LỊCH SỬ VIỆT NAM _ VŨ DUY MỀN Chủ biên_ NXB KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI _ Tập 1

["Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Tinh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Giao Ch\u00e2u... l\u00f2 nung g\u1ed1m l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c g\u1ed1m. Qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m h\u1ecfng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ebf t\u00edch kh\u00e1c, s\u1ebd g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m; k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00f9ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m g\u1ed1m; c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Tr\u1ea7n Anh D\u0169ng v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n M\u1ea1nh C\u01b0\u1eddng cho bi\u1ebft kh\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 khai qu\u1eadt khu l\u00f2 Thanh L\u00e3ng (m\u1ed9t trong 8 khu l\u00f2 g\u1ed1m ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, khai qu\u1eadt, c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 I \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 X, SCN - thu\u1ed9c x\u00e3 Thanh L\u00e3ng, huy\u1ec7n B\u00ecnh Xuy\u00ean, tinh V\u0129nh Ph\u00fac): Khu l\u00f2 n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m c\u00e1ch khu l\u00f2 \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu kho\u1ea3ng 80m v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu l\u00f2 l\u1edbn c\u00f3 t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c l\u00f2 g\u1ed1m v\u00e0 ph\u1ebf t\u00edch l\u00f2 g\u1ed1m xu\u1ea5t l\u1ed9 (hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb san \u1ee7i h\u1ebft). Th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1984, Vi\u1ec7n Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 khai qu\u1eadt 2 l\u00f2 g\u1ed1m c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n nh\u1ea5t \u1edf khu l\u00f2 n\u00e0y. S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a hai l\u00f2 g\u1ed1m n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea5t nung (g\u1ed1m c\u1ee9ng, s\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m tr\u00e1ng men). \u0110\u1ed3 s\u00e0nh \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u00f2 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 1.784 hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i v\u00f2 h\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3 l\u00ea, vai c\u00f3 4 n\u00fam, xung quanh vai trang tr\u00ed b\u0103ng s\u00f3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1eafc ch\u00ecm. \u0110\u1ed3 s\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u00e0u x\u00e1m \u0111en v\u00e0 x\u00e1m tr\u1eafng, g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u00f2, ch\u1eadu, l\u1ecd, chum. G\u1ed1m c\u1ee9ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111en tuy\u1ec1n, m\u1ecbn, \u0111\u1ed9 nung r\u1ea5t cao, m\u1ecfng, trang tr\u00ed hoa v\u0103n s\u00f3ng nir\u00e1c, ca r\u00f4 nh\u1ecf, tr\u00e1m \u0111rm, v\u1eb7n th\u1eebng, \u0111\u0103p n\u00f4i. \u00e2n que. G\u1ed1m men c\u00f3 29 hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 b\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t cao lanh, d\u00e0y, n\u1eb7ng, tr\u00e1ng men m\u00e0u l\u1ee5c, xin, nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ecdng men d\u00e0y th\u00ec m\u00e0u s\u1eafc t\u01b0\u01a1i h\u01a1n, mang s\u1eafc xanh l\u00e1 c\u00e2y, x\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00e1t m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng ho\u1eb7c tr\u1eafng ng\u00e0, \u0111\u1ed9 nung cao, \u0111anh. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m c\u00f3 men khi nung trong l\u00f2, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng con k\u00ea m\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ed1ng d\u00ednh men b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o men trong l\u00f2ng b\u00e1t th\u00e0nh 5 v\u1ec7t d\u00e0i h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt xung quanh l\u00f2ng b\u00e1t gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh hoa. Ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a khu l\u00f2 n\u00e0y kho\u1ea3ng cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi L\u1ee5c tri\u1ec1u - \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng (kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VI, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VII - VIII)1. 1. Tr\u1ea7n Anh D\u0169ng, \\\"C\u00e1c khu l\u00f2 g\u1ed1m 10 th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam\\\", M\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 Kh\u00e1o c\u1ed3 h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1eadp I, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2004, tr. 338. 299","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Nh\u00ecn chung, c\u00e1c l\u00f2 g\u1ed1m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong ph\u1ea1m vi khu v\u1ef1c c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i kim kh\u00ed. \\\"V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00f2 ch\u00f9 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0m t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t v\u00e0 b\u00f9n... chi c\u00f3 \u1edf ph\u1ea7n c\u1eeda l\u00f2, h\u1eadu l\u00f2 v\u00e0 c\u1eeda ngang \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m ra v\u00e0o l\u00f2 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng g\u1ea1ch\\\"'. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \\\"chia c\u00e1c \u00f4 l\u00f2 gom ra l\u00e0m 3 lo\u1ea1i: l\u00f2 r\u1ed3ng, t\u00f2 c\u00f3c v\u00e0 l\u00f2 h\u00ecnh \u1ed1ng. a- L\u00f2 r\u1ed3ng: l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i l\u00f2 nung d\u00e0i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eadc c\u1ea5p cao th\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c nhau. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c l\u00f2 r\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 3 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn: b\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1t, th\u1ea7n l\u00f2 v\u00e0 h\u1eadu l\u00f2. b- L\u00f2 c\u00f3c: l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i l\u00f2 theo c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n gian, l\u00f2 ng\u1eafn n\u00ean nh\u00ecn r\u1ea5t d\u1ed1c, giong nh\u01b0 con c\u00f3c. c- L\u00f2 \u1ed1ng: th\u1ef1c ra l\u00f2 ong c\u0169ng chi l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i l\u00f2 c\u00f3c c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng g\u1ed3m 2 ph\u1ea7n: b\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1t v\u00e0 th\u00e2n l\u00f2. Tuy nhi\u00ean, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f9a n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i d\u00e0i n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c t\u01b0cmg \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1edbn. Ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho lo\u1ea1i l\u00f2 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u00f2 4A Tam Th\u1ecd, d\u00e0i t\u1edbi 9,15m. \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch t\u1eeb \u0111u\u00f4i l\u00f2 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1eeda l\u00f2 l\u00e0 hom lm \u201d. C\u00e1c khu l\u00f2 g\u1ed1m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng lu\u00f4n th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed3i g\u00f2, g\u1ea7n s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc; c\u1eeda l\u00f2 tu\u00e2n theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u d\u1ec5 ki\u1ebfm... ''\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec7t, m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f9a V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1r\u00ed\u0169. S\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp bi\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u00f3a di\u1ec5n ra trong ng\u00e0n n\u0103m B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c theo xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c; khi\u1ebfn con ch\u00e1u h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u00f2a tan v\u00e0o V\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00e1n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00e1n, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. V\u1edbi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00f2 nung g\u1ed1m ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1m s\u00e9t t\u1ea1p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c 1, 2. \\\"C\u00e1c khu l\u00f2 g\u1ed1m 10 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam\\\", M\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 340. 3. \\\"C\u00e1c khu l\u00f2 g\u1ed1m 10 th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u1edd Vi\u1ec7t Nam\\\", M\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 345. 300","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Tinh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Giao Ch\u00e2u... s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cao lanh trong thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u SCN, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ra lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f2 g\u1ed1m m\u00f2ng, c\u1ee9ng b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t cao; \u0111un n\u1ea5u nhanh h\u01a1n. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ef1ng trong d\u00e2n gian d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3 s\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec7n d\u1ee5ng. Ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m g\u1ed1m lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng qu\u00ea, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u1eefng l\u00e0ng chuy\u00ean s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t g\u1ed1m \u0111\u1ea5t nung nh\u01b0: V\u00e2n \u0110\u00ecnh (H\u00e0 T\u00e2y c\u0169); L\u00e0ng Hoa, \u0110\u1ecbnh Trung, Hi\u1ec3n L\u1ec5 (V\u0129nh Ph\u00fac), g\u1ed1m Quao (H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng); g\u1ed1m Ch\u1ee3 B\u00f4ng (Ngh\u1ec7 An), g\u1ed1m l\u00e0ng v\u1ed3m (\u1edf Thi\u1ec7u Kh\u00e1nh - Thanh H\u00f3a)1... Ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00eam truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng g\u1ed1m V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m Trung Hoa v\u1eeba \u0111\u1eb9p, m\u1eabu m\u00e3 phong ph\u00fa h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec3 ngh\u1ec1 g\u1ed1m b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba duy tr\u00ec, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 g\u1ed1m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp thu m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0m g\u1ed1m ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 g\u1ed1m b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ra nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u1edbi nh\u01b0: con gi\u1ed1ng, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1p; ho\u1eb7c mang phong c\u00e1ch Trung Hoa nh\u01b0: n\u1ed3i, v\u00f2, b\u00ecnh, b\u1ebfp l\u00f2, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u00e02... Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m g\u00f4m d\u1ecf cho lli\u00e1y van h\u1ecfa H\u00e1n \u0111an xen v\u1edbi van h\u1ecfa Vi\u1ec7t. S\u1ef1 l\u00f2n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t minh ch\u1ee9ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 khai m\u1ecf, luy\u1ec7n kim, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khai m\u1ecf v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c r\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n do ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, khai th\u00e1c, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o binh kh\u00ed x\u00e2y d\u1ee5ng quan x\u01b0\u1edfng, dinh ph\u1ee7, ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n, \u0111\u00f3ng thuy\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfn... \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1eadp trung thu h\u00fat nh\u1eefng th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, tay ngh\u1ec1 cao, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb tr\u01b0ng t\u1eadp t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng 1. \\\"C\u00e1c khu l\u00f2 g\u1ed1m 10 th\u1ebf k\u00fd C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam\\\", M\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 Kh\u00e1o c\u1ed7 h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 344. 2. \\\"C\u00e1c khu l\u00f2 g\u1ed1m 10 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d, M\u1ed9t the k\u1ef3 Kh\u00e1o c\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 345. 301","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 x\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edd ph\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9. An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c cho bi\u1ebft \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 Kinh l\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u00e2u, n\u0103m Nguy\u00ean H\u00f2a th\u1ee9 3 (808) cho s\u1eeda \u0111\u1eafp l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i La (th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc do Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00e1 Nghi \u0111\u1eafp): \\\"Tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0i m\u01b0\u01a1i chi\u1ebfc r\u1ea5t ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p, Ch\u00e2u khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh ki\u1ec3u thuy\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ed3ng M \u00f4ng' 32 chi\u1ebfc, m\u1ed7i chi\u1ebfc ch\u1edf th\u1ee7y th\u00f9 25 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tr\u1ea1o phu 23 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, 2 c\u00e2y n\u1ecf b\u1eafn xe, thuy\u1ec1n ch\u00e8o t\u1edbi lui, mau nh\u01b0 gi\u00f3\u201d2. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9 Cao Bi\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y \u0111\u1eafp La Th\u00e0nh ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 \\\"l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m h\u01a1n 40 v\u1ea1n gian nh\u00e0v\u0129; ch\u00e1c ch\u1eafn c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i huy \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng gi\u1ecfi quanh khu v\u1ef1c La Th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 trong d\u00e2n gian. Do t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng qu\u00ea ch\u01b0a t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 v\u1eabn g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nhu c\u1ea7u ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, ngh\u1ec1 r\u00e8n s\u1eaft r\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 thu\u1ebf s\u1eaft mu\u1ed1i \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng L\u0129nh Nam h\u00e0ng n\u0103m, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Giao Ch\u00e2u, l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 40 v\u1ea1n quan ti\u1ec1n. Vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft trong nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ed3 s\u1eaft l\u00e0m n\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ho\u1eb7c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1n b\u00f4ng. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 g\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ki\u1ebfm s\u1eaft... ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf ngh\u1ec1 khai m\u1ecf, luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed5 s\u0103t v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3n thu nh\u1eadp l\u1edbn cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng t\u00f2 th\u1eddi V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111i\u1ec1n kh\u00ed v\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed3 gia d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 \u1ea5m, ch\u1eadu... \u1ede Hoan Ch\u00e2u, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1edbn. \u0110\u1ed3ng c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n Khai Nguy\u00ean th\u00f4ng b\u00e0o m\u00e0 1. Thuy\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ed3ng M\u00f4ng l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i thuy\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfn h\u1eb9p v\u00e0 d\u00e0i. 2. An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, Nxb. Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a - Trung t\u00e2m V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e2y, 2001, tr. 196. 3. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1971, tr. 141. 302","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Tinh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Giao Ch\u00e2u... c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n b\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e11. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed ch\u00e9p \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed1c c\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Giao Ch\u00e2u \u1edf Hoan Ch\u00e2u, Nh\u1eadt Nam, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n quan x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00eau tr\u00ean, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan l\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u1edf thu\u1ed9c qu\u1ed1c. Ngh\u1ec1 khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn c\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u1edd Giao Ch\u00e2u, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u00e0ng, cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. S\u00e1ch T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0; Nguy\u00ean H\u00f2a qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ec1u ghi r\u1eb1ng: \\\"Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u00e2u c\u1ed1ng v\u00e0ng, Hoan Ch\u00e2u cong v\u00e0ng, Phong Ch\u00e2u cong b\u1ea1c, L\u1ee5c Ch\u00e2u cong v\u00e0ng. Trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed9 g\u1ea1ch th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng\\\"2. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p, b\u1ea5t c\u1eed vi\u00ean quan \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch v\u01a1 v\u00e9t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c ch\u00e2u b\u00e1u l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang; b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p n\u1ed7i th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n s\u1edf t\u1ea1i. Ngh\u1ec1 t\u1eb1m tang, d\u1ec7t l\u1ee5a b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd kh\u00e1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \\\"Nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 V\u00e2n K\u1ef3 \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 quy\u00ean c\u00fang m\u1ed9t l\u00fac may tr\u0103m t\u1ea5m l\u1ee5a\\\"1. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf... quy ra t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a. Ngh\u1ec1 d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i l\u1ee5a, l\u0129nh, g\u1ea5m, v\u00f3c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u01a1n tnr\u1ee9c. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ed5 tniy\u1ec1n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng Giao Ch\u00e2u trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp thu h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 sa, the \u1edf \u00c1i Ch\u00e2u, b\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1p \u1edf Ph\u00fac Ch\u00e2u, Phong Ch\u00e2u... d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m c\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea9m r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng cho tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc. S\u00e1ch Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n v\u0169 k\u00fd, Nguy\u00ean H\u00f2a qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u00e9p \u1edd \u00c1i Ch\u00e2u, Phong Ch\u00e2u c\u00f3 t\u1eb1m t\u00e1m l\u1ee9a k\u00e9n. Ngh\u1ec1 d\u1ec7t trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Namt\u1eeb kh\u1edbi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 X, S\u0111d, tr. 263. 2. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Namt\u1eeb kh\u1edbi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, S\u0111d, tr. 363-364. 3. L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 Vi\u1ec7t Namt\u1eeb kh\u1edbi th\u00fay \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X , S\u0111d, tr. 362. 303","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 d\u00f9ng t\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed9p t\u00f4 (ru\u1ed9ng) \u0111i\u1ec1n. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i sa, the s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m d\u1ec7t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u1edd \u00c1i Ch\u00e2u, v\u1ea3i Ti\u00eau c\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m c\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea9m. Do ngh\u1ec1 tr\u1ed3ng b\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edd \u00c1i Ch\u00e2u n\u00ean d\u00e2n v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y h\u00e0ng n\u0103m ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng n\u1ed9p ph\u00fa thu\u1ebf v\u1ec1 b\u00f4ng. B\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i C\u00e1t b\u1ed1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng b\u1ec1n. V\u00f9ng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u00e2u th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ec7t lo\u1ea1i v\u1ea3i Tri\u00eau h\u00e0. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i v\u1ea3i t\u1ed1t tr\u00ean, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1ea3i \u0111ay, gai. v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec1 d\u1ec7t \u1edd Giao Ch\u00e2u th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng theo ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Vi\u1ec7t ngo\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn l\u1ea1i trong An Nam ch\u00ed: \\\"v\u1ec1 h\u00e0ng d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i, l\u1ee5a, sa c\u00e1t li\u1ec5u, sa b\u00ecnh v\u0103n t\u1ea3o t\u00e2n c\u00f3 hoa, sa h\u1ee3p, l\u1ee5a quang, t\u01a1, nhi\u1ec5u, l\u0129nh, l\u00e0, l\u01b0\u1ee3t, gi\u1ea7y h\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3 t\u01a1, v.v. H\u1ecd r\u1ea5t th\u00edch hai th\u1ee9 gai t\u1ebf ma v\u00e0 gai ti\u00eau ma v\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ebf k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i d\u1ec7t l\u00e0m v\u1ea3i m\u1ecbn nh\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1eb7c v\u00e0o m\u00f9a n\u1ef1c l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng h\u1ee3p lam \\\"'. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m d\u1ec7t \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1 phong ph\u00fa. S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m d\u1ec7t ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u1eeba l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m c\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecdn quan l\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n v\u01a1 v\u00e9t l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u. C\u00e1c l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n thu mua t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a Giao Ch\u00e2u \u0111em trao \u0111\u1ed5i, th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u00e8n c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 giao l\u01b0u trao \u0111\u1ed5i, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u00f9a Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7u c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh, t\u1eadn thu ki\u1ebfm l\u1eddi. \\\"V\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi Nam Te, phu nh\u00e2n c\u00f9a \u00c2m Ki\u00ean sinh s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u00e2u, nh\u00e2n v\u00ec kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u1ea5m th\u1ea5p m\u00e0 sinh ra b\u1ec7nh t\u00ea th\u1ea5p m\u00e3n t\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee9ng s\u01b0ng ph\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch ch\u1eefa, sau may g\u1eb7p \u0110\u1ea1o s\u0129 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng Ng\u00f4 l\u00e0 L\u00e2m Th\u1eafng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Giao Ch\u00e2u h\u00e1i thu\u1ed1c. L\u00e2m Th\u1eafng cho u\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c \\\"\u00d4n b\u1ea1ch ho\u00e0n\\\" b\u1ec7nh thuy\u00ean gi\u1ea3m m\u00e0 kh\u1ecfi''. M\u1ed9t th\u00e0y thu\u1ed1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 Th\u00e2n Quang T\u1ed1n t\u1eebng d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 h\u1ed3 ti\u00eau, g\u1eebng kh\u00f4 (Can kh\u01b0\u01a1ng) \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1eefa kh\u1ecfi b\u1ec7nh \u0111au \u0111\u1ea7u cho T\u00f4n Tr\u1ecdng Ng\u1ea1o 1. An Nam ch\u00ed, B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7n S\u1eed h\u1ecdc, S\u0111d, tr. 89. 304","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Tinh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Giao Ch\u00e2u... ng\u01b0\u1eddi An Nam\\\"'. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VII-X, khi \u0111\u00f3 giao th\u00f4ng tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n d\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7u c\u00f9a Giao Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0o Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00e0ng thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Theo ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e0n th\u00e0o do T\u00f4 Cung so\u1ea1n v\u00e0 B\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o th\u1eadp di c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n T\u1ea1ng, d\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb Giao Ch\u00e2u chuy\u1ec3n sang Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i: b\u1ea1ch hoa \u0111\u1eb1ng, am ma l\u1eb7c, \u0111inh h\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u00f4 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9c, b\u1ea1ch mao h\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u01b0 m\u1ed9c.... Trong \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a sang s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u0169ng b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y nh\u1ea5t2. 2. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p v \u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 d\u1ecdc theo s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean mi\u1ec1n \u00edch Ch\u00e2u (V\u00e2n Nam), Th\u1ee5c (T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean, Trung Qu\u1ed1c), n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00e2y V\u1ef1c (Trung \u00c1); \u0111i ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc Thi\u1ec7n (San, Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n) v\u00e0 Th\u00e2n \u0110\u1ed9c (\u1ea8n \u0110\u1ed9) v\u00e0o Giao Ch\u00e2u. Ch\u00ednh con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y m\u00e0 L\u01b0u Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y t\u1eebng k\u00e9o qu\u00e2n sang \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p L\u00fd Ph\u1eadt T\u1eed v\u00e0o n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VI v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n Nam Chi\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfn xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1 Giao Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 862. Tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m n\u0103m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edf mang, \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean m \u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111ir\u00f2mg gia o th\u00f4ng tr\u00ea n b\u1ed9, n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc (\u0110\u1ea1i La - H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i) v\u1edbi c\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n m\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n l\u1ef5 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u l\u1ef5 \u1edf \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n trung du ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 v\u1edbi mi\u1ec1n Trung B\u1ed9 - Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt Nam; n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n Giao Ch\u00e2u, Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh, Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p... \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb B\u1eafc v\u00e0o Nam l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ecdc theo l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e1y, qua c\u1eeda T\u1ea1c Kh\u1ea9u (Th\u1ea7n Ph\u00f9, Y\u00ean M\u00f4, tinh Ninh B\u00ecnh) \u0111\u1ebfn C\u1eebu Ch\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c \u00c1i Ch\u00e2u. Theo T\u00f9y th\u01b0 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 cho bi\u1ebft: con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y... \\\"Qua s\u00f4ng \u0110o L\u00ea (s\u00f4ng R\u00f2n) \u0111i 30 d\u1eb7m sang s\u00f4ng (Gianh) 1. Ph\u00f9ng L\u1eadp Qu\u00e2n, \\\"C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Trung Vi\u1ec7t trung y trung d\u01b0\u1ee3c giao l\u01b0u s\u01a1 th\u00e1m\\\", T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed H\u00e0i giao s\u1eed nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, 2002, k\u1ef3 s\u1ed1 1, tr. 47-48. (Trung v\u0103n). 2. \\\"C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Trung Vi\u1ec7t trung y trung d\u01b0\u1ee3c giao l\u01b0u s\u01a1 th\u00e1m\\\", Tl\u0111d, tr. 47-48. (Trung v\u0103n). 305","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 \u0111\u1ebfn Khu T\u00fac... ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ea1i Duy\u00ean (Nh\u1eadt L\u1ec7). \u0110i qua c\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f9a M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7n, ve ph\u00eda nam, 8 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00f4 L\u00e2m \u1ea2p (Tr\u00e0 Ki\u1ec7u, Qu\u1ea3ng Nam)\\\"1. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3 \u0110am ghi l\u1ea1i: \\\"T\u1eeb Hoan Ch\u00e2u \u1ecbch\u00e2u tr\u1ecb C\u1eebu \u0110\u1ee9c - \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ecd, H\u00e0 T\u0129nh), \u0111i v\u1ec1 \u0110\u00f4ng hai ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn huy\u1ec7n An Vi\u1ec5n ch\u00e2u Ehc\u00f2mg L\u00e2m (K\u1ef3 Anh, H\u00e0 T\u0129nh), \u0111i v\u1ec1 Nam qua s\u00f4ng Co La (s\u00f4ng R\u00f2n) hai ng\u00e0y th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e0n \u0110\u1ed9ng (s\u00f4ng Gianh) c\u00f9a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0cmg\\\"2. Ho\u1eb7c \\\"t\u1eeb Hoan Ch\u00e2u \u0111i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y ba ng\u00e0y, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua n\u00fai V\u1ee5 \u00d4n (H\u01b0\u01a1ng S\u01a1n, H\u00e0 T\u0129nh) \u0111i hai ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn Nh\u1eadt L\u1ea1c thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u00e2u; qua s\u00f4ng La Lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 n\u00fai Th\u1ea1ch M\u1eadt c\u00f9a c \u1ed5 L\u00e3ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111i ba ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn huy\u1ec7n V\u00e2n D\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u00e2u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u1ea1i qua l\u1ea1ch Li Li, \u0111i b\u1ed1n ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn huy\u1ec7n To\u00e1n \u0110\u00e1i n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n \u0110an, l\u1ea1i \u0111i ba ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh V\u0103n \u0110an, l\u1ea1i \u0111i m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 L\u1ee5c Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p\\\"3. Theo s\u00e1ch Th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n v\u0169 k\u00fd v\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean H\u00f2a qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n ch\u00ed, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u, huy\u1ec7n tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi giao th\u00f4ng th\u1ee7y, b\u1ed9 ti\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111i l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Giao Ch\u00e2u. Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9; ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c cho n\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u00e9 v\u1eabn \u0111ang th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1ch quan l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Vi\u1ec7c giao l\u01b0u bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, ch\u1ee3 phi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, khi\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng: \\\"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9ng B\u1eb1ng S\u01a1n (Hoan Ch\u00e2u) l\u1eadp ch\u1ee3 trong n\u00fai, 10 ng\u00e0y h\u1ecdp m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n\\\"*. 1. T\u00f9y th\u01b0q. 53, 6a, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 141. 2. T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0q. 43 h\u1ea1, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam, TI, S\u0111d, tr. 141. 3. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam, TI, S\u0111d, tr. 141. 4. Th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh ng\u1ef1 l\u00e3m, q. 172, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam, TI, S\u0111d, tr. 141. 306","Ch\u01b0omg V. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Giao Ch\u00e2u... Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 trung \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, nhu c\u1ea7u xa xi c\u00f9a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb t\u0103ng l\u00ean. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ec7: t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u huy\u1ec7n v\u00f9ng Giang Ho\u00e0i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Nam l\u1ea5y l\u00faa t\u00f4 \u0111em b\u00e1n \u0111i, \u0111\u1ed5i mua l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 h\u00e0ng nh\u1eb9, qu\u00fd chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 kinh s\u01b0. Nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u00e1o v\u00f3c, l\u1ee5a l\u00e0, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea3i v\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ed3i m\u1ed3i, tr\u00e2n ch\u00e2u, tr\u1ea7m h\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1eadt tr\u0103n, l\u00f4ng chim tr\u1ea3, ng\u00e0 voi... C\u00e1c th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n tr\u00ean \u1edd Giao Ch\u00e2u c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. B\u1ecdn quan l\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n b\u00e1n t\u00f4 l\u00faa, mua c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt tr\u00ean do th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n cung c\u1ea5p \u0111em v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c. Ch\u00ednh t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u. Ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, do kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ec1n \\\"Khai Nguy\u00ean th\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o\\\" (713 - 741) v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n ''C\u00e0n Nguy\u00ean tr\u1ecdng b\u1ea3o'' (758-760). G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 ti\u1ec1n ''Khai Nguy\u00ean th\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o\\\" v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c \u1edd khu v\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Th\u00e1i N guy\u00ean1. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng th\u1ee7y b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng t\u1ea1o thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c giao l\u01b0u bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n m\u00e0 t\u0103ng th\u00eam m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u; c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u00eam tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd n\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 tr\u00ean bi\u00e9n \u0111\u1ec1u do nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eafm gi\u1eef. S\u00e1ch \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i y\u1ebfu cho bi\u1ebft: \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IX \\\"c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o (Trung Qu\u1ed1c) \u0111\u1ec1u xin bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi An Nam\\\"2. N\u0103m 863, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ra l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c qua l\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u00e2u bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n. Theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, gi\u1ed1ng ng\u1ef1a Th\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a xu\u1ed1ng b\u00e1n \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u. C\u0169ng theo 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edbi th\u00f9y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 X, S\u0111d, tr. 363 ghi r\u1ed7 th\u00eam v\u1ec1 \\\"M\u1ea3nh khu\u00f4n t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i N\u00fai Voi. Khu\u00f4n c\u00f3 8 h\u00ecnh ti\u1ec1n Khai Nguy\u00ean th\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o, Ch\u00ed \u0110\u1ea1o nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3o, Hy Ninh nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3o v\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean Phong th\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o. Do v\u1eady, khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac n\u00e0y ra \u0111\u1eddi sau th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Ti\u1ec1n Khai Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n.\\\" 2. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i y\u1ebfu, q. 73, An Nam \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7. D\u1ea7n theo L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam, TI, S\u0111d, tr. 142. 307","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n Trung \u00c1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn Giao Ch\u00e2u bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n. Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VII - IX, Giao Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p t\u1eebng c\u00f3 chung bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi \u1edf Hoan Ch\u00e2u (Ngh\u1ec7 T\u0129nh). Gi\u1eefa Hoan Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p t\u1eebng qua l\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u00e2u bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n. C\u00f3 l\u00fac ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Giao Ch\u00e2u ra l\u1ec7nh cho \\\"\u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 An Nam v\u00e0 Phong Ch\u00e2u c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1eebng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p v\u00e0o L\u0129nh Nam mua kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 ng\u1ef1a\\\"'. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu gi\u1eefa Giao Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc trong khu v\u1ef1c. Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u, Giao Ch\u00e2u, Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n l\u1edbn tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf gi\u1eefa Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi \u00c1n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Theo s\u00e1ch L\u0129nh bi\u1ebfu l\u1ee5c d\u1ecb: \\\"h\u00e0ng n\u0103m \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng sang Giao Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed3i ch\u00e1c, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n. Thuy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam H\u1ea3i \\\"C\u00f4n Lu\u00e2n \\\" (M\u00e3 Lai), \\\"Ch\u00e0 V\u00e0\\\" (Gia Va), \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \\\"B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n\\\" v\u00e0 ph\u01b0cmg T\u00e2y (Ba T\u01b0, \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1ee5c...) c\u0169ng qua l\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u00e2u bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n\\\"2. Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VIII - IX quan h\u1ec7 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n gi\u1eefa \u1ea2 R\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh. C\u00f3 l\u00fac quan l\u1ea1i \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u tham lam \u0111\u00e3 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t thuy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c (mua r\u1ebb b\u00e1u v\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf n\u1eb7ng, h\u1ea1ch s\u00e1ch...) khi\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn thuy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n sang Giao Ch\u00e2u bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n. Do m\u1ea5t m\u1ed1i l\u1ee3i l\u1edbn n\u00ean quan l\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u t\u00e2u xin tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea5m Giao Ch\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c. S\u00e1ch T\u01b0 tr\u1ecb th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m cho bi\u1ebft: \\\"N\u0103m Trinh Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee9 8 (792) Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9 L\u0129nh Nam t\u00e2u v\u1edbi vua \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1eb1ng: \\\"G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y thuy\u1ec1n bi\u1ebfn mang \u0111\u1ed3 qu\u00fd l\u1ea1 ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u t\u1edbi An Nam bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, ch\u00fang th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecbnh sai ph\u00e1i quan t\u1edbi An Nam c\u01a1m bu\u00f4n, xin B\u1ec7 h\u1ea1 cho m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean Trung s\u1ee9 c\u00f9ng \u0111i\\\". Vua \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng toan \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 L\u1ee5c Chi t\u00e2u r\u1eb1ng: \\\"C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc xa x\u00f4i t\u1edbi 1. An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, S\u0111d, tr. 288. 2. Gi\u00e1m ch\u00e2n h\u00e0nh k\u00fd (th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 V III). D\u1ea7n theo L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam, TI, S\u0111d, tr. 143. 308","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Tinh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Giao Ch\u00e2u... bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n c\u1ed1t t\u00ecm c\u00e1i l\u1ee3i, y\u00ean \u1ed5n th\u00ec t\u1edbi, s\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec5u th\u00ec \u0111i, Qu\u00e0ng Ch\u00e2u v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i thuy\u1ec1n b\u00e8 t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp, nay b\u1ed7ng nhi\u00ean chuy\u1ebfn sang An Nam, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n qu\u00e1 t\u1ec7 th\u00ec \u1eaft v\u00ec \u0111oi \u0111\u00e3i kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n l\u00e0m phi\u1ec1n l\u00f2ng b\u1ec1 tr\u00ean. Hu\u1ed1ng L\u0129nh Nam hay An Nam \u0111\u00e2u ch\u0103ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a vua, h\u00e1 l\u1ea1i tin L\u0129nh Nam m\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi An Nam, tr\u1ecdng Trung s\u1ee9 m\u00e0 khinh Ngo\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 sao? Vua \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng nghe n\u00f3i ph\u1ea3i, b\u00e8n th\u00f4i\\\"'. Sau nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c b\u00e0n th\u1ea3o, r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c l\u1eddi t\u00e2u tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn. \u0110o\u1ea1n ghi ch\u00e9p tr\u00ean c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1eeba giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Giao Ch\u00e2u trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc 792. \u0110\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u1ef1 ch\u00f9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Giao Ch\u00e2u. D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1eed li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean, theo \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc K. Taylor: \\\"Th\u1eddi Ph\u00f9ng Himg l\u00e0 th\u00e0i k\u1ef3 ph\u1ed3n th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam\\\"... (sau \u0111\u00f3 khi \u0111\u1ebfn Giao Ch\u00e2u) \\\"C\u00e1c l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7u th\u00e2n Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i nhi\u1ec1u\\\"2. Tuy c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c tranh ch\u1ea5p quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf Giao - Qu\u1ea3ng c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IX, Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u m\u1edbi gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb th\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Qu\u00e0ng Ch\u00e2u v\u1eabn l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi Giao Ch\u00e2u. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111em \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ee9, ch\u00e8 T\u00e0u, thu\u1ed1c B\u1eafc... sang An Nam J. Thuy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n \u00c0n \u0110\u1ed9, Ba T\u01b0, \u00c1 R\u1eadp... th\u01b0\u1eddng mang h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u, thu\u1ed1c men, ch\u00e2u b\u00e1u, ng\u00e0 voi, t\u00ea gi\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ee7y tinh, \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft, thi\u1ebfc, gia v\u1ecb... t\u1edbi Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 Giao Ch\u00e2u bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n. L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, c\u00e1c thuy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n n\u00e0y c\u00f2n bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n c\u1ea3 n\u00f4 t\u1ef34. 1. Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1eefu Qu\u00fdnh, V\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u00f9a hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh h\u00f9ng Ph\u00f9ng Hung v\u00e0 Ng\u00f4 Quy\u1ec1n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c; in trong B\u00e1o t\u1ed3n, t\u00f4n t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 x\u00e2v d\u1ee5ng khu di t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 - v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng L\u00e2m, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2005, tr. 24-25. 2. B\u00e0o t\u1ed3n, t\u00f4n t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng khu di t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed- v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng L\u00e2m, S\u0111d, tr. 25 3. C\u1ef1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0, q. 19. D\u1ea7n theo L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam, TI, Sdd.tr. 143. 4. C\u1ef1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddrig th\u01b0 q. 154. D\u1ea7n theo L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam, TI, S\u0111d, tr. 143. 309","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eeb VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 H\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Giao Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c mua ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 th\u1ed5 s\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u, l\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3, m\u1eadt tr\u0103n, ng\u1ecdc ch\u00e2u... Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Giao Ch\u00e2u th\u1eddi T\u00f9y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 quan l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 b\u1ecb Hoa th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0169ng \u0111o\u1ea1n. Ch\u00fang ng\u0103n tr\u1edf, c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n, \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf n\u1eb7ng thuy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i khi\u1ebfn ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng v\u1ed1n c\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ch quan, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u00f3a, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u. II. GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C V\u00c0 V\u0102N H\u00d3A - T\u01afT\u01af\u1edeNG 1. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ch\u1ed1ng B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VI tr\u1edf \u0111i r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm hoi, chi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e9p r\u1ea5t s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c trong ch\u00ednh s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1eeb gia \u0111\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0ng x\u00e3, nh\u1eb1m duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n c\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c quan ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb1m trong tay ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc. Neu nh\u01b0 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Nam B\u1eafc tri\u1ec1u \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eebng th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 S\u0129 t\u1ed9c v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n, \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i th\u00ec sang th\u1eddi T\u00f9y ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 quan l\u1ea1i S\u0129 t\u1ed9c d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 khoa c\u1eed. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf \u0111i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 khoa c\u1eed tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng theo \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c khoa thi Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 \u1edf kinh \u0111\u00f4. