["C h\u01b0 \u01a1ng V. M i\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c... \u0110\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 10-1974, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u B\u1ebfn Ki\u1ec1u (H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng) b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eadn t\u00e0u v\u00e0o s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa. Cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 11-1974, kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u01a1n t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c xong nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y xay Ninh Giang (H\u1ea3i H\u01b0ng), kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y Qu\u00e1n Chu (B\u1eafc Th\u00e1i). Cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 12-1974, kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u1ef3 ch\u00ednh l\u00ean men Vi\u1ec7t Tr\u00ec. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1975, kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh c\u1ea7u treo \u0110\u00f2 Quan (Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh), c\u1ea7u b\u1eafc qua s\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e0o n\u1ed1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng tr\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00faa v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng kinh t\u1ebf ven bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh Nam H\u00e0. B\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n B\u1ea1ch Mai v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, c\u01a1 s\u1edd nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u,... \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 c\u0169. Cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 3-1975, c\u1ea7u B\u1eafc Giang d\u00e0i 128m tr\u00ean \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng 14, t\u1eebng b\u1ecb bom M \u1ef9 ph\u00e1 h\u1ecfng, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 24-3 th\u00f4ng c\u1ea7u... M\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea1i b\u00f2 s\u1eefa gi\u1ed1ng M\u1ed9c Ch\u00e2u do Cuba t\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng xong. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ed5 l\u00f2 m\u00e1y s\u1ed1 5 m\u1edd r\u1ed9ng nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y nhi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n U\u00f4ng B\u00ed do Li\u00ean X\u00f4 gi\u00fap kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 5-1975, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y luy\u1ec7n th\u00e9p Gia S\u00e0ng do C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00fap \u0111\u00e3 cho ra m\u1ebb th\u00e9p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng x\u0103ng d\u1ea7u t\u1eeb bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Trung \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng Nam B\u1ed9 d\u00e0i 2.000km \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1972, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u cho c\u1ea3 hai mi\u1ec1n Nam - B\u0103c, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u00e2m m\u01b0u phong t\u1ecfa, ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00f9a \u0111\u1ecbch. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 243\/TTg c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ng\u00e0y 17-11-1973 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, c\u00f9ng c\u1ed1, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n chi r\u00f5 ph\u00e0i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n 1,920km \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi g\u1ed3m tuy\u1ebfn \u0110\u00f4ng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n d\u00e0i 1.200km t\u1eeb Khe G\u00e1t (Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh) t\u1edbi B\u00f9 Gia M\u1eadp (\u0110\u00f4ng Nam B\u1ed9); tuy\u1ebfn T\u00e2y Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n c\u00f3 hai tr\u1ee5c, nay m\u1edbi x\u00e2y d\u1ee5ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c d\u00e0i 720km t\u1eeb Phong Nha (\u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1 20, Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh) \u0111i Pl\u00e2y Kh\u1ed1c (T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean) n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u00e1nh \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1 16 t\u1eeb Th\u1ea1ch B\u00e0n \u0111i B\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u1edf S\u00eacam\u00e0n (L\u00e0o). 399","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 13 C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc giao cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ean tuy\u1ebfn v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1973 g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n, 17 trung \u0111o\u00e0n, 40 ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f4ng binh tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c B\u1ed9 T\u1ed5ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n (36.341 ng\u01b0\u1eddi), 2.741 thanh ni\u00ean xung phong v\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u00f4ng; 660 xe m\u00e1y c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i (123 m\u00e1y h\u00fac), 340 xe ben, 51 xe lu, 99 m\u00e1y \u00e9p h\u01a1i, 37 m\u00e1y nghi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1. Tuy\u1ebfn ph\u00eda t\u00e2y t\u1eeb Th\u1ea1ch B\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn B\u00f9 Gia M\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng binh kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c, m \u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1973, \u0111\u1ebfn 11- 11-1973 th\u00f4ng xe. Ng\u00e0y 1-2-1974, th\u00f4ng xe tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1eeb Th\u1ea1ch B\u00e0n (Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh) \u0111\u1ebfn Gi\u00e0ng (Qu\u1ea3ng Nam) d\u00e0i 336 km. C\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ngang Phong Nha - L\u00f9m B\u00f9m - Na Bo d\u00e0i 176km; H\u01b0\u1edbng H\u00f3a - B\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng - M\u01b0\u1eddng Phin d\u00e0i 104km; Saravan - At\u00f4p\u01a1 d\u00e0i 320km c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng xe. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh giao th\u00f4ng l\u1edbn, quy m\u00f4 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3, huy \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 30 ngh\u00ecn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i, thanh ni\u00ean xung phong. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 to l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t cho con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1973 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1975, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n t\u1eeb \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng 9 Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng Nam B\u1ed9 d\u00e0i 1.200km v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn kil\u00f4m\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 13.000km bao g\u1ed3m 5 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5c d\u00e0i 5.530km , 21 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5c ngang d\u00e0i 1.019km, 5 h\u1ec7 th \u00f4 n g \u0111 ir\u00f2 n g vir\u1ecdrt k h \u00e2 u d\u00e0i 7 0 0 k m , m \u1ed9 t h\u1ec7 th o n g \u0111ir\u00f2mg v \u00f2 n g tr\u00e1n h c\u00e1c tr\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u00e0i 4.700km v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn d\u1ea7u 5.000km. \u0110e x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao th\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i chi vi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed5 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt t\u01b0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, xe ph\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1ee3c, l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, thu\u1ed1c men. Trong hom hai n\u0103m (t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1973 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1975), mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 do chi\u1ebfn tranh, l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 cao c\u1ea3 400","C h\u01b0 \u01a1ng V. M i\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c.., c\u00f9a h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n tuy\u1ebfn l\u1edbn mi\u1ec1n Nam. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, qua kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, n\u1ec1n kinh te mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec1u khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc kinh nghi\u1ec7m cho c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp theo. Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00e9t v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f9a nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu. Chi\u1ebfn tranh ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M \u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. M\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng binh, thanh ni\u00ean xung phong, c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ng\u00e0nh giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m giao th\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t. V\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m m\u1edf nhi\u1ec1u tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi \u0111\u00edch, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i d\u00e0i th\u00eam. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1ed3ng m\u1edbi. Chi s\u1ed1 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n trong ba n\u0103m kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c kinh t\u1ebf cho ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u1eadn t\u1ea3 i1. Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a theo c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i (L\u1ea5y n\u0103m 1964 - 100) N\u0103m T\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft s\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3n 1973 1974 116,9 63,9 251,6 148,1 214,6 1975 166,9 90,6 300,0 186,5 518,0 224,9 88,4 308,8 223,5 1.272,0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n - \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 m\u1edd r\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \\\"th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3\\\" trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y. Trong chi\u1ebfn tranh ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i do \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n b\u1ecb phong t\u1ecfa, n\u00ean kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n 1. 45 n\u0103m kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam 1945-1990, S\u0111d, tr. 138. 401","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 13 gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 1964 l\u00e0 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn tranh. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u. Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1970, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1t v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1973 \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn tranh. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1975, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft ch\u01b0a kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c xong h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed5ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn tranh. Ri\u00eang v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p 3 l\u1ea7n, v\u1eadn t\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p 13 l\u1ea7n m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn tranh. N\u0103m 1975, h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n qu\u1ed1c doanh v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfm t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u00e1p \u0111\u00e0o so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c: 93,7%. M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u0103m 1965 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1,7 t\u1ea5n\/km, n\u0103m 1975 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2,2 t\u1ea5n\/km. T\u00ednh b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n m\u1ed7i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong v\u1eadn t\u00e0i qu\u1ed1c doanh n\u0103m 1965 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 24,1 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ea5n\/km , n\u0103m 1975 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 43,5 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ea5n \/k m 1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u1eefng chi ti\u00eau k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat do nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1ch quan (chi\u1ebfn tranh) v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 quan (qu\u00e0n l\u00fd k\u00e9m). C \u01a1 ch\u1ebf qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, bao c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea3n tr\u1edd vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf. 4. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c doanh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng ty h\u00e1n bu\u00f4n trung \u01b0cmg l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kinh doanh t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i m \u1eb7t h\u00e0ng tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi to\u00e0n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, \u1edf c\u00e1c tinh, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c Ty (S\u1edf) th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty b\u00e1n bu\u00f4n ki\u00eam b\u00e1n l\u00e8. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1966-1970, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd cho c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p huy\u1ec7n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. M\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi kinh doanh g\u1ed3m h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng b\u00e1n bu\u00f4n, b\u00e1n l\u1ebb, thu mua v\u00e0 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u1edf kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, huy\u1ec7n l\u1ef5, th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh: n\u0103m 1955 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 511 c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng, n\u0103m 1974 1. 45 n\u0103m kinh t\u00e9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam 1945-1990, S\u0111d, tr. 139. 402","C h\u01b0 \u01a1ng V. M i\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c.., t\u0103ng l\u00ean 6.124 c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng, s\u1ed1 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c doanh t\u1eeb 11.700 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 1955 t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 124.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 1974. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c doanh chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a mua v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c doanh n\u0103m 1974 b\u1eb1ng 1,35 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 1970. T\u1ed5ng m\u1ee9c l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a b\u00e1n l\u00e8 b\u1eb1ng 1,27 l\u1ea7n 1. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1955 \u0111en n\u0103m 1975, c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c thu mua, b\u00e1n bu\u00f4n v\u00e0 b\u00e1n l\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u00f9a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c doanh v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 mua b\u00e1n c\u00e1 th\u1ec3, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1972 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh mua b\u00e1n c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u1ed1i \u0111a v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee3 \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb thu h\u1eb9p v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n kinh doanh. Vi\u1ec7c giao l\u01b0u h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u1ed1i \u0111a. Tinh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \\\"ng\u0103n s\u00f4ng c\u1ea5m ch\u1ee3\\\" di\u1ec5n ra \u1edd kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u00e0ng h\u00f3a do c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y sang v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 bu\u00f4n l\u1eadu v\u00e0 b\u1ecb thu\u1ebf v\u1ee5 b\u1eaft b\u1edb, \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 t\u1ecbch thu h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a. Th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, g\u00e2y \u00e1ch t\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c doanh, kinh t\u1ebf t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c thu mua h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c doanh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng cho c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p thu\u1ed9c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c doanh (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, l\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p, ng\u01b0 nghi\u1ec7p...) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 nh\u1eadn k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f9a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 giao n\u1ed9p s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cho th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c doanh theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Gi\u00e1 t\u00ednh cho s\u1ed1 h\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i giao n\u1ed9p l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 b\u00e1n bu\u00f4n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u1ecb ph\u00ed s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi l\u00e3i \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c v\u00e0 thu qu\u1ed1c doanh. 1. 45 n\u0103m kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam 1945-1990, S\u0111d, tr. 158. 403","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 13 N\u00f3i chung, c\u00e1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n (v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3) bi\u1ebft t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 giao \u0111\u1ee7 h\u00e0ng cho th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c doanh theo \u0111\u00fang k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch. Vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eafm to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ngu\u1ed3n h\u00e0ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ngay nh\u1eefng khi quan h\u1ec7 cung c\u1ea7u c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng. Ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch gi\u00e1 gi\u1eefa th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \\\"giao n\u1ed9p\\\" n\u00e0y t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0 h\u1ecd l\u00e0m ra, n\u00ean ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m k\u00e9m, ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng \u00edt thay \u0111\u1ed5i, g\u00e2y n\u00ean t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 trong c\u1ea3 kh\u00e2u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1eabn kh\u00e2u l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 gia c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p (giao nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u, thu th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1n nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 mua s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. Vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 gia c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 k\u00ecm h\u00e3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, h\u1ea1 gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 gia c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u1edbn c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u0169ng k\u1ebb c\u1eeda quy\u1ec1n, \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t, m\u00f3c ngo\u1eb7c, \u0103n ch\u1eb7n trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 gia c\u00f4ng, nghi\u1ec7m thu s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, cung \u1ee9ng nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ngo\u00e0i ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 n\u1ed9p theo h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng hai chi\u1ec1u: \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, v\u1eadt t\u01b0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, h\u00e0ng ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, n\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng huy \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1n cho c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 thu mua n\u00e0y chi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn tranh. Tinh th\u1ea7n y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m \u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 thu m ua nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Do kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 thu mua, n\u00ean n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n 404","C h\u01b0\u01a1ng V. M i\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c.., th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i: trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ti\u1ec1n b\u00e1n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u00f9 chi ph\u00ed s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf ra. Ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111oi v\u1edbi Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd k\u00e9m, ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng trong c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m thu nh\u1eadp ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n x\u00e3 vi\u00ean, l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u00f2i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u00e2u ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c doanh ph\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e1n bu\u00f4n, t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfm tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e1n l\u00e8. Nh\u00ecn chung, th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c doanh chi\u1ebfm tr\u00ean 90% t\u1ed5ng m\u1ee9c l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n b\u00e1n l\u1ebb c\u00f9a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chi\u1ebfn tranh, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng kinh t\u1ebf, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p, n\u00ean m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ed5ng m\u1ee9c l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n b\u00e1n l\u00e8 c\u00f9a th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c doanh h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m v\u1eabn t\u0103ng (n\u0103m 1974 b\u1eb1ng 2,05 l\u1ea7n n\u0103m 1964) nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u (n\u0103m 1973 t\u0103ng 12,6%; n\u0103m 1974 chi t\u0103ng 1,3%). Th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng theo. Trong khi N h\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng b\u00e1n l\u1ebb c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c doanh th\u00ec gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do t\u0103ng l\u00ean nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Do \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c doanh trong t\u1ed5ng m\u1ee9c l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n b\u00e1n l\u1ebb c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng (n\u0103m 1974 c\u00f2n 71,3% )'. Ng\u00e0y 8-4-1974, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Ch\u00ednh ph\u00f9 ra Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00f3a b\u1ecf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c (trong khu v\u1ef1c Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, khu v\u1ef1c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p). Ng\u00e0y 5-6-1974, Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ch\u00ednh ph\u00f9 ra Ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb s\u1ed1 146-TTg v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, t\u00edch tr\u1eef, v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n tr\u00e1i ph\u00e9p v\u1eadt t\u01b0 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a do Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c. Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c C\u01afquan ch\u1ee9c n\u00e3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nghi\u00eam 1. 45 n\u0103m kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam 1945-1990, S\u0111d, tr. 160. 405","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 13 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 duy tr\u00ec trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i cho t\u1edbi sau ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. Ng\u00e0y 25-9-1974, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng c\u00e1o h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1 mua l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, gi\u00e1 mua s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i, gi\u00e1 mua khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 b\u00e1n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p... nh\u00e0m k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trong vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cho Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2n b\u1ea9y k\u00edch th\u00edch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Tuy v\u1eady, trong th\u00f2i k\u1ef3 1965-1975 \u00edt c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1 b\u00e1n bu\u00f4n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p duy tr\u00ec t\u1eeb sau Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft 10 v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 (cu\u1ed1i 1964) \u0111\u1ebfn 5-1971 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1eadt t\u01b0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u), th\u00e1ng 12-1974 \u0111i\u1ec1u chinh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi than, g\u1ed7 (t\u0103ng b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n 40-80% \u0111\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t). V\u00ed d \u1ee5 1: Than c\u1ee7 s\u1ed1 4 m\u1ecf H\u00f2n Gai: Khu v\u1ef1c I: 58 \u0111\/t\u1ea5n; Khu v\u1ef1c II: 73 \u0111\/t\u1ea5n; Khu v\u1ef1c III: 93 \u0111\/t\u1ea5n; Than c\u1ee7 m\u1ecf V\u00e0ng Danh: t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c: 54\u0111, 69\u0111, 89\u0111\/t\u1ea5n; Than c\u00e1m s\u1ed1 4 m\u1ecf H\u00f2n Gai: 37, 47, 61 \u0111\/t\u1ea5n. Gi\u00e1 g\u1ed7 tr\u00f2n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n: Nh\u00f3m 1: 480 - 520 - 550 \u0111\/m 3; Nh\u00f3m 4: 190 - 215-235 \u0111\/m 3; Nh\u00f3m 8: 60 - 77 - 86 \u0111\/m 3. \u0110\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 b\u00e1n v\u1eadt t\u01b0, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb cho x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c doanh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng t\u01b0 h\u1ee3p doanh nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1 b\u00e1n cho x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c doanh trung \u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1973, 42 x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c doanh trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng gi\u00e1 b\u00e1n bu\u00f4n v\u00e0 t\u1eeb 1974-1975 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edd r\u1ed9ng. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1 c\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u0169ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1964, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 9-1972 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u chinh. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n do chi\u1ebfn tranh ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m trong qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd kinh t\u1ebf th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e0ng nhanh: so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 1965, n\u0103m 1973 1. 45 n\u0103m kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam 1945-1990, S\u0111d, tr. 273. 406","C h\u01b0 \u01a1ng V. M i\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c... t\u00e3ng kho\u1ea3ng 25 - 30%. Gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft to\u00e1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n tr\u00ean 30%'. Trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, gi\u00e1 mua c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m trong ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 duy tr\u00ec t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1964, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1970 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1 mua nh\u1eb1m khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Gi\u00e1 mua th\u00f3c trong ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 0,27 \u0111\/kg l\u00ean 0,30 \u0111\/kg, ngo\u00e0i ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 0,405 \u0111\/kg l\u00ean 0,90 \u0111\/kg. G i\u00e1 m ua th\u1ecbt l\u1ee3n trong ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5: 1,45 \u0111\/kg l\u00ean 1,75 \u0111\/kg, th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n gi\u00e1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u00e1n 10 - 20%. Gi\u00e1 mua c\u00e1 bi\u1ec3n trong ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 t\u1eeb 0,52 \u0111\/kg l\u00ean 0,70 \u0111\/kg. Nh\u00ecn chung, l\u1ea7n chinh gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi ph\u00ed, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i s\u00e1t v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 l\u00e3i (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: l\u1ee3n gia \u0111\u00ecnh x\u00e3 vi\u00ean nu\u00f4i). T\u00ednh chung, so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 1960, gi\u00e1 mua c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i n\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1974 t\u0103ng 62,5%, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e2y l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c t\u0103ng 98%, c\u00e2y c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u0103ng 22%, s\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u0103ng 67% 2. Gi\u00e1 b\u00e1n l\u1ebb nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cung c\u1ea5p theo \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb l\u00fac h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb sau ng\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng (1955-1956) cho \u0111\u1ebfn su\u1ed1t trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: g\u1ea1o t\u1ebb m\u00f9a 0,4 \u0111\/kg, g\u1ea1o t\u1ebb chi\u00eam 0,36 \u0111\/kg, mu\u1ed1i \u0103n 2,8 \u0111\/kg, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh 2,3 \u0111\/kg, d\u1ea7u h\u1ecfa 1,14 \u0111\/l\u00edt, v\u1ea3i di\u1ec1m b\u00e2u Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh 1,62 \u0111\/m, x\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng gi\u1eb7t 2,8 \u0111\/kg, g i\u1ea5 y h\u1ecdc sinh nh\u00e0 m \u00e1y Ilo \u00e0n g V \u0103n Th\u1ee5 0,4 \u0111\/th\u1ebfp, thu\u1ed1c c\u1ea3m aspirin 0,0025 \u0111\/vi\u00ean, p\u00eanixilin lo\u1ea1i 200.000 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb gi\u00e1 1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \/l\u1ecd. Nh\u0169ng m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng b\u00e1n l\u1ebb theo gi\u00e1 t\u1ef1 do (lo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 th\u1ee9 hai sau gi\u00e1 b\u00e1n l\u1ebb cung c\u1ea5p) c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u chinh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 4-1968, \u0111i\u1ec1u chinh gi\u00e1 xe \u0111\u1ea1p Th\u1ed1ng Nh\u1ea5t nam t\u1eeb 395 \u0111 l\u00ean 570 \u0111\/chi\u1ebfc, xe Th\u1ed1ng Nh\u1ea5t n\u1eef t\u1eeb 400 \u0111 l\u00ean 557 \u0111\/chi\u1ebfc, xe Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ho\u00e0ng nam t\u1eeb 370 \u0111 1. 45 n\u0103m kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam 1945-1990, S\u0111d, tr. 274. 2. 45 n\u0103m kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u00ec 945-1990, S\u0111d, \u1eeb. 274. 407","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 13 l\u00ean 525 \u0111\/chi\u1ebfc, xe Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ho\u00e0ng n\u1eef t\u1eeb 375 \u0111 l\u00ean 525 \u0111\/chi\u1ebfc, v .v... T\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 9-1970, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 b\u00e1n l\u1ebb t\u1ef1 do g\u1ea1o v\u00e0 b\u1ed9t m\u00ec nh\u01b0 sau: g\u1ea1o m\u00f9a lo\u1ea1i I gi\u00e1 2,1 \u0111\/kg, g\u1ea1o chi\u00eam t\u00e8 lo\u1ea1i I gi\u00e1 1,8 \u0111\/kg, b\u1ed9t m\u00ec gi\u00e1 1 \u0111\/kg... T\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 4-1971, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1 b\u00e1n l\u00e8 b\u00e1t \u0103n c\u01a1m: b\u00e1t hoa M \u00f3ng C\u00e1i t\u1eeb 0,17 \u0111\/chi\u1ebfc l\u00ean 0,20 \u0111\/chi\u1ebfc, b\u00e1t chi xanh B\u00e1t Tr\u00e0ng t\u1eeb 0,15 \u0111 l\u00ean 0,17 \u0111\/chi\u1ebfc... T\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 12-1974, \u0111i\u1ec1u chinh gi\u00e1 b\u00e1n l\u1ebb t\u1ef1 do m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1: thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 Th\u0103ng Long t\u1eeb 2,5 \u0111 l\u00ean 3,0 \u0111\/bao, thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u00f4 t\u1eeb 2,0 \u0111 l\u00ean 2,6 \u0111\/bao, thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 \u0110\u1ed3 S\u01a1n t\u1eeb 0,5 \u0111 l\u00ean 0,8 \u0111\/bao, v.v... C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 b\u00e1n l\u1ebb theo gi\u00e1 t\u1ef1 do c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng qua ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i, b\u00ecnh ch\u1ecdn theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan, \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua t\u1ef1 do. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chi\u1ebfn tranh, vi\u1ec7c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 b\u00e1n l\u1ebb, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a theo nhu c\u1ea7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t k\u00e9m, n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea5p, chi\u1ebfn tranh ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n, m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1edbn, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c on \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eddi song nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch hai gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 cao (nh\u1eb1m thu ti\u1ec1n b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc - t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1968 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1973 thu g\u1ea7n 200 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01a1 t\u00edch tr\u1eef, b\u00ecnh \u1ed5n th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 t\u1eebng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 k\u00e9o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do xu\u1ed1ng. M\u1ee9c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1 b\u00e1n l\u00e8 do Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc chi \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00f4ng qua h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a b\u00e1n l\u1ebb c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c doanh nh\u01b0 sau: so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 1964, th\u00ec n\u0103m 1965: 98,5%, 1970: 99,9%, 1971: 100,3%, 1972: 99%, 1973: 99,2%, 1974: 99,7% '. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do, nh\u01b0ng do chi\u1ebfn tranh, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u00fat k\u00e9m, nhu c\u1ea7u t\u0103ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng, ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc thu kh\u00f4ng b\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi, quan h\u1ec7 cung - c\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, quan h\u1ec7 ti\u1ec1n - h\u00e0ng m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng 1. 45 n\u0103m kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam 1945-1990, S\u0111d, tr. 275. 408","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c... n\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 theo xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do th\u00f4ng qua chi s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1 b\u00e1n l\u1ebb th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c: so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 1964, n\u0103m 1965: 101,4%, 1970: 156,2%, 1971: 144,8%, 1972: 137,7%, 1973: 149,9%, 1974: 170%'. Nh\u1edd gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u00e0n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1 b\u00e1n l\u1ebb h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u00f9a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 nhu y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tuy v\u1eady, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 nghTa, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1edbn. M\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean gay g\u1eaft, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 c\u00f3 l\u00e3i tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ecb l\u1ed7 nh\u01b0 than, \u0111i\u1ec7n, v\u1eadt t\u1ea3 i... Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00edch l\u0169y. C\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n b\u00f9 l\u1ed7 (cho l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0ng thi\u1ebft y \u1ebfu ...) ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn. Ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 trang tr\u1ea3i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thu \u00edt chi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00f4ng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea5y b\u1ea1c. L\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. M\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa hai th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh tr\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn tranh, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9a chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00e0ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 gay g\u1eaft th\u00eam. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 trong khi gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 th\u1ecb tnr\u1ecfmg t\u1ef1 do kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng t\u0103ng l\u00ean l\u00e0m cho kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa hai gi\u00e1 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng. Quan h\u1ec7 cung - c\u1ea7u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do, l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1n cho Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 b\u1ecb thua thi\u1ec7t, c\u1ed1 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1n ra th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do. B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kinh doanh h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch tu\u1ed3n h\u00e0ng ra th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch gi\u00e1. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p theo gi\u00e1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ea3m \u0111i, vai tr\u00f2 1. 4 5 n\u0103m kinh t\u1ec3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam 1945-1990, S\u0111d, tr. 276. 409","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 13 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong vi\u1ec7c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng cung - c\u1ea7u, b\u00ecnh \u1ed5n gi\u00e1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1eeba c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1eeba c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cung \u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu theo \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c doanh \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean s\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a cho chi\u1ebfn tranh. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f2n l\u00e0 h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. M\u1eb7t tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng. Tinh tr\u1ea1ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 thi\u1ebfu v\u0103n minh, v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c mua b\u00e1n m\u00e0 d\u00e2n gian v\u1eabn g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"mua nh\u01b0 c\u01b0\u1edbp, b\u00e1n nh\u01b0 cho\\\", b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf trong kinh doanh th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i. Ng\u00e0nh t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ea1ch to\u00e1n trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c doanh, th\u00f4ng qua ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch thu\u1ebf khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01a1 t\u00edch tr\u1eeb, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Ngu\u1ed3n thu b\u1ed5 sung quan tr\u1ecdng cho t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc anh em v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf do Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kinh t\u00e9 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed v\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u1eadt t\u01b0, ti\u1ec1n v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 pho bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. S\u1ed1 thu t\u1eeb kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c doanh ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n kho\u1ea3ng 60%, s\u1ed1 thu v\u1ec1 thu\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m nhanh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec1u: n\u0103m 1975 chi b\u1eb1ng 10,4% s\u1ed1 thu trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c thu\u1ebf b\u1ecb bu\u00f4ng l\u1ecfng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1973-1975 Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn m\u1edbi. Sau khi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9 410","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c... ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i. Trong n\u0103m 1973 do y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 c\u00f9a chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u00ean ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 v\u1eabn b\u1ecb b\u1ed9i chi v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1974 m\u1ee9c b\u1ed9i chi ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t m\u1edbi gi\u1ea3m h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh t\u0103ng kh\u00e1 cao nh\u01b0ng chi s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1 b\u00e1n l\u1ebb n\u0103m 1975 l\u00e0 101,5% so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 1974, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 103,1%'. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 v\u1ed1n t\u0103ng cao, nh\u01b0ng do ngu\u1ed3n v\u1ed1n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m t\u0103ng kho\u1ea3ng 100 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n v\u1ed1n vay n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i t\u0103ng kh\u00e1, n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c cho vay v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng. D\u01b0 n\u1ee3 cho vay ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n c\u00f9a kinh t\u1ebf t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1973 so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 1964 t\u0103ng 558%, b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n m\u1ed7i n\u0103m t\u0103ng h\u01a1n 62%, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p2. Ng\u00e0y 14-6-1975, Th\u00f9 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ch\u00ednh ph\u00f9 ban h\u00e0nh Chi th\u1ecb cho ph\u00e9p B\u1ed9 T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vay v\u1ed1n c\u00f9a Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 thanh to\u00e1n c\u00f4ng n\u1ee3 d\u00e2y d\u01b0a. C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c thanh to\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng n\u1ee3 d\u00e2y d\u01b0a sau t\u1ed5ng ki\u1ec3m k\u00ea 0 gi\u1edd ng\u00e0y 1- 10-1973, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ra Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 1078\/CP ng\u00e0y 7-5- 1974, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00eau r\u00f5: \\\"\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng n\u1ee3 d\u00e2y d\u01b0a gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n, Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec c\u00f9ng B\u1ed9 T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1c b\u1ed9, ng\u00e0nh thanh to\u00e1n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb thanh to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eebng b\u1ed9, t\u1eebng ng\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u00e1i ph\u00e1t. Trong n\u0103m 1974 ph\u1ea3i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u1ee3 n\u1ea7n d\u00e2y d\u01b0a, x\u1eed l\u00fd xong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t, 1. Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2v d\u1ef1nt\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ebfn, Nxb. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c gia, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1996, tr. 140. 2. Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, Nxb. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c gia, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1996, tr. 153. 411","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 13 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t, th\u1eeba, thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh v\u1ed1n l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng cho c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh, c\u00e1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p\\\". Ngay ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ng\u00e0nh ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng c\u0169ng t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec7n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1974 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 17 chi nh\u00e1nh trung t\u00e2m (sau khi s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp t\u1ec9nh) v\u00e0 303 chi \u0111i\u1ebfm v\u00e0 chi nh\u00e1nh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 bi\u00ean ch\u1ebf l\u00e0 17.132 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb trung h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf l\u00ean chi\u1ebfm h\u01a1n 40%. Ri\u00eang s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 11 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 1.529 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trung h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 5.454 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ng\u00e0nh ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ngo\u1ea1i h\u1ed1i tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t thanh to\u00e1n v\u00e0 t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i. Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ngo\u1ea1i h\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n kinh doanh ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ec7 v\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd. Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ec7, n\u00ean Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 phi m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 an to\u00e0n v\u1ed1n ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ec7 c\u00f9a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi chi vi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh cho c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng mi\u1ec1n Nam. Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng trung t\u00e2m thu chi ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa n\u01b0\u1edbc ta v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1974 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 325 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u1edf 56 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd. V i\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o thanh to\u00e1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb3c l\u1ef1c cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf. v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u00ecn chung ng\u00e0nh ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u00e0n ph\u00e1. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00f3a, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f2n b\u1ea9y v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u00edch kh\u00e1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9. T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00f2n b\u1ea9y v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u00f9a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7, t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00f2n y\u1ebfu \u1edbt. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1eafc b\u00e9n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. 412","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c.., 5. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft v\u00e0 ch\u00f9 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tranh th\u1ee7 t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ed1ng \u00e2m m\u01b0u bao v\u00e2y, phong t\u1ecfa c\u00f9a \u0111\u1ecbch di\u1ec5n ra r\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n, c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eadp k\u1ebft h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u, c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn giao th\u00f4ng \u1edf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 giao th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, c\u00e1c c\u1ea3ng (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u1ea3ng H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng)... lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau b\u1eafn ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9. C\u00e1c t\u00e0u ch\u1edd h\u00e0ng ra v\u00e0o c\u1ea3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ta c\u0169ng b\u1ecb uy hi\u1ebfp. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, giao l\u01b0u kinh t\u1ebf v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i... kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong chi\u1ebfn tranh, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 h\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ta v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng y\u00eau chu\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n l\u1ea1i, vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng \u01b0u \u0111 \u00e3i... Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i b\u1ecb thu h\u1eb9p \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. s \u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ta gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec1u: N\u0103m 1964 c\u00f3 40 n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u0103m 1974 chi c\u00f2n 27 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Quan h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00f9 ngh\u0129a. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1964 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1974, xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u sang c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a chi\u1ebfm t\u1edbi 70% t\u1ed5ng kim ng\u1ea1ch xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u, lli\u1eadm ch \u00ed c\u00f3 nam l\u00eau l\u1edbi h\u01b0u 9 0 % . H \u00e0n g nh\u1eadp kli\u1ea3u l\u00f9 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00f9 ngh\u0129a chi\u1ebfm tr\u00ean 80% t\u1ed5ng kim ng\u1ea1ch nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u, ri\u00eang n\u0103m 1971 l\u00ean t\u1edbi 99,5%. Nh\u00ecn chung, nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u0103ng nhanh h\u01a1n xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u. Sau khi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u0103ng h\u01a1n: t\u1eeb 67,4 tri\u1ec7u r\u00fap - \u0111\u00f4 la n\u0103m 1973 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 129,4 tri\u1ec7u v\u00e0o n\u00e3m 1975. Tinh h\u00ecnh xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u1eefa ta v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbch tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn kinh t\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i. Lu\u1ed3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf, qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. H\u00e0ng nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chi\u1ebfn tranh 413","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 13 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i, nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Nguy\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfm t\u1ef7 \u01b0\u1ecdng cao nh\u1ea5t trong c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1960 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1975, tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u t\u0103ng 7 l\u1ea7n, tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 h\u00e0ng ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng t\u0103ng 14 l\u1ea7n1. B\u1ea3ng c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1969 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 19752 \u0110om v\u1ecb: tri\u1ec7u r\u00fap - \u0111\u00f4 la N\u0103m Xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u Nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 nh\u00e2p kh\u1ea5u (%) 1969 42,6 512,2 8,3 1970 47,7 425,7 11,2 1971 61,4 458,5 13,4 1972 40,7 362,5 11,2 1973 67,7 484,5 14,1 1974 110,0 694,9 15,9 1975 129,7 784,4 16,5 Vay n\u1ee3 duy tr\u00ec \u1edd m\u1ee9c tr\u00ean 20% kim ng\u1ea1ch nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u. Sau chi\u1ebfn \u01afanh, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 x\u00f3a cho ta c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n vay n\u1ee3 trong th\u1eddi gian chi\u1ebfn tranh. Vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfm t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng l\u1edbn trong c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n thanh to\u00e1n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc XHCN \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam. 1. Vi\u1ec7n Kinh t\u1ebf, 45 n\u0103m kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam 1945-1990, S\u0111d, tr. 208. 2. Vi\u1ec7n Kinh t\u1ebf, 45 n\u0103m kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam 1945-1990, S\u0111d, tr. 206. 414","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c.., S\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00f9 ngh\u0129a vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1965 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1975 l\u00e0 (\u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb: tri\u1ec7u r\u00fa p )1: 1965: 66,225 1966: 158,069 1967: 181,281 1968: 219,774 1969: 251,988 1970: 166,229 1971: 244,648 1972: 248,692 1973: 239,525 1974: 354,765 1975: 374,453 T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng: 2.505,695 tri\u1ec7u r\u00fap S\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam vay c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1965 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1975 nh\u01b0 sau (\u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u00ednh: tri\u1ec7u r\u00fap)2: 1965: 37,500 1966: 40,061 1967: 117,963 1968: 153,663 1969: 218,941 1970: 225,855 1971: 180,963 1. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 c\u00f9a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00f9 ngh\u0129a 1955-1975, Trung t\u00e2m L\u01b0u tr\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c gia III, ph\u00f4ng B\u1ed9 T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 s\u1ed1 4088. 2. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 c\u00f9a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00f9 ngh\u0129a 1955-1975, Trung t\u00e2m L\u01b0u tr\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c gia III, ph\u00f4ng B\u1ed9 T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 s\u1ed1 4088. 415","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 13 1972: 78,410 1973: 185,470 1974:216,212 1975: 162,421 T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng: 1.617,459 tri\u1ec7u r\u00fap. Trong c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ngu\u1ed3n thu vay n\u1ee3 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3 l\u1ec7 l\u1edbn (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1966, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n chi\u1ebfm tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t n \u1eed a)1. Tinh h\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ec1n vay v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a2 \u0110an v\u1ecb t\u00ednh: % N\u0103m Thu trong n\u01b0\u1edbc Thu vay n\u1ee3, vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 \u1ec1 1965 42,3 1966 57,7 61,0 1967 39,0 66,6 1968 33,4 68,9 1969 31,1 68,5 1970 31,5 67,6 1971 32,4 64,0 1972 36,0 60,3 1973 39,7 59,9 1974 40,1 60,6 1975 39,4 54,9 45,1 1. Ni\u00ean gi\u00e1m th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea n\u0103m 1981, S\u0111d, tr. 35. 2. Ni\u00ean gi\u00e1m th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea n\u0103m 1981, S\u0111d, tr. 35. 416","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c... Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, t\u1eeb khi M\u1ef9 n\u00e9m bom, b\u1eafn ph\u00e1 th\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t hom. B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ec1n vay v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec3 thanh to\u00e1n nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u si\u00eau m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1965 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1974 v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n l\u00e0 449.696 ngh\u00ecn r\u00fap; chi ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u0103m nh\u01b0 sau (\u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb: ngh\u00ecn r\u00fap)1: 1965: 57.354 1966: 106.825 1967: 78.122 1968: 62.846 1969:43.430 1970: 28.000 1971: 16.119 1972: 17.400 1973: 16.600 1974: 23.000 Ngo\u00e0i h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 cho vay ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \\\"vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\\\" c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9 c qu\u00f4c tc y\u00eau ch u\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1965, B\u1ed9 Y t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn s\u1ed1 h\u00e0ng vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 kho\u1ea3ng 800 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb to\u00e0n b\u1ed9, c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n, nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 ghi v\u00e0o s\u1ed5 s\u00e1ch. Trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 h\u00e0ng vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e0ng vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o chi\u1ebfm t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn: 1. Tinh h\u00ecnh s\u1ee9 d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ec1n vay v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 c\u00f9a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00fa ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf thanh to\u00e1n nh\u1eadp si\u00eau m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1961 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1974 c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng, Trung t\u00e2m L\u01b0u tr\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c gia m , ph\u00f4ng B\u1ed9 T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 4081. 417","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 13 chi t\u00ednh ri\u00eang n\u0103m 1974, h\u00e0ng vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u g\u1ea5p r\u01b0\u1ee1i s\u1ed1 h\u00e0ng vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, vay n\u1ee3 v\u00e0 m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1968, do c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 g\u1ee3i \u00fd c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, h\u00e0ng vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ta \u0111ang thi\u1ebfu: c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, y c\u1ee5, nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u, h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t, thu\u1ed1c b\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh... C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ed3, m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed3 x\u00e1ch tay, m\u00e1y ch\u1ee5p X quang l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u00e1y h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, xe m\u1ed5 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n d\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn, ... v \u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n: Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c kinh t\u1ebf 1973 - 1975 nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9a c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c h\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f4ng (1,5 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1975) v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng khi \u1ed1m \u0111au, sinh \u0111\u1ebb ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p. M \u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p nh\u00e0 \u1edf (trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3), tuy di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p (2 - 2,5 m2\/ng\u01b0\u1eddi). Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch cung c\u1ea5p theo \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, b\u00e1n theo tem phi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c nhu y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea9m theo gi\u00e1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m duy tr\u00ec \u1edf m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c. Ph\u1ea7n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1n cung c\u1ea5p chi\u1ebfm t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng r\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 chi ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c: n\u0103m 1971 l\u00e0 69,7%, n\u0103m 1975 l\u00e0 64,8% N h\u1edd v\u1eady, tuy gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 1965 - 1975 t\u0103ng kho\u1ea3ng 20% v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do t\u0103ng kho\u1ea3ng 90%, thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 1960 - 1964, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1eabn t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb (kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng), Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng c\u1ea5p tem phi\u1ebfu mua theo gi\u00e1 cung c\u1ea5p \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ea5p 1. Vi\u1ec7n Kinh t\u1ebf, 45 n\u0103m kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t N am 1945-1990, S\u0111d, tr. 387. 418","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eb3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c... h\u01a1n gi\u00e1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1c nhu y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea9m, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c. \u1eda n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh x\u00e3 vi\u00ean c\u00f3 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tho\u00e1t ly tham gia kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p: m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i theo s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i theo nhu c\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu (\u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0103n cho t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua theo gi\u00e1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f9a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n gi\u00e1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do. Nh\u00ecn chung \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n. \u0110en n\u0103m 1975, 34% s\u1ed1 h\u1ed9 \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 ng\u00f3i, s \u1ed1 x\u00e3 m\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 2\/3 h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 ng\u00f3i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn x \u1ea5 . Kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea9y ra n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i, d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m chi\u1ebfn tranh. Nh\u00ecn chung v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 1965-1975, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u1eabn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i chung \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch 5 n\u0103m l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (1961- 1965). Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn tranh, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u00f9a ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u giai c\u1ea5p, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh qua s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u chinh l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n, t\u00ednh theo \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u00f4i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai khu v\u1ef1c l\u00e0 Khu v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1eadt chat (I) v\u00e0 Khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1eadt chat (II). Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh thu\u1ed9c khu v\u1ef1c I, tr\u1eeb n\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c doanh, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1u t\u0103ng. T\u0103ng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p2. N\u0103m 1965: 654,0 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi; N\u0103m 1970: 709,8 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi; N\u0103m 1972: 779,7 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi; N\u0103m 1973: 804,3 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi; N\u0103m 1974: 883,5 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi; N\u0103m 1975: 911,4 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi. 1. Vi\u1ec7n Kinh t\u1ebf, 45 n\u0103m kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam 1945-1990, S\u0111d, tr. 387. 2. Ni\u00ean gi\u00e1m thong lc\u00ea n\u00e1m 1981, S\u0111d, \u1eeb. 166. 419","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 13 Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n trong khu v\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u0103ng l\u00ean. Ph\u00e2n theo c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 sau1: L ao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n theo c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb: ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e2n theo Ph\u00e2n theo c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd khu v\u1ef1c N\u0103m T\u1ed5ng Trung \u0110\u1ecba Khu v\u1ef1c Khu v\u1ef1c s\u1ed1 \u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t xu\u1ea5t v\u1ea1t ch\u1ea5t 1965 971,0 498,3 472,7 730,4 240,6 1970 1.430,6 681,8 748,8 923,9 506,7 1973 1.553,5 752,8 800,7 1.007,2 546,3 1974 1.673,2 805,7 867,5 1.092,5 530,7 1975 1.753,4 852,5 900,9 1.148,9 604,5 \u0110\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 ch\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea1o trong l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Th\u1ee5c ti\u1ec5n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a N h\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc cho ng\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e2ng cao m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng d\u00e2n tr\u00ed, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c khu v\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1975 t\u0103ng l\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 19652: 1. Ni\u00ean gi\u00e1m th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea n\u0103m 1981, S\u0111d, tr. 402. 2. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, Ni\u00ean gi\u00e1m thong k\u00ea 1976, T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, H. 1977, tr. 61. 420","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c... S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c khu v\u1ef1c Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb: ng\u01b0\u1eddi N\u0103m \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, Trung h\u1ecdc C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt 1965 21.538 71.748 265.141 1973 82.571 178.128 471.143 1974 99.432 210.442 550.282 1975 106.367 221.242 601.777 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ta l\u00e0 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng con em c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn con em c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c, do \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 - th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n - theo c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ngo\u00e0i khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c doanh bao g\u1ed3m lao \u0111\u1ed9ng chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 b\u00e1n chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ti\u1ec3u th\u00f9 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t s\u1ed5 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f2i s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c doanh. C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u1edbi hai b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn x\u00e3 vi\u00ean h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u00eang h\u1eb3n v\u1ec1 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn x\u00e3 vi\u00ean h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 x\u00e3 vi\u00ean h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 b\u1eadc cao (t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a). Neu nh\u01b0 n\u0103m 1965 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 90,1% s\u1ed1 h\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n tham gia h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3, th\u00ec n\u0103m 1975 l\u00e0 95,6%. N\u0103m 1965 c\u00f3 72,1% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 x\u00e3 vi\u00ean l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 b\u1eadc cao, n\u0103m 1975 l\u00e0 97,4%. Ri\u00eang \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng B\u1eafc B\u1ed9, c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 l\u1ec7 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean c\u00f2n cao hom nhi\u1ec1u. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1975 l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 b\u1eadc cao. N\u00f4ng d\u00e2n x\u00e3 vi\u00ean trong c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1eadc cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 421","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 13 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed5i trong c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc n\u0103m 1975, ta th\u1ea5y trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hai giai c\u1ea5p ch\u00f9 y\u1ebfu \u01b0\u00ean n\u1ec1n hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c doanh v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eadp trung, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cao theo hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u01a1 s\u1edf kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y. T\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e2n theo th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n k\u1ec9nh t\u1ebf' \u0110om v\u1ecb t\u00ednh: tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng Chia theo th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kinh t\u1ebf T\u1ed5ng Kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a s\u1ea3n N\u0103m ph\u1ea9m Kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tir nh\u00e2n T\u1ed5ng K\u1ec9nh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Kinh t\u1ebf c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 s\u00f4t doanh, c\u00f4ng t\u01b0 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p doanh 1960 5.546 3.674 2.094 1.585 1.867 1965 8.754 7.881 3.903 3.978 873 1970 9.073 8.279 3.659 4.638 776 1971 9.693 8.903 4.220 790 4.683 1972 9.660 8.854 3.886 4.968 806 1973 10.198 9.085 4.532 4.553 1.113 1974 12.028 10.883 5.719 5.164 1.145 1975 12.897 11.820 6.674 5.146 1.077 1. Ni\u00ean gi\u00e1m th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea n\u0103m 1981, S\u0111d, tr. 15. 422","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c... C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e2n theo th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kinh t\u1ebf' \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u00ednh: % Chia theo th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kinh t\u1ebf T\u1ed5ng Kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m N\u0103m T\u1ed5ng Kinh t\u1ebf Kinh t\u1ebf Kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u00f4 qu\u1ed1c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n doanh, c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 CTHD 1960 100% 66,3 37,8 28,5 33,7 1965 100% 90,0 44,6 45,4 10,0 1970 100% 91,4 40,3 51,1 8,6 1971 100% 91,9 43,6 48,3 8,1 1972 100% 91,7 40,2 51,5 8,3 1973 100% 89,1 44,4 44,7 10,9 1974 100% 90,5 47,6 42,9 9,5 1975 100% 91,7 51,8 39,9 8,3 Hai giai c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 b\u00e1n gi\u1eef V\u1eca tr\u00ed quan \u01b0\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c \u00f3 s \u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. Ngo\u00e0i ra nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0: c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, th\u1ee3 th\u00f9 c\u00f4ng, ti\u1ec3u th\u01b0\u01a1ng... c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1eaft x\u00edch trong c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. Ket c\u1ea5u kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u1ed9i dung qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea5u tranh, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a theo nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1eeba c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc v\u1eeba nh\u00e2n v\u0103n k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb sau khi h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh l\u1eadp 1. Ni\u00ean gi\u00e1m th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea n\u0103m \u00cc981, S\u0111d, tr. 15. 423","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 13 l\u1ea1i - ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n mi\u1ec1n Nam, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc (1954 - 1975). K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ch\u00f9 quan, duy \u00fd ch\u00ed trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng su\u1ed1t 20 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. S\u1ef1 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i sau n\u00e3m 1975 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y. u . GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C, V\u0102N H\u00d3A - X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I Trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, y t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 t\u1ed1t. Nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 y t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u00edt ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c. Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i h\u1ecdc1 \u0110on v\u1ecb t\u00ednh: ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i N\u0103m h\u1ecdc T\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 Ph\u1ed5 B\u1ed5 t\u00fac Trung \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc sinh th\u00f4ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc h\u1ecdc 1971 - 1972 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p 1972- 1973 chuy\u00ean 1973 - 1974 nghi\u1ec7p 1974 - 1975 6.170,6 4.585,6 390,7 74,3 62,0 6.118,7 5.621,2 386,1 57,6 53,8 6.287,2 5.841,8 329,8 61,4 54,2 6.796,9 6.216,0 436,3 83,5 61,1 1. 30 n\u0103m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f9a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u00f9 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, tr. 151; Ni\u00ean gi\u00e1m th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea n\u0103m 1981, tr. 322. 424","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c... v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh c\u00f9a n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y. S\u1ed5 li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng' N\u0103m h\u1ecdc S\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean S\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc sinh (tr\u01b0\u1eddng) (ng\u01b0\u1eddi) (ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi) 1971 - 1972 141.550 1972 - 1973 11.080 150.531 4.585,6 1973 - 1974 11.226 161.224 4.680,5 1974- 1975 11.563 168.623 4.965,1 1975 - 1976 11.653 176.611 5.151,5 11.832 5.357,4 Trong n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 1974 - 1975, ta th\u1ea5y trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 5.151,5 ngh\u00ecn h\u1ecdc sinh, c\u00f3 3.205,3 ngh\u00ecn em l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh Ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc; 1.657,5 ngh\u00ecn em l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh Trung h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u00e0 288,7 ngh\u00ecn em l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh Trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng. Ri\u00eang h\u1ecdc sinh n\u1eef c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 2.474,3 ngh\u00ecn em (Ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc 1.539,6 ngh\u00ecn, Trung h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 s\u1edf 815,4 ngh\u00ecn, Trung h\u1ecdc ph\u00f4 th\u00f4ng 119,3 ngh\u00ecn em). C\u00f3 452 ngh\u00ecn em l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi (Ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc 345,4 ngh\u00ecn em, Trung h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 s\u1edf 95,1 ngh\u00ecn em, Trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng 11,5 ngh\u00ecn em )2. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u1edf c\u00e1c tinh mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai: \u1edf c\u00e1c tinh mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai c\u00f3 3.369 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc (2.269 tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, 997 tr\u01b0\u1eddng Trung h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 s\u1edf, 107 tr\u01b0\u1eddng Trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng) v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean l\u00e0 31.329 ng\u01b0\u1eddi (gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean Ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc 20.098 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Trung h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 s\u1edd 9.156 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng 2.975 ng\u01b0\u1eddi). Ngo\u00e0i h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c 1. Ni\u00ean gi\u00e1m th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea n\u0103m 1981, S\u0111d, tr. 324. 2. \u1ec80 n\u0103m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a..., S\u0111d, tr. 154-155. 425","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 13 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ed5 t\u00fac v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u0169ng thu h\u00fat kh\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp thanh, thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean. N\u0103m h\u1ecdc 1974-1975 c\u00f3 445,6 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5 t\u00fac v\u0103n h\u00f3a, trong \u0111\u00f3 Ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 149,7 ngh\u00ecn, c\u1ea5p hai 204,8 ngh\u00ecn v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p ba 91,1 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 94,6 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u1ec3n l\u1edbp v\u00e0 m\u00e3n kh\u00f3a, c\u00f2n ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng theo gi\u1eefa ch\u1eebng r\u1ed3i b\u1ecf d \u1edd '. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trung h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn tranh. N\u0103m h\u1ecdc 1965 - 1966, to\u00e0n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc c\u00f3 154 tr\u01b0\u1eddng Trung h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi 3.159 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, 60.018 h\u1ecdc sinh. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 1971-1972 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 193 tr\u01b0\u1eddng, 6.389 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, 74.281 h\u1ecdc sinh. N\u0103m h\u1ecdc 1974-1975 c\u00f3 195 tr\u01b0\u1eddng, 6.618 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, 69.813 h\u1ecdc sinh. N\u0103m h\u1ecdc 1975-1976 c\u00f3 233 tr\u01b0\u1eddng, 6.781 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u00e0 83.491 h\u1ecdc sinh2. v \u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc: N\u0103m h\u1ecdc 1971-1972, to\u00e0n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc c\u00f3 35 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi 7.738 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, 62 ngh\u00ecn sinh vi\u00ean. N\u0103m h\u1ecdc 1973-1974, c\u00f3 39 tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi 8.554 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 54,2 ngh\u00ecn sinh vi\u00ean. N\u0103m h\u1ecdc 1974-1975, c\u00f3 39 tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi 8.658 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, 55,5 ngh\u00ecn sinh vi\u00ean. N\u0103m h\u1ecdc 1975-1976 c\u00f3 39 tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi 8.433 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, 61,1 ngh\u00ecn sinh vi\u00ean3. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn sinh vi\u00ean theo h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n, s\u1ed1 theo h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean tu v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9c chi chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3 l\u1ec7 nh\u1ecf. N en gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p phiromg ch\u00e2m v\u1eeba ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eeba n\u00e2ng cao v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u0103m 1974 l\u00e0 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1eed m\u1ed9t \u0110o\u00e0n h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u0111i d\u1ef1 thi \u00d4limp\u00edch To\u00e1n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 16 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00e0nh t\u00edch cao: gi\u00e0nh 3 huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 1. T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb ni\u00ean gi\u00e1m th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea (30 n\u0103m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a... Ni\u00ean gi\u00e1m th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, 1981). 