Allan_and_Barbara_Pease_-_Body_Language_The_Definitive_Book

The Definitive Book of Bodythis process so he's left tryinterview without gettingfrom the actual job of intpointed that, in a supposdo this, but hidden camerlife whether we like it or n Like it or not, everyone st she leaves a room, evVideo cameras also revealthe same evaluation proceviewees but women's wideget caught. Women are alinterviewees whose appeaat a male candidate's hairnation, the creases in his trmen are completely unawaof the back of his shoes aSolutionWhen you go for an intervinterviewer a two- to thtime for them to completLook down to open your bpapers you might need, tyour chair in closer, andviews, we found that not othe salespeople who usedoutcome in sales results.What Channel Are YA person's eye movementsing on by telling you whet186

Languageying to steal glances at her during the caught and so he becomes distracted terviewing. Some women are disap-sedly equal business world, men stillras show this to be a fact of business not. teals a look at a woman's rear whenven if they don't like her front view. that women interviewers go throughess with both male and female inter-er peripheral vision means they rarely lso more critical than men of femalearance doesn't stack up. Women look r length, clothes design and co-ordi- rousers and shine on his shoes. Most are that women look at the conditionas he walks out. view, shake hands and then give thehree-second frame of uninterrupted te the process of looking you over. briefcase or folder, or to arrange anyturn to hang up your coat, or move then look up. In filming sales inter- only did the interviews feel better for this strategy, it added up to a betterYou Tuned to?s can reveal what their mind is focus-ther they are remembering something

they have seen, heard, smelled, tastenique is a development of Americand Bandler and is known as NeuroliNLP. In simple terms, if a person is remthey saw, their eyes will move upwsomething they heard, they look to tas if listening. If they are recalling alook down and to the right. When a pto themselves, they look down and t A. Recalling a picture C. Recalling a feelingThe difficulty is that these eye movemtion of a second and come in clusters'live'. A videotape replay, however, c

Eye Signals ed or touched. This tech-can psychologists Grinder inguistic Programming, ormembering something thatward. If they are recalling the side and tilt their head feeling or emotion, they'll person is mentally talking to the left. B. Recalling a sound D. Talking to oneself ments can occur in a frac- s making it harder to read can let you see discrepan- 187

The Definitive Book of Bodycies between what a pers Thirty-five per cent ofchannel and will use phr'Can you look into that?show me that?' and youthem photos, charts andpicture'. Twenty-five per cent pwords such as 'That ringsound right' and that theother 40% prefer the feelthat idea around', 'Our d'I can't quite grasp what ythings and be involved i'grasp the idea'. NLP is a remarkable dtions tool that should besuggest you follow up byBandler mentioned in thebook.How to Hold Eye CAs professional conferencfor keeping an audienceinvolved. In groups of upgaze of each individual.further back, so a differenreal or imaginary point oand one in the centre, whe(10m) from the front row,of up to 50 will feel youyou speak and so you canof your audience.188

y Language son says and what they really think. people prefer the visual information rases such as 'I see what you mean'?', 'That's perfectly clear' or 'Can youu will get their attention by showing d graphs and asking if they 'Get the prefer the auditory channel and use gs a bell', 'I hear you', 'That doesn'tey want to be 'in tune' with you. The lings channel and will say 'Let's kick department needs a shot in the arm', you're saying'. They love to test drive in a demonstration so that they can discovery and a powerful communica- e addressed as separate subject. Weby reading the work by Grinder and e reference section at the back of thisContact with an Audience ce speakers, we developed a technique e's attention and letting them feelp to 50 people it's possible to meet the In larger groups you usually stand nt approach is needed. By pegging a or person at each corner of the group en you stand at a distance of 10 yards , approximately 20 people in a groupu are looking at them individually as n create an intimate bond with most

How to Present Visual InforWhen you are giving a visual present graphs or a laptop it's importantwhere the other person is looking. Rinformation relayed to the brain in vcomes via the eyes, 11% via the eother senses. Impact on the brain of inform senses during a visual prThe Wharton study in the United Sttion of verbal presentations was onlyverbal presentation requires frequento be effective. By comparison, the reverbal and visual presentations is 50achieve a 400% increase in efficiencyaids. The study also found that usaverage business meeting time fromminutes - a 28% time saving.The Power LiftTo keep control of where a personPoint to the presentation and, at the she sees. Next, lift the pen from the