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed7 Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 quan ch\u1ee9c, tham gia v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn Giao Ch\u00e2u. \u1ede Giao Ch\u00e2u th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 khoa c\u1eed Nho h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft \u01b0u ti\u00ean con em c\u00e1c quan l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9, th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 con em c\u00e1c 310","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Tinh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Giao Ch\u00e2u... quan l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba; ho\u1eb7c con em m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \\\"Man tr\u01b0\u1eddng\\\", m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00e1 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc H\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u1edd c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9. H\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i h\u1ecdc ch\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf ra \u1edf ph\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 Luy L\u00e2u (Thu\u1eadn Th\u00e0nh), Long Bi\u00ean (Qu\u1ebf V\u00f5 thu\u1ed9c B\u1eafc Ninh), \u0110\u1ea1i La (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i), ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ef5 s\u1edf, qu\u1eadn tr\u1ecb, ch\u00e2u tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 T\u01b0 Ph\u1ed1 (Thanh H\u00f3a), C\u01b0 Phong (Ngh\u1ec7 T \u0129nh)... M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9; v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. Do v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 con em nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp H\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. Nh\u1eefng ngu\u1eddi \u0111i h\u1ecdc thi \u0111\u1ed7 mu\u1ed1n tham gia quan tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n. \u0110\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u0103m H\u1ed9i X\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 5 (845) quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch tuy\u00ean c\u1eed: \\\"An Nam \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o thi Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1 t\u00e1m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, minh kinh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1 m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi\\\"'. Tuy v\u1eady v\u1eabn c\u00f3 con em ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t sang du h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 thi \u0111\u1ed7 \u1edf kinh \u0111\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An (Trung Qu\u1ed1c), ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 anh em Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee5, Khu\u01a1ng C\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1i Ch\u00e2u2 h\u1ecdc thi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed7 Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129. \u0110\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ee9c T\u00f4ng (780 - 804), Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed7 Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129, \\\"bo l\u00e0m Hi\u1ec7u th\u01b0 lang, nh\u1edd l\u00e0m ch\u1ebf s\u00e1ch hay, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103ng ch\u1ee9c H\u1eefu th\u1eadp di, H\u00e0n l\u00e2m h\u1ecdc s\u0129... C\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee5 c\u00f3 t\u00e0i cao, moi l\u1ea7n th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec, chan t\u1ea5u minh b\u1ea1ch, r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua \u0110\u1ee9c T\u00f4ng k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng... (sau) th\u0103ng C\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee5 l\u00ean ch\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1n ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i phu, \u0110\u1ed3ng trung th\u01b0 m\u00f4n h\u1ea1 B\u00ecnh ch\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1...\u201d3. Em l\u00e0 Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee5c c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eadu Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129, \\\"l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9c T\u1ef7 b\u1ed9 lang trung\\\"4. Hai anh em ru\u1ed9t h\u1ecd Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Li\u00eau H\u1eefu Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng 1. An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, S\u0111d, tr. 288. 2. S\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ecba ch\u00ed huy\u1ec7n Y\u00ean \u0110\u1ecbnh, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2010, tr 860: \\\"\u00d4ng qu\u00ea \u1edd th\u00f4n c\u1ea9m c\u1ea7u, x\u00e3 S\u01a1n \u00d4i c\u00f9a \u00c1i Ch\u00e2u - x\u1ee9 Thanh x\u01b0a (th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n Qu\u00e2n Ninh, c\u00f2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n Qu\u00e2n Y\u00ean. T\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i Tr\u1ea7n tr\u1edd \u0111i \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n Y\u00ean \u0110\u1ecbnh. Hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u00f4n T\u01b0\u1eddng V\u00e2n, x\u00e3 \u0110\u1ecbnh Th\u00e0nh, huy\u1ec7n Y\u00ean \u0110\u1ecbnh, Thanh H\u00f3a). 3. An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, S\u0111d, tr. 268. 4. An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, S\u0111d, tr. 269. 311","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Giao Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng An Nam tam hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 (Ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n t\u00e0i nu\u1edbc An Nam \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng)1. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ta h\u1ecdc H\u00e1n h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng thua k\u00e9m ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u n\u00eau tr\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y H\u00e1n h\u1ecdc hay Nho h\u1ecdc theo ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng s\u00e2u v\u00e0o Giao Ch\u00e2u. D\u00e2n Giao Ch\u00e2u h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp thu nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c hay c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u0103n minh H\u00e1n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u cho v\u1ed1n tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; b\u1ed3i b\u1ed5 tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp quan ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c T\u00f9y, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 - Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Nho h\u1ecdc... Theo Thi\u1ec1n uy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp anh th\u00ec Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec1n (? - 626) thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng ph\u00e1p c\u00f9a T\u1ef3 Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi, \u1edf ch\u00f9a Ph\u00e1p V\u00e2n (Luy L\u00e2u, Thu\u1eadn Th\u00e0nh, B\u1eafc Ninh). Khi Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 T\u1ef3 Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi t\u1eeb Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00f9a Ch\u00fang Thi\u1ec7n, n\u00fai Thi\u00ean Ph\u00fac2 (Ti\u00ean Du, B\u1eafc Ninh) \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3ng, Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a s\u01b0. Sau khi T\u1ef3 N i \u0110a L\u01b0u chi vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch, Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec1n c\u00e0ng ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c tu t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh... khi\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m vang n\u1ed5i, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi nghe ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfm xi\u1ebft. \\\"Nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3, S\u01b0 l\u1eadp 1. Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00fa D\u00e2n, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i An Nam v\u0103n h\u1ecdc s\u1eeb t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u t\u1eadp d\u1eadt, \u0110\u00e0i B\u1eafc, V\u0103n s\u1eed tri\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n x\u00e3, 1991 (Trung v\u0103n), Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu T\u00e2m d\u1ecbch. 2. Theo Nguy\u1ec5n Duy Hinh trong V\u0103n minh \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, S\u0111d, tr. 379: T\u00ec Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi t\u1eeb \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9 sang Trung Qu\u1ed1c, g\u1eb7p T\u0103ng X\u00e1n, \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u, n\u0103m 580 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00f9a Ph\u00e1p V\u00e2n d\u1ecbch kinh T\u1ed5ng tr\u00ec r\u1ed3i m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 594. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp s\u01a1n m\u00f4n D\u00e2u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u1eadp th\u1ea7y tr\u00f2 \u00c1n - Vi\u1ec7t: T\u00ec Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi - Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec1n. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, s\u01a1n m\u00f4n D\u00e2u h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 II v\u00e0 ngay th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VI th\u00ec c\u00f3 Ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean tr\u1ee5 tri ch\u00f9a Ph\u00e1p V\u00e2n, Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 t\u00fac gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi s\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi g\u1eb7p T\u00ec Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi... 312","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Tinh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Giao Ch\u00e2u... ch\u00f9a, d\u1ea1y do h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2. T\u0103ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n 300. Thi\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam nh\u1edd th\u1ebf m\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh\\\"'. \u1ede ch\u00f9a Ki\u1ebfn S\u01a1, h\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ed5ng (Gia L\u00e2m, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i) Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng (7597-826) \u0111\u00e3 \\\"t\u00e2m truy\u1ec1n t\u00e2m\\\" cho s\u01b0 C\u1ea3m Th\u00e0nh (?-860) ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ti\u00ean Du (B\u1eafc Ninh). Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 V\u00e2n Phong (?-956) ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1eeb Li\u00eam (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i) theo h\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Thi\u1ec7n H\u1ed9i (?-900) tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec ch\u00f9a \u0110\u1ecbnh Thi\u1ec1n, l\u00e0ng Si\u00eau Lo\u1ea1i (Thu\u1eadn Th\u00e0nh - B\u1eafc Ninh) m\u00e0 ''Thi\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n...\\\". Nh\u00e0 ch\u00f9a t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 VI tr\u1edd \u0111i \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 - tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c danh ti\u1ebfng thu\u1ed9c hai d\u00f2ng thi\u1ec1n T\u1ef3 Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi v\u00e0 V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Giao Ch\u00e2u, ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Do vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00f9 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 con em quan l\u1ea1i c\u00f9a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt con em c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00e1 gi\u1ea3 thu\u1ed9c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u1ef1 t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c v\u0103n h\u1ecdc H\u00e1n h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VI \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 X v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n, l\u1ea1i do b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t, n\u00ean t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay r\u1ea5t khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 du nh\u1eadp ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef H\u00e1n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng chi l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc n\u1eefa m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f2n tr\u1edd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn, v\u1ed1n ki\u1ebfn v\u0103n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u00eam v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ea7m b\u00fat d\u1ea7n t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. H\u1ecd thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c nhau, s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i phong ph\u00fa nh\u01b0: t\u1ee5ng, k\u1ec7, s\u1ea5m v\u0129, ng\u1eef l\u1ee5c, th\u01a1. 1. L\u00ea M\u1ea1nh Th\u00e1t, Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Thi\u1ec3n uy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp anh, Nxb. T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p TP H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, 1999, tr. 253-254. 313","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 2. V\u0103n h\u00f3a - T \u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00f9y C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n qu\u1eadn B\u1ea3o An \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00e0ng chi bi v\u0103n (B\u00e0i v\u0103n bia \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00e0ng B\u1ea3o An) B\u00e0i v\u0103n bia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean t\u1ea5m bia \u0111\u00e1 trong ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd L\u00ea C\u1ed1c, t\u1ee9c L\u00ea Ng\u1ecdc l\u00e0 Th\u00e1i th\u00fa qu\u1eadn C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi T\u00f9y; thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn th\u00f4n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Xu\u00e2n, x\u00e3 \u0110\u00f4ng Minh, huy\u1ec7n \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, tinh Thanh H\u00f3a, nay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Hi\u1ec7n Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u H\u00e1n N\u00f4m c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n r\u1eadp k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u 20945. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u00e0i v\u0103n bia l\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean Nh\u00e2n Kh\u00ed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t g\u1ed1c Hoa, gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Ki\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1eadn Giao Ch\u1ec9, T\u00e1n tr\u1ecb qu\u1eadn Th\u1eeba Nh\u1eadt Nam, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u00eam N\u1ed9i s\u1eed x\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp bia l\u00e0 S\u1ee9 qu\u00e2n h\u1ecd L\u00ea, t\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea7u, l\u00e0m Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed qu\u1eadn C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1eddi T\u00f9y. Bia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng n\u0103m \\\"\u0110\u1ea1i Nghi\u1ec7p th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 ni\u00ean\\\" (618)1. \\\"Nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef trong l\u00f2ng bia th\u00ec m\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u, kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc, nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eef m\u00f2n h\u1ebft\\\". N\u1ed9i dung b\u00e0i v\u0103n bia ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 ca t\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a vi\u00ean quan Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed qu\u1eadn C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n L\u00ea C\u1ed1c. Nh\u00e2n cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi T\u00f9y suy y\u1ebfu, c\u00e1c h\u00e0o ki\u1ec7t n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u00e1t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. L\u00ea C\u1ed1c l\u00e0m quan v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y, khi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng thay th\u1ebf nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y, L\u00ea C\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, chia con cin n\u00e1m gi\u1eef, c\u00e1t c\u1ee9 qu\u1eadn C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 b\u1ed1 ph\u00f2ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn b\u1edd c\u00f5i. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, sau khi L\u00ea C\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c con \u00f4ng ch\u1ebft, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i \u1edf huy\u1ec7n \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, Thi\u1ec7u H\u00f3a, Ho\u1eb1ng H\u00f3a. N\u00f4ng C\u1ed1ng... thu\u1ed9c Thanh H\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1edd h\u1ecd l\u00e0m th\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng l\u00e0ng, t\u00f4n l\u00e0m ph\u00fac th\u1ea7n, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng gi\u1eb7c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc. Theo \\\"Thanh H\u00f3a k\u1ef7 th\u1eafng th\u00ec c\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn hcm tr\u0103m \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd L\u00ea C\u1ed1c v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh\u201d2. Hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1ea5m bia c\u1ed5 1. \u0110\u00e0o Duy Anh, \\\"C\u00e1i bia c\u1ed5 \u1edd Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Xu\u00e2n v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 Ti\u1ec1n L\u00fd\\\", T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, s\u1ed1 50-1963, tr. 22: \\\"l\u1ea1c kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a bia \u0111\u1ec1 \\\"\u0110\u1ea1i Nghi\u1ec7p th\u1eadp t\u1ee9 ni\u00ean\\\" (618) c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ea1, b\u1eddi v\u00ec th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta chi ghi ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ea1i Nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m th\u1ee9 13 (b\u1edfi n\u0103m sau) l\u00e0 V\u0169 \u0110\u1ee9c nguy\u00ean ni\u00ean (618) roi\\\". 2. \\\"C\u00e1i bia c\u1ed5 \u1edf Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Xu\u00e2n v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 Ti\u1ec1n L\u00fd\\\", Tl\u0111d, tr. 23. 314","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Tinh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Giao Ch\u00e2u... nh\u1ea5t t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam. T\u1ea5m bia cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00e1ng qu\u00fd v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u1ec9nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i qu\u1eadn C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n th\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i T\u00f9y, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, b\u00e0i v\u0103n bia v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n t\u00edch li\u00ean quan c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u1edf Thanh H\u00f3a gi\u00fap \u00edch r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u cho vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u sinh ho\u1ea1t t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u00e2n gian \u1edf qu\u1eadn C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. B\u00e0i v\u0103n kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean chu\u00f4ng Thanh Mai \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u00e0i v\u0103n kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc chu\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf x\u00e3 Thanh Mai, huy\u1ec7n Thanh Oai, t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 T\u00e2y (c\u0169) n\u0103m 1986. Hi\u1ec7n chu\u00f4ng \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 T\u00e2y (c\u0169). To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u00e0i v\u00e3n c\u00f3 1.542 ch\u1eef, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 30 ch\u1eef m\u1edd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Qu\u00e0 chu\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac \\\"V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y Canh Tu\u1ea5t, 30 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m M\u1eadu D\u1ea7n, ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Trinh Nguy\u00ean 14 (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 798 D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch), H\u1ed9i t\u00f9y h\u1ef7 g\u1ed3m 53 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 chu\u00f4ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i c\u00fang d\u00e0ng l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d'. Ph\u1ea7n m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cho bi\u1ebft ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00fac chu\u00f4ng (798); l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng ra t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00fac chu\u00f4ng g\u1ed3m: H\u1ed9i ch\u00f9 \u0110\u1ed7 Ti\u00ean Qu\u1ef3, T\u01b0\u1edbng s\u0129 lang, nguy\u00ean gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c \u00fa y huy\u1ec7n An L\u1ea1c, ch\u00e2u T\u01b0 L\u0103ng2, H\u1ed9i ph\u00f3, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i vi\u00ean v\u00e0 Th\u01b0 k\u00fd h\u1ed9i, B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn vi\u00ean, \u0110i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, II\u1ed8i vicn danh d\u1ef1 (3 h\u01b0u quan c\u00f9ng 64 quan ch\u1ee9c); v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ea3 chu\u00f4ng \\\"chu\u00f4ng n\u1eb7ng 90 c\u00e2n Nam\\\". Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 h\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u00ean, ch\u1ee9c v\u1ecb (th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i) c\u1ee7a 77 Th\u00ed ch\u1ee7, 5 T\u00edn t\u00e0i th\u00ed ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 84 L\u1ea1i t\u00e0i th\u00ed ch\u1ee7 tham gia \u0111\u00fac chu\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t b\u00e0i t\u00e1n g\u1ed3m 12 c\u00e2u, n\u00f3i l\u00ean nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng \u0111\u00fac chu\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00fac l\u00e0nh c\u00f9a Ph\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 53 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng ra t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00fac chu\u00f4ng, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 166 Th\u00ed ch\u1ee7, T\u00edn t\u00e0i th\u00ed ch\u00f9, L\u1ea1i t\u00e0i th\u00ed ch\u1ee7 tham gia \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p. 1. Tr\u1ea7n Ngh\u0129a, S\u01b0u t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 kh\u00e1o lu\u1eadn t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf ki X, Nxb. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2000, tr. 321. Xem to\u00e0n v\u0103n b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n v\u0103n, phi\u00ean \u00e2m, d\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a B\u00e0i v\u0103n kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean chu\u00f4ng Thanh Mai, trong s\u00e1ch d\u1eabn tr\u00ean, tr. 309- 327. 2. Ch\u00e2u T\u01b0 L\u0103ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1o L\u0129nh Nam (theo T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0), thu\u1ed9c Phong Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u00fa. 315","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Trong s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tham gia vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00fac chu\u00f4ng, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t g\u1ed1c Hoa v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u quan vi\u00ean v\u0103n v\u00f5 (32 h\u1ecd) gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0: Th\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng khanh, T\u1ea3 kim ng\u00f4 v\u1ec7, T\u1ea3 v\u1ec7, T\u1ea3 uy v\u1ec7, T\u1ea3 ki\u00eau v\u1ec7, Ph\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 s\u1ee9, Bi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ee7, Chi\u1ebft xung \u0111\u00f4 \u00fay ph\u1ee7, Binh t\u00e0o tham qu\u00e2n, T\u01b0 h\u1ed9 tham qu\u00e2n, Th\u1ee9 s\u1eeb, Tri\u1ec1u ngh\u1ecb lang, Bi\u1ec7t gi\u00e1 ch\u00e2u, Th\u1ea5t ty vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng, L\u1ec7nh huy\u1ec7n, \u00day huy\u1ec7n, L\u1ee5c s\u1ef1... thu\u1ed9c 14 ph\u1ee7: Thanh C\u1ed1c, An L\u1ea1c, V\u1ea1n C\u00e1t, \u00c2m B\u00ecnh, Dung S\u01a1n, Long S\u01a1n, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ee9c, T\u1ee9 M\u00f4n, \u0110\u1ea1i B\u00e2n, Ly Th\u1ea1ch, C\u00e1t X\u01b0\u01a1ng, H\u1ea1 T\u1eadp, Di\u00eam Xuy\u00ean, Ngh\u0129a V\u01b0\u01a1ng; 18 ch\u00e2u: T\u01b0 L\u0103ng, Nghi, T\u1ea5m, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng, V\u0103n, Vi, Tuy, Di\u00eam, Qu\u00fd, S\u00f3c, Kinh, Li\u1ec5u, Th\u1ea1ch, T\u1eeb, H\u1ea1, \u00c1i, H\u1ed3ng, T\u00e2y B\u00ecnh; 4 huy\u1ec7n: An L\u1ea1c, V\u0103n D\u01b0\u01a1ng, H\u00e1n H\u1ed9i, Nh\u1eadt Nam thu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u Hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 chu\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1eed li\u1ec7u r\u1ea5t qu\u00fd, gi\u00fap \u00edch cho vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc ta th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. B\u00e0i ph\u00fa c\u00f9a Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee5: B\u1ea1ch v\u00e2n chi\u1ebfu xu\u00e2n h\u1ea3i D\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a: PH\u00da M\u00c2 Y TR\u1eaeNG R\u1eccI BI\u00caN XU\u00c2N (L\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ch\u1eef kh\u00f4ng, b\u00edch, ti\u00ean, k\u00ednh, h\u1ea3i, xu\u00e2n l\u00e0m v\u00e0n )1 M\u00e2y tr\u1eafng m\u00eanh mang, k\u00e9o nhau bay tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t bi\u1ebfn xu\u00e2n, \u00f9n \u00f9n v\u00e2n h\u00e1n, trinh tr\u1eafng tr\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng. G\u1ee3n b\u00f3ng s\u00e2m si, kho\u00e1c \u00e1nh m\u1edd n\u01a1i c\u00f5i nh\u1eadt; ph\u1edbt m\u1ea7u l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh, chia v\u1ebb r\u1ea1ng ch\u1ed1n ti\u00ean cung. M\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00ec: c\u1ee9a tr\u1eddi m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, \u00e1nh d\u01b0cmg t\u00edch. B\u00e8n phi\u00eau di\u00eau \u0111\u1ec3 theo r\u1ed3ng; li\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edbt tha m\u00e0 ph\u1ee7i th\u1ea1ch. V\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u00fai s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 bay cao; \u0111\u00e8 bi\u1ec3n chan m\u00e0 xa t\u1ebfch. V\u1eady n\u00ean: bi\u1ec3n \u00e1nh m\u00e2y m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3m xu\u00e2n; m\u00e2y soi bi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 sinh b\u1ea1ch. Ho\u1eb7c phau phau v\u00ec ch\u1ee9a trang, 1. Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n b\u1ea3n A ch\u00e9p: \\\"D\u0129 ti\u00ean, b\u00edch, kh\u00f4ng, k\u00ednh, xu\u00e2n, h\u1ea3i vi v\u1eadn\\\" (l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ch\u1eef ti\u00ean, b\u00edch, kh\u00f4ng, k\u00ednh, xu\u00e2n, h\u00e0i l\u00e0m v\u1ea7n). Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ea1i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ba ch\u1eef \\\"ti\u00ean, b\u00edch, kh\u00f4ng\\\" th\u00e0nh \\\"kh\u00f4ng, b\u00edch, ti\u00ean\\\" cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7p v\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i ph\u00fa. 316","Ch\u01b0\u01a1rig V. Tinh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Giao Ch\u00e2u... ho\u1eb7c s\u01a1m s\u1eabm v\u00ec ng\u01b0ng bi\u1ebfc. V\u00f2m tr\u1eddi tho\u1eaft m\u1edf, m\u00e0u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p tr\u1ea3i trang; h\u01a1i than' v\u1eeba th\u00e2u, \u00e1nh trong l\u00e0nh chi\u1ec3u v\u1ea1ch. M\u00e2y th\u1eadt v\u00f4 t\u00e2m m\u00e0 co d\u00e3n; bi\u00ean \u0111\u00e2u h\u1eefu \u00fd l\u00fac s\u1edbm chi\u1ec1u. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u00ec lang ngu\u1ed3n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u00ec tung b\u00f3ng kh\u1eafp tr\u1eddi. B\u00f3ng ch\u1ea1m s\u00f3ng n\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng lay \u0111\u1ed9ng; h\u00ecnh theo gi\u00f3 m\u00e0 hay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eddi. G\u1eb7p s\u00f3ng con m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u00e1nh; soi n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ebfc m\u00e0 c\u00f9ng t\u01b0\u01a1i. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd th\u00ec: g\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea3o b\u0103ng tan2b\u00e3i b\u1edd m\u00e2y s\u1ea1ch. L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 ch\u1ed1n Tam S\u01a1nJ: hoa c\u1ecf g\u1ed3m th\u00e2u v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh, g\u1ea7n c\u00e2y qu\u1ef3nh m\u00e0 r\u1ee1 r\u00e0ng; ph\u00f9 \u0111\u00e0i dao m\u00e0 \u00f3ng \u00e1nh. Chim li\u1ec7ng r\u1ed9n r\u00e0ng; c\u00e1 b\u01a1i \u0111\u00f9ng \u0111inh. V\u1eadt n\u00e0o c\u0169ng: h\u1edfi d\u1ea1 h\u1edfi l\u00f2ng, th\u1ecfa t\u00ecnh th\u1ecfa t\u00ednh. L\u00ean g\u00f2 cao \u1ea5y, tr\u00f4ng bi\u00ean m\u00e2y n\u00e0y. M\u00e2y li\u00ean b\u00f3ng chi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng l\u00e0ng; bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00fac s\u1eafc bi\u1ebfc d\u00e0y d\u00e0y. S\u1eafc n\u00e0o chu\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n trinh trang, n\u0103m th\u00ec thom nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u00e2n. Duy s\u1eafc xu\u00e2n th\u1eddi khoe m\u00e0u t\u01b0\u01a1i th\u1eafm; duy m\u00e2y tr\u1eafng th\u1eddi ng\u1ee3i v\u00e9 thanh ch\u00e2n. C\u00f3 the rong ch\u01a1i v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y \u1ea5y; tha h\u1ed3 ng\u1eafm c\u00e0nh \u1edf l\u00fac n\u00e0y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi xinh \u0111\u1eb9p kia ngo\u1ea3nh b\u00e0o: Kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec s\u00e1nh k\u1ecbp! Bu\u00f4ng ch\u00e8o qu\u1ebf, g\u00e0y b\u00e8o xanh. L\u00f2ng ch\u01a1i v\u01a1i n\u01a1i b\u1ebfn th\u1eb3m; tr\u00f4ng v\u1eddi v\u1ee3i chon \u0111\u00f2 c\u00f9ng. M\u00e2y \u01a1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t v\u1ea7ng... (m\u1ea5t)4. 1. H\u01a1i th\u1ea9n: tr\u1ebdn m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n khi l\u1eb7ng s\u00f3ng, \u0111\u00f4i khi th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 thuy\u1ec1n b\u00e8 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u01a1 l\u1eebng t\u1ea7ng kh\u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u01a1i c\u1ee7a con th\u1ea9n ph\u1ea3 ra. S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng qua h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc. 2. Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n l\u00e0 l\u00e3ng \u00c9\/] (s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a), ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ed5n l\u1eafm theo ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 ch\u1eef ti\u00eau (ti\u00eau tan) do vi\u1ebft nh\u1ea7m m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1m ch\u1eefa l\u1ea1i khi d\u1ecbch, trong khi ch\u1edd tra c\u1ee9u th\u00eam. 3. Tam S\u01a1n: ba ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai gi\u1eefa bi\u1ec3n, theo th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, g\u1ed3m Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng, B\u1ed3ng Lai v\u00e0 Doanh Ch\u00e2u. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3i !\u00e0 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ed3, B\u1ed3ng H\u1ed3 v\u00e0 Doanh H\u1ed3. S\u1edd \u0111\u0129 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"h\u1ed3\\\", vi ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng gi\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea7u d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ee5ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u, t\u00fac b\u1ea7u r\u01b0\u1ee3u. 4. B\u00e0i ph\u00fa m\u1ea5t ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00ec v\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9a b\u00e0i ph\u00fa c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc nay ch\u01b0a ai ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi. Ph\u1ea7n d\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 ch\u00fa th\u00edch tr\u00ean in trong T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf ki X , S\u0111d, tr. 283-285. 317","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 B\u00e0i ph\u00fa do Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee5 l\u00e0m trong l\u00fac thi Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n 318 ch\u1eef. Trong b\u00e0i ph\u00fa, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u01b0u \u00e1i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi L\u00e3o T\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. B\u00e0i v\u0103n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee5: \u0110oi tr\u1ef1c ng\u00f4n c\u1ef1c gi\u00e1n c\u00e1ch \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u00e0i v\u0103n s\u00e1ch do Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee5 l\u00e0m trong l\u00fac thi Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. B\u00e0i v\u0103n d\u00e0i 1.500 ch\u1eef, trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c d\u00e0i 243 ch\u1eef v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n g\u1ed3m 1.257 ch\u1eef. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 chia \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00e0i ra l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f3 5 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 5 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng thu\u1ed9c 3 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c: quan h\u1ec7 qu\u00e2n - th\u1ea7n, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i. B\u00e0i v\u0103n s\u00e1ch cho th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Giao Ch\u00e2u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ed1c gia. B\u00e0i v\u0103n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao v\u00e0 Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i Kh\u00f4i nguy\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 l\u00e0m Hi\u1ec7u th\u01b0 lang \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. B\u00e0i ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee5c: \u0110\u1ed1i Binh b\u1ed9 th\u00ed x\u1ea1 ph\u00e1n \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u00e0i ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee5c - em ru\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee5 khi \u0111ang gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c T\u1ef7 b\u1ed9 lang trung t\u1ea1i B\u1ed9 H\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. B\u00e0i ph\u00e1n d\u00e0i 109 ch\u1eef, vi\u1ebft theo th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec1n v\u0103n. B\u00e0i ph\u00e1n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 Binh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c xin d\u00f9ng nh\u1ea1c trong cu\u1ed9c thi b\u1eafn bia t\u1ea7m xa, nh\u01b0ng vi\u00ean quan Th\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u00e0i v\u0103n cho r\u1eb1ng, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a vi\u00ean quan Th\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang. B\u00e0i ph\u00e1n cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ngang ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a binh s\u0129, s\u1ef1 khinh r\u1ebb c\u1ee7a d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi binh l\u00ednh v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa h\u00e0ng quan v\u00f5 v\u00e0 quan v\u0103n trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. B\u00e0i ph\u00e1n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1c, cho th\u1ea5y quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3i chung. 318","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Tinh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Giao Ch\u00e2u... B\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u00f9a \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba \u0110 \u0103n g ': \u0110i\u1ebfu \u0110\u1ea1o Hy Ph\u00e1p s\u01b0 \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u00f9a \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba \u0110\u0103ng l\u00e0m khi \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f3c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o Hy. B\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e9p trong \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00e2y V\u1ef1c c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1p cao t\u0103ng truy\u1ec7n. Trong s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y cho bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u00f9a nh\u00e0 s\u01b0: \u1eceng v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1i Ch\u00e2u, thu\u1edf nh\u00f2 theo cha m\u1eb9 \u0111i thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c M\u00f4n \u1edf l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Mesnam r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t gia. Sau theo s\u01b0 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An, th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi ph\u00e1p s\u01b0 Tam T\u1ea1ng Huy\u1ec1n Trang t\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a T\u1eeb \u00c2n. \u1ede Kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0i n\u0103m th\u00ec sang n\u01b0\u1edbc Xrilanca xem l\u1ec5 R\u0103ng Ph\u1eadt, ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u1ec7n linh d\u1ecb. \u00d4ng c\u00f2n sang \u00c1n \u0110\u1ed9, \u0110\u00f4ng Thi\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c. \u00d4ng t\u1ecbch t\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a Tuy\u1ec1n Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n th\u00e0nh C\u1ee5 Th\u1ecb. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt t\u1eeb ng\u1ecdn ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00fang sinh trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u00f4ng ra kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3nh b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 kh\u1ed5 \u1ea3i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ee5ng. B\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Li\u00eau H\u1eefu Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng: \u0110\u1ec1 l\u1eef s\u1ea5n (t\u1ecbnh k\u00fd) D\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a: \u0110\u00ca N\u1eaeM M\u00d4 BO V \u01a1 (c\u00f9ng l\u1eddi d\u1eabn) Tu n\u0103m A \u00ed M \u00f9i2 ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Nguy\u00ean H \u00f2 a 1 thi tr\u01b0\u1ee3t, \u0111i l\u00ean m i\u1ec1n T\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i n\u00e0y bong th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng r\u00ean, th\u1ea7m nghe m\u00e0 l\u00f2ng xao xuy\u1ebfn. H\u1ecfi th\u0103m noi ni\u1ec1m, qu\u00ea qu\u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e1p r\u1eb1ng: \\\"L\u1eadn \u0111\u1eadn m\u1ea5y k\u1ef3 thi c\u1eed m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a g\u1eb7p tri \u00e2m\\\". R\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea3o mat tr\u00f4ng l\u00ean, g\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea1y, h\u1ed3i l\u00e2u 1. Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng L\u00fd, \\\"G\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X\\\", T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed H\u00e1n N\u00f4m, s\u1ed1 4 (42), 1999, tr. 13-14: B\u00e0i th\u01a1 (\u0110i\u1ebfu \u0110\u1ea1o Hy ph\u00e1p S\u01af c\u00f9a \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba \u0110\u00e0ng) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ngh\u0129a T\u1ecbnh ch\u00e9p trong \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1p cao t\u0103ng truy\u1ec7n, quy\u1ec3n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u1edd 4c, 11-13. 2. \u1ea8t M \u00f9i: \u0110\u00e2y chi n\u0103m 815. 3. Nguy\u00ean H\u00f2a: \u0111\u00e2y chi ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u c\u00f9a vua Hi\u1ebfn T\u00f4ng nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Xem to\u00e0n v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, phi\u00ean \u00e2m, d\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Li\u00eau H\u1eefu Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong T\u00e1c ph\u1ea5m ch \u1eef H\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf ki X, S\u0111d, tr. 328-332' 319","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 m\u1edbi th\u1ed1t ra ti\u1ebfng, chi mong g\u1eedi n\u1eafm x\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e0n, ngo\u00e0i ra kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec th\u00eam. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1c th\u00ec qua \u0111\u1eddi. Ta b\u00e8n b\u00e1n con ng\u1ef1a \u0111ang c\u01b0\u1ee1i cho m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb h\u00e0o ph\u00fa th\u00f4n b\u00ean, s\u1eafm quan t\u00e0i ch\u00f4n c\u1eaft, ch\u00ec \u00e2n h\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ean h\u1ecd ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ea9u so. L\u00fac s\u1eafp chia bi\u1ec7t, b\u00f9i ng\u00f9i l\u00e0m th\u00eam b\u00e0i minh r\u1eb1ng: \u00d4i b\u00e1c qua \u0111\u1eddi, g\u00f9i x\u00e1c cho k\u00e8 r\u1ed7ng t\u00fai, Bao phen nh\u1ecdc l\u00f2ng chon b\u00fat nghi\u00ean. Th\u1ebf c\u0169ng l\u00e0 quen nhau, t\u00f4i kh\u00f3c b\u00e1c, Ch\u1eb3ng hay qu\u00ea qu\u00e1n \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00e0o? D\u1ecbch th\u01a1: \u00d4i b\u00e1c l\u00eca \u0111\u1eddi, t\u00f4i t\u00fai kh\u00f4ng, Bao phen l\u1ec1u ch\u00f5ng nh\u1eefng long \u0111ong. T\u01b0\u01a1ng tri t\u1ecf ch\u00fat t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3m, Nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda n\u01a1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u00f3ng tr\u00f4ng? B\u00e0i th\u01a1 do Li\u00eau H\u1eefu Phu\u01a1ng so\u1ea1n khi sang thi Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Ph\u1ea7n k\u00fd l\u00e0 1 \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n xu\u00f4i g\u1ed3m 87 ch\u1eef, nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n t\u1ef1a d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a th\u01a1. Ph\u1ea7n th\u01a1 g\u1ed3m 4 c\u00e2u, m\u1ed7i c\u00e2u 7 ch\u1eef, l\u00e0m theo l\u1ed1i th\u01a1 c\u1ed5 th\u1ec3. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f3c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n thi tr\u01b0\u1ee3t \u00f4ng v\u1eeba g\u1eb7p trong l\u00fac \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t m\u1ea5t. B\u00e0i th\u01a1 cho ta h\u00ecnh dung v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c trong ch\u1ed1n thi c\u1eed, th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 m\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u1eafm gian tru\u00e2n. Danh nh\u00e2n Li\u00eau H\u1eefu Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Giao Ch\u00e2u n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 th\u01a1 v\u0103n, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 Li\u1ec5u T\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean. Nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 h\u1ecd Li\u1ec5u \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft l\u1eddi t\u1ef1a cho t\u1eadp th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Li\u00eau H\u1eefu Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u ca ng\u1ee3i \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta nh\u01b0: Giao Ch\u00e2u c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0ng Nam, ng\u1ecdc tr\u0103n ch\u00e2u, \u0111\u1ed3i m\u1ed3i, s\u1eebng t\u00ea \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 hi\u1ebfm c \u00f3 '. 1. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i An Nam v\u0103n h\u1ecdc s\u1eed t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u t\u1eadp d\u1eadt, \u0110\u00e0i B\u1eafc, S\u0111d, Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu T\u00e2m d\u1ecbch. 320","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Tinh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Giao Ch\u00e2u... Cu\u1ed1i l\u1eddi t\u1ef1a, Li\u1ec5u T\u1eed H \u1eadu1ca ng\u1ee3i Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \\\"Nay \u00f4ng Li\u00eau th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u01b0\u01a1ng ngh\u1ecb, tr\u1ecdng h\u1eadu, [\u0111\u1ea1o] hi\u1ebfu \u0111 \u1ec5 trung t\u00edn nh\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecbn. B\u00ean trong th\u00ec ch\u00e2n ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 bi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i th\u00ec r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1. Khi l\u00e0m th\u01a1 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec mang phong c\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i nh\u00e3\\\"2. B\u00e0i th\u01a1 khuy\u1ebft danh: Tong M\u00e3 Th\u1ef1c D\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a: TI\u1ec4N M\u00c3 T H \u1ef1 \u01a1 M\u00e3 Th\u1ef1c t\u00ean ch\u1eef l\u00e0 T\u1ed3n Chi, b\u1ecb b\u00e3i ch\u1ee9c An Nam \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9. \u0110en ng\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7nh v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c \u1edf Ki\u1ec1m Nam4, r\u1ea5t \u0111oi kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng. M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m bu\u1ed9c thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ea1nh ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a c\u00f4 l\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e8o, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00f9a c\u00f3 con \u0111\u00ea d\u00e0i. Tr\u0103ng \u0111\u00eam v\u1eb3ng v\u1eb7c, th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb7c \u00e1o tr\u1eafng thong th\u1ea3 b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean \u0111\u00ea ng\u00e2m r\u1eb1ng: C\u1eaft tr\u00fac th\u00e0nh ong \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1o thoi, B\u00ean h\u1ed3 Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng5chim ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng bay. 1. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Li\u1ec5u T\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean, m\u1ed9t trong b\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1i danh gia \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, T\u1ed1ng g\u1ed3m: H\u00e0n D\u0169, Li\u1ec5u T\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean, \u00c2u D\u01b0\u01a1ng Tu, T\u00f4 Tu\u00e2n, T\u00f4 Th\u1ee9c, T\u00f4 Tri\u1ec7t, T\u0103ng C\u1ee7ng, V\u01b0\u01a1ng An Th\u1ea1ch. 2. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i An Nam v\u0103n h\u1ecdc s\u1ee9 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u t\u1eadp d\u1eadt, \u0110\u00e0i B\u1eafc, S\u0111d, Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu T\u00e2m Hjch X em th\u00eam: A n N nm c h \u00ed hr\u1ee3c, S\u0111d, tr. 260-270: \\\"c\u00f3 \u0111t'rc t\u00ecnh c\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec7p tr\u1ecdng h\u1eadu, th\u1ea3o thu\u1eadn, tin nh\u01b0\u1eddng trong th\u00ec ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i th\u00ec v\u0103n c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e3...\\\". 3. \u0110\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec1 do ch\u00fang t\u00f4i (Tr\u1ea7n Ngh\u0129a) \u0111\u1eb7t. M\u00e3 Th\u1ef1c sang l\u00e0m quan \u1edd n\u01b0\u1edbc ta v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m Khai Th\u00e0nh (836-840), v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch cai tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4n kh\u00e9o, m\u1ecb d\u00e2n m\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh t\u00edch\\\", \\\"d\u00e2n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1u y\u00ean\\\". Xem to\u00e0n v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, phi\u00ean \u00e2m, d\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a, ch\u00fa th\u00edch b\u00e0i th\u01a1, trong T\u00e1c ph\u1ea7m ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf ki X, S\u0111d, tr. 333-335. 4. Ki\u1ec1m Nam: nay l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00eda nam tinh Qu\u00fd Ch\u00e2u, Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ee9 th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c ch\u00e9p l\u00e0 Ki\u1ec1m Trung, t\u1ee9c Qu\u00fd Ch\u00e2u. 5. H\u1ed3 Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng: truy\u1ec7n Tu\u00e2n H\u00fac \u1edf Tan th\u01b0 c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p: \\\"H\u00fac t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c Trung th\u01b0 gi\u00e1m chuy\u1ec3n sang ch\u1ee9c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fac m\u1eebng th\u00ec H\u00fac b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng: \\\"c\u01b0\u1edbp h\u1ed3 Phu\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ta c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n ch\u00fac n\u1ed7i g\u00ec!\\\" Nguy\u00ean t\u00f2a Trung th\u01b0 \u0111\u1eb7t g\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, Trung th\u01b0 gi\u00e1m v\u00f4n l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c b\u00e9o b\u1edf..., ai \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng mu\u00f4n r\u1eddi n\u00f3 n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 Tu\u00e2n H\u00fac g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ed3 Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng. 321","L\u1ecaCH S \u1eed VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Phi\u1ec1n \u00f4ng tr\u1edf sang \u0111\u1ea5t Ki\u1ec1m Nam cho, \u0110\u00e2y t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111\u00fac n\u1eb7n ra mu\u00f4n th\u1ee9. D\u1ecbch th\u01a1: C\u1eaft tr\u00fac ra l\u00e0m s\u00e1o th\u1ed5i ch\u01a1i, Tr\u00ean b\u1edd h\u1ed3 Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng bay. Ki\u1ec1m Nam \u00f4ng t\u1ea1m v\u1ec1 b\u00ean \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u00fac n\u1eb7n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00e1n v\u1ea1n lo\u00e0i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u00e0i th\u01a1 khuy\u1ebft danh do m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0m t\u1eb7ng cho vi\u00ean quan \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u00ean M\u00e3 Th\u1ef1c. B\u00e0i th\u01a1 g\u1ed3m 4 c\u00e2u, m\u1ed7i c\u00e2u 7 ch\u1eef, so\u1ea1n theo l\u1ed1i c\u1ed5 th\u1ec3. To\u00e0n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng thi tho\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ghi ch\u00e9p v\u00e0i th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 b\u00e0i th\u01a1 n\u00e0y. M\u00e3 Th\u1ef1c b\u1ecb b\u00e3i ch\u1ee9c An Nam \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7nh v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c m\u1edbi \u1edf Ki\u1ec1m Nam n\u00ean trong l\u00f2ng r\u1ea5t h\u1eadm h\u1ef1c. M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m, M\u00e3 Th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a c\u1ed5, \u0111\u00eam \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb7c \u00e1o tr\u1eafng ng\u00e2m b\u00e0i th\u01a1 n\u00e0y r\u1ed3i bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u m\u1ea5t. B\u00e0i th\u01a1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi mai mia c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Giao Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean quan \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u1eefng t\u00ean quan tham lam, chi ch\u0103m lo b\u00f2n r\u00fat c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n, m\u00e0 M\u00e3 Th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh. B \u1ea3y cu\u1ed9c \u0111 \u00f4 i th o \u1ea1 i v\u00ea Thicn h \u1ecd c V i\u1ec7t N am t\u1eeb th \u00ea k\u1ef7' V I \u0111\u00ean th \u00ea k\u1ef7 X, bao g\u1ed3m: Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 h\u1ecd t\u00ean v\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 C\u1ea3m Th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \\\"Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt\u201d. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 Thi\u1ec7n H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 C\u1ea3m Th\u00e0nh v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \\\"T\u00e2m t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt\\\"\u2019. ... Nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 h\u1ecfi: \\\"Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00e1i t\u00e2m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt n\u00e0o?