2. T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u t\u00f9 ni\u00ean gi\u00e1m th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea (30 n\u0103m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a... Ni\u00ean gi\u00e1m th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, 1981). 3. T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb ni\u00ean gi\u00e1m th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea (30 n\u0103m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a... Ni\u00ean gi\u00e1m th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, 1981). 426","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c... em Ho\u00e0ng L\u00ea Minh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c kh\u00f3a sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, Trung h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edd nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c. v \u1ec1 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n: Ngay trong chi\u1ebfn tranh \u00e1c H\u1ec7t, m\u1ed7i n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n ra m\u1eaft b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc. N\u0103m 1971, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e1ch xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n c\u00f9a mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc l\u00e0 1.263 cu\u1ed1n. N\u0103m 1975 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n 1.510 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u1edbi 42,5 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng xu\u1ea5t b\u00e0n 456 cu\u1ed1n v\u1edbi 1920 ngh\u00ecn b\u1ea3n'. C\u00e1c b\u00e1o h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y, c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f9a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng tuy c\u00f2n \u00edt nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nhu c\u1ea7u c\u00f9a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. N\u0103m 1971, to\u00e0n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc c\u00f3 173 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi 2.639,8 ngh\u00ecn b\u1ea3n s\u00e1ch. N\u0103m 1974, c\u00f3 200 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi 4.041,6 ngh\u00ecn b\u1ea3n s\u00e1ch. N\u0103m 1975, c\u00f3 221 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi 3.840,0 ngh\u00ecn b\u1ea3n s\u00e1ch. N\u0103m 1965 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai Thu vi\u1ec7n Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1971, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ba Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3: n\u0103m 1971 c\u00f3 1.303 ngh\u00ecn b\u1ea3n, n\u0103m 1974 c\u00f3 857 ngh\u00ecn b\u1ea3n, n\u0103m 1975 c\u00f3 869 ngh\u00ecn b\u1ea3n. s \u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch t\u1ea1i Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng: n\u0103m 1971 c\u00f3 104 ngh\u00ecn l\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u0103m 1974 c\u00f3 74 ngh\u00ecn l\u01b0\u1ee3t, n\u0103m 1975 c\u00f3 131,2 ngh\u00ecn l\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ngo\u00e0i ra \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n, x\u00e3, c\u01a1 quan, x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf, c\u00e1c t\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n s\u00e1ch2. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9, vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng, nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c di t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u00e1c danh lam th\u1eafng c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. 1. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, Ni\u00ean gi\u00e1m th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea 1976... S\u0111d, tr. 379. 2. 30 n\u0103m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00e2n h\u00f3a c\u00f9a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u00f9 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, S\u0111d.\u01b0. 158-159. 427","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 13 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n thanh c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 22 ngh\u00ecn km v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1971, h\u01a1n 22,5 ngh\u00ecn km v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1975. N\u0103m 1971 c\u00f3 g\u1ea7n 312 ngh\u00ecn chi\u1ebfc loa truy\u1ec1n thanh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. N\u0103m 1974 c\u00f3 396,5 ngh\u00ecn chi\u1ebfc v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1975 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 439 ngh\u00ecn chi\u1ebfc, s\u1ed1 m\u00e1y thu thanh m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd v\u1edbi c\u01a1 quan c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103m 1971 l\u00e0 328,5 ngh\u00ecn chi\u1ebfc, n\u0103m 1974 l\u00e0 422,7 ngh\u00ecn chi\u1ebfc, n\u0103m 1975 l\u00e0 489,6 ngh\u00ecn chi\u1ebfc1. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n thanh v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 m\u00e1y thu thanh n\u00f3i tr\u00ean tuy \u00edt \u1ecfi nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n d\u00e2n hai mi\u1ec1n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean tinh th\u1ea7n y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. C\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng phim trong ba n\u0103m 1972-1975 \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e0n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 353 b\u1ed9 phim, trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 phim th\u1eddi s\u1ef1 (152 b\u1ed9), phim t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u (160 b\u1ed9), c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 phim truy\u1ec7n (21 b\u1ed9) v\u00e0 phim ho\u1ea1t h\u1ecda (20 b\u1ed9). To\u00e0n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc n\u0103m 1974 c\u00f3 505 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb chi\u1ebfu b\u00f3ng, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea7n 164,5 ngh\u00ecn bu\u1ed5i v\u1edbi 112.768 ngh\u00ecn l\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem. C\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 1975 l\u00e0 516 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb, g\u1ea7n 171,2 ngh\u00ecn bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 120.129 ngh\u00ecn l\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem, g\u1ea5p 6 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 1955. Ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u m\u1edd r\u1ed9ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng: tu\u1ed3ng, ch\u00e8o, c\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u01a1ng, k\u1ecbch n\u00f3i, k\u1ecbch h\u00e1t, xi\u1ebfc, ca nh\u1ea1c, m \u00faa r\u1ed1i v .v... C\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p h\u00e0ng n\u0103m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3. N\u0103m 1971, to\u00e0n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc c\u00f3 79 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb, n\u0103m 1974 c\u00f3 82 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb, n\u0103m 1975 c\u00f3 84 \u0111om v\u1ecb. M\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m 1971 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2.011 bu\u1ed5i v\u1edbi 3.988 ngh\u00ecn l\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem, n\u0103m 1974: 2.492 bu\u1ed5i v\u1edbi 4.356 ngh\u00ecn l\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem, n\u0103m 1975: 1.501 bu\u1ed5i v\u1edbi 4.187 ngh\u00ecn l\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem 2. H\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e3n ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n 1. 30 n\u0103m ph \u00e1 t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a . . . S\u0111d, tr. 160. 2. 30 n\u0103m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ebfn kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f9a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u00f9 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a... S\u0111d, tr. 162. 428","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c... ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p, m\u1ed7i n\u0103m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem. L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u. Nh\u1eefng tranh, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u1ea3nh... \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f9a c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u00e2m l\u00fd y\u00ean t\u00e1m v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng tin v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u00f9a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u0103m lo s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n: Ng\u00e0nh y t\u1ebf trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1973-1975 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00f2ng b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh n\u0103m 1975 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 1971. C\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00f2ng b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh' Lo\u1ea1i c\u01a1 s\u1ee1 N\u0103m 1971 N\u0103m 1975 (\u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb: c\u00e1i) B\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n 431 442 B\u1ec7nh x\u00e1 587 645 Vi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u01b0\u1ee1ng 94 93 Tr\u1ea1i phong 16 20 Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u y h\u1ecdc 10 10 Tr\u1ea1m v\u1ec7 sinh ph\u00f2ng d\u1ecbch 26 26 Tr\u1ea1m ch\u1ed1ng b\u1ec7nh m\u1eaft h\u1ed9t 22 21 Tr\u1ea1m ch\u1ed1ng b\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1t r\u00e9t 25 26 Tr\u1ea1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 - tr\u1ebb em 25 25 Tr\u1ea1m y t\u1ebf h\u1ed9 sinh x\u00e3 5.690 5.567 1. 30 n\u0103m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a..., S\u0111d, tr. 163. 429","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 13 N\u0103m 1971, to\u00e0n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc c\u00f3 g\u1ea7n 103 ngh\u00ecn gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh, trong \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 40,4 ngh\u00ecn gi\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ec7nh x\u00e1 c\u00f3 8,8 ngh\u00ecn gi\u01b0\u1eddng, vi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00f3 7,4 ngh\u00ecn gi\u01b0\u1eddng, tr\u1ea1i phong c\u00f3 4,9 ngh\u00ecn gi\u01b0\u1eddng, tr\u1ea1m y t\u1ebf h\u1ed9 sinh x\u00e3 48,4 ngh\u00ecn gi\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u1ed1 gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh \u01afnh b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n tr\u00ean 10.000 d\u00e2n: 1971: 55; 1972: 44; 1973: 44; 1974: 46; 1975: 471. S\u1ed1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh n\u0103m 1975 do c\u00e1c s\u1edf, ty y t\u1ebf qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 360 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n, 35 b\u1ec7nh x\u00e1, 26 vi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, 15 tr\u1ea1i phong, 5567 tr\u1ea1m y t\u1ebf h\u1ed9 sinh x\u00e3 v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 48.350 gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 theo c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng: - Mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai: 129 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n, 26 b\u1ec7nh x\u00e1, 13 vi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u01b0\u1ee1ng (9.494 gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh), 6 tr\u1ea1i phong, 1.646 tr\u1ea1m y t\u1ebf h\u1ed9 sinh x\u00e3. - Trung du: 45 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n, 2 b\u1ec7nh x\u00e1, 2 vi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u01b0\u1ee1ng (6.797 gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh), 2 tr\u1ea1i phong, 772 tr\u1ea1m y t\u1ebf h\u1ed9 sinh x\u00e3. - \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng B\u1eafc B\u1ed9: 116 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n, 4 b\u1ec7nh x\u00e1 (18.254 gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh), 7 vi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, 6 tr\u1ea1i phong, 1.752 tr\u1ea1m y t\u1ebf h\u1ed9 sinh x\u00e3. - Khu IV c\u0169: 70 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n, 3 b\u1ec7nh x\u00e1, 4 vi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, 1 tr\u1ea1i phong, 1.397 tr\u1ea1m y t\u1ebf h\u1ed9 sinh x\u00e3. S\u1ed1 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 y t\u1ebf d\u00e2n l\u1eadp l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3: n\u0103m 1975 c\u00f3 9.205 y s\u0129, 26.080 y t\u00e1, 7.361 n\u1eef h\u1ed9 sinh. C\u00e1c s\u1edf, ty y t\u1ebf qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 y t\u1ebf ng\u00e0nh y g\u1ed3m 3.813 b\u00e1c s\u0129 (k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn s\u0129, ti\u1ebfn s\u0129), 19.985 y s\u0129 (k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 y t\u00e1 trung h\u1ecdc), 33.963 y t\u00e1, 8.239 n\u1eef h\u1ed9 sinh (k\u1ebb c\u1ea3 n\u1eef h\u1ed9 sinh irung h\u1ecdc), ph\u00e0n b\u1ed1 theo c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng: - Mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai: 820 b\u00e1c s\u0129, 4.510 y s\u0129, 8.316 y t\u00e1, 1.466 n\u1eef h\u1ed9 sinh. - Trung du: 444 b\u00e1c s\u0129, 2.526 y s\u0129, 3.455 y t\u00e1, 1.229 n\u1eef h\u1ed9 sinh. - \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng B\u1eafc B\u1ed9: 1.721 b\u00e1c s\u0129, 8.275 y s\u0129, 11.594 y t\u00e1, 2.788 n\u1eef h\u1ed9 sinh. - Khu IV c\u0169: 828 b\u00e1c s\u0129, 4.674 y s\u0129, 10.598 y t\u00e1, 2.761 n\u1eef h\u1ed9 sinh. T\u00ednh chung n\u0103m 1975 c\u1ee9 10.000 d\u00e2n c\u00f3 12,7 y s\u0129, b\u00e1c s\u0129. 1. Ni\u00ean gi\u00e1m th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea n\u0103m 1981, S\u0111d, tr. 356. 430","Ch\u01b0cmg V. Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c... S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 y t\u1ebf chia theo ng\u00e0nh' Ng\u00e0nh - lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 (ng\u01b0\u1eddi) N\u0103m 1971 N\u0103m 1975 A. Ng\u00e0nh Y 4.122 5.684 - B\u00e1c s\u0129 21.366 23.906 - Y s\u0129 48.427 42.354 - Y t\u00e1 11.578 8.517 - N\u1eef h\u1ed9 sinh 1.279 1.825 B. Ng\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1ee3c: 2.335 3.082 - D\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0129 cao c\u1ea5p 10.000 7.609 - D\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0129 trung c\u1ea5p 450 477 - D\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1 - C\u00e1n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4ng y trong bi\u00ean ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 y t\u1ebf ng\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00e1c s\u1edd, ty y t\u1ebf c\u00e1c tinh, th\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1975 \u0111\u00e3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd 1.480 d\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0129 cao c\u1ea5p (k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfn s\u0129, ph\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn s\u0129), 2.668 d\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0129 trung c\u1ea5p, 7.082 d\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1 (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 2.522 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1 d\u00e2n l\u1eadp), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 theo c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng: - Mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai: 368 d\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0129 cao c\u1ea5p, 707 d\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0129 trung c\u1ea5p, 1.684 d\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1. - Trung du: 197 d\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0129 cao c\u1ea5p, 274 d\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0129 trung c\u1ea5p, 791 d\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1. - \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u00e0ng B\u1eafc B\u1ed9: 583 d\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0129 cao c\u1ea5p, 1.022 d\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0129 trung c\u1ea5p, 2.825 d\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1. - Khu IV c\u0169: 332 d\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0129 cao c\u1ea5p, 665 d\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0129 trung c\u1ea5p, 1.782 d\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1. 1. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, 30 n\u0103m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f9a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u00f9 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, Nxb. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1978, tr. 165-166. 431","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 13 Ng\u00e0nh y t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0110\u00f4ng y v\u00e0 T\u00e2y y ch\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ec7nh hi\u1ec3m ngh\u00e8o m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed5 n\u00e3o, m\u1ed5 gan kh\u00f4... Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n phong, b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n lao \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb. C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m. Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 y t\u1ebf \u1edf mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o. N\u0103m 1975, \u1edf c\u00e1c tinh mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai ph\u00eda B\u1eafc c\u00f3 129 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n (v\u1edbi 8.116 gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh), 26 b\u1ec7nh x\u00e1 v\u1edbi 424 gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh, 13 vi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u01b0\u1ee1ng (v\u1edbi 554 gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh), 1.646 tr\u1ea1m y t\u1ebf, h\u1ed9 sinh x\u00e3 (v\u1edbi 9.494 gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh). Ng\u00e0nh Y c\u00f3 820 b\u00e1c s\u0129, 4.510 y s\u0129, 8.316 y t\u00e1, 1.466 n\u1eef h\u1ed9 sinh; ng\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 368 d\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0129 cao c\u1ea5p, 701 d\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0129 trung c\u1ea5p, 1.684 d\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai trong n\u0103m 19751. N\u0103m 1974, tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 62 tu\u1ed5i. T\u1ef3 l\u1ec7 ch\u1ebft gi\u1ea3m, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 0,7%. N\u00e9t \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n y t\u1ebf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf kh\u00e1m, \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh ph\u1ee5 khoa v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ebb thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng do B\u1ed9 Y t\u1ebf qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd trong n\u0103m 1975 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u1ee5 khoa cho 528,8 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh ph\u1ee5 khoa cho 256,5 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00e1m thai 1.411,9 ngh\u00ecn l\u1ea7n. s \u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebb: 667,1 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi (trong s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebb b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 0,3 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi). T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb m\u1edbi sinh (d\u01b0\u1edbi 7 ng\u00e0y sau khi \u0111\u1ebb) so v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 tr\u00ea m\u1edbi sinh n\u0103m 1975 l\u1eb1 1,6%. s\u1ed1 b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 sinh \u0111\u1ebd \u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m h\u1ed9 sinh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f4ng. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m thai v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebb \u1edf nh\u00e0 h\u1ed9 sinh kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t ti\u1ec1n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch. C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c nu\u00f4i d\u1ea1y tr\u1ebb c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u00e9t \u0111\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd. N\u0103m 1975, tr\u00ean mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc c\u00f3 g\u1ea7n 30.900 nh\u00e0 tr\u1ebb, nh\u00f3m tr\u1ebb, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan, x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 9.760 c\u01a1 s\u1edf, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i hom 21.100 c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00e0 d\u00e2n l\u1eadp. C\u00f3 563,7 ngh\u00ecn ch\u00e1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u1edf nh\u00e0 tr\u1ebb (c\u01a1 quan, x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 173,3 ngh\u00ecn ch\u00e1u, d\u00e2n l\u1eadp c\u00f3 390,4 ngh\u00ecn ch\u00e1u). \u0110\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00f4 nu\u00f4i d\u1ea1y tr\u1ebb 1. 