Eye Signalsrmationtation using books, charts, to know how to controlResearch shows that of thevisual presentations, 83%ears, and 6% through the mation from the resentation tates found that the reten-y 10%. This means that ant repetition of key points etention rate of combined 0%. This means you willy through the use of visual sing visual aids cuts the m 25.7 minutes to 18.6 is looking, use a pen to same time, verbalise what presentation and hold it 189

The Definitive Book of Body Lbetween his eyes and your elifting his head so that nowand hears what you are sation of your message. Keepwhen you are speaking. The Power Lift — u person lookWe also found that womenmen during presentationtalking. When women areeyes more than men do. Men stare more at womedirect eye contact when listening to women.SummaryWhere you direct your gaoutcome of a face-to-facewho was going to reprimanreprimanding a child, whiSocial Gazing, the sting wregardless of how loud orSocial Gazing would weakcould either intimidate ohowever, has a powerful eyou mean business. 90

Language eyes. This has the magnetic effect ofow he is looking at you and he sees aying, achieving maximum absorp- p the palm of your other hand openusing the pen to control where aks during a presentation n hold more direct eye contact thanns, especially when they are note talking, however, they avert their en than vice versa and men give less stening to other men than when lis- aze has a powerful impact on the encounter. If you were a managernd an errant subordinate or a parentich gaze would you use? If you usewould be taken out of your words, threatening you might try to sound.ken your words but Intimate Gazingor embarrass them. Power Gazing,effect on the receiver and tells them

Using the right gaze givesWhat men describe as the 'come-onrelates to a sideways glance, dilateGazing. If a woman wants to play havoid using an Intimate Gaze and usBut most men miss a lot of it anywaduring courting would leave a man oror unfriendly. When you use an Intimpartner, however, you give the game awsending and receiving this gaze but, uare not. When men use the Intimate Gobvious to women and men are genebeen given an Intimate Gaze by a wotration of the woman who gave it.

Eye Signals s credibility.n' look that women use ed pupils and Intimatehard to get, she needs tose Social Gazing instead.ay. To use a Power Gazer woman labelled as coldmate Gaze on a potentialway. Women are expert at unfortunately, most menGaze it's usually blatantlyerally unaware of having oman, much to the frus- 91

C SPACE TERRIT PERSO 'Excuse me...buThousands of books andstaking out and guardingand primates, but only inthat man also has territorications of this, you can gabehaviour, and the face-to-dicted. American anthropopioneers in the study of m1960s he coined the wordnearness. His research intoabout our relationships wi Every country is a terrboundaries and sometimeseach country there are usuastates and counties. Withi192

Chapter 9 INVADERS -TORIES ANDONAL SPACE ut you're sitting in my seat!' articles have been written about the of territories by animals, birds, fish n recent years has it been discovered ies. When you understand the impli- ain enormous insights into your own -face reactions of others can be pre- ologist Edward Hall was one of the man's spatial needs and in the early rd 'proxemics', from 'proximity' or o this field led to new understanding ith each other. ritory staked out by clearly defined s protected by armed guards. Within ally smaller territories in the form of in these are even smaller territories

Space Invaders —called cities and towns, within whicmany streets that, in themselves, repthose who live there. In the cinema isilent battle with strangers who try tof each territory share an intangiblebeen known to turn to savagery andit. A territory is also an area or spacclaims as his own, as if it were an eperson has his own personal territorthat exists around his possessions, sbounded by fences, the inside of hbedroom or personal chair and, adefined air space around his body. This chapter will deal mainly witair space, how people react when ittance of sometimes keeping an 'armPersonal SpaceMost animals have a certain air spacthey claim as their personal space. Hdepends mainly on how crowded thethe animal was raised and the local psonal territory can expand or contracircumstances. A lion raised in themay have a territorial space with a rmetres) or more, depending onpopulation in that area, and it markor defecating around the boundarielion raised in captivity with other lspace of only several yards (metrcrowded conditions. Like most animals, each humaPortable 'air bubble', which he carsize is dependent on the density of t