\\\" Th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1p: \\\"X\u01b0a c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f3i M \u00e3 T\u1ed5 \\\"t\u00e2m t\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, v\u1eady c\u00e1i n\u00e0o l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt\\\", M\u00e3 T\u1ed5 h\u1ecfi l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng\\\"th\u1ebf anh ng\u1edd c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt th\u00ec chi ra xem\\\", ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u1ed3 n\u00f3i: \\\"\u0110\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt; kh\u00f4ng tinh ng\u1ed9 th\u00ec m\u00e3i m\u00e3i xa l\u00eca\\\". Ri\u00eang c\u00e2u n\u00e0y th\u00f4i, ng\u01b0\u01a1i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9?\\\" Nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 nghe xong li\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p: \\\"Con hi\u1ec3u r\u1ed3i \u1ea1\\\". Th\u00e0nh h\u1ecfi: \\\"Ng\u01b0\u01a1i hi\u1ebfu ra l\u00e0m sao?\\\" Nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1p: \\\"Kh\u1eafp c\u00e0 m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 t\u00e2m Ph\u1eadt\\\". 322","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Giao Ch\u00e2u... R\u1ed3i b\u00e8n s\u1ee5p l\u1ea1y. Th\u00e0nh n\u00f3i: \\\"C\u00f3 th\u1ebf ch\u1ee9\\\". Do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec7n H\u1ed9i\\\"'. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Thi\u1ec7n H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 V\u00e2n Phong \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \\\"Song ch\u00e9t l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u1edbn\\\":\\\"...(Thi\u1ec7n) H\u1ed9i t\u1eebng b\u1ea3o s\u01b0: \\\"S\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u1edbn, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m t\u1edbi\\\". S\u01b0 h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng:\\\"S\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebft x\u1ea3y t\u1edbi, l\u00e0m sao tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi?\\\" H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e1p: \\\"Tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u1eafm lay ch\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng ch\u00e9t?\\\". L\u1ea1i h\u1ecfi: \\\"Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 cho kh\u00f4ng song ch\u1ebft?\\\" H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e1p: \\\"Bi\u1ebft l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb trong s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebft m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\\\". Nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 h\u1ecfi: \\\"L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft l\u1ea5y?\\\" H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e1p: \\\"Th\u00f4i ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111i \u0111i, ch\u1eadp toi h\u00e3y t\u1edbi\\\". Nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 l\u00e0m theo l\u1eddi d\u1eb7n. H\u1ed9i b\u1ea3o: \\\"\u0110\u1ee3i s\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y mai, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9ng minh cho ng\u01b0\u01a1i\\\". Nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 b\u1eebng tinh ng\u1ed9, b\u00e8n s\u1ee5p l\u1ea1y. H\u1ed9i h\u1ecfi: \\\"Ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec?\\\" Nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1p: \\\"Con l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ed3i \u1ea1\\\". H\u1ed9i b\u1ea3o: \\\"Ng\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?\\\" Nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 gi\u01a1 nam tay l\u00ean n\u00f3i: \\\"Ngu con phen n\u00e0y b\u00e8n th\u00f4i\\\"..} H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 T\u1ef3 Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i xoay quanh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \\\"H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecd g\u00ec\\\":\\\"... Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chu Di\u00ean... Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee5 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u00f9 n\u01a1i \u0110\u1ea1i s\u01b0 Qu\u00e1n Duy\u00ean ch\u00f9a Ph\u00e1p V\u00e2n3, ng\u00e0y ng\u00e0y nghe gi\u1ea3ng y\u1ebfu l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u1ec1n c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec7. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd Ti Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi t\u1eeb Qu\u00e0ng (Ch\u00e2u) t\u1edbi, n g h i ch\u00e2n t\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a n\u00e0y, th\u00e2y nh\u00e0 s\u01b0, bcn nh\u00ecn ch\u0103m ch\u0103m m\u00e0 h\u1ecfi: \\\"Ng\u01b0\u01a1i h\u1ecd g\u00ec?\\\" Nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 h\u1ecfi l\u1ea1i: \\\"H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecd g\u00ec?\\\" Chi b\u1ea3o: \\\"Ng\u01b0\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ecd sao?\\\" Nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1p: \\\"H\u1ecd th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0m sao m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft? Chi qu\u00e1t l\u1edbn: \\\"Bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec?\\\". Nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 b\u1ed1ng nhi\u00ean tinh ng\u1ed9, b\u00e8n s\u1ee5p l\u1ea1y, li\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u1ec1n chi...\\\"4 1. T\u00e1c ph\u00e1m ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf ki X, S\u0111d, tr. 341 - tr. 342: \\\"Thi\u1ec7n H\u1ed9i\\\" c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00f3ng hi\u1ec3u. 2. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea5m ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf ki X, S\u0111d, tr. 344. 3. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc the ki X, S\u0111d, tr. 347: Ch\u00f9a Ph\u00e1p V\u00e2n \u1edf C\u1ed5 Ch\u00e2u, Si\u00eau Lo\u1ea1i, nay thu\u1ed9c tinh B\u1eafc Ninh. 4. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc the ki X, S\u0111d, tr. 346. 323","L\u1ecaCH S \u1eeb VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 Thanh Bi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p \u0110\u0103ng, Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Hu\u1ec7 Nghi\u00eam v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t Thi\u1ec1n kh\u00e1ch ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 t\u00ean h\u1ecd; Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Thanh Bi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Hu\u1ec7 Nghi\u00eam \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i xoay quanh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \\\"\u0110\u1ecdc ri\u1ebft kinh Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng\\\": ...Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Thanh Bi\u1ec7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c \u1ed5 Giao1, h\u1ecd \u0110\u1ed7, n\u0103m m\u01b0\u1eddi hai tu\u1ed5i theo h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p \u0110\u0103ng \u1edf ch\u00f9a Pho Quang (ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u). L\u00fac \u0110\u0103ng s\u1eafp t\u1ecbch, nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng: \\\"Sau khi h\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i r\u1ed3i, \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed s\u1ebd n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u?\\\"\u0110\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1p: \\\"Ng\u01b0\u01a1i chi c\u1ea7n S\u00f9ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 th\u00f4i\\\". Nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 hoang mang kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u. Sau khi \u0110\u0103ng m\u1ea5t, nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 b\u00e8n chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc kinh Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng...\\\"2 Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 \u0110\u1ecbnh Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 Th\u00f4ng Thi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 \\\"T\u00ean h\u01b0\u01a1ng c \u1ed5 Ph\u00e1p\u201d. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 La Qu\u00fd An v\u1edbi H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 Thi\u1ec1n \u00d4ng xoay quanh vi\u1ec7c \\\"G\u1eb7p vua s\u00e1ng th\u00ec ra\\\": Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o La Qu\u00fd An Ch\u00e2n nh\u00e2n h\u1ecd \u0110inh. H\u1ed3i c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf tu\u1ed5i \u0111i kh\u1eafp \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e2y, t\u1ea7m s\u01b0 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1o, nhung qua nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p c\u01a1 duy\u00ean, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ee5t ch\u00ed. Sau nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Th\u00f4ng Thi\u1ec7n \u1edf ch\u00f9a Thi\u1ec1n Ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 l\u00f2ng b\u1eebng s\u00e1ng, b\u00e8n xin nh\u1edd Th\u00f4ng Thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0m th\u1ea7y. Khi Thi\u1ec7n s\u1eafp vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch, c\u00f3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 r\u1eb1ng: \\\"X\u01b0a th\u1ea7y ta l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecbnh C\u00f4ng t\u00f9ng d\u1eb7n: \\\"Ng\u01b0\u01a1i gang gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a ta, g\u1eb7p ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd \u0110inh th\u00ec truy\u1ec1n\\\". Nay ng\u01b0\u01a1i h\u00e3y nh\u1eadn l\u1ea5y, ta \u0111i \u0111\u00e2y\\\". Nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 sau khi \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f9y n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ea5t d\u1ef1ng ch\u00f9a. M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 n\u00f3i ra \u0111\u1ec3u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e2u s\u1ea5m. T\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a L\u1ee5c T\u1ed5, nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 t\u1eebng \u0111\u00fac t\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u1ee5c T\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng, sau s\u1ee3 k\u1ebb tr\u1ed9m \u0111\u00e1nh c\u1eafp, b\u00e8n \u0111em ch\u00f4n \u1edf cong ch\u00f9a v\u00e0 nh\u1ee7 r\u1eb1ng: \\\"G\u1eb7p vua s\u00e1ng th\u00ec ra, g\u1eb7p h\u00f4n qu\u00e2n th\u00ec \u1ea5n....\\\" . 1. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, S\u0111d, tr. 351: c \u1ed5 Giao nay l\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n V\u0103n \u0110i\u1ec3n, huy\u1ec7n Thanh Tr\u00ec, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. 2. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, S\u0111d, tr. 350-351. 3. B\u1ea3y cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong Thi\u1ec3n uy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp anh. To\u00e0n v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, phi\u00ean \u00e2m, d\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a, ch\u00fa th\u00edch, in trong T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf ki X, S\u0111d, tr. 336-362. 324","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh k\u1ec9nh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Giao Ch\u00e2u... M\u1ed7i cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung ri\u00eang, r\u1ea5t s\u00fac t\u00edch, s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c H\u00e1n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u00ecn chung v\u1eabn xoay quanh c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u1ed1t c\u00e1c chi\u1ec1u c\u1ea1nh c\u00f9a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o m\u00e0 xa \u0111\u1eddi, hay v\u00ec \u0111\u1eddi m\u00e0 b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1o. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u00e0o Giao Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7y gian tru\u00e2n. Trong kho\u1ea3ng 10 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi c\u1ea3 khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. Ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u00e0 V\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00e1n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i Nho gi\u00e1o theo ch\u00e2n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Giao Ch\u00e2u. H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0i v\u00e0 gian nan n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ee9c \\\"\u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ng\\\" c\u00f9a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i s\u00e2u xa v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cao l\u00e0 V\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 du nh\u1eadp c\u00f9a ch\u1eef H\u00e1n d\u1eabu c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 v\u0103n t\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng chi l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. V\u0103n t\u1ef1 H\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ea1c m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi V i\u1ec7t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 V\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00e1n - m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9. B\u1edfi chi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 b\u1ec1n l\u00e2u cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t. Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho th\u1ea5y khi n\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00ec ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 sau, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. Vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp thu tinh hoa V\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00e1n trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u00e0 Nho gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edd th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa V\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t. Hi\u1ec7n nay, theo nh\u1eefng th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea tr\u00ean m\u1edbi chi t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng 20 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X tr\u1edd v\u1ec1 325","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u01b0a cho ph\u00e9p, con s\u1ed1 20 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ta m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh dung ban \u0111\u1ea7u. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u00ean, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i h\u01a1n... Nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n N\u00f4m s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp sau n\u00e0y khi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7. Hy v\u1ecdng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 v\u0103n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi Nho gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t. Nho gi\u00e1o Th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c ch\u1eef H\u00e1n n\u00eau tr\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y Nho gi\u00e1o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y khi du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Giao Ch\u00e2u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ean, g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng quan l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c; nh\u1eefng quan l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba t\u1eebng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9, ho\u1eb7c con em nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00e1 gi\u1ea3, c\u1ef1 t\u1ed9c, H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n tham gia h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u1edd c\u00e1c H \u1ecdc hi\u1ec7u thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c tri s\u1edd ch\u00e2u, qu\u1eadn trong n\u01b0\u00f3c hay du h\u1ecdc sang B\u1eafc qu\u1ed1c. Theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u1 th\u00ec Nho gi\u00e1o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng Nho gi\u00e1o L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e1n (T\u00e2y H\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n), m\u00e0 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed5ng Tr\u1ecdng Th\u01b0 (179-104 TCN). Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, Nho h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi h\u1ecd \u0110\u1ed5ng bao g\u1ed3m ba th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1: \\\"Tam c\u01b0cmg ng\u0169 th\u01b0\u1eddng'' c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng M\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an ninh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cho ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn. \\\"H\u00ecnh danh\\\" c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng L\u00e3o, nh\u1eb1m c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n. K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ''V\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh lu\u1eadn'' c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u00e2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u0169 h\u00e0nh; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u1ea5y tu t\u01b0\u1edfng \\\"t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1p\u201d v\u00e0 \\\"v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec3n th\u1ea7n th\u1ee5\\\" l\u00e0m n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t. Thuy\u1ebft \\\"V\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh lu\u1eadn\\\" khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i an ph\u1eadn 1. Tr\u1ea7n Ngh\u0129a, \\\"Th\u1eed b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111u nh\u1eadp c\u00f9ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Nho h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c\\\", T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed H\u00e1n N\u00f4m, s\u1ed1 1 (68), 2005, tr. 1- 10. 326","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Tinh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Giao Ch\u00e2u... th\u00f9 th\u01b0\u1eddng; kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn, ho\u1eb7c g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 l\u1edbn trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1o Nho pha tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e1n n\u00eau tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u1ed1i da nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u t\u1eeb H\u00e1n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng xi\u1ec3m d\u01b0\u01a1ng. Song \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y v\u00f4 h\u1ec9nh tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc S\u0129 - Qu\u00e2n t\u1eeb \\\"an ph\u1eadn\\\", kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i, ho\u1eb7c l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn cho d\u00f9 l\u00e0 h\u00f4n qu\u00e2n, b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa, ru\u1ed7ng n\u00e1t. Nho h\u1ecdc qua tay che bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0110\u1ed5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o Giao Ch\u00e2u, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng lan t\u1ecfa ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 bao. T\u1eeb sau th\u1eddi L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ebfn Tam qu\u1ed1c, Ng\u1ee5y, T\u1ea5n, Nam B\u1eafc tri\u1ec1u, T\u00f9y, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, Nho gi\u00e1o \u1edf ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi Ti\u00ean T\u1ea7n hay L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e1n, m\u00e0 Nho gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea5u tranh, dung n\u1ea1p th\u00eam s\u1eafc m\u00e0u huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o L\u00e3o, ti\u1ebfp thu th\u00eam thuy\u1ebft \\\"v\u00f3 ng\u00e3 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng\\\", hay \\\"tu nh\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ee9c\\\" c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Tam gi\u00e1o - Nho - Ph\u1eadt - \u0110\u1ea1o th\u00f2i k\u1ef3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VI \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 X c\u00f3 xu th\u1ebf h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ed3ng, n\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nhau c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng trong \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt th\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Nho h\u1ecdc m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t, v \u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt th\u00ec Nho h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng l\u00e9p v\u1ebf so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt. Song v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Giao Ch\u00e2u b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u0169ng chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 nh\u1eadn. \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o Theo k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f9a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho bi\u1ebft \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn ra \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf Trung Hoa v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Trong \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n 1.000 b\u1ed9 kinh, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u 1. Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ebf H\u00f9ng, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, trong M\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2004, tr. 532. 327","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 th\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f9a \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp thu v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u1ea1o gia do L\u00e3o T\u1eed s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eadp t\u1eeb c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Hoa truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n sang Giao Ch\u00e2u, song v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0o? \u0110\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o? Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn thi\u1ebfu t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u chi d\u1eabn. S\u1eed s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 Y\u00ean K\u1ef3 Sinh v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00fai Y\u00ean T\u1eed thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n \u0110\u00f4ng Tri\u1ec1u, Qu\u1ea3ng Ninh tu th\u00e0nh ti\u00ean r\u1ed3i bay \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u m\u1ea5t... Gi\u1edd n\u00fai \u0111\u00f3 mang t\u00ean \u00f4ng... \u0110\u1ea1o s\u0129 C\u00e1t H\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eddi Tam qu\u1ed1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III, nghe n\u00f3i \u1edd n\u00fai C\u00e2u L\u1eadu (thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n Th\u1ea1ch Th\u1ea5t, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i) c\u00f3 \u0111an sa, mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 luy\u1ec7n \u0111an. Sau C\u00e1t H\u1ed3ng \u1edf l\u1ea1i n\u00fai La Ph\u00f9 thu\u1ed9c Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u, Trung Qu\u1ed1c luy\u1ec7n \u0111an v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch th\u1ea7n ti\u00ean. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 B\u00e3o Ph\u00e1c T\u1eeb (k\u00e8 \u00f4m \u1ea5p s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1c), l\u00e0m ra s\u00e1ch B\u00e3o Ph\u00e1c T\u1eed, s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o. Ho\u1eb7c ti\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed5ng Ph\u1ee5ng ch\u1eefa thu\u1ed1c khi\u1ebfn S\u0129 Nhi\u1ebfp (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft 3 ng\u00e0y r\u1ed3i b\u1ed7ng s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Theo B\u00e1o c\u1ef1c truy\u1ec7n th\u00ec S \u0129 V\u01b0omg gi\u1ecfi ph\u00e9p nhi\u1ebfp d\u01b0\u1ee1ng1. \u0110em ch\u00f4n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ea5n th\u00ec k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hom m\u1ed9t tr\u00e2m s\u00e1u ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m. The m\u00e0 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u00e2m \u1ea8p v\u00e0o \u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbp, \u0111\u00e0o m\u1ed9 l\u00ean, thay th\u00e2n th\u1ebf v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng n\u00e1t, m\u1eb7t m\u0169i v\u1eabn nh\u01b0 l\u00fac c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang s\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 b\u00e8n v\u1ed9i ch\u00f4n l\u1eafp l\u1ea1i. D\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y, coi l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n linh, l\u1eadp mi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1edd, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 S \u0129 V\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u00ean\\\"2. Truy\u1ec7n Nh\u1ea5t d\u1ea1 tr\u1ea1ch ch\u00e9p trong L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i cho bi\u1ebft: Ch\u1eeb \u0110\u1ed3ng T\u1eed c\u00f9ng Ti\u00ean Dung c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa k\u1ebft duy\u00ean th\u00e0nh v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m \u0103n bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, \u0110\u1ed3ng T\u1eed gh\u00e9 \u0111\u1ea3o Qu\u1ef3nh Vi\u00ean \u1edf bi\u1ec3n, g\u1eb7p ti\u1ec1u T\u0103ng Ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Quang (Ph\u1eadt Quang), r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c S\u01b0 truy\u1ec1n ph\u00e9p ''ti\u00ean1'... Ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 Nho - Ph\u1eadt - \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o trong L\u00fd ho\u1eb7c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a M\u00e2u T\u1eed (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1. Vi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n u linh t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, tr. 43: Nhi\u1ebfp d\u01b0\u1ee1ng: thu\u1eadt tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb theo \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ea7n ti\u00ean (t\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o), gi\u1eef g\u00ecn tinh kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng cho hao ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed5ng l\u00e2u kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh. 2. Vi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n u linh t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, tr. 43 - 44. 328","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Tinh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Giao Ch\u00e2u... th\u1ee9 III). C\u00e1c \u00f4ng th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a M\u00e2u T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec1u theo ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1o, l\u1ea5y t\u1ecbch c\u1ed1c l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1eddng sinh b\u1ea5t t\u1eed. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o theo ph\u00e1i th\u1ea7n ti\u00ean. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c S\u0129 t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u00f9ng h\u1ed9. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o theo ph\u00e1i ph\u00f9 ch\u00fa d\u00e2n gian c\u0169ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00f2ng thi\u1ec1n M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng qua ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu thi\u1ec1n v\u1edbi kinh k\u1ec7, ch\u00fa, s\u1edb, mang t\u00ednh th\u1ea7n b\u00ed; k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh b\u1eb1ng thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n; th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng cho nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o theo ph\u00e1i ph\u00f9 ch\u00fa c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi sang Giao Ch\u00e2u. V\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u00e2n gian b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ed1n c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e8 t\u00edn b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. \u0110en th\u1eddi T\u00f9y - \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \\\"Qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a\\\", b\u1edfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111u\u01a1ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng L\u00fd Th\u1ebf D\u00e2n (627 - 649) tr\u00f9ng h\u1ecd v\u1edbi L\u00e3o T\u1eeb (t\u1ee9c L\u00fd Nh\u0129) m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u00f4ng t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5t nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Huy\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng L\u00fd Long C\u01a1, \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n. \\\"Ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Khai Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee9 21 (733), l\u1ec7nh cho k\u1ebb s\u0129 c\u00f9ng th\u1ee9 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef trong nh\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kinh. Moi n\u0103m c\u00e1c c\u1ed1ng s \u0129 \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e0i thi v\u0103n s\u00e1ch Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0, Lu\u1eadn ng\u1eef, m\u00e0 th\u00eam v\u00e0o b\u00e0i v\u0103n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kinh. Ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Khai Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee9 29 (741) \u0111\u1eddi Huy\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng, t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng Huy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc, l\u1ec7nh cho c\u00e1c Sinh \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kinh Trang t\u1eed, V\u0103n Trung T\u1eed, Canh Tang T\u1eed.... L\u00e3o T\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n l\u00e0m \\\"Huy\u1ec1n Nguy\u00ean ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf\\\". Ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Thi\u00ean B\u1ea3o n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u (742), \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Huy\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng, b\u1ed1n cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u1eeba n\u00eau tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111oi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"ch\u00e2n kinh\\\"... Ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Thi\u00ean B\u1ea3o th\u1ee9 13 (754), l\u1ea1i ban h\u00e0nh ng\u1ef1 ch\u00fa (t\u1ee9c s\u00e1ch do nh\u00e0 vua ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i) \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kinh ra thi\u00ean h\u1ea1. Ch\u00ednh vua \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Huy\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh nh\u1eadn b\u00f9a ph\u00e9p c\u00f9a \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0110\u1ea1o s\u0129. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00f4n fi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c, n\u00ean s\u00e1ch L\u00e3o T\u1eeb c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 329","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 s\u00e1ch L\u00e3o T\u1eeb nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v \u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ea1o gia c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n kinh\\\"'. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u c\u0169ng \u1ea3nh hu\u1eddng t\u1edbi Giao Ch\u00e2u. T\u01b0 li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm hoi. S\u00e1ch L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i ch\u00e9p truy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n s\u00f4ng B\u1ea1ch H\u1ea1c: kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1c n\u0103m V\u0129nh Huy \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Cao T\u00f4ng (650 - 655), L\u00fd Th\u01b0\u1eddng Minh l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9c \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea5t Phong Ch\u00e2u th\u1ea5y kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1edbi ng\u00e0n d\u1eb7m, c\u00f3 s\u00f4ng n\u00fai v\u00e2y quanh, b\u00e8n x\u00e2y \u0110\u1ea1o Th\u00e1nh linh qu\u00e1n \u1edf ven s\u00f4ng B\u1ea1ch H\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1eb7t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Tam thanh trong qu\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5ng th\u1edd. L\u1ea1i x\u00e2y hai ng\u00f4i am \u1edd ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ph\u00eda sau \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5ng th\u1edd... Th\u1ed5 L\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd \u1edf am tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u1ea1ch Khanh th\u1edd \u1edf am sau. Th\u1ea7n uy linh hi\u1ec3n h\u00e1ch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec1u k\u00ednh s\u1ee3, h\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1eeda th\u1edd c\u00fang. Th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 v\u1ecb ph\u00fac th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ba con s\u00f4ng. Ph\u00e0m c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t \u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m. \u0110\u1eddi Tr\u1ea7n phong l\u00e0m Trung D\u1ef1c V\u00f5 Li\u1ec7t ph\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec3n uy v\u01b0\u01a1ng. S\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n u linh t\u1eadp ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 Hi\u1ec7u \u00fay uy m\u00e3nh anh li\u1ec7t phu t\u00edn \u0111\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng (L\u00fd \u00d4ng Tr\u1ecdng): \u0110\u1ea7u ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Trinh Nguy\u00ean (785), \u0111\u00f2n vua \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ee9c T\u00f4ng, Tri\u1ec7u X\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 An Nam th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i ch\u01a1i \u1edf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam th\u1ea5y c\u00f9ng L\u00fd \u00d4ng Tr\u1ecdng n\u00f3i truy\u1ec7n v\u00e8 nh\u0169ng \u0111i\u00e8u tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu trong \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u1ecb b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng s\u00e1ch Xu\u00e2n Thu t\u1ea3 truy\u1ec7n. Nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e8n v\u1ec1 th\u0103m n\u01a1i nh\u00e0 c\u0169 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, th\u1ec9 chi th\u1ea5y m\u00e2y kh\u00f3i ngang tr\u1eddi... B\u00e8n l\u1eadp ra \u0111\u1ec1n mi\u1ebfu2 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1edd c\u00fang. Khi Cao Bi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1nh qu\u00e2n Nam Chi\u1ebfu, \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec3n linh gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1. Bi\u1ec1n l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m kinh l\u1ea1, sai th\u1ee3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec1n mi\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i, to hom quy m\u00f4 c\u0169, sai t\u1ea1c s\u01a1n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, s\u1eafm l\u1ec5 d\u00e2ng t\u00e9. Ho\u1eb7c trong truy\u1ec7n B\u1ea3o qu\u1ed1c tran linh \u0111\u1ecbnh bang, qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n Long \u0110\u1ed7: Theo s\u00e1ch Giao ch\u00e2u k\u00fd 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, T\u1eadp II, S\u0111d, tr. 436. 2. \u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd L\u00fd \u00d4ng Tr\u1ecdng hi\u1ec7n nay \u1edf l\u00e0ng Ch\u00e8m, ph\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1ee5y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, qu\u1eadn B\u1eafc T\u1eeb Li\u00eam, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. 330","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Tinh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Giao Ch\u00e2u... v\u00e0 B\u00e1o c\u1ef1c truy\u1ec7n, th\u00ec V\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ecd T\u00f4, t\u00ean L\u1ecbch, l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9c quan L\u1ec7nh \u1edf Long \u0110\u1ed7... Vi V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng m\u00e0 l\u1ea5y t\u00ean T\u00f4 L\u1ecbch \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00e0m t\u00ean l\u00e0ng... V\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng M\u1ee5c T\u00f4ng, ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Kh\u00e1nh th\u1ee9 3 (823), quan \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 l\u00e0 L\u00fd Nguy\u00ean Gia t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169 c\u00f9a nh\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ecf \u00fd mu\u1ed1n t\u00e2u nh\u00e0 vua xin th\u1edd l\u00e0m Th\u1ea7n ho\u00e0ng. Tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f9ng l\u00f2ng theo \u00fd \u0111\u00f3, b\u00e8n kh\u1edfi c\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd' nguy nga tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7. Ng\u00e0y l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt n\u00e1o nhi\u1ec7t, t\u01b0ng b\u1eebng. \u0110\u00eam \u1ea5y, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0\u1ee1i h\u01b0\u01a1u tr\u1eafng t\u1eeb tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi xu\u1ed1ng, t\u00f3c v\u00e0 l\u00f4ng mi \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ea1c ph\u01a1, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o th\u1eafm t\u01b0\u01a1i, b\u1ea3o Nguy\u00ean Gia r\u1eb1ng: - T\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c S\u1ee9 qu\u00e2n \u1ee7y cho l\u00e0m Th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Mong S\u1ee9 qu\u00e2n l\u00e0m quan cho x\u1ee9ng ch\u1ee9c... H\u1ed1t nhi\u00ean tinh d\u1eady S\u1ee9 qu\u00e2n m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 gi\u1ea5c m\u1ed9ng. \u0110en khi Cao Bi\u1ec1n x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i La, nghe th\u1ea5y th\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 linh d\u1ecb, b\u00e8n s\u1eafm l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt d\u00e2ng t\u1ebf, t\u00f4n l\u00e0m \u0110\u00f4 ph\u00f9 th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng th\u1ea7n qu\u00e2n. Theo L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i. Cao Bi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e0n, ni\u1ec7m ch\u00fa, l\u1ea5y kim \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ebft ph\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec3 y\u1ec3m... Song kim \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ebft ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eadt ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t, bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh tro, bay tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng. Bi\u1ec1n c\u00e0ng kinh h\u00e3i than r\u1eb1ng: \\\"x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ea7n linh d\u1ecb, \u1edf l\u00e2u t\u1ea5t chu\u1ed1c l\u1ea5y tai v\u1ea1\\\". Sau \u00dd T\u00f4ng tri\u1ec7u Bi\u1ec1n v\u1ec1, qu\u1ea3 nhi\u00ean Bi\u1ec1n b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft v\u00e0 Cao T\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed sang thay. Nh\u1eefng m\u00e1u liuy\u1ed9n d\u00e2n gian licn quan \u0111cn D\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o th\u00e2n ticn v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ee5ng \u0110\u1ea1o qu\u00e1n n\u00eau tr\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o khi m\u1edbi du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Giao Ch\u00e2u kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 II \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VII \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u00e2n gian b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Giao Ch\u00e2u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y g\u1eafn v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a hai t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i: T\u00ec Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi v\u00e0 V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 hai ph\u00e1i Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb Trung Hoa sang. Thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p 1. L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i, Nxb. V\u0103n h\u00f3a - Vi\u1ec7n V\u0103n h\u1ecdc, 1960, tr. 71: \\\"\u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd (th\u1ea7n Long \u0110\u1ed7) \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edd ph\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e1c, huy\u1ec7n Th\u1ecd X\u01b0\u01a1ng\\\" (nay \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd l\u1edbn, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i). 331","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eeb VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 tu h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ra \u0111\u1eddi. Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng Trung Hoa l\u1ea5y Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 tu t\u1eadp Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng chi coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu h\u00e0nh. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng, hay Ph\u1eadt T\u00e2m t\u00f4ng v\u00ec cho truy\u1ec1n Ph\u1eadt t\u00e2m \u1ea5n theo l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ch\u00fang sinh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt t\u00ednh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng Trung Hoa, theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma (Boddhidharma), con trai th\u1ee9 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ta Ba c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb vua Nam \u1ea8n. \u00d4ng sang Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m 520, m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 529. B\u1ed3 \u0110e \u0110\u1ea1t Ma truy\u1ec1n Kinh L\u0103ng gi\u00e0 cho Hu\u1ec7 Kh\u1ea3 (494 - 601), Hu\u1ec7 Kh\u1ea3 truy\u1ec1n cho T\u0103ng X\u00e1n (m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 602). T\u0103ng X\u00e1n l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a T\u00ec Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi, T\u0103ng X\u00e1n truy\u1ec1n cho \u0110\u1ea1o T\u00edn (580 - 651), \u0110\u1ea1o T\u00edn truy\u1ec1n cho Ho\u00e0ng Nh\u1eabn (602 - 675), Ho\u00e0ng Nh\u1eabn truy\u1ec1n Kinh Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng thay v\u00ec Kinh L\u0103ng gi\u00e0 cho Hu\u1ec7 N\u0103ng (638 - 675). Sau Hu\u1ec7 N\u0103ng, d\u00f2ng Thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh hai ph\u00e1i l\u1edbn: Nam Nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 Thanh Nguy\u00ean, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec9nh cao m\u1edbi. \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho r\u1eb1ng Thi\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Trung Hoa truy\u1ec1n sang, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean do Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 T\u00ec Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi (h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng X\u00e1n, t\u1ed5 th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng Trung Hoa), v\u00e0o n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 V I1. Th\u1ef1c ra, Thi\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc Giao Ch\u00e2u kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 III v\u1edbi Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u0103ng H\u1ed9i, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Hu\u1ec7 Th\u1eafng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 V. Ngay khi T\u00ec Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi sang Giao Ch\u00e2u, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00f9a Ph\u00e1p V\u00e2n th\u00ec \u1edd \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Qu\u00e1n Duy\u00ean gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 Thi\u1ec1n ph\u00e1p cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eeb, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 sau T\u00ec Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n t\u00e2m \u1ea5n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c Thi\u1ec1n ph\u00e1i T\u00ec Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi v\u00e0 V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u1edf Trung Hoa, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u1ea5y m\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u0103ng Thi\u1ec1n ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1eeb Trung Hoa truy\u1ec1n sang. - D\u00f2ng Thi\u1ec1n T\u00ec Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi (Vinitaruci) Thi\u1ec1n ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y mang t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp - Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 T\u00ec Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam Thi\u00ean Tr\u00fac (Nam \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9) d\u00f2ng B\u00e0 La 1. Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e1p, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1996, tr. 120. 332","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Tinh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Giao Ch\u00e2u... M\u00f4n. Thu\u1edf nh\u1ecf Ti Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ch\u00ed kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111i kh\u1eafp mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y Tr\u00fac (T\u00e2y \u00c1n \u0110\u1ed9) \u0111\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng. S\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An (Trung Qu\u1ed1c) v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi Tr\u1ea7n Tuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebf ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ea1i Ki\u1ebfn n\u0103m th\u1ee9 6 (574). G\u1eb7p th\u1eddi Chu V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf ph\u00e1 di\u1ec7t Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, s\u01b0 l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i sang \u0111\u1ea5t Nghi\u1ec7p (H\u1ed3 N am )1. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y s\u01b0 g\u1eb7p t\u1ed5 T\u0103ng X\u00e1n, li\u1ec1n theo h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafc ph\u00e1p. Sau khi \u0111\u1eafc ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi Tam t\u1ed5, T\u1ed5 khuy\u00ean T\u00ec Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi mau \u0111i v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00fang sinh, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e2u. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ecbch kinh T\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110au tinh x\u00e1 v\u00e0 Nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o sai bi\u1ec7t. S\u00e1u n\u0103m sau, v\u00e0o ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Ki\u1ebfn S\u01a1 th\u1ee9 hai (580), s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn Giao Ch\u00e2u, ng\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a Ph\u00e1p V\u00e2n (nay l\u00e0 Thu\u1eadn Th\u00e0nh, B\u1eafc Ninh). T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch kinh T\u1ed5ng tr\u00ec. N\u0103m 594, ng\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb T\u0103ng X\u00e1n cho \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eafc l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec1n r\u1ed3i vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Thi\u1ec1n \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u tr\u1edd th\u00e0nh t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb Thi\u1ec1n ph\u00e1i T\u00ec Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi. Thi\u1ec1n ph\u00e1i T\u00ec Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb n\u0103m 580, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi L\u00fd, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi Tr\u1ea7n (trong v\u00f2ng 6 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7), g\u1ed3m 19 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 28 v\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 c\u00f2n ghi l\u1ea1i trong Thi\u1ec3n uy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp anh. Trong hai b\u1ed9 kinh m\u00e0 \u00f4ng t\u1ed5 T\u00ec Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi d\u1ecbch, Kinh T\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ea7u tinh x\u00e1 v\u00e0 Nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o sai hi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t Thi\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc, n\u1ed9i Hung c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 (b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1) v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba ph\u00e1p. Kinh T\u1ed1ng tr\u00ec l\u00e0 g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ea3ng t\u1ed5ng tr\u00ec kinh, l\u00e0 d\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n, chi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft, ghi nh\u1edb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kinh c\u1ee7a M\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y Thi\u1ec1n ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa Thi\u1ec1n v\u1edbi M\u1eadt tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n. S\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 M\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y. 1. Th\u00edch Thanh T\u1eeb, Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, Tu vi\u1ec7n Ch\u01a1n Kh\u00f4ng, 1972, tr. 11. 333","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 C\u00d3 quan ni\u1ec7m chia Thi\u1ec1n ph\u00e1i T\u00ec Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi th\u00e0nh hai nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf1. Nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 T\u00ec Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi, Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec1n, Thanh Bi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 kinh Kinh L\u0103ng gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 Kinh Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng - kinh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3. Kinh L\u00e2ng gi\u00e0 l\u00e0 kinh khai t\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng do B\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1t Ma truy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ec1 cao T\u00e2m thay v\u00ec Ph\u1eadt. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi T\u00ec Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi d\u1ea1y Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec1n \\\"T\u00e2m \u1ea5n c\u00f9a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ed1i l\u1eeba, tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00e1i h\u01b0, kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng d\u01b0...