan L\u00e2m... \u0111\u1ec1u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 kh\u00e1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"N\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam \u1edf ph\u00eda nam qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam, \u1edf gi\u1eefa v\u1ecbnh ph\u00eda t\u00e2y bi\u1ec3n. C\u00e1ch Nh\u1eadt Nam kho\u1ea3ng 7.000 d\u1eb7m, \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nam L\u00e2m \u1ea4p, c\u00e1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y 3.000 d\u1eb7m. Kinh th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3n 500 d\u1eb7m. Trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 con s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn, r\u1ed9ng 10 d\u1eb7m, ch\u1ea3y theo h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2y b\u1eafc sang ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5 ra bi\u1ec3n. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n 3.000 d\u1eb7m. \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111ai n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng\\\". \\\"N\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam thu\u1ed9c m\u1ea1n ph\u00eda t\u00e2y bi\u1ec3n l\u1edbn. \u1ede ph\u00eda nam qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n 3.000 d\u1eb7m, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn ch\u1ea3y theo h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2y ra bi\u1ec3n\\\". 1. Kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 Ph\u00f9 Nam - Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p qua ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch co Trung Qu\u1ed1c, S\u0111d,tr. 274,281. 511","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 \\\"Ph\u00f9 Nam, c\u00e1ch L\u00e2m \u00c1p v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y h\u01a1n 3.000 d\u1eb7m, gi\u1eefa v\u1ecbnh l\u1edbn trong bi\u1ec3n, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch kho\u1ea3ng 3.000 d\u1eb7m. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh \u1ea5p, cung \u0111i\u1ec7n, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda\\\", \\\"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y\\\"... D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t, kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam: \\\"\u1ede v\u00e0o ph\u00eda nam b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, ph\u00eda nam qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam (ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00eda nam n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169) v\u00e0 L\u00e2m \u1ea4p t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi Qu\u1ea3ng Nam tr\u1edf v\u00e0o, c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda nam v\u00e0 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y: \\\"V\u1ecbnh ph\u00eda t\u00e2y bi\u1ec3n l\u1edbn ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u1ecbnh Th\u00e1i Lan ng\u00e0y nay. Con s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn ch\u1ea3y t\u00f2 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5 ra bi\u1ec3n, con s\u00f4ng t\u1eeb m\u1ea1n t\u00e2y b\u1eafc v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f4ng r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ed5 ra bi\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long (M\u00ea K\u00f4ng). \u0110\u1ea5t t\u1eeb tr\u00ean cao \u0111\u1ed5 xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 s\u00f4ng M\u00ea K\u00f4ng - bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng Ti\u1ec1n, s\u00f4ng V\u00e0m C\u1ecf, s\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng S\u00e0i G\u00f2n\\\"1. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1eed li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn m\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean coi Ph\u00f9 Nam \u00edt nh\u1ea5t bao g\u1ed3m n\u01b0\u1edbc Campuchia ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng M\u00ea Nam v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long2. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh: \\\"L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Ph\u00f9 Nam cho\u00e1n c\u1ea3 mi\u1ec1n Nam b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00f9ng h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long, v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p M\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e1t b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Th\u00e1i Lan, v\u00f9ng b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean s\u00f4ng M\u00ea Nam v\u00e0 b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o M\u00e3 Lai. Trung t\u00e2m l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u1edf v\u00f9ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long\\\"3. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u0169ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e9p trong th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh: \\\"Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 I. Ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y ph\u00eda tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Campuchia, ph\u00eda nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u00f4ng nam Th\u00e1i Lan, 1. \u0110\u1ecba ch\u00ed v\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, T\u1eadp I: L\u1ecbch s\u1eed, Nxb.T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p TP. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, 1998, tr. 126-128. 2. L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ninh, \\\"N\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00ed T\u00f4n - m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ed5 mi\u1ec1n T\u1ea7y s\u00f4ng H\u1eadu\\\", T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Kh\u00e1o c\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc, s\u1ed1 1-1981, tr. 36. 3. L\u00ea H\u01b0\u01a1ng, S\u1eed Cao Mi\u00ean, Nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ch Khai Tr\u00ed, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, 1970, tr. 30. 512","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IX. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 suy vong... k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00eda nam n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00e0o, ph\u00eda t\u00e2y Th\u00e1i Lan v\u00e0 su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u1ef1c Nam b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o M alaixia\\\"1. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 L.Linot v\u00e0 G.Coedes cho r\u0103ng c\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam k\u00e9o \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn mi\u1ec1n Nam Trung B\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam - n\u01a1i t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ea5m bia V\u00f5 C\u1ea1nh \u1edf Nha Trang. P.Pelliot c\u00e3n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n trong L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0 ch\u00e9p r\u1eb1ng: \\\"s\u1eed th\u1ea7n Ph\u00f9 Nam l\u00e0 T\u00f4 V\u1eadt \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 t\u1eeb c\u1ea3ng \u0110\u1ea7u C\u00e2u L\u1ee3i m\u00e0 \u00f4ng cho l\u00e0 phi\u00ean \u00e2m t\u1eeb Takk\u00f4la \u0111\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Malaya c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Ph\u00f9 Nam\\\"2. Bemard Philipre Groslier x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh trung t\u00e2m c\u00f9a Ph\u00f9 Nam l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa Bassac v\u00e0 v\u1ecbnh Th\u00e1i Lan v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 mi\u1ec1n Nam Cambodge, sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ven bi\u1ec3n v\u1ecbnh Th\u00e1i Lan, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 mi\u1ec1n Nam Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n3. D.G.E.Hall cho r\u1eb1ng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam d\u1ecdc theo con s\u00f4ng M\u00ea K\u00f4ng t\u1eeb Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn Phn\u00f4m P\u00eanh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c14. H\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ninh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh: \\\"Trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam ph\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m \u1edd kho\u1ea3ng ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng Nam Campuchia v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y nay\\\". T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \\\"\u0110\u00f4 thi c\u1ea3ng \u00d3c Eo v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea7n c\u01b0 mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y s\u00f4ng H\u1eadu n\u1eb1m b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p khu trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam\\\". Neu nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 L.Malleret m\u1edbi chi ra: \u00d3c Eo kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \\\"m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn bi\u00ean h\u1ea3i 1. Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0 - Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed I, Ph\u00f9 Nam, Nxb. \u0110\u1ea1i b\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, B\u0103c Kinh - Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i, 1992, tr. 233 (Trung v\u0103n). 2. V\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ed5 Ph\u00f9 Nam - V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed5ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu \u1ec9yong, S\u0111d, tr. 36. 3. Bemard Philipre Groslier, Indochine carrefour des arts, Paris, 1960, tr. 50. D\u1ea7n theo Phan Huy L\u00ea, \\\"Qua di t\u00edch v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo v\u00e0 th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 th\u1eed nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam\\\", S\u0111d, tr. 236. 4. D.G.E.Hall, L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Nxb. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1997, tr. 50, 64. 513","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c Ph\u00f9 Nam\\\" th\u00ec L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ninh nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n: \\\"H\u01a1n n\u1eefa n\u00f3 (chi \u00d3c Eo) l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Ph\u00f9 Nam, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh Ph\u00f9 Nam\\\"1. L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ninh kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho v\u0103n h\u00f3a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng M\u00ea K\u00f4ng: \\\"V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a s\u01a1 s\u1eed v\u00e0 s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 Ph\u00f9 Nam hay V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00f9 Nam... tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng h\u1ea7u kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y s\u00f4ng H\u1eadu\\\"2. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho r\u1eb1ng c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \\\"Qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00f9 Nam kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng g\u1eafn v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng r\u1ea1ch bi\u1ec3n, v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c k\u00eanh ch\u00ednh \u0110\u00f4ng - T\u00e2y tr\u00ean mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y s\u00f4ng H\u1eadu, \u0111\u1ea7u T\u00e2y l\u00e0 Angkor Borei, (t\u1ec9nh Kiriv\u00f4ng, Campuchia) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u \u0110\u00f4ng l\u00e0 C\u1ea3ng th\u1ecb \u00d3c Eo (Tho\u1ea1i Sem, An Giang)\\\"1. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ninh c\u0169ng \u0111ua ra m\u1ed9t ph\u00f9 nh\u1eadn kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 n\u00eau l\u00ean l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi Ph\u00fa Kh\u00e1nh - Thu\u1eadn H\u1ea3i ng\u00e0y nay. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee9 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 Nam B\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c trong m\u1ea5y th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. C\u1ea3 \u1edf l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng M\u00e8 Nam c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3\\\"4. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 theo xu h\u01b0\u1edbng chia qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam th\u00e0nh hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n: giai \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u1edbm l\u00e0 Ph\u00f9 Nam qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau l\u00e0 Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf. Phan Huy L\u00ea cho r\u1eb1ng: \\\"Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u01b0\u1edbc hay V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ph\u00f9 Nam trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng khi xem x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m vi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1 trinh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n 1. L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ninh, \\\"V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00f9 Nam\\\", T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Kh\u00e1o c\u00f4 h\u1ecdc, 1992, so 3, tr. 25. 2. V\u0103n h\u00f3a co Ph\u00f9 Nam - V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111ong bang s\u00f4ng C\u1ee9u Long, S\u0111d, tr. 114-115. 3. Vir\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam - L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u00e3n h\u00f3a, S\u0111d, tr. 55. 4. N\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00ed T\u00f4n - m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ed3 mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y s\u00f4ng H\u1eadu, S\u0111d, tr. 36. 514","Ch\u01b0omg IX. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec1n v\u00e0 suy vong... trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo c\u00f9ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, lan t\u1ecfa c\u00f9a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y\\\"1. Ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y, cho n\u00ean Phan Huy L\u00ea c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ninh l\u00e0 \\\"ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ph\u00f9 Nam m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n to l\u1edbn c\u00f9a v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, bao g\u1ed3m v\u00f9ng h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u v\u00e0 trung l\u01b0u s\u00f4ng Me'Kong, k\u00e9o sang v\u00f9ng h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trung l\u01b0u s\u00f4ng Me'Nam v\u00e0 xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o M\u00e3 Lai\\\"2. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng Ph\u00f9 Nam ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 II \u1edf v\u00f9ng h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u s\u00f4ng M\u00ea K\u00f4ng (bao g\u1ed3m Nam ph\u1ea7n Campuchia v\u00e0 Nam B\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y nay)3. Tuy cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i trong gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, song c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh trung t\u00e2m c\u00f9a Ph\u00f9 Nam n\u1eb1m trong v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng Nam Campuchia v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb - c\u1ea3ng th\u1ecb \u00d3c Eo, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho n\u1ec1n V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00f9 Nam, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i giao l\u01b0u ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. K\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f4 Ph\u00f9 Nam Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau, hi\u1ec7n nay xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ph\u00f9 Nam th\u00e0nh giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Ph\u00f9 Nam qu\u1ed1c (th\u1ebf k\u00fd th\u1ee9 II) v\u00e0 Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf (t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 III), v\u00ec th\u1ebf, d\u1ef1a theo th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1o c \u1ecf h\u1ecdc, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng V\u1edaI giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Ph\u00f9 Nam qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 Kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ea3ng th\u1ecb \u00d3c Eo, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf l\u00e0 kinh \u0111\u00f4 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Angkor Borei. Ph\u00f9 Nam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ea3ng th\u1ecb \u00d3c Eo, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd 1. \\\"Qua di t\u00edch v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo v\u00e0 th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 th\u1eed nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam\\\", S\u0111d, tr. 238. 2. \\\"Qua di t\u00edch v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo v\u00e0 th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 th\u1eed nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam\\\", S\u0111d, tr. 238. 3. Hu\u1ef3nh L\u1ee9a, \\\"v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t vong c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam\\\", V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo v\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam, S\u0111d, tr. 348. 515","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 H\u1ed7n (H\u1ed7n \u0110i\u1ec1n) v\u00e0 n\u1eef ch\u00faa Li\u1ec5u Di\u1ec7p. Tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam, H\u1ed7n \u0110i\u1ec1n (H\u1ed7n H\u1ed9i) sau khi gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0\u1edbi Li\u1ec5u Di\u1ec7p (Di\u1ec7p Li\u1ec5u) l\u00e0m v\u1ee3, th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia do n\u1eef ch\u00faa tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i, kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng l\u1eadp ra v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh. T\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay, theo ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0 v\u00e0 T\u0103n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0 cho bi\u1ebft :\\\"Vua (Ph\u00f9 Nam) \u0111\u1eb7t kinh \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0110\u1eb7c M\u1ee5c\\\". S\u00e1ch L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0 v\u00e0 Nam s\u1eed trong Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1eed cho bi\u1ebft: \\\"Kinh th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3n 500 d\u1eb7m\\\", \\\"N\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn, r\u1ed9ng 10 d\u1eb7m, ch\u1ea3y theo h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2y b\u1eafc sang ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5 ra bi\u1ec3n\\\"1. C\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 ghi ch\u00e9p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111\u00f4 Ph\u00f9 Nam \u1edf t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2u? V\u00ec v\u1eady vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kinh \u0111\u00f4 Ph\u00f9 Nam c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5t tri trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng trinh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Ph\u00f9 Nam. Nh\u01b0ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ea3ng th\u1ecb \u00d3c Eo \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh qua nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch kh\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng. Th\u00e0nh \u00d3c Eo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o k\u00eanh \u0111\u1eafp l\u0169y h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt d\u00e0i 3.000 m\u00e9t, r\u1ed9ng 1.500 m\u00e9t, t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch n\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 450ha2. Kinh \u0111\u00f4 \u00d3c Eo n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ec \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3m \u1eeb\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ean th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eb7c M\u1ee5c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u00e0 tranh lu\u1eadn t\u1eeb l\u00e2u nay. Nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p G.Coedes v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 40 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o t\u1ea5m bia \u1edf g\u1ea7n Ba Phnom, c\u00f9ng vi\u1ec7c ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch \\\"Vua th\u00edch \u0111i s\u0103n, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i s\u0103n nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y\\\", v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a theo s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9, \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh cho r\u1eb1ng: 1. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1eed, Nam s\u1eed, quy\u1ec3n 78, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 68, t\u1edd 5a -1 la. L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0, S\u0111d, q. 54, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 48, t\u1edd 6b. 2. \u0110\u1ec1 t\u00e0i Nam B\u1ed9 t\u1eeb kh\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VII (B\u00e1o c\u00e1o T\u1ed5ng quan k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u), Ch\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i: GS.TSKH. V\u0169 Minh Giang, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2011, tr 207-208. (B\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o). 516","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IX. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 suy vong... \u0110\u1eb7c M\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n l\u00e0 Vyadhapura c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0: th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 (kinh \u0111\u00f4) c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i s\u0103n1. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u00f4n Phnom tinh Pray Veng l\u00e0 kinh \u0111\u00f4 Ph\u00f9 Nam. C\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u00f9a G.Coedes, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Hu\u1ef3nh L\u1ee9a l\u1ea1i chi ra kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n: \\\"\u0110e \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y (chi Ph\u00f9 Nam) l\u00e0 Vyadhapura (\u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u0103n b\u1eafn) n\u1eb1m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai Ba Phnom v\u00e0 \u1edf g\u1ea7n x\u00e3 Ba Nam trong tinh Preyveng (thu\u1ed9c Campuchia ng\u00e0y nay)\\\"2. Tuy v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng \u00edt h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 kinh \u0111\u00f4 \u0110\u1eb7c M\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1ee3p l\u00fd b\u1eddi nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Angkor Borei. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u00f9ng n\u00fai, l\u00e0ng m\u1ea1c v\u00e0 kinh th\u00e0nh n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t huy\u1ec7n Kiriv\u00f4ng t\u1ec9nh Takeo, nay l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh Kiriv\u00f4ng (Campuchia), m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c Ph\u1ea1n ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 D\u00f2ng t\u1ed9c N\u00fai. Ch\u00ednh t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kinh \u0111\u00f4, \u0111\u00e3 Khmer h\u00f3a, t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb Khmer, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra c\u0169ng chi l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb Ph\u1ea1n, g\u1ecdi t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Ph\u00f9 Nam, Naga Pura, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia3. Nh\u01b0ng Angkor Borei m\u1edbi chi l\u00e0 kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VI, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi r\u00fat v\u1ec1 Na Ph\u1ea5t Na (Naravanaragana - c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb - c\u1ea3ng Ba Th\u00ea - \u00d3c Eo)4. D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng di v\u1eadt kh\u00e1o c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Angkor Borei, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng k\u00eanh \u0111\u00e0o n\u1ed1i \u00d3c Eo v\u1edbi Angkor Borei, c\u00f3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 suy \u0111o\u00e1n Angkor Borei tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Kinh \u0111\u00f4 Ph\u00f9 Nam v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 III. Quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111\u00f4 Angkor Borei nh\u1ecf hom kinh \u0111\u00f4 \u00d3c Eo, ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi 300ha, nh\u01b0ng do m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kinh \u0111\u00f4 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 kinh \u0111\u00f4 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cho n\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 1. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam - L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, S\u0111d, tr. 52-53. 2. \\\"v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t vong c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam\\\", V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo v\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam, S\u0111d, tr. 349. 3. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam - L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, S\u0111d, tr. 54-56. 4. V\u01b0cmg qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam - L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, S\u0111d, tr. 182. 517","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 h\u00e0o k\u00eanh v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u0169y ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3 d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc'. Nhung c\u00f2n c\u00f3 kinh \u0111\u00f4 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1eb7c M\u1ee5c - Angkor Borei, t\u1eebng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111ang ch\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n. 2. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00f9 Nam sinh s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng ngh\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng, th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam \u1edf v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng th\u1ea5p, b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3ng, r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc. Theo s\u1eed s\u00e1ch Trung Hoa: \\\"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00f9 Nam tr\u1ed3ng c\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh, m\u1ed9t n\u0103m tr\u1ed3ng ba n\u0103m thu ho\u1ea1ch\\\"2. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00f9 Nam thu\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i l\u00faa tr\u1eddi Oryza prosativa v\u00e0 Oryza nivara proparte3 hay c\u00f2n th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u00faa n\u1ed5i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o tr\u1ed3ng c\u1ea5y. Theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \\\"l\u00faa n\u1ed5i \u0111u\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5, n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1eadp s\u00e2u nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng trong n\u0103m. C\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng l\u00faa n\u1ed5i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ng\u1eadp s\u00e2u, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t nhanh... \u00edt ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103m b\u00f3n nh\u01b0ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p\\\"4. D \u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y lo\u1ea1i l\u00faa n\u00e0y trong di chi c\u01b0 tr\u00fa N\u1ec1n Ch\u00f9a, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \\\"d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1t thon thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i l\u00faa c\u1ed5\\\"5. 1. Nam B\u1ed9 t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 VII (B\u00e1o c\u00e1o T\u1ed5ng quan k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u), S\u0111d, tr. 208. (B\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o). 2. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1eed, S\u00fac \u1ea5n b\u00e1ch n\u1ea1p b\u1ea3n, Th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ee5 \u1ea5n th\u01b0 qu\u00e1n, Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i, 1958, T\u1ea5n th\u01b0, Ph\u00f2ng Huy\u1ec1n Linh \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng so\u1ea1n, quy\u1ec3n 97, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 67, T\u1ee9 di, t\u1edd 9b-10a. 3. V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i, S\u0111d, tr. 50. 4. Vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, V\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng bang s\u00f4ng C\u1eebu Long, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1990. 5. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam - L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, S\u0111d, tr. 51. 518","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IX. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 suy vong... Ph\u00f9 Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00f4ng, r\u1ea1ch, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u00eanh \u0111\u00e0o r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn kh\u1eafp v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda nam s\u00f4ng H\u1eadu \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 giao th\u00f4ng. Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5: c\u00f3 con k\u00eanh d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng 80km ch\u1ea1y t\u1eeb Angkor Borei (Campuchia) \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e1 N\u1ed5i (tinh Ki\u00ean Giang). Vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00eanh \u0111\u00e0o r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau v\u00e0 giao th\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f9a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Ph\u00f9 Nam, \u00d3c Eo kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t m\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed9ng, mang t\u00ednh c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y Nam B\u1ed9 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean1. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5y l\u00faa h\u00e0ng n\u0103m ra, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00f9 Nam c\u00f2n \u1eef\u1ed3ng th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 k\u00ea, \u0111\u1eadu... \\\"Ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c t\u1ed1t tu\u01a1i, tai n\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc thanh b\u00ecnh, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n no \u1ea5m\\\"2. Th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch cung c\u1ea5p cho nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam nh\u01b0 chu\u1ed1i, cam, l\u1ef1u, m\u00eda, qu\u1ea5t..., c\u00e2y cau c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 c\u00e2y c\u1ecf t\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1ed1t quanh n\u0103m. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung ti\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u phong ki\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong c\u00e1c l\u1ea7n s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 Ph\u00f9 Nam sang th\u00f4ng hi\u1ebfu. N\u0103m 285, Ph\u00f9 Nam ti\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng cho tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea5n c\u00e2y m\u00eda 3 \u0111\u1ed1t d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng (kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 3 m\u00e9t)3. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i r\u01b0\u1ee3u ngon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 d\u1eeba, th\u1ed1t n\u1ed1t, \\\"L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nr\u1ee3ii, h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng giong nhir c\u00e2y an th\u1ea1ch l\u1ef1u. L\u1ea5y hoa c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ng\u00e2m v\u00e0o trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ef1ng trong chum, v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y sau s\u1ebd h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh r\u01b0\u1ee3u\\\"4. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, d\u1eeba l\u00e0 c\u00e2y ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng d\u1ecdc c\u00e1c k\u00eanh, r\u1ea1ch, ven b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n, v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ec7nh danh cho n\u1eef ch\u00faa l\u00e0 Li\u1ec5u Di\u1ec7p (l\u00e1 d\u1eeba m\u00e0 h\u1ecd cho gi\u1ed1ng l\u00e1 li\u1ec5u)5. Trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i l\u00e1 t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i nh\u01b0\u1ee3c, l\u00e1 d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn 8, 9 th\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7n l\u00e1 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 1. V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i, S\u0111d, tr. 50. 2. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1ee9, Nam T\u1ec1 th\u01b0, quy\u1ec3n 58, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 39, t\u1edd lOb -16b. 3. L\u1ecbch s\u1eeb Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edbi thu\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 X, S\u0111d, tr. 434. 4. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1eed, Nam s\u1ee9 quy\u1ec1n 78, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 68, t\u1edd 5a -1 la. 5. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edbi thuv \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u00fd X, S\u0111d, tr. 435. 519","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 l\u1ee3p m\u00e1i nh\u00e01. Gi\u1edbi kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e1 d\u1eeba l\u1ee3p nh\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c di chi \u00d3c Eo, Ph\u00f9 Nam, vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y l\u00e1 d\u1eeba l\u1ee3p nh\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Nam B\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00f9 Nam s\u1edbm \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft thu\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 g\u00e0, l\u1ee3n, tr\u00e2u, ng\u1ef1a, voi. X\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1eeb\u00e2u b\u00f2 v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng voi t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u trong c\u00e1c di t\u00edch c\u01b0 tr\u00fa v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac thu\u1ed9c V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo2. S\u1eed ch\u00e9p vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00f9 Nam th\u00edch ch\u01a1i ch\u1ecdi g\u00e0, ch\u1ecdi l\u1ee3n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng voi l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng chi nam gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u0169ng tr\u1edd th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n voi \\\"Vua n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u th\u00ec c\u01b0\u1ee1i voi, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u0169ng c\u01b0\u1ee1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c voi\\\"3. Voi c\u0169ng t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u00f9 Nam ti\u1ebfn c\u1ed1ng sang tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea5n Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \\\"T\u1ea5n M\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 Tr\u00fac Chi\u00ean \u0110\u00e0n xung v\u01b0\u01a1ng, sai s\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfn c\u1ed1ng voi \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a, M\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf cho l\u00e0 th\u00fa l\u1ea1 n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, e ng\u1ea1i g\u00e2y ra tai h\u1ecda cho d\u00e2n, ban chi\u1ebfu tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i\\\"4. Ph\u00f9 Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch r\u1eebng v\u00e0 ven bi\u1ec3n kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn, do v\u1eady c\u00f3 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm nh\u01b0 v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng, thi\u1ebfc, tr\u1ea7m h\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u00e0 voi, l\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3, chim v\u1eb9t ng\u0169 s\u1eafc, kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ed3i m\u1ed3i, san h\u00f4, t\u00ea gi\u00e1c... C\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng khai th\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u, gia v\u1ecb - c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Ph\u00f9 Nam, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 tr\u1ea7m h\u01b0\u01a1ng. \\\"Theo e\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Na B\u00e1t \u1edf Trung \u0110\u00f4ng cho th\u1ea5y, trong v\u00e0i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u01a1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3ng \u00d3c Eo - m\u00e0 s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \\\"ud\\\" t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1ea7m h\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eaft gi\u00e1, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Ri Nai tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi theo b\u1edd duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn mua h\u00e0ng gia v\u1ecb v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u mi\u1ec1n Trung\\\"5. Trong c\u00e1c 1. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1ee9, Nam Te th\u01b0, S\u0111d, quy\u1ec1n 58, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 39, t\u1edd lOb -16b. Tr\u1ecbnh Ti\u1ec1u, Th\u00f4ng ch\u00ed, q.198, tr. 3173-3175. 2. V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1ed0c Eo s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i, S\u0111d, tr. 55. 3. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1eed, Nam T\u1ec1 th\u01b0, S\u0111d, quy\u1ec3n 58, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 39, t\u1edd 15a. 4. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1eed, T\u1ea5n th\u01b0, S\u0111d, quy\u1ec3n 97, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 67, T\u1ee9 di, t\u1edd lOa. 5. Ho\u00e0ng Xu\u00e2n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \\\"Giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng Nam B\u1ed9 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo\\\", T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed X\u01b0a v\u00e0 Nay, s\u1ed1 286, th\u00e1ng 9-2006, tr. 7. 520","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IX. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 suy vong... s\u00f4ng, h\u1ed3, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1, r\u00f9a, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 s\u1ea5u r\u1ea5t hung d\u1eef: \\\"C\u00e1 s\u1ea5u, lo\u1ea1i to d\u00e0i t\u1edbi hom hai tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng, h\u00ecnh th\u00f9 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e0, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n, m\u00f5m d\u00e0i t\u1edbi s\u00e1u, b\u1ea9y th\u01b0\u1edbc, hai b\u00ean m\u00e9p c\u00f3 r\u0103ng s\u1eafc nh\u01b0 dao ki\u1ebfm, ch\u00eca ra\\\"1. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 s\u1ea5u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u00fa d\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i n\u1eb7ng vi ph\u1ea1m quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia. Th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 Trung Hoa t\u1eebng ch\u00e9p: \\\"\u1ede h\u1ed3, ao trong kinh \u0111\u00f4 l\u1ea1i nu\u00f4i c\u00e1 s\u1ea5u, ngo\u00e0i c\u1ed5ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 chu\u1ed3ng nh\u1ed1t th\u00fa d\u1eef. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i th\u00ec b\u1ecb qu\u1eb3ng cho c\u00e1 s\u1ea5u v\u00e0 th\u00fa d\u1eef \u0103n th\u1ecbt. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1 s\u1ea5u v\u00e0 th\u00fa d\u1eef kh\u00f4ng \u0103n th\u00ec l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i, ba ng\u00e0y sau s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tha\\\"2. K\u00eanh, r\u1ea1ch nhi\u1ec1u n\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 c\u0169ng tr\u1edd th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Ph\u00f9 Nam m\u01b0u sinh, trong c\u00e1c di chi kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng di v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1 v\u00e0 ch\u00ec l\u01b0\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3ng thuy\u1ec1n, c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c m\u1ed9c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng kh\u01b0u v\u00e2n tr\u00fac (m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i l\u1ed3 \u00f4) m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed1t d\u00e0i 2 tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng (kho\u1ea3ng 6 m\u00e9t), chu vi m\u1ed9t hai tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng (kho\u1ea3ng 3 - 6 m\u00e9t), m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i thuy\u1ec1n chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng \u0111i bi\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a s\u1eeb s\u00e1ch cho bi\u1ebft, c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i thuy\u1ec1n l\u1edbn d\u00e0i v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c m\u00e9t, \\\"Thuy\u1ec1n h\u1ecd \u0111\u00f3ng d\u00e0i t\u1edbi 8,9 tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng (kho\u1ea3ng 24 - 25m), l\u00f2ng thuy\u1ec1n r\u1ed9ng 6, 7 th\u01b0\u1edbc (kho\u1ea3ng 2 - 3 m), \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111u\u00f4i gi\u1ed1ng h\u00ecnh con c\u00e1\\\". C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i thuy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 s\u1eed s\u00e1ch ch\u00e9p l\u00e0 \\\"\u0111\u00f3ng thuy\u1ec1n l\u1edbn\\\" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c vua Ph\u00f9 Nam s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi \u0111i chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \\\"Ph\u1ea1m M\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng. R\u1ed3i cho \u0111\u00f3ng thuy\u1ec1n l\u1edbn, k\u00e9o qu\u00e2n \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh kh\u1eafp mi\u1ec1n bi\u1ec3n l\u1edbn\\\"3. Khi \u0111\u00f3, Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng con t\u00e0u l\u1edbn c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed9t bu\u1ed3m, v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e8o, \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9a h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 vi\u1ebft t\u1eadp k\u00fd s\u1ef1 Chuy\u1ec7n l\u1ea1 c\u00f9a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam, \\\"\u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c con t\u00e0u Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1edf h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi 40 - 50 tay ch\u00e8o, t\u00e0u c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n c\u1ed9t bu\u1ed3m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e1nh bu\u1ed3m n\u1eb1m nghi\u00eang r\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng 10 \u0111\u1ed9\\\"4. ). Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1ee9, L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0, S\u0111d, q.54, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 48, t\u1edd 9b. 2. Kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 Ph\u00f9 Nam - Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p qua ghi ch\u00e9p c\u00f9a c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, S\u0111d, tr. 282. 3. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1eed, L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0, S\u0111d, q. 54, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 48, t\u1edd 9a. 4. Giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea3ng Nam B\u1ed9 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo, S\u0111d, tr. 8, 42. 521","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e0u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 III \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VI, Ph\u00f9 Nam nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n sang Ki\u1ebfn Nghi\u1ec7p (hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Nam Kinh) kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng T\u1ea5n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u T\u1ed1ng, Te, L\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Nam tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 268, 285, 357, 434, 435, 438, 484, 503, 504, 512, 514, 535, 539, 559, 588. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, lo\u1ea1i thuy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n ch\u1edf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a sang c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u, Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u00f9 Nam th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Trong b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 n\u0103m 484 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed3 T\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma (Kaudinya Jayavarman) g\u1eedi vua Te V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf n\u00f3i r\u00f5 vi\u1ec7c chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf h\u00e0ng sang Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u, khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u00ec b\u00e3o \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea1t v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00e2m \u1ea4p. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra x\u00e1c con thuy\u1ec1n \u0111i bi\u1ec3n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafm trong di t\u00edch C\u1ea1nh \u0110\u1ec1n (Ki\u00ean Giang) c\u00e0ng ch\u1ee9ng minh h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3ng thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 g\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e1i ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ean l\u00e0 Yiyuan t\u1eebng vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"C\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam chi l\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng khi thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i \u0111\u00fang h\u1eb9n\\\"1. Th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 tinh x\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. C\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nhu c\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Ph\u00f9 Nam. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1945 (h\u01a1n 300 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 di t\u00edch v\u00e0 di v\u1eadt ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac), \u0111\u1eadc bi\u1ec7t, v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch \u01afArcheologie du Delta du Mekong (Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 M\u00ea C\u00f4ng) g\u1ed3m 4 t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a L.Malleeret xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1959 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1963, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t, khai qu\u1eadt quy m\u00f4 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 di ch\u00ec V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo - Ph\u00f9 Nam tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n Nam B\u1ed9 trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1975 \u0111\u1ebfn nay, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 thu nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng phong ph\u00fa, to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo, Ph\u00f9 Nam. H\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m 1. Giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng Nam B\u1ed9 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo, S\u0111d, tr. 42. 522","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IX. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 suy vong... \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u1ec1 g\u1ed1m, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3 l\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t cao, kh\u00f4ng chi \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao, ch\u1ee9ng t\u00f2 ngh\u1ec1 g\u1ed1m c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c g\u1ed1m t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c di ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 b\u00e0n xoay, tr\u1ee5c b\u00e0n xoay, b\u00e0n d\u1eadp hoa v\u0103n, gi\u00e1 nung g\u1ed1m, d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 g\u1ed1m nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee1' cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m g\u1ed1m c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng chi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nhu c\u1ea7u sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n c\u01b0 nh\u01b0 khi m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea9m, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf chung c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Ph\u00f9 Nam, \u00d3c Eo. Ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m mu\u1ed1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Ph\u00f9 Nam khai th\u00e1c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o danh m\u1ee5c h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u00d4 Ch\u00f9a v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u m\u1ea3nh ch\u00e2n ch\u1ea1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn mu\u1ed1i m\u1ecf, \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta h\u00ecnh dung v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t mu\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00f9a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m mu\u1ed1i t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n, m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf ven bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam. Ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 d\u1ec7t, n\u1ebfu hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f2n khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n (m \u1edbi ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n d\u1ecdi xc s\u1ee3i) th\u00ec th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00f4 sung thcm kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u tu li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Ph\u00f9 Nam. S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 d\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0: v\u1ea3i th\u00f4 v\u00e0 g\u1ea5m v\u00f3c... ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ngay nhu c\u1ea7u ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, s\u1eed ch\u00e9p: \\\"Con trai nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea7u sang thi c\u1eaft g\u1ea5m l\u00e0m qu\u1ea7n, con g\u00e1i th\u00ec qu\u1ea5n t\u00f3c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o th\u00ec l\u1ea5y v\u1ea3i m\u00e0 che\\\"2, lo\u1ea1i v\u1ea3i tr\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u01b0a d\u00f9ng thay cho chi\u1ebfu, c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i v\u1ea3i kh\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Can man, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng qu\u1ea5n (X\u00e0 r\u00f4ng) m\u1ed7i khi ra ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp kh\u00e1ch. C\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i v\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t d\u1ec7t t\u1eeb v\u1ecf c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"... c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y sinh ra trong l\u1eeba, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf g\u1ea7n b\u00ean tr\u00e1i v\u1ef1c b\u00f3c v\u1ecf c\u00e2y \u1ea5y v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eadp ra r\u1ed3i 1. V\u00e3n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i, S\u0111d, tr. 50-51. 2. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1eed, Nam T\u1ec1 th\u01b0, S\u0111d, quy\u1ec3n 58, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 39, t\u1edd 14b. 523","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i, d\u00e0i v\u00e0i th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh kh\u0103n tay, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec v\u1ea3i gai. Nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0u th\u00ec h\u01a1i xanh \u0111en. N\u1ebfu b\u1ecb b\u1ee5i v\u1ea5y b\u1ea9n th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00e9m l\u1eeda l\u00e0 kh\u0103n s\u1ea1ch ngay. C\u00f3 khi \u0111em d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m b\u1ea5c \u0111\u00e8n, \u0111\u00e8n ch\u00e1y m\u00e3i m\u00e0 b\u1ea5c kh\u00f4ng h\u1ebft\\\"1. V\u1ea3i Ph\u00f9 Nam n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a sang ti\u1ebfn c\u1ed1ng cho c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh phong ki\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Ph\u00f9 Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c qu\u1ed1c, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba d\u01b0 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y, s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00ean ngh\u1ec1 m\u1ed9c \u1edd \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng. Th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 di t\u00edch kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 n\u00e0y trong sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Ph\u00f9 Nam, \u00d3c Eo. Nhi\u1ec1u di v\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 c\u1ed9t v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u00e0n, lan can, gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00e8n, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7... \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c di t\u00edch c\u01b0 tr\u00fa v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u00f9a V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo, Ph\u00f9 Nam. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ngh\u1ec1 m\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam, \u00d3c Eo \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ef9 x\u00e0o v\u00e0 t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o cao. C\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng: \\\"M\u1ed9t di t\u00edch nh\u00e0 s\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u00e0n g\u1ed7 vu\u00f4ng m\u1ed7i c\u1ea1nh d\u00e0i 0,90m, d\u00e0y kho\u1ea3ng 0,20m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p b\u1eb1ng hai l\u1edbp. L\u1edbp tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p b\u1eb1ng v\u00e1n d\u00e0y 0,1 Om - 0,15m, li\u00ean k\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1t. L\u1edbp d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y tr\u00e0m nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh 0,05 - 0,07m, x\u1ebfp song song nhau. Hai l\u1edbp g\u1ed7 \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean nhau, m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ngang m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp d\u1ecdc\\\"2. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u00e0n, lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh c\u01b0 tr\u00fa ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y, s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. Trong c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9p l\u00e0 \\\"lan can\\\" (fln ff ), \\\"c\u00e1c\\\" (RU), \\\"tr\u00f9ng c\u00e1c\\\" ( S H\u1ec9j), \\\"tr\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e0i\\\" ( S S ) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh \\\"nh\u00e0 g\u00e1c\\\", \\\"g\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng\\\", \\\"nh\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng\\\"3. 1. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1eed, L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0, S\u0111d, q. 54, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 48, t\u1edd 8a. 2. L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edbi thu\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, S\u0111d, tr. 436-437. 3. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1ee9, Nam T\u1ec1 th\u01b0, S\u0111d, quy\u1ec3n 58, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 39, t\u1edd 14b. Tr\u1ecbnh Ti\u1ec1u, Th\u00f4ng ch\u00ed, S\u0111d, q.198, tr. 3173-3175. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1eed, T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0, S\u0111d, quy\u1ec3n 222 h\u1ea1, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 147 h\u1ea1, Nam man h\u1ea1, t\u1edd 2b-3a. 524","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IX. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 suy vong... Ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u trong c\u00e1c di t\u00edch c\u01b0 tr\u00fa v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u00f9a V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo, Ph\u00f9 Nam, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u di v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 nh\u01b0 ch\u00e0y, b\u00e0n nghi\u1ec1n..., \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1 - \\\"hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c di t\u00edch thu\u1ed9c v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo v\u00e0 h\u1eadu \u00d3c Eo n\u00f3i chung...\\\"1. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng b\u1eddi c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Ph\u00f9 Nam, \u00d3c Eo ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y x\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e1, th\u01b0\u1eddng chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u gian, nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00f2ng. \u0110en th\u1edd Nen Ch\u00f9a d\u00e0i 25,60m, r\u1ed9ng 16,30m; \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd G\u00f2 C\u00e2y Tr\u00f4m \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 450m2, chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u \u00f4 t\u1ee9 gi\u00e1c 1,50m X 1,50 - 0,80m; \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd G\u00f2 Th\u00e1p d\u00e0i 20,90m, r\u1ed9ng 13,40m; v.v...2 C\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00fac th\u1ee7y tinh xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u00d3c Eo, Ph\u00f9 Nam v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng di v\u1eadt t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1t chu\u1ed7i th\u1ee7y tinh, n\u1ed3i n\u1ea5u th\u1ee7y tinh trong c\u00e1c di chi. Ngh\u1ec1 luy\u1ec7n kim c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y th\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed3ng, l\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3ng, d\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00fa, gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00e8n, chu\u00f4ng nh\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c... v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n 95 khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng trong c\u00e1c di t\u00edch \u1edd mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng Nam R\u1ed9. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ngh\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft nh\u01b0 d\u00e2y s\u1eaft, \u0111\u1ee5c, cu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c thi\u1ebfc nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea7n, b\u00f9a \u0111eo, ti\u1ec1n... Ngh\u1ec1 kim ho\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam, \u00d3c Eo \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c di t\u00edch v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa. Th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 cho bi\u1ebft: Ph\u00f9 Nam l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea3n ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng, thi\u1ebfc3, \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ef1ng th\u1ee9c \u0103n ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1c, th\u01b0\u1eddng 1. Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng B\u00e1ch Linh. \\\"T\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1 thu\u1ed9c V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo v\u00e0 h\u1eadu \u00d3c Eo \u1edd B\u00e0o t\u00e0ng An Giang\\\", Nam B\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, T\u1eadp VIII, Nxb. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia TP. H\u1ed2 Ch\u00ed Minh, 2011, tr. 507 -526. 2. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi thu\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 X , S\u0111d, tr. 437. 3. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1eed, L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0, S\u0111d, q. 54, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 48, t\u1edd 6b. 525","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 ti\u1ebfn c\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c1. N\u0103m 484, vua Ph\u00f9 Nam c\u1ed1ng ti\u1ebfn cho vua n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea5n, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3: m\u1ed9t pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng long ng\u1ecdc n\u1ea1m v\u00e0ng, m\u1ed9t pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e0n, hai c\u00e1i th\u00e1p ng\u00e0, \u0111\u1ed3i m\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4i, hai b\u1ed9 b\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng l\u01b0u ly, m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed3ng cau ch\u1ea1m b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3i m\u1ed3i2. V\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Ph\u00f9 Nam nh\u01b0: h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ea1m kh\u1ea3m b\u00e1t \u0111\u0129a, l\u00e0m b\u1ed3n b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ef1ng b\u00e1t h\u01b0\u01a1ng... M\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec7n t\u1ee5ng th\u00ec \u0111em nh\u1eabn v\u00e0ng, tr\u1ee9ng g\u00e0 b\u1ecf v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4i, sai ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u00ecnh nghi th\u00f2 tay v\u00e0o v\u1edbt ra. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, trong c\u00e1c di chi v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1edf \u00d3c Eo \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0m t\u1eeb v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau: \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 nh\u1eabn, b\u00f4ng tai, h\u1ea1t chu\u1ed7i, b\u00f4ng hoa... \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n. Chi ri\u00eang di chi m\u1ed9 t\u00e1ng \u1edf \u0110\u00e1 N\u1ed5i (An Giang) khai qu\u1eadt n\u0103m 1983, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y 317 hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00e1 v\u00e0ng m\u1ecfng tr\u00ean kh\u1eafc nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1ea7n linh, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u00fa v\u00e0 minh v\u0103n...3 C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, ngh\u1ec1 ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc kim ho\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau m\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i \u00d3c Eo, Ph\u00f9 Nam. S\u1eeb ch\u00e9p: d\u00e2n ch\u00fang nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc, v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f4i b\u00e0n tay v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n kim ho\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. C\u00e1c khu\u00f4n sa th\u1ea1ch d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fac v\u00e0 g\u00f2 d\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt kim lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c di chi kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i C\u1ea3ng th\u1ecb \u00d3c Eo, Nh\u01a1n Ng\u00e3i (C\u1ea7n Th\u01a1). Nh\u1eefng kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm \u1edf Ph\u00f9 Nam, kh\u00f4ng chi l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7t ra vi\u1ec7c thu thu\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c, ng\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed9p v\u00e0o qu\u1ed1c kh\u1ed1, chi d\u00f9ng trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh. V\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Ph\u00f9 Nam, song song v\u1edbi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3i c\u00e1m v\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p, do \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n n\u00ean Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc quan t\u00e2m, th\u01b0\u1eddng lui t\u1edbi bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao d\u1ecbch t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. 1. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1eed, T\u1ea5n th\u01b0, S\u0111d, quy\u1ec3n 97, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 67, T\u1ee9 di, t\u1edd lOa. 2. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1eed, Nam T\u1ec1 th\u01b0, S\u0111d, quy\u1ec3n 58, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 39, t\u1edd 13b. 3. V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i, S\u0111d, tr. 50-51. 526","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IX. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ebfn v\u00e0 suy vong... Th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 ch\u00e9p \\\"C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y giao d\u1ecbch bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n. S\u1edf d\u0129 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ed1n T\u1ed1n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n hom 1.000 d\u1eb7m. Bi\u1ec3n m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng v\u00f4 b\u1edd b\u1ebfn, thuy\u1ec1n b\u00e8 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111i qua. Ch\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp c\u00f9a l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u1edbi h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1n kh\u00e1ch bu\u00f4n. H\u00e0ng h\u00f3a qu\u00fd, c\u1ee7a b\u00e1u kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu th\u1ee9 g\u00ec\\\"1. Kh\u00e1ch bu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y m\u00e0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c L\u00fd Di\u00ean Th\u1ecd ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n trong b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch Nam s\u1eed do \u00f4ng bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ed1n T\u1ed1n ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n Giao Ch\u00e2u, ph\u00eda T\u00e2y gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Tr\u00fac, An T\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i\\\"2. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm Ph\u00f9 Nam v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc ki mi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, \u1ea8n \u0110\u1ed9, v\u00f9ng La M\u00e3, Ba T\u01b0, \u1ea2 R\u1eadp v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng. Cho n\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00f9 Nam r\u1ea5t th\u1ea1o bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u00e0 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb - c\u1ea3ng th\u1ecb n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u00d3c Eo. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb n\u1eb1m s\u00e1t v\u00f9ng trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111\u00f4 Ph\u00f9 Nam, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u1ea3ng th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho Ph\u00f9 Nam, giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i1. \u00d3c Eo l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i Ph\u00f9 Nam v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e1i \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e2y. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng, k\u1ebdm, ch\u00ec c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh ti\u1ec1n c\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u00d3c Eo. Nen Ch\u00f9a (Ki\u00ean Giang). \u0110\u00e1 N\u1ed5i (An Giang). K\u00e8 M\u1ed9t (Ki\u00ean Giang), G\u00f2 H\u00e0ng (Long An) v\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf Nam Th\u00e1i Lan, Myanma v\u00e0 b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o M\u00e3 Lai. Theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u mang ki\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, phong ph\u00fa v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i, ph\u1ea1m vi ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 r\u1ed9ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i con d\u1ea5u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c di v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 g\u1ed1m \u00c1n \u0110\u1ed9, g\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi H\u1eadu H\u00e1n, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y, h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 ch\u1ea1m tr\u1ebdn v\u00e0ng thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 I - II... trong c\u00e1c di t\u00edch \u00d3c Eo, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u1ec1 m\u1eadu 1. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1eed, L\u01b0cmg th\u01b0, S\u0111d, Q. 54. Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 48, t\u1edd 6b. 2. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1eed, Nam s\u1eed, S\u0111d, quy\u1ec3n 78. Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 68, t\u1edd 5a -1 la. 3. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam - L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, S\u0111d, tr. 51. 527","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 d\u1ecbch qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u00d3c Eo, Ph\u00f9 Nam, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00f9 Nam xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 I v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u01b0\u01a1n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ph\u00f9 Nam t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 III v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00f9 Nam n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00ean t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 cung c\u1ea5p l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0, v\u00f9ng n\u00fai ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc cung c\u1ea5p l\u00e2m th\u1ed5 s\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng Ph\u00f9 Nam tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u m\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 t\u00f2 kinh t\u1ebf bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m \u1ea1i1. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o ghi ch\u00e9p trong c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 Trung Hoa, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eebng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc \u1edf trong c\u00e1c di chi V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo, Ph\u00f9 Nam, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho r\u1eb1ng Vu\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam l\u00e0 n\u01a1i g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 giao l\u01b0u gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau, tuy nhi\u00ean y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1ed9c Malaio-Polynesien c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf2. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng nh\u01b0: da \u0111en, t\u00f3c xo\u0103n, \u1edf tr\u1ea7n, x\u0103m m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c trang tr\u00ed ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng g\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u00e1. T\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 Tr\u0103m Ph\u1ed1, C\u1ea1nh \u0110\u1ec1n (Ki\u00ean Giang), An S\u01a1n, L\u1ed9c Giang, G\u00f2 \u00d4 Ch\u00f9a (Long An), Nh\u01a1n Ngh\u0129a, Nh\u01a1n Th\u00e0nh (C\u1ea7n Th\u01a1), G\u00f2 Me (\u0110\u1ed3ng Nai), Gi\u1ed3ng Ph\u1ec7t, Gi\u1ed3ng C\u00e1 V\u1ed3 (Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh) v\u00e0 G\u00f2 C\u00e2y Tung (An Giang) \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 di c\u1ed1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed5, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ecd ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n. T\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 k\u00edch thu\u1edbc v\u00e0 chi s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ecd 1. \\\"Qua di t\u00edch v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo v\u00e0 th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 th\u1eed nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam\\\", S\u0111d, tr. 243. 2. Phan An, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam - ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc, S\u0111d, tr. 312-313. Phan Huy L\u00ea. \\\"Qua di t\u00edch \u00d3c Eo v\u00e0 th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 th\u1eed nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam\\\", S\u0111d, tr. 244. Phan Xu\u00e2n Bi\u00ean. \\\"N\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Nam B\u1ed9\\\", trong V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1ed0c Eo v\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam, S\u0111d, tr. 381. 528","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IX. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 suy vong... c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i tr\u00ean s\u1ecd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Nam B\u1ed9: \u1ede nam c\u00f3 s\u1ecd ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 cao, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng tr\u00f2n hay tr\u00f2n th\u00f3t \u0111\u1ea7u, tr\u00e1n r\u1ed9ng trung b\u1ec9nh... \u1ede n\u1eef c\u00f3 s\u1ecd tmng b\u00ecnh nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 cao th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng tr\u00f2n hay tr\u00f2n th\u00f3t \u0111\u1ea7u, tr\u00e1n r\u1ed9ng... Nam c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u cao trung b\u00ecnh kho\u1ea3ng l,65m, n\u1eef c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u cao trung b\u00ecnh kho\u1ea3ng l,55m '. Trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n. Ngo\u00e0i l\u1edbp c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea5y tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 s\u0103n b\u1eaft ch\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1edbi, trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1edbn, c\u1ea3ng th\u1ecb n\u01a1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t, ngay t\u1eeb s\u1edbm \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n, t\u0103ng l\u1eef, \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 tr\u1edd th\u00e0nh t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ean, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n n\u1eafm vai tr\u00f2 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb. C\u00f9ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00f9 binh c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e2n c\u1eadn b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh li\u00ean mi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 III - VI. S\u00e1ch T\u1ea5n th\u01b0 cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00f9 Nam: \\\"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y, da \u0111\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u \u0111en, b\u00fai t\u00f3c, c\u1eddi tr\u1ea7n, ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t\\\", L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0 c\u0169ng ghi ch\u00e9p kh\u00e1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady: \\\"T\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam v\u1ed1n kh\u1ecfa th\u00e2n, v\u1ebd m\u00ecnh, x\u1ed3a t\u00f3c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft may qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o\\\", \\\"ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf tr\u1ea7n...\\\". Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u00d3c Eo, Ph\u00f9 Nam c\u00f3 t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c nam c\u1edfi tr\u1ea7n, n\u1eef th\u00ec m\u1eb7c \u00e1o chui \u0111\u1ea7u, x\u0103m m\u00ecnh, t\u00f3c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00f5a, ch\u00e2n \u0111i m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i gu\u1ed1c d c p l\u00e0 m b \u0103 n g g \u1ed7 c \u00e2 y , c \u00f2 n n h \u00e0 v u a tli\u1ec9 s \u1eed d \u1ee5 n g g u \u1ed1 c l\u00e0 m l\u1eeb n g \u00e0 v o i. C\u00e1c con em nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 d\u00f9ng t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a, g\u1ea5m v\u00f3c; d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o d\u00f9ng v\u1ea3i th\u00f4; \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u1edd tr\u1ea7n qu\u1ea5n kh\u1ed1, \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 m\u1eb7c v\u00e1y, \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eabn v\u00e0ng, v\u00f2ng v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c \u0111eo c\u1ed5, \u0111eo tay, khuy\u00ean tai, l\u01b0u ly, m\u00e3 n\u00e3o..., th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111eo b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t nung. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00f9 Nam c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4n kh\u00e9o, th\u00f4ng minh, nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng hay g\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn tranh, \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc xung quanh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed3i l\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft t\u00f9 binh v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, ho\u1eb7c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c, ho\u1eb7c l\u1ee5a qu\u00fd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1. Nguy\u1ec5n L\u00e2n C\u01b0\u1eddng, Di c\u1ed1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed1 \u1edf Nam B\u1ed9, V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo v\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam, S\u0111d, tr. 177-199. 529","L\u1ecaCH S \u1eed VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c ch\u00e9p kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: \\\"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00f9 Nam kh\u00f4n kh\u00e9o, ki\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c, b\u1eaft d\u00e2n h\u1ecd l\u00e0m n\u00f4 t\u1ef3, \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e1c v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c, l\u1ee5a b\u1ea1ch\\\"'. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00f9 Nam, \u00d3c Eo th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u01b0 tr\u00fa tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 s\u00e0n, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 nh\u01b0 g\u1ed7 sao, ki\u1ec1n ki\u1ec1n, gi\u00e1ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng... l\u00e0m khung nh\u00e0, l\u00e1 d\u1eeba b\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ee3p m\u00e1i. Nh\u1eefng di v\u1eadt trong ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 nh\u01b0 c\u1ed9t g\u1ed7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ra \u1edf \u00d3c Eo, \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Ph\u00f9 Nam, \u00d3c Eo kh\u00e1 cao. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t g\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ed9t g\u1ed7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh b\u00e1t gi\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1t, c\u00f3 trang tri hoa v\u0103n2. Nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tu s\u0129 th\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 g\u00e1c, dinh th\u1ef1, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 h\u01a1n. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 v\u1eadn t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00f9 Nam, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng thuy\u1ec1n, ngo\u00e0i ra khi l\u00ean b\u1ed9 th\u00ec d\u00f9ng voi, tr\u00e2u v\u00e0 ng\u1ef1a. L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00f9 Nam l\u00e0 c\u01a1m t\u1ebb \\\"b\u1eefa \u0103n th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng l\u00e0 g\u1ea1o t\u1ebb\\\", th\u1ee9c \u0103n trong nh\u1eefng b\u1eefa \u0103n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng mu\u00f4ng th\u00fa nh\u01b0 h\u01b0\u01a1u, nai, l\u1ee3n r\u1eebng... \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0103n b\u1eaft trong r\u1eebng, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nu\u00f4i trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 l\u1ee3n, ch\u00f3, tr\u00e2u, ng\u1ef1a... Ngo\u00e0i ra, ngu\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f2n tranh th\u1ee7 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ngu\u1ed3n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00f4 t\u1eadn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c k\u00eanh, r\u1ea1ch, s\u00f4ng, su\u1ed1i quanh nh\u00e0 nh\u01b0 t\u00f4m, \u1ed1c, cua, c\u00e1..., ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng th\u1ed5 s\u1ea3n tr\u00f4n r\u1eebng nh\u01b0 mang, rau r\u1eebng, c\u00e1c c\u1ee7 qu\u1ea3... \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng th\u00eam ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft n\u1ea5u th\u1ee9c \u0103n b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng n\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea5t nung \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean c\u00e0 r\u00e0ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i b\u1ebfp kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n v\u00f9ng s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t nung, b\u1ebfp c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1y gi\u1eef \u1eebo tr\u00e1nh t\u00f2a nhi\u1ec7t, c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh che gi\u00f3, tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh b\u1ebfp c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eafp 3 tai \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ed3i n\u1ea5u cho ch\u1eafc, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111un c\u1ee7i ho\u1eb7c than, r\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n d\u1ee5ng khi d\u00f9ng tr\u00ean thuy\u1ec1n ho\u1eb7c s\u00e0n nh\u00e0 g\u1ed7. C\u00e0 r\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i l\u1edbn, nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c 1. Kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 Ph\u00f9 Nam - Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p qua ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, S\u0111d, tr. 271 2. V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u00e1m nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i, S\u0111d, tr. 54-55. 530","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IX. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 suy vong... nhau, c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed hoa v\u0103n c\u1ea7u k\u1ef3. Theo \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n Nam B\u1ed9 v\u1eabn d\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ebfp n\u00e0y v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c m\u1ea5y v\u1edbi c\u00e0 r\u00e0ng tim th\u1ea5y trong nh\u1eefng di t\u00edch kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 c\u00e1ch nay hai ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m 1. v \u1ec1 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, d\u00e2n c\u01b0 Ph\u00f9 Nam, \u00d3c Eo th\u1edd \u0111a th\u1ea7n, th\u1edd th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1, th\u1ea7n l\u1eeda, thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p trong th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 \\\"H\u1ecd th\u1edd Thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fac t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea7n. Th\u1ea7n hai m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n tay, b\u1ed1n m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 t\u00e1m tay. M\u1ed7i tay \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u1ea7m m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 con, ho\u1eb7c chim th\u00fa, ho\u1eb7c m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi\\\"2. V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc trong c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Ph\u00f9 Nam, \u00d3c Eo, nh\u01b0ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Ph\u00f9 Nam, \u00d3c Eo v\u1eeba s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n, v\u1eeba th\u1edd Ph\u1eadt. Nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ngh\u0129a T\u0129nh (671 - 695), ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 thinh kinh, l\u00fac v\u1ec1 c\u00f3 l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i Ph\u00f9 Nam m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n s\u00e1ch Nam H\u1ea3i k\u00fd quy n\u1ed9i ph\u00e1p truy\u1ec7n cho bi\u1ebft: \\\"X\u01b0a kia \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 vu\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfa th\u00e2n, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang th\u1edd r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n, r\u1ed3i th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng\\\"3. Trong c\u00e1c di chi V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1edfng \u00c1n \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1edd m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u0103c xen l\u1eabn t\u1ed3n l\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u00f3ng c\u00f9a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Ph\u00f9 Nam r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 n\u00e9t: \\\"Ve m\u1eb7t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n linh \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o... \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edd c\u00e1c di chi \u00d3c Eo, v\u00e0 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa c\u1ea3 Surya, th\u1ea7n M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 l\u1ea1nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc m\u1eb7c \u00e1o kho\u00e1c d\u00e0i, mang \u1ee7ng, \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169, tay c\u1ea7m hoa sen, mang v\u00f2ng c\u1ed5 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi\\\"4. H\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u1edf Ph\u00f9 Nam gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 L\u00e2m \u1ea4p, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng m\u1eabu h\u1ec7, nh\u00e0 g\u00e1i l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1. Nam n\u1eef th\u00ec t\u1ef1 do 1. V\u00e1n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i, S\u0111d, tr. 54. 2. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1eed, L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0, S\u0111d, Q. 54, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 48, t\u1edd lOb. 3. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam - L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, S\u0111d, tr. 28-29. 4. V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1ed0c Eo s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i, S\u0111d, tr. 63. 531","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u, v\u00ec th\u1ebf trong s\u00e1ch c\u1ed5, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m phong ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y, cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ec5 ngh\u0129a, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c: \\\"T\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y tham lam bi \u1ed5i, v\u00f4 l\u1ec5. Con trai, con g\u00e1i tha h\u1ed3 r\u1ee7 r\u00ea nhau\\\"1. T\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 tang l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam khi c\u01b0 tang th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u1eaft h\u1ebft r\u00e2u v\u00e0 t\u00f3c. L\u00fac ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c: \\\"th\u1ee7y t\u00e1ng\\\" th\u00ec \u0111em v\u1ee9t x\u00e1c xu\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng; \\\"h\u1ecfa t\u00e1ng\\\" th\u00ec \u0111em \u0111\u1ed1t thi\u00eau thi th\u1ec3; \\\"th\u1ed5 t\u00e1ng\\\" th\u00ec \u0111\u00e0o huy\u1ec7t ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 ch\u00f4n; c\u00f2n \\\"\u0111i\u1ec3u t\u00e1ng\\\" th\u00ec v\u00fat x\u00e1c ra ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng cho chim \u0103n. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng m\u1ed9 c\u1ed5 thu\u1ed9c V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00f9 Nam, \u00d3c Eo t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng Nam B\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u mang phong c\u00e1ch h\u1ecfa t\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 t\u00f9y t\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 h\u1ecfa t\u00e1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n linh, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00e1 v\u00e0ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1eafc c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh con \u1ed1c, b\u00e1nh xe, qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u, con r\u00f9a (th\u1ea7n Visnu), hay h\u00ecnh con b\u00f2 Nandin, c\u00e2y \u0111inh ba, v\u1ea7ng \u1eef\u0103ng khuy\u1ebft (th\u1ea7n Silva), h\u00ecnh hoa sen (th\u1ea7n Brahma)2... \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Ph\u00f9 Nam nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd, \u0111\u1ec1n th\u00e1p, m\u1ed9 h\u1ecfa t\u00e1ng... \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn b\u00e0ng nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u b\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1, g\u1ed7, g\u1ea1ch. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1, t\u00e0i hoa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn \u1edf c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1, m \u1ed9c, kim ho\u00e0n, g\u1ed1m ... \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed1 t\u00e0i kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1edd, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1edd, h\u00ecnh ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc trang tr\u00ed hoa v\u0103n... trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u00ean. Vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u1edf Ph\u00f9 Nam mang nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t lu\u1eadt t\u1ee5c th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5. Tuy trong n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 giam gi\u1eef ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i khi x\u00e9t x\u1eed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng. S\u1eeb ch\u00e9p: \\\"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o nghi c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0103n chay gi\u1edbi 3 ng\u00e0y, r\u1ed3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nung b\u00faa th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecf l\u00ean, sai h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7m, \u0111i b\u1ea9y b\u01b0\u1edbc. L\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y v\u00f2ng v\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ee9ng g\u00e0 b\u1ecf v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4i, b\u1eaft h\u1ecd th\u00f2 tay v\u00e0o v\u1edbt ra. Neu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt 1. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1eed, L\u01b0omg th\u01b0, S\u0111d, Q. 54, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 48, t\u1edd 11a. 2. V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1ed0c Eo s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i, S\u0111d, tr. 61-62. 532","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IX. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec1n v\u00e0 suy vong... c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i th\u00ec b\u00e0n tay b\u1ecb ch\u00e1y, b\u1ecb b\u1ecfng. Neu qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i th\u00ec tay kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u00ec\\\"1. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i n\u1eb7ng th\u00ec b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho th\u00fa d\u1eef nh\u01b0 h\u1ed5, c\u00e1 s\u1ea5u \u0103n th\u1ecbt, ngay trong kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u00f9a Ph\u00f9 Nam c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0o h\u1ed3 nu\u00f4i c\u00e1 s\u1ea5u, chu\u1ed3ng nu\u00f4i th\u00fa d\u1eef. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, trong m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c qu\u1ed1c c\u00f9a Ph\u00f9 Nam l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00ec Khi\u00ean (ho\u1eb7c Ki\u1ec1n), ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i b\u1ecb ph\u00e1n x\u1eed c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua, sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c \u0103n th\u1ecbt: \\\"Ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, khi h\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh t\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t vua m\u00e0 x\u1eeb t\u1ed9i. H\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh xong r\u1ed3i \u0103n th\u1ecbt t\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n\\\"2. Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm, c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 cho bi\u1ebft \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y: \\\"C\u0169ng c\u00f3 kho t\u00e0ng, s\u00e1ch v\u1edf, v\u0103n t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3\\\"3, sau n\u00e0y L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0 c\u0169ng ch\u00e9p: \\\"V\u1ecb vua n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n (Thi\u00ean Tr\u00fac). S\u00e1ch d\u00e0i 3.000 ch\u1eef, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 duy\u00ean do t\u00fac m\u1ec7nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 kinh Ph\u1eadt, trong \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n\\\"4. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00f2n 4 t\u1ea5m bia \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 V v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 VI. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u di v\u1eadt c\u00f3 minh v\u0103n (ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft) trong c\u00e1c di ch\u1ec9 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u00d3c Eo, g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 nh\u1eabn, b\u00f9a \u0111eo, con d\u1ea5u... vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 Brahmi. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng minh v\u0103n d\u00e0i kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean bia \u0111\u00e1 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 V-X \u1edf \u0110\u00e1 N\u1ed5i (An Giang), Ba Th\u00ea, N\u00fai Sam, G\u00f2 Th\u00e1p..., c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t minh v\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean v\u00e0ng \u1edd G\u00f2 Xo\u00e0i5. N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 minh v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc, \u1eeb\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n cao v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft. Neu minh v\u0103n \u1edf nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1eb1ng Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef mang n\u1eb7ng tinh th\u1ea7n Hindu gi\u00e1o, th\u00ec c\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 sau nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 V \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VI, c\u00e1c v\u0103n bia l\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 h\u01a1n tinh th\u1ea7n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 1. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1ee9, L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0, S\u0111d, Q. 54, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 48, t\u1edd 9b. 2. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1ee9, Nam s\u1eed, Quy\u1ec3n 78, S\u0111d, t\u1edd 5b. 3. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1ee9, T\u1ea5n th\u01b0, S\u0111d, Quy\u1ec3n 97, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 67, T\u1ee9 di, t\u1edd 9b. 4. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1ee9, L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0, S\u0111d, Q. 54, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 48, t\u1edd 7b-8a. 5. V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i, S\u0111d, tr. 55-56. 533","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eeb VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a tam b\u1ea3o (T\u0103ng, Ph\u1eadt, Ph\u00e1p). T\u1ea5m bia Ph\u00f9 Nam III - c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ta Prohm, kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1, d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e0 ngang c\u1eeda ra v\u00e0o ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, v\u00f2ng t\u01b0\u1eddng trong c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec1n Ta Prohm (Takeo), ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 VI l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. Ngay trong \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a v\u0103n bia \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 quan ni\u1ec7m b\u1ec3 kh\u1ed5, gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, c\u00f5i Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o: \\\"Sau khi c\u1ee9u v\u1edbt th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1ecb ch\u00ecm trong \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ba \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ebfn b\u1edd v\u00f4 tri v\u00f4 gi\u00e1c, cao c\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a c\u00f5i Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n (Nirvara)\\\". Ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 VI, v\u0103n bia cho bi\u1ebft: \\\"Ng\u00e0i... \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p, t\u0103ng gi\u00e0, m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh... tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi\\\"1. n.s \u1ef1 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N C\u1ee6A PH\u00d9 NAM (TH\u00c9 K\u1ef6 I - VI) T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 I \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VI l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam trong n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh ch\u1ea5p kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c phong ki\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng \u00e2m m\u01b0u th\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed9c \u1edf cung \u0111\u00ecnh. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1m ph\u00e2n chia th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh 2 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n: Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u00e1t c\u1ee9, t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 I - II) v\u00e0 Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 III - VI). 1. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c (V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 I - II) V\u00e0o n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 I, sau khi gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c gia, l\u1eadp ra kinh \u0111\u00f4, H\u1ed7n \u0110i\u1ec1n b\u1eaft tay c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, H\u1ed7n \u0110i\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, chia n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh 7 \u1ea5p phong c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c con trai2. C\u00f3 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 7 th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a 3 1. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam - L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u00e2n h\u00f3a, S\u0111d, tr. 138, 227-229. 2. S\u00e1ch Th\u00f4ng ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ecbnh Ti\u1ec1u ch\u00e9p: \\\"H\u1ed7n H\u1ed9i (H\u1ed5n \u0110i\u1ec1n) chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con, r\u1ed3i chia cho h\u1ecd l\u00e0m vua 7 \u1ea5p\\\". Th\u00f4ng ch\u00ed, q. 198, tr. 3173-3175 534","Ch\u01b0omg IX. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 suy vong... th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb \u1edf mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y s\u00f4ng H\u1eadu v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng H\u1eadu, s\u00f4ng Ti\u1ec1n1. Kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 II, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi con t\u00ean l\u00e0 H\u1ed7n B\u00e0n Hu\u1ed1ng sinh n\u0103m 127, d\u00f9ng m\u01b0u k\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u0169 l\u1ef1c t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ly gi\u00e1n c\u00e1c \u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd nghi ng\u1edd \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eabn nhau. H\u1ed7n B\u00e0n Hu\u1ed1ng d\u1ea7n th\u00f4n t\u00ednh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u1ea5p \u1ea5y. B\u00e0n Hu\u1ed1ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u1ea5p, t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh l\u00ean tr\u1ecb v\u1ec9 c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i, cho c\u00e1c con ch\u00e1u cai qu\u1ea3n c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"Ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng\\\". B\u00e0n Hu\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 90 tu\u1ed5i thi ch\u1ebft (kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 217), l\u1eadp con trai l\u00e0 B\u00e0n B\u00e0n l\u00ean l\u00e0m vua. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u0111em quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh \u1ee7y th\u00e1c cho vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Man (Ph\u1ea1m S\u01b0 Man)2 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef. Ph\u1ea1m Man l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh, t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi, m\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3c, gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. B\u00e0n B\u00e0n \u1edd ng\u00f4i 3 n\u0103m, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 220 th\u00ec ch\u1ebft. Ph\u1ea1m Man \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn c\u1eeb l\u00ean n\u1eafm gi\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb. 2. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c (\u0110e ch\u1ebf Ph\u00f9 Nam, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 r a \u25a0VI) Sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m vua, Ph\u1ea1m Man nh\u00e0m c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ec7c m\u1edd mang c\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m \u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm l\u00e2n bang. Ph\u1ea1m Man n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi, l\u1eafm m\u01b0u nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebf, n\u00ean c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, ph\u1ea3i quy ph\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o Ph\u00f9 Nam. Ph\u1ea1m Man nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0110\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng, sai \u0111\u00f3ng thuy\u1ec1n l\u1edbn, k\u00e9o \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh kh\u1eafp v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. Ph\u1ea1m Man \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0 thu ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n 10 n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c n\u01a1i nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ed1n T\u1ed1n, \u0110\u00f4 C\u00f4n, C\u1eedu Tri, \u0110i\u1ec3n T\u00f4n... Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch m\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Man chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng l\u00ean t\u1edbi 5, 6 ngh\u00ecn d\u1eb7m vu\u00f4ng. C\u00f3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho r\u1eb1ng: Ph\u1ea1m Man hay Fan-shik-man thu ph\u1ee5c 10 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long, 1. \\\\ \u2019\u0103ri h\u00f3a c\u1ed5 Ph\u00f9 Nam - V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng C\u1ee9u Long, S\u0111d, tr. 104-105 2. H\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 L.Finot (1928) v\u00e0 G.Coedes (1944) \u0111\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u1ea5m bia V\u00f5 C\u1ea1nh, Nha Tranh, Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a cho r\u1eb1ng Ph\u1ea1m S\u01b0 Man hay Ph\u1ea1m Man c\u00f3 t\u00ean ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n l\u00e0 Sri Mara. Xem th\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam - L\u1ecbch s\u1ee7 v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, S\u0111d, tr. 58-59. 535","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edd Tonle'sap v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng. V\u1ecb vua n\u00e0y c\u0169ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ch\u1ea1y t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long - \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecbnh Cam Ranh,... c\u00f2n g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 B\u1eafc M\u00e3 Lai v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng H\u1ea1 Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n (M y a n m a )1. V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 225, trong khi \u0111ang d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh n\u01b0\u1edbc Kim L\u00e2n, Ph\u1ea1m Man b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh, sai Th\u00e1i t\u1eeb l\u00e0 Kim Sinh thay n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n. Sau khi Ph\u1ea1m Man ch\u1ebft, c\u00f3 Ph\u1ea1m Chi\u00ean l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a ch\u1ecb g\u00e1i Ph\u1ea1m Man, \u0111em 2.000 qu\u00e2n \u0111ang ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u01b0\u1edbp ng\u00f4i v\u00e0 l\u1eeba gi\u1ebft Kim Sinh, t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp l\u00e0m vua. Ph\u1ea1m Chi\u00ean n\u1eafm gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh trong nu\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng 20 n\u0103m (225 - 245). Khi Ph\u1ea1m Man ch\u1ebft, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con nh\u1ecf c\u00f2n \u1eb5m ng\u1eeda t\u00ean l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ea9n tr\u1ed1n trong d\u00e2n gian. \u0110en khi Ph\u1ea1m Tr\u01b0\u1eddng 20 tu\u1ed5i, c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n l\u0129nh, t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c thanh ni\u00ean trai tr\u00e1ng, ph\u1ee5c k\u00edch b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft Ph\u1ea1m Kim Sinh. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Chi\u00ean l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m T\u1ea7m \u0111em qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh d\u1eb9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Tr\u01b0\u1eddng, trong khi chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u Tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft. Ph\u1ea1m T\u1ea7m t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp l\u00e0m vua, g\u1ecdi t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 T\u1ea7m. Khi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, Ph\u1ea1m T\u1ea7m t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng trinh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac. Nh\u00e0 vua t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac kh\u00e1 t\u1ef1 do v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua, th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch ch\u00e9p: \\\"Th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y vua ti\u1ebfp kh\u00e1ch 3, 4 l\u01b0\u1ee3t. D\u00e2n \u0111em m\u00eda, r\u00f9a v\u00e0 chim t\u1edbi d\u00e2ng cho \u00f4ng ta\\\"2. Ph\u1ea1m T\u1ea7m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nu\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng. Th\u1eddi gian tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m T\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i bao l\u00e2u, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi trung k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 h\u1eadu k\u1ef3 tri\u1ec1u Ng\u00f4 (222 - 280) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Th\u00e1i Th\u1ee7y, Th\u00e1i Khang \u0111\u1eddi vua T\u1ea5n V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf (265 - 289). D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi T\u00f4n Quy\u1ec1n kho\u1ea3ng nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 226 - 238, tri\u1ec1u Ng\u00f4 c\u00f3 c\u1eed hai s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 Trung lang Khang Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 Tuy\u00ean h\u00f3a t\u00f2ng s\u1ef1 1. v\u1ec1 nh\u0169ng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t vong c\u00f9a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam, S\u0111d, tr. 350. 2. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1eed, Nam s\u1eed, Quy\u1ec3n 78, S\u0111d, t\u1edd 5a -11 a. 536","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IX. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 suy vong... Chu \u1ee9 n g ' \u0111i s\u1ee9 Ph\u00f9 Nam. Hai s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p Tr\u1ea7n T\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 h\u00f2i th\u0103m t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn v\u1ec1 x\u1ee9 s\u1edf v\u00e0 phong t\u1ee5c c\u00f9a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1n \u0110\u1ed9. Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1eddi vua T\u1ea5n V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf, v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 285, 287, m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch Trung Qu\u1ed1c ghi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec1u vua Ph\u1ea1m T\u1ea7m c\u1eeb s\u1ee9 b\u1ed9 Ph\u00f9 Nam sang ti\u1ebfn c\u1ed1ng. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 70 n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo t\u1eeb n\u0103m 287 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 357, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u00e1ch n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam v\u00e0 s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam. N\u0103m 357, Tr\u00fac Chi\u00ean \u0110\u00e0n (hay Thi\u00ean Tr\u00fac Chi\u00ean \u0110\u00e0n) l\u00ean n\u1eafm ng\u00f4i vua Ph\u00f9 Nam. Ngay trong n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, Tr\u00fac Chi\u00ean \u0110\u00e0n ph\u00e1i s\u1ee9 b\u1ed9 sang tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea5n. S\u00e1ch T\u1eafn th\u01b0 ch\u00e9p: Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Th\u0103ng B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eddi vua T\u1ea5n M\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 Tr\u00fac Chi\u00ean \u0110\u00e0n x\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng, sai s\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfn c\u1ed1ng voi \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a, M\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf cho l\u00e0 th\u00fa l\u1ea1 n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, e g\u00e2y ra tai h\u1ecda cho d\u00e2n, ban chi\u1ebfu tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i. Vua k\u1ebf v\u1ecb Tr\u00fac Chi\u00ean \u0110\u00e0n c\u00f3 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 Ki\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u01b0 (Kaudinya) hay Sritavarman, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1ea8n \u0110\u1ed9. Ki\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u01b0 I. v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Khang Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 Chu \u1ee9ng, s\u00e1ch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng chi cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t \u00edt t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u. C\u1ea3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 n\u0103m sinh, n\u0103m m\u1ea5t. Ch\u00ec bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd l\u00e0 c\u00e1c vi\u00ean quan c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Ng\u00f4 th\u1eddi Tam qu\u1ed1c, Khang Th\u00e1i gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Trung lang t\u01b0\u1edbng, Chu \u1ee9ng l\u00e0 Tuy\u00ean h\u00f3a t\u00f2ng s\u1ef1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u1ee9 s\u1eeb Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 L\u1eef \u0110\u1ea1i c\u1eed \u0111i s\u1ee9 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc trong v\u00f9ng Nam H\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 L \u00e2m \u00c1 p, Ph\u00f9 N am .... \u0111\u1ebb ti\u00e9n h\u00e0nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngo\u1ea1i giao. T h\u00e0i gian \u0111i s\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a Khang, Chu b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Ho\u00e0ng V\u0169 th\u1ee9 5 c\u1ee7a T\u00f4n Quy\u1ec1n (226) \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Gia H\u00f2a (232 - 238), \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eebng hom 10 n\u0103m. Sau khi Khang Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 Chu \u1ee9ng \u0111i s\u1ee9 Ph\u00f9 Nam v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sau chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i. Chu \u1eedng bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1n Ph\u00f9 Nam d\u1ecb v\u1eadt ch\u00ed. C\u00e1c s\u00e1ch T\u00f9y th\u01b0 - Kinh t\u1ecbch ch\u00ed, C\u1ef1u \u0110u\u1eebng th\u01b0 - Kinh t\u1ecbch ch\u00ed, T\u1ea7n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0 - Ngh\u1ec7 v\u0103n ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y. C\u00f2n Khang Th\u00e1i vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n Ng\u00f4 th\u1eddi - Ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c truy\u1ec7n (c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Ng\u00f4 th\u1eddi - Ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c ch\u00ed ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 Ph\u00f9 Nam k\u00fd, Ph\u00f9 Nam truy\u1ec7n). C\u00e1c s\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Th\u00fay kinh ch\u00fa, Ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e3n lo\u1ea1i t\u1eadp, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec3n, Th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh ng\u1ef1 l\u00e3m \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Khang Th\u00e1i. R\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc, c\u1ea3 hai t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m qu\u00fd c\u00f9a Khang Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 Chu \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n, chi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch d\u1eabn trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch d\u1eabn tr\u00ean m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Xem th\u00eam: Kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t ve Ph\u00f9 Nam - Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p qua ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch co Trung Qu\u1ed1c, S\u0111d, tr. 260. 537","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 (n\u01b0\u1edbc Thi\u00ean Tr\u00fac), theo nhu l\u1eddi th\u1ea7n b\u00e1o trong m\u1ed9ng (\u1ee9 n g thi\u00ean Ph\u00f9 Nam), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n ch\u00fang Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u00f3n v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m vua qua n\u01b0\u1edbc B\u00e0n B\u00e0n. Ki\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u01b0 nh\u1eb1m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0o Ph\u00f9 Nam. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u T\u1ed1ng. Ki\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u01b0 m\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 424. Vua ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam l\u00e0 Tr\u00ec L\u00ea \u0110\u00e0 B\u1ea1t Ma (Srindra Varman hay l\u00e0 Sreshthavarman) ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c n\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u T\u1ed1ng. Nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u00e0n s\u1ee9 b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam H\u00ean ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed sang v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn c\u1ed1ng s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng cho tri\u1ec1u T\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 434, 435, 438 ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Nguy\u00ean Gia vua T\u1ed1ng V\u0103n \u0111\u1ebf (423 - 453). Ki\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n Na - \u0110\u1ed3 Gia B\u1ea1t Ma (c\u00f3 s\u00e1ch ch\u00e9p l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed3 T\u00e0 B\u1ea1t Ma - Kaudinya Jayavarman) l\u00ean ng\u00f4i kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 475. Du\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Ki\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n Na, v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 484, nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e1i c\u00f9a Ph\u00f9 Nam mang h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u, Trung Qu\u1ed1c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n. S\u00e1ch Nam T\u1ec1 th\u01b0 ch\u00e9p: c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thi\u00ean Tr\u00fac (\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9) l\u00e0 Na Gi\u00e0 Ti\u00ean \u0111em h\u00e0ng mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, g\u1eb7p gi\u00f3 b\u00e3o ph\u1ea3i l\u00e1nh v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00e2m \u1ea4p, b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1edbp h\u1ebft t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, tr\u1ed1n theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eaft v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam. Trong m\u1ed9t t\u1edd Bi\u1ec3u do ch\u00ednh tay \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129 Na Gi\u00e0 Ti\u00ean (hay Th\u00edch Na Gi\u00e0 Ti\u00ean, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 s\u00e1ch ch\u00e9p l\u00e0 Sa K\u1ef3 Na Gi\u00e0 Ti\u00ean - Sakya Nagasena) d\u00e2ng l\u00ean vua V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0o n\u0103m V\u0129nh Minh th\u1ee9 2 T\u1ec1 V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf (484), c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed3 T\u00e0 B\u1ea1t Ma: \\\"Th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam Ki\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n Na - \u0110\u1ed3 Gia B\u1ea1t Ma d\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u th\u01b0a r\u1eb1ng... Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 sai s\u1ee9 mang m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1eb7t v\u1eb7t sang Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n. K\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thi\u00ean Tr\u00fac l\u00e0 Th\u00edch Na Gi\u00e0 Ti\u00ean \u00e1p t\u1ea3i thuy\u1ec1n h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n t\u1eeb Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u mu\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 Ph\u00f9 Nam, kh\u00f4ng may gi\u1eefa bi\u1ec3n g\u1eb7p gi\u00f3 d\u1ea1t v\u00e0o L\u00e2m \u1ea4p. Vua L\u00e2m \u1ea4p c\u01b0\u1edbp h \u00e1 c\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a Na Gi\u00e0 Ti\u00ean... Cho n\u00ean nay th\u1ea7n sai \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129 l\u00e0 Th\u00edch Na Gi\u00e0 Ti\u00ean l\u00e0m s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3, d\u00e2ng bi\u1ec3u k\u00ednh th\u0103m v\u00e0 mang \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt sang d\u00e2ng c\u1ed1ng...\\\"1. C\u0169ng th\u00f4ng qua t\u1edd 1. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1eed, Nam T\u1ec1 th\u01b0, S\u0111d, Quy\u1ec3n 58, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 39, t\u1edd lOb -16\u00d2. 538","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IX. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 suy vong... Bi\u1ec3u n\u00e0y, vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam mu\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u1ee3n tay vua T\u1ec1 V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf tr\u1eeb di\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam l\u00e0 C\u01b0u Th\u00f9 La \u0111ang l\u00e0m vua L\u00e2m \u1eaep... \u0110\u1ed3 T\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u L\u01b0\u01a1ng (502 - 556). N\u0103m Thi\u00ean Gi\u00e1m th\u1ee9 2 L\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf (503), vua Ph\u00f9 Nam sai s\u1ee9 c\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt b\u00e0ng san h\u00f4, hi\u1ebfn s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. L\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf xu\u1ed1ng Chi\u1ebfu: \\\"Vua Ph\u00f9 Nam l\u00e0 Ki\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n N h\u01b0' - \u0110\u1ed3 T\u00e0 B\u1ea1t Ma \u1edf ngo\u00e0i bi\u1ec3n xa x\u00f4i, \u0111\u00e3 quy ph\u1ee5 ta, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1i xa x\u00f4i c\u00e1ch tr\u1edf, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1, ph\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch, th\u00e0nh k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfn c\u1ed1ng ta. Ta n\u00ean ban \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ecdng h\u1eadu, cho y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vinh hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 \\\"An Nam t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n Ph\u00f9 Nam v \u01b0 \u01a1 n g \\\" ( $ ^ s f \u00ea ^ \u00ed ? ^ 3 \u00ed ) 2. C\u00f9ng \u0111i trong s\u1ee9 \u0111o\u00e0n n\u0103m 503, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 g\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam l\u00e0 Sanghapula v\u00e0 Mandrasena sang Trung Hoa ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch kinh Ph\u1eadt. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 511, 514, c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n s\u1ee9 b\u1ed9 c\u00f9a Ph\u00f9 Nam l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1i qua tri\u1ec1u L\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Ki\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n Na \u0110\u1ed3 T\u00e0 B\u1ea1t Ma - Kaudinya Jayavarman \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 huy ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Trung Hoa. \u0110\u1ed3 T\u00e0 B\u1ea1t Ma - Kaudinya Jayavarman ch\u1ebft n\u0103m 514, con trai c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 phi t\u00ean l\u00e0 L\u01b0u \u0110\u00e0 B\u1ea1t Ma - Rudravarman gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi em l\u00e0 Th\u00e1i t\u1eed, con ch\u00ednh cung H o\u00e0ng h\u1eadu v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp l\u00e0m vua. \u0110 \u00e2 y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111en t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia Ph\u00f9 Nam. Theo b\u00e0i minh tr\u00ean bia 1. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u00e1ch ch\u00e9p nh\u1ea7m t\u1eeb Ki\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n Na th\u00e0nh Ki\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u01b0, v\u00ec Ki\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 424, g\u1ea7n 70 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Theo gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Duy Hinh cho r\u1eb1ng: Ki\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u01b0 X\u00e0 Gia B\u1ea1t Ma (\u0110\u1ed3 T\u00e0 B\u1ea1t Ma, ho\u1eb7c \u0110\u1ed3 Gia B\u1ea1t Ma) trong s\u00e1ch Nam Te th\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 X\u00e0 T\u00e0 B\u1ea1t Ma, v\u00ec gi\u1eefa hai \u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng Tr\u00ec L\u1ee3i \u0110\u00e0 B\u1ea1t Ma (Tr\u00ec L\u00ea \u0110\u00e0 B\u1ea1t Ma). C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 Nam T\u1ec1 th\u01b0 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn. Sau Ki\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u01b0 X\u00e0 B\u1ea1t Ma l\u00e0 Tr\u00ec L\u1ee3i \u0110\u00e0 B\u1ea1t Ma r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn X\u00e0 T\u00e0 B\u1ea1t Ma. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ba \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 h\u1ecd Ki\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u01b0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u B\u1ea1t Ma (Varman). L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1ecfi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, S\u0111d, tr. 442. 2. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1ee9, S\u0111d, Nam Te thu, t\u1edd lOb -16b. L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0, S\u0111d, q. 54, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 48, t\u1edd lOb. 539","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Prasat Pramloven t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf di chi G\u00f2 Th\u00e1p t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p M\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec con trai Ch\u00ednh cung c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed3 T\u00e0 B\u1ea1t Ma l\u00e0 Th\u00e1i t\u1eed Gunarvarman, d\u00f9 c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o chinh ph\u1ee5c t\u00f2 b\u00f9n l\u1ea7y, nh\u1edd Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh. Gunarvarman ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Th\u00e1i t\u1eed con Ch\u00ednh cung Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu b\u1ecb L\u01b0u \u0110\u00e0 B\u1ea1t Ma - Rudravarman s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1edbp ng\u00f4i. Sau khi L\u01b0u \u0110\u00e0 B\u1ea1t Ma - Rudravarman l\u00ean n\u1eafm gi\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c thi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i giao, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eefa Ph\u00f9 Nam v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u vua Trung Hoa c\u1ee7a vua cha. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 517, 519, 520, 530, 535, 539, c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n s\u1ee9 b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1i sang v\u00e0 cung ti\u1ebfn s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt cho tri\u1ec1u L\u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch cho bi\u1ebft, n\u0103m Thi\u00ean Gi\u00e1m th\u1ee9 16 L\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf (517), vua Ph\u00f9 Nam sai Tr\u00fac \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u00e3o B\u00e3o d\u1eabn s\u1ee9 b\u1ed9 mang bi\u1ec3u sang ti\u1ebfn c\u1ed1ng, \u0111em theo nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt qu\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt m\u00e0 s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n cung ti\u1ebfn cho tri\u1ec1u L\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i c\u00f3: c\u00e2y Thi\u00ean tr\u00fac chi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt, ng\u1ecdc \\\"h\u1ecfa t\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u\\\", t\u00ea gi\u00e1c s\u1ed1ng, ng\u00e0 voi, u\u1ea5t kim, t\u00f4 h\u1ee3p h\u01b0\u01a1ng... Tri\u1ec1u L\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng t\u1eebng c\u1eed nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u00e0n s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 535 - 545 sang Ph\u00f9 Nam xin kinh Ph\u1eadt, v\u00e0 thinh c\u1ea7u cao t\u0103ng sang Trung Hoa gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. Vua Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1i h\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Parmatha (hay Gunatatna) \u0111ang h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edd Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111em theo 240 b\u1ed9 Kinh Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Hoa n\u0103m 546. N\u0103m 539, vua L\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf sai nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 Th\u00edch \u0110\u00e0m B\u1ea3o (c\u00f3 s\u00e1ch ch\u00e9p l\u00e0 Th\u00edch V\u00e2n B\u1ea3o) \u0111i c\u00f9ng s\u1ee9 b\u1ed9 sang Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn t\u00f3c Ph\u1eadt d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng hai th\u01b0\u1edbc. r a . GIAI \u0110O\u1ea0N SUY VONG C\u1ee6A PH\u00d9 NAM V\u00c0 s \u1ef1 H\u00ccNH TH\u00c0NH CH\u00c2N L\u1ea0P (GI\u1eeeA TH\u1ebe K\u1ef6 VI \u0110\u1ebeN TH\u00c9 K\u1ef6 VII) 1. S\u1ef1 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p Kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 50 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VI, vua L\u01b0u \u0110\u00e0 B\u1ea1t Ma - Rudravarman t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n. Nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o qu\u1eadt kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a anh em Bhavavarman v\u00e0 Chitrasena (Tr\u00ec \u0110\u00e0 T\u01b0 Na) l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o 540","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IX. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 suy vong... \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed1 ra \u1edd v\u00f9ng l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng M\u00ea K\u00f4ng (C\u1eebu Long). C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 s\u1eed l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u T\u00f9y, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"N\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p \u1edd ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nam L\u00e2m \u1ea4p. v \u1ed1 n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam, c\u00e1ch qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam 60 ng\u00e0y \u0111i thuy\u1ec1n. Ph\u00eda nam gi\u00e1p n\u01b0\u1edbc Xa C\u1eeb, ph\u00eda t\u00e2y gi\u00e1p n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00e2u Giang. Vua n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y h\u1ecd l\u00e0 S\u00e1t L\u1ee3i (Ksatriya), t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ch\u1ea5t \u0110a T\u01b0 Na (hay Tri \u0110\u00e0 T\u01b0 Na - Chitrasena)\\\"1. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng t\u1ed5 c\u00f9a vua n\u00e0y, th\u1ebf n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh l\u00ean. T\u1ea5m bia Baksei Chamkrong \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u00ea c\u00f9a Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ecb v\u00ec. B\u00e0i minh v\u0103n c\u00f9a tam bia mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00f4ng vua nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f2a vinh quang r\u1ef1c ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 l\u00e0m suy gi\u1ea3m s\u1ee9c qu\u00e2n th\u00f9 \u1edf kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi mi\u1ec1n\\\"2, hay: \\\"con trai Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 Sri Hasarvarman... c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m vinh quang kh\u00f4ng ai b\u00ec k\u1ecbp, th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i, c\u00f3 uy l\u1ef1c khi\u1ebfn thu\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c h\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\\\"3. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi Ch\u1ea5t \u0110a T\u01b0 Na (Chitrasena) b\u00e8n ki\u00eam t\u00ednh n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam4. C\u00e1c s\u00e1ch Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed7 H\u1ef1u \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Th\u00f4ng ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ecbnh Ti\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng, V\u00e3n hi\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a M\u00e3 \u0110oan L\u00e2m \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng, Th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n v\u0169 k\u00fd c\u1ee7a S\u1eed Nh\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean. S\u00e1ch T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0 ch\u00e9p ti m\u1ec9 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c Kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u00f9a Ph\u00f9 Nam l\u00e0 \u0110\u1eb7c M\u1ee5c b\u1ecb x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm, nh\u00e0 vua ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam, \u0111\u00f3ng t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh Na Ph\u1ea5t Na (Naravanagara): \\\"Kinh \u0111\u00f4 t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1eb7c M\u1ee5c, r\u1ea5t nhanh b\u1ecb Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p th\u00f4n t\u00ednh, chuy\u1ebfn xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda Nam \u1edd th\u00e0nh Na Ph\u1ea5t Na (Naravanagara)\\\"5. Trong v\u0103n bia Han Chey, vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng vua Isanavarman c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"Sau khi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u00e1c 1. Kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 Ph\u00f9 Nam - Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p qua ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, S\u0111d, tr. 298, 304. 2. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam - L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, S\u0111d, tr. 283. 3. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam - L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, S\u0111d, tr. 285-286. 4. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1eed, T\u00f9y th\u01b0, Quy\u1ec3n 82, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 47, t\u1edd 5b-6a. 5. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1eed, T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0, Quy\u1ec3n 222 h\u1ea1, Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n 147 h\u1ea1, Nam man h\u1ea1, t\u1edd 2b-3a. 541","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 vua N\u00fai, v\u1edbi thanh g\u01b0\u01a1m y\u00ean ng\u1ef1a, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfm h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi mi\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch vinh quang, d\u1eabn theo \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n c\u00f4ng k\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi\\\" v\u00e0 \\\"\u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u00e1c vua N\u00fai \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn \u0111inh n\u00fai (c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 sai l\u00e0m v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa m\u00f9a m\u01b0a m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i qua d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00e2u c\u00f3 d\u1ec5 b\u1eb1ng chi\u1ec1u cao con voi\\\"1. C\u00f3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n bia Han Chey \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh: sau khi ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi b\u1ecf Kinh \u0111\u00f4 \u0110\u1eb7c M\u1ee5c, vua Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1y xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda th\u00e0nh Na Ph\u1ea5t Na (Naravanagara) nh\u01b0 th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch Trung Hoa ghi l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh Na Ph\u1ea5t Na (Naravanagara) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n quanh n\u00fai Ba Th\u00ea - \u00f3 c Eo, n\u01a1i kinh r\u1ea1ch ch\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecbt, ng\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f3 \u0111i l\u1ea1i2. N\u0103m 550, Tr\u00ec \u0110\u00e0 T\u01b0 Na (Chitrasena) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh trong ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c Ph\u00f9 Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong v\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ecb v\u00ec m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c qu\u1ed1c \u1edf mi\u1ec1n r\u1eebng n\u00fai Bassac (trung du s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long \u1edf Nam L\u00e0o ng\u00e0y nay), \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam. D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u1ea5m bia c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i so\u1ea1n n\u0103m 598 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i Robang Romeas \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thu\u1ed9c Kompong Thom, n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc khu di t\u00edch Sambor-Prei-K.uk, t\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb c\u1ed5 Isanapura c\u1ee7a Campuchia, L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ninh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ed9i dung bia v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 bia s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p, vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef Sanskrit, d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1t Sambor-Prei-K uk - kinh \u0111\u00f4 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p, k\u1ec3 ph\u1ed5 h\u1ec7 ba vua \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho r\u1eb1ng: Vua th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t Bhavavarman (vua s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp) m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng vua th\u1ee9 hai Mahendravarman (c\u0169ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Chitrsena\/ Sitrsena) m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t tr\u1ecb v\u00ec v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u (Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p). \u00d4ng vua th\u1ee9 hai l\u00ean k\u1ebf ng\u00f4i t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VI \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 624, nh\u00e2n Ph\u00f9 Nam kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng kinh \u0111\u00f4 Ph\u00f9 Nam, \\\"\u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u0129a nh\u01b0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u1eeba m\u1ecdc\\\" (c\u00e1i c\u00e0n kh\u00f4n-cakra c\u1ee7a Visnu) \\\"n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba Indrapura, n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch\\\"3. 1. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam - L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, S\u0111d, tr. 248-252. 2. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam - L\u1ecbch s\u1eeb v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, S\u0111d, tr. 182. 3. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam - L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, S\u00e2d, tr. 182-184. 542","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IX. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec1n v\u00e0 suy vong... Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, theo n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5m bia tr\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00f4ng vua the h\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 2 Mahendravarman (c\u0169ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Chitrsena\/ Sitrsena) l\u00ean ng\u00f4i cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VI m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o kinh \u0111\u00f4 \u0110\u1eb7c M\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p b\u1eb3t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh t\u1eeb n\u0103m 550 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u1ecb x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 VI nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 VII, Ph\u00f9 Nam v\u1eabn c\u00f2n kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng gi\u1eef, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i g\u1ea7n 50 n\u0103m, cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn n\u0103m 649 - 650 m\u1edbi b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, Ph\u00f9 Nam ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 t\u1ea1i Na Ph\u1ea5t Na (Naravanagara), c\u00f3 4 v\u1ecb vua tr\u1ecb v\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111ang b\u1ecb lung lay. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua n\u00e0y duy tr\u00ec quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e2n bang, ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng hi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u T\u00f9y, tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f9a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. S\u00e1ch Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u00ean, T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0, V\u0103n hi\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng kh\u1ea3o, Th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n v\u0169 k\u00fd... \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c Ph\u00f9 Nam c\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n s\u1ee9 b\u1ed9 sang tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng: \\\"V\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi T\u00f9y, qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 c \u1ed5 Long. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecd c \u1ed5 Long, t\u00ecm h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c c\u1ee5 gi\u00e0, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \\\"V\u00f9ng C\u00f4n L\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ecd, nh\u1ea7m t\u1eeb ch\u1eef \\\"C\u00f4n L\u00f4n\\\". \u0110\u1eddi T\u00f9y sai s\u1ee9 sang c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn\\\"1. Th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch Trung Hoa ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n s\u1ee9 b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed sang tricu \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u vua D \u01b0\u1eddng Cao T\u1ed5, nicn hi\u1ec7u V\u0168 \u0110\u1ee9c (618 - 626) v\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Trinh Qu\u00e1n (627 - 649) nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"\u0110\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, sau n\u0103m V\u0169 \u0110\u1ee9c (618 - 627) c\u0169ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n v\u00e0o c\u1ed1ng. N\u0103m Trinh Qu\u00e1n (627 - 650) l\u1ea1i d\u00e2ng hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1ea7u \u1edf L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u01b0\u1edbc B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1ea7u \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam, ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nam n\u01b0\u1edbc Tham B\u00e1n. Con trai, con g\u00e1i l\u00fac m\u1edbi sinh ra \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea7u, th\u00e2n tr\u1eafng nh\u01b0 m \u00f5 \u0111\u00f4ng. H\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng trong hang n\u00fai. B\u1ed1n m\u1eb7t l\u00e0 n\u00fai hi\u1ec3m n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y gi\u00e1p gi\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Tham (S\u00e2m) B\u00e1n\\\"2. 1. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1eed, T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1n..., S\u0111d. 2. Nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 s\u1ee9, T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec3n..., S\u0111d. 543","L\u1ecaCH S \u1eed VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Vi\u1ec7c kinh \u0111\u00f4 b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 khi\u1ebfn cho Ph\u00f9 Nam \u1edf cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VI \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VII r\u01a1i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 suy vong v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 649 - 650, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 Trung Hoa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ghi ch\u00e9p g\u00ec n\u1eefa v\u1ec1 Ph\u00f9 Nam. (Xem th\u00e8m Ph\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i vua Ph\u00f9 Nam - Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c II). 2. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n suy vong c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam Theo nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh chung, Ph\u00f9 Nam b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t nhanh ch\u00f3ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 do b\u1ecb Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng, x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd, tr\u1edf tay kh\u00f4ng k\u1ecbp. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u00e1c \u00f4ng vua ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u00f9 Nam, ch\u1ec9 ch\u0103m ch\u00fa bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00fang l\u1ec5, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 1. Cho n\u00ean, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i tr\u1ec5 n\u1ea3i luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp, kh\u00f4ng quen chinh chi\u1ebfn n\u1eefa. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 suy tho\u00e1i v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 Ph\u00f9 Nam d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1ecb khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VI, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VI, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i trong khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u00d3c Eo sang v\u00f9ng eo bi\u1ec3n Malacca \u1edf ph\u00eda nam b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o M\u00e3 Lai, \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam, \u00d3c Eo b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng di v\u1eadt t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00f9ng Ba Th\u00ea - \u00d3c Eo (l\u00e0 kinh \u0111\u00f4 Na Ph\u1ea5t Na (Naravanaragana), c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed1m m\u1ecbn \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng \u00d3c Eo v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i trang s\u1ee9c), s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng phong c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1edd cho th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VI v\u00e0 VII, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ba Th\u00ea - \u00d3c Eo \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a s\u00e2u s\u1eafc2. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VI \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VII. C\u00f3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111u\u1eddng l\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra quan \u0111i\u1ec3m: nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t vong 1. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam - L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u00e3n h\u00f3a, S\u0111d, tr. 175-184. 2. V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i, S\u0111d, tr. 45-46. 544","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IX. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 suy vong... c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam, n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c qu\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0ng chi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ecfng l\u00e8o c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u, trong khi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n lu\u00f4n theo \u0111u\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1 c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng, khi\u1ebfn cho nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i, v\u1eadt l\u1ef1c lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb hao t\u1ed5n m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng suy y\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u1ee9u v\u00e3n n\u1ed5i1. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \\\"Quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c l\u1ecfng l\u00e8o n\u00ean m\u1ed7i khi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh th\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf\\\" khi\u1ebfn cho \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ph\u00f9 Nam nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111i v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n suy y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t vong, m\u00e0 hom th\u1ebf n\u1eefa \\\"C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ph\u00f9 Nam mang n\u1eb7ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t li\u00ean k\u1ebft kinh doanh, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, r\u1ea5t linh ho\u1ea1t, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo\\\"2 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n quan tr\u1ecdng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh suy tho\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam. M\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n n\u1eeba khi\u1ebfn Ph\u00f9 Nam kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 suy y\u1ebfu, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 do v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam v\u00e0o t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 V tr\u1edf \u0111i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa. Neu nh\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 I \u0111\u1ebfn IV, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i qua v\u00f9ng kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110e ch\u1ebf Ph\u00f9 Nam, th\u00ec d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda nam qua eo bi\u1ec3n Malacca v\u00e0 Sunda. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 V, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng giao l\u01b0u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n \u1edf ph\u00eda nam \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Nam \u00c1. C\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea5p n\u1eadp c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n c\u00f9ng kh\u00e1ch bu\u00f4n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh ch\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p sau: \\\"C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 t\u1eeb n\u00fai \u0111\u1ed3i v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y... g\u1ed3m h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 c\u00e1c vua \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00e8m 1. v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t vong c\u00f9a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam, S\u0111d, tr. 351. 2. \\\"Qua di t\u00edch v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00f3 c Eo v\u00e0 th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 th\u1eed nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam\\\". S\u0111d, tr. 245. 545","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 mu\u1ed1n. Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n n\u1ed1i \u0111u\u00f4i nhau \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia v\u00e0 ph\u00e1i vi\u00ean chen l\u1ea5n nhau. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00e3 Lai s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng Nam Sumatra g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c ti\u1ec7n nghi thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho thuy\u1ec1n b\u00e8 qua l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa Indonesia v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e0 c\u00e1c thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u1ea8n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 X\u00e2y Lan (Ceylon)\\\"1. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VI h\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu trong vi\u1ec7c m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i t\u1eeb Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng qua \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c qua \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho n\u1ec1n m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam m\u1ea5t \u0111i l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf v\u1ed1n c\u00f3, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfn \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VI, v\u1edbi m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n d\u00e2ng cao trung b\u00ecnh + 0,80m, khi\u1ebfn cho n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7n tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p ven bi\u1ec3n, x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp s\u00e2u v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng tr\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u1ed3ng c\u00e1t che ch\u1eafn (v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng u Minh, T\u1ee9 gi\u00e1c Long Xuy\u00ean) v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7n c\u00f2n theo c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng r\u1ea1ch lan t\u1ecfa v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng tr\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p M \u01b0\u1eddi2. S\u1ef1 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn g\u00f3p m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 suy tho\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam nhanh ch\u00f3ng h\u01a1n. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VII, nh\u01b0ng Ph\u00f9 Nam v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 I - VI \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed chung c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110\u00fang nh\u01b0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a s\u1eed gia Phan Huy L\u00ea: \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ph\u00f9 Nam 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, S\u0111d, tr. 50, 64. 2. L\u00ea Xu\u00e2n Di\u1ec7m, \\\"Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long (ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba -s\u1eed h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch h\u1ecdc)\u201d, V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo v\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam, Nxb. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2008, tr. 21; Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ecbch D\u0129 - \u0110inh V\u0103n Thu\u1eadn, \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd trong \u0110\u1ec7 t\u1ee9 k\u1ef7 \u1edf \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng Nam B\u1ed9\\\", V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo &V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam, S\u0111d, tr. 11-17. 546","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IX. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 suy vong... c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi di s\u1ea3n V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng C\u1eebu Long l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u00e0 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ee7 l\u01b0u l\u00e0 V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, V\u0103n Lang, \u00c2u L\u1ea1c\\\"1. 3. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p Sau khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o Ph\u00f9 Nam t\u1eeb n\u0103m 550, Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 (550 - 630), \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p - Ti\u1ec1n \u0102ng Kor (Pre-Angkor, 675 - 685). Danh t\u1eeb Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p (Tchenla) l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia Trung Hoa v\u1ec1 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0y, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n (Sanskrit) n\u00e0o ph\u00e1t \u00e2m gi\u1ed1ng ti\u1ebfng Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p c\u1ea32. Theo th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c: Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p ( st ) c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 C\u00e1t Mi\u1ec7t ( \u1eed H ) (\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eeb) ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 Chi\u00eam L\u1ea1p ( \u1ebe l i ) (T\u1ed1ng s\u1eed), \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u1ea3m Ph\u1ed1 Chi \u1ee3& R ), Minh l\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p (H fi\u1eab) (Minh s\u1eed). Theo s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a Chu \u0110\u1ea1t Quan3, \\\"N\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p, ho\u1eb7c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Chi\u00eam L\u1ea1p, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y (Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p) t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Cam B\u1ed9t Tr\u00ed ( t\u00ec- ^ H\u1ec9). Nay Th\u00e1nh tri\u1ec1u (ch\u1ec9 tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u00ean) d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kinh T\u00e2y thi\u00ean g\u1ecdi t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y l\u00e0 C\u1ea3m Ph\u1ed1 Ch\u1ec9 (\u0129$ JR)\\\"4. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong s\u00e1ch T\u00f9y th\u01b0-. \\\"N\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nam L\u00e2m \u00c0p. v \u1ed1 n l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c qu\u1ed1c c\u00f9a Ph\u00f9 Nam. C\u00e1ch qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam 60 ng\u00e0y \u0111i thuy\u1ec1n, ph\u00eda nam 1. \\\"Qua di t\u00edch V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d3c Eo v\u00e0 th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 th\u1eed nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam\\\", S\u0111d, tr. 246. 2. L\u00ea H\u01b0\u01a1ng, S\u1eed Cao Mi\u00ean, Nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ch Khai Tr\u00ed, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, 1970, tr. 46-47. 3. Chu \u0110\u1ea1t Quan (1266 - 1346) s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi Nguy\u00ean khi tham gia \u0111o\u00e0n s\u1ee9 b\u1ed9 sang Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1296, v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc Chu \u0110\u1ea1t Quan \u0111\u00e3 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p phong th\u1ed1 k\u00fd, mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n, thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII, b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1311. 4. Chu \u0110\u1ea1t Quan, Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p phong th\u1ed5 k\u00fd, H\u00e0 V\u0103n T\u1ea5n gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u, Nxb. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2006, tr. 21. 547","L\u1ecaCH S \u1eed VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 gi\u00e1p n\u01b0\u1edbc Xa C\u1eeb, ph\u00eda t\u00e2y gi\u00e1p n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00e2u Giang\\\"1. Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam, thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00eda nam (C\u00f4n L\u00f4n chi lo\u1ea1i). Theo t\u1ea5m bia Angkor Borei, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng n\u0103m 611 cho bi\u1ebft: ngay khi gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 sau khi chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam, Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 chi x\u00e2y m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd m\u1edbi, giao cho m\u1ed9t quan ch\u1ee9c cai qu\u1ea3n. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p c\u00fang v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1n 36 th\u1eeda ru\u1ed9ng, 1 v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u00e2y, 100 con b\u00f2, 20 con tr\u00e2u, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c v\u0169 n\u1eef, nh\u1ea1c c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ca c\u00f4ng, v\u1edbi 59 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y. Sau \u0111\u1ecf, Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p cho r\u00fat v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, tr\u00ean b\u1edd \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc Bi\u1ec3n H\u1ed3, g\u1ea7n trung l\u01b0u s\u00f4ng M\u00ea K\u00f4ng, nay thu\u1ed9c tinh Kongpong Thom, l\u1eadp kinh \u0111\u00f4 v\u00e0 x\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd t\u1ea1i Sambor Prei Kuk2. Ph\u1ea1m vi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Chu \u0110\u1ea1t Quan mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3: \\\"N\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y r\u1ed9ng 7.000 d\u1eb7m, ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i m\u1ea5t n\u1eeda th\u00e1ng. T\u00e2y nam gi\u00e1p Ti\u00eam La, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i n\u1eeda th\u00e1ng, nam gi\u00e1p Phi\u00ean Ngu \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y, ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n l\u1edbn. X\u01b0a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i l\u1ea1i\\\"3. Kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII kh\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac quy m\u00f4, trang tri mang \u0111\u1eadm m\u1ea7u s\u1eafc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o: \\\"Qu\u1ed1c cung, quan x\u00e1 v\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec1u quay m\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f4ng. Qu\u1ed1c cung \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc th\u00e1p v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u v\u00e0ng, g\u1ea7n c\u1eeda B\u1eafc, chu vi \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m s\u00e1u d\u1eb7m, ng\u00f3i l\u1ee3p nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ea5t l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ec, ngo\u00e0i ra \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea5t, m\u1ea7u v\u00e0ng. R\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed9t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc hay v\u1ebd h\u00ecnh Ph\u1eadt. Nh\u00e0 r\u1ea5t tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7. Hi\u00ean d\u00e0i, nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed1i \u0111i, \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t so le, c\u00f3 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh l\u1edbn. Ch\u1ed7 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng\\\"4. 1. Kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 Ph\u00f9 Nam - Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p qua ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, S\u0111d, tr. 298, 304. 2. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam - L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, S\u0111d, tr. 182-183. 3. Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p phong th\u1ed5 k\u00fd, S\u0111d, tr. 23-24. 4. Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p phong th\u1ed5 k\u00fd, S\u0111d, tr. 27 548"]
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