— Territories and Personal Space ch are suburbs, containing present a closed territory to it's an armrest where we do to claim it. The inhabitants e allegiance to it and haved killing in order to protect ce around a person that heextension of his body. Each ry, which includes the area such as his home, which ishis motor vehicle, his own as Dr Hall discovered, a th the implications of this is invaded and the impor-ms-length' relationship. ce around their bodies that How far the space extends e conditions were in which population density. So per- act depending on the local e remote regions of Africa radius of 30 miles (50 kilo- the density of the lionks its territory by urinating es. On the other hand, a lions may have a personal res), the direct result ofan has his own personal rries around with him; its the population in the place 193

The Definitive Book of Body Lwhere he grew up. Personamined. Where some culaccustomed to crowding, oand like you to keep your d Personal s we all car Research appear t than mo in the pr when ap finement prisonereffect. Violence from passthe 1990s when the airlitogether in the seats to comof price discounting.Zone DistancesWe'll now discuss the radiuban middle-class people livZealand, Great Britain, NScandinavia, Canada or asuch as Singapore, Guamyou personally live may hathose we discuss here, busame as the ones we discuspacing by age 12 and it cazone distances:1. The Intimate Zone bettimetres). Of all the zoneimportant, as it is this zon194

Languageal Space is therefore culturally deter-ltures, such as the Japanese, areothers prefer the 'wide open spaces'distance.space — the portable bubblerry around with ush shows that people in prisonsto have larger personal space needsost of the community, which resultsrisoners being constantly aggressivepproached by others. Solitary con-t, where no others are in ther's space, always has a calmingsengers on aircraft increased duringines started packing people closempensate for revenue lost as a resultus of the 'air bubble' around subur-ving in places such as Australia, NewNorth America, Northern Europe,anywhere a culture is 'Westernised' and Iceland. The country in whichave larger or smaller territories thanut they will be proportionately theuss here. Children have learned thisan be broken down into four distincttween 6 and 18 inches (15-45 cen-e distances, this is by far the mostne that a person guards as if it were

Space Invaders - This own property. Only those who arare permitted to enter. These includechildren close friends, relatives and pthat extends up to 6 inches (15cm) frentered only during intimate physicalIntimate Zone.2. The Personal Zone between 18(46cm—1.22m). This is the distance tat cocktail parties, office parties, socgatherings.3. The Social Zone between 4 andstand at this distance from strangerster doing repairs around our homeshopkeeper, the new employee at wodon't know very well.4. The Public Zone is over 12 feet (3.6a large group of people, this is thewhich we choose to stand. Personal Zone dista All these distances tend to reduceincrease between two men.

Territories and Personal Spacere emotionally close to use lovers, parents, spouse, pets. There is a sub-zonefrom the body that can bel contact. This is the close8 inches and 48 inchesthat we stand from otherscial functions and friendly 12 feet (1.22~3.6m). Wes, the plumber or carpen- , the postman, the localork and people whom we6m). Whenever we addresse comfortable distance atances between two women and 195

The Definitive Book of BodyPractical ApplicationOur Intimate Zone (betwemally entered by anotherthe intruder is a close relamaking sexual advances;may be about to attack.moving within our Persona stranger into our Inchanges to take place wifaster, adrenalin pours inpumped to the brain and tfor a possible fight or fligh This means that puttingsomeone you've just met mative towards you, even thenjoy it in order not to off Women stand slightly other more and touch mIf you want people to feelrule is 'keep your distance'.with other people, the clostheir zones. For example, athat the other staff memberonly keeping him in the SoAs he becomes better knowdecreases until eventually hPersonal Zones and, in somWho Is Moving In onThe distance that two peoembrace reveals clues abo196