\\\". Kinh Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0 Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00e1t nh\u00e3 ba la m\u1eadt kinh hay Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00e1t nh\u00e3 kinh. Ngo\u00e0i ra, Thi\u1ec1n ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f2n quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi kinh B\u00e1t nh\u00e3, kinh Ph\u00e1p hoa. Kinh Ph\u00e1p hoa l\u00e0 kinh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i ra l\u00fac cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi, c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0 Di\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p li\u00ean hoa. Nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecbnh Kh\u00f4ng, La Qu\u00fd An v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p Thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 s\u1ea5m v\u0129. s\u1ea5m v\u0129 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1eadt trong v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Trung Hoa th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1m l\u00e0nh d\u1eef, \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1eadn n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ecbnh suy. La Qu\u00fd An c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i y\u1ec3m b\u00f9a c\u1ee7a Cao Bi\u1ec1n. Thi\u1ec1n su Ph\u00e1p Thu\u1eadn d\u00f9ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ph\u00f9 s\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap L\u00ea \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e0nh (980 - 1005) n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111inh th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 cu\u1ed1i nh\u00e0 \u0110inh (n\u0103m 979). Sau n\u00e0y, Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 V\u1ea1n H\u1ea1nh c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ea5m truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ti\u00ean tri, d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00ean ng\u00f4i c\u1ee7a L\u00fd C\u00f4ng U\u1ea9n2. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ea5m v\u0129, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, gi\u1ecfi Tam gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edd th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc theo kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c s\u01b0 trong Thi\u1ec1n ph\u00e1i T\u00ec Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn, gi\u1ecfi c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n, ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n nh\u01b0 Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Ma Ha; th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t Tam gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt, Nho, nh\u01b0 V\u1ea1n H\u1ea1nh, Vi\u00ean Th\u00f4ng, S\u00f9ng Ph\u1ea1m (sang t\u1eadn Thi\u00ean Tr\u00fac h\u1ecdc 9 n\u0103m); c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea1t cao 1. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam, S\u0111d, tr. 288. 2. Vi\u1ec7t Nam Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o s\u1eed lu\u1eadn, S\u0111d, tr. 138. 334","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Giao Ch\u00e2u... nh\u01b0 Tr\u00ed Thi\u1ec1n (L\u00ea Th\u01b0\u1edbc), Vi\u00ean Th\u00f4ng... L\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng ph\u00f2 vua, gi\u00fap n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed s\u00e1ch ghi nh\u1eadn. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 trong Thi\u1ec1n ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn tu theo h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e0. \u0110\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e0 (Dhuta) l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p tu h\u00e0nh t\u1ea9y r\u1eeda, r\u0169 s\u1ea1ch ba lo\u1ea1i tham tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n, n\u01a1i \u1edf. Tu theo \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c, s\u1ed1ng theo l\u1ed1i kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c; ch\u1ec9 \u0103n b\u1eefa ch\u00ednh m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc hay \u0111\u00fang gi\u1edd Ng\u1ecd, ch\u1ec9 \u0103n c\u01a1m trong b\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh h\u1ebft th\u00ec th\u00f4i; \u1edf n\u01a1i xa l\u00e1nh d\u00e2n c\u01b0; th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1ed3i ki\u1ebft gi\u00e0 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m... Theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, l\u1ed1i tu n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u00e9t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, cho th\u1ea5y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9 kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t trong Thi\u1ec1n ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y. Ti N\u00ec \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f9a Thi\u1ec1n ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t N am 1. B\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t th\u1ee9 nh\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u00e0ng m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua l\u1eddi T\u00ec Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi khi truy\u1ec1n t\u00e2m \u1ea5n cho Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec1n: \\\"T\u00e2m \u1ea5n c\u00f9a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 doi l\u1eeba, tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed5ng th\u00e1i h\u01b0, kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng d\u01b0, kh\u00f4ng \u0111i kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i...\\\". \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ea7n linh. B\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t th\u1ee9 hai th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf vai tr\u00f2 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o trong \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a M\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, s\u1ea5m v\u0129, phong th \u1ee7y... D\u00f2ng thi\u1ec1n T\u00ec N\u00ec \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n do nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 quan v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Giao Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi chi ph\u1ed1i. Trong bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. D\u00f2ng Thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a M\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd mang \u0111\u1eadm m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean khi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o 1. M \u1ea5y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edbng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Vi\u1ec7n Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1986, tr. 165. 335","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 du nh\u1eadp cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IX (tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Thi\u1ec1n ph\u00e1i V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n), Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Giao Ch\u00e2u \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eabn mang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. - D\u00f2ng Thi\u1ec3n V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng d\u00f2ng Thi\u1ec1n T\u00ec Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi, d\u00f2ng Thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y mang t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp - Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng. V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u, h\u1ecd Tr\u1ecbnh, t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o, kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0ng gia s\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee5 nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a Song L\u00e2m \u1edf V\u0169 Ch\u00e2u (m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba danh \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, nay l\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n l\u1ef5 huy\u1ec7n V\u1ee5 Xuy\u00ean, Qu\u00fd Ch\u00e2u, Trung Qu\u1ed1c). T\u00ednh t\u00ecnh s\u01b0 tr\u1ea7m h\u1eadu, \u00edt n\u00f3i, im l\u1eb7ng m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft, r\u00f5 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, cho n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng1. V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a B\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ho\u00e0i H\u1ea3i trong ph\u00e1i Nam Nh\u1ea1c (c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u00e0o Kh\u00ea), t\u1ee9c ph\u00e1i Tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng Hu\u1ec7 N\u0103ng. T\u1eeb Hu\u1ec7 N\u0103ng, qua hai th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 n\u1eefa th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn B\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, d\u00f2ng Thi\u1ec1n T\u00ec Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc Hu\u1ec7 N\u0103ng, c\u00f2n d\u00f2ng V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng Hu\u1ec7 N\u0103ng. N\u0103m Canh T\u00fd, ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Nguy\u00ean H\u00f2a th\u1ee9 15 \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng (820), Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn Giao Ch\u00e2u, tr\u00fa \u1edf ch\u00f9a Ki\u1ebfn S\u01a1, nay thu\u1ed9c l\u00e0ng Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ed5ng, huy\u1ec7n Ti\u00ean Du, B\u00e1c Ninh. Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, ng\u00e0i tu Thi\u1ec1n theo l\u1ed1i b\u00edch qu\u00e1n (quan b\u00edch - ng\u1ed3i quay m\u1eb7t v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u1eddng) v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1p cho \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed l\u00e0 C\u1ea3m Th\u00e0nh, r\u1ed3i vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang n\u0103m B\u00ednh Ng\u1ecd, ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u B\u1ea3o L\u1ecbch th\u1ee9 2 \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng (826), tr\u1ee5 th\u1ebf 68 n\u0103m. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n ph\u00e1i th\u1ee9 hai t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o Giao Ch\u00e2u. Thi\u1ec1n ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong v\u00f2ng 479 n\u0103m, g\u1ed3m 15 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, 38 Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 (tr\u1eeb t\u1ed5 V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng) c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong Thi\u1ec3n uy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp anh. C\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Giao Ch\u00e2u mang \u0111\u1eadm m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng Trung Hoa, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng Nam ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ec7 N\u0103ng. 1. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Thi\u1ec1n uy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp anh, S\u0111d, tr. 170. 336","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Tinh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u1ecfa Giao Ch\u00e2u... Nh\u1eefng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n m\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n ph\u00e1i V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 Kim cir\u01a1ng, Vi\u00ean gi\u00e1c, Ph\u00e1p hoa, Hoa nghi\u00eam, Nh\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Tuy\u1ebft \u0110\u1eadu ng\u1eef l\u1ee5c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba. C\u00e1c Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 ph\u00e1i V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia: Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Ng\u00f4 Ch\u00e2n L\u01b0u (Khu\u00f4ng Vi\u1ec7t, 933 - 1011), C\u1ee9u Ch\u1ec9, M\u00e3n G i\u00e1c... Sau n\u00e0y nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng Tam gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Th\u00f4ng Bi\u1ec7n, Hi\u1ec7n Quang, T\u1ecbnh Gi\u1edbi; ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra l\u00e0m quan sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecf quan \u0111i tu nh\u01b0 Th\u01b0\u1eddng Chi\u1ebfu. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn n\u00ean c\u00e1c Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap vua, gi\u00fap n\u01b0\u1edbc. Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Ng\u00f4 Ch\u00e2n L\u01b0u, th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 4, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110inh Ti\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng (968 - 979) ban hi\u1ec7u Khu\u00f4ng Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0 (n\u0103m 971), v\u00ec c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng gi\u00fap vua m\u1edf mang v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 ph\u00e1i V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1o, b\u1edfi v\u1eady g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y chuy\u1ec7n ph\u00f9 ph\u00e9p, b\u00f9a ch\u00fa... nh\u01b0 Thi\u1ec1n ph\u00e1i Ti Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi. \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n ph\u00e1i V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u1ec1n, l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u1edbi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y Thi\u1ec1n ph\u00e1i V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Trung Hoa, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a IIu\u1ed9 N \u0103ng s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm h\u01a1n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng Nam Trung Hoa v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng do nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Giao Ch\u00e2u khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n, phong ph\u00fa h\u01a1n, b\u1edfi v\u1eady, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh m\u1ed9t t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i Thi\u1ec1n mang \u0111\u1eadm m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Thi\u1ec1n ph\u00e1i V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n mang m\u00e0u s\u1eafc Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, theo ch\u00e2n nh\u1eefng t\u0103ng s\u0129 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n \u00c1n \u0110\u1ed9, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o Giao Ch\u00e2u trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Ti\u1ebfp sau ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o B\u1eafc t\u00f4ng v\u00e0o. R\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 Giao Ch\u00e2u t\u00ecm \u0111u\u1eddng sang \u1ea8n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt, c\u0169ng tr\u1edd v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1. B\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u 337","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Giao Ch\u00e2u. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u1edf nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 I - III, Luy L\u00e2u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong ba trung t\u00e2m Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u00f2i b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd (Luy L\u00e2u \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u; L\u1ea1c Du\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c H\u00e0 Nam v\u00e0 B\u00e0nh Th\u00e0nh thu\u1ed9c Giang T\u00f4, Trung Qu\u1ed1c), v\u1edbi 20 ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a, 15 b\u1ed9 kinh, 500 t\u0103ng s\u0129 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 M\u00e2u T\u1eed, Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u0103ng H\u1ed9i... \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 nh\u1ea5t c\u00f9a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Giao Ch\u00e2u. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u00f2ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n gian, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ed5 s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb Kh\u00e2u \u0110\u00e0 La (Kalacarya). Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IV - V, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Giao Ch\u00e2u v\u1eabn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u1eabn mang \u0111\u1eadm \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1ea8n \u0110\u1ed9. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 VI - IX v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hai Thi\u1ec1n ph\u00e1i t\u1eeb Trung Hoa truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o l\u00e0 T\u00ec Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi v\u00e0 V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng kh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t - \u1ea4n, m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edbi - giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t - Trung. C\u00e1c Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Giao Ch\u00e2u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c, th\u00f4ng gi\u1ecfi tam gi\u00e1o, gi\u00fap \u00edch nhi\u1ec1u cho c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 m\u1edf mang \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u1edbi hai Thi\u1ec1n ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Giao Ch\u00e2u, tuy nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. V\u1edbi 10 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e0i qua nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m c\u00f9ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. Cho d\u00f9 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, song v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Giao Ch\u00e2u, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u00f3a - Vi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a th\u00ec m\u00e3i m\u00e3i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1eddng: Nho - Ph\u1eadt - \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp s\u00e2u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u1ea3y n\u1edd trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t s\u1edf t\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 du nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Nho c\u00f9ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o - 338","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Tinh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Giao Ch\u00e2u... \\\"Tam gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed3ng nguy\u00ean\\\" - V\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00e1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch hay theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, phong ph\u00fa v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Vi\u1ec7t \u0111u\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u0103n h\u00f3a - t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c gi\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111i t\u1edbi th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, khi m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Giao Ch\u00e2u th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0110u\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i m\u1edf ra th\u1eddi c\u01a1 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i. 339","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI CH\u1ebe \u0110 \u1ed9 \u0110\u00d4 H \u1ed9 T\u00d9Y - \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG V\u00c0 NH\u1eeeNG CU\u1ed8C KH\u1edeI NGH\u0128A GI\u00c0NH CH\u00cdNH QUY\u1ec0N T \u1ef1 CH\u1ee6 \u1ede GIAO CH\u00c2U I. CH\u00cdNH S\u00c1CH CAI TR\u1eca C\u1ee6A NH\u00c0 T\u00d9Y 1. S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u00f2i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y N\u0103m 581, Th\u1ed1ng so\u00e1i l\u00e0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ki\u00ean (541 - 604) - ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng s\u00f4ng V\u1ecb v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng Cam T\u00fac - \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0\u1edbp ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 B\u1eafc Chu l\u1eadp ra nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y, t\u1ee9c T\u00f9y V\u0103n \u0111\u1ebf. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o T\u00e2y Ng\u1ee5y t\u1eeb n\u0103m 553, Hoa B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp t\u1eeb th\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ng\u1ee5y (535 - 557) nh\u01b0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Ph\u1ee7 binh l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 T\u00f9y V\u0103n \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 589, k\u1ebft th\u00fac m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m c\u00e1t c\u1ee9. T\u00f9y V\u0103n \u0111\u1ebf thi h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u1edbi nh\u1eb1m c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n. C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"b\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh\\\" c\u1ee7a T\u00f9y D\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ebf (605-617) th\u1ef1c ra ch\u00ec l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebf; trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng. T\u00f9y D\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ebf cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i thuy\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda bi\u1ec3n..., huy \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o L\u01b0u c\u1ea7u. T\u00f9y D\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Giang \u0110\u00f4 (thu\u1ed9c D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u00e2u - th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u00e2u bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c tinh An Huy, Chi\u1ebft Giang, Giang T\u00f4, Giang T\u00e2y, Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay) th\u00e0nh kinh \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ee9 hai. 340","___________________ _______ Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI. Ch\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 T\u00f9y - \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng... Nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y chinh ph\u1ee5c T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ed3 (Chituguo) v\u00f9ng Palem bang, thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o Xumat\u01a1ra. N\u0103m (598), qu\u00e2n T\u00f9y ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Cao C\u00fa Ly (Kyguryo) tr\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n. N\u0103m (605), nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y cho qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c L\u00e2m \u1ea4p (Ch\u0103m Pa). Trong 3 n\u0103m t\u1eeb n\u0103m 612 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 614, nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Cao C\u00fa Ly. Vi\u1ec7c T\u00f9y D\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 thi h\u00e0nh b\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi xung quanh \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u \u0111au kh\u1ed5 cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. V\u00ec th\u1ebf v\u00e0o th\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i T\u00f9y t\u1eeb n\u0103m 611 nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5 ra b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng, sau lan sang nhi\u1ec1u khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c. 2. S\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y \u0110\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi T\u00f9y v\u00ec c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u, n\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 583 nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qu\u1eadn l\u1eadp ra ch\u00e2u nh\u1eb1m \\\"\u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, b\u1ecf c\u00e1i th\u1eeba, g\u1ed9p nh\u1ecf th\u00e0nh ra l\u1edbn\\\"1. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u nh\u01b0 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y: Giao Ch\u00e2u thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng B\u1eafc B\u1ed9. H\u01b0ng Ch\u00e2u t\u1ee9c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c S\u01a1n T\u00e2y, V\u0129nh Ph\u00fac, Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd (n\u0103m 598, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0m Phong Ch\u00e2u). Ho\u00e0ng Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c ven bi\u1ec3n v\u1ecbnh H\u1ea1 Long \u1edf B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 (n\u0103m 598 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 Ng\u1ecdc Ch\u00e2u). \u00c1i Ch\u00e2u thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Thanh H\u00f3a. \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00e2u thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Ngh\u1ec7 T\u0129nh (n\u0103m 598 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 Hoan Ch\u00e2u). L\u1ee3i Ch\u00e2u thu\u1ed9c mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t H\u00e0 T\u0129nh (n\u0103m 598 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 Tr\u00ed Ch\u00e2u). 1. T\u00f9y th\u01b0, Q. 31, 7b. 341","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 N\u0103m 607, th\u1eddi T\u00f9y D\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e2u l\u00e0m qu\u1eadn. C\u00e1c qu\u1eadn ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng. Mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi T\u00f9y g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn sau \u0111\u00e2y1: 1- Qu\u1eadn Giao Ch\u1ec9 (khu v\u1ef1c B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y nay), g\u1ed3m 9 huy\u1ec7n: T\u1ed1ng B\u00ecnh, Long Bi\u00ean, Chu Di\u00ean, Long B\u00ecnh, Giao Chi, B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea1o, Gia Ninh, T\u00e2n X\u01b0\u01a1ng, An Nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi 30.056 h\u1ed9. 2- Qu\u1eadn C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n (Thanh H\u00f3a), g\u1ed3m 7 huy\u1ec7n: C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n, Di Phong, T\u01b0 Ph\u1ed1, Long An, Qu\u00e2n An, An Thu\u1eadn, Nh\u1eadt Nam v\u1edbi 16.135 h\u1ecd. 3- Qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam (Ngh\u1ec7 T\u0129nh), g\u1ed3m 8 huy\u1ec7n: C\u1eedu \u0110\u1ee9c, H\u00e0m Hoan, Ph\u1ed5 D\u01b0\u1ee1ng, Vi\u1ec7t Th\u01b0\u1eddng, Kim Ninh, Giao C\u1ed1c, An Vi\u1ec5n, Quang An v\u1edbi 9.915 h\u1ed9. 