jHU'b, unjifcayeruHXCB cbohmh npaBaxH HOCAndemeetmo. CaxBiux cynte- OTBeHHUMT. npH3HaKOMt apHCTOKpariH aBjaeTca HacaiflCTBeHaocTB ne- peaa'iH H3BicrHuxx npaBx. Bx Tasoxx we cxhca* .BiiCEasmiaeTCH MouTecKtS itb3-8r.iaBt BTopoii khhph CBoerOTpyj^a- rBx apncTOKpaTiH“, roBOpHT'L oHi, „BepxoBHaa BxacTL HaxoflHica bx pyaaxx H3BtcTaaro BHCja ahhx (d’un certain nombre de personnes), KOTopua HaxaiOTX 3a- kohu h aacTaB.iaiOTx hcqoahhtb hxx (les font exGcuter). OcTa.ibHoft HapoAx HaxoAHTca no oTHOiueHiio kx hhmx bx Tattonx we uoaoweHiu, k8rx bx MOHapxiflxx poxiaHHue no oTuoraenix) ex naBi rocyaapcTBa‘:. HapoAx uoBHnyexca 3aKOHaHx, ho ho yiacTByeTx hh bx HSAurix 3a- kohobx, hh bx ocymecTBAeaiH npaBx BepxoBHoS babcth. ■fopAX Epyxx bo BTopofl qacTHCBoeft JloAumuvecxoii <f>u.ioco(fiiu ro- bophtx: Korja BepxosnaH BAacTX naxoAHTca bx py£axx bbcth HapoAa, h 8Ta BacTB opraHHSOBana TaKx, ito ocTa.ibuoft napoAx He MoweTx nojiyqHTb yqacTia bx npaBJemH HHaqe, rbkx cx corxacia SHaTH, to bto 6yAert apHCTOKpaTaqecBaa ij>opMa; h Aaaie: cymecTBO apHCTOEpaxiii saEJmqaeTCH bx heaubhocth npaBHAernpoBannaro xxacca, mohc8ioaii3h- pynuiaro BepxoBHyn basctl h HMiiomaro AOCTaToqHO chabi aah ocy- mccTBjiOHia BOBKOS uepex&HU bx ACUOKpaTuqecKOMX hah MOHapxaie- eackomx Ayxi. TaEyD HMenno CHAy HHtAa BeaeHiaHCKaa apHCTOKpaTia: rapaHTiefi cymecTBOBaHia BBAHAacB AHKTaTypa, BBfipcHHaa „CoB$Ty AecHTHu. Cob$tx AecHTH, BHSBaHHuS nepBOBaqaAi.HO conuTEaMH npo- n3necTH nepeBopoTx cx hIiabio pacmHpema npaox HapoAa, hah ycH- AeHia BAacra aowe8, cAfuaxca hoctobhhbihx yipeKAeniesix, bx koto- poxx MaAO-no-MaAy cocpeAOToqnAacB bch A*ficTBHTeAbHaa babctb BeHe- HiaHCEofi pecnydjHKH. X oth Beuenia no cTpyETypi npeA- CTaB-iaja MOHapxHiecKoe rocyAapcTBO cx o6ihhmx cob* tomx bbsth (consilio grande), CYAefiHUMH BJiacTHMH (quarantia), cob4tomx aoxch (praegadi) h t. n., ho chab h snaqeHie bthxx yqpe*AeHifi 6AesneTX nepeAX CoBiToxx acchth, hsx KOToparo bbia^ahahcb eme 3 hhkbhsh- TOpa CX TaSHUMX CyAHAHMeMX M npaBOMX WH3HH H CMepTH HaAX AH- nasiH, HaBAeEmHiiH na cefia MaAtSnlee noAOspiHie Aa»e no OeauMeH- Hoiiy AOHOcy. Ho KaKOBaCu hh6uAa iJiopMa BCHCniaHCKo8 apHCTOKpariH a ycjOBia ea cymccTBonania bx r f npesiena, apHCTOEpaTHqecEaa $opxa npaBAeaia Moraa 6h 6htb yjepwana bx no3Au£fimee speuH toabko npH toxx ycAOsia, bcah 6a BooGme coxpaHHxacx bosmoxhoctb cocaobhuxx npa- BHAeriS. Ho <J>paHiiy3CBaH peBo.iioniM, AaBinaa nepBufi toahoex ex noAHOxy nepeycTpoflcTBy eBponeScKHXx. roc.VAapcTBX, CTpexHAaci. HMenno bx ynaqToweHiio BCflEaro poAa npaBHAerifi. IIoAHTuqecEaa ea CTopoHa sauatqaefCH bx orpaHHqeniH a0cons)xn3Ma nocpeACTBOMX ni- Aaro paAa yqpewAeHifl, 0 rotophxx hh tobophah Bume; o6mecTBeHHaa
— 100 — cTopoaa cocxohxt bt yciaHOBjeHiH rpaaaanccaro paaencTBa. Bt stomt. OTHonieHiH na ifipaHnyacKyio pecnyCaiiKy HutaH fioAbmoe BAiame upan- iwoij, upoH03r.iameHHue bt, Cf,n. AsiepiiKfe. CtB.-Axep. Coea. IUtsth Chau nepBofi Oojmuo0 pecnyfijHKOft (B03HHKme8 OTiacxH npii <‘0^48- CTBin 'tpamuaj, bt. KOTopofi AeMOEpaxHaecKifl npimnaux nupa- 3HJca bb hoboS fjiopMt. H y »e bt. 30-xt roAaxT XIX cmaima Toebhab, bt. nepBoS KHHrt JfeMoxpamiu m A.wepuKn, bt, apejacjOBiu roBopHTT, hto yca.ieunufl pocn. jesiospaiia bt HOBtfituee Bpejia pStt 'oarht H3T npoaBAeania.TtnuxT ({taKTOBT, tto aocTeneiiHaa AeMospaTB- 3aaia oOinecTBa ecTT Taaoe aB-ieHie, aoxopoe hhtemt He aoseiT 6uxt 3aAepatauo m i ocTaiiOBjeao. Ilormiuy, roBopiixr oht, npa upoB03raa- iueHia s a iu i rpaatAancKaro panencTna. npa nenoaHosHocxa yAepsaxa Kania 61.I xo hh 6S1.10 iipaBa-ieria, KpoMt pa3Bi cahuxt HeBBiHUXT u.ia HeBUHHTiXT, EasoBU, uaupaaipT, upaBH-ieriu repMaacEUXT Standes- herren, — apBcxoEpaxia ae MoateiT BUCTynaxt kbkt cauocxoaxexTBuA oSmecxBeHHufl B.ieaeBXT, cnocoOnnii cjluiaxtca cyfrbeKTOMTBepxoBaofi rocyAapcxBeHBofi baecth. B et cuopu a.iH pasjopu, KOTopue paaptiua-iacb BT xy hah Apvryn> cxopoay Ha KonximeHTt EBpouu, ne.iacb H3T aa AByxT npannanoBT: xoHapxHxecEaro hah jeaoEpaxaaeCEai'o; Kopo-ieBCEoe HaiaAO „Bomieft mhjocxt» “ hah cysepeHHxeTT Hapoja, —boit Ti jBa apHHuana, Ha KOXOpUXT TOAbKOH BO/KHOCbl-IO HOCXpOHXT HOBifiniia rocyjapcxBa. Bet ohh, nosxoay, Moryxr 611Tb noABeAeHti hoat ABt Eaxeropin: a) bohcth- xynioHnyo siouapxiio ct ea pa3.iHBHuaa OTxtuaaMH h 6) AexoEpaxiD ABoaEaroBHAa. Mu yBaaeMT 3A%cb ahuil na rAEBHua, aepru koucxhtv- nioHHoS MOHapxia, oOApoSaoe pa3CM0TptHie Koxopofl SyAexr CAtAaHO naate npu B3VTeHia oxAtATHHXT KOHCXHiyipa. Bt EOHCiHiynjOHHOfi MOHapxia raaBofl rocyAapcxBa h, CAtAOBaxejbHO, raaBott rocyAapciBeH- hhxt BAacTefl npa3HaeTca MOHapxT (kopoat, BeAHKifi repijorT, rep- ROXT h x. n.), jio.iyTaiom,ifl cboh npaBa nesaBacaMO o it HapoAHoS iejie- rauin h, catAOBaxejbHO, HMtDiuiS caHocioaieAbHHa npeporaiHsu. Ca- MoexoaxejbHoexb npoHcxosAeHia MoaapxHTecKoft Bjacxa oSoanaiaeica CAOBaMa „EoasieB mhaoctmd“. Ho saxiMT MOHapxT oxnpaBAaexT sep- XOBHVB BAaCXbHAHCpHyTOCTia HBBtcXHUXT yCTEHOBAeHiS, BUmeAIHHXT, no Oojbmefl xaciH, H8T aapoAHaro upeACXaBHTeATCTBa, HeoCxoAiiMaro npH H3Aaaiu 3aK0H0BT, yciaHOBAeHiH HaaoroBT, yxBepXAeHiH 6DAatexa hx. a-, hah ae qpe3T oxBtxcxBBHHoe MHHHexepexBO, KOTopoe aBAaerca oprauoiiT ero, m e t raasu iicnoAHHTeAbnoft baecih. Ochobhumt DpaimHDOMT ACMOKpaxia HBAHexca Haxajo HapOAHarO BepxoBeHcxBa. Bet baecth, AtBcxByiomia bt rocyAapcTBi, noAyqa»TT CBOHHOAHOHOxia hah HenoepeAexaeHHO orr HapoAa, hah Ha ocHOaaniH sonciHiyaiS, yTBepaAeHHUXT HapoAOxT. CorjacHO ct sthmt, abmo-
— 101 — .spariH MoryTs 6mti, pasiii-ieau na: a^ HenocpejCTBeHBHa h 6) jieao- spaTiH cb Hapo.yiuM'h HpeACTaBHTeabCTBOMB. . Otjthiht6.tlhhmt>apaaflaKOMT.nenocpejcTBeHHoS jesinapaTiHaBJiaeica upaao Hapoaa Ha HonocpcACTiieiiaoe oTnpaBxeHie raaBH'fcfimnxB aTrpH- dyroBB BepxoBHofl BaacTH, a hmbhhoc 1) aapoay npHHajjreatin-B npaBO H3xama KOHCTHTVIliOHHHXB 38B0H0BB H BCHKarO po^a BOUpaBOKB BB KOHCTHTynin; rtsix Coaie o6mi0 ea nopecMOTpi mojbotb nojynjTb caay toaleo qpesB HapoAHOe roAOCOBaHie; 2) bb pyicaxB iiapoja eo- cpeaoTOTOHa saKOHOAaTejibHaa aaacTb; bhcbiiimb rocTjapcTneniiHMi yapeacAeHiaMB upHiiaj-ieacHTB npaBO HHHQiaTBBM h noaroTOBAeniH 3a- EOHonpoeBra, a npuHHTie hah nenptnume ero aaBHCHTB otb Bcenapoa- aaro roJOcOBaaia; tobbo Taxi, ace set ocTaatHHa lipaua. KOTopua bb npeACTaBHTeabHoS AOMOEpam ocymeCTB.iaOTCa najaTaMU, np«naa.ie- iK'dVh bb Henocpe.icTiieHBoS jeMOKpaTiu napoAHOsiy cofipanim (c»ja OTBOCHTca: npano ycTaHOBJieHia naaorOBB, paacMoipliHie OTieTOBB no ipuHanconoMv ynpaBjeEiw, yTBepacAenie 6»A»eTa h t. n.); 3) HapojHOMT cofipaHiw npHHaA-iesHTB npaBO Bufiopa BaatH'fcflmaxB aoajrhocthhxb ahub bb rocyAapcTBi. BcatAciBie btoto OTAU'Mre.ibuiJMB npH3HaK0MB HenocpejcTBeHHoB jeMOEpaTiH asaaeTea ocnoBHoe ea yape»neHie—na- poxnoe coCpaHie, EOTopoe bb Ulueitnapiu hochtb uassaaie Landgc- meinde (r.-e. coCctbphho 3eMCKaa ofiiuHtia). Camo coiloto pasysiteTca, bto, npa ycAOBiH orapaBjeHia B-iacTH He bocpcactbomb npeACTaBHTejieft, nocTaBAeHBHXB jinmb boab KOHTpoab napoAa, a cajimn. HapoAOMi,— HeuocpeACTBennaa AewoKpaTia BOSMOiKHa .miBb bb hcOo.iliiihxi, rocy- AapCTBaXB, E8.K0BH H'ilKOTOpUe H3B BIIft'BtiapCEHX'b KaHTOBOBB, HaupH- HipB, Ana AnneHueAAS, YHiepBaAbAeaB HaA.rfccnufi, YuTepBaAbAem.' IlOAAtCHHft, CAOBOMB KaHTOBH, BB KOTOpHXB KO.lUieCTBO JBHTeAefl Ha- CTO.IbKO HeBe.THEO H DpOCTpaBCTBO TeppHTOpiH HaCTO.TLKO HeoulBUpHO, bto bc4 no.inonpaonue rpaacAaHe MoryTB npacvTCTBOBaTb Ha HapoAHOHB i;o6panin. ,H,pyria rocyAapcTBa uphuhjh Haaaaa AGHOEpaTin bb etc no- cpeACTBeHHO# diopirt. CymecTBO nocpejcTBennoS A^MOKpaTiii 3aKA»iaeTca bb tomb, bto HapoAB, coxpaaaa sa cofiofl BepxoBHua npaiia, ocyn;ecTBjaeT'b hxb He caMOAHBHO, a ipesi cbobxb upeACTaBUTeaei. 3totb ofimift npHnnuBB AonycKaeTB HBMiHeHia bb BacTHOCTaxB, KOTopua BHAousM-bHjfloTB a diopay AeMOKpaTiH bb tomb bah ApyroMB rocyAapcmt. Bb ejukaomb rocyAapcTB* aoabcbo oTjwaaTb npeacAe Bcero yapeAHTeabHy® sxacTb Otb B.iacTH saKOHOAaTeAbHoS. yipeAHTe.ibnaii B.iacTb ecTb npano Aa- BaTb rocyAapcTBV onpeA^AORHyio if>opMy npaB-ienia, TCTaHOB-iaTL raaBHHa Haaa.ia rocyAapcTBennofi opraiiHsania a, CA'iAOBaTeabHO, aa- BaTbofimiano.ioaceHia, KOTopuMii aoaikhu pyKOBOACTBOBaTbca: Bci B.iacxH bb rocyAapcTB'l. He ncEaniaa 3aKOHOAaTe.ibHOfl, 9to npaeo bb aomo-