Languagens of Zone Distanceseen 6 and 18 inches, 15-45cm) is nor- person for one of two reasons: first ative or friend, or he or she may be second, the intruder is hostile and . While we will tolerate strangersnal and Social Zones, the intrusion ofntimate Zone causes physiological ithin our bodies. The heart pumpsnto the bloodstream, and blood is the muscles as physical preparations ht situation are made.g your arm, in a friendly way, aroundmay result in that person feeling neg-hough they may smile and appear to fend you. . closer to one another, face eachmore than men do with other men. comfortable around you, the golden. The more intimate our relationship isser they will permit us to move withina new work employee may initially feel rs are cold towards him, but they areocial Zone until they know him better.wn to them, the distance between them he is permitted to move within theirme cases, their Intimate Zones. n Whom?ople keep their hips apart when they out the relationship between them.

Space Invaders —Lovers press their torsos against eaeach other's close Intimate Zones.received from a stranger on New Yfriend's spouse or dear old Aunt Salpelvic area at least 6 inches (15cm) One of the exceptions to the distwhere the spatial distance is basestanding. For example, the CEO oweekend fishing buddy of one of hthey go fishing each may move withIntimate Zone. At the office, howfishing buddy at the social distancecode of social strata rules.Why We Hate Riding in LiftCrowding at concerts, cinemas, inunavoidable intrusion into other peopeople's reactions are fascinating tounwritten rules that most cultureswith a crowded situation such as asandwich shop or on public transpo Here are the common lift-riding r 1. There will be no talking to anyon know. 2. Avoid eye contact with others at 3. Maintain a 'poker face' - no em shown. 4. If you have a book or newspap engrossed in it. 5. In bigger crowds, no body movem 6. At all times, you must watch the all times.This behaviour is called 'masking' a

— Territories and Personal Space ach other and move within This differs from the kiss Year's Eve, from your best lly, all of whom keep their away from yours. tance/intimacy rule occurs ed on the person's social of a company may be the his subordinates and when hin the other's personal orwever, the CEO keeps his to maintain the unwrittents trains or buses results in ople's Intimate Zones, and o watch. There is a list of follow rigidly when faced packed lift, in a line at the ort. rules: ne, including a person you all times.motion is permitted to be per, pretend to be deeply ment is allowed. e floor numbers change at nd is common everywhere. 197

The Definitive Book of Body LaIt's simply each person's attothers by wearing a neutral We often hear words suc'despondent' used to describrush hour on public transdescribe the blank, expresstravellers, but are misjudgemWhat the observer sees, in f— adhering to the rules thatof their Intimate Zones in a The people travelling unhappy; they're jusNotice how you behave nexcinema. As you choose a seunknown faces, notice howyou will begin to obey thecrowded public place. As yothe armrest with the strangrealise why those who oftennot take their seats until theWhether we are in a crowaround us become non-persoas we're concerned and sobeing attacked if someoneterritory.Why Mobs Become AAn angry mob or group ofpurpose does not react in thwhen his territory is invadedoccurs. As the density of thehas less personal space and s198

anguage tempt to hide their emotions from mask. ch as 'miserable', 'unhappy' andbe people who travel to work in the sport. These labels are used to sionless look on the faces of the ments on the part of the observer. fact, is a group of people masking t apply to the unavoidable invasiona crowded public place. g on the Underground aren't st masking their emotions.xt time you go alone to a crowded eat that is surrounded by a sea of w, like a pre-programmed robot, unwritten rules of masking in a ou compete for territorial rights to ger beside you, you will begin to go to a crowded cinema alone do lights are out and the film begins. wded lift, cinema or bus, people ons — that is, they don't exist as far we don't respond as if we were inadvertently encroaches on ourAngry f protesters fighting for a mutualhe same way as an individual does d; in fact, something very different e crowd increases, each individual starts to feel hostile, which is why,