4- Qu\u1eadn Ti C\u1ea3nh (B\u00ecnh Tr\u1ecb Thi\u00ean), g\u1ed3m 4 huy\u1ec7n: Ti C\u1ea3nh, Chu Ng\u00f4, Th\u1ecd L\u00e3nh, T\u00e2y Quy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi 1.815 h\u1ed9. 5- Qu\u1eadn H\u1ea3i \u00c2m (B\u00ecnh Tr\u1ecb Thi\u00ean), g\u1ed3m 4 huy\u1ec7n: T\u00e2n Dung, Ch\u00e2u Long, \u0110a N\u00f4ng, An L\u1ea1c v\u1edbi 1.100 h\u1ed9. 6- Qu\u1eadn L\u00e2m \u1ea4p (B\u00ecnh Tr\u1ecb Thi\u00ean), g\u1ed3m 4 huy\u1ec7n: T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1ed1, Kim S\u01a1n, Giao Giang, Nam C\u1ef1c v\u1edbi 1.220 h\u1ed9. 7- Qu\u1eadn Ninh Vi\u1ec7t (do Ng\u1ecdc Ch\u00e2u h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Kh\u00e2m Ch\u00e2u2 t\u1ee9c mi\u1ec1n H\u1ed3ng Qu\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Kh\u00e2m Ch\u00e2u c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng), s\u1ed1 h\u1ed9 kh\u1ea9u kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5. \u0110\u1ea5t ba qu\u1eadn Ti C\u1ea3nh, H\u1ea3i \u00c2m, L\u00e2m \u00c0p v\u1ed1n do L\u01b0u Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a L\u00e2m \u1ea4p. N\u0103m 607, nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y r\u1eddi qu\u1eadn tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb Long Bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn T\u1ed1ng B\u00ecnh (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i). T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 T\u1ed1ng B\u00ecnh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta3. 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eeb Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edbi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, S\u0111d, tr. 351-352. 2.T\u00f9y th\u01b0, Q. 31. 3. T\u00f9y th\u01b0, Q. 31. 342","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI. Ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 T\u00f9y - \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng... D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c T\u00f9y, tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u, qu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn thu\u1ed9c n\u01b0\u1edbc ta chi l\u00e0 \\\"\u0111\u1ea5t r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo\\\". V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i T\u00f9y, Giao Ch\u00e2u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec7t v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c. C\u1ef1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0 v\u00e0 T\u0103n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0 cho bi\u1ebft: Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Kh\u00e2u H\u00f2a, ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u00fac nh\u1ecf t\u1eadp v\u00f5, khi l\u1edbn l\u00ean theo v\u1ec1 v\u0103n, l\u00e0m quan v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 B\u1eafc Chu. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi T\u00f9y, Kh\u00e2u H\u00f2a l\u00e0m Th\u00e1i th\u00fa t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1eadn v\u00f9ng Hoa B\u1eafc; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n t\u1ed1t, \\\"v\u1ed7 v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng, mi\u1ec1n xa x\u00f4i hoang vu tr\u1edd n\u00ean y\u00ean t\u0129nh\\\". T\u00f9y th\u01b0 cho bi\u1ebft \\\"v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i Nghi\u1ec7p (605-617) mi\u1ec1n Nam H\u1ea3i b\u1ecb b\u1ecdn quan l\u1ea1i nh\u0169ng nhi\u1ec5u, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n o\u00e1n h\u1eadn, nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n n\u1ed5i l\u00ean\\\". Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c chinh ph\u1ee5c, n\u00ean chi c\u00f2n c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng quan l\u1ea1i thanh li\u00eam, c\u00f3 t\u00e0i cai tr\u1ecb b\u1ed5 \u0111i c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u qu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m d\u1ecbu l\u00f2ng o\u00e1n gh\u00e9t c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. Kh\u00e2u H\u00f2a l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ngo\u00e0i 60 tu\u1ed5i t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n \u0111i sang Giao Ch\u00e2u tr\u1ecb nh\u1eadm. Kh\u00e2u H\u00f2a \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef \u0111u\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea5t Giao Ch\u00e2u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i y\u00ean b\u00ecnh, trong khi n\u1ed9i qu\u1ed1c l\u00e2m v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n. Khi Kh\u00e2u H\u00f2a \u0111\u1ebfn Giao Chi \u0111\u00e3 xoa d\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u00e0o t\u1ed9c \u1edd \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng \\\"man di\\\"; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \\\"t\u1ed9c man\\\" \u00f2 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y L\u00e2m \u1ea2p \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi c\u1ed1ng Kh\u00e2u H\u00f2a tr\u00e2n ch\u00e2u, s\u1eebng t\u00ea, v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00e2n qu\u00fd. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd L\u00e2m S\u0129 Ho\u00e0ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u1edf Giang T\u00e2y t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 S\u1edf \u0111\u1ebf, chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 t\u1eeb C\u1eedu Giang (Giang T\u00e2y) \u0111\u1ebfn Phi\u00ean Ngung (Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u). Nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 quan li\u00eau c\u00e1c n\u01a1i c\u0169ng n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u00e1t c\u1ee9. Ti\u00eau Ti\u1ec5n t\u00f4n - th\u1ea5t c\u0169 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng chi\u1ebfm Ba L\u0103ng thu\u1ed9c Nh\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng, H\u1ed3 Nam, sau l\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a L\u00e2m S\u0129 Ho\u1eb1ng. \\\"N\u1ecbnh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u00e2n \u0111em \u0111\u1ea5t u \u1ea5t L\u00e2m \u0111i theo Ti\u00eau Ti\u1ec5n, Ph\u00f9ng \u00c1ng \u0111em \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u Nhai, Phi\u00ean Ngung \u0111i theo L\u00e2m S\u0129 H o\u00e0ng1. T\u00f9y D\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf b\u0103ng h\u00e0 m\u00e0 Th\u00e1i th\u00fa Giao Chi l\u00e0 Kh\u00e2u H\u00f2a kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft. Kh\u00e2u H\u00f2a b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Giao Chi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam, thu v\u1ec1 1. C\u1ef1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0, Q. 59, Kh\u00e2u H\u00f2a truy\u1ec7n, 4b. 343","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 nhi\u1ec1u minh ch\u00e2u, s\u1eebng t\u00ea, v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c, \\\"gi\u00e0u ngang v\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ea3\\\"1. Ti\u00eau Ti\u1ec5n nghe tin, h\u00e1m l\u1ee3i, b\u00e8n sai N\u1ecbnh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u00e2n \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh H\u00f2a. H\u00f2a sai Tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed l\u00e0 Cao S\u0129 Li\u00eam \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 Kh\u00e2u H\u00f2a c\u0169ng theo Ti\u00eau Ti\u1ec5n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00e0o \\\"cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i Nghi\u1ec7p (605-617), mi\u1ec1n Nam H\u1ea3i b\u1ecb b\u1ecdn quan l\u1ea1i nh\u0169ng nhi\u1ec5u; (nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n) nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n o\u00e1n h\u1eadn n\u1ed5i l\u00ean\\\"2 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y m\u1ea5t. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta tr\u1edd th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i c\u00e1t c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a quan l\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c; n\u01a1i x\u1ea3y ra nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1nh c\u01b0\u1edbp tranh gi\u00e0nh l\u1eabn nhau gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd. B\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i g\u00e2y bao \u0111au kh\u1ed5 cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Sau nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn l\u1ee5t \u1edf h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u s\u00f4ng Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 t\u00f2 n\u0103m 611, C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5 ra li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp \u1edf H\u00e0 B\u1eafc, S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng. N\u0103m 613 x\u1ea3y ra b\u1ea1o lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c do D\u01b0\u01a1ng Huy\u1ec1n C\u1ea3m c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u. N\u0103m 617, vi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edbng L\u00fd Uy\u00ean l\u01b0u th\u1ee7 \u1edd Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean, mi\u1ec1n trung S\u01a1n T\u00e2y, ch\u1ed1ng gi\u1eef d\u00e2n du m\u1ee5c, b\u1eb1ng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 Quan L\u0169ng v\u00e0 li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u0110\u1ed9t Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n k\u00e9o qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y, l\u1eadp ra nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 618. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn khi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u00e1t c\u1ee9 m\u1edbi b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i. Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u1ea1i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tri tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc. Theo T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0-. \\\"\u0110\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi V\u0169 \u0110\u1ee9c (618-626), c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5t Ninh Vi\u1ec7t, u \u1ea5 t L\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd m\u1ea5y ch\u00e2u Giao, \u00c1i m\u1edbi th\u00f4ng\\\"3... Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed \u00c1i Ch\u00e2u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y l\u00e0 L\u00ea Ng\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c con chia qu\u00e2n x\u00e2y \u0111\u1eafp th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i4. 1. T\u00e2n Eht\u00f2mg th\u01b0, Q. 90, Kh\u00e2u H\u00f2a truy\u1ec7n 7a b. 2. T\u00f9y th\u01b0, Q. 31. 3. T\u00e2n Ekr\u1eddng th\u01b0, Q. 222 h\u1ea1, 16 b. 4. Theo Bi k\u00fd nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y \u0111\u1ec1 n\u0103m \u0110\u1ea1i Nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ee9 14, m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Thanh H\u00f3a v\u00e0 theo s\u1ef1 t\u00edch c\u00f9a L\u00ea Ng\u1ecdc. 344","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 T\u00f9y - \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng... II. S \u1ef1 TH\u00d3NG TR\u1eca C\u1ee6A TRI\u1ec0U \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG \u1ec9. Tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ecbnh tr\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng N\u0103m 616, phong tr\u00e0o kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t lan r\u1ed9ng, T\u00f9y D\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ebf b\u1ecf kinh \u0111\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An, ch\u1ea1y xu\u1ed1ng Giang \u0110\u00f4 (\u1edd mi\u1ec1n Nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c). N\u0103m 617, m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean quan c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y l\u00e0 L\u00fd Uy\u00ean c\u00f9ng con trai l\u00e0 L\u00fd Th\u1ebf D\u00e2n kh\u1edfi binh \u1edf Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean (S\u01a1n T\u00e2y) roi tin c\u00f4ng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An. V\u00e0o kinh \u0111\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An, L\u00fd Uy\u00ean li\u1ec1n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u T\u00f9y. L\u00fd Uy\u00ean t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a T\u00f9y D\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ef1u l\u00ean l\u00e0m vua. M\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau, n\u0103m 618, sau khi T\u00f9y D\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ebf b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft, L\u00fd Uy\u00ean t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf (t\u1ee9c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Cao T\u1ed5), \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng phong tr\u00e0o kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u00f9a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e0n qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y. N\u0103m 623, c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed1c k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Sau khi L\u00fd Uy\u00ean l\u00ean ng\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 phong cho ba con trai l\u00e0 L\u00fd Ki\u1ebfn Th\u00e0nh l\u00e0m Th\u00e1i t\u1eed, L\u00fd Tli\u00e9 D\u00e2n l\u00e0 T\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01b0ng, L\u00fd N guy\u00ean C\u00e1t l\u00e0 T\u1ec1 v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi con, L\u00fd Th\u1ebf D\u00e2n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tri d\u0169ng to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 ba anh em m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, L\u00fd Ki\u1ebfn Th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 L\u00fd Nguy\u00ean C\u00e1t \u00e2m m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9c L\u00fd Th\u1ebf D\u00e2n. Vi\u1ec7c anh em t\u00e0n s\u00e1t nhau \u1edf c\u1eeda Huy\u1ec1n V\u0169 (ho\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh) \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i c\u1ee7a L\u00fd Th\u1ebf D\u00e2n n\u0103m 626, t\u1ee9c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng, l\u1ea5y ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Trinh Qu\u00e1n (623 - 649). \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m trong chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho s\u1ef1 vong t\u1ed3n c\u00f9a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, sau khi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 thi h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch nh\u1eb1m \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf (ban h\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec1n, gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt lao d\u1ecbch, gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 345","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed...). Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n, kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c g\u1ecdi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \\\"Trinh Qu\u00e1n chi tr\u1ecb\\\" - n\u1ec1n th\u1ecbnh tr\u1ecb th\u1eddi Trinh Qu\u00e1n1. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e3i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn do nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y l\u1eadp ra, kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1eddi Nam B\u1eafc tri\u1ec1u. N\u0103m 622, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7t Giao Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. Do ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eabn giao nh\u1eefng mi\u1ec1n bi\u00ean vi\u1ec5n cho c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u00e1t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c cai qu\u1ea3n. H\u1ecd N\u1ecbnh \u1edf u \u1ea5t L\u00e2m (Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng) tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia theo Ti\u00eau Ti\u1ec5n nay v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m quan2. Kh\u00e2u H\u00f2a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00e0m qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng, c\u1eed l\u00e0m \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ed5ng qu\u1ea3n Giao Ch\u00e2u... D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eb1m m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y H\u00e1n th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh. 2. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 cai tr\u1ecb \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u Chia \u0111\u1eadt ch\u00e2u huy\u1ec7n, n\u1ea1p c\u1ed5ng ph \u00fa thu\u1ebf Nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng chia \u0111\u1ea5t Giao Ch\u00e2u ra l\u00e0m 12 ch\u00e2u3. 1. Giao Ch\u00e2u (v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y nay), g\u1ed3m 8 huy\u1ec7n: T\u1ed1ng B\u00ecnh, Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh, Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh, Giao Ch\u00ec, Chu Di\u00ean, Long Bi\u00ean, B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea1o, V\u0169 B\u00ecnh. 2. Phong Ch\u00e2u (S\u01a1n T\u00e2y,V\u0129nh Ph\u00fac, Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd), g\u1ed3m 5 huy\u1ec7n: Gia Ninh, Th\u1eeba Hoa, T\u00e2n X\u01b0\u01a1ng, Cao S\u01a1n, Ch\u00e2u L\u1ee5c. 1. L\u00e2m H\u00e1n \u0110\u1ea1t, T\u00e0o Du Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c 5000 n\u0103m, Nxb. V\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u00f4ng tin, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1997, tr. 317. 2. T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0, Q. 222 h\u1ea1, 16b. 3. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi thu\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 X, S\u0111d, tr. 353-354. 346","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 T\u00f9y - \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng... 3. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u00e2u (Ninh B\u00ecnh), g\u1ed3m 4 huy\u1ec7n: V\u0103n D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0110\u1ed3ng S\u00e1i, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n, K\u1ef3 Th\u01b0\u1eddng. 4. \u00c1i Ch\u00e2u (Thanh H\u00f3a), g\u1ed3m 6 huy\u1ec7n: C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n, An Thu\u1eadn, S\u00f9ng B\u00ecnh, Qu\u00e2n Ninh, Nh\u1eadt Nam, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng L\u00e2m. 5. Hoan Ch\u00e2u (H\u00e0 T\u0129nh), g\u1ed3m 4 huy\u1ec7n: C\u1eedu \u0110\u1ee9c, Ph\u1ed1 D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Vi\u1ec7t Th\u01b0\u1eddng, Ho\u00e0i Hoan. 6. Di\u1ec5n Ch\u00e2u (Ngh\u1ec7 An), g\u1ed3m 6 huy\u1ec7n: Trung Ngh\u0129a, Ho\u00e0i Hoan, Long Tr\u00ec, T\u01b0 N\u00f4ng, V\u0169 D\u0169ng, V\u0169 Kim. 7. Ph\u00fac L\u1ed9c Ch\u00e2u (Ngh\u1ec7 An), g\u1ed3m 3 huy\u1ec7n: Nhu Vi\u1ec5n, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng L\u00e2m, Ph\u00fac L\u1ed9c. 8. L\u1ee5c Ch\u00e2u (L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n), g\u1ed3m 3 huy\u1ec7n: \u00d4 L\u00f4i, Hoa Thanh, Ninh H\u1ea3i. 9. Thanh Ch\u00e2u (Tuy\u00ean Quang), g\u1ed3m 3 huy\u1ec7n: Thang Tuy\u00ean, L\u1ee5c Th\u1ee7y, La Thi\u1ec1u. 10. Chi Ch\u00e2u (H\u01b0ng H\u00f3a), g\u1ed3m 7 huy\u1ec7n: H\u00e2n Thanh, Ph\u00fa Ch\u00e2u, B\u00ecnh T\u00e2y, Nh\u1ea1c Quang, Nh\u1ea1c Di\u00eam, \u0110a V\u00e2n, T\u01b0 Long, V\u00f5 An ch\u00e2u 11. V\u0169 Nga Ch\u00e2u (Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean), g\u1ed3m 7 huy\u1ec7n: V\u0169 Nga, Nh\u01b0 M\u00e3, V\u0169 N gh\u0129a, V\u0169 D i, V\u0169 D uy\u00ean, V \u0169 I.ao, Liromg Scm. 12. V\u0168 Y\u00ean Ch\u00e2u (Qu\u00e0ng Ninh), g\u1ed3m 2 huy\u1ec7n: V\u0169 Y\u00ean, L\u00e2m Giang. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 12 ch\u00e2u chia ra l\u00e0m 59 huy\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n t\u1eeb B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e8o Ngang v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00eda nam t\u1ec9nh Qu\u00e0ng T\u00e2y, Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, Trung Qu\u1ed1c. C\u00e1c ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7t Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed. Nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb xu\u1ed1ng b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ea5p huy\u1ec7n. B\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi huy\u1ec7n nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ti\u1ec3u h\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb 70 \u0111\u1ebfn 150 h\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb 150 \u0111\u1ebfn 540 h\u1ed9. D\u01b0\u1edbi h\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 x\u00e3. Ti\u1ec3u x\u00e3 t\u1eeb 10 \u0111\u1ebfn 30 h\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea1i x\u00e3 t\u1eeb 40 \u0111\u1ebfn 60 h\u1ed9. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng du, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u c\u01a1 mi (r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo). An Nam \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u00f9 c\u00f3 41 ch\u00e2u c\u01a1 mi. N\u0103m 791, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1eadp Phong Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 Hoan Ch\u00e2u 347","L\u1ecaCH S \u1eeb VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 \u0110\u00d4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 ki\u00eam qu\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u00e2u c\u01a1 mi kh\u00e1c. Ch\u00e2u m\u1ee5c c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u c\u01a1 mi th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c m\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ea3n thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i n\u1ea1p c\u1ed1ng ph\u00fa h\u00e0ng n\u0103m. V\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ecba phu\u01a1ng nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eeba nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 mua chu\u1ed9c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed l\u00e0m Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Thanh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed l\u00e0m Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Hoan Ch\u00e2u. Theo T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0: N\u0103m Khai Th\u00e0nh th\u1ee9 3 (838) An Nam \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 l\u00e0 M\u00e3 Th\u1ef1c xin \u0111\u1ed5i huy\u1ec7n V\u0169 L\u1ee5c l\u00e0m ch\u00e2u V\u0169 L\u1ee5c (ch\u00e2u c\u01a1 mi), l\u1ea5y th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh l\u00e0m Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed1. T\u00e2n \u0110 \u01b0\u1eddng th \u01b0 cho bi\u1ebft: \\\"\u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec1n T\u1ea3o b\u1eaft l\u00e0m l\u0169y g\u1ed7. Ti\u1ec1n su\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3ng h\u00e0ng n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang h\u1ea1n n\u1ed9p \u0111\u1ee7 m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tr\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f2i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng g\u1ea5p2. Ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Giao Ch\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu thu\u1ebf m\u00e1, lao d\u1ecbch r\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1. Giao Ch\u00e2u c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00fa thu\u1ebf gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0 ph\u00e9p t\u00f4 dung \u0111i\u1ec7u th\u1eddi s\u01a1 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ph\u00e9p l\u01b0\u1ee1ng thu\u1ebf \u0111\u1eddi trung \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 t\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec7u \u1edf An Nam h\u00e0ng n\u0103m ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng t\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed9p cho tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh3. N\u0103m 692, khi m\u00e0 An Nam b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n Nam Chi\u1ebfu t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfu tha l\u01b0\u1ee1ng thu\u1ebf, \u0111inh ti\u1ec1n cho An Nam trong hai n\u0103m4. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ed1 ph\u00fa thu\u1ebf \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i \u0111em v\u1ec1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ho\u1eb7c tr\u00edch l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y \u0111\u1eafp c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh l\u0169y \u1edf s\u1edf t\u1ea1i. L\u1ec7 thu\u1ebf \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng, m\u00e0 quan l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 quy\u1ec1n t\u0103ng thu\u1ebf, n\u00ean \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Giao Ch\u00e2u. Ch\u00ednh s\u1eed nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ghi ch\u00e9p nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean quan \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 Cao Ch\u00ednh B\u00ecnh \\\"tr\u1ecdng ph\u00fa li\u1ec5m\\\"5. L\u00fd Tr\u00e1c \\\"tham \u0103n h\u1ed1i l\u1ed9, ph\u00fa thu\u1ebf b\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c\\\"6. L\u00fd T\u01b0\u1ee3ng c \u1ed5 1. T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0, Q. 184, M\u00e3 Th\u1ef1c truy\u1ec7n. 2. T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0, Q. 167. 3. T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u00f2mg th\u01b0, Th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a ch\u00ed. 4. T\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0, Q. 9. 2b. 5. T\u01b0 tr\u1ecb th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m, Q. 233. 21a. 6. C\u1ef1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0, Q. 182. 5b. 348"]