LỊCH SỬ VIỆT NAM _ VŨ DUY MỀN Chủ biên_ NXB KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI _ Tập 1

["Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u1ec9l. L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 - \u0110on v\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u00f2i B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 h\u01a1n \\\"ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp\\\" hay ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Nh\u00e0 lang khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba, c\u1ed1 PGS. T\u1eeb Chi \u0111\u00e3 cho bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng di\u1ec5n ra trong \u0111\u00e1m tang Lang cun \u1edf M\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110eek (Mu\u1eddng \u0110eek) tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t huy\u1ec7n Kim B\u00f4i v\u00e0 M\u01b0\u1eddng Bi \u1edf huy\u1ec7n T\u00e2n L\u1ea1c. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u01a1 qua s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i M\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n g\u1ed3m hai \\\"\u0111ang c\u1ea5p\\\": Nh\u00e0 lang - th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \\\"ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf m\u01b0\u1eddng\\\" - d\u00e2n - b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do \u1edf b\u00ean l\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda c\u00f9a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf trong thung l\u0169ng m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf ven \u0111\u1ed3i, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i; m\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u00e0m n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0o Lang. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 \\\"\u0110\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u01a1ng\\\". Th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn \\\"\u0110\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u01a1ng\\\" g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ng\u1ee5 c\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng mi\u1ec1n xu\u00f4i, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ef1 do. Trong c\u00e1c \\\"M\u01b0omg Roong\\\" (m\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01b0\u01a1ng) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 T\u1ea1o cai qu\u1ea3n. T\u1ea1o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \\\"\u0110\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u01a1ng\\\" cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i, lo vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa T\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \\\"\u0110\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u01a1ng\\\" t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. T\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t \\\"\u0110\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u01a1ng\\\" nh\u01b0 Lang t\u1ea1o \u1edd m\u01b0\u1eddng; \\\"\u0110\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u01a1ng\\\" c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap T\u1ea1o n\u01b0\u01a1ng trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. T\u1ea1o m\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby m\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng. Quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa T\u1ea1o n\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \\\"\u0110\u1ee9a m ra n g \\\" r\u00e2t g\u00e2n g\u0169i g\u0103n b\u00f3. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, khi Lang cun \u1edf m\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110eek ch\u1ebft th\u00ec to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \\\"\u0110\u1ee9a n\u01b0omg\\\" tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t m\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ef1 tang l\u1ec5, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Lang, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0103n c\u00f9ng m\u00e2m, ng\u1ee7 c\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfu, c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Lang g\u1ecdi nhau l\u00e0 Eng - Un (anh - em) th\u00e2n m\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0ng sau khi \u0111\u00e1m tang k\u1ebft th\u00fac th\u00ec c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed th\u00e2n m\u1eadt tr\u00ean c\u0169ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ngay. Khi x\u01b0a \u1edf Mir\u1eddng Bi, Lang cun qua \u0111\u1eddi, d\u00e2n trong m\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f3c; h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3c \\\"Lang \u01a1i...\\\" nh\u01b0 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u m\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f3c \\\"Ch\u00faa \u01a1i..\\\". V\u00ec M \u01b0\u1eddng Bi l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed5 \u1edf H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh; th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Lang cun v\u00ed ngang v\u1edbi ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng. T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n, Lang cun M\u01b0\u1eddng Bi t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 399","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh phong t\u1eb7ng ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc v\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ed3ng thau b\u1ed1n quai t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Lang trong v\u00f9ng. Chi\u1ebfc v\u1ea1c \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u1edf nh\u00e0 Lang m\u00e0 c\u1ea5t gi\u1ea5u \u1eebong m\u1ed9t l\u00e0ng chuy\u00ean l\u00e0m n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby. Khi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5, Lang cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ea5y, xong vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea1i c\u1ea5t v\u00e0o ch\u1ed7 c\u0169. Lang cun qua \u0111\u1eddi, c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 Lang ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \\\"m\u01b0\u1eddng nu\u01a1ng\\\" \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 ph\u00e1t tang. Su\u1ed1t tang l\u1ec5, \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00f3ng vai con c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 tang. C\u00e1c con c\u1ee7a Lang cun, kh\u00f4ng tr\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi con c\u1ea3 s\u1eafp thay b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i g\u1ecdi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Eng (anh). M\u1ecdi \\\"\u0110\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u01a1ng\\\" \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ef1 tang l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0'. Sau \u0111\u00e1m tang, tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tr\u1edd l\u1ea1i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u1eeb ch\u00fat \u00edt t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1ed3i c\u1ed1 tr\u00ean v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1m tang Lang cun \u1edf M\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110eek v\u00e0 M\u01b0\u1eddng Bi cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a khi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby, ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i khi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh \\\"\u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p\\\" Lang t\u1ea1o - th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \\\"ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf m\u01b0\u1eddng\\\"- b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu di\u1ec5n ra theo ki\u1ec3u t\u00f4ng t\u1ed9c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng - T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft, g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u00f4ng t\u1ed9c... C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 n\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Nh\u00e0 lang. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00eam. So v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ec ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 N h\u00e0 lang c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng mang s\u1eafc th\u00e1i ri\u00eang. 3. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 lang C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y khi kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed5: Bi, Vang, Th\u00e0ng, \u0110\u1ed9ng \u1edf H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia khu v\u1ef1c d\u00e2n c\u01b0 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh trong m\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 M\u01b0\u1eddng Bi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ea1y d\u00e0i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e3 Ph\u00fa Vinh t\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i x\u00e3 Do Nh\u00e2n, d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 30km, r\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi 25km, 1. Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1eeb Chi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh c\u0169, trong \\\"Sinh ho\u1ea1t kinh t\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng\\\", trong Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n M\u01b0\u1eddng Bi, S\u0111d, tr. 369. 400","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VU. L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 - \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u00f2i B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n T\u00e2n L\u1ea1c1. M\u01b0\u1eddng Bi tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m l\u00e0ng; trong \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u m\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0: \\\"M\u01b0\u1eddng C\u00e1, m\u01b0\u1eddng D\u00e2m, m\u01b0\u1eddng L\u00f2, m\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n, m\u01b0\u1eddng Si, m\u01b0\u1eddng D\u1ecdi, m\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1eadn, m\u01b0\u1eddng Nhung, m\u01b0\u1eddng Kh\u1ea1y. v.v...2 M\u1ed9t m\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00f4 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ed3m v\u00e0i l\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee5c l\u00e0ng. Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chi\u1ec1ng. Trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a M\u01b0\u1eddng Bi, t\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n x\u01b0a \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t Ph\u00fa Vinh. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f2n l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n c\u00e2u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00f4n: \\\"Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110ung Ngau sau L\u1ea7m Ai\\\" - \\\"c\u1edb ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c cai qu\u1ea3n m\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf m\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110ung, m\u01b0\u1eddng Ngau thu\u1ed9c x\u00e3 Ph\u00fa Vinh; sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 m\u01b0\u1eddng L\u1ea7m, m\u01b0\u1eddng Ai thu\u1ed9c x\u00e3 Phong Ph\u00fa b\u00e2y gi\u1edd\\\"3. Trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed5 - Nh\u00e0 lang tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia \\\"t\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh hai t\u1eb1ng l\u1edbp kh\u00e9p k\u00edn, kh\u00f4ng chuy\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e2n nhau v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi... xin c\u1ee9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"\u0111\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p\\\". T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p \u1edf M\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p nh\u01b0 \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. ''\u0110\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p\\\" th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb Nha Lang (Nh\u00e0 lang) t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng t\u00f4ng t\u1ed9c ph\u1ee5 h\u1ec7. M\u1ed7i t\u00f4ng t\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t m\u01b0\u1eddng. M\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t thung l\u0169ng h\u1eb9p d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n n\u00fai hay g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u thung l\u0169ng ch\u1ea1y d\u00e0i n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n nhau nh\u01b0 \u1edf M\u01b0\u1eddng Bi. \u0110\u1ecba gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y v\u1edbi m\u01b0\u1eddng kia, t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y v\u1edbi t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c. Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed7i t\u00f4ng t\u1ed9c Nh\u00e0 lang c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u1edf t\u1ed9c danh ri\u00eang - v( d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 h\u1ee5 \u0110 inh Th\u00e9, \u0110 inh C \u00f4ng, h\u1ee5 Qu\u00e1ch, Qu\u00e1ch \u0110 inh, B\u1ea1ch C\u00f4ng, Ho\u00e0ng.... Theo t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n \u1edf M\u01b0\u1eddng H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh, \\\"\u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p\\\" th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i l\u00e0m Lang. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p bi\u1ec7t l\u1ec7, ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 khi Nh\u00e0 lang ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u1ee9i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh trung \u01b0\u01a1ng; b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong cu\u1ed9c tranh gi\u00e0nh 1. B\u00f9i V\u0103n Nh\u1ecbn, \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc con ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng Bi, trong \\\"Sinh ho\u1ea1t kinh t\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng\\\", trong Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a co truy\u1ec1n M\u01b0\u1eddng Bi, S\u0111d, tr. 15. 2. \\\"Sinh ho\u1ea1t kinh t\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng\\\", trong Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ed7 truy\u1ec1n M\u01b0\u1eddng Bi, S\u0111d, tr. 16. 3. \\\"Sinh ho\u1ea1t kinh t\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng\\\", trong Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a co truy\u1ec1n M\u01b0\u1eddng Bi, S\u0111d, tr. 18. 401","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i t\u00f4ng t\u1ed9c; hay \u1ee9c hi\u1ebfp nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n trong m\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c b\u1ecb nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n h\u1ea1 b\u1ec7, thay th\u1ebf. \\\"\u0110\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p\\\" b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb M\u1ecdL (ng\u01b0\u1eddi), ho\u1eb7c theo ti\u1ebfng M\u01b0\u1eddng: M\u1ecdL M\u01b0\u01a1ng (ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf trong m\u01b0\u1eddng). H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nhau th\u00e0nh t\u00f4ng t\u1ed9c m\u00e0 \u1edf ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n trong nhi\u1ec1u m\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u1ecf, ho\u1eb7c g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f9ng t\u00f4ng t\u1ed9c nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa \u1edf nh\u1eefng m\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 \\\"ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf trong m\u01b0\u1eddng\\\" kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed9c danh ho\u1eb7c c\u00f9ng mang m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9c danh chung l\u00e0 B\u00f9i. T\u00ean t\u1ed9c danh n\u00e0y v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chung chi \\\"\u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p\u201d1b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i M\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb do Nh\u00e0 lang thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp trong t\u1eebng m\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1eebng l\u00e0ng thu\u1ed9c chi\u1ec1ng hay m\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng ph\u1ecfng theo t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00f4ng t\u1ed9c t\u1eeb x\u01b0a truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i: con trai tr\u01b0\u1edfng trong chi nh\u00e1nh tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4ng t\u1ed9c Nh\u00e0 lang tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n to\u00e0n m\u01b0\u1eddng, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Lang Cun. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, Lang cun ch\u1ec9 qu\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00e0ng \u1edd trung t\u00e2m m\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Chi\u1ec1ng. C\u00e1c con tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chi nh\u00e1nh th\u1ee9 th\u00ec qu\u1ea3n t\u1eebng l\u00e0ng hay m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5m l\u00e0ng \u1edd ngo\u00e0i chi\u1ec1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Lang tao (Lang t\u1ea1o - Lang \u0111\u1ea1o). Lang t\u1ea1o ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o Lang cun. Trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y Nh\u00e0 lang, Lang cun v\u00e0 Lang t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u1eacu. \u1eacu \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf trong m\u01b0\u1eddng do Lang ch\u1ecdn ra. s \u1ed1 \u1eacu nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt c\u00f2n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Lang. \u1eacu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3m tr\u00e1ch c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 coi s\u00f3c ru\u1ed9ng Lang, lo \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an ninh, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c l\u1ec5 t\u1ebft, hi\u1ebfu h\u1ef7 \u1edf nh\u00e0 Lang v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c trong m\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Lang. Nh\u01b0ng \u1eacu \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed cao nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00c2u Eng (\u1eacu anh - \u1eacu c\u1ea3). Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea9u ph\u1ea7n Na C\u00f4 \u00d4ng (ru\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng), ho\u1eb7c Na J\u00e2n (ru\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n) thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb3ng \u0111i\u1ec1n (ru\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t). \u1eacu \u1edf v\u1ecb tri th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00c2u \u00dan (\u1eacu em - \u1eacu con), th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb Lang cun, Lang t\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c \u1eacu anh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp sai ph\u00e1i. Kh\u1ea9u ph\u1ea7n 1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n \u1edf M\u01b0\u1eddng Bi, S\u0111d, tr. 358 - 359. 402","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII. L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 - \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u00f2i B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c ru\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1eacu em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea9u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9 d\u00e2n \u1edf m\u01b0\u1eddng. Theo l\u1ec7 M\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf H\u00f2a Binh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf Thanh H\u00f3a, Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd ch\u1ee9c \u1eacu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u1eacu vi ph\u1ea1m lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 m\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Lang th\u00ec Lang cun, T\u1ea1o c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n c\u1eaft ch\u1ee9c \u1eacu, thay th\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u1eacu \u1edf l\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ee7p thu\u1ed9c m\u01b0\u1eddng Rech huy\u1ec7n Kim B\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7t l\u1ec7; hai ch\u1ee9c \u1eacu anh do b\u1ed1n gia \u0111\u00ecnh trong l\u00e0ng thay nhau \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m. T\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong b\u1ed1n ch\u1ee7 h\u1ed9 \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn \\\"\u0103n\\\" m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ru\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \\\"Na \u00c2u\\\" (ru\u1ed9ng \u1eacu). Ru\u1ed9ng \u1ea0u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y cha l\u00e0m \u1eacu anh sau khi ch\u1ebft th\u00ec ch\u1ee9c \u1eacu anh truy\u1ec1n cho con trai tr\u01b0\u1edfng. C\u00f2n ch\u1ee9c \u1eacu em do c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u1edf m\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn kh\u1ea9u ph\u1ea7n ru\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng thay nhau \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn1. Th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u1eacu l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c vi\u1ec7c, tay ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y Nh\u00e0 lang m\u01b0\u1eddng H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 \u1eacu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00eau tr\u00ean, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u1eacu th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c ru\u1ed9ng Lang; m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 J. Cuisinier t\u1eebng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1ed5 lang. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ngo\u00e0i Lang cun, Lang t\u1ea1o - nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb m\u01b0\u1eddng, con trai v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00f4ng t\u1ed9c Lang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Lang. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c v\u1ecb g\u00ec trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u1edf m\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u1edd l\u00e0ng; m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng nh\u1edd v\u00e0o Lang cun v\u00e0 Lang t\u1ea1o. Song kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 h\u1ecd qu\u00ean \u0111i v\u1ecb th\u1ebf Lang cao c\u1ea3 so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng s\u1ed1ng \u1edf m\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u1eefng Lang n\u00e0y c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi con g\u00e1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd B\u00f9i khi hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau nhau v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng vi ph\u1ea1m lu\u1eadt m\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi con g\u00e1i thu\u1ed9c t\u00f4ng t\u1ed9c nh\u00e0 Lang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nang (n\u00e0ng) chi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Lang kh\u00e1c h\u1ecd; kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y ch\u1ed3ng h\u1ecd B\u00f9i. M\u1ed9t khi I. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e0 H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh, S\u0111d, tr. 12. 403","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 n\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed3ng Lang th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf v\u1eady \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e0. C\u00f2n n\u1ebfu n\u00e0ng l\u1ea5y ch\u1ed3ng h\u1ecd B\u00f9i (th\u1ee9 d\u00e2n) th\u00ec n\u00e0ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb khai tr\u1eeb - \u0111u\u1ed5i kh\u1ecfi d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd Lang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, \u0111\u1ec1 cao ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra trong t\u00f4ng t\u1ed9c Lang. Trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i M\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu g\u1ed3m hai \\\"\u0111\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p\\\" t\u00f4ng t\u1ed9c Nh\u00e0 lang v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf trong m\u01b0\u1eddng. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh hai t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp n\u00e0y t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi, c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i cho nhau. Lang cun hay Lang t\u1ea1o th\u00ec \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y sang \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c h\u1ecd v\u1eabn l\u00e0 Lang. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, Lang cun ch\u1ebft m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con trai k\u1ebf nghi\u1ec7p th\u00ec truy\u1ec1n cho m\u1eb9 Lang cun. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00e0 y\u1ebfu, kh\u00f4ng cai qu\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec nh\u01b0\u1eddng cho con r\u1ec3 Lang cun. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec con r\u1ec3 Lang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh sang h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a Lang cun m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh thay th\u1ebf. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi con r\u1ec3 \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i m\u1ed9t Lang cun kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c m\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn Lang l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t di b\u1ea5t d\u1ecbch. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n - ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf trong m\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch. Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb bao gi\u1edd, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf trong m\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 lang; h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5c d\u1ecbch Nh\u00e0 lang g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd g\u1eafn b\u00f3 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi Nh\u00e0 lang; \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y sang \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd hay con ch\u00e1u h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 con d\u00e2n c\u00f9a Lang, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Nh\u00e0 lang t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n, d\u00e3n th\u00ec m\u00e3i m\u00e3i v\u1eabn l\u00e0 d\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh Lang. Ngo\u00e0i hai t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i M\u01b0\u1eddng x\u01b0a c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ph\u1ee5 m\u00e0 \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u01a1ng hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u01b0\u1eddng H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"No\u1ecdc Klot\u201d (n\u00f3c tr\u1ecdi)1v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 chi b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh ngh\u00e8o; nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd d\u1ef1ng t\u1ea1m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n thung l\u0169ng m\u00e0 \u1edf tr\u00ean s\u01b0\u1eddn \u0111\u1ed3i, g\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby; v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ru\u1ed9ng. Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u01b0u d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn 1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh, S\u0111d, tr. 14. 404","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII. L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 - \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c m\u01b0\u1eddng sau mu\u1ed9n so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf trong m\u01b0\u1eddng. Con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0110\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea5y nhau, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y con c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edd trong m\u01b0\u1eddng. Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec5n ra b\u00ean l\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i M\u01b0\u1eddng. H\u1ecd \u00edt b\u1ecb l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o Lang cun, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf trong m\u01b0\u1eddng. Song th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m, thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u01b0a; tr\u1eeb khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u00e0 lang c\u1ea5t nh\u1eafc l\u00ean ch\u1ee9c \u1eacu. Xem qua b\u1ee9c tranh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i M\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd gi\u00fap m\u1edf ra c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Nh\u00e0 lang. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Nh\u00e0 lang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 M\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eddi. v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Nh\u00e0 lang d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c ru\u1ed9ng Lang. Th\u00f4ng qua ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ru\u1ed9ng Lang th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Lang \u1edd t\u1eebng m\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c khai th\u00e1c ru\u1ed9ng Lang cho th\u1ea5y ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edd trong m\u01b0\u1eddng - nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Nh\u00e0 lang. Lang cun c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 \u1edf M\u01b0\u1eddng Bi. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 r\u1eebng n\u00fai, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t trong ph\u1ea1m vi m\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ea5t. Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00f9ng m\u01b0\u1eddng H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba \u1edd T\u00e2y A u th\u1eddi Trung \u0111\u1ea1i. 4. R u\u1ed9ng Lang S\u1ed1 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 lang chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Na Lang (ru\u1ed9ng Lang). T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi cai qu\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Lang cun \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1ed5 lang. Ho\u1eb7c theo ch\u00ednh s\u1eed - qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed th\u00ec Th\u1ed3 lang, Lang cun c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Quan lang - Lang \u0111\u1ea1o - Th\u1ed5 t\u00f9; th\u1eddi c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1ed5 ty. V\u1eady ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ru\u1ed9ng Lang do \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 c\u00f3? K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 cho r\u00e0ng: ru\u1ed9ng Lang, \u0111\u1ea5t m\u01b0\u1eddng tho\u1ea1t k\u1ef3 th\u1ee7y do m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm ra v\u00e0 d\u1ed1c c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c khai ph\u00e1. Sau khi \u00f4ng ta qua \u0111\u1eddi, ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho con ch\u00e1u; c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf 405","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 truy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 sau n\u00e0y; nh\u01b0 d\u00f2ng Lang h\u1ecd \u0110inh \u1edf M\u01b0\u1eddng Bi v\u00e0 h\u1ecd Qu\u00e1ch \u1edf M\u01b0\u1eddng Vang. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng khai canh l\u1eadp Qu\u00eal (l\u00e0ng) v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng th\u1edd l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng. \u1ede m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i, t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean Nh\u00e0 lang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng l\u00e0ng. Ho\u1eb7c theo c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec ru\u1ed9ng Lang, \u0111\u1ea5t m\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 lang truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0o? \u00edt ra cho \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa hay cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX ru\u1ed9ng Lang v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Lang \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Th\u1ea3ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi ch\u01b0a khai ph\u00e1 th\u00ec Nh\u00e0 lang cung c\u1ea5p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n g\u1ed3m d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5, tr\u00e2u b\u00f2, l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c cho d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn khai ph\u00e1, m\u1edd ra \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m m\u1edbi. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ru\u1ed9ng Lang - Th\u1ed5 lang kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Ti\u1ebfc r\u1eb1ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 soi s\u00e1ng th\u00eam cho c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch tr\u00ean qu\u00e1 hi\u1ebfm hoi. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 \u00edt x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed5 \u1edf H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh; m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u00ean di \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c Thanh H\u00f3a - S\u01a1n La hay Y\u00ean B\u00e1i... Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y: m\u1ed9ng Lang, \u0111\u1ea5t m\u01b0\u1eddng do Nh\u00e0 lang chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba k\u1ebf t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4ng t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng Lang. Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh trung \u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n - lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 m\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn. S\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 lang - d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u1edf m\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1 t\u1eadp trung \u1edf quy\u1ec3n chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu ru\u1ed9ng Lang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t m\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 Lang cun l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ru\u1ed9ng Lang. Trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng M\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t (ru\u1ed9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n l\u00e0m hai lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh Na Lang (ru\u1ed9ng Lang) v\u00e0 Na Jan (ru\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n) hay Na Coong (ru\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng). Ru\u1ed9ng Lang \u1edf chi\u1ec1ng hay \u1edd l\u00e0ng ngo\u00e0i chi\u1ec1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh ru\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u1edf g\u1ea7n l\u00e0ng, g\u1ea7n ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho Lang cun hay Lang t\u1ea1o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh ru\u1ed9ng Lang \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb x\u01b0a truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i, cha truy\u1ec1n con nh\u1eadn. Neu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 ru\u1ed9ng Lang l\u00e0 Lang cun ho\u1eb7c Lang t\u1ea1o ch\u1ebft th\u00ec ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean kh\u1ed1i cho con trai c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Lang, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi em th\u1ee9 chi c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft s\u1ed1ng nh\u1edd 406","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Vl\u1ec9. L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 - \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o anh c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 Lang, ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia theo \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em c\u1ea7m b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ee9t. Trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n ng\u1eb7t ngh\u00e8o, Nh\u00e0 lang chi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c hai n\u0103m, sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1; khi\u1ebfn ru\u1ed9ng Lang kh\u00f4ng suy xuy\u1ec3n. Nh\u00e0 Lang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp h\u01b0\u1edfng ru\u1ed9ng Lang hay \\\"\u0103n ru\u1ed9ng\\\" thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n m\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng. Neu m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Lang t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed qu\u00e1 kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t, t\u00e0n t\u1ec7 v\u1edbi d\u00e2n \u1edf m\u01b0\u1eddng d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n m\u00ecnh; l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng c\u00e1c \u1eacu; t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u1eacu \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u1ed1ng t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng hay c\u1ee5m l\u00e0ng h\u1ecdp l\u1ea1i b\u00e0n b\u1ea1c r\u1ed3i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 h\u1ea1 b\u1ec7 Lang t\u1ea1o, thay th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng Lang \u1edf chi nh\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u00f3. T\u1eadp t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Cu Lao (c\u1eeb l\u00e3o - ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb h\u1ea1 b\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n ru\u1ed9ng Lang. Ph\u1ea7n ru\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y v\u1ec1 tay Lang t\u1ea1o m\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ru\u1ed9ng Lang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ru\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. Lo\u1ea1i ru\u1ed9ng th\u1ee9 hai trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 Lang l\u00e0 ru\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n hay ru\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng, ru\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edd trong l\u00e0ng thu\u1ed9c m\u01b0\u1eddng. Ru\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i. Th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha ch\u1ebft \u0111i th\u00ec truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi con c\u1ea3? Ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh trong l\u00e0ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c em c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia t\u1ea1m v\u00e0i m\u1ea3nh ru\u1ed9ng cho c\u00e1c em c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng; do truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi n\u00ean anh em con ch\u00e1u ng\u00e0y th\u00eam \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u1ea5y chi tr\u00f4ng c\u1eady v\u00e0o ru\u1ed9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1ng, \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m th\u00eam n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby. S\u1ed1 ru\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n hay ru\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh (ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u00f3c) s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111em b\u00e1n, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 b\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n. Ru\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ea1i theo \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi \u1edd mi\u1ec1n xu\u00f4i. V\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn - \u0103n ph\u1ea7n ru\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i ru\u1ed9ng cho Nh\u00e0 lang, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tr\u1ea3 lu\u00f4n nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Nh\u00e0 lang m\u00e0 l\u00ea ra n\u00f3c \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady h\u00e3n h\u1eefu x\u1ea3y ra. 407","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eeb VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Neu n\u00f3c \u0103n ru\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng vi ph\u1ea1m lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 m\u01b0\u1eddng, lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 l\u00e0ng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u00e0 n\u0103ng n\u1ed9p ph\u1ea1t th\u00ec Nh\u00e0 lang thu l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0103n \u0111\u00f3, chia cho m\u1ed9t n\u00f3c kh\u00e1c trong l\u00e0ng, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o ru\u1ed9ng Lang. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb thu ru\u1ed9ng m\u1ea5t ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a kinh t\u1ebf, b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh t\u00f4i t\u1edb cho Nh\u00e0 lang; ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf l\u00e0ng, b\u1ecf m\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 sinh s\u1ed1ng. Theo t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n M\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 noc ch\u1ebft \u0111i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con trai n\u1ed1i d\u00f5i coi nh\u01b0 n\u00f3c \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa. Nh\u00e0 lang c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ecbch thu h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 n\u00f3c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 ru\u1ed9ng t\u01b0, \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng, tr\u00e2u b\u00f2, n\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, t\u01b0 trang v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Ph\u1ea7n ru\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3c \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng b\u1ecb Nh\u00e0 lang thu l\u1ea1i... Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Thu Luyck (thu l\u1ee5t - ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5)1. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ru\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u00f3c \u1edf trong l\u00e0ng thu\u1ed9c m\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ru\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0ng xem ra t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ru\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ru\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng ghi trong s\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec1n (\u0111i\u1ec1n b\u1ea1) l\u1eadp t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Gia Long bao g\u1ed3m trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng M\u01b0\u1eddng H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh. Ngo\u00e0i hai lo\u1ea1i ru\u1ed9ng Lang v\u00e0 ru\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh, c\u00f2n lo\u1ea1i ru\u1ed9ng (ph\u1ee5) m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ru\u1ed9ng r\u01b0\u1eddm (Na R\u01b0\u01a1m - r\u01b0\u1eddm r\u00e0, b\u1ecb che khu\u1ea5t). Ru\u1ed9ng r\u01b0\u1eddm c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ru\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai ph\u00e1 mu\u1ed9n \u1edf n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea7u ngu\u1ed3n cu\u1ed1i b\u00e3i, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch nh\u1ecf h\u1eb9p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3; r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 canh t\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 do thi\u1ebfu n\u01b0\u1edbc, s\u1ed1 ru\u1ed9ng r\u01b0\u1eddm \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00f3c \u1edf m\u01b0\u1eddng; hi\u1ebfm khi th\u1ea5y ru\u1ed9ng r\u01b0\u1eddm thu\u1ed9c Nh\u00e0 lang. Do \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ru\u1ed9ng r\u01b0\u1eddm n\u00eau tr\u00ean n\u00ean ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi v\u00e0o s\u1ed5 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng x\u00e3; cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu thu\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u1edf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i M\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n \u1edf H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh t\u1eebng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i 3 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t; trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ru\u1ed9ng Lang v\u00e0 ru\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n - ru\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng. Theo lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 M\u01b0\u1eddng, quy\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Nh\u00e0 lang, m\u00e0 Lang cun l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho d\u00f2ng Lang qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c th\u1ed1ng \u1eeb\u1ecb m\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c d\u00f2ng Lang: \u0110inh, Qu\u00e1ch, B\u1ea1ch, 1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mir\u1eddng \u1edf H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh, S\u0111d, tr. 66. 408","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII. L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 - \u0110\u01a1n vi c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c Ho\u00e0ng thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u1edf M\u01b0\u1eddng Bi, M\u01b0\u1eddng Vang, M\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e0ng, M\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ed9ng... T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp lao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t d\u00e2n M\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eeba th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u00f9a minh th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi hai h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c x\u00e2u v\u00e0 no (x\u00e2u - n\u00f5). X\u00e2u - n\u00f5 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb bao gi\u1edd? Chi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng hai h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i M\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed M\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edd trong m\u01b0\u1eddng - nh\u00e0 n\u00f3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng (\u0103n) ph\u1ea7n ru\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n. v \u1ec1 danh ngh\u0129a ph\u1ea7n ru\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean Nh\u00e0 lang qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, h\u1ecd chia cho t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh. T\u1ed5 ti\u00ean h\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 cho con ch\u00e1u ng\u00e0y nay. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch g\u00ec tr\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u01a1n truy\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ean ru\u1ed9ng Lang. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3 di\u1ec5n ra d\u01b0\u1edbi hai h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c x\u00e2u v\u00e0 n\u00f5. v \u1ec1 hai h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edd H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i c\u00e2u c\u1eeda mi\u1ec7ng: \\\"Cun x\u00e2u, \u0110\u1ea1o n\u00f5\\\". Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 n\u00f3c trong m\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 l\u00e0m x\u00e2u cho Lang cun v\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u00f5 cho Lang \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u1eeda ru\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 lang tr\u00edch ra. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eeda ru\u1ed9ng x\u00e2u c\u1ee7a Lang cun c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u1eeb 200 m\u1ea1 (b\u00f3 m \u1ea1)1 tr\u1edf l\u00ean. Ru\u1ed9ng n\u00f5 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u1eeb 100 \u0111\u1ebfn 200 m\u1ea1. X\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Lang cun. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n trong l\u00e0ng ngo\u00e0i ch i\u1ec1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n m \u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng th\u00ec h\u00e0ng n\u0103m m \u1ed7i v\u1ee5 ph\u00e0i c\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng x\u00e2u cho Lang cun. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i x\u00e2u (l\u00e0m x\u00e2u) d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a \u1eacu. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u1eacu coi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng x\u00e2u - n\u00f5 (x\u00e2u - no ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 ngh\u0129a) c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u00f9y theo t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u1ede M\u01b0\u1eddng Bi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00c2u Ch\u1eadu (\u1eacu Ch\u1ea5u). Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng x\u00e2u, \u1eacu ph\u1ea3i b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean t\u1eebng ru\u1ed9ng x\u00e2u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1c th\u00fac h\u1ecd khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00e0y, c\u1ea5y, l\u00e0m c\u1ecf, \u0111\u1eafp b\u1edd. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i x\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i mang tr\u00e2u b\u00f2 n\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn - l\u00e0m x\u00e2u l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi 1. M\u1ed7i b\u00f3 m\u1ea1 c\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 10m2. 409","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 tham gia canh t\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1eeda ru\u1ed9ng x\u00e2u; l\u00fac thu ho\u1ea1ch m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng c\u0169ng v\u1eady. \u1eacu c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m tr\u00f4ng nom qu\u00e1n xuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00e0o th\u00f3c l\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang t\u00f2 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 Lang ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o kho m\u1edbi coi l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u00f3c l\u00faa thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb ru\u1ed9ng x\u00e2u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Lang cun. Ngo\u00e0i ru\u1ed9ng x\u00e2u, Lang cun c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ru\u1ed9ng n\u00f5. Nh\u1eefng th\u1eeda ru\u1ed9ng n\u00f5 nh\u1ecf h\u1eb9p, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n cho t\u1eebng h\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 n\u00f3c t\u1ef1 c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y. \u0110en m\u00f9a thu ho\u1ea1ch to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u00f3c l\u00faa c\u1ee7a ru\u1ed9ng n\u00f5 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p cho Lang cun. H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m n\u00f5 cho Lang t\u1ea1o - Lang \u0111\u1ea1o c\u0169ng di\u1ec5n ra t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f5 c\u1ee7a \u1eacu c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng hom. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng, n\u00f5 \u1eacu \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u0103ng d\u00e2y ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1ecdc ph\u1ea7n ru\u1ed9ng n\u00f5, khi thu ho\u1ea1ch \u1eacu theo d\u00f5i xem l\u00faa c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n h\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 Lang hay kh\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng x\u00e2u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng n\u00f5 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f9a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng cho Nh\u00e0 lang. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eefa \u0103n th\u1ecbnh so\u1ea1n c\u00f3 r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u1ea7n, r\u01b0\u1ee3u ngang, c\u01a1m th\u1ecbt \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 m\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 lang m\u1eddi h\u1ecd sau m\u1ed7i c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a m\u00f9a v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e0y b\u1eeba xong, c\u1ea5y xong... Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, x\u00e2u, n\u00f5 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Nh\u00e0 lang \u1edf H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh. Qua \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee3n n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Nh\u00e0 lang th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n M\u01b0\u1eddng. X\u00e2u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ra \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f5? v \u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tuy c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau: x\u00e2u l\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3; n\u00f5 l\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 (t\u1eebng gia \u0111\u00ecnh); song v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m thu\u00ea kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Lang th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb to\u00e0n m\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng, x\u00e2u, n\u00f5 l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Nh\u00e0 lang c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng m\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c, tuy nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u. Khi x\u00e2u, n\u00f5 c\u00f2n th\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 lang v\u1eabn c\u00f2n; x\u00e2u, n\u00f5 m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c Nh\u00e0 lang bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Nh\u00e0 lang. Ngo\u00e0i b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a x\u00e2u, n\u00f5 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf 410","Ch\u01b0omg VU. L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 - \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c tr\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh v\u0103n \u1edf m\u01b0\u1eddng. Lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 m\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Nh\u00e0 lang, hay c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 Nh\u00e0 lang. 5. L u\u1eadt l\u1ec7 Nh\u00e0 lang Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eeb m\u1ed7i m\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia \u0111\u1ec1u do m\u1ed9t ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ea5t - Lang cun th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb. Mu\u1ed1n cai qu\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n trong m\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1eaft h\u1ecd khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c, t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Nh\u00e0 lang nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m x\u00e2u, l\u00e0m n\u00f5 tr\u00ean ru\u1ed9ng Lang; ho\u1eb7c \u0111i phi\u00ean l\u00e0m n\u00f4 b\u1ed9c, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt trong c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 ti\u1ebft hi\u1ebfu h\u1ef7 v\u00e0 trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ng\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng... kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7. Lu\u1eadt M\u01b0\u1eddng do Nh\u00e0 lang \u0111\u1eb7t ra, d\u00e2n trong m\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i thi h\u00e0nh. Lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i M\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n. D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb th\u1eddi H\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ee9c (1470 - 1497) tr\u1edd \u0111i v\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ea5p Nh\u00e0 lang th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 d\u00e2n b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb trong m\u01b0\u1eddng, khi\u1ebfn t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh v\u0103n (x\u00e2u, n\u00f5...) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 M\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do nh\u1eefng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c M\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n N\u00f4m. Trong b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn: Bi, Vang, Th\u00e0ng, \u0110\u1ed9ng hay \u1edf Mai Ch\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 ri\u00eang (\u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng phiromg h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc), nhimg ch\u00fang h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n nghe n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 x\u01b0a \u1edf m\u01b0\u1eddng; ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u01b0\u1edbc th\u00fac gi\u1eefa Nh\u00e0 lang v\u00e0 d\u00e2n \u1edf \u1ee9ong m\u01b0\u1eddng ghi tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y c\u0169. Theo c\u1ed1 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0110\u00e0o Duy Anh: \\\"T\u1ea1i H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4i n\u01a1i, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o (Lang \u0111\u1ea1o) c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf d\u1ee5ng \u0111oi v\u1edbi con g\u00e1i nh\u00e0 d\u00e2n (t\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean khi ra l\u1ea5y ch\u1ed3ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi con g\u00e1i nh\u00e0 d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e2u h\u1ecd nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o). \u0110oi l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u00f9a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang th\u00ec c\u00e1c Lang \u0111\u1ea1o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00edt \u01b0\u1edbc th\u00fac nh\u01b0 sau: 1. Khi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o c\u00f3 l\u1ec5 hi\u1ebfu hi hay trong d\u1ecbp l\u1ec5 y\u1ebft, l\u1ec5 c\u01a1m c\u00e1 c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 kh\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbp l\u00e0m nh\u00e0, c\u00e0y ru\u1ed9ng, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang 411","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ee5c d\u1ecbch th\u00ec nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m th\u1ecbt tr\u00e2u b\u00f2 ho\u1eb7c l\u1ee3n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecdn \u0103n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, n\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu l\u1ec5 th\u00ec d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n chi tr\u00edch. 2. Con trai tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 con g\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f9a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o, b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i do d\u00e2n ch\u00fang trong bi\u1ec7t \u1eafp l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 c\u01b0\u1edbi. Neu kh\u00f4ng do d\u00e2n ch\u00fang l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 c\u01b0\u1edbi th\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n. Neu con g\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea5y ch\u1ed3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec nh\u1eefng s\u00ednh l\u1ec5 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 h\u00e0o m\u1ee5c trong d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 sau d\u00e2n lay c\u00f9a \u1ea5y m\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1edbi cho con trai tr\u01b0\u1edfng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 do d\u00e2n c\u01b0\u1edbi cho \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 ra m\u1eaft d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e2n c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3i m\u00f4n c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 nh\u01b0 ch\u0103n, n\u1ec7m, g\u1ed1i ph\u1ea3i chia ph\u1ea7n cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0o m\u1ee5c trong d\u00e2n. 3. Nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec1n kh\u00ed tr\u00e2u b\u00f2 cho d\u00e2n khai khan \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai th\u00e0nh ru\u1ed9ng. Ru\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o ph\u00e1i cho d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1n khau ph\u1ea7n. 4. Nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111oi \u0111\u00e3i sai khi\u1ebfn d\u00e2n ch\u00fang m\u00e0 l\u00e0m qu\u00e1 l\u1ebd, th\u00ec d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u00f3 the do nh\u1eefng h\u00e0o m\u1ee5c c\u00f9a h\u1ecd khi\u1ebfn tr\u00e1ch v\u00e0 b\u1eaft v\u1ea1 (nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1 l\u1ed7i b\u1eb1ng tr\u00e2u, b\u00f2). Nh\u1eaft l\u00e0 khi con g\u00e1i nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o m\u00e0 c\u00f3 hoang thai th\u00ec d\u00e2n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec3n b\u1eaft v\u1ea1 r\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi con g\u00e1i c\u00f3 loi ph\u1ea3i th\u00e2n ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u00f9a d\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ec5 m\u00e0 t\u1ea1 t\u1ed9i\\\"'. Ho\u1eb7c may m\u1eafn c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 M\u01b0\u1eddng ghi trong gia ph\u1ea3 h\u1ecd Qu\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edd x\u1eb5 H\u1ea1 B\u00ec, huy\u1ec7n M \u1ef9 L\u01b0\u01a1ng, ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ea3ng Oai, x\u1ee9 S\u01a1n T\u00e2y th\u1eddi H\u1eadu L\u00ea th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII (nay l\u00e0 x\u00e3 H\u1ea1 B\u00ec, huy\u1ec7n Kim B\u00f4i, t\u00ecnh H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh); trong \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ed3m 11 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch ra Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef: \\\"L\u1ec7 1 - He con trai tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e0n th\u00fac nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c khu\u00ea (l\u00e0ng); c\u00f2n c\u00e1c con kh\u00e1c n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng hi\u1ebfu k\u00ednh, th\u00ec cho l\u00e0m Ph\u1ee5 \u0110\u1ea1o (Lang \u0111\u1ea1o) kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n d\u00e2n. He con trai tr\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng may tuy\u1ec7t t\u1ef1, th\u00ec con trai th\u1ee9 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf l\u00e0m con tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 k\u00e9 t\u1eadp qu\u1ea3n coi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. L\u1ec7 2 - He h\u00e0ng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f9a l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c khu\u00ea c\u00f9ng \u0111em nhau ra c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y ru\u1ed9ng cho \u0110\u1ea1i th\u00f9 quan (Lang cun) \u0111i h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi 1. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Lang \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng Thanh H\u00f3a, S\u0111d, \u1ee9. 6. 412","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII. L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 - \u0110\u01a1n vj c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c xu\u1ea5t, n\u1ebfu ai thi\u1ebfu th\u00ec ph\u1ea1t l\u1ee3n 1 con, r\u01b0\u1ee3u 1 chum. \u0110en m\u00f9a l\u00faa ch\u00edn, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c khu\u00ea c\u00f9ng nhau \u0111em h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi xu\u1ea5t ra thu ho\u1ea1ch, \u0111em v\u1ec1 kho cho xong ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, ai thi\u1ebfu (kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t) c\u0169ng ph\u1ea1t nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean. L\u1ec7 3 - \u0110\u1ea1i th\u00f9 quan c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c c\u01b0\u1edbi v\u1ee3, Ch\u00e2u H\u00f3a (\u1eacu) ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t ti\u1ec1n n\u1ed9p l\u1ec5 c\u01b0\u1edbi; Ph\u1ee5 \u0110\u1ea1o c\u00e1c khu\u00ea ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu vi\u1ec7c nu\u00f4i, ti\u1ebfp t\u00e2n kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i nghe theo \u0110\u1ea1i th\u00f9 quan chia b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt, y theo l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y, n\u1ebfu ai t\u1ef1 \u00fd c\u01b0\u1ee1ng kh\u00f4ng theo, th\u00ec t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t m\u1ea5t ph\u1ea7n (ru\u1ed9ng chia). L\u1ec7 4 - Ph\u1ee5 \u0110\u1ea1o c\u00e1c khu\u00ea, h \u1ec1 nh\u00e0 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c tang l\u1edbn v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea3o ho\u1eb7c vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec c\u00f3 mo tr\u00e2u, b\u00f2, d\u00ea, l\u1ee3n th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 ra n\u1ed9p ph\u1ea7n bi\u1ebfu cho \u0110\u1ea1i th\u00f9 quan m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng vai li\u1ec1n x\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea3 (3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng) v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n gi\u00f2, l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t m\u00e2m c\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00edn v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt b\u00e0y tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfu ng\u1ed3i. L\u1ec7 5 - C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u1edf c\u00e1c khu\u00ea h \u1ec5 c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c tang l\u1edbn, c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e0o, t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 m\u1ed5 tr\u00e2u, b\u00f2, d\u00ea, l\u1ee3n ph\u1ea3i k\u00ednh bi\u1ebfu \u0110\u1ea1i th\u00f9 quan m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng vai li\u1ec1n x\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n gi\u00f2 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00e2m c\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n ch\u00edn c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt. L\u1ec7 6 - \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1ee7 quan c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m nh\u00e0 \u1edf th\u00ec nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c khu\u00ea ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1m xu\u1ea5t m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra l\u00e0m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c: \u0111\u1eb5n g\u1ed7, tre, n\u1ee9a, c\u1eaft c\u1ecf gianh \u0111 \u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m nh\u00e0, xong r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m r\u00e0o g\u1ed7, ph\u00ean th\u01b0a, nghi m \u00f4n k\u00edn; khi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m nh\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, c\u00e1c khu\u00ea ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu l\u00e2n l\u01b0\u1ee3t ph\u1ee5c d\u1ecbch canh gi\u1eef, m\u1ed7i phi\u00ean 2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00eam, ai thi\u1ebfu th\u00ec ph\u1ea1t. L\u1ec7 7 - He \u0110\u1ea1i th\u00f9 quan khi c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y gi\u1ed7 ch\u1ea1p th\u00ec nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c khu\u00ea ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1 b\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y, h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111i s\u0103n, \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1, ai thi\u1ebfu th\u00ec ph\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i b\u1ea5t k\u00ednh, v \u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n Ph\u1ee5 \u0110\u1ea1o c\u00e1c khu\u00ea m\u1ed7i \u0110\u1ea1o ph\u1ea3i l\u1ee3n 1 con, r\u01b0\u1ee3u 1 chum v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ec1 t\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ec5 b\u00e1i, ai thi\u1ebfu th\u00ec ph\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i b\u1ea5t k\u00ednh v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t m\u1ea5t d\u00e2n. L\u1ec7 8 - \u0110\u1ea1i th\u00f9 quan m\u1ed7i n\u0103m thu l\u1ee3n, g\u00e0 c\u00f9a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n trong b\u1ea3n x\u00e3, m\u1ed7i nh\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p l\u1ee3n 1 con, g\u00e0 2 con, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00e0 th\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4i v\u1ecbt; v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p l\u00e1 d\u00e2u nu\u00f4i t\u1eb1m. M \u1ed7i nh\u00e0 n\u1ed9p 1 b\u1ed3 cao 1 th\u01b0\u1edbc 5 t\u1eafc, kho\u00e1t (r\u1ed9ng) 1 th\u01b0\u1edbc 3 t\u1ea5c. .413","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 L\u1ec7 9 - Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c khu\u00ea b\u1ea3n x\u00e3, m\u1ed7i nh\u00e0 m\u1ed7i n\u0103m ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p b\u00f4ng 5 c\u00e2n, t\u01a1 s\u1ed1ng 5 n\u00e9n, gai 1 n\u00e9n, qu\u1ea3 th\u1ea7u d\u1ea7u 15 b\u00e1t, r\u01b0\u1ee3u h\u00e0ng 2 v\u00f2. L\u1ec7 10 - \u0110\u1ea1i th\u00f9 quan c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c tang l\u1edbn b\u00e1o hi\u1ebfu, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c khu\u00ea b\u1ea3n x\u00e3, m\u1ed7i nh\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p tr\u00e2u 1 con, l\u1ee5a 10 th\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1ea3i tr\u1eafng 20 th\u01b0\u1edbc, r\u01b0\u1ee3u 1 chum \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3i c\u00e1c b\u1eadc t\u00e2n kh\u00e1ch... Nh\u00e0 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1eaft t\u00f3c \u0111\u1ec3 tang y nh\u01b0 tang b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb; v\u00e0 x\u00e2y nh\u00e0 m\u1ed3, m\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1, chung quanh r\u00e0o g\u1ed7, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u00f9 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng. L\u1ec7 11 - Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c khu\u00ea ai c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1 l\u1ec5. N\u1ebfu b\u1ecf thi\u1ebfu th\u00ec b\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m n\u00f4 t\u1ef3, ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e0 \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con trai th\u00ec cho thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng tr\u00e2u 1 con, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00e2u th\u00ec b\u1eaft con g\u00e1i l\u00e0m n\u00f4 t\u1ef3. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con g\u00e1i th\u00ec t\u1ecbch thu ru\u1ed9ng n\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e0i v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda...\\\"\\\\ Qua m\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 Nh\u00e0 lang d\u1eabn tr\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y: lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 do Nh\u00e0 lang \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 lang v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 d\u00e2n trong m\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u1eeb \\\"th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u1ecdn c\u00e2y, h\u1ea1 ng\u1ecdn c\u1ecf\\\" \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Nh\u00e0 lang. Lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng Lang; quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu m\u00e0 Lang cun, Lang \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n. Lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh: quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb m\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Lang cun; c\u00e1c cm trai d\u00f2ng th\u1ee9 Nh\u00e0 lang l\u00e0m Ph\u1ee5 \u0110\u1ea1o (Ph\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o) gi\u00fap Lang cun - anh c\u1ea3 d\u00f2ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp cai tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n m\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c \u1eacu. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi con c\u1ea3 d\u00f2ng Lang l\u00e0 Lang cun ch\u1ebft th\u00ec con th\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng Lang \u1ea5y m\u1edbi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n k\u1ebf t\u1eadp thay Lang cun cai qu\u1ea3n m\u01b0\u1eddng. Qua lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh v\u0103n anh em Nh\u00e0 lang \u0111u\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7c l\u1ee3i: ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ef3 l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng x\u00e2u - n\u00f5 h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u1ee7\u00e3 Lang cun, Lang \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n trong m\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u00f9. Ho\u1eb7c khi Lang cun l\u00e0m nh\u00e0 th\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u1ea5y tre, g\u1ed7, c\u1eaft c\u1ecf tranh..., d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 xong ph\u1ea3i c\u1eaft c\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi thay phi\u00ean nhau tr\u00f4ng nh\u00e0 Lang... 1. G\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u tinh H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh, S\u0111d, tr. 44- 45. 414,","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII. L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 - \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1eed th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c Khi Lang cun c\u01b0\u1edbi v\u1ee3 th\u00ec Ch\u00e2u h\u00f3a (ch\u1ee9c \u1eacu) ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t ti\u1ec1n n\u1ed9p l\u1ec5 c\u01b0\u1edbi. Ph\u1ee5 \u0110\u1ea1o ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng c\u00f9a Lang cun lo ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3i t\u00e2n kh\u00e1ch. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c, l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho \u0111\u00e1m c\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u thu c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n theo l\u1ec7 c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p. Lang cun c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1i tang th\u00ec m\u1ed7i nh\u00e0 trong m\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p 1 con tr\u00e2u, 10 th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ee5a, 20 th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ea3i tr\u1eafng, 1 chum r\u01b0\u1ee3u (qu\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng)... nh\u00e0 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 tang y nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 tang b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 m\u00ecnh... Khi nh\u00e0 Lang cun c\u00f3 gi\u1ed7 ch\u1ea1p th\u00ec h\u00f4m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i s\u0103n, \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 c\u00fang... N\u1ebfu nh\u00e0 Ph\u1ee5 \u0110\u1ea1o hay nh\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c tang, vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea3o t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 c\u00f3 m\u1ed5 tr\u00e2u, b\u00f2, d\u00ea, l\u1ee3n \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i k\u00ednh bi\u1ebfu nh\u00e0 Lang cun m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng vai, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n ch\u00edn. Ngo\u00e0i ra, lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c h\u00e0ng n\u0103m m\u1ed7i nh\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p cho Lang cun g\u1ed3m: 1 con l\u1ee3n, 1 con g\u00e0, l\u00e1 d\u00e2u, b\u00f4ng, t\u01a1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 tr\u00ean n\u1ebfu Ph\u1ee5 \u0110\u1ea1o vi ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea5t ph\u1ea7n ru\u1ed9ng \u0110\u1ea1o (ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia) ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea7n qu\u1ea3n d\u00e2n gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp \u1edf trong l\u00e0ng ngo\u00e0i m\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ai vi ph\u1ea1m lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 Lang, b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t r\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng: c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00e0m n\u00f4 t\u1ef3; ho\u1eb7c n\u1ed9p th\u1ebf t\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t con tr\u00e2u, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 U\u00e2u l\u1ec9il b\u00e1l con g\u00e1i l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ef3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con g\u00e1i thl t\u1ecbch thu to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda ru\u1ed9ng n\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Lang \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh: con trai tr\u01b0\u1edfng, con g\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Lang \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i do d\u00e2n trong l\u00e0ng (\u1ea5p) l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 c\u01b0\u1edbi, n\u1ebfu con c\u00e1i nh\u00e0 Lang \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho h\u00f4n l\u1ec5 l\u1ea1i b\u1ed5 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh trong l\u00e0ng. Trong nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbp nh\u00e0 Lang \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 l\u1ec5 hi\u1ebfu h\u1ef7, l\u1ec5 y\u1ebft, d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0, c\u00e0y ru\u1ed9ng n\u00f5, d\u00e2n trong l\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ee5c d\u1ecbch, \u0110\u1ea1o ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m th\u1ecbt tr\u00e2u, b\u00f2 ho\u1eb7c l\u1ee3n lo cho b\u1eefa \u0103n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, n\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu th\u00ec c\u0169ng b\u1ecb khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch. Con g\u00e1i nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o hoang thai th\u00ec d\u00e2n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u1eaft v\u1ea1 n\u1eb7ng.... 415","L\u1ecaCH S \u1eed VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Nh\u00e0 lang qu\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1: l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng x\u00e2u, ru\u1ed9ng n\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng; \u0111i phi\u00ean ph\u1ee5c d\u1ecbch Nh\u00e0 lang \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi th\u1eed vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0, hi\u1ebfu h\u1ef7, gi\u1ed7 ch\u1ea1p, c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 ti\u1ebft c\u1ea7u c\u00fang... Ngo\u00e0i ra, h\u00e0ng n\u0103m, d\u00e2n m\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p - c\u1ed5ng n\u1ea1p nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 Nh\u00e0 lang ti\u00eau s\u00e0i. Ch\u01b0a t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea1t v\u1ea1 v\u00f4 c\u1edb m\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 lang x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n theo \u00fd th\u00edch, khi\u1ebfn d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u00e8o t\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u1ea1t nghi\u1ec7p; ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh t\u00f4i t\u1edb. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 Nh\u00e0 lang truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 mu\u1eddng - lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 Lang th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, \u00e1p b\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p Nh\u00e0 lang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n M\u01b0\u1eddng. Th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4, s\u1ed1ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0o Nh\u00e0 lang. \u0110\u1eddi n\u00e0y qua \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecd ch\u01b0a tho\u00e1t ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ed1ng trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Nh\u00e0 Lang b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n M\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra l\u1ebb t\u1ebb t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t, nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf M\u01b0\u1eddng Bi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf m\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi \u1edf Thanh S\u01a1n (Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd), Y\u00ean B\u00e1i, S\u01a1n La, sang L\u00e0o, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ebfn mi\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng du Thanh H\u00f3a ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n t\u1eadp trung ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i Lang hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh thay b\u1eb1ng Lang kh\u00e1c. Song cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ch\u01b0a quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Nh\u00e0 lang nh\u01b0 phong tr\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng sau n\u00e0y. Tr\u1ebdn \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea7 ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u00e8 c\u01a1 s\u1edf kinh t\u00e9 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f9ng thung l\u0169ng n\u00fai \u1edf v\u00f9ng H\u00f2a Binh. \u0110\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9nh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u1eebong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c t\u1ec9m hi\u1ec3u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u01b0 \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ecf th\u1ec3 tham chi\u1ebfu khi t\u1ec9m hi\u1ec3u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t trong thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. ra. s\u1ef1 H\u00ccNHTH\u00c0NHL\u00c0NGX\u00c3C\u1ed4TRUY\u1ec0N L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi, g\u1ea5n v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i 416","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII. L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 - \u0110om v\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1eed th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kinh t\u1ebf th\u00edch \u1ee9ng; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi g\u1eafn b\u00f3 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 khai ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng. Ch\u00ednh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chinh ph\u1ee5c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (\u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng) v\u00e0 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng - \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n, t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng x\u00e3; l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng thi\u00ean tai, \u0111\u1ecbch h\u1ecda ch\u1ed1ng ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m (ch\u1ed1ng B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c) \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. V\u1edbi c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn n\u00eau tr\u00ean, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf - s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i - l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 sau n\u00e0y. Theo ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec1n H\u00e1n th\u01b0 Th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a ch\u00ed: \u0111\u1eddi H\u00e1n V\u0169 \u0111\u00e9, S\u01b0u T\u00fac \u0110\u00f4 \u00fay Tri\u1ec7u Qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t minh ra ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1n, ch\u1ebf ra c\u00e0y hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00f4i tr\u00e2u k\u00e9o r\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i. M\u1ed7i m\u1eabu ru\u1ed9ng chia l\u00e0m ba, lu\u00e2n phi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e0y. L\u1ed1i canh t\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em d\u1ea1y cho mi\u1ec1n bi\u00ean qu\u1eadn. H\u1eadu H\u00e1n th\u01b0 khi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n (v\u00f9ng Thanh Ngh\u1ec7) d\u1eabn l\u1ea1i Ti\u1ec1n H\u00e1n th\u01b0 cho r\u1eb1ng: S\u01b0u T\u00fac \u0110\u00f4 \u00fay Tri\u1ec7u Qu\u00e1, d\u1ea1y d\u00e2n c\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng tr\u00e2u b\u00f21. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi T\u00e2y H\u00e1n vi\u1ec7c c\u00e0y ru\u1ed9ng d\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay tr\u00e2u b\u00f2 l\u00e0m s\u1ee9c k\u00e9o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf Giao Chi (B\u1eafc B\u1ed9) v\u00e0 C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c canh t\u00e1c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng) \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp. H\u1eadu H\u00e1n th\u01b0 quy c\u00f4ng khai h\u00f3a cho hai vi\u00ean Th\u00e1i th\u00fa: T\u00edch Quang \u1edf Giao Ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 Nh\u00e2m Di\u00ean \u1edf C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n. V\u00ec \u0111\u00e3... d\u1ea1y cho (d\u00e2n) c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u1ee7, gi\u1ea7y, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed1i l\u00e1i, (d\u00e2n) m\u1edbi b i\u1ea5 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, d\u1ef1ng h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7u, d\u1ea1y (d\u00e2n) l\u1ec5 ngh\u0129a2. 1. D\u1ea7n theo, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 42 2. L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1eadp I, S\u0111d, tr. 48. 417","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 C\u0169ng theo H\u1eadu H\u00e1n th\u01b0 \u1edf C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n, t\u1ee5c l\u1ea5y s\u0103n b\u1eafn l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e0y ru\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng tr\u00e2u b\u00f2'. Ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a H\u1eadu H\u00e1n th\u01b0, thi\u1ebfu trung th\u1ef1c, v\u00ec s\u00e1ch Giao Ch\u00e2u ngo\u1ea1i v\u1ef1c k\u00fd (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IV) \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1eabn l\u1ea1i trong Th\u1ee7y kinh ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a L\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ea1o Nguy\u00ean (th\u1eddi B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y) c\u1ecf vi\u1ebft: L\u00fac Giao Chi ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1eaft \u0111ai c\u00f3 L\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec1n, ru\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y theo th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u l\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng, d\u00e2n kh\u1ea9n ru\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y m\u00e0 \u0103n n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 L\u1ea1c d\u00e2n2. S\u00e1ch \u0110\u00f4ng Quan H\u00e1n k\u00fd ch\u00e9p r\u1eb1ng: C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1t c\u1ecf m\u00e0 tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt \u1edf ru\u1ed9ng3. \u0110o\u1ea1n ghi ch\u00e9p tr\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ef1a theo m\u00f9a n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o ru\u1ed9ng c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y; ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed1t c\u00f2 m\u00e0 tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt \u1edf ru\u1ed9ng. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean khi m\u00e0 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00e1n th\u00f4ng qua con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ngo\u1ea1i nh\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u00e0y s\u1eaft, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m khi\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c n\u1ec1n V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 kho hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt phong ph\u1ee7 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n minh ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t khi ph\u00e2n chia v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n l\u00e0m hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n: - Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u1eddi d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng - An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng). - Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00e1n, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c4. 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T.I, S\u0111d, tr. 48. 2. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, S\u0111d, tr. 130 3. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T.I, S\u0111d, \u1ee9. 50. 4. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edbi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 k\u1ef3 X, S\u0111d, tr. 115. 418","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII. L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 - \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u00f2i B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c S\u1ed1 di v\u1eadt \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh lo\u1ea1i. Ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p - d\u00f9ng c\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u00e0y s\u1eaft... k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng... Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c di v\u1eadt \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng h\u01a1n c\u1ea3. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng (hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng 200 l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u00e0y), m\u1edd \u0111\u1ea7u cho n\u1ec1n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p d\u00f9ng c\u00e0y - d\u00f9ng s\u1ee9c k\u00e9o (ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c tr\u00e2u) \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea5t. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p canh t\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ea1i n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng cao h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch khai kh\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edd r\u1ed9ng hom; n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t thu ho\u1ea1ch t\u1eeb ru\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng nhi\u1ec1u g\u1ea5p b\u1ed9i. Theo s\u1eed c\u0169: L\u00faa m\u1ed7i n\u0103m tr\u1ed3ng hai l\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 m\u00f9a H\u00e8 v\u00e0 m\u00f9a \u0110\u00f4ng, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb Giao Chi1... V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c, T\u00e2y H\u00e1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd th\u00f3c g\u1ea1o cung c\u1ea5p cho b\u1ecdn quan l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 binh l\u00ednh \u1edf Giao Chi, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n ri\u00eang s\u1ed1 th\u00f3c thu\u1ebf m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Giao Chi l\u00e0 13.600.000 h\u1ed9c, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 272.000 t\u1ea5n th\u00f3c2. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edd vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed3ng c\u1ea5y l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, n\u00e2ng cao h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e0 cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u1edd c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 nh\u01b0 ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng, ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m g\u1ed1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao; trong \u0111\u00f3 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. S\u00e1ch Tr\u1ed1ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 130 \u1eef\u1ed1ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c minh v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 100 tr\u1ed1ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n minh kh\u00ed. N\u0103m 1996 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u00eam 13 chi\u1ebfc3. Con s\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1ed5 sung. Tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ng\u1ecdc L\u0169, l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u00eau luy\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba. Ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng, hoa v\u0103n 1. Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1eefu Qu\u00fdnh (Ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean) - Phan \u0110\u1ea1i Do\u00e3n - Nguy\u1ec5n C\u1ea3nh Minh, \u0110\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Nxb. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 1999. Tr. 74. 2. \u0110\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, S\u0111d, tr. 74. 3. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, S\u0111d, tr. 120. 419","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 trang tr\u00ed ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 v\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n - ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cao \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e1c l\u1ef1c cho ngh\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5. C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc cho bi\u1ebft: ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i gia s\u00fac nh\u01b0 g\u00e0, v\u1ecbt, ch\u00f3, l\u1ee3n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1i gia s\u00fac nh\u01b0 tr\u00e2u, b\u00f2, ng\u1ef1a, voi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn tr\u1ed3ng rau qu\u1ea3 - rau mu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea3 b\u00e8 tr\u00ean ao h\u1ed3, lo\u1ea1i khoai Cam ch\u01b0 v\u1ecf t\u00eda, th\u1ecbt tr\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u1ee9ng g\u00e0 \u0103n r\u1ea5t ngon; c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ea7u, b\u00ed. Sau \u0111\u00f3, d\u00e2n c\u01b0 d\u00f9ng v\u1ecf b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4 \u0111\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ef1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u. Vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ea7u cau v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng tr\u1ea7u cau trong ti\u1ec7c c\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 t\u1eeb kh\u00e1 s\u1edbm, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trong truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u1ee5c \u0103n tr\u1ea7u cau c\u00f2n truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf ngh\u1ec1 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn tuy l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5, nh\u01b0ng g\u1eafn b\u00f3 kh\u00e1 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f4ng x\u00e3. Ngo\u00e0i ngh\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i, l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh phirong th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft, h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m t\u1eeb s\u00f4ng h\u1ed3, r\u1eebng r\u1eadm nh\u1eb1m b\u1ed5 sung ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ed1ng cho b\u1eefa \u0103n th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng con thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c m\u1ed9c v\u1eeba l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111i l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft th\u1ee7y h\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ven bi\u1ec3n, thu v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00f4m, c\u00e1, cua, \u1ed1c... v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u00f3n \u0103n quen thu\u1ed9c \u01b0a th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, v\u1eeba d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m m\u1ed9 t\u00e1ng. Vi\u1ec7c h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m l\u00e2m th\u1ed5 s\u1ea3n t\u1eeb r\u1eebng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i rau c\u1ee7 cho b\u1ed9t nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y Quang lang l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1nh, ho\u1eb7c s\u0103n b\u1eafn th\u00fa d\u1eef b\u1ed5 sung th\u1ee9c \u0103n th\u1ecbt cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tri th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn, ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i, h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m tuy l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5, song c\u0169ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. 420","Chircmg VII. L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 - \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u00f2i B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean ch\u00ednh do ngh\u1ec1 th\u00f9 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng, s\u1eaft ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u00e0y, cu\u1ed1c, l\u01b0\u1ee1i nh\u00edp, l\u01b0\u1ee1i li\u1ec1m, r\u00ecu thay th\u1ebf nh\u1eefng n\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7, \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9m n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t. Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. N\u0103ng su\u1ea5t cao h\u01a1n, thu ho\u1ea1ch nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edd cho s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn c\u00f9a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u1ed1n mang nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0n d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb phong ki\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 \u1ea5y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0ng - chi\u1ec1ng - vi\u1ec1ng - ch\u1ea1 hay l\u00e0ng - k\u1ebb - \u1ea5p; l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 (ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc) nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n. Theo \u0111\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ru\u1ed9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec1 th\u00f9 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p; y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ecb th\u1ee7y, th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i - \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u00ea \u0111\u1eadp, kh\u01a1i s\u00f4ng ng\u00f2i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng - ch\u1ea1. Theo s\u00e1ch Nam Vi\u1ec7t ch\u00ed, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c T\u00e2y H\u00e1n, M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 cho ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00ea ng\u0103n s\u00f3ng bi\u1ec3n \u1edf v\u00f9ng T\u1ea1c Kh\u1ea9u (Tam \u0110i\u1ec7p, Ninh B\u00ecnh). H\u1eadu H\u00e1n th\u01b0 ghi l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7n s\u1eeda sang k\u00eanh ng\u00f2i1. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t \u1edd v\u00f9ng Ng\u0169 Huy\u1ec7n Kh\u00ea (\u0110\u00f4ng Anh - H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, T\u1eeb S\u01a1n - B\u1eafc Ninh) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u00ea \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng l\u1ee5t l\u1ed9i. \u0110\u00ea c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 khu c\u01b0 tr\u00fa v\u1eeba b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u00ea, h\u1ed9 \u0111\u00ea \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i huy \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 l\u1edbn. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ec g\u1ed3m s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u00e0ng - \u1ea5p m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n li\u00ean l\u00e0ng, nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00ea \u0111i\u1ec1u khi n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4ng l\u00ean cao. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u00ea v\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u d\u00e0i trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, khai ph\u00e1 m\u1edf mang \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng x\u00f3m l\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t. Ch\u00ednh c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u00ea tr\u1ecb th\u1ee7y, th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp th\u00eam c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng m\u1edbi. \u0110i li\u1ec1n v\u00f3i 1. \u0110\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, S\u0111d, tr. 73. 421","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n trong c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng - \u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c khai hoang v\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea5t, m\u1edf mang ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i c\u00e1c khu r\u1eebng r\u1eadm ven c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, s\u00f4ng M\u00e3, s\u00f4ng C\u1ea3; ki\u00ean tri san l\u1ea5p c\u00e1c \u00f4 tr\u0169ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u00ec nhi\u00eau. Theo ch\u00e2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n khai ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng, l\u00e0ng - \u1ea5p d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra; l\u00e0ng m\u1edbi, \u1ea5p m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u. C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc cho bi\u1ebft c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u00c2u L\u1ea1c th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1eeb thung l\u0169ng n\u00fai mi\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, qua v\u00f9ng Vi\u1ec7t Tr\u00ec, l\u00e0ng C\u1ea3 (Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd), ti\u1ebfn d\u1ea7n khai ph\u00e1 mi\u1ec1n h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng - l\u00e0ng Ch\u1ee7 - c \u1ed5 Loa. c \u1ed5 Loa tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc cho th\u1ea5y \u1edf k\u1ebb V\u1ebd (l\u00e0ng \u0110\u00f4ng Ng\u1ea1c, T\u1eeb Li\u00eam, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i) v\u00e0 \u1edf v\u00f9ng Duy Ti\u00ean (H\u00e0 Nam), c\u00e1ch ng\u00e0y nay g\u1ea7n 2.000 n\u0103m, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn sinh s\u1ed1ng. Ho\u1eb7c theo th\u1ea7n t\u00edch v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2n gian cho hay trang La Nhu\u1ebf (thu\u1ed9c x\u00e3 D\u01b0\u01a1ng N\u1ed9i, huy\u1ec7n Ho\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c, H\u00e0 T\u00e2y c\u0169) \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi vua H\u00f9ng Nhu\u1ec7 V\u01b0\u01a1ng - cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1c vua H\u00f9ng, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi Th\u1ee5c An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng1. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 I \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VII, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 khai ph\u00e1 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, l\u1eadp ra nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0ng \u1ea5p ven hai b\u00ean t\u1ea3 ng\u1ea1n, h\u1eefu ng\u1ea1n s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, s\u00f4ng \u0110u\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn d\u1ea7n xu\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec1n h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng: Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ef1, L\u0169ng Kh\u00ea (th\u00e0nh Luy L\u00e2u), Tam \u00c1 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9 S\u0129 Nhi\u1ebfp (S\u0129 v\u01b0\u01a1ng); N\u1ed9i Du\u1ec7 - c\u1ea7u Lim, Nghi V\u1ec7 - n\u01a1i c\u00f3 b\u00e3i m\u1ed9 H\u00e1n - L\u1ee5c tri\u1ec1u ho\u00e0nh tr\u00e1ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Ph\u00e1p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 D\u1ea1m, Long Kh\u00e1m - Ti\u00ean S\u01a1n, \u0110\u00f4ng C\u1ee9u, Thi\u00ean Thai, v.v...2 Sau \u0111\u00f3, tr\u1ecb s\u1edf Luy L\u00e2u - Long Bi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 T\u1ed1ng B\u00ecnh - \u0110\u1ea1i La (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i). 1. \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u1ed9 x\u00e3 D\u01b0\u01a1ng N\u1ed9i - huy\u1ec7n Ho\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c - tinh H\u00e0 T\u00e2y c\u0169, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n x\u00e3 D\u01b0\u01a1ng N\u1ed9i (1930 - 2000), D\u01b0\u01a1ng N\u1ed9i, 2003, tr. 17. 2. Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u1ee3ng, Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ecba - v\u0103n h\u00f3a, Nxb. V\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c - T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed V\u00e2n h\u00f3a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1998, tr. 134. 422","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 - \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u00f2i B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c Qu\u1eadn C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n (Thanh H\u00f3a, Ngh\u1ec7 An), c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 khai canh l\u1eadp ra l\u00e0ng Gi\u00e0ng - D\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00e1 (nay thu\u1ed9c ngo\u1ea1i vi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Thanh H\u00f3a); l\u00e0ng V\u1ea1c (\u1edf Ngh\u1ec7 An)... \u0110en th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n, Tam \u1eccu\u1ed1c, l\u00e0ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00e1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m T\u01b0 Ph\u1ed1 - m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, kinh t\u1ebf quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a qu\u1eadn C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n. Nh\u1edd vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u00ea v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i k\u00eanh ng\u00f2i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f3n ru\u1ed9ng khi\u1ebfn s\u00e0n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edd r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t cao h\u01a1n. Bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed9p t\u00f4 thu\u1ebf cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecf h\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng \u1ea5p c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f9 th\u00f3c l\u00faa \u0103n. C\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00fac kim kh\u00ed, d\u1ec7t, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m do ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt H\u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, ti\u1ebfp th\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e2ng cao m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a l\u00e0m ra \u0111\u00e3 tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c trao \u0111\u1ed5i bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1; trong \u0111\u00f3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u1ea3. V\u00ec ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 cho th\u1ea5y trong v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 H\u00e1n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Thanh Ngh\u1ec7, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt H\u00e1n - m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u00e0, th\u00e0nh qu\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea5t nung..., c\u00f2n c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt mang d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n Vi\u1ec7t - b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba - nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ef1ng b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed1m. Tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba - n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ru\u1ed9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edd r\u1ed9ng, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u00e0 giao l\u01b0u v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc trong khu v\u1ef1c khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u1eeba gi\u1eef g\u00ecn v\u1eeba ti\u1ebfp thu, n\u00e2ng cao truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Nhu c\u1ea7u n\u1ed9i sinh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi - \u00e1p l\u1ef1c d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 gia t\u0103ng, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ngo\u1ea1i sinh - s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n \u00e1p b\u1ee9c c\u00f9a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ee9c thu\u1ebf c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p, khi\u00ean n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng \u1ea5p ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c khai ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng, l\u1eadp ra nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0ng \u1ea5p m\u1edbi. Theo Qu\u1ef3nh \u0110\u00f4i c\u1ed1 kim s\u1ef1 t\u00edch h\u01b0\u01a1ng bi\u00ean v\u00e0 H\u1ed3 Gia h\u1ee3p t\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3 k\u00fd, H\u1ed3 H\u01b0ng D\u1eadt qu\u00ea \u1edf Chi\u1ebft Giang, Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0m 423","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Th\u00e1i th\u00fa \u1edf Di\u1ec5n Ch\u00e2u (Ngh\u1ec7 An) th\u1ea5y h\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00e0u \u0110\u1ed9t (Qu\u1ef3nh L\u01b0u, Ngh\u1ec7 An) m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ecd Ho\u00e0ng, h\u1ecd Nguy\u1ec5n l\u1eadp ra Qu\u1ef3nh \u0110\u00f4i trang - (\u1ea5p) (l\u00e0ng Qu\u1ef3nh \u0110\u00f4i, Qu\u1ef3nh L\u01b0u, Ngh\u1ec7 An). Qu\u1ef3nh \u0110\u00f4i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u00e0ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 khoa ho\u1ea1n sau n\u00e0y. Trong d\u00e2n gian c\u00f3 c\u00e2u: Nam H\u00e0nh Thi\u1ec7n, Ngh\u1ec7 Qu\u1ef3nh \u0110\u00f4i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u00e0ng H\u00e0nh Thi\u1ec7n, Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh; l\u00e0ng Qu\u1ef3nh \u0110\u00f4i, Ngh\u1ec7 An \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1eadu \u0111\u1ea1t, l\u00e0m quan. B\u01b0\u1edbc sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IX trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn - s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, s\u00f4ng M\u00e3, s\u00f4ng Lam - c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0ng \u1ea5p m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Kh\u00f4ng ri\u00eang ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t m\u1edf l\u00e0ng l\u1eadp \u1ea5p m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 quan l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ed1c H\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb H\u00e1n h\u00f3a c\u00f9ng nhau khai canh l\u1eadp \u1ea5p nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd H\u1ed3 \u1edf Qu\u1ef3nh \u0110\u00f4i, h\u1ecd V\u0169 \u1edf M\u1ed9 Tr\u1ea1ch (x\u00e3 T\u00e2n H\u1ed3ng, huy\u1ec7n B\u00ecnh Giang, H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng). Th\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3 v\u00e0 gia ph\u1ea3 h\u1ecd V\u0169 \u1edf M\u1ed9 Tr\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec1u vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: An Nam Kinh l\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9 V\u0169 H\u1ed3n l\u00e0m quan nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eddi V\u0169 T\u00f4ng n\u0103m 843. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh, h\u1ecdc r\u1ed9ng, gi\u1ecfi phong th\u1ee7y. Trong th\u1eddi gian \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i th\u0103m th\u00fa nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i. V\u00ec m\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3 M\u1ed9, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 r\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea7u, h\u1ed5 \u1ea5p, \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u00edch Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 s\u00e0o (t\u1ed5 Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129), n\u00ean sau khi v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed s\u0129 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra trang Kh\u1ea3 M\u1ed9 (l\u00e0ng M\u1ed9 Tr\u1ea1ch). Con ch\u00e1u h\u1ecd V\u0169 n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi sinh ra \u1edd \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec1u coi V\u0169 H\u1ed3n l\u00e0 v\u1ecb Thu\u1ef7 t\u1ed5, Th\u1ea7n t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00ecnh. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecd kh\u00e1c - Nguy\u1ec5n, Tr\u1ea7n, L\u00ea, M\u1ea1c, Tr\u1ecbnh... con ch\u00e1u c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 h\u1ecd V\u0169 c\u00f2n \u1edd l\u00e0ng M\u1ed9 Tr\u1ea1ch ho\u1eb7c t\u1ecfa \u0111i sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edb nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i kh\u1ea3c, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1ng hi\u00e9n qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 cho s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c... \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0ng C\u00fac B\u1ed3 (x\u00e3 Ki\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c, huy\u1ec7n Ninh Giang, H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng), n\u01a1i sinh tr\u01b0\u1eddng Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba D\u1ee5 - Kh\u00fac Ti\u00ean Ch\u00faa. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 t\u00f2 tay nh\u00e0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u1eadp ra ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eadn c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1p (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng hu\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eddi L\u00fd, Tr\u1ea7n; t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1eddi L\u00ea, M\u1ea1c, Nguy\u1ec5n sau n\u00e0y). V\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba D\u1ee5 - Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba M\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ee9t \u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc sau m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c; m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. 424","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII. L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 - \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 X, sau h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1n b\u00ec, anh d\u0169ng trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean khai ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ven c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0ng ph\u00ec nhi\u00eau, r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p s\u00e1t bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa sang n\u01b0\u1edbc ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a. Tr\u1ea7n L\u00e3m, th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong 12 s\u1ee9 qu\u00e2n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 sang chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u00f9ng B\u1ed1 H\u1ea3i Kh\u1ea9u (K\u1ef3 B\u1ed1), V\u0169 Ti\u00ean (Ki\u1ebfn X\u01b0\u01a1ng, Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh). H\u1ecd L\u01b0u, h\u1ecd Tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn khai ph\u00e1 v\u00f9ng H\u1ea3i \u1ea5p (huy\u1ec7n H\u01b0ng H\u00e0, Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh)... Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n c\u1ea3 d\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn tr\u00ean l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c ba con s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, s\u00f4ng M\u00e3, s\u00f4ng Lam nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay, m\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea3ng r\u1eebng r\u1eadm, \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c v\u00e0 m\u00e1u x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 khai ph\u00e1 ti\u1ebfp cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e3i v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y, l\u1eadp n\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m tr\u00f9 ph\u00fa, th\u01a1 m\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft v\u1eefng ch\u00e3i b\u1ea5t khu\u1ea5t, trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ef1ng l\u00e0ng gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00eda Nam cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 X v\u1eabn thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia L\u00e2m \u1ea4p, Ph\u00f9 Nam. Vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh Nam ti\u1ebfn sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi L\u00ea Ho\u00e0n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp sau l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i L\u00fd - Tr\u1ea7n - L\u00ea...; \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Gia Long \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c anh em; c\u00f9ng nhau \u0111\u1ea5u tranh th\u1eafng gi\u1eb7c ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eeb v\u00e8 vang \u0111\u00f3, ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c, l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng do t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t huy ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. IV. T\u1ece CH\u1ee8C L\u00c0NG X\u00c3 V\u1edaI NH\u1eeeNG CH\u1ee8C N\u0102NG TRUY\u00c8N TH\u00d4NG Ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch cho s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng - \u1ea5p ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c... tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng sinh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng, h\u1ed3, r\u1eebng r\u1eadm. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t ti\u00ean phong \u0111\u00e3 khai ph\u00e1 ch\u00fang, m\u1edd mang th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng, 425","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 l\u00e0ng - \u1ea5p - chi\u1ec1ng - ch\u1ea1 r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c ven nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3i g\u00f2 v\u00e0 d\u1ecdc l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c ba con s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn: s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, s\u00f4ng M\u00e3, s\u00f4ng Lam. L\u00e0ng - \u1ea5p l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n sinh, t\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 chi\u1ec1ng - b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng, Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c anh em kh\u00e1c c\u00f9ng sinh s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng - k\u1ebb - \u1ea5p \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb khai canh v\u00e0 trong su\u1ed1t ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed1ng B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c, ch\u1ed1ng H\u00e1n h\u00f3a ra sao? S\u1eed c\u0169 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 \u00edt t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, khi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh dung r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 sao, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00f2 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edd, khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i sau thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i hom. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t do nhu c\u1ea7u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh li\u00ean minh b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n L\u1ea1c V\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. C\u00f4ng x\u00e3 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c bao g\u1ed3m trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 gia t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 t\u00f4ng t\u1ed9c; quan h\u1ec7 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f4ng x\u00e3. Ket c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3 mang t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 h\u1ec7, c\u00f2n in d\u1ea5u kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 n\u00e9t trong c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y nay. Sau \u0111\u1ea5y, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t b\u1ecb c\u00e1c \u1eebi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i phong ki\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm, \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9. D\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u (Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0) v\u00e0 T\u00e2y H\u00e1n, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dung d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. C \u00f4 n g x\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9 c c\u01a1 s\u1edd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0 \u1ee3c duy tri. Th\u1eddi k \u1ef3 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n, t\u00e0 sau cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7n, vi\u1ec7c cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eaft ch\u1eb7t h\u01a1n. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf; ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1eed quan cai tr\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi huy\u1ec7n to \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ee9c L\u1ec7nh tr\u01b0\u1edfng, huy\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1eb7t Huy\u1ec7n l\u1ec7nh. Nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f9a c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n thu\u1eddng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tan r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf quan h\u1ec7 khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf cho quan h\u1ec7 huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng. Theo C\u00e1c M\u00e1c, trong c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, c\u00f4ng h\u1eefu v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u1eeb\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt - t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. Do v\u1eady, 426","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII. L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 - \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed3i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y ph\u1ea7n ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t do c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i cho v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m thu ho\u1ea1ch l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang1. M\u1ed7i c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng khu \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m b\u00e3i tha ma - m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecba chung. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7m h\u1ed3, ho\u1eb7c b\u00e3i c\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00e3n th\u1ea3 tr\u00e2u b\u00f2. S\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu chung \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n n\u01b0\u1edbc ta th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c, v \u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n s\u1edd h\u1eefu (gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp) c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed1i cao l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 vua. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y l\u1ea5y hoa l\u1ee3i sinh s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 n\u1ed9p t\u00f4 thu\u1ebf cho Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 nhau. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3, tuy\u1ec7t nhi\u00ean ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t. S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu mang t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p, t\u1ef1 t\u00fac; v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p; s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t \u00edt s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 n\u00e0y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian kh\u00e1 d\u00e0i; cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi b\u1ecb l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i bang. V \u1edbi quan h\u1ed9 kinh t\u00ea t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f4i \u0111 \u1ed9c l\u1ed9p c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n l\u00e0nh m \u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean - nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 - th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd trong cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n m\u01b0u sinh ch\u1ed1ng thi\u00ean tai, \u0111\u1ecbch h\u1ecda. Do t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i khan hi\u1ebfm, kh\u00f4ng cho bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea1m vi ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 hay m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ra sao? V\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 cho ph\u00e9p suy \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng: \u1edf mi\u1ec1n xu\u00f4i trong ph\u1ea1m vi m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi\u1ec1ng - vi\u1ec1ng, k\u1ebb hay l\u00e0ng - \u1ea5p; \u1edd mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c chi\u1ec1ng - b\u1ea3n h\u1ecdp th\u00e0nh. Theo c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng khi \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khai ph\u00e1, \u0111on v\u1ecb c\u01b0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 l\u00e0 chi\u1ec1ng - b\u1ea3n. 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T.I, S\u0111d, tr. 221. 427","L\u1ecaCH S \u1eeb VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u chi\u1ec1ng - b\u1ea3n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 P\u00f4 chi\u1ec1ng. P\u00f4 chi\u1ec1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 uy quy\u1ec1n trong vi\u1ec7c d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng1. V\u00f9ng M\u01b0\u1eddng (H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh) v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai T\u00e2y B\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc ta t\u1eebng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Nh\u00e0 lang - Ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o - Ph\u00eda t\u1ea1o (cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i) t\u1eeb xa x\u01b0a cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u01b0 \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 P\u00f4 chi\u1ec1ng - ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u chi\u1ec1ng - \u1ea5p. D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc; do P\u00f4 chi\u1ec1ng - B\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o uy quy\u1ec1n, quan h\u1ec7 th\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng x\u00e3... P\u00f4 chi\u1ec1ng - B\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edd th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng, Ph\u00fa h\u00e0o \u1edd c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng hay Ph\u00fa h\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed sang l\u00e0m quan, h\u1ebft h\u1ea1n r\u1ed3i \u1edd l\u1ea1i, ho\u1eb7c \u0111em gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e1nh n\u1ea1n sang l\u00e0m \u0103n sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u; qua nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1 gi\u1ea3. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa sang Giao Ch\u00e2u g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n: S\u0129 t\u1ed9c - ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c danh gia v\u1ecdng t\u1ed9c, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, h\u1ecd l\u0169ng \u0111o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n y\u1ebft b\u1ea3ng m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7. S\u0129 t\u1ed9c tr\u1edd th\u00e0nh lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t: c\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i th\u1ebf t\u1ed9c, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n qu\u00fd, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, h\u1ea1 ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ebf t\u1ed9c2. N h\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa S\u0129 t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng S\u0129 t\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. Ngo\u00e0i ra, s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa sang Giao Ch\u00e2u g\u1ed3m: th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n, quan l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5t th\u1ebf, qu\u00e2n s\u0129, d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt... Khi \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa \u0111\u00f3 \u0111a ph\u1ea7n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ngo\u1ea1i bang chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng - \u1ea5p, l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thu nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 \u1ee9 \u1edd n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c. 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T.I, S\u0111d, tr. 151. 2. L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T.I, S\u0111d, tr. 143. 428","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII. L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 - \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 cai tr\u1ecb Giao Ch\u00e2u. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 L\u00fd B\u00ed \u1edf ph\u00f9 Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh mi\u1ec1n Ba V\u00ec (S\u01a1n T\u00e2y - H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u00f4ng cha \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e1nh n\u1ea1n sang Giao Ch\u00e2u. Theo Th\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng Ng\u1ecdc Than (x\u00e3 Ng\u1ecdc M\u1ef9, Qu\u1ed1c Oai, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i) v\u00e0 L\u01b0u X\u00e1 (Ho\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i), \u00f4ng t\u1ed5 b\u1ea3y \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a L\u00fd B\u00ed l\u00e0 L\u00fd Thu\u1eadn. Cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi T\u00e2y H\u00e1n \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1n l\u1edbn, L\u00fd Thu\u1eadn \u0111em gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 l\u00e1nh n\u1ea1n \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam, tr\u1ea3i 7 \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam. C\u00e1c s\u00e1ch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0, Tr\u1ea7n th\u01b0, T\u01b0 tr\u1ecb th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi L\u00fd B\u00ed l\u00e0 Giao Ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 nh\u00e2n1. \u0110en \u0111\u1eddi L\u00fd B\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. L\u00fd B\u00ed tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m 542 v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ra n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u1ea1n Xu\u00e2n. Ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng g\u1ed1c Hoa - H\u00e1n l\u00e0 H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng, Ph\u00fa h\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ed1c Hoa. Do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00f9 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p; d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb ngo\u1ea1i bang \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, tuy chira s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. Trong c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng - \u1ea5p \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a gi\u00e0u ngh\u00e8o; xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng hay Ph\u00fa h\u00e0o do chi\u1ebfm ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 m\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, c\u00f3 uy th\u1ebf trong v\u00f9ng. Ho\u1eb7c do tr\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh phong ki\u1ebfn h\u00f3a su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c, c\u00e1c T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng, T\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng, Ph\u00fa h\u00e0o \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Theo t\u1ea5m bia \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00e1 (qu\u1eadn T\u00e2y H\u1ed3, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i) cho bi\u1ebft: Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng Ph\u1eabn, l\u00e0 ch\u00e1u 7 \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9ng T\u01a1i C\u00e1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o trong cung vua \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Cao T\u1ed5 (618-626) d\u1ef1 y\u1ebfn ti\u1ec7c v\u00ec l\u00e0m quan Lang \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng L\u00e2m. B\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Ph\u00f9ng H\u1ea1p Khanh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9... Ph\u00f9ng H\u1ea1p Khanh I. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edbi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, S\u0111d, tr. 328. 429","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4i ng\u00f4 kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng. Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn l\u1edbn \u1edd \u1ea5p \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng L\u00e2m v\u00e0 quanh v\u00f9ng. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 IX \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n uy c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng \u1ea5p. C\u00e1c H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gi\u00e0u th\u00eam. D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00ecnh Ngh\u1ec7 sinh ra v\u00e0 l\u1edbn l\u00ean \u1edf l\u00e0ng Gi\u1ea3ng (Gi\u00e0ng), nay l\u00e0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00e1, x\u00e3 Thi\u1ec7u D\u01b0\u01a1ng, huy\u1ec7n Thi\u1ec7u H\u00f3a - ngo\u1ea1i vi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Thanh H\u00f3a. D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00ecnh Ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf \u00c1i Ch\u00e2u (Thanh H\u00f3a), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd Kh\u00fac; trong nh\u00e0 nu\u00f4i 3.000 con nu\u00f4i, th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 gia n\u00f4, l\u00fac h\u1eefu s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ri\u00eang c\u00f9a D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00ecnh Ngh\u1ec7. Theo Thi\u1ec1n uy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp anh, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IX, trong h\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ed5ng (Ti\u00ean Du, B\u1eafc Ninh), c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 H\u00e0o ph\u00fa h\u1ecd Nguy\u1ec5n h\u00e2m m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 (C\u1ea3m Th\u00e0nh), mu\u1ed1n \u0111em gia tr\u1ea1ch c\u00fang l\u00e0m ch\u00f9a (Ki\u1ebfn S\u01a1) \u0111\u1ec3 s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf 1. Do uy t\u00edn v\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng, Ph\u00fa h\u00e0o \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0ng - \u1ea5p khi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 thi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch cai tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ch\u00ednh quy\u00e8n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng trao cho ch\u1ee9c quan h\u1ea1 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00f4i k\u00e9o ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ch\u00fang. Song tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ecb ch\u00e8n \u00e9p v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9, khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u1eady t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u00e1ch n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m; gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng, Ph\u00fa h\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng trong c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng - \u1ea5p l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh phong ki\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do b\u1ea7u b\u00e1n (nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea7u X\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng, L\u00fd tr\u01b0\u1edfng sau n\u00e0y) m\u00e0 mang d\u00e1ng d\u1ea5p 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam , T.I, S\u0111d, tr. 204. 430","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII. L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 - \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c c\u00f9a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ebf t\u1eadp - cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i. H\u00e0o tnr\u1eddng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u1edf trong l\u00e0ng - \u1ea5p. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u, chi huy, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng - \u1ea5p trong vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong hay t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Song H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 chi huy, ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft nh\u00e0n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng - \u1ea5p \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00f4 thu\u1ebf, \u0111i phu d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m. Ho\u1eb7c trong th\u1eddi gian ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, c\u00e1c H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec1u g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e0nh v\u00e0 gi\u1eef ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n... Hi\u1ec7n nay, t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u ch\u01b0a cho ph\u00e9p h\u00ecnh dung b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00e0ng - \u1ea5p do H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh ra sao? C\u00f3 giong ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh X\u00e3 quan, L\u00fd d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i sau n\u00e0y hay kh\u00f4ng? v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc cho r\u1eb1ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VII c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng - \u1ea5p Giao Ch\u00e2u v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9. Ch\u01b0a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ef1c tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng - \u1ea5p m\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 cai tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp, v \u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng - \u1ea5p c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bao l\u00e2u khung tr\u1eddi li\u00eang h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p \u0111\u00f3 \u0111a b\u1ecb kliu\u00e1y \u0111\u1ed9ng. Nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh - chia \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u00e2u, huy\u1ec7n cho h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng - \u1ea5p \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. Theo An Nam ch\u00ed, \u0111\u1ea5t Giao Chi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ean th\u00e0nh qu\u00e1ch, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, tr\u1ea5n. Theo Ng\u1ee5y Vi\u1ec7t ngo\u1ea1i k\u1ef7, Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Kh\u00e2u H\u00f2a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea5y trong ngo\u00e0i ch\u00e2u huy\u1ec7n, chia huy\u1ec7n; \u0111\u1eb7t ti\u1ec3u h\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u01a1ng, ti\u1ec3u x\u00e3, \u0111\u1ea1i x\u00e3. Ti\u1ec3u x\u00e3 t\u1eeb 10 \u0111\u1ebfn 13 h\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea1i x\u00e3 t\u1eeb 40 \u0111\u1ebfn 60 h\u1ed9. Ti\u1ec3u h\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb 70 \u0111\u1ebfn 150 h\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb 160 \u0111\u1ebfn 540 h\u1ed9. Trong kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1eddi Trinh Nguy\u00ean (785-805), \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 Tri\u1ec7u X\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ebf b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1i ti\u1ec3u h\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3. Trong \u0111\u1eddi H\u00e0m Th\u00f4ng (860 - 874), Cao Bi\u1ec1n chia \u0111\u1eb7t hir\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c, c\u1ea3 th\u1ea3y 431","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 159 h\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong \u0111\u1eddi Khai B\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 (H\u1eadu) Lir\u01a1ng (907 - 911) Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00eam 150 gi\u00e1p, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec c\u00f3 314 gi\u00e1p1. Theo Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0cmg m\u1ee5c: Nh\u00e2n g\u1eb7p th\u1eddi lo\u1ea1n l\u1ea1c (nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng suy y\u1ebfu) nh\u00e2n danh H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng (\u1edf H\u1ed3ng Ch\u00e2u, H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng) m\u1ed9t x\u1ee9, (Kh\u00fac) Th\u1eeba D\u1ee5 t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9. Vua \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c \u1ea5y. N\u0103m 907, Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba D\u1ee5 m\u1ea5t. Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o (con Th\u1eeba D\u1ee5) nh\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u01a1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169, gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y La Th\u00e0nh (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i), t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1eed. Chia \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c l\u1ed9, ph\u1ee7, ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 x\u00e3 \u1edd c\u00e1c x\u1ee9. \u0110\u1eb7t ra ch\u00e1nh L\u1ec7nh tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 t\u00e1 L\u1ec7nh tr\u01b0\u1edfng (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c X\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng, X\u00e3 ch\u00ednh, X\u00e3 t\u01b0 - ph\u00f3 X\u00e3 ho\u1eb7c L\u00fd tr\u01b0\u1edfng, ph\u00f3 L\u00fd sau n\u00e0y), b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n thu\u1ebf ru\u1ed9ng, tha b\u1ecf l\u1ef1c d\u1ecbch; l\u1eadp s\u1ed5 h\u1ed9 kh\u1ea9u, k\u00ea r\u00f5 h\u1ecd t\u00ean qu\u00ea qu\u00e1n, giao cho gi\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1eef\u00f4ng coi. Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1t chu\u1ed9ng khoan dung gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00ean vui2. S\u00e1ch Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c c\u00f2n chua th\u00eam: theo s\u00e1ch An Nam k\u1ef3 y\u1ec3u, Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi Giao Chi. Cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o l\u00e0m Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9 thay cho \u0110\u1ed9c C\u00f4 T\u1ed5n: \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n l\u00e0m gi\u00e1p, \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed7i gi\u00e1p m\u1ed9t Qu\u00e0n gi\u00e1p v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00f3 Tri gi\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf...3 Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng \u1edd c\u1ea5p l\u1ed9, ph\u1ee7, ch\u00e2u m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00e0ng x\u00e3. Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o cho \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1p (h\u01b0\u01a1ng - gi\u00e1p quy m\u00f4 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng th\u1eddi M\u1ea1c, L\u00ea - Tr\u1ecbnh, Nguy\u1ec5n). \u1ede gi\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ee9c Qu\u1ea3n gi\u00e1p, ph\u00f3 Tri gi\u00e1p coi gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf. Trong gi\u00e1p c\u00f2n c\u00f3 Gi\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f4ng coi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m h\u1ed9 kh\u1ea9u, gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u. \u1ede x\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ee9c ch\u00e1nh L\u1ec7nh tr\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u00e1 L\u1ec7nh tr\u01b0\u1edfng. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u1eddi Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf. 1. An Nam ch\u00ed, B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7n S\u1eed h\u1ecdc, S\u0111d, tr. 112. 2. Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c..., S\u0111d, tr. 218. 3. Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c..., S\u0111d, tr. 218. 432","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII. L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 - \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c M\u1ed9t khi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ef1a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 thi m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1i \u0111a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 s\u1edf, song c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd Kh\u00fac \u1edf H\u1ed3ng Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edf \u0111\u00e0u trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp - t\u1ef1 ch\u00f9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n qu\u1eadn, huy\u1ec7n, trong c\u00e1c chi\u1ec1ng - l\u00e0ng - \u1ea5p - b\u1ea3n t\u1eebng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh mang t\u00ednh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf t\u1eadp - cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i (Nh\u00e0 lang - Ph\u1ee5 \u0110\u1ea1o - Ph\u00eda t\u1ea1o). \u0110\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed7i chi\u1ec1ng - l\u00e0ng - b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 P\u00f4 chi\u1ec1ng - B\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh (Gi\u00e0 l\u00e0ng, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea3n). Sau \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng - Ph\u00fa h\u00e0o. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00e1nh L\u1ec7nh tr\u01b0\u1eddng - \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e3 v\u00e0 ph\u00f3 L\u1ec7nh tr\u01b0\u1edfng (ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00fap X\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng) th\u1eddi Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m tr\u00e1ch vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edd \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng, l\u00faa n\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: c\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ecfi, tan g m a, l\u1ec5 h \u1ed9 i c\u00f3 licn q u a n \u0111 c n t\u00edn n g \u01b0 \u1ee1 n g , t\u00f4 n g i\u00e1o ... n h \u0103m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. M\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 (t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hay ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p, c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng; t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tu\u1ea7n ph\u00f2ng l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m, \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng; l\u00fac kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00ea v\u1ee1, ho\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1n, k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi huy \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n, c\u1ee9u ch\u1eefa ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ecdn tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp, gi\u1eb7c gi\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o l\u00e0ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh y\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng x\u00e3. D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n - l\u1ec7 l\u00e0ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 r\u0103n b\u1ea3o ho\u1eb7c tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u, x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng; 433","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 an ninh c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng x\u00e3. P\u00f4 chi\u1ec1ng, H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng, ch\u00e1nh L\u1ec7nh tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd c\u0169ng g\u1eafn b\u00f3 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trung gian, l\u00e0 c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 v\u1edbi Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u1ed9p t\u00f4 thu\u1ebf, c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 lao d\u1ecbch. S\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 v\u1edbi l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo. Tuy t\u00f2 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VII th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0110u\u1eddng v\u1ec1 sau, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 can thi\u1ec7p gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 nh\u1eb1m v\u01a1 v\u00e9t s\u01b0u thu\u1ebf, c\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thi h\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ef1c tr\u1ecb. L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ri\u00eang s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n ri\u00eang - r\u1ea5t ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng l\u00e0ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng H\u00e1n h\u00f3a, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ch\u0103m \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n th\u00eam v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trong qu\u00e1 trinh ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 giao l\u01b0u v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3. Tr\u1ea3i qua h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gian kh\u1ed5, hy sinh m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t nh\u1edd v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u1eabn b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng - c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft (\u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng) l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m - li\u00ean l\u00e0ng - l\u00e0ng - n\u01b0\u1edbc; th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n, t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n \u0111i l\u00ean. Ph\u00e0n tr\u1ebdn \u0111a \u0111\u00e8 c\u1eadp \u0111\u00e9n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u1edf l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu theo t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u1ebf t\u1eadp, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 h\u00ecnh dung b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u01a1 s\u1edf, tr\u1eeb nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y. Song \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf l\u00e0ng x\u00e3. Trong c\u1ea3 th\u00f2i k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c, c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t t\u1eebng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4ng t\u1ed9c, gia t\u1ed9c. C\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb phong ki\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4ng t\u1ed9c, gia t\u1ed9c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng; ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n, t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 - bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng b\u1ec1n b\u00ec c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng x\u00e3. 434","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII. L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 - \u0110on v\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c Gi\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng trang l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u1eadp l\u00e0ng cho th\u1ea5y ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f9ng nhau khai canh l\u1eadp \u1ea5p. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ecd; ho\u1eb7c thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecd kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u00f9a h\u1ecd - t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng m\u1edf l\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho l\u00e0ng. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u0110\u1eb7ng X\u00e1 - l\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0110\u1eb7ng, t\u00ean N\u00f4m l\u00e0 l\u00e0ng \u0110ang (x\u00e3 C\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u00ednh); Mai X\u00e1 - l\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd Mai (x\u00e3 Minh Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng, huy\u1ec7n Ti\u00ean L\u1eef, Hung Y\u00ean); Ph\u1ea1m X\u00e1 - l\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd Ph\u1ea1m (x\u00e3 Minh Ti\u1ebfn, huy\u1ec7n Ph\u1ee7 C\u1eeb, H\u01b0ng Y\u00ean); L\u00ea X\u00e1 - l\u00e0ng h\u1ecd L\u00ea (Duy Ti\u00ean, H\u00e0 Nam); ho\u1eb7c D\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00e1 - l\u00e0ng h\u1ecd D\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u00ean N\u00f4m l\u00e0 l\u00e0ng Gi\u00e0ng... \u1edc nh\u1eefng l\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ban \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 g\u1ed3m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn khai canh m\u1edf l\u00e0ng. T\u1eeb m\u1ed9t h\u1ecd sinh ra nhi\u1ec1u chi, ph\u00e1i, nh\u00e2n s\u1ed1 d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f4ng. Sau th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng nhau m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00e0ng \u1ea5p, \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng. Sau m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 trinh khai hoang l\u1eadp \u1ea5p, m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, s\u1ed1 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t khai ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u01b0 h\u1eefu. Ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng \u0111em chia cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong h\u1ecd l\u00e0m nh\u00e0 \u1edf (th\u1ed5 c\u01b0), ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y l\u1ea5y hoa l\u1ee3i sinh s\u1ed1ng (th\u1ed5 canh). Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng cho bi\u1ebft c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ra sao? Nh\u01b0ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec3u tra h\u00f4i c\u00f4 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc m \u1ed9t s\u00f4 l\u00e2ng \u1edd \u0111\u1ed5ng b\u0103ng s\u00f4ng H \u1ed5ng cho bi\u1ebft: c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t d\u1ef1a theo s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n chia t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o quy \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i t\u1ed9c - h\u1ecd v\u00e0 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0ng. Trong l\u1ec7 l\u00e0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau. K\u1ef3 h\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n chia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u0103m m\u1ed9t, ho\u1eb7c 3 n\u0103m, 6 n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. Kh\u1ea9u ph\u1ea7n ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch nhi\u1ec1u \u00edt m\u00e0 h\u1ecd - t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 khai ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Sau khi ph\u00e2n chia cho c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh, bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 trong h\u1ecd lu\u00e2n phi\u00ean c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y thu hoa l\u1ee3i d\u00f9ng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd h\u1ecd, c\u00fang gi\u1ed7 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean h\u00e0ng n\u0103m... Ru\u1ed9ng h\u1ecd, ru\u1ed9ng l\u00e0ng l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n (gia \u0111\u00ecnh ti\u1ec3u n\u00f4ng - c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ed3m 2-3 hay 4 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u00f9ng s\u1ed1ng chung d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00e1i nh\u00e0) c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y, thu th\u00f3c l\u00faa, hoa m\u00e0u duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1eddi 435","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 S\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt; \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng sinh ho\u1ea1t chung c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd v\u00e0 l\u00e0ng x\u00e3; c\u1ed1ng n\u1ed9p t\u00f4 thu\u1ebf, s\u01b0u d\u1ecbch cho Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong m\u1ed9t l\u00e0ng \u1ea5p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ngu\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd - T\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. T\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n uy v\u1ec1 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng - ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 gi\u1ed7 t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd. T\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd tr\u1ecdng v\u1ecdng, m\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 hi\u1ebfu, h\u1ef7, ho\u1eb7c xin \u00fd ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n uy v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf trong vi\u1ec7c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e2n chia ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd l\u1edbn - c\u1ef1 t\u1ed9c trong l\u00e0ng, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a T\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi trong h\u1ecd m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0ng - trong v\u00f9ng. Theo s\u00e1ch Thi\u1ec1n uy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp anh ch\u00e9p truy\u1ec7n thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 \u0110\u1ecbnh Kh\u00f4ng: s\u01b0 h\u1ecd L\u00fd (s\u00e1ch ch\u00e9p l\u00e0 h\u1ecd Nguy\u1ec5n theo l\u1ec7 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1eddi Tr\u1ea7n) ng\u01b0\u1eddi (h\u01b0\u01a1ng) C\u1ed5 Ph\u00e1p. H\u1ecd nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1 t\u1ed9c. Trong kho\u1ea3ng ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Trinh Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng (785- 805), s\u01b0 l\u00e0m ch\u00f9a Qu\u1ef3nh L\u00e2m \u1edf trong h\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ed1n x\u01b0a l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u01a1ng Di\u00ean u\u1ea9n, s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng c \u1ed5 Ph\u00e1p. Ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf h\u1ecd L\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn \u1edf h\u01b0\u01a1ng c \u1ed5 Ph\u00e1p. Ch\u00ednh h\u01b0\u01a1ng c \u1ed5 Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ph\u00e1t t\u00edch c\u00f9a nh\u00e0 L\u00fd sau n \u00e0y '. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u1edf l\u00e0ng M\u1ed9 Tr\u1ea1ch (thu\u1ed9c x\u00e3 T\u00e2n H\u1ed3ng, huy\u1ec7n B\u00ecnh Giang, H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng) cho bi\u1ebft: l\u00e0ng n\u00e0y x\u01b0a l\u00e0 \u1ea5p Kh\u1ea3 M\u1ed9; v\u1ed1n do V\u0169 H\u1ed3n - nguy\u00ean Kinh l\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9 An Nam th\u1eddi \u0110 \u01b0 \u1eddng l\u1eadp ra v\u00e0o kh o \u1ea3n g nh\u1eef ng n\u0103m gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 IX . C on ch\u00e1u h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 h\u1ecd V\u0169 \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi sinh ra \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. H\u1ecd V\u0169 chi\u1ebfm s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng \u1edf l\u00e0ng M\u1ed9 Tr\u1ea1ch. Sau n\u00e0y th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0: L\u00ea, Nh\u1eef, Nguy\u1ec5n, Ph\u1ea1m, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, T\u00f4, \u0110o\u00e0n, T\u1ea1, L\u01b0\u01a1ng, Cao, M\u1ea1c... \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng nhau khai ph\u00e1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m M\u1ed9 Tr\u1ea1ch. C\u00e1c h\u1ecd \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p c\u00f4ng t\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec3m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng khoa b\u1ea3ng r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 cho l\u00e0ng - n\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi Tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi L\u00ea, l\u00e0ng M\u1ed9 Tr\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 36 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea1i khoa: Tr\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean, Ti\u1ebfn s\u1ef9. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd V\u0169 chi\u1ebfm 29 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c h\u1ecd kh\u00e1c 7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u1ecd V\u0169 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1 t\u1ed9c \u1edf l\u00e0ng, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eadu \u0111\u1ea1t l\u00e0m 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c h \u1ebf \u0111 \u1ed9 p h o n g ki\u1ebfn V i\u1ec7t N am , T .I, S\u0111d, tr. 202. 436","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII. L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 - \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c quan c\u00f3 danh v\u1ecdng, \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho d\u00e2n cho n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 V\u0169 H\u1eefu, V\u0169 Qu\u1ef3nh, V\u0169 Duy Ch\u00ed, V\u0169 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ec1, V\u0169 Huy T\u1ea5n... C\u00e1c h\u1ecd kh\u00e1c \u1edf M\u1ed9 Tr\u1ea1ch tuy kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ef1 t\u1ed9c nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1eef l\u00e0ng gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong \u0111\u00f3, vai tr\u00f2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t; l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd m\u1ea1c; c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng chung c\u00f9a h\u1ecd, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gia t\u1ed9c g\u1eafn b\u00f3 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 v\u1edbi l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ho\u1eb7c \u1edd Gi\u00e1p B\u1ed1i L\u00fd (nay l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng Ph\u1ee7 L\u00fd, Nh\u00e2n L\u00fd, M\u1ef9 L\u00fd, thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n Thi\u1ec7u H\u00f3a, Thanh H\u00f3a), qu\u1eadn C\u1eebu Ch\u00e2n, ch\u00e2u \u00c1i; \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u1ecd L\u00ea l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1 t\u1ed9c. Theo s\u00e1ch Thi\u1ec3n uy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp anh: L\u00ea L\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m Ch\u00e2u m\u1ee5c ch\u00e2u \u00c1i th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Bia ch\u00f9a H\u01b0\u01a1ng Nghi\u00eam cho bi\u1ebft th\u00eam: L\u00ea L\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9c Tr\u1ea5n qu\u1ed1c b\u1ed9c x\u1ea1, nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c trong x\u1ee9. Th\u00f3c tr\u1eef \u0111\u1ebfn 110 l\u1eabm. Trong nh\u00e0 nu\u00f4i 3.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1ch. Th\u1eddi H\u1eadu \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng (923 - 937), ch\u00ednh L\u00ea L\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf ti\u1ec1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00f9a H\u01b0\u01a1ng Nghi\u00eam trong gi\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3. \u0110en th\u1eddi \u0110inh nghi\u1ec5m nhi\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c l\u1edbn \u1edf \u00c1i C h\u00e2u1. Tuy s\u1eeb s\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e9p L\u00ea L\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 T\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng, nhung v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1 t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd L\u00ea \u1edf gi\u00e1p B\u1ed1i L\u00fd th\u00ec vai tr\u00f2 c\u00f9a T\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 uy th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi trong h\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng \u00c1i Ch\u00e2u. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd l\u1edbn - c\u1ef1 t\u1ed9c \u1edd l\u00e0ng \u1ea5p, T\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng. T\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 con tr\u01b0\u1edbng, ng\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c cao v\u1ecdng tr\u1ecdng (ng\u01b0cn c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng c\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c). Khi Nho gi\u00e1o th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 sau n\u00e0y th\u00ec vai tr\u00f2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 cao. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ec7 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, T\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay quy\u1ec1n cha m\u1eb9. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, trong l\u1ec5 c\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ecfi n\u1ebfu c\u00f4 d\u00e2u hay ch\u00fa r\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n cha m\u1eb9 th\u00ec T\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng ra l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u00f4i l\u1ee9a. 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch \u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t N am , T.I, S\u0111d, tr. 201 v\u00e0 204. 437","L\u1ecaCH S \u1eed VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p cha m\u1eb9 gi\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i ru\u1ed9ng v\u01b0\u1eddn, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a k\u1ecbp l\u00e0m di ch\u00fac cho c\u00e1c con th\u00ec T\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay m\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1 l\u00e0m tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa anh ch\u1ecb em nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi nhau. Tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec7n c\u00e1o m\u1ea5t t\u00ecnh ru\u1ed9t th\u1ecbt. T\u1eeb v\u1ecb th\u1ebf tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng cho th\u1ea5y: T\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed7i d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c \u1edf l\u00e0ng th\u00ec vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a T\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi trong h\u1ecd v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0ng c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn. T\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd trong m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c chung v\u00e0 tham gia c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c chung c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng x\u00e3. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u1ed9c - h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1 s\u1edbm \u1edf l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. M\u1ed7i h\u1ecd g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f9ng huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng h\u1ecdp th\u00e0nh. M\u1ed9t h\u1ecd ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd h\u1ecdp th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u00e0ng. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho th\u1ea5y gia \u0111\u00ecnh, d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd, l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng g\u1eafn b\u00f3 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd; b\u1edfi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i \u00edch trong vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng y\u00ean \u1ed5n, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o l\u00e0ng - n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, c\u00f9ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 trong c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 X cho th\u1ea5y: Ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 P\u00f4 chi\u1ec1ng - B\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh c\u00f2n mang nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0n d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. Sau \u0111\u00f3, do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh phong ki\u1ebfn h\u00f3a d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 khi\u1ec3n P\u00f4 chi\u1ec1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u00e0ng H\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng, Ph\u00fa h\u00e0o - ch\u00e1nh L\u1ec7nh tr\u01b0\u1eddng (X\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng) th\u1eddi Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o. D\u00f9 d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o, l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 c\u01a1 s\u1edd c\u0169ng \u00edt b\u1ecb l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc, chi ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp. L\u00e0ng - \u1ea5p, l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd hay nhi\u1ec1u d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 ph\u00e1t huy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n, t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng; b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 trong m\u1ecdi th\u1eeb 438","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII. L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 - \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c th\u00e1ch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t huy trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ed1ng gi\u1eb7c ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m gi\u1eef v\u1eefng n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau n\u00e0y. V. L\u00c0NG X\u00c3 V\u1edaI S \u1ef1 TH\u00c0NH C\u00d4NG CH\u00d3NG H\u00c1N H\u00d3A H\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c, c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i phong ki\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n trong nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc ta th\u00e0nh qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c; bi\u1ebfn d\u00e2n ta \\\"man di\\\" th\u00e0nh \\\"Hoa h\u1ea1\\\" Trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9, \u0111\u1ea7y hy sinh gian kh\u1ed5 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m ch\u1ed1ng B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c - ch\u1ed1ng H\u00e1n h\u00f3a, gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 ch\u00f9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng x\u00e3. Ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n, h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng n\u0103m 40-43; cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u00f9a B\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m 248; cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a L\u00fd B\u00ed \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u1eadp ra n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u1ea1n Xu\u00e2n n\u0103m 542; v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a H\u1eadu L\u00fd Nam \u0110\u1ebf. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 tham gia t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a L\u00fd T\u1ef1 Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0110inh Ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103m 687; cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Mai Th\u00fac Loan n\u0103m 713; cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng n\u0103m 766 - 791; kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a D\u01b0\u01a1ng Thanh n\u0103m 819 - 820, nh\u1eb1m x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0m h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn cho vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 c\u1ee7a cha con h\u1ecd Kh\u00fac \u1edf H\u1ed3ng Ch\u00e2u, H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng trong th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb n\u0103m 905 - 923... T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng phong tr\u00e0o qu\u1eadt kh\u1edfi tr\u00ean thu h\u00fat \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n trong c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 tham gia, nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n phong ki\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc, gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trinh b\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf tr\u00ean. 439","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 Ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t, m\u1ed9t m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em, m\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eadp trung trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng x\u00e3, nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c, s\u1ef1 H\u00e1n h\u00f3a, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. V\u1eady ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 quan. v \u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1ch quan, \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Giao Ch\u1ec9 - Giao Ch\u00e2u - An Nam (t\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u01b0\u1edbc ta th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c) n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda nam L\u0129nh Nam, c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1 xa Trung nguy\u00ean. Giao th\u00f4ng \u0111i l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n. Tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n d\u1eb7m \u0111\u00f3 chi t\u00ednh t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n Hoa Nam tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng qua mi\u1ec1n Qu\u1ebf L\u00e2m, Th\u01b0\u01a1ng Ng\u00f4 (Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y), H\u1ee3p Ph\u1ed1 (Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u) \u0111\u1ebfn Giao Ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lam s\u01a1n ch\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00ed, gi\u1eb7c c\u01b0\u1edbp, th\u00fa d\u1eef. Neu \u0111i nhanh t\u1eeb Kinh \u0111\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An (nay l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 T\u00e2y An, thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y) c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n hay Kinh \u0111\u00f4 Ki\u1ebfn Nghi\u1ec7p (Nam Kinh) c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Ng\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn Luy L\u00e2u (huy\u1ec7n Thu\u1eadn Th\u00e0nh, B\u1eafc Ninh) hay Long Bi\u00ean (thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n Qu\u1ebf V\u00f5, tinh B\u1eafc Ninh) ph\u1ee7 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Giao Ch\u00e2u c\u0169ng m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t qu\u00fd (ba th\u00e1ng). C\u00f2n n\u1ebfu \u0111i ch\u1eadm qua ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t n\u1eeda n\u0103m, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t n\u0103m. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p Giao Ch\u00e2u c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i nhanh h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa Trung nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 Giao Ch\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00edt. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, qu\u00e2n trang, l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea3o ho\u1eb7c mang v\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea1c, h\u00e0nh l\u00fd th\u1eadt v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3, nh\u1ecdc nh\u1eb1n. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i gian tru\u00e2n, kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i kh\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1n, ti\u1ebfn tho\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee1ng nan; ph\u1ea3i quay gi\u00e1o tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 ho\u1eb7c n\u1ebfu c\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean th\u00ec qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ch\u01b0a k\u1ecbp l\u00e2m tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 \u1ed1m ch\u1ebft qu\u00e1 n\u1eeda. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ecb t\u00e2n quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea5n tr\u1ecb \u1edf Giao Chi hay Giao Ch\u00e2u t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi T\u00f9y nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7m s\u1edf, \u0111\u00e0nh b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c v\u00ec ng\u1ea1i xa x\u00f4i, b\u1ea5t tr\u00e1c x\u1ea3y ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 an nguy \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n... 440","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII. L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 - \u0110on v\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Phi\u00ean Ngung (Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u - Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng) \u0111\u1ebfn Giao Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh kh\u00e1 s\u1edbm. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 44 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, Ph\u1ee5c Ba t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em 20 v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n t\u1eeb Phi\u00ean Ngung chia l\u00e0m hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n) v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 (d\u1ecdc theo ven bi\u1ec3n; qu\u00e2n c\u00f9a M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7n v\u1eeba \u0111i v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eb7t c\u00e2y m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng) c\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfn sang Giao Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf con \u0111u\u1eddng giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a (con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a) v\u00f3n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea2n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb Ninh Ba (t\u1ec9nh Chi\u1ebft Giang) - Th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3ng c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c) \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3ng Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u s\u1ea7m u\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp trao \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ec1n Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u1edd Giao Ch\u00e2u, Champa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 theo m\u00f9a m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch. Thuy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n trao \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n tr\u00ean cho \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Cao Bi\u1ec1n nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c \u1edd An Nam \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 n\u0103m 864 - 866, thuy\u1ec1n b\u00e8 \u0111i l\u1ea1i v\u1eabn g\u1eb7p tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i do c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gh\u1ec1nh \u0111\u00e1. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Cao Bi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c gh\u1ec1nh \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho thuy\u1ec1n b\u00e8 \u0111i l\u1ea1i d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng hom. N h\u00ecn chung, chu \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u00f2i \u0110\u01b0\u1eebng \u0111\u00e2u thc k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 X, hai con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb Trung nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn Giao Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n h\u01a1n. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc cho \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00eam c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch tr\u1ea1m l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 tr\u00fa ch\u00e2n cho kh\u00e1ch b\u1ed9 h\u00e0nh (quan, qu\u00e2n) khi \u0111i c\u00f4ng c\u00e1n; chuy\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng v\u0103n, chi\u1ebfu, l\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p, thu\u1ebf kh\u00f3a h\u00e0ng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn kinh \u0111\u00f4. Tuy v\u1eady, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111i l\u1ea1i, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u00ean b\u1ed9. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111i l\u1ea1i, v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u1ef1a, ho\u1eb7c thuy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba. Th\u1eddi gian tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i g\u00e2y t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ti\u00eau hao nhi\u1ec1u 441","L\u1ecaCH S \u1eeb VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c. Tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xa h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn d\u1eb7m \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng n\u00fai r\u1eebng m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng th\u01b0a v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 mu\u00f4n v\u00e0n kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111ang r\u00ecnh r\u1eadp \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Phi\u00ean Ngung \u0111\u1ebfn Giao Ch\u00e2u, s\u00f3ng gi\u00f3 c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea5t tr\u1eafc x\u1ea3y ra nh\u1ea5n ch\u00ecm nhi\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ec1n, g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1ch quan, s\u1ef1 xa c\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fai r\u1eebng hi\u1ec3m tr\u1edd, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 - H\u00e1n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Giao Ch\u00e2u. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c cho th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n H\u00e1n chuy\u1ec3n c\u01b0 \u1ed3 \u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng L\u01b0\u1ee1ng Qu\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e1n, L\u1ee5c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00f9y, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng; trong khi \u0111\u00f3 do xa x\u00f4i c\u00e1ch tr\u1edf khi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 \u00edt c\u01b0 d\u00e2n H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01b0 tr\u00fa \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ed9ng c\u01b0, d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a - Hoa h\u00f3a m\u00e0 tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thu h\u00fat v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 (x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 I, sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean); h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hoa - Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 ghi ch\u00e9p. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 H\u00e1n h\u00f3a r\u00e1o ri\u1ebft v\u00e0 b\u1ee9c b\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 v\u00f9ng L\u0129nh Nam trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m L\u01b0\u1ee1ng Qu\u1ea3ng; di\u1ec5n ra c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi gian \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e9 k\u1ef9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau C \u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. D o ch\u1ecbu S\u1ef1 H\u00e1n h\u00f3a, n\u00ean trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t \u1edd v\u00f9ng Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Choang, ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ea1ch \u1edd V\u00e2n Nam \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00ean v\u00f9ng n\u00fai cao ngay ch\u00ednh tr\u00ean qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 v\u1eabn c\u01b0 tr\u00fa ch\u00ednh \u1edd \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, s\u00f4ng M\u00e3 v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng C\u1ea3 (s\u00f4ng Lam) ph\u00ec nhi\u00eau, m\u00e0u m\u1ee1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i do nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c \u0111oan; c\u00f9ng vi\u1ec7c cai tr\u1ecb tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean quan \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 tham lam, t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i phucmg B\u1eafc trong su\u1ed1t thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7i 442","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII. L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 - \u0110\u01a1n vi c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh, ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng, khi th\u00ec ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m, l\u00fac th\u00ec quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t c\u00f4ng khai ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 - H\u00e1n h\u00f3a th\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc, gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng H\u00e1n h\u00f3a gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh n\u1ed9i l\u1ef1c ch\u1ee7 quan l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5. Ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00e1n, qu\u1ed1c gia V\u0103n Lang, \u00c2u L\u1ea1c v\u1edbi V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ed3ng c\u1ea5y c\u00e2y l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u01a1 s\u1edf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng x\u00f3m l\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u1edf v\u00f9ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng M\u00e3 kh\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac. Ri\u00eang s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u qu\u1eadn Giao Ch\u1ec9 g\u1ea5p 7 l\u1ea7n d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u1edf qu\u1eadn Nam H\u1ea3i (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng ng\u00e0y nay). X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a li\u00ean minh, li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c c\u01b0 tr\u00fa tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, d\u01b0\u1edbi danh ngh\u0129a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u01a1 khai m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 vua H\u00f9ng v\u00e0 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. B\u1ed9 m\u00e1y gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c \u0111om gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1c, t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u0103n l\u00e0 L\u1ea1c h\u1ea7u, t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00f5 l\u00e0 L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng. Trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t tuy \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a giai c\u1ea5p, gi\u00e0u ngh\u00e8o nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, gay g\u1eaft. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ed1ng theo phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n ri\u00eang. H\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u0103m m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 khi xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u00e0i th\u1ee7y qu\u00e1i l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i; ho\u1eb7c nhu\u1ed9m r\u0103ng \u0111en, \u0103n tr\u1ea7u; m\u1eddi tr\u1ea7u khi kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u01a1i nh\u00e0 hay khi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ec7 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 l\u1ec5 t\u1ebft, c\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ecfi. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t th\u1ea7n h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u00e2y, m\u01b0a, s\u1ea5m, ch\u1edbp...; r\u1ed3i duy tr\u00ec t\u1ee5c th\u1edd c\u00fang th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u00f3; c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh h\u00f9ng th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, anh h\u00f9ng c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 m\u1eb9 \u00c2u C\u01a1, T\u1ea3n Vi\u00ean, Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ed3ng thi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng, Ch\u1eeb \u0110\u1ed3ng T\u1eed, Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng, B\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u..., nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf mang, khai s\u00e1ng, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng 443","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u00e2m linh c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 cao, c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea5y c\u00f2n l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eabu h\u1ec7 (ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng), chua ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00f2i k\u1ef3 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee5 h\u1ec7 (\u0111\u1ec1 cao \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng theo ki\u1ec3u Nho gi\u00e1o Trung Hoa - tr\u1ecdng nam khinh n\u1eef). D\u00f9 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i V\u0103n Lang, \u00c2u L\u1ea1c c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau, song r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a tin c\u1eady c\u00f9a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t - \u00c2u L\u1ea1c (Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5). Bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u khi nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t x\u1ee9 s\u1edf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ho\u1eb7c d\u00e2n \u1edf m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 \\\"man m\u1ecdi\\\" nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ghi ch\u00e9p mi\u1ec7t th\u1ecb, thi\u1ebfu trung th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1eed gia ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n. Ch\u00ednh trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec khi\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 T\u00e2y H\u00e1n v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i \\\"l\u1ea5y t\u1ee5c c\u0169 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb\\\"; \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i \\\"Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i tuy c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t, d\u1eabu c\u00f3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng!\\\". D\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a ri\u00eang, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00f3 V\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00e1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 (ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t) c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch, ho\u1eb7c \\\"b\u1ecb\\\" tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh d\u00e2n H\u00e1n nh\u01b0 d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc N g\u00f4, V i\u1ec7t v\u00e0 S \u1ea3 \u1edd ph\u00eda nam s\u00f4n g D\u01b0orng T\u1eed, c\u00e1ch Trung nguy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng xa. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0103n c\u1ed1t khi\u1ebfn c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 H\u00e1n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng, d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u1eb1m gi\u1eef g\u00ecn n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ed7n dung v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp thu c\u00f3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i, ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, ho\u1eb7c xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f4i khi ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 hy sinh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho th\u1ea5y sau th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II tr\u1edf \u0111i, V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n b\u1ecb xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p, mai m\u1ed9t. \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o 444","Ch\u01b0omg VII. L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 - \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 tim th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 hoa v\u0103n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb9p tinh x\u1ea3o nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc; ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 x\u01b0a; ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nghi\u1ec7t ng\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n, V\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 r\u00e8n s\u1eaft; d\u00f9ng tr\u00e2u b\u00f2 l\u00e0m th\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u1ea5y l\u00faa; vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 nung cao h\u01a1n, hoa v\u0103n phong ph\u00fa h\u01a1n. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp thu k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n, khi\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hom. Ch\u00ednh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Nam \u00c1 - ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef M\u00f4n - Kh\u01a1me; ho\u1eb7c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ti\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t M\u01b0\u1eddng, thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef T\u00e0y Th\u00e1i, nh\u1edd ti\u1ebfp thu v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng H\u00e1n, tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00e1 phong ph\u00fa, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng (618 - 905). Theo k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f9a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc th\u00ec ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb H\u00e1n - Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c du nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng; l\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa kho t\u00e0ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t... \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ed7n dung v\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00e1n - Vi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2u nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u0103n h\u00f3a, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u thcm v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh, trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh m\u1ed9t m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Trong h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a - H\u00e1n h\u00f3a, ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef g\u00ecn trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung, vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n gi\u00fap ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f2fi s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng qua ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5. Khi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ecb kh\u00fac x\u1ea1, quan l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 445","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n n\u1ed1i trong t\u1eebng gia \u0111\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y sang th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng x\u00e3. Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 v\u1eabn hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu cho th\u1ea5y v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 c\u00f2n th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 H\u00e1n h\u00f3a cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00e0o gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. Su\u1ed1t h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c, n\u01b0\u1edbc tuy b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00e0ng th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00ednh do v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f2n m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb tay ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc. 446","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII S\u1ee4 H\u00ccNH TH\u00c0NH V\u00c0 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N C\u1ee6A V\u01af\u01a0NG QU\u00d3C CHAMPA (TH\u1ebe K\u1ef6 I - X) L C\u01a1 S\u1ede CHO V\u1ec6C H\u00ccNH TH\u00c0NH NH\u00c0 N\u01af\u1edaC \u0110\u00c0U TI\u00caN \u1ede MI\u00c8N TRUNG - NH\u00c0 N\u01af\u1edaC L\u00c2M \u1ea8P T\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 XX, nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n V\u0103n h\u00f3a Sa Hu\u1ef3nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 trong Ni\u00ean gi\u00e1m n\u0103m 1909 c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp san Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng B\u00e1c c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p (BEFEO) v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \\\"m\u1ed9t kho chum kho\u1ea3ng 200 chi\u1ebfc n\u1eb1m c\u00e1ch m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng s\u00e2u, trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ed3n c\u00e1t ven bi\u1ec3n v\u00f9ng Sa Hu\u1ef3nh. Ti\u1ebfp theo nh\u1eefng n\u00e3m sau \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u1edf Sa Hu\u1ef3nh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khu v\u1ef1c xung quanh v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00ean ph\u00eda b\u00e1c ra \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh, ph\u00eda nam v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai (\u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m D\u1ea7u Gi\u00e2y, H\u00e0ng G \u00f2 n ...), l\u00ean v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt l\u1edbn di ch\u1ec9 Lung Leng (Yaly - Kon Tum) n\u0103m 2001...\\\"1 K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc trong h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n mi\u1ec1n Trung Vi\u1ec7t Nam (t\u1eeb Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1ec9nh Thu\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean) \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1eeb tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ecba b\u00e0n c\u1ed9ng c\u01b0 v\u1edbi m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i t\u1eeb Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn B\u00ecnh Thu\u1eadn, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u00f5 n\u00e9t ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a Sa Hu\u1ef3nh - n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a s\u1eaft s\u1edbm mang \u0111\u1eadm d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n v\u0103n h\u00f3a bi\u1ec3n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1c bon ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 cho bi\u1ebft V\u0103n h\u00f3a Sa Hu\u1ef3nh thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i kim kh\u00ed, 1. Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1eadp II: Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i kim kh\u00ed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, S\u0111d, tr. 293 - 310. 447","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 1 t\u1ee9c kho\u1ea3ng 3.500 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn 4.000 n\u0103m c\u00e1ch ng\u00e0y nay (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam)1. Qua nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt \u1edf c\u00e1c di chi kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9 t\u00e1ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a Sa Hu\u1ef3nh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng s\u1eaft (nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed1c, thu\u1ed5ng, li\u1ec1m, dao) thay th\u1ebf cho cu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1, r\u00ecu \u0111\u00e1 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ti\u1ec1n Sa Hu\u1ef3nh. Hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed nh\u01b0 v\u00f2ng, nh\u1ea1c, r\u00ecu, gi\u00e1o, qua. \u0110\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ho\u00e0n m\u1ef9, nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e1 qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1 ng\u1ecdc, m\u00e3 n\u00e3o... \u0110\u1ed3 th\u1ee7y tinh \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm v\u1ecb tr\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng trong k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 khuy\u00ean tai ba m\u1ea5u, h\u1ea1t chu\u1ed7i... K\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 g\u1ed1m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sa Hu\u1ef3nh c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c chum g\u1ed1m l\u1edbn (m\u1ed9 v\u00f2), c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh v\u00f2 c\u00f3 hoa v\u0103n \u0111\u1eb9p ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u00f3c th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sa Hu\u1ef3nh r\u1ea5t cao trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c g\u1ed1m ...2 Hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edd nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i3 cho th\u1ea5y ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a Sa Hu\u1ef3nh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i giao l\u01b0u r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u1edbi ch\u00f9 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c di chi kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc (m\u1ed9 t\u00e1ng, khu c\u01b0 tr\u00fa...) cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n mi\u1ec1n Trung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf h\u1ea7u kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh t\u1eeb ven bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng n\u00fai, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0103n h\u00f3a r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, \u0111an xen gi\u1eefa s\u1eafc th\u00e1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 s\u1eafc th\u00e1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00fai. T\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a Sa Hu\u1ef3nh \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh noi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 kh\u00e1c. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi qu\u1ed1c gia L\u00e2m \u1ea4p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1eeb Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh tr\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m, 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi thu\u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, S\u0111d, tr. 388. 2. Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1eadp II: Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i kim kh\u00ed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, S\u0111d, tr. 341 - 343. 3. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 \u1edd \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n ph\u00eda B\u1eafc (c\u00e1c di ch\u1ec9 V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n), ph\u00eda Nam (V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai) v\u00e0 tr\u00ean cao nguy\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc ta c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 (B\u1ea3n \u0110on Ta Ph\u00e9t - Th\u00e1i Lan; Philippin, \u0110\u00e0i Loan, H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng...). 448"]