Space Invaders - Teas the size of the mob increases, it beand fights may break out. The policeso that each person can regain hisbecome calmer. Only in recent years have governmbegun to understand the effect that hiects have in depriving individuals ofThe consequences of high-densitywere seen in a study of the deer popan island about a mile (2 kilometresland in Chesapeake Bay in the Unitedwere dying in large numbers, despitethere was plenty of food, predators wtion was not present. Similar studiesand rabbits revealed the same trendshowed that the deer had died as a reglands, resulting from the stress causeach deer's personal territory as the padrenal glands play an important pgrowth, reproduction and the level ophysiological reaction to the stresscaused the deaths, not starvation, infeothers. This is why areas that have thtion density also have the highest crim One of our deepest urges is th land. This compulsion comes fr gives us the space freedoInterrogators use territorial invasiodown the resistance of criminals beinthe criminal on an armless, fixed charoom and encroach into his intimatewhen asking questions, remaining thoften takes only a short while for thisbreak down the criminal's resistance.

erritories and Personal Space ecomes angrier and uglier try to break up the crowd own personal space and ments and town planners igh-density housing proj- f their personal territory. living and overcrowdingpulation on James Island, s) off the coast of Mary-d States. Many of the deer e the fact that at the timewere not evident and infec- in earlier years with rats and further investigationesult of overactive adrenalsed by the degradation ofpopulation increased. Thepart in the regulation ofof the body's defences. As of overpopulation hadfection or aggression fromhe highest human popula- me and violence rates. he desire to own rom the fact that it om we need. on techniques to break ng questioned. They seat air in an open area of the and close Intimate Zones here until he answers. Its territorial harassment to . 199

The Definitive Book of Body LSpacing RitualsWhen a person claims a ssuch as a seat at the cinemaa towel hook at the health cHe usually looks for the wothers and claims the area ichoose a seat that is halfwwhere the nearest personchooses the towel hook thamidway between two othenearest towel and the endthis ritual is to avoid offendtoo close or too far away fr Doctors and hairdre to enter our Intimate any time becausAt the cinema, if you choosthe end of the row and thperson may feel offended ifhe may feel intimidated if yof this spacing ritual is to mbe a learned behaviour. An exception to this ruletoilet blocks. We found thabout 90% of the time andprinciple is used. Men alwstrangers at a public urinalof 'Death before eye contacTry the Luncheon TesTry this simple test next tim200

Language space or an area among strangers a, a place at the conference table or club, he does it in a predictable way.widest space available between two in the centre. At the cinema he willway between the end of a row and is sitting. At the health club, he at is in the largest available space, er towels or midway between the of the towel rack. The purpose ofding the other people by being either rom them. essers are given permission e Zones. We allow pets in atse they're not threatening.se a seat more than halfway betweenhe nearest other person, that other f you are too far away from him oryou sit too close. The main purposemaintain harmony and it appears to is the spacing that occurs in public hat people choose the end toiletsd, if they are occupied, the midway ways try to avoid standing beside and always obey the unwritten law ct'. stme you eat with someone. Unspoken

Space Invaders — Tterritorial rules state that a restaurandown the middle and the staff carefulsugar, flowers and other accessories eqAs the meal progresses, subtly move thother person's side, then the pepper, flong this subtle territorial invasionyour lunch-mate. They either sit backstart pushing everything back to the cCultural Factors Affecting ZoA young Italian couple migrated fromAustralia and were invited to join a lweeks after joining, three female methe Italian man was making sexual advthat they felt uncomfortable around hof the club felt that the Italian womanas if she could be sexually available. This situation illustrates the complwhen cultures with different space neeSouthern Europeans have an intimateinches (20—30cm) and in some placescouple felt at ease and relaxed when s10 inches (25cm) from the Austraunaware of their intrusion into the AIntimate Zone. Italian people also ustouch than Australians, which gave rments about their motives. The Italithis was pointed out to them but thstanding back at a more culturally ac Moving into the Intimate Zone of tof showing interest in that person andadvance'. If the advance into the Intimother person will step backwards to readvance is accepted, the other persoallows the intruder to remain. To m