— 102 — KpaTiaxi, cl HapojHHMi npejCTaBHTe.iLCTBOMTi bi>iipauumrh npHHaa-ie- ikht'l napojy. Tara, bl CiB.-AMepwct saatAuft OTAt-ibHua miara mo- aeT’L h3m'£bmtl cbo» KOHCTHTyiiic He Huaie, Kara uyreMb BceHapox- Haro rOAOcoBama; to ace mu bhahmx h in. OT.yfc.ir.nuxT, KaiiTOHan. UlBeiSnapin. OrcTyuAeHie or* SToro xenoKpaTirtecKaro Hanaja npej- CTan.iaen, coBpenennaa 'I'panpia, rA* na.iaTU irpHSHauTb 3a eoOoB He toabko B.iacib saKOHOjaTejbHyn), ho h BjacTF, yapeAHTeAbnyio.. TaxHHb ofipaaoMi, HaupHM'bpb, Koiic’ruTynioHHufl saEOHb 25 ifieBpajH 1875 r. h uonpaBica ra neuy npuHBTU cenaTOMb u najiaToS AenyTa- TOBb, coeaHHeHHHMH Bb HanioHaAbnoe coSpanic. IIpoTHBb TaKoro npH- CBoeHia najaiaMH bjibcth, ho KOHCTHTypin apyrwxb rocyiapcTBb, hmi He npHimaaeiaaineS, neoanoKpaTHO BOscTaeajH Bb cauoS •bpaimiu. llo OTHomeain Eb 4>eAepa.iLHO0 mBefinapcKofi KoncraTyniH BCAKaii nonpaBEa ham usufoieme Moryrb noAyiHTb cwy tojleo nyTeub BceHapoAHaro roAOcoBania. Csepxb xoro, nHor.ua Aaxe 3asoHU, BOTuposaHHue Bb assemble federate aoaxhu 6htl npeA.ioxeHu ua BcenapoAHOe roAOCOBa- aie. CjiAOBaTeJbHo, inneSpapcKaji KOHCTHTynia CTaBHTb orpaHuieHia a 3aEOHOAaTexbnoi babcth Bb TOMb OTHomeHiH, *no BOTuposaHnue aaKoeu HoryTb Suit, uphhhtu hah OTBeprnyTu BcenapoAnunb roaocOBaHieub. yCTHHOB.JCHHOC no mBeSnapcKOMy saxony 17 iCHA 1874 r. npaBo Tpe- fiOBaTb, HTOfiU SaEOHU. Jace BOTHpOBBHHUe Bb <]>eAepajbHOXb cofipa- HiH, 6ham npeAioxeau Ha BcenapoAHOe ro.iocoBanie, iiaguBaeTca refe rendum (i.-e. anexiHpoBaTb orb ptmenia 4>exepaAbHoa BjacTH Kb Bce- HapoAuosiy rojocoBaHio). TaEonu ycxoBu, Bb KOTopuxb ocymecTBJiJieTCH npuaumb Heno- •cpe.pcTBCHHaro yiacTia Bcero HacejeHia Bb OTnpaB.ieHiH sucmefi rocy- AapcTBeHHOfl B.iacTH. Bo scbxb Apymxb OTHomeHiaxx OTnpaBxeHie EaKb aaKOHoxaTeabHoS, TaEb h cyjeOnoii baecth npexocTaujiieTca BaacTHMb, yipex^aeKUMb KOHCTHiyniefi h H36npae.Mu.Mb iiapoAOMb. BaacTH3th aoxb3yioTca bc6mh npaBaxH, HeofixoAHMUMHAJia AOCTHxema Tixb nt.ie0 a HcnoAHeHiH rfcxb odasaHuocTefi, EOTopua Ha hhxx bo3- 4.1joaeeu. TaEb, HOCTaHOBAeHia 3aEOHOAaTexbHOfi bjibcth hbahdtch o6h- 3aTeAbBUMH aBcefi Maccu naccrcHia hah, ApvrHMH cAosaMH, HM$wrb CH4y 3ajC0H8. Bb BHAt OAHOfl HAHABfXb HaAftTb 0praHH3yeTCB H0CT0HH- HaasatfoHOAaTeabHaaBxacrb, npH3BaHHaa H3ABBaTLo6a3aie4bHua Hopnu. II. B et 3aMbnaHia, xoTopua mu CAkiaxH ao HacTOauiaro BpeueHH, othochtch Kb rocyAapcTBBMb, HHinmHMb HOAHTuHecKyio neHTpajHaapiio. IIOAb DojiHTMiecKoft nciiTpa.iHsanieti mu pasyMteub cocpeAOToncHie Bctab npaBb BepxoBHoS rocyAapcTBeHHofi b.ihcth, T.-e. npaBa H3AaBaTb saKoau, ycTanaBJHBaTb Ha.iora, npaBa boShu h MHpa h t. n. Bb py- *axb oahoto neBTpa.iMiaro ycTaHOBAeaia hah ah14a. TaKHMH aeHipa- AH30BaHHUMH rocyAapcTBaMH hbahdtck: $paHnia, AhmU, HTajia,
— 103 — Henanin, cjiobomx. 6ojh.hjhhctbo eBponeftcKaxx rocyjapcTBX. Bx OTJBiie orb TaKHXX oeHTpajHBOBaHHuxx hjih npocruxx rocyjapcTBX mh .io.ikhu yaasaTB Ha roeyjapcTBa cjojehhh, npejcTaBxaiomin suaiuTejbHoe pasHo- ofipasie. CymecTBeHHUirb npH3aaKOMX c-ioaraaro rocyjapcTBa HB.iaeTca OTcyTCTBie bx seux ito-ththbockoS ueuTpa.iimniu bx tohx ofixeui, KOTopufi yuaaaHx BUine. C.iiaOBaTejbHO, noaoatHTeaiHUMX npH8HasoMX Tasoro rocyaapcTBa murfioTcn nojiHTHBecKM aBTOHOBia otjIubhuxx laciefl, sxojwmaxx bx cocTaBX ero, aBTonoaia, kotopod oni no.ix- synyrca pasjiHHHUMx ofipa3oux bx paaHtixx rocyiapcTBaxx. Dpa pa3cuo- Tp’fcHiHbhj.obx 9thxx rocyAapcTBX nyatuo HuiTb bx Bitty Kasx npocrU- mis uxx (J>opMH, tekx h c|)opMH, npejcTaBJanutin iiaufio.ii.mee pa3BHTie. Be* c.ioatnua rocytapcTBa MoryTX 6htx paSif.jieHU Ha ab* KaTe- 1) rocyjiapexBa, Koiopun npe^cTaB.is«DTX cpammTe.iLHO MeHxmyio CTenenx oprannnecKaro e.imcTBa j.ih nluefl BHtniHRxx ir.™ BHy- TpOHHHXX; 2) rocyjapciBa, npeACTaBABButis co<5ob AtitCTBnTe.ii.no ninro opra- BHHCCKH cnasairaoe H.IH TO-IXEO &SB BH'fclBBHXX H'fc.iefi, HAH atC HIS nixefi Kaax bh^bihhxx, tbkx h BnyTpenHBXx. Bx nepBoux cayaai rocyjapeTBOliBjaeTca coejHHeunUHx bx jeh* o6maro uonapxa hah nliKOTopuxx o6mnxx vapeaijeHifl, ex npeAO- craB.ieHieMx uoahoS aBXOHOMiH otaIiaxhhmx toctbhx. ApyryB 4>op«y coct8bmbtx rocyAapcTBeHHue cobsu bx coficTseH- hoxx cunc.it. Obh paenajaDTCH Ha abs BHja, Ha Taux naauRaeMue: a) COBBU rocyAapcTBX, Staatenbund u 6) cobbmub rocyjapcTBa, Bun- desstaat, hjih, BupasaacL AHujouaTHiecKHUX jisnkomx, aa K0H'(ieje- paniw h ({le.iepanin. OTitJibHHe buu bthxx C0B30BX npeACTaBJHBTx doAxmoe pa3H0- o6pa3ie. IIpocTtfimifi brax caoatHaro rocytapcTBa npeACTaBAHeTX wiHoe coeduueuie, T.-e. coeAHHOHie jByxx rocytapcTBX ,ih>ihoctlk) OAHoro h Toro se uoaapxa. Bo3mo3Khoctx Taxoro AHtHaro coeAHHeHia B03HHEaeTX bx tomx caynat, aorja uoaapxx, papcTnyKnuiS bx oaho# . CTpant, npBBHBaeTCH ex 3aHaiiB npecTo.ia bx Apyrofi cTpaHt. CxtAOBaTeaxHO, oco6eBHO yAo6Hofi nosnoft aab BOSHHKHOBenifl .niinaro coeAHHeHia EBABBTca rocyAapcTBa, Hniromia cjiopuy xoHapxia HsfiupaTeixHoS. TaKX, MOJKHO BX BHA* BpHMtpa yEaSaTb Ha caECOHCEHXX EypipBpCTOBX ABrycxa II r ABi-ycra III, EOTOpue 6hab H3(5paHH Ha noAbcsifi npe- ctoax, TaKx hto sieatAy CaECOHieS b noaxmeS bbhjocx .miHoe coeAB- HeHie. Haadoxte npoAoxxHTejibHHHx (aueRHO ex 1714— 1837 r.) rbjectcr .iHHHOe coeAHHeBic Arisur cx i'annoBepoMX. 3a npeEpan(e- Hieux cTapnieii jHuiu CTBaproBX, no Act of settlement 1701 r., Su.io onpe,tt.ieHO, hto 3a HeHUtHieux xhreS y Bn.ii.re.ixua III h Abhh
— 104 — npecTOAB AOJimeHi, nepeftxH noc.it Ahhu kb raHBOBepcKoft Eyp$»p- cTHHt Coi|)iH. Tam, KaKB mkohu o npecTOAOHacaiAiH bb AHrjiH u raHHOBept He connaja,™, to bto jaiHoe coejHHeAie Aaraia cx Tanno- BepoMi, momo paspyniHTbca co cnepTtB Kasjaro npeACTaBHTeaa aiofi AHHuctih, ec-in obi He oct8bbtb HacAtxHHKa, yaoBaeTBopamnaro 3a- eobhumb ywoBiasn, topo a jpyroro rocyaapcTBa. Pasjanie xeiuy raHHOBepcEHua n aur-iificKHMu aaKouauM o npe- croaoHac-iiaiH aaiuiosaaoci, bb tomb, no no raHHOBepcBony saEony kb upecTo.iouacjfcaiB ionycKa.iHCb jamb arnaTU, T.-e. jupa My»ecKaro noaa, npoacsojamie otb uyatecKofi jinma, xorja EaKB no am'-iiftcEOMy 3aK0Hv npeAno'iTCHie xyatTHHB seHnureairB xonycEaeTca .mnu, bb upe- AtaaxB ojHoro h roWi xe ceueScTBa. TaKusiB ofiparsoMB, 6paTta bb oabo8 cexb'ii ncK-nonasm, cecTepB, bo iRenrnnna, npeACTaBAHtoinaa cTapmyK) jihhiki, ncKjnnaen, M.iaAinvE jiariiio, xoth 6u npeACTaBAaexyio .nmaMunyxecEaro noja. Ho 1837 r. cpeacTaBHTe.m bakcth h bb AHr-iia, h bb rannoBep-ti ipaKTHEeCKH yA0ii.ie.TB0pa.in ycAOBiaMB 3aE0H0ja- TOJbCTBB TOS H jpyi'OS CTpaHLl: HE npecTOAB nOCjtjOBaTe.IbRO BCTy- naaa: reoprB II, Teopw. Ill, Teopn, IV a BH.itreaLMB IV. Ho Bual- rejBMB IV piepB, He octebhbb nocat ce6a hotomctbe, OTne.ro aaraiS- csift npecro.iB, coraacHO cb 3aE0HaHH o npecTO.ionacatiin, aotscbb 6h.ib nepefiTU kb BHETopia, aonepn cataynniaro 3a hheb Opara, Oavapaa, repnora KeuTCEaro (yxepmaro eme npa xh3hh Baju-reabMa). TaKHMB o6pa30MB, BuaTopia ycTpaHHaa CBoero abae), 9pacTa AsrycTa, KOTOpufi, OAHaSO, BB CHJiy raBHORgpCKHXB SaKOHOBB, SaHH.TB npeCTOJIB TaHnoBepa a nepejaaB cro CBoexy cuHy, I’eopry V, npa eotopoub, bb 1867 r., TaHHOBepB fiujB aaBoenarn, a aaHeKTapoBaaB Dpvccieio. Otb aanHaro coeAaneiria catayeiB OT.iHiaxb peeuuioe coedmwnie (union rAelle), Eoropoe npeauoaaraeTB HepaapuBHyio cbh3b Mexay ro- cyjapcTBaun bju aepe3B OAHy ofimyio jHHacTiB, aaa, CBepxB topo, eme nepea-B aaBtcTaua ofimia ynpeayeHia. Kbkb Ha upautpB peaxb- Haro coexHHeHia mh yEaseuB 1) ua lUseniD a Hopneriio a 2) aa ABCipo-BeHrpin. KopojeBCTBo HopBeria, npexje coeAHHeHHoe cb JairieiD, bo BpeMH BoflHB Hano.ieoHa I coeABHaaocb (Jiukthtcckh co HlBepieS, h sro coeAH- Heaie enocxtACTBiH 6ujio noATBepxAeao b$hckhmb EOHrpeccoaB a ynpexAeBiana o64hxb CTpaHB (aopBexcEHUB cTopTanroMB a mBeA- cehmb paECAaroMB). 9to coeAHneaie nanuo ce(5t BEipaxenie bb eohcth- TypioiiBOML aETi, 6 aarycTa 1815 r., H3B Eoroparo bhabo, ito cna- 3yfon(HMB SBeaoHB abvxb rocyaapciBB aBJiaeTCA ofiniHOCTb ABHacTia. Tbeb, cTaiBH 1 btopoaKTarjiacuTB! „ltopo.ieBcTBOHopBeria 6yA6TBKopo- jeBcTBOMB cboSoahhmb, HesaBHCBUBimb, HepasAtjibHuiiB u HeonyxAae- uuiib, coeAHiieHBuuB co UlReaieio hoab ynpaBaeBieuB oAHoro Eopoaa.