30 n\u0103m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u00e9, v\u0103n h\u00f3a..., S\u0111d, \u1eef. 167-169. 432","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c... t\u1edbi 80,3 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi; d\u00e2n l\u1eadp 55,5 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n m\u1ed7i c\u00f4 nu\u00f4i d\u1ea1y tr\u1ebb ch\u0103m s\u00f3c kho\u1ea3ng 6-7 ch\u00e1u. M\u1ed7i nh\u00e0 tr\u1ebb, nh\u00f3m tr\u1ebb b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n ch\u0103m s\u00f3c kho\u1ea3ng 16-17 ch\u00e1u'. III. C\u1ee6NG C\u1ed0 QU\u00d3C PH\u00d2NG, X\u00c2Y D\u1ef1NG L\u1ee4C LU\u1ee2NG V\u0168 TRANG Cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1972, B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp S\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n b\u1ed9 binh 341 (S\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n S\u00f4ng Lam) t\u1ea1i Nam \u0110\u00e0n (Ngh\u1ec7 An), bi\u00ean ch\u1ebf g\u1ed3m hai trung \u0111o\u00e0n b\u1ed9 binh (52 v\u00e0 270). \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1973, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u00eam trung \u0111o\u00e0n b\u1ed9 binh 266, trung \u0111o\u00e0n ph\u00e1o binh 55 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb binh ch\u00f9ng thu\u1ed9c s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n 341. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u0129 quan thi\u1ebft gi\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u00e1ng 3-1973 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o s\u0129 quan ch\u1ec9 huy, s\u0129 quan k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt xe t\u0103ng, xe b\u1ecdc th\u00e9p, xe chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u b\u1ed9 binh, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt xe t\u0103ng, thi\u1ebft gi\u00e1p, nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u00f9a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 8-1973, Ch\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7m T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c H\u1eadu c\u1ea7n ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Vi\u1ec7n Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf qu\u00e2n gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 qu\u00e2n gi\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c C\u1ee5c Qu\u00e2n gi\u1edbi. C\u1ee5c Qu\u00e2n gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng s\u00fang ch\u1ed1ng t\u00e2ng B.41 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n trong 3 n\u0103m (1973- 1975) l\u00e0: \\\"T\u1eadp trung b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m chi vi\u1ec7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, x\u00f9y d\u1ef1 ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecbu \u00f9 m i\u00ean Nuin l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kli\u00f9n tr\u01b0\u01b0ng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1eadp trung b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1eb1n s\u00e0ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 chi\u1ebfn tranh, c\u00f9ng c\u1ed1 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh quy, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p kinh t\u1ebf v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 tham gia x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kinh t\u1ebf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 quan \u01b0\u1ecdng c\u01a1 b\u00e0n\\\"2. 1. Ni\u00ean gi\u00e1m th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea n\u0103m 1981..., S\u0111d, tr. 374. 2. Vi\u1ec7n L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, 55 n\u0103m Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Nxb. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1999, tr. 336-351. 433","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 13 Trong th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1973, Ch\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c C\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edfng thu\u1ed9c T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c H\u1eadu c\u1ea7n v\u00e0o t\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch chi vi\u1ec7n ba n\u0103m 1973-1975, chi \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba, h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, c\u00f9ng c\u1ed1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c H\u1eadu c\u00e0n c\u0169ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i th\u1ee7y tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111o\u00e0n v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i H\u1ed3ng H\u00e0. \u0110o\u00e0n v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00f4ng g\u1ed3m ba ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n (1 ,2 , 3), \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9i hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1m s\u1eeba ch\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3ng S\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i) l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9. \u0110o\u00e0n v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i ven bi\u1ec3n g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9i t\u00e0u (107, 102, 103 v\u00e0 25) c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1eb7t c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa t\u1ea1i H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1973, T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c H\u1eadu c\u1ea7n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i tuy\u1ebfn v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u1edf Qu\u00e2n khu IV th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n binh tr\u1ea1m, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp hai trung \u0111o\u00e0n xe (510 v\u00e0 525), \u0110o\u00e0n ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 tuy\u1ebfn giao li\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc (174). T\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 21 Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng (7-1973) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang. Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5ng ki\u1ec3m \u01b0a trang b\u1ecb k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u1eadt t\u01b0 trong to\u00e0n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, \u1edd t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n trai t\u1eeb 1-10-1973, \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u t\u1ed5ng ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 (12-1970), \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. T h\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1974, B \u1ed9 Q u\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng quy\u00eat \u0111\u1ecbnh chuy\u00ean T n r\u00f2 n g B\u1ed5 t\u00fac c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u0129 quan \u0111\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng. Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1974, t\u1ed5 ch\u00fac H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u0110\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng to\u00e0n qu\u00e2n l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai. Ng\u00e0y 5-4-1974, Qu\u00e2n \u1ee7y Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng ra Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng do Trung t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110inh \u0110\u1ee9c Thi\u1ec7n, Ch\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7m T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c H\u1eadu c\u1ea7n, ki\u00eam ch\u1ee9c Ch\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7m T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Ng\u00e0y 10-9-1974, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ra Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 221\/CP th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng. Ng\u00e0y 26-5-1974, C\u1ee5c S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c H\u1eadu c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u1eb1m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i tham gia x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng 434","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c... kinh t\u1ebf, t\u0103ng gia s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 t\u00fac. Ng\u00e0y 23-7-1974, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n H\u1eadu c\u1ea7n. C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c x\u00e2y d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea3ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc d\u1ed1c s\u1ee9c chi vi\u1ec7n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng mi\u1ec1n Nam. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00f9a c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n tinh nhu\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t trong c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch l\u1edbn gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n mi\u1ec1n Nam. IV. T\u0102NG C\u01af\u1edcNG HO\u1ea0T \u0110\u1ed8NG \u0110\u00d3I NGO\u1ea0I, TRANH TH\u1ee6 S\u1ee4 \u0110\u00d2NG T\u00ccNH \u1ee6NG H \u1ed9 QU\u00d3C T\u00c9 Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i c\u00f9a Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1973-1975 ch\u00f9 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n nh\u1eefng th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i quan tr\u1ecdng trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1ec3 Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Paris \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh nghi\u00eam chinh. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1eeba ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft v\u1eeba m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo, linh ho\u1ea1t tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn ngo\u1ea1i giao. Ngay sau khi Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Paris c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c (k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 27-1-1973), Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ng\u1eebng b\u1eafn tr\u00ean to\u00e0n chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1973 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1974, Vi\u1ec7t Nam thi h\u00e0nh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n, U a o \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u00f9 t\u00f9 binh c\u00f9a M \u1ef9 v\u00e0 c \u1ee7 a ch \u00edn h quy\u00e8n S \u00e0i G \u00f2n. v\u00e8 ph\u00eda Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Paris nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n B\u1ed9 Ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 M \u1ef9 (MACV), r\u00fat t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i (\u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i vi\u1ec5n chinh M\u1ef9 r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 29-3-1973), ng\u1eebng n\u00e9m bom, b\u1eafn ph\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eb1ng sau ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Thi\u1ec7u trong vi\u1ec7c vi ph\u1ea1m Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Paris. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n S\u00e0i G\u00f2n trao tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u00f9 binh, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh d\u00e2y d\u01b0a k\u00e9o d\u00e0i. Chi t\u00ednh t\u1eeb khi Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Paris c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1973, Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 435","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 13 hom 300 ngh\u00ecn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng vi ph\u1ea1m (h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfn, b\u1eafn ph\u00e1o, n\u00e9m bom, trinh s\u00e1t, h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t, h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh)1. Trong l\u00fac c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch, thu h\u1ed3i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng b\u1ecb l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u00f9a hai mi\u1ec1n Nam, B\u1eafc trong \u00d9y ban Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1n b\u00ean (Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng L\u00e2m th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Hoa K\u1ef3, Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a) ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea5u \u01b0anh ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng vi ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb hi\u1ec7p th\u01b0\u01a1ng hai b\u00ean di\u1ec5n ra \u1edd Ph\u00e1p ng\u00e0y 25-4-1973, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t 6 \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam: tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1eebng b\u1eafn, trao tr\u1ea3 h\u1ebft t\u00f9 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u00f2n giam gi\u1eef, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng H\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed t\u1ef1 do, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam. \\\"Th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o chung\\\" do b\u1ed1n b\u00ean k\u00fd t\u1ea1i Paris ng\u00e0y 13-6-1973 kh\u00f4ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Paris ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb vi ph\u1ea1m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n S\u00e0i G\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f9ng b\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, ng\u00e0y 28-6-1973, ph\u00eda Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u00eau l\u00ean ba v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0: ng\u1eebng b\u00e1n ui\u1ec7l \u0111\u1ec3, trao \u01b0 \u00e0 h\u00e9t nh\u00e2n vicn d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Ng\u00e0y 18-7-1973, \u0111\u01b0a th\u00eam d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 \\\"Nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n ch\u00f9 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam\\\". \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a ta t\u00edch c\u1ef1c tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Paris c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n S\u00e0i G\u00f2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c trao tr\u1ea3 h\u1ebft t\u00f9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ta. 1. L\u01b0u V\u0103n L\u1ee3i, 50 n\u0103m ngo\u1ea1i giao Vi\u1ec7t Nam 1945-1995, t\u1eadp I: Ngo\u1ea1i giao Vi\u1ec7t Nam 1945-1975, Nxb. Cong an Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1996, tr. 386-387. 436","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c... Ng\u00e0y 29-3-1974, H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00f2i M \u1ef9 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n S\u00e0i G\u00f2n thi h\u00e0nh nghi\u00eam chinh Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Paris \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i th\u0169 \u0111\u00f4 St\u1ed1ckh\u00f4m c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n. Th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1974, B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i giao Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u00f9 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch tr\u1eafng \\\"M\u1ed9t n\u0103m thi h\u00e0nh Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Paris\\\" v\u1ea1ch tr\u1ea7n c\u00e1c thu \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng vi ph\u1ea1m Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Thi\u1ec7u. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111au tranh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n Nam ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh di\u1ec5n ra ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u1eafp v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. \u0110en th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1974, nh\u00ecn chung k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f9a \u0111\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Thi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u00e0ng d\u01b0\u1edbi 10 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n, ngo\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 5 tri\u1ec7u \u1edf v\u00f9ng tranh ch \u1ea5 p 1. C\u00e1c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n trao \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng L\u00e2m th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 9-1974 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n mi\u1ec1n Nam. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn ngo\u1ea1i giao trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng M \u1ef9 can thi\u1ec7p tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn ngo\u1ea1i giao \u0111\u00e3 theo s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 v\u0169 b\u00e3o c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 m \u1eb7t tr\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, g\u00e2y s\u1ee9c \u00e9p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Thi\u1ec7u, chu\u1ea9n h\u1ecb d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn cho c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng. Tnr\u00f3rc s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00f9a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Hoa K\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m can thi\u1ec7p tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. Ng\u00e0y 24-4-1975, sau khi Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Thi\u1ec7u t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M \u1ef9 G. Ford \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Niu Olian: \\\"Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi M\u1ef9. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0o \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee3i h\u1ecd\\\"2. 1. L\u01b0u V\u0103n L\u1ee3i, 50 n\u0103m ngo\u1ea1i giao Vi\u1ec7t Nam 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 9 5 . S\u0111d, tr. 389. 2. L\u01b0u V\u0103n L\u1ee3i, 50 n\u0103m ngo\u1ea1i giao Vi\u1ec7t Nam 1945-1995..., S\u0111d, tr. 391. 437","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 13 V\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m th\u00eam b\u1ea1n b\u1edbt th\u00f9, cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u01b0\u1eadn ngo\u1ea1i giao \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, tranh th\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy cho th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t \u01b0\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5u tranh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn so s\u00e1nh l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho ta. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 sau Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Paris nh\u1eb1m \u01afanh th\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4, Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00f9 ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Tuy c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn l\u00e0 M \u1ef9 r\u00fat qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, cam k\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng d\u00ednh l\u00edu v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn Li\u00ean X\u00f4 - Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam \u01b0\u1ecdng. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra linh ho\u1ea1t, kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o nh\u00e0m tranh th\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a phe x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4, Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00f9a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng M \u1ef9 c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edd giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc sau chi\u1ebfn \u01b0anh. Neu nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1950 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1976, Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u1edbi 98 n\u01b0\u1edbc (ch\u00e2u \u00c1: 25, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u: 27, ch\u00e2u Phi: 35, ch\u00e2u M \u1ef9: 9, ch\u00e2u \u0110 \u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01b0ng: 2) th\u00ec chi ri\u00eang trong n\u0103m 1973, Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u1edbi 22 n\u01b0\u1edbc (5 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1, 9 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, 5 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi, 2 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edd ch\u00e2u M \u1ef9, 1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edd ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng); n\u0103m 1974, \u0111\u1eb7t quan h\u1ec7 th\u00eam v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 (C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Apganistan); \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1975, s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng th\u00eam 21 n\u01b0\u1edbc (ch\u00e2u \u00c1: 3, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u: 4, ch\u00e2u Phi: 10, ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9: 3, ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng: 1). Ngay C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Ph\u00e1p, n\u01a1i di\u1ec5n ra H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Paris, c\u0169ng chi \u0111\u1eb7t quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 12-4-1973. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngo\u1ea1i giao \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho 438","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c... b\u00e8 b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u01a1n. Trong s\u1ed1 22 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao trong n\u0103m 1973, ch\u1ec9 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Ph\u1ea7n Lan l\u00e0 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 25-1-1973, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Paris \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u quan h\u1ec7 t\u1eeb sau Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Paris (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Uganda ng\u00e0y 9-2-1973, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Bi ng\u00e0y 22-3-1973, Li\u00ean bang Malaixia ng\u00e0y 30-3-1973, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c H\u00e0 Lan ng\u00e0y 9-4-1973, C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Ph\u00e1p ng\u00e0y 12-4-1973, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Iran ng\u00e0y 4-8-1973, Canada ng\u00e0y 21-8-1973, Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Ailen ng\u00e0y 1-9-1973, Nh\u1eadt B\u00e0n ng\u00e0y 21-9-1973, C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Achentina ng\u00e0y 14-10-1973, \u0110\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c Lucx\u0103mbua ng\u00e0y 15-11-1973, ...)\u2022 H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb c\u1ea5p cao c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 h\u1ecdp t\u1ea1i Angi\u00ea (Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Angi\u00eari) th\u00e1ng 9-1973 g\u1ed3m g\u1ea7n 80 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 16 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phong tr\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u tham gia H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ng\u00e0y 6-6-1973, \u0110o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u00f9 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a do Ph\u00f3 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u1ee7 y ban Th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ee5 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Nguy\u1ec5n Xi\u1ec3n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o th\u0103m v\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 l\u1ec5 k\u00fd ni\u1ec7m l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 ng\u00e0y th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng L\u00e2m th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam (6-6-1969). T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 6-6-1973, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng L\u00e2m th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2u m icn N ain V i\u1ec7t N am c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 thict l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giuo v\u1edbi 34 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u01a1 quan th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng th\u00f4ng tin \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1edd r\u1ed9ng. Nhi\u1ec1u \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0110o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u1ee7 y ban \u0110\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p (2-1973), \u0110o\u00e0n ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 Canada (3-1973), \u0110o\u00e0n ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n (6-1973), \u0110o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u H\u1ed9i Lu\u1eadt gia \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 (6-1973), \u0110o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Ti\u1ec7p Kh\u1eafc (11-1973), \u0110o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft t\u1ed1i cao Li\u00ean X\u00f4 (12-1973), Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb 439","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 13 C\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn H\u00e0 Lan (8-1973), Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Hosinon (10-1973), Ph\u00f3 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n \u00dd, \u0110o\u00e0n ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n (10-1974), \u0110o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao Hungari (11-1974), \u0110o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u H\u1ed9i h\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb M\u00f4ng c \u1ed5 - Vi\u1ec7t Nam (11-1974), \u0110o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7p th\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u00e0o (3-1975), \u0110o\u00e0n ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 M\u00eahic\u00f4 (5-1975)... B\u1ea1n b\u00e8 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf qua c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111i th\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 th\u00eam s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh chi\u1ebfn tranh, hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u00f9 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc: \u0110o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i do \u00f4ng Tr\u1ea7n Danh Tuy\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u0103m h\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1eeb 20 \u0111\u1ebfn 27-5-1974; sau cu\u1ed9c \u0111i th\u0103m n\u00e0y, \\\"Li\u00ean minh ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n - Vi\u1ec7t Nam\\\" \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 300 ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 tham gia nh\u1eb1m \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Paris, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quan h\u1ec7 h\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam, x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u00f9a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u1edbi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng L\u00e2m th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam. T\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 14-5 \u0111\u1ebfn 12-6-1974, \u0110o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a do Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u1ee7 y ban Th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ee5 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Chinh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111i th\u0103m h\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00f9 ngh\u0129a Ti\u1ec7p Kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Hungari. Cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 1-1975, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u00f9 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a do \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Tr\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i th\u0103m \u00dd. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00e0ng: \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ngo\u1ea1i giao l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u0169i ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u00e0m n\u00ean chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u00f9a cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc. Khi s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. Trong th\u00e1ng 4-1975, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 g\u1ea7n 100 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 t\u00ecnh \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00f9a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ng\u00e0y 14-4-1975, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n L i\u00ean X\u00f4 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb y t\u1ebf 440","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c... tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 500 tri\u1ec7u r\u00fap. Chi t\u00ednh ri\u00eang vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 y t\u1ebf, trong m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m (1965-1975), B\u1ed9 Y t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u00f9 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Ngo\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n t\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 th\u00f4ng qua ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (kho\u1ea3ng 800 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng), c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb to\u00e0n b\u1ed9, c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 ghi s\u1ed5 s\u00e1ch. Trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 h\u00e0ng vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 th\u00ec h\u00e0ng vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n chi\u1ebfm t\u00fd tr\u1ecdng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, trong n\u0103m 1974, h\u00e0ng vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u g\u1ea5p r\u01b0\u1ee1i h\u00e0ng vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, vay n\u1ee3 v\u00e0 m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch. V. D\u00d3C S\u1ee8C CHI VI\u1ec6N CHO C\u00c1CH M\u1ea0NG MI\u00c8N NAM, L\u00c0O V\u00c0 CAMPUCHIA H\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1edbn mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c, v\u1eadt l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong chi\u1ebfn tranh theo \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb \\\"d\u1ed3n s\u1ee9c\\\" cho c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng mi\u1ec1n Nam. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1973, t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chuy\u1ec3n nh\u0169ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9, quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 binh, ph\u00e1o m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, ph\u00e1o cao x\u1ea1, xe t\u0103ng, thi\u1ebft gi\u00e1p. H\u01a1n 140 ngh\u00ecn qu\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trang b\u1ecb ho\u00e0n chinh, 140 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ea5n h\u00e0ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 86 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ea5n h\u00e0ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n Nam cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1973. Trong n\u0103m 1974, m icn B\u0103c chi vi\u1ec7n th\u00eam cho chicn tr\u01b0\u1eddng 49 ngh\u00ecn qu\u00e2n, 170 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ea5n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kho ch\u1ee9a h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kh\u00e1 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh tr\u00ean tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb 25 ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ebfn 35 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ea5n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kho c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9a t\u1eeb 10 ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ebfn 15 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c t\u1eeb A L\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn B\u00f9 Gia M\u1eadp. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kho n\u00e0y n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u0103n c\u1ee9, c\u1ee5m h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng Tr\u1ecb Thi\u00ean, Khu V, T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean, mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng Nam B\u1ed9 qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh th\u1ebf tr\u1eadn h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n li\u00ean ho\u00e0n. 441","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 13 Trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00f9a kh\u00f4 1973-1974 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00f9a kh\u00f4 1974-1975, mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n Nam h\u01a1n 260 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ea5n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t (g\u1ed3m v\u0169 kh\u00ed, qu\u00e2n trang, qu\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng, x\u00e1ng d\u1ea7u, l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, thu\u1ed1c men), trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 46 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ea5n v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1ee3c, 124 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ea5n g\u1ea1o, 32 ngh\u00ecn tan x\u0103ng d \u1ea7u ... So v\u1edbi n\u0103m 1972, s\u1ed1 h\u00e0ng chi vi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y g\u1ea5p 9 l\u1ea7n, ri\u00eang v\u0169 kh\u00ed, \u0111\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea5p 6 l\u1ea7n, g\u1ea1o g\u1ea5p 3 l\u1ea7n, x\u0103ng d\u1ea7u g\u1ea5p 27 l\u1ea7n 1. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam, trong hai n\u0103m 1973-1974, mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc tuy\u1ec3n th\u00eam 250 ngh\u00ecn thanh ni\u00ean v\u00e0o qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, trong \u0111\u00f3 150 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau khi hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o b\u1ed5 sung cho c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng mi\u1ec1n Nam. Kho\u1ea3ng 379 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ea5n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, b\u1eb1ng 54% t\u1ed5ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong c\u1ea3 18 n\u0103m (1955-1972), \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o trong hai n\u0103m 1973-19742. S\u1ef1 chi vi\u1ec7n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean th\u1ebf \u00e1p \u0111\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng mi\u1ec1n Nam so v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbch. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, tr\u00ean mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1 b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00f9a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng mi\u1ec1n Nam. Tinh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng h\u1ea1 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n mi\u1ec1n Nam trong n\u0103m 1975. \u0110e chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5ng ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, trong hai th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea9u n\u0103m 1975, m i\u1ec1n B\u0103c \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea5p r\u00fat \u0111\u01b0 a v\u00e0o m icn N am 57 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 108 ngh\u00ecn qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean c\u1ea3 n\u0103m 1975. T\u00ednh chung c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1975, mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ed3n s\u1ee9c chuy\u1ec3n g\u1ea5p r\u00fat v\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n Nam h\u01a1n 110 ngh\u00ecn c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, chi\u1ebfn s\u0129, 230 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ea5n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea: tr\u00ean 80% qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1; 81% v\u0169 kh\u00ed; 60% x\u0103ng d\u1ea7u; 65% thu\u1ed1c men; 85% xe v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i 1. L\u00ea M\u1eadu H\u00e3n (ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean), Tr\u1ea7n B\u00e1 \u0110\u1ec7, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Th\u01b0, \u0110\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u1eadp III, Nxb. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1997, tr. 252. 2. Vi\u1ec7n L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, H\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam 1945-1975, Nxb. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1997, tr. 178. 442","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c.., trong cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed1ng ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i d\u1eady m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n 1975 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o' \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 chi vi\u1ec7n to l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc cho s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n mi\u1ec1n Nam. Tuy\u1ebfn v\u1eadn t\u00e0i chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc cho mi\u1ec1n Nam trong su\u1ed1t 16 n\u0103m (1959-1975). C\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n - \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh - \u0111\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. B\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i giao li\u00ean, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra \u0111\u1eddi s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng tr\u00ean tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y. Ba trung \u0111o\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i giao li\u00ean \u1edf 100 tr\u1ea1m chuy\u00ean l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n \u0111i b\u1ed9 theo c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ra c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi chuy\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u01a1ng binh t\u1eeb chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1972, b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i giao li\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb xe \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u01a1ng binh, b\u1ec7nh binh v\u1ec1 h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1edf c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 \u0111i l\u1ebb ra c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1973 tr\u1edf \u0111i, vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n qu\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, r\u00fat ng\u1eafn th\u1eddi gian v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m l\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u. Th\u1eddi gian h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o Nam B\u1ed9 c\u00f2n kho\u1ea3ng 20 ng\u00e0y, T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean 13 ng\u00e0y, Khu V 10 ng\u00e0y, Tr\u1ecb Thi\u00ean 6 ng\u00e0y. Trong h\u01a1n 2 n\u0103m 1973-1975, tuy\u1ebfn giao li\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho 410 ngh\u00ecn l\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o Nam ra B\u1eafc. Binh ch\u00f9ng th\u00f4ng tin ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9i l\u00ean th\u00e0nh hai trung \u0111o\u00e0n, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c (v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn, h\u1eefu tuy\u1ebfn t\u1ea3i ba, b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e0m s\u00f3ng ng\u1eafn,...), b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng tin th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t \u01b0\u00ean to\u00e0n tuy\u1ebfn, tham gia tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u00f4ng tin chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. Tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn x\u0103ng d\u1ea7u lo\u1ea1i 100 ly n\u1ed1i tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t T\u00e2y Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n, xuy\u00ean qua Trung L\u00e0o, H\u1ea1 L\u00e0o, qua T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng Nam B\u1ed9. Tuy\u1ebfn \u0110\u00f4ng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n k\u00e9o t\u1eeb \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng 1. H\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam 1945-1995, S\u0111d, tr. 178. 