Territories and Personal Spacent table is divided equally lly place the salt, pepper, qually on the centre line. he salt cellar across to the flowers and so on. Before will cause a reaction in k to regain their space or centre.one Distances m Italy to live in Sydney, local social club. Several embers complained thatdvances towards them and him. The male members n had also been behaving lications that can happen eds come together. Manye distance of only 8 to 11 it's even less. The Italian standing at a distance of alians but were totallyAustralians' 46-centimetre se more eye contact and rise to further misjudge- ians were shocked when hey resolved to practiseccepted distance. the opposite sex is a way d is commonly called anmate Zone is rejected, the eclaim their space. If theon holds his ground andmeasure a man's level of 201

The Definitive Book of Body Linterest in her, a woman wthen step back out again.step into her space whenev The closer people fe the closer theyWhat seemed to the Italiasocial encounter was beingsexual advance. The Italibeing cold and unfriendlyfrom the Italians to keep a202

Languagewill step into his Intimate Zone and If he's interested, this cues him tover he makes a point. eel emotionally to each other will stand to each other.an couple to be a perfectly normalg interpreted by the Australians as aians thought the Australians werey because they kept moving away comfortable distance. The acceptable conversational distance for most Western, Northern European and Scandinavian city dwellers A man with a smaller spatial need forcing a woman to lean back to defend her space

Space Invaders - TThe above illustration shows the negon whose territory a man is encroacattempting to keep a comfortable dimay be from a culture with a smallemoving forward to a distance that iswoman may interpret this as a sexuaWhy Japanese Always Lead WAt our international conferences, citstand 18 to 48 inches (46—122cm) frothe same place while talking. If youAmerican talking, the two will slowthe room, the American moving bJapanese and the Japanese moving foby both the American and Japanesecomfortable distance from the othersmaller 10-inch (25cm) Intimateforward to adjust to his spatial neAmerican's Intimate Zone, forcing hmake his own spatial adjustment.phenomenon replayed at high speedtwo men are waltzing around theleading. This is one of the reasons wness, Asians, Europeans or Americanwith suspicion. The Europeans orAsians as 'pushy' and 'familiar' anEuropeans or Americans as 'cold',This lack of awareness of Intimatecultures can easily lead to misconassumptions about one culture by anCountry vs. City Spatial ZonAs mentioned, the amount of Person

Territories and Personal Spacegative reaction of a womanching. She leans backward, istance. However, the man er Personal Zone and he iss comfortable for him. The al move. When They Waltz ty-born Americans usually om each other and stand inu watch a Japanese and anwly begin to move aroundbackwards away from the orward. This is an attempt e to adjust to a culturally r. The Japanese, with his Zone, continually steps eed, but this invades the him to step backwards to Video recordings of thisd give the illusion that the room with the Japanesewhy, when negotiating busi- ns often look at each other r Americans refer to thend the Asians refer to the 'stand-offish' and 'cool'. Zone variations between nceptions and inaccurate nother. nesnal Space someone needs is 203

The Definitive Book of Body Lrelative to the population dein sparsely populated ruralsonal Space than those raWatching how far a persongives a clue to whether he isCity dwellers typically ha'bubble'; this is also the metorso when they reach to shThis allows the hands toraised in a country town wspace 'bubble' of up to 36 iaverage measured distancethe country person shakes hRural people tend to stand wground and lean forward tocity dweller will step forwaremote areas can have an204

Language ensity where they live. People raised areas for example, need more Per- aised in densely populated cities. n extends his arm to shake hands s from a large city or a country area. ave their private 18-inch (46cm) easured distance between wrist and hake hands. Two men from the city greet each other; their hands reaching to 18 inches (46cm) meet on neutral territory. Peoplewith a small population may have a inches (1m) or more and this is the from the wrist to the body when hands. Two people from a country town reaching out to 36 inches (lm) with their feet firmly planted on the o meet your handshake, whereas a ard to greet you. People raised in even larger Personal Space need,

Space Invaders - Twhich could be as wide as 18 feet (6not to shake hands but would rathewave.Farming equipment salespeople whinformation useful for calling on farmConsidering, for example, that a farmof 3 to 6 feet (1—2m) or more, a handterritorial intrusion, causing the farmdefensively. Successful country salespmously that the best negotiating cogreet the rural customer with an extfarmer from a remote area with a diTerritory and OwnershipProperty a person owns or a space hea private territory and, just as withfight to defend it. A person's home,territory, each having clearly markedwalls, gates, fences and doors. Eachsub-territories. For example, in a horitory may be their kitchen andinvading it when they're using it;favourite place at the conferencefavourite seat in the cafe; and Mum ochair at home. These areas are uleaving personal possessions on or a