— 105 — rocyjapcTBeHHoe ycTpoficTBO ero 6yaotx HoaapxHHecEoe, orpaaa- aeHHoe“ . CiaTta 2 onpeAiaaeTx nopaAOEx npecToaoHaca-fcaia (bx stomx oTnomoHia nocTaHOBAema aaia cxoahu ' ex KoncTHTYnieio phec- jara 22 idhh 1866 r.). CiaTta 3 bx cayaat npeapameHia AHHacriu YCTaHOBjrae'rx nopHAOEX aaSpania uosaro Kopoja moeACKHMX puKcja- roMX a HopBeascKHMx ctopthhtomx. Taax Haax o6a KopoaeaCTBa cooah- HaiOTCa AHHHOCTbB) OJHOI'O Eopo.ia, to, botas Kopo.it, BcatjCTsie ne- coBepmeHBo.ihTia hah kbehxx jih6o jpyrnxx npanHux, ne bx coctobhw ynpaBxaTt, rocyAapcTsosix, hbahotch Heo6xoAHMOCTi, ynpeatAaTs pe- renTCTBO, KOTopoe savbnaao 6u Micro xopoxa bx rocyAapcTBOHHOHX yapaBieBia. CTaixa 6 a 7 aETa 1816 r. nepeHHCAHK>TX opaBHaa o6x B36paHi» pereara a o6x yapewAOHia upeaenHaro npaBHTe.ii.CTBa ao yapeaiAOHia pereirrcTBa. Taxaux ofipa30MX, aETX 1815 r. saoBaaeTX bx cedi onpeAi-ienia OTnocHTe.ii.HO ahhhocth Kopo_.ui, ycAoaifl ea saMimeHia — H36paHia nouaro aopoaa npii npeapameHia AKHaciiii Bx coAepxaBic BopOACBCROft npeporaTHBH bx IHneHin h Hopneria bxoabtx HiKOTopua npana, OTnpaiuaeMHa Kopo.iem. a aa« 111neniHh aah HopBeriii. Taxx, CTaTta 4 aKTa 1815 r. nocTaHOBjaeix, n o Kopo.ib dy- AeTx HH’fcTi, npaBO cosHBan BoScna, odxHBAart boAht h 3aoioHaTi. jiapx, paCTOpraThH3aKAK)HaTb COI03U, lIOCU-iaTLCBOUXXUOpHHHMaTB HHOCTpaH- hhxx aresTOBX aah AHHAOuaTHHecEHXx neperoBopoBX (irpaBO BHim- hhxx ciiouieuia). CTaT&a 4 TaKaco onpeAiaaeTX, npa kbkhxx yc-iooi- axx KopoAL MoateTX OTiipaB.iaTi, sth npaBa cobstIictho aah lUBeuia h HopBeria. Jaaie, bx KOHCTHTvnioHHOMx aKTi 1815 r. ycTaHOBxaiDTca AOAhchocth hoctohhhhxx cob-1>thheobx npn Kopo.it, onpeAiaaeTca nopa- AOKX CHoraeHift Kopo.ia cx HopneaccKiiMx ctopthhtomx, nopaAOXX co- ButcTBaro cont,mania\" cTopTBiira h pnxcAara a r. x- Bx doxie TicHOMx coeAHHOHin HaxoAaTca o6i hbcth dbimneii aBCTpiAcKOfi HMnepia—ABcrpo-BeHrpiu. ABCTpia, xasx H3'BtcTHo, o6pa- sOBaaaci. H3x iiBoruxx iieaaiineiiMuxx kopoaobctbx a rocyAapcTsx. Ho MeXAy pa3.IHHHU.MH HapOAHOCTHHH, BOHreAHIHUH BX COCTaBX HbmtlHHefi ABcTpo-BeurpiH, yse HSAaBHanpco6.iaAa.iH ab$ aapoAHOCTH: 1) BtMnu (HHCAeitTama) h 2) BeHrpu (TpaacaefiTaBia). ABcrpificKoe npaBHrexi,- ctbo upHsnaBa.io bx oneeb orpaHRHeHHOMXpa3nipi npaBa HerepuaHcaaxx aapoAHOCTeft, Tasx hto tftaKTunecBH BeHrepcxaa KOBCTBTynia naxoAH.ia necKua HO3HaHHTc.ii.H0i; upmr&Henie. Bx HUHtniHOMX CTo.it/riH neHTpa- .iHaanioHHHa ctpeMAeHia Ta6c6yprcKofi iHHacTiH odHapy®nRaxncb cx Tasofl ch.ior), hto TOAbKO bx CH.iy Bnimnuxx HOTpaceuiS ona cona- CHaacb Ha ycTyuKH. llocxt ancTpo-npyccKoB tioiIhh- 1866 r., bx npo- AOAXOHie KOTopofi npyccia liaxoAHja ircAAepatsy bx CHMnaTijixx BeH-. repcEaro aacejeBiH, aBCTpiflcaoe npaBHTe.n.cTBO, pyKOBOAHMOe rpaifioMx
— 106 — UeficTOMi. npncTvnmo Kt HeofixoAHXOxy pa3AiaeHi» ancTpificaofi xonapxia Ha 3,Bi iacrn. Taanut ofipaaoat ofipaaOBa.mcfa: UncaefiTaHia , (ancTpiflcKaa mctb ct raaBHHMH c.ianancKHMH aexaaxH) h BeHrpia (raaBHHMt o6pa3oxt XpaHC-iefiTaHia a XopBaria). ^jih ycTanoBaema cbh3h neatly hhmh h h i oTuparuema ofimnxt j lu t 6uat cocTaajeHt hkt'l coraanieaU (Ausgleich) 1867 r., pascMOTpliHHHft h yrnepuioeH- nuft aBCTpiftcKHMT. HapOAHtiut upejci'aBHTOibCTBOMi, ct yTBepsABnia h coraacia aBCTpiflcaaro HMiieparopa, h nenrepcKHMH uaaaTami, Tasate ct yiBepatAema BeHrepcaaro nopoaa. 3tott. bktti coraameHia, bohoOho- BjiaeTCH jtaatAoe AecaTH.itTie. Ausgleich npusHaert o6ikhoctb AHHacTia, opaacMTi icopoHa nac.rii,T.yeTca raficftyprcKHHt Aoxoxt bt, nopaAisi 3a- kohob'B o npeCToaonacaijiH SToro AOMa. Ault ncpeiacaaeri. laaate ofimia jiaa, KOTopHa OTnpaB-Mbotch cobm$ctho. Taict: I ) tojbko bt. tomi cayaai, ecaa upa oOiuem Bebenin miocTpaHHUXt cnomenifi ine.tpaayM'feBaiDineH'B yipeatAenie oGmaro HHHHCTepcTBa HHoerpaHHUxt j i a t ) 3aTponyra Hirrepecu ncK.imaTe.iLHO oaho4 H8t cocTaBHUXt uacTeii rocyjapcTBa— TpaKTUTK, aaKJioaaeaue ct npaBHTeabCTBa>in anocTpaHHUMH, jo.iatnu 6htb paTHijjaHiipoBauu cooTBliTcmeiiHUHH na- .laTasia; 2) saBhauBSHic bochhumh h mopckhmh CHxaxH, 3a HCKnoue- aiext eateroanaro KOHTHHrenia aah soxn.ieKTa apuia h UH<jjpu asjep- aieKt no neft, yTBepxj(aeMiixt cooTB-fcTCTBeHHUMHnaaaTaxn, npiiHajuc- »HTt HMnepaTopy. Cif.^oBaxeiBHO, HxnepaTopy h BOCHHOuy h xopcKoxy UHBHCTepcTBy npHFajjesHTt BejeHie A$aa no opraHH3anin, Kouanxo- BaHiD, jac.iosania apxin h uooOine bch BOCHHaa a.iMHiiHCTpania; 3) aah noKpuTia HSAepseat no anocTpaHHUMt cnomeBiaHt u BoeHHUMt Ah- aaxt ycTaHOBiauTca ofimie ninepccie (jiHHancH, oockoilky ohh ne- o6xoahmu Alia noTpe6nocTefl, BiMBannuxt sthmh o6dihhb AiaaMH. 9ts cyxua BOTHpyerca ocoOlimx nopaxitoxt. TasoBH oomiH Aiaa, KOTOpua npHSHaioTca aKTOxt coraaraenia. Ho cBepxt Toro, aKTt coraameHia nocTaBosxaert, ?to caiAymmia A'Aia AoaatHU pascMarpaBaTbca xoia h OTAiatHO aaKOHOjaTejEnuMH opra- HaxH AscTpiK h BeHrpia, ho no ofimuxt, ycTaHOBaennuxt no coraa- memto, npHHnHiiaxt: 1) 3aBonu a npaBBaa KacareatHOAiat ToproBHXt, Bt oco6eHHor.ru ate TaxoacenHBixt (oto nocraHOBaenie uahert uhibto npcxynpeAHTb snoHOMaaccKyio KonKypeHgiB xeatay o6* hmh CTpaHaMii). 2) llocTaHOBaenia o KOCBennuxt naaoraxt, KacacmRxca o6pauO'nih.hso- mefl upoMHmaeaHOCTH. 3) 3aK0HU, OTHOcaigieca ao Aeaeamoft cn- CTeMH. 4) Pacnopaatema, sacawmiaca ateahsnoAopoatHHxi aiuifi, hm4d- niaxt snaneHie Aaa o6iuxt aacieS HHnepia. 5) Oprana3ania oCopoau CTpanu. A ab ocymecTB-jenia Botxt aiaxt niaefi ynpeatAafOTca ofiigia hm- aepcaia xHHHCTepcTBa: Boeraoe, (JiHHaHCOBOe h HnocTpaHHUxt atat.