443","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 13 s\u1ed1 9 \u0111\u1ebfn C\u00f4ng Tum. C\u1ea3 hai tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i 1.400 km d\u1eabn nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u l\u1ecfng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a \u1edd mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0o. C\u00e1c \\\"c\u1ed9t x\u0103ng\\\" \u0111\u1eb7t theo chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed5ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5p ph\u00e1t nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u nhanh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m cho c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i, thay cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5p ph\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng xe t\u00e9c, b\u00e0ng phuy tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch. \u0110en tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y m\u1edd m\u00e0n chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Bu\u00f4n Ma Thu\u1ed9t, tr\u00ean tuy\u1ebfn v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i 1.399 km, g\u1ea7n 50 khu kho c\u00f3 tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 27.000 m3 v\u1edbi 114 tr\u1ea1m b\u01a1m \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c b\u01a1m 600-800 m3\/ng\u00e0y do ba trung \u0111o\u00e0n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh x\u0103ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung \u0111o\u00e0n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh x\u0103ng v\u00e0 d\u1ea7u \u0111i\u00eaden v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kho tr\u1ea1m c\u1ea5p ph\u00e1t li\u00ean ho\u00e0n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ea3y \u1edd c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c, b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea3m cung c\u1ea5p cho h\u01a1n 10 ngh\u00ecn xe v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, g\u1ea7n 10 ngh\u00ecn xe h\u01a1i v\u00e0 xe x\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c binh ch\u1ee7ng tr\u00ean tuy\u1ebfn v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn xe c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c binh \u0111o\u00e0n c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1c v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u0103m 1973 v\u00e0 1974, b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i x\u0103ng d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5p ph\u00e1t 168 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ea5n x\u0103ng, 22 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ea5n d\u1ea7u \u0111i\u00eaden, nhi\u1ec1u g\u1ea5p 14 l\u1ea7n n\u0103m 1969. Trong 55 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh n\u0103m 1975 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5p 77 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ea5n x\u0103ng v\u00e0 18 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ea5n d\u1ea7u \u0111i\u00eaden1. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb thanh ni\u00ean xung phong t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e1m tr\u1ee5, chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n - \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n M \u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng 733 ngh\u00ecn l\u01b0\u1ee3t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay, \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1 151 ngh\u00ecn tr\u1eadn, n\u00e9m xu\u1ed1ng tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n hom 3,5 Ui\u1ec7u t\u00e1n bom \u0111\u1ea1n. N g o \u00e0 i ra \u0111 \u1ecbch C\u00d211 m \u1edf 113.111 ch i\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch t\u1ea5n t\u00f4 n g binh ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng bi\u1ec7t k\u00edch, th\u00e1m b\u00e1o, \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 chi vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc cho mi\u1ec1n Nam. Ta \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ed1c to\u00e0n l\u1ef1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tuy\u1ebfn v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 d\u00e0i 16.700 km, bao g\u1ed3m 5 tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ecdc c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, 21 tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ngang c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng, c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao li\u00ean d\u00e0i 3.800 km, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00f4ng d\u00e0i 1. B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh binh \u0111o\u00e0n 12 - Vi\u1ec7n L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n Ho C h\u00ed Minh: M \u1ed9t s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f9a \u0110\u1ea3ng, Nxb. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, H. 1999.tr. 333. 444","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c... 600 km, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn x\u0103ng d\u1ea7u d\u00e0i 1.400 km, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4ng tin t\u1ea3i ba d\u00e0i 1.350 km v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ngh\u00ecn kil\u00f4m\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eefu tuy\u1ebfn d\u00e2y b\u1ecdc v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ti\u1ebfp s\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ee5ng. C\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00edn cho xe ch\u1ea1y ban ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eafn ph\u00e1 d\u1eeb d\u1ed9i v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch. Th\u00e1ng 11-1973, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Ch\u00ednh ph\u00f9 ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng tuy\u1ebfn v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n. T\u1eeb 8 trung \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0 65 ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n n\u0103m 1972, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng binh \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n, 17 trung \u0111o\u00e0n, 40 ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 qu\u00e2n 36.341 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n 2.741 thanh ni\u00ean xung phong v\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u00f4ng binh tr\u00ean to\u00e0n tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1eafp h\u01a1n 12 tri\u1ec7u m\u00e9t kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1, san l\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 72 ngh\u00ecn h\u1ed1 bom \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ph\u00e1 h\u01a1n 20 ngh\u00ecn qu\u1ea3 bom v\u00e0 85 ngh\u00ecn qu\u1ea3 m\u00ecn c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 \\\"b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecbch\\\". C\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tuy\u1ebfn v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu, trong \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n chi vi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tuy\u1ebfn v\u1eadn t\u00e0i d\u00e0i h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn kil\u00f4m\u00e9t qua nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, b\u1ecb chia c\u1eaft, th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1 li\u00ean m i\u00ean... \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c tr\u00ean tuy\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb binh ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi, b\u1ed9 binh, ph\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng, c\u00f4ng binh, th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e1o \u0111\u00e1m kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 qu\u00e3n y, nhan vi\u1ebdn k\u1ef3 thu\u1eadt, thanh ni\u00ean xung phong, d\u00e2n c\u00f4ng h\u1ecfa tuy\u1ebfn. \u0110en cu\u1ed1i cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh, chi ri\u00eang b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 100.495 ng\u01b0\u1eddi'. \u0110en \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1975, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n d\u00e0i t\u1edbi 20.000 km, g\u1ed3m 4 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5c d\u1ecdc d\u00e0i 6.810 km, 13 tr\u1ee5c ngang d\u00e0i 4.980 km, 5 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ea9u d\u00e0i 720 km, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c tr\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng d\u00e0i 4.700 km v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn d\u1ea7u d\u00e0i 1.300 km. 1. H\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t N a m ..., S\u0111d, tr. 240. 445","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eeb VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 13 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n - \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh - \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u01a1n hai tri\u1ec7u qu\u00e2n (v\u1eeba \u0111i b\u1ed9 v\u1eeba \u0111i xe c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi) v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u01a1ng binh v\u1ec1 h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5n v\u0169 kh\u00ed, \u0111\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1ee3c, x\u0103ng d\u1ea7u v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c cho c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng to l\u1edbn n\u00f3i tr\u00ean ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 b\u00e0ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1: tr\u00ean 20 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi hy sinh, g\u1ea7n 30 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng, tr\u00ean 6.500 chi\u1ebfc xe v\u00e0 m\u00e1y b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng, b\u1ecb ch\u00e1y, 400 kh\u1ea9u ph\u00e1o b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y, 90 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ea5n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a b\u1ecb ch\u00e1y' v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng di ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i tr\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u h\u1ecd. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u l\u1ef1c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbch v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hy sinh, m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng b\u00e1m tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ean \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n - \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng minh ch\u1ee9ng h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 chi vi\u1ec7n c\u00f9a mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc cho mi\u1ec1n Nam ru\u1ed9t th\u1ecbt. Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft 81\/QUT\u01af c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n \u00f9y Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00e0y 5-5-1973 giao nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 cho b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n: v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n chi vi\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u1ea3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch. V\u1eeba ch\u1edd b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i v\u1eeba ch\u1edf h\u00e0ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng d\u00e2n sinh cho v\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam, cho c\u00e1c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 L\u00e0o v\u00e0 Campuchia. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u0169 kh\u00ed, \u0111\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1ee3c, nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u, l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ec \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cung c\u1ea5p cho ta m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cung c\u1ea5p cho b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 gi\u00fap cho m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e0nh th\u00e1ng l\u1ee3i. T\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 3 -1 9 7 3 , m i\u1ec1n B \u1eafc chuy\u1ec3n ch o L\u00e0o 5 .0 0 0 t\u00e1n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed9t xu\u1ea5t, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed, \u0111\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 12-1973, ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n 990 thu\u1ed9c s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n 571 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 xe v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng cho qu\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Campuchia. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1973 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1974, ngo\u00e0i kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng B\u1ed9 Giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebfn giao tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho Khu V v\u00e0 Nam B\u1ed9, tuy\u1ebfn v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 780 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ea5n h\u00e0ng t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o. 1. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o chi\u1ebfn l \u01b0 \u1ee3 c . S\u0111d, tr. 240. 446","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V. Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c.., Ng\u00e0y 25-3-1975, B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng ra Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft s\u1ed1 241-NQT\u01af th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng chi vi\u1ec7n mi\u1ec1n Nam \u1edf Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng do Th\u00f9 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng l\u00e0m Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch (hai Ph\u00f3 Ch\u00fa t\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Ph\u00f3 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng L\u00ea Thanh Ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 Giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i) nh\u0103m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng S\u00e0i G\u00f2n v\u00e0 to\u00e0n mi\u1ec1n Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00f9a m\u01b0a. B\u1ed9 T\u1ed5ng tham m\u01b0u quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u1edbn Qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n 1 v\u00e0o tham gia chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, giao cho s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n 308 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1 b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110en th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, Tuy\u1ebfn v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n, h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ba n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, do \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ed1 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u00f9a mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00f9a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c chi vi\u1ec7n cho L\u00e0o v\u00e0 Cam puchia chuy\u1ec3n qua tuy\u1ebfn t\u0103ng l\u00ean. Nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 chi vi\u1ec7n to l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p \u0103n \u00fd c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ta, qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n L\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbch, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn ph\u00eda T\u00e2y bao g\u1ed3m At\u00f4p\u01a1, Saravan, Kengc\u1ed1c, Phalan... \u1ede Campuchia, t\u1eeb sau cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 - Lonnon n\u0103m 1970, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o c\u00e0ng Xihan\u00facvin b\u1ecb c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t (tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0ng n\u0103m mi\u1ec1n B\u1ea5c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n Nam qua c\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y kho\u1ea3ng 4.000-5.000 t\u1ea5n v\u0169 kh\u00ed), to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t chi vi\u1ec7n cho qu\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Cam puchia \u0111\u1ec1u qua tuy\u1ebfn v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Son. Trong hai n\u0103m 1973-1974, tuy\u1ebfn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n chi vi\u1ec7n cho m i\u00e8n Nam , Lao va Campuchia m \u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ch\u00e1t nhi\u1ec1u g\u1ea5p 3,8 l\u1ea7n giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1969-1972, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng hai n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00e0o v\u00e0 Campuchia. Th\u00e1ng 3-1975, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Chi vi\u1ec7n Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng do Th\u00f9 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng l\u00e0m Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 chi vi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5p, m\u1ecdi ng\u00e0nh. Theo quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean, m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f9a c\u1ea3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u1eeb h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi chi vi\u1ec7n cho chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng mi\u1ec1n Nam th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean (h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n 447","L\u1ecaCH S\u1eea VI\u1ec6T NAM - T\u1eacP 13 3.145 t\u1ea5n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 690 t\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea1n, 1.234 t\u1ea5n x\u0103ng d\u1ea7u, 1.581 t\u1ea5n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m. Thu 1.000 t\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m); Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Hu\u1ebf - \u0110\u00e0 Nang (17.357 t\u1ea5n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, trong \u0111\u00f3 1.895 t\u1ea5n v\u0169 kh\u00ed, 6.266 t\u1ea5n x\u00e3ng d\u1ea7u, 9.197 t\u1ea5n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c). C\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1ed3n s\u1ee9c cho Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c T\u00e2y B\u1eafc, Vi\u1ec7t B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1m d\u1eebng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n g\u1ea1o, mu\u1ed1i cho m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ed3n cho mi\u1ec1n Nam. Nhi\u1ec1u n\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y r\u00fat 30-50% s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadn t\u00e0i qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 (chi\u1ebfm 80% qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n) g\u1ed3m 120.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, 6.300 xe v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n, 2.100 xe c\u1ee7a C\u1ee5c V\u1eadn t\u1ea3i (T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c H\u1eadu c\u1ea7n) v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m xe c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n khu, qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n, qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng, binh ch\u1ee7ng (g\u1ea5p 35 l\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n cho chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc huy \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n 1.000 xe \u00f4 t\u00f4, 32 t\u00e0u th\u1ee7y, 130 toa xe l\u1eeda v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y bay v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0u h\u1ecfa ch\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed, \u0111\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea1y th\u1eb3ng t\u1eeb ga H\u00e0ng C\u1ecf v\u00e0o Vinh, r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb Vinh \u00f4 t\u00f4 v\u00e0 t\u00e0u th\u1ee7y chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0o Nam B\u1ed9, ti\u1ebfp s\u1ee9c cho \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n Nam gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc tr\u00e0i qua nh\u1eefng n\u0103m kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c kinh t\u1ebf, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tranh th\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 do chi\u1ebfn tranh ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M \u1ef9 g\u00e2y ra. Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1edbn v\u1eebng ch\u1eafc, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc anh em b\u00e8 b\u1ea1n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1, mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 chi vi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1i \u0111a s\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a cho ti\u1ec1n tuy\u1ebfn l\u1edbn mi\u1ec1n Nam l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1edbn, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c. 448"]
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