Territories and Personal Space metres). They often preferer stand at a distance and People from a sparsely populated area keeping their distanceho live in cities find thismers in sparse rural areas. mer could have a 'bubble' dshake could be seen as amer to react negatively orpeople state almost unani-onditions exist when theytended handshake and the stant wave.e regularly uses constitutes his personal bubble, he'll office and car represent a boundaries in the form of territory may have severalome a person's private ter- they'll object to anyone a businessman has his table; diners have theiror Dad have their favouriteusually marked either byaround the area, or by fre- 205

The Definitive Book of Body Lquent use of it. The cafe dhis initials into 'his' placemarks his territory at the ca personal folder, pens, bo18-inch (46cm) Intimate Zo Studies carried out by Dtions in libraries showed thon a library desk reservedminutes; leaving a jacket ovAt home a family membechair by leaving a personalazine, on or near it to showspace. If the boss of the houseperson innocently sits in thagitated about this invasiondefensive. A simple questiocan avoid the negative reserror.Car TerritoryPeople driving a car can reaunlike their normal social, A motor vehicle seemssize of a person's Personalis magnified up to 10 timesthat he has a claim to an ain front of and behind hisfront of him, even if it wathrough a physiological cattacking the other driverRage'. Compare this to thsame person is stepping intfront of him, invading histhose circumstances is norm206

Languagediner may even go so far as to carvee at the table and the businessmanconference table with things such asooks and clothing spread around his one border.Desmond Morris into seating posi-hat leaving a book or personal object d that place for an average of 77 ver a chair reserved it for two hours.er might mark his or her favouritel object, such as a handbag or mag- w their claim and ownership of the asks a visitor to be seated and thehe wrong chair, the boss can become n of his territory and be put on the on such as, 'Which chair is yours?' sults of making such a territorial act in a way that's often completely territorial behaviour. to have a magnifying effect on the Space. In some cases, this territorys the normal size, so the driver feels area of 25 to 30 feet (8-10 metres)s car. When another driver cuts inasn't dangerous, the driver may gochange, becoming angry and even in what is now known as 'Road he situation that occurs when the to a lift and another person steps in personal territory. His reaction in mally apologetic and he allows the

Space Invaders - Tother person to go first: dramaticahappens when the same person cutsopen road. In a car, many people think they're they make intimate adjustments inFor some people, the car becomeswhich they can hide from the outsislowly beside the kerb, almost in thbig a hazard on the road as the dPersonal Space. Italians, with their soften accused of being tail-gaters aways because they are closer thanelsewhere.Take the TestLook at the next illustration and dscenarios could be between the twoon their spatial distances. A fewfurther observation of these peopleanswer and can help you avoid makin

Territories and Personal Space ally different from what s in front of him on the e invisible.That's whyn full view of everyone. a protective cocoon inide world. As they drivehe gutter, they can be asdriver with the expanded smaller spatial needs, areand pushy on the motor- n is culturally accepteddecide what the possible o people, based entirelyw simple questions ande can reveal the correctng incorrect assumptions. Who is who and from where? 207

The Definitive Book of Body L We could make any onethese people: 1. Both people are city dw intimate approach to th 2. The man has a smaller I is innocently invading h 3. The woman is from a c needs. 4. The couple feel emotionSummaryOthers will invite or rejectyou have for their Personallucky person, who slaps econtinually touches peopledisliked by everyone. Manytance a person takes in rconsider every criterion befa person is keeping a certai208

Language of the following assumptions about wellers and the man is making anhe woman.Intimate Zone than the woman andhers.culture with smaller Intimate Zonenally close to each other. you, depending on the respect thatl Space. This is why the happy-go-everyone he meets on the back ore during a conversation, is secretly y factors can affect the spatial dis-relation to others, so it's wise tofore making a judgement about why in distance.