107 — Xm KOHTpoMpoBaaia hxx naaaTXi B36Hpa»Tx ora ce(5a oco6uh jejie- rania. 3tb jeaeraain H36Hpaa)Tca bx paBBoax ahcaP aaix on. Ilucaefl- Tauiu, xaax h TpancaefiTaBiH. AacTpiBcKaa nojoBHHa B36Bpaexx 20 <re- job4kx otx na.iaTU rocnoAX (Uerrenhaus) h 40 aejOB'bKt otx uajaxu .leuyiaTOBX (Abgeordnetenkaus). BoHrcpcxaa no-JOBHiia H3Capaeix 20 abhx oxx CToaa ManraTOBX (Magnatentafel) a 40 m ux otx na.iaTU jenyTaTOBX. CpoKBno.iHOHOiifi xaaiAoft aeaeranjHnpeapauaDTca Bxicrfe cx nojHOUoaiaHH H36pnBmaxx hxx naxaxx. Kashas Ae-ieranin cob'Ii- naeTca ocofio, bx cayaai ace paaHoraaciB Meacjy hbmb, hmx npeao- CTaBjaexca nyxx BHCi.MeHHUxx cuomeHifi. Ho bx cxyBai, ecjra noc.it TpoeKpaxnaro aacXHeiiHaro CHomeaia coraameHia hc aocaiflOBaao, o6i aeaerania coej.HHas)Tca bx oaho coOpaaie, npx aeux npeact;iaxe.ifc- ciByDTX Ha sactAaaiaxx noonepeaso aBCTpiScKifi a oenrepcBifi npej- ctjaTejH. TaKHHX oOpasoMX, ayaaH3MX uposejeax bx ABCTpo-BeHrpia AO MejbiaamHxx BOApofiHocxeB. Batcxt cx xtax, bktx o cor.iaraeaia cayataTX ocHOBaHicux A-ia oaboi-o H3X opuraaaibHHxx xanosx peaxx- Haro coeAHHeHia. OOukhobcbho boax pea.n,HUMx coejHHeHiexx boa- paayMtBaeTca coeAHBeuie AByxx hah HicKOJXKHXx CTpanx apesx ofimyio AHHacTiro h oSmie 3axoHU o npecTOAOHacjiAia. bx xant ace, npeA- cxaB.uieMOMx ABCTpo-Benrpieio, mu bbabmx Kpont Toro h HaaaiHOCTi. HtcKOAbKaxx oCbihxx yipeaueHifi. III. Ho hh niBenia h HopBeria, .bu AscTpo-Bearpia ho MoryTx bbmx npeACTaBHTi, o(5pa3iuKa couaa rocyAapcxBX, teex Kasx Taau (pe- Aepaaiu h KOHipeAepaaiabosmohihu .laarx npa Coate hah uente 3H3HH- tcjxhomx in cjt rocyAapcxBX. TaaoBX CuBmifl repxaHCKifl COD3X h HUHtmnaa repnaBcicaa HMnepia, TaicoBx rtUBBiifi mseftaapcKiii COB3X a TeoepeBiaaa meeBiiapcKaa pecByOaBxa, a TaKace H3BtcTHue bsx Hcxopia oOpasiBRU Toro ace poAa, o kotopuxx mu Oyjewx roBopaxi. Hah pas.iaaeaia Toro b Apyroro Tana rocyAapcxaeHHUXx coeAHae- Hifl, yxaaceMx ocbobhuh aepru xaparrepa hxx. Kompedepauix (Staatenbund, confederation)—Tanoe coeAHHeHie rocy- AapcTBX, KOTOpoe Hii'teTx, rjaBHuxx o6pa30MX, bx BUAy abaa Butai- uefi aautHxu, uprauu.jauiKi o6ihbxx cpeACTBXodoponu cx npeAocxaB.ie- aieux, aarfeMX, bobth boaboB aBXoaoMia ota'Iiaxbumx aacxaMX coioaa. BAHKaBuiyc ni.ib corosa rocyAapcTBX—ofiesuexeBie coeAHHeBBUMB CHjaMB BHtmHefi 6c30BacHocxHcTpaau—mu xyame acero aomeux upo- cAtAHTb Ha mseBnapcKoB KompeAeparuu- Taxx HasuBaeMue „Urkantone° (nepBonaiaAMiue kahtohu): YpH, IHbbax b yBTepRa.n,Aenx, pacBoaoaceHHue v d’lipBajf.Ainri'TCKaro 03epa cVieiwaldstatter-See, bx nepeBOA'i 03epo aeTupexx kbbtohobx) ofipa-
— 108 — 30BajH CORI3T, jaa ofimeft saruHTU npoiHBx npHTasani# FaCcGyprcKoft ahmctm. Maao-no-Maay stotb cows® paspocca ottoctu otb npacoeflH- neiiia Houbixii 3eM6.Tr>, OTiaCTH otb saBoeBaHi#. C0108B odpaaoBaaca paan samara otb bh'Ihtthuxb BparoBB n noflflepatKH BHyxpeHHaro Mapa. uoHusiaeMaro bb cMHcaii npeflynpeaflema BoopyaceHHUXT, cTO.rKHOBeHift Meatfly OTfl'kibRHMH KanTOHaMH; bo bc&xb fllsaaxB, He CToajiyrxB hh bb KaKOMT,OTHOmeBinKB3THM1, OCHOIIHHMBflluaMB CO»3a, irepxoBHoe DpaBO rocyflapcTBB 6h.to ocras-ieHO3a oTfl'fcabHbiifH KaiiTOHasiH. 3thmb o6x>ac- HaeTca a caMaa opraBH3auia co»3nofl bjbctb. 0Ta coiosHaa BjacTb aBjajiacB bb BHji ynoanoMOTCHHUXB otb npaBHTeabCTBB 0Tfliar>HHXB KaHTOHOBB, KOTOpue flOaJKHH 6bUH flifiCTBOBETb HO BHCTpyKfliailB CBO- hxb npaBHTejBCTBB h yipeatfleflifi. KoBTOMy yapeatflesie, cociaBJieiiHoe H3B 8THXB AHflB, He aBJUMOCb BJaCTIiK, HSllilOmeiO B03M031H0CTI, H3- flaBBTb nocTaHOBJieHia flaa bc4xb rpaaflariB. Kaaifloe uocTaHOBaeHie 3Toro yipeatflema hm’I;.io amrib nocTO.jtsy ciuti, irocKOXBKy oho Cw.to paTH(pHHnp01iaH0 npaBHTea&CTBaMHOTfl'Il.lI.HbIXB KaHTOHOBB. Bc.ltflCTBie 9Toro, COB3HOO HpaBHTeabCTBO He HMtao BaacTH flJTfl aaB'iflunaiiia BHjTpeHHHMH it-iaMii Bcero c0B3a. Obo fiuao aameHO npanyjHTe.TbHOfl bjocth, oho He npeACTaB.1a.10cL opyflieMB, yjoGauMB aih Beflenia BH’fclilllUXB CHOmeHifl, TBKB KERB npaBHXe.IBCTBa HHOSOMHUXB rocv- flapcTBB bb ptflKHXB cayoaaxB motjh noaoiKHTLca na nocraHOBAeHia 3Toro coma. Caaoe npiiBexeme kb coraanremio otj-Iumiuxb yno.THO- MoiennuxB npeflcTaBJaaocb ipeaBUTafiHO tp.vahhmb. llpa bchkomb, CKOJbKO HHfiyflB meKOTJHBOMB, BOUpOcfc ynOAHOMOTCHHUft 06BHBHHJB: „je vais rdfdrer a mon gouvemement“ (a Hcnpomy yica3anifi CBoero npaDHTeibCTBa). KoHiteflepania, npeACTaB.uia co6oki aaiaToinyio ipopuy coeflHiieHia rocyflapcTBB, HBxaeTca BMicTi cb tIsmb h .ipeBHiflmen) ipopMoro, ec.m He ciirraTB codsobb shththoS ApeBBOCTH: axeftCKaro, OTOaitlcKaro h flp. Bb hobo# Enpont oahhb H3B ApeBH-fe#inHXB cok>30bb— 8to mBefi- HapcRaa Eidgenossenschaft 1315 r., odpasoBaBmaaca Ha KOHijrexepaTHB- hhxb HaiaaaxB. 3totb cobsb BnocaiflcrBiH pacnaaca hoab B.iiaHiexB 1) 'ABMOKpaTHieCKHXB CTpeKJieHl# (TaXB K8KB KOHCTHTVIliH 0Tfl4abHbIXB niBeSaapcKHXB KaHTOHOBB flo eppaHnyacKO# peBoaronia hoch.ih CTporo apacTOKpaTHHecKi# xapaKTepB, 3a HCK-noieHiesit neMHorHXB ,Myxnn- khxb“ KaHTOHOBB, Haup.. yHTepua;ibxena a flp.) a 2) CTpeMaeui# yuH- TapHUXB, T.-e. HMiBmHXB BB BHfly OC.ia()UTI, CaMOCTOaTeabHOCTl, OT- fliabHHXB KaHTOHOBB. 9th CTpeMaesia no.iyiH.tH nojsepatKy co ctopohu ‘I’paHnia bb '1798 r.—Kor.ia jHpeKTOpia ofipaaoBaaa H3B IllBefiirapin tbkb iiaauBaeMVio reabBeTHHecByn pccnyfijaK? cb caabHUMB ueHTpa.jb- humb npaBHTeabCTBOMB(Ha6yaari). TaKO# CKaiOKBkb HOBoay nopaflKy Beige# OKasaacs BeyflaHHHMB, h ToabKO soHCTHTynia 12 ceHTaOpa
— 109 — 1848 r. xa-ia UlBefluapin hcthhho cobshoo rocyjapcTBeHHoe ycTpofiCTBo h o6paTu.io lUneftnapiB Bb Bundesstaat. To ate mh bhxhmi na R>xxanxcsofl pecnyfi-iHKi, Korxa Hnaepaanju OTXoatHXHCb on, Hcnaaia. ricpnoiiaia.ii,nuS loroiiopb cb soscTaBmuab npaunTe.fbCTBOMT, 611 rt aaK.iDieHb 23 aHBapa 1579 r. Oh-l HsiiicTein, uoxb mmaHienb a m yipexTCKOfi yaia. 9to aepBiift yapexHTeawnjft aura, bt, Koxopoab kokbo nax'liTb ociiobhhh nepTH coDSHaro rocy- japcTBa B<y>6mc. Bb Heat yKaaunaeTca (ct. 2 h 3) (uiixafiuiaa piai coo3a: o6e3neieHie Balwueft 6esonacHOCTn u Napa ct Hcnaaieft, tobuo TaKb ase KaKba jiapa BnyTpeuHaro; nocTanoB.nicTca ^aate, bto Bcaaaa pacupa MOiKiy OTA'fe-ibHHMB rocyjapcTBaxa xoxataa ptinaTLCii oco6o» codsbod R.iacTbD H.iu TpeTeflcKHab cyxosib. U,eHTpa.ibBoe npaBHTexb- ctbo, m b reHepa.ibnue nuaTH, coctohtt, B3bcobokviihocth npejcTaBH- xexeft oTAiabnuxt mraTOBb. Tanoe ycTpofiCTBol’ojuamcKoft pecny&iHKH aaE.Tioaa.io bb ceCfi Becbna cymetTBOHHue HexocraTKH, u nocxiiAOBaBmie bb Heft BCKopi uepeBopoTu kjohhxhcl Kb ycTanoBjicnia) MOHapxaiccKaro Haiajia Bb xmvii mTaTra.iBTopa. Ba.ibreai.ua OpaRCEaro. TaKOBa ate Bonc|>eAepaaia asiepHKaHCKBXb KOAOHift’ Anraia, saKAM- BHBmaxb coBSb jaa nf.xefi ocuo6oatAeaui on, MeTponoxiH. 9tb koh- (JieAepania 6bua saitigeHa KOHCTHTynieB 1787 r., nocxysHsmeft o6pas- BOMb KOHOTHTynioHHaro ycrpoftcTBa *xa moriisi eaponefiCKiixb rocy- japcTBb. Taab, aaupuMftpb, iconcTUTynia 1848 r. Illeefinapin—bo mbo- raxb nepiaxb BOCuponsiiOXHTb atfepaKaacityio KOHCTHTyniw. yuoiiaiieML eme o repuaHCKOMb. co»34 1815—1866 r.r., ocHOBan- HOMb Taicate na KOBiJiejepaTHBBHXj, aaiaxaxb. ' IV. Oobobhmb tepTU ipedepaMHtiio ycTpoftcTsa .lyarne scero MoryTb Curb noKasaHbi npa cpaBHenin btob iJiopmu conaaaro rocynapcTBa cb ipopMon KOHfJieAepaTHBHOK). Uepnbiub npasHaKOMb KomfeaepaTHBHoft (j)opsnj BBxaeTca caMoemaTe.ibHOCTbOTAixbHHXb rocyxapcTBb (bo Bcfab OTHomeHiaxb), BCxixcTBie tero aw rocyxapcTBa cb ippaAHiecKoft a nojiHTBiecKOft Toaexb apiHia MoryTb pa3csiaTpiiBaThCJi Easb OTj't.iBBua Hania. 8to BnojH-fe bohbtho, TaKb KaKb KOHiJiexepauifl, ne npeAno.iaraa Haniona-ibHaro ejHHCTBa, aBjacTca pe3yxsTaT08b coraanieHin OTxiXb- Buxb npaBHTexbCTBb. 'leproft, OTxaiaionieft STOTb THnb coxm orb BCBKHXb BpeUCHHUXb COBSOBb, SOTOpUC MOryTb fiblTb SiK3B1&eUU aeatay caMuuu pa3Hoo6pa3HHMa rocyjapOTnaKH, BBxaeTca hoctobbctbo hxb BtanocTb ero, T.-e. oub satuxraaeTca aa B-banuii BpexeHa, opa aexb axehh ero ae mrfcioTb npaBa BHCTyaatb U3b Hero. $eAepaTHBHoe ycipoftcTBO DpeAnoxaraeTb 6('ixbniee exaHCTBO aaaia Bb TOMb cmhcxIi, bto Bb H3BicTHBXb OTHomeakxb aaaiii. pa3CMaxpa- Baexaa Kaab uixoe, yqpeatxaeTb cox>3Huft aim TaKb, axepHKaacKaa (feAepam’ii yapes/iena Boxeo a.vepaaaRCKaro aapoxa, u bo BBexeaia
— 110 — ■ kouctutvaia 1787 r. apano roBOpaTca: „We, the people of the United States (mh, Hapoax Coe.iaHeHHMXx nrraTOBx) ycTaaoBJisesfx...“. Bx meefiuapcKoa KoacTHTyaia 1848 r. (Aonox&enHoB bx 1874 ropy) aa- TaeMx: „Hapo,ix TTBepaa-ix h apasHaax SojixniHHCTBOMx roaocoBX u- RanTOHOB’B KoncTHTjuiKi o 4>eiepania“. HuntmHce ycTpoBcTBO repMaHCKO# miaepia, bt>r-iaBHiJxx aepraxx OTHOcameSca ex Kpyry (Jieaepa.ihHrjx'i, rocyjapcTBi, bx OTHomenia kx cBoeuy coR>3iioHy aKTy OTCTyaaeTx ora *Byxx to.ij.ko qxo ynoMHnvTUXx Haua KOHCTHTyaiS. CoB3Hiifi aars 1867 row pascMaTpmaeTca kokx cojoshuB aoroBopa OTai.ii.HHXx rocyaapcTBx TepMaHia, Bomeamaxi bx ciBepo-repaaHCKifl coD3x, nnocatacTBiH npeBpaTHBiniftca bx rep- MaHCKyto uauepiio. Ho 8to cnepiaabHoe oTJijjqierepuaHCEoQ EOncTHTynia He lasx BaxHO, Kanx vorao 6h nosasaTxca cx nepsaro Baraasa. ycTa- HOBaeHin chBepo-repaaHCKaro co»3a bx (Jopat, uojofiaofi, Hanpauipx, aMepnEaacEoay co»sy, npenaTCTBOsaao to, n o bch repuaeia, Bch ot- piaxHbia rocywpcTBa, Bornejniia bx cociaBx btoto co»3a. 3a hcejb- aeHieax ro.ii,jiuxx ropoaon-x: Rpeaena, I'aafiypra u jljoGeiia, apeacTa- bjumh aoaapxaqecBift o6pa3x npaBaeaia, Bcabaornie aero ifeeaepania he xoraa 6htl yqpexaeaa aoxen HCEJnoqaTe.ibHO uapoda- T$m x ne .Meate STa coosHaa EOHcxaTypia 1867 r. HBaaact p.e3yai>TaTOMX cor.ia- nreaia aByxx iJiawrppoBx yqpeaaTeabHoS bxscth: 1) aTah.ii.HHXx npa- BBreabCTBX, xhflcTBOBaBiuaxx qepesx cbohxx yuo.THOMoieuBHXx, B3X EOTopuxx o6pa30Baaca coi>3hh8 coBf.Tx (Bnndesrath) a 2) yipeaHTcax- Haro repxaHCEaro peSxcTara, asCpaHaaro aepe3X npaiiyio a nceoOinyw nojaqy ro.iocOBX. 9ia EOHCTHTynia .1867 r., cx 1871 roja, cafcaaaacb KoacTaTynien repxaHCKoS aunepia Ecaa (pexepapia npHSHaeTx asBhr.THoe Hapioaaabaoe oahhctbo, to H3x upHHpana 3Toro Hapiona-ibHaro exBHCTBa BHTeKaiOTX atEOTOpua BeciMa BajKHua bx topaAHaecBOHx a nojHTHiecKOMX oTaomeHiaxx no- cxtxcTBia. ■I’e.iepa.ibaaa EOHCTHiyniaycTaHOBJiaeTx oSiuhoctb rpaatjaa- CTBa, codToaniyn bx tohx, no rpasaaHHHX saxaaro OTaimbHaro nrraTa, rocyjapcTBa a t. &. pascaaTpHBaeTca EaKx rpa»aaiiHux Bcero consa, auiioniiS npaBO octxxocTa a t. n. aa Bcexx npocTpaucTBi codshoB TeppaTopiH. Hpesx HaaioHa.ij.Hoe eauHCTBO a ycTaaoBxeHie o6h;jiocth rpaxpaacsaro noaaaacTBa bx hsb^cthjjxx OTaoaieHiaxx yciaHOBjaerca h ofiojaa (aeHTpa.Tj.naa) BxacTb. HaaaaaocTb 3to8 saacTa aBjaeTca xapaETepacTaaecEon aepToS jJjexepaTHBHoa cjjopMu coDsa. Bx KOH$eAepaaia nhTx BaacTH, soTopaa cxoaja 6h bx saBaxx aa6o OTBomeaiaxx Btime jcicTHoS B.iacTa OTaixBHHXX, BomeaaiHxx bx cocTaBx KonipeaepaaiH, rocyjapcTBx. IfeHTpaabHiifi opraHx coi03a rocyaapcTBX (sOHipejepaaiH, Staatenbund) aB.iaeTca coBOEyoHOCTXB) ynoxaoHoaeHuaxx otx otaIixbhuxx npaBHTeabCTBX, AtScToyDUtaxx no
— Ill — iixt> HHCTpyimijnii. TaKHMb oOpaaoMb, BCHKoe nocraHOBjeirie aioro oprana aaaaenca aepesb cor-iameHie oTflSjibHHXb rocyxapcTBb, h oho HMiera cmy nocTOXbKy, nocKo.itay Basxoe rocyjapcxno nocnpnnu- Maen, ero Bb ihc.io CBOHXb BHyTpennuxb 33K0H0Bb. 4’ejepanin, na- npoTHBi, upe^nojiaraen, cymecTiionauie oftipcft ncnTpaxpnoft njiacTu, nocTan.iennofi Bb H3b4cthuxt, oTHOmemaxb Bume nponaxb BxacieS. Oaa npejCTaBJineTt pasA'hxeuie oTupan-ienia cyBepeHHTeTa Measxy HtcTHUMH h 4>ejiepaxbHUHH B.iacTJiMH. 3to qpeiaojaraeTT, npeaixe Bcero onpex'fexeHie npexxeTOBb BixoMCTBa nen'rpajitnoii iuacTH, tbki xaKT, no ofiipeMy npann.iy npana ({>exepaxtHo8 babcth hbxhctch ‘hc- KJBieHieMB H3b npaBb, npHUafl-ieXamUXB upaBHTe.lLCTliaMb OTat-IbHHXb rocyxapcTBB. noBToay$cxopaxbnUa KoncTHTyniHnepenacjaroTbt4 npasa. BOTOpua upHHaxxeaarb ijiexepaxbHofi n.iacTH, ocTan.ian aarbsib no.it30- saaie bo6mh jpyrmnj npaBaxH, nocEOjbKy ohh ho suroBopcHu Bb cod3- HOS KOHCTHTylliH, 3a OTXtjIbnUMH upaBHTeXbCTBaHB. He bc& KOHCTHTynin, ojnaKO, cojepaiarb TaEyiD oroBopay. nojo6no KoucTHTyniaM't CtB.-Aaep. Coex. IIlTaTOBb h uiBeflnapcitoa. Taut, nsmepcKaa KOHCTHTynia 1’epnaHin ee He coxepxHTb, xoth Bb'xanHOMb c-iynab oroBopsa btb niiTesaen, H3b caaaro cymecma nemeft: no He nepenicxaeTca CTaTbew 4 ijiexepaJibHoa repiiaHCKofi K0HCTnTyn,in—to npHnaxxesHT'b oTA'ft.iMmxb npaBHTexbCTBb; ho, bo bcheove cjynat, oTcyTCTBietbkoS oroBopEH Bb repuamn Baatno Bb TOMb CHHCJrt, no cmoanaa BxacTb Hoateib Bb BTOMb cjiynai pacnpocTpaHHTbca aa- cneTb npaBb OTxijtnuxb rocyjapcTBb. Ec.ih, TaBHMb odpaaoHb, KOMueTemua coBisHHXb B.iacreB oiipejt- JHeTCH npaBHHH. IfCIHC.ICHHUMM Bb KOHCTUTyniU, TO, Cb xpyroft CTOr poBH, saKOHti h pacnopaxeHia <J>exepajibHoa B.iacTH no amMb upejue- tbmb HMiBTb npeiiMymecTBO Haxb saEOHaMH h pacnopnaseHijiMH ot- xi.ibHbixb mTaTOBb hjh rocyxapcTBb. $exepaxbHaa ruacTi, Hubert HCE.mnHTeSbHoe npaBOno OTjrfutHHMb npexaeTaub, EOTopoe OHa npo- jiBXjieTb: 1) Korxa OTx'b.itnua rocyxapcTBa BHfixyrb H3b npexinoBb CBoefi KOxneTGHniH a 2) Korja 3aE0Haub h pacnopaseniaMb ea npa- XOAHTCH EOHKypHpOBaTb Cb 8aE0HaHH H pacnOpaseniaMU OTXiJbHHXb rocyjapcTBb. Tasb, ijejepaxtiiaa aoucTHTynia fepsiaHiH npH3naen sa coio3HHMb npaBHTextCTBOMb npaBO H3AaHia yroxoBHHXb 3aE0H0Bb, ofia- saTextHuxb xxa ncixb. Ilpano H3xaHia yroaoBHHXb 3aK0H0Bb npa- Hax-ieanTb h OTjiutnHMb rocyxapcTBaMb, no aorja axb sekohu u pacnopaaeHia BnaxyTb Bb nporaBoptnie cb .saKOHaMH, HBxannuMn BJiacTbD <t>exepaabHoft, ijiexepa.itmaft 3aE0Bb HuteTb npeajiymecTBo. Orcioja caixyeTb, no no npexHOiaMb, ncmc-iennuMb Bb KOHCTUTynin. saKoHu a pacnopasenia (Jicjepa.itHofi B.iacra othocbtch eo bcoh Maccf, Haceaesia.
— 112 — Bb KOR$e*epauiH Kaitioe nocxaHOBaeme (Hanpmrfrpb CuBinaro Bundestag’a Bb repaasw) npHBoaoaocB Bb HcnoaneHie iepe3b OT^tib- nuxb BJiacTefl, tbkx kskt, neiiTpaji.Haa saacTb He HM't.ia cBOaxbopra- noBB. B.iacra ate cfeaepa.itHaa, nocEoabKy oHa AtflCTByeTs Bb Kpyry CBoefl KOMueyeHnia, o6a3aTexbHa axh rpasAaHb. OTCBaa hcho, noiesiv liieaepa-itiiaa B.iacTb HMieTb cbob oprana (cboh nonoBHa yipeatAKHia, <l*HHaHcoBua h T. j.), iiwieri B'BCBoeMb pacuopazeiuK i^ejepaji.HHX'B .WaatiiocTBUX'fc aaitb, ^OTopaa nenocpeACTBeHao npnBOAfln. bt, hchoa- Heaie ea saaoua u pacaopaateHia. Kofleauo, OHa HoatCTt no.ttaoBaTbca a ydiyraMH aojjkhocthux'b aun.% ota'6-ibhbx'b rocyAapcxBb, ho Bbstomt. cayaai bth anna A'kflcTByiOT'i, He Earn, npeiCTaBHTe.iH oixluiiHUXi rocyxapcTBi, a Kant, oprasa (f>e,iepa.iEHOH bascth. TaiuiMb o6pa30Mi, itieaepaatHoe upaBHTejbcTBO mrfceTb h cboh cpexcTiia a-ih ocymecx- luenin cBOiixi atefi. Bt. btomt. h coctohtt. Bectaa Baatnoe oT.imie ea orb KOHltie.TepaTHBHoft B.iacT* Jlaa cymecTBOBaaia rocyaapcTiri. iieodxoAHMH ana ycaoaia: 1) cyme- CTBOBaaie ocofiofi apxiu u 2) cymecTBOBairie oco6nxb (fiiiHaHCOBT.. H B'B sthxt. XByxi OTHoraeBiax'B(tieiepa.ituaaijiopsiarocyAapcTaennaPOycTpofi- CTBacynjecTBeHHO oTAHiaexca OTb KOHijieAepaTHBHoii.Bb KomlieAepaniaxi, C0D3b He HM'llfcTT. CBOftfl COdCTBOBHOH H HaxOjaiUeflCH HOAb ofilUHMT. iiaaajicTBOMB apuia. CoiosHaa apnia Bb KOHiJieAepaniH odpasyeTca H3b KOHTHHreHTOBX OT.lt.II,BUST. I'OC?,lapcTBX, KaUTODOBb H T. D. Co» 3HHS AoroBopx ycTanaBXHBaeTT. aaKyn .ihCo nn<fipy EOHTHHreHTa, BOTopat AoaatBO BHcxaBHTt Easnoe OTAt-itiioe rocyaapcTBo coodpasHO co cbohhk cpexCTBaxH. Ho ocymecTBHTb iioao6hu8 npH3UBb,npu oxcyTCTBiHchxlhoB neHTpajbHOfi B.iaCTH H BOeHHOS CHAH, U01TH H6B03H01BH0. l'epMaHCKifi consb 1815— 1866r.r. HirtAb nadysiart 6o.ite 600,000 BoflcKa, hobo see BpeMa ero cymecxBOBama EBpoua a He D0A03ptiiaxa, hto bt. neiiTpt ea HaxojIiTca xaKaa orpoMHaa BoopyatenHaa cua, xaict Kant bo Bcixb rfexb cxyiaaxi., Koraa coiosb xoTt-ix. npoaBHTb cbo» CHay; ohx. Tep- ut.li, paxb zecTOKaxb uopa*eui8. HanpoTHBb, npa (JieAepaatHOMb ycTpoflcxnt BoeHHaa cue npeAo- cxaBAeaa Bb HCKADHHTeJbiioe sastAaBaabe neHxpa.ibHoii babcxh, npa aeax oHa o6.iaiaeib ctoau ze HCK.H03HTe.ii,nuHb npaBOMb aaaajbCTBO- Baaia naAb o&iuhmh(JieAepa-ibHUMHBoflcKaMH. Taab, npe3HA0Hxx> 06b.- Auep. CoeA- ffliaxoBb caHTaeica rJaBHOEOMaHATBmHMb apaia h <|)AOTa: eay npHHaAAexuiTb npaBO HSAasaTb bc6 pacuopazema no apHiH. To me mojkho cK33aTb h o repsiancKoB KOncTHTyaiii, no ROTopofi iinnepa- Topb TaK*e CTin'aexca rAaBHOKONaiiAyBmHMx. Ha xoMb » e npHHUHn6 ycTpoeHa.H rtmuancoBaa BAacTb co»3a. Bb KOHipeAepaniH OTAtabHua rocyAapciBa, mxaxu h t. a. oOa3HBa»ica TO-IbKO BHOCHTb Ha HOKpHTie oOiHHXT, H3Aep»eKb H3u6CTHUa KOHTpH-
— 113 — fiyuia, cybcBJUH, Tatt aa3UBaeuua Matrikularbeitrage. Ho 3a OTCyT- CTnieMT. y iieHTpa-iBHoS R.iacTH cobciBOBHaro CBoero (|>mraucoiiaro ynpa- iueni« ii jaasc cobCTBenHHXB hctoibhkobb joxoja, aru bshoch boctj- na.ia Bcerja oiest ckjjho. j[ jih 11punt,pa *10x 110 npunecTH aiiepBKau- CKyn KOHifieje'paiiiio 1776— 1787 rr. 9xa Konifiejepapia HacTOJLao Ma.10 aoua jai'L rapauTifi CBoefi chju, tto hh ojho npauHTeatCTBO Be B^pajo eft bib jo-irt jaate Tasoft cpaoHHTcjBuo HesBaiHTejtnoft CyMMH. 'KaKB jeCBTB HH.UIOHOBB. JOXOJH.IOJOTOl’O, 1TOBBapMlH coJijaTH, KOTOpuMB iio njaTBJH. juajoBaHBB, naqajH CyHTOBaTBca. HanpoTBET,, bb *|>ejepajiBHO»B ycxpoftcTBi cobshomv npaiiHTeJibCTBy npexje scero npejocTaBjaeTca iipaBo hm4tb cboh oco6ue hctoihhkh joxoja, aiKOTopue cfiopu h aa-iorH. Co»3Haa BjacTi, Hsiera npaBO pacaopaataTBCH bthmh cfiopaaa bo CBoeuv ycMSTp&Hiio, uvtch'b, ko- Heqao, ycTaaoBjenia exerojnaro biojaceTa 3aKOBojaTejtBUKi nopaj- komb. TaKB 3T0, HanpmiipB, jbaaorB aMcpiutaHCKift KoarpeccB (cesara h na.iaia jenyiaiOBs). Bb TepMaHia mrfcioTca eme ocTaiKH npeataaro aopajaa Bemeft: repsiaBCKaa KOHCTinyuia nocTaBOBJiaerB npaBHaouB, BTO jeiJ)HHHTB BB BlOJXerk B0KpHBa6TCfl MaTpHKyjapuuMH B3B0CaUB H pacujiajuBacTCH no OTjkjbHtiM^ rocyaapcTBaHB, coofipasno pacnopame- HiflMB minepcKaro Kamuepa. 8to epejcmo aBjiaeica, BnpoqenB, toibeo JObaBOBBUMB HCTOIHHKOMB JOXOja, TBKB KERB IMaBHUft HCT01HHKB cocTaBjaioTB caxocToaTCJBBue joxoju rocyjapcTBa (nojynaeaue bb PepMaaiH hsb aKpim no irfcKOTopuMB npejaeTa*B, cb bobtb b xeae- rpaif>ORB u t. n.), xoropue nociynawTB bb pacnopaateme ofiiparo hm- nepCKaro ynpaB-ienia. Mu y£a3a.iH o6inia ocHORaHia cfejcpajtHoft luacTH. Korbibo, bb nojpo6BOCTBXB Kaacjoe rocyjapciBO HMieTB cbob ocoCcuhocth, bo hh pa3CH0TpHMB hxb BuocjfijcTiiin, a Tenepb nepeftjeuB kb paacMOTpiHic OTjtjBBUSB IpOpMB BpaiUenia. HaBReHB CBKOHCTHTyaiOHHOft HOBapxin.
KHMTA nEPBAfl. HOHCTMTyUlOHHblfl MOHAPXIH. rjIABA I. npHHaunX BOHCTHTynlOHHOS HOHAPXla B Bfl BHAH. I. Pa3CMOTp1lHilO MpiI.HHIHCKUXl UHCTHTVTOB'b KOHCTUTyniOHHOfl MO- Hapxia jojatHO Cuts, npejnocjraHO o6tjicHeHie npaiaab, noieny Bb 6o.n.niHHCTBi rocyjapcTut taponu sia <{ippnanpaBjeaia npejnomTaeTca; noaeny, HccuoTpa na caMue pa3noo6pasBHe noiHTanecaie nepeBoporu, ona ocTanajaci. Bb nt.aocTH. CoOctbchhopecnyS.THKaBOKiSofipa3b npaa.ie- Hia cymecTByeTt bb jByx't, rocyAapcTBaxb: bb lllnefluapiii h bo 'I'paHuia. fl,ia Hact bbbchu, r.munuMb oOpasoai, btb jpia fiojbinaxb rocyjapeTBa, Taub bto mu MoaeMB ocTaBHTb (SeaB BUHMaiiia pecay6jHKaHCKoe ycTpoflcTso Tpexb BO.ii.nnxb ropoxoBB (raiiCypra, BpoMena h JlB6ena), pecnyfixHKH CaHB-MapHHO Bb HTaxia, pecny6jBKy AHjopy h t. n. Upa oObaceeHiH npaiHBi, BH3BaBmaxb ycraaOBjeHic KoacTHTynioH- Hofi ittopiiu npaaaeHia Bb MoaapxaiecBOMb bhaS, hcoCxojumo Bb BBAy c-iiAynmia cooOpaaceHia: 1) BTO 60XBDIHHCTBO OBpOOefiCKHXb rocyAapcTBb HMijO yate CBOH HCTopaaecKia jHHacTia h, no KpaSaeS nipt, flaHacTia, rhCHo CBH3au- hhh Cb acTopaaecKofi cyxi.OoB cTpaau (I’oreHiioxjiepBH Bb IIpycciH, BaTTexbc6axa Bb EaBapia a t. n.). Bb rocyjapcTBaxb, r j i jaHacria ho U h Bcixb aaCTcS CTpaau HMija Tasoe acTOpaaecKoe BHaieBie, OBi aojb30Ba.THCi. nonywpnocTbB Bb caxy ycxyrb, osasaHnuxb hub cTpaaf,. TasoBa IlbeMoaicKaa jHaacTia, cb 1859 r. cnocoficTBOBaBmaa Kb 08b- eABBeHin Hiajiia; 2) ito npH Hopjia.ibHuxb ycaoBiaxb rocyxapcTBeHBo8 atirena’ BjacTb MOHapxH'iecKaa iiiuhotch asalicTHOfl rapaimeio npoTHBb pdhKaxb a paAHKaxbHuxb rocyaapciBeBHHxb nepeBopoToab, Taitb Kaitb Aanacria BMieTb sa coSob aasicTHHa uciopaaecKia npegaaia; 3) ito MoaapxaaecBaa B.iacTL, rai toalko aaieTca ca.ibaaa a
— 115 — ncTopifiecEH sacjyaeHBaa jHHacTia, npejCTaBaaerb BUrojy bmctii, nocTaEieHHoa mrfc vc.iofiifi Gopbfin napTifi u OTj'iuii.HHXB K.iaccoBB. 11pH cym;ecTBOBairiii MOHapxHrecKOfi luacra K-iajeica ictirlu'.TKaa npe- rpaja TecTO-iDfinBiniB saamcaaiiB, KoropuMH HoryTB pyKOBOjHTbca upejcTaBHTe.nl OTji.ibHUXB napTifi. IlpH orcytCTniH TaRoro ycTpofiCTBa TecTOJDfiix) se ctebbtcb nHKaitaXB rpaaHQB b pj’kobojhtc.ib chjbhoS napriH hojectb MenaTBo rocyjapcTBeuHOMB nepenopoit (KaKB, Hanp., 2-e jeKaSpa 1851 r. HanoaeoHB Ill, 18-e 6p»nepa HanoaeoiiB I); h, HaKOHent, 4) tto npH cnini DOJHTHiecKHXi. nanpaB-ienifi BB naaaTaxB, npH cniH$ MHHHCTepcTBB, MonapiB coxpaHacTBcBoe bucoeob no.ioateuie, tto obi ojhhb HecM'tnaeM'B, OTiero, npH jofipocoiriicTtioxB OTHomeniH kb CBoeny npHSBanin, ohb npio6plTaen. fiojbmyD nojH- TBTecRyn ohhthoctb. Ho Bci bth vc-iOBia bphii4hhmh -iamb Torja, sorja jHHaciia HaieTB CBoecepbe3Hoe BCTopH'iecKoe nponuoe. Hpo coBpeMeHHyio <I‘paH- niio, HanpHMipi, mojkbo cnasaTB, tto Bci jHaacTiH TasiB HacTo.into yTpaTH.iH CBoe HCTopHTecEoe SHaTenie, tto ejBa jh Mosen, 6htb p$tb o B03CTaH0BjeHin OJHOfi U3B HHXB. I I . Hpa onpejt.ieHiH cynecTBa KOHCTHryuioHHofi uoHapxiH Hajo llxf.Tb BB BHjy KaKB Tt UpilSHaKH, KOTOpUMH Onpej’tjUIlOTCH MOHapxill BOoSme, THKB H 0C0(5bie npuaHaKH KOHCTHTyniOBHbIXT, uoBapxifi. Ec-IH an fiyjeHB paociiaipuBaTL KOHCTHTynioHuvio MoaapxiK) cb toteh apinia 06mnxs BpU3HaK0BB HOUapXHTeCKHXB tflOpMB, BH HafljeMB, TTO BB yc.iOBinxt Droit tJwpMH nepxoBHaa BjacTb npHHaj.iejKHTB ojBoxy 4>h- 3HTecR0My aHuy, no.iMyiomesiyca eio HacitjcTBeHHHMB nopajKoxB. TaEHBB o6pa30MB, 1) KOHCTin’yHioHHaa MOHapxia, uojo6ho Boo6me ko- napxHTCcEHBB 4>opMaMB, HBieTB ejHHOjHTBaro upejcTaBHTeja rocy- japcTBeHHofi BxacTH bb bojbomb os o&heub, npejcTaBUTe.ia cyBepe- HHTeTa, h 2) rocyjapcTBeBHaa B-iacrb HBJiaeTCa He je-iempoBaimow KaKiiMB 6h to bb 6hjo ofipasoBB, ho nepexojHTB hbb poja bb pojb; MOHapxB no.ibsyeicji ceoeo saacTbio bb cmy cBoero coficTBeHHaro npaBa. 9t0 HOJTBep*jaeTCa H KOHCTHTyniOHHHXH BaROHBBH. KoHCTHTyuiOHHaa BOHapxia oTairaeTca otb jpyrHXB bhjobb bo- Hapxifi OTupaB.ieHieMB cyBepoHHTeia (exercitium juris). IlpH pa3cuo- ipinin ycaonifl nocaijHaro hsjo hh£ti> bb BHjy o6m;ie saraajbi sa- najuoit EeponH OTHOCBTeabHO aHaTeaia BOHapxuTecEofi bjiucth Boofime. Ojho hbb xapaKTepHCTHTecKHXB yrenifi bb btomb OTHomeHiB—yiesie $pHjpHxa lOaia H lraaa (yuepm. bb 1861 r.). 8totb yTenufi no cboumb Bo:i3piniaMB npuHajaeatBTB kb KOHcepnaTHBHOfi napTin h bb <j>HJioco4>in jepsHTca Teo.iorn3Bpy£imaro HanpaBienia. Ohb paacHaTpa* BaeTB rocyjapcTBeHHyio BaacTb BooCnje, a MOHapxiio bb tbcthoctb, KaKB ycTaHOBJienie CoatccTBennoe.
— 116 — Bbcbocmb cotHHeniu Philosophicties Rechts (t. II, §74, CTp. 254 B c jij.) ohb cji-iyomBMi ofipasont onpealuaeTB cymecTBo MOHapxHTO- cBofi BiacTH bb eBponeficraxB myaapcTBaxB. „Eeni bb cymecTBi EopoaeBcsofi bascth (des Konigthums) jesHTt nepBoimiajbnocTt (Ursprlinglichkeit) h caKOCTOHTejbHOCTb b-ihcth, to efl HH bb kakomb Cjji&i He npanaaieaHTB HeorpanHTOHHOCTb. He- orpaHHieHHaa KopoxeBCKaa BJiacTB6uja 6a npoTHBHa nopajKy upupoju, tbkb KaKB HHBaKoe cymecxBO He moxotb BjacTBOBaTii no CBoeMy jht- uomj npany (aus dempersonlichen Recht herrschen), a Jamt bb 4>opirh npHBBaHia (eines Berufs) u bb ijwpHi, ROTopaa onpea'fiaaeTca rpam- nasin BTOro upH3Bania“. fflJtie OHB FOBOpHTB: „HeorpaHHaeanaa bjbctb 6asa 6u npoTHBHa cymecTBy rocygap- CTBeHHoB Bjacra, KOTopaa Tpe6yeTB saKonoMf.paocTa u TaepAociH bb pasumBHHXB ea opraHaxB. Oaa Cuaa 6h npoTHBBa nponcxosueuito ko- pOjeBCKoS BXaCTH, KOTOpaHTpeOveTB HpaBCTB6HHHXBOCHOBaHiS, tohho laKB ae, KaKBjuhhoctb (Personlichkeit) h CBofoga (Freiheit) KaSAaro aysgaioTCa bb HpaBCTBeHHOMB ocHOBaHia bojih. H B.iacTL hsxoahtb bb 3aEOiii 9to HpancTBCKHoe ocnonanie (den Ethos des Staates)\". niTam, j0Ka3UBaeTB, hto Bno-iah neorpaHHienHoft Mo'napxiu hh- sorga He cymecTBOBam Ohb tobophtb, mo xapaKTepB e'sponeScKHXB HOHapxifi coctohtb bb tomb, n o rocyAapa (der Fttrst) orpaHHTOBB npaBaHH nofljaHHuxB u sapona, <rfeMB HOHgpxB h oTjiHsaeTca oib lecnoTa. TyiB HMenno h .leatarc, rpananu rocyAapcTBeireofl luacTH Boofim'e h HeofixojEJiocTb aaKoiia, paBRO ebkb n ne3aBHCHHHXB cyiefi, npiiMliHaBmHXB saaoHB. Ilpa 6oxhe pasBHTuxb rocy^apcTneHHtixB yapesxeaiaxB ofiasaTexsao hbasiotch ocoGua yipeatjcHia BapoAuaro npeAcraBHTejbcnta (die Landesvertretung). TaKHMB odpasoMB, bo Mfffima ogaoro H8b BbiAaDntHxcft repaaH- ckbxb BBcaTe.ieS jyame Bcero BuacaaeTca B03sp$Hie Ha npapogy h CymeCTBO KOHCTKTvnioHHOfi MOHapxiu. HoCUOTpHMB, BB HaKHXB (j>Op- aaxB cymecTByinB bth orpaHHTOHia BepxoBHoft b-tscth, o kotopuxb TOBOPHTB mTaXb. 9th orpaHHieHia cymecTsyBTB bb ornpaBJieHiH bascth, npH tomb coGctbohho bb npHHgHni mohbpxb pascscaTpHBaeTca, kbeb rjaea pcixi rocygapcTBeHHHXB Bjaciefi. Mu yBa*DMB na riasHua eBponeflcKia KOHCTHTyniH, rgt 3T0TB QpHHgHQB BHCKaSUBaeTCa HpaMO HAH KOCBeHHO. UpHHHHHB BTOTB upawo BHCKR3UBaCTCJI 1’epMaHCKHMH KOHCTHTf- ni**H, hbhbiuhhhch BCKopt noc.rh CBepaiewa HanoxeOHa: 6aBapcK0» 1818r. (tht. II, ct. 1), caBcoHCKon, BHpTeM6eprcKOio, GajeHCKOD h up. Bb npyccKoB KOHCTHTyniH oGigaro onpenfeeHiji Bin,, ho H3B OTghjib- huxb nocTaHOBXeHiS bhaho, tto h bb Hefi Kopo-ii, pascuaTpHBaeTca,
— 117 — Hast rjiaBa Bctxb rocyjapcTBeHHHXi wacTefl. IIo cTaTbi 11 aaicKOfi, KOHCTHTynin Hopojf. ofiaeseab BHcmes BJiacTtn ut. npeaiiiaxb, 03Ha- ueHHHXb KOHCTHTynien, h OTapaBaaerb ee oepe3b cbohxt. mhhhctpobx. IlopryrajrbCKaa soHCTHTyuia Bocupaaaaa cxeay pasA'fcjeaia BaacTeS KoHcTaHa. KoacTaab, Bb cbocmx coiHaeaia Cows de politique con- stitutionnelle, OTCTynaen o n yieaia MoaTeeKiB h pasaHuaeib naTL rocyiapcTBCHHUXi BaacTefi: 1) BjraoTt saEOHoaaTeabHy® BHcmyio, aa- cjiiACTBeHuy®, Bb BH,ii naaaTH napoBt; 2) Budopayio 3aEOHOAaTeabHy» BxacTb, Bb BHjrfj muaxu AenyTaTOBx; 3) Hcao-iHirrejBHyto BxacTb; 4) cyAefiHy®, a 5) yaipanmy® BaacTb (pouvoir moddrateur). Hasnaienie BocalmHefi BaacTH (soTopaH aoaxna npEHaa-iesaib sopoan) coctohtx Bb TOMb, ato OHa noiuep»BBaeTb paBHOsicie nernxy flpyrHMH BaacTjma. □o HHtailO KOHCTaHa, U.M6BH0 TEKOBO UaaUaSdlie SOpOjeBCKOfi B.iaCTU Bb Aarxia. KopoJD apaaaMexaTb apaBO aasHaaeHia hobuxx nspoBb, pacnycKaaia nap.iaMenTa, iiaaRaseHia HHHucTpoBb, cyiefl—CAOBOMb BCt apasa, KOTopua aojxhh npaHajiaexaTfc Toay rocyjapcTBeHHOMy ycTa- HOBJieBin, Koiopoe nocTaBaeao buibo Bcixb rocyaapcTBeaHuxb B-iacTefi. Bet 3th Mueaii RoHCTaHa Haniaa cedi npaMtaeaie Bb aopTyraabCKofi KOHCTUTyain: Bb rtxb MtcTaxb, roBOpHTca o pouvoir moderateur, HMeuHo a 3aKarmiOTca BOCTaaoBaeaia o EopoaeBCKofl BjracTH. HraEb, bo odiuHMb nocTaHOBaesiaub KOHCTHTyitifi Kopoat pascMaTpa- BaeTca aaab npejmBBTeab rocynapcTBeRaoit Baacra bo Betxb ea OTBomeHiaxb. Ho cynjecTBO EOHCTHTyaioauofi aosapxia ocymecTBaaeTCa Tiax, sto OHa BocTaBacna Bb ocodbia ycaosia. Hoax ocymecTBaesieMb rocyaapcTBcHHofi saacia Bb ocoduxx ycao- Biaxb hu noApasyutBaeab 3aBacaMocTb aopoaeBCKoft BaacTa oti koh- CTHTynioHBUxb 3aEOBOBb. KopojeBCEaa saacTbMoxen, 6htb pascaaTpH- saeMa Eaab npoasBeaeaie ocBosauxb 3asoHOBb rapanu, xoTopuau onpeAtaauTca ea npaBa h npeporaTHBU. Tasx pasaaaaaa ary b-ibctl aHraificKie npacTU. Em,e cpejiieBtKonoii liueaxeab BpaKTOHb onpeat- aaeTb, n o Eopo-Tb Aaraia npHHHMaeTb BepxoBay® BaacTb, a sthux oapeataaeTca ero BepxOBBoe noaoxeHie cpeaH npoaaxb aaub Kopo- aeBCTBS, 1T0 OBb BO SABHCHTb BB OTb pSBBUXb, UH OTb BUCBIBXb, a noTOMy „Kopoab joaxeHb 6utb ae noib leaoBtKOMb, a nojb BoroMb u saxoHOMb. H6o saKOBb utaaeTb Eopoaa (Quia lex facit regem)“. Bb TOMb xe cauc.it pa3CMaTpHBaeTb KopoaeBCEy® BaacTb Bb AHraia a <I>opTecRb», BocnaraTeab npimua Bayapaa, CHHaTeapaxa VI, Bb coaaHeHia De laudibus legum Angliae. Oab pasaaaaeTb naa bum Moaapxifl: HOHapxi® aoaaTBiecKy® a Hoaapxiio sopoaeBCEyro. Hpnai- poab KopoaescKofl Moaapxia <PopTecEb® apaBOAUTb d'panniD: TaMb Kopo.ib Buuie saEOHa—si veut le roi, si veut la loi. Aoraia xe—npa- jrhpb noaHTaaecKoB MOHapxia: KOpoaeBCKaa BaacTb Bb nefi ojuo asb
— 118 — rocyjapcTBeHHuit ycianoB-ieHift. „Bx AHMia KopoJt He mosctx xo- xdm. Toro, Hero h ^tx ex saKOHi\". 9th npHHl^HQU HOBTOpaiOTCH BC$MH aHIMifiCKHMH HHCaTe.WMH. yKa3aniii Ha nojpofiHvio jHTeparypy no btomv npejmeTy mu HatjeMt y M o m bx ero Geschichie und Litteratur <ter Staatsmssenschaften, t. I I, Taaae bt, TOirfe II JIo.iumuvecKOu rfiuMCaxpiu — .lopja Bpyaa. H3T. AHrjriH bth dphhuhihj nepenua BM’icTi cx KOHCTHTynioHHHMn B033piHiHHH Ha EOHTHHeHTX EfipOCU H BT. Haqie Bpeua pa3iIuaH)TCH HtHeilEUMH YHBHUMH, EOTOpUB CTapajBCb A0Ka3aTL, HTO 3TH OpHHUHHU Bno.iH'fi HiMepKaro npoHcsosjenifl. IIocjrtflHee, Bnpoxeux, m o b h o chh- xaxb naTpioTHiecKHMt yBaeneHieux. TepMaHX Illyjme, bt. CBoenx yneftHHEi npyccsaro rocyjap- cTBeHHaro npana, rOBOpnxx: ,npyccsoe rocyjapcTBeHHoe npaBO onpe- jtMeTx, hto Kopo.ib, bx c my CBoero co6cTBeHHaro opaBa, HBjaeTca npeiCTaBBTejeux rocyxapcTBeHHOfl b.ibcth, ho Eopoxx ctohtx ne bh4 rocy^apcTBa a He Hajx rocy,T.apcTBOnx, a bx rocyjapcTBi (nicht iiber dem Staat, nicht ausser dem Staat, sondern im Staat); cjrf«OBaTe.ibno, ero npasa h npeporaTHBU oapej-h.iaioTcn conepsaHieux saKOHa. Ko- pojb He Moaerx xiuaxb HHnero, Hero ohx He MoaceTX no npaBy, bx cuy saiiowa: nihil alind potest rex, nisi quod de jure potest\". III. ycTaHOB-ienie h onpejrSJieHie hsb’Scthhxx npHBiixnoBx npex- noxaraexx H3BicTHun (popxu, bx kotophxx ocvmecTBjaiOTCH bth hphh- UHDU. OcTaHOBHMCH Ha paSCMOTpiHiH iiaHHUXX lf)OpMX, BUpaseHHUXX BX KOHCTHTyiUaXX. Ilpesje Bcero hsmx npescxaBjaerca Boupocx: eo.ra Kopoxx asaaeica HOCHTexeHx BepxoBHofi BBacTH, EOTopyio ocymecTB-Mexx bx npejrh-iaxx, ycTaHOBjeHHUXx saEOHOHX, to Tf,i Hah x HCEaTX rapaHTifl ero Ahfi- ctbU m x ? 9ia (JtopMyja jaHa 6uxa hemh Bume: 1) EOHCTHTyqioHHuS MOHapxx OTnpasxaeTx cboS cyBepeHHTCTX Ha ocHOBaHiu k ohCTHTynioH- h u x x aaKOHOBx. h 2) bx H3B'hcTHbixx cxyHaaxx j.ia nero TpeOyeTca corxaeie jpyraix ynpezienifl, hhchho napojiiaro npej;cTaBHTe,ibCTBa. Tanx, 3aE0H0aaxexbHaa BjacTb npanajxezHTX Eopoaio bx tom x cMucai, HTO TOXXEO HOpMa, HCXOJHniaH OTX EOpO.IH H HMX VTBep*jeHHaH, HO- ateTx HMhTb cuy saEOHa, HoseTx CuTb ofinapoAOBana H T.x. Kopo.ib jiaaerx sseohx 3aEOHOHX. Ho «xa Hs*aHia 3aE0Ha Eopoxx HyajaeTca bx corxaciH HapojHaro npexcTaBHTexxcTBa, aaEOHX AOJiaeHX floraepr- HyTXCH pancMoxptHiio HapojHaro upeACTaBBTeaxcTBa. Kopojic npHHaAJie- bht x toxlbo: 1) caBKipa saEOHa, 2) npaBO veto, uecorxacia cx npoeK- tohx, npeAxoaeHHUHx naxaTaMH, h 3) o6napoAOBaHie 3anoua. Tasmix *e o6pa80Mx ycTaHOBxeme najoroBx, roAOBoro 6*uaceTa ■ t. n., ipe- 6y»TX corjacia Hapo.xtraro npejCTaBHxe-TbCTBa. *Ito ae EacaeTCH ncnoxHHTexbHofi b.ihcth, to Eopoxx ocyme-
— 119 — CTBJiaen. ee hojl OTBiTCTBeHaocTB® xhehctpobb, no Toil npiinmf,, oto uopoaeacKaa BjacTt He aaexB bosxozbocth npno-ieit kb OTBiiT- CTBeanocTH &a upeaCTaBHTeja, uoaapxa. HeoTniTCTBeBBOcjB Monapxa catayeTB noHHHaTt bbtomb cxticai, hto, Bo-nepauxo,, Bopo.ihHe MozeTB dUTb UpHBXeHeHB KBOTB&TCTB6HHOCTH OdUKHOBeBHUMB SaKPHHUMB no- Pjukomb. Cyau aajx Kopo-nma, o KOTopuxB nepejaeTB Ham HCTopia, 6h.hi pesoxiOuiOHHUHH aETauH; caiaoBaieatao, oaa buxojh.ih hsb npejiaoBB npmaaecKaXB ycaoBiS a cpojcTBB. EapxB I, npHBaeqeaHuS kb cjxj nocai cBoero HHSBepzeaia, axtxL aoaaoe ocHoBaHie cnpo- chtb: Ha KasoMB apaB-ii ohb npaBjeaeaB kb cyjy? TaKOBB ze xapaK- TepB cyaa HaaB JIioaoRHKomX V I. Bo-btopuxb, bBcaay cBoefi KopoaeB- CKofl npeporaTHBH aainocTB Kopo.ia HenpaKOCHOBeHHa; bto aeodxoaaMufi KoppeaaTB noaozeaia, bto Kopoxt aeoTBtTCTneacaB. 3tb HonpaKocao- BeHHOCTB(Unverletzlichkeit) xopoaa 3aKjioiaeTca bbtomb, bto 1) Bcasia nocaraieatcTBa Ha ero zH3Hb, iecTb a t. n. odaaranTca odtiKHOBea- HHSJHSaKOBUMHCo-lte CH.TLBO®OTBiTCTBeHHOCTBB): OKU paBCMai'pilBatOTCH KaKB rocyaapcTBeHHua npecTyaaeaia a npapaBHHBaioTca kb rocyaap- CTBeHHofi H3Miiirfe; noaodaua nocTaHOBJieHia xu BCTpkqaexB bo bc£xb KOBCTBTyuioEHUXB xoaapxiaxB; 2) aeapaKocaoBeHaocTb Kopoaa ycTpa- aaeTB bo3mozhoctb npBxiaeDia kb HOMy kukhxb aado KapaTeatnuxi, MipB sa aificTBia, coBepuiennua npa OTnpaBaeaia hxb cbohxb oda- 3aHHOCTefi, H 3TO aaate bb tomb c-iyoa.il, ec-ia oub HaaxoseHB. Ho 3THMB to QpHiHHaMB HenpuKocHOBeHHocTt Kopoaa Baeaert 3a codon npuHpanB oTBtTCTBeoaocTH xhobctpobb, T.-e. oiJxJiBniaabHUXB COBtTHHKOBB KOpOJa. Haze MU pa3CM0TpKXB ycxosia MHBHCTepCKOft oTBiTCTBeHHOCTa, Tenept z e CKazeuB, oto oHa ioiio.ibhgtb codon DpHHQHHB H6HpHKOCBOB6HHOCTB HOUapxa. Ho eCJH KOpOJf, aiSCTByeTB Oepe3B OTBiTCTBOBBUXB MBHHCTpOBB, to, apH ycxoBiaxB KOHCTHTyuioaaaroynpaB.ieaia, ohb He mozgtb pacno- pazaTBca xaoao. Kazan® bktb rocyaapciBeHHofi BxacTa aoazeHB acxoaaTB aepesB nocpeaciBo xhtib, npaamnanmaiB Ha ceda otbI t- CTBeHHOCTB 3a HSBiCTHOe atftCTBie. Haaaao XHHUCTepcKO® OTBiiTCTBenhocth ycTpaHajoct du, ecaa 6u KaKoa radyat npiiBasB duaB asaauB de3B KOHTpacarHHpoBaHia mhhh- CTepcTBa; apa aoBTopeaiu thkhib cayaaeBB apaBjieaie hsb KOHCTHTy- Uioaaaro npeBpaTHaocB du bb .laiHoe. H3B sroro eme He cakayeii, oto Kopoab aoazeHB aasaTB csoe coraacie HaBet xkpu, npeaaaraeMua MHBHCTpaua. lIpaBO veto npaaaaaezHTB exy bb btomb oiuonieaiH eme bb doate uapoKHXB pasMipaxB, ahiiB bb aapaaMeark, tbkb KaKB ono pacnpocxpaHaeTca Ha aauB, hxb ze nasHaaeaHuxB. Hsb HCTopia AHraia H3b$ctbo, HaapaxipB, qTO Kopoab I'eoprB III nocroaHHO QCTaHaBaaBaaB Mkpu aaze TaKoro caataaro MuaacTepcTua,
— 120 — KaK'b BBJBava l i m a Mjajm aro. Iloxofinue npiiMipn BCTpfmiOTca h in, napcTBOBame KopoaeBU BuKTopia. Kopo.lL, 3ari>MB, ne roiiiaeTca npaBa HHaniaTHBU ,bb\" HSBtcTBHXB XtxaxB, ho m « ocymecrBjeuia HSBicTHHXB xipB ohb xo.iaeHB Hafiia jhuo cp eja CROHXi, cob'Iitbhkobb, aoTopoe Bsa.ro 6h na ce6a orniT- ctbohhoctb nepexB HaxaTaMH. 9thmh Haiajaan RoncTHxyuionnoe yirpanaenie OT-mAaeTca otb ynpa- BaeHia jiaanaro. Ba, otomt, uuemio CMHC.it aur.iificKie KipacTH I'OBO- paTB o „(56saHiHocra“ KopoaeacKoii Bxacrit. IT. yciaHOBaBt o6mia naiaxa KOHCTHTynioHHoft MOimpiriH, mu o6paTHuca Tenept kb pascMOTplmiio Boupoca o 'npaBTHiecaoMt apaiali- HeHiH bthxb Haia-it bb. OTAkiiHHXB eBponeficKHX'B rocyAapcmaxB, tbkb kskb 3TH nasa.m He Hutiotb OAHOofipasHaro npaatHeHia, no aaBHcnn. EaKt on, caaaro cnocofia h ycxoBiS npoacxojKAeuia iiiKOTO- puxi. eBponetcEHXx rocyxapcTBi, TaKB paBHO h otb OTHomema aopo- roscKoS BaacTH kb HapoAHOMy npeACTaBHierocTBy. Ilpeacxe Bcero, mu aoxikhh ofipaTHTL Bimuanie Ha i t rocynapcTBa, npHHnHHH KOTOpHXB, JIOHHAHMOMV, IipOTUBOpil^TB OCHOBHOMy HBiaXy KOHCTHTyuioHHofi MOHapxiu, B7. cn.iy KOToparo Macifc MOHapxa ne ecxt BxacTB npoH3BOAHaa, a A'ificiByexB a eymecTByers no co6cTBeniiony npaBy. TaKB, cpeiH enponeftCKHXi. KOHCTHxyiiiS HMiiioTca TaKia, ko- Topua npoB03rjianias3ii upmiiiuiiB HapoAHaro BepxoBeHCTBa. Tanoua, inieuuo, 6ejtri8citaa KOHCTHTynia 1S31 roxa, cxaTBa 26 kotopoS raacHTB, hto sepxoBBaa B.iacTb npHHaixexHTB HapoAy, h ato act B.iacTK, AificTByiomia bb rocyxapcTBi, xiBcTByiDTB aunn, bb CH.iy HapoAHaro noroOMOAia. 9iofi CTaTbt cooTBixcTByeTB Tause ct. 31 py- MHHCEOS KOHCTHTTHill H CT. 21 rpeTCCEOfi. Ho T3KB KAKB nOC.liAHia AB* BOHCTHTyiQH 3aHMCTBOBa.Hl CB0H IIOCiaHOBAeHifl HSB KOIICTUTVHiu 6e.itrificsofi, a noTouy caMOCToaxextHaro HHTepeca He npeACTas-iaioTB, TO MH OCTaHOBHMCa Ha HSyieHiH H ofiBaCHeHlH TO-lbKO 6exi,riftcK0fl KOHCTHTynia, noTOHy n o ycxoBia BosHHKHOBeHia (SeABrificKuxB yqpe- aAeHifi npeACTaaaaiOTB bb ashhomb eayAai ocofieHHHflHHiepecB. Eeroria, itaKB HSBiciHo, odpaaoBa.ia caMOCToaTejibHoe rocyAapcTBO uyieuB pe- BOABiniH 1830 roAa; ao btoto roxa, bb cnxy nocTanoBaeHifl Bfacnaro TpaETaTa 1815 r ., oaa 6mia coeAHaena cb 1’oa.iaHAieio h, CAixoBa- T6ABH0, caaTfl-iacb cociaBHOio auctmo HHxepaaHAOBB. HecMOTpa na TO, ato CH.ia BincKaro TpaKTaTa 6uaa rapamapoBaHa 6oabihhhctbomb eBponeflcKHXB rocyaapcrBB, Beroria bb 1830 roAy B03CTa.ia hpothbb IV iaaHjiH cb nt.tbB ofipasoBaTb H3B ce6a casrocToaTe.TiHoe rocyAap- ctbo h, npn noxiepsai ‘I'pauuiii h ABraiH, jocTaraa caMOCToaTeabnocxii, A8bb ce6i tt (fiopMV npaB.icnia, KOTopaa EanGoate cooTBf.TCTBOBa.ia sexaHiaMB 6e.ibriiicKaro HapoAa. IIoHa eBponeftcKia rocyAapcTBa o6cy-
— 121 — JBIfUH fie.ibrificKyio peBo.noniio, jcjooia He3aBHcnxocTH h Bonpocx o fiyAymefi 4>opirfi npaB-senia BeatriH cx tobkh 3piaia MeajyHapojtHaro npasa, EpDccejibCKift noHrpeccx sauuuajca oficyatAeaiesix KOHCTHTyniu, kotopan, uaKoneuT., 6uaa npHHflia u DpoB03HaraeHa, h no Koropofi npecTOix Cu.ix npeAJOxenx jleonojxay CaEcera-KoCyprcEOMy. 9th (j'aiiTB oSxecbhiotx cmucjix 6e.ixriitcKoft KoncTarynin; n3x caxaro cnocofia B03HHKBOBeuia CeJitrincaaro rocyjapcTna itxaexcs bohhtubhx, noaeMy ero KOHCTHTynia, Kara CKasaHO Buuie, npouoaraacHJia Hapo.nHufi cyBe- peBHTeTX. Bxcaxoxx jta t, KOrna ct. 25 KOHCTBTyniH 1831 ro*a roBopuTX, bto BepxoBeaa Bxacix npHnauexHTx Hapojy, to bto aojjkho noHHKaTxcn ax tomx cuacxi, bto ipopxa npaBjenia bx Beibriu ycia- HOBaeaa Boxen CewrificKaro Hapoja, T.-e. bto napoi.x anteTX yipe- AHTejbHyW BAaCTb. 9l0 COOTBtTCTByeTX UIlOCTaHOB.ieiiiflMX 6e.ItriftCKOB KOHCTHTynia o peBasia, o KOTopoft y Eacx nua p tit panLine. Kara h3b6ctho, no yTBepaieHiH Kopojeux nocTanoBjeHia na.iaTx o peBHsin KOHCTHTynia, naxa™ HcacAJieHuo pacnycKaoTcs, n npOHcxoinn Hosoe H36panie HapoAHHX'h npei.cTaBHTe.iefi cx BapoBBTOD ntJLio jaTB bos- moxhoctt, bx Jiunt axx Bceay Ge.ibrificKOMy Hapojy BUCKasaTb cboh MHtlliH H BO.SK> OTBOCHTe.lLHO TOfi HJIH Apyroft nOjpofiBOCTH KOHCTHTy- nioHHaro araa. Tbkhmx o6pa30HX, upunnanx HapojHaro cynepcHHTeTa, npoBosr-iamciiHHB 6eJixrificK0» KoncTHTynieio, jo-iatonx 6hti. othccchx cneniaaxHO tn npoucxooKdenm 3Toro rocyjapcTBa a ero cxiayeTX no- HHMaTL BXTOMXCMHC.lt, BTO2C3BXIpopua DpaBJGHifl, T8BX HBet BjaCTH bx rocyaapcTBi ynpeatAaiOTca Boxen Gexbrificicaro napoia, Bupaaennofi bx KOBCTHTynioBHoax 8Krt. Boxen napoja yipesnaeica Tanae a Kopo- neBcKaa BxacTb, jiflcTBynmaa, Kara n bx ipymxx rocyaapciBaxx, bx oSuihxx ycxoBiaxx jtficTBia scnBofi KopoxeBCKoft bxbcth a, c.ityo- BaTexbHO, bx ycxoBiaxx HacxtACTBeHHOCTH. Tara, ct. 60 CexxrificKofi KOHCTHTynia onpeit.meTx. bto upana Bxacra acnoxaaTexbHofi a np. npuHaAxe*aTx*Kopo3x>, saarne Koroparo iiacxtxcTBeiiHO bx TaKofi-To AHHaciia h bx TaKOMX-TO nopnAK-6. 9th nocTaHoiueHia 6exbrificKofi •KOHCTHTynia do cymHOCTHCBoefi He npoTHBoptian, HanaxaMX KoncTHTy- nioHUofi MonapxiH. BumenpHBeieHHUMH coofipaaeniaMn OTHocuTexLno cbh3u, cyaiecTiiyomefi neatly npoB03rxameHieKX Hapoinaro cyBepeHH- Texa h MeatAy cnocofioxx B03BBBHOBeHia rocygapcTBa, o&BBCHseTca Tasate a aacTb THiyxa, KOTopufi hochtx HTaxumcKifi Kopo.ib. Oex nn- meTcn: „Boacien MH.iocTbK> e Boxen Hapoxa\". 9to apafiameHie ex ofiuBBOMy THTyjy Moaapxa HBHXOCb cx 1861 roAa. Ho craiyiy nbexoRT- ckhtoKopo.seBeTBa 1848 r., ciaBmeMy aoroxx, npa ooxeAiweniu HTaxin, 06lHHMXCTaryTOMXHTa.lLHHCKarOK0pO.TeBCTBa,UpHH«HIIXKOHCTHTyniOnHOfi Moaapxia oapeAixaeTCH Taxx ace, Kara a bx xpyrnxx rocyiapcTnaxx. Ohpbhxho, cxtAOBaieibHO, bto bhoiil nmiBniaaca npHfiaBBa ex THTyxy
— 122 — othochtca HeCTO-ibKObx npeporaTHBiHX KOpO.ieBCKOSB.iaCTH,OCTasraHMCa t4mh ate, keex h do CTaTyTy 1848 roAa, ckojibbo ex cnocoCy cav^ro BOSHHEHOBeHia HTaJuiHCKaro Kopo-ieBCTBa. 9totx bhboax noATBep- aiaetca h nojpo6HOcTaM0 HCTopHiecBaro xoxa HTajBaacKaro o6x6ah- seHia. Oho, khkx hsb&ctho, Haiaxocb, rjiaBHtrax ofipa30Mx, cx 1859 roja; AOrix x ae nopx set noxHTHiecKia CTpenneHia h nonuTKH s i oCxbah- HeHiw HTa-iiaHAeBt (1830 h 1848 it.) pa30HBaJHCb nepeAi HiiG3enHUax BaimaTeABCTBOBX a bxocoC6hhocth nepeAXnpoTHBOAificTBieHi Abctpih, He xeaaBHieS oct8bhtb Buroinaro Bo.joaeaia, 3anaiaro eio bx Hiaaia. Ilocjrt KpuMCRofi Baanama, bx KOTopofl, mkx HBBicraOi Ha npaBaxx co»3HHKa npHHflja yaacTie m ByiBa capxHHCBHEx boAckx, HTa.txaacKift HHHHCTpx rp. KaBypx cC.ih3h.ich cx Hano.ieOHOMX III h cxyxt.ix npHBjeqx ero cHMoaTiio aa CTopoHy MiaJia. 1epe3x 3 toah noc.it 3aKJi)TeHia UapuscKaro Miipa 1856 roAa, Haqanacb bo8h3 HTaaia h 4>paHuiH npoTHBx Abctpih. Ho ycntxH 4>paHuy3CKaro opyzia npOH3- Be.ia TpeBory bo Bceg repHania h bx oco6eHuocrH bx IIpycciH, soropaa CTaxa Aa»e Ho6HHH3HpoBaTb BOHCua. BcntxcTBie stoto, ne«Ay bodbj- ihhmh CTopoaaHH OTBpu.iHCb neperosopu, h ChUo saKJtoieHOnepexapie bx BH3.iai|ipa«Kf., npH aeax w i JiTajig BHroisopeHa 6naa .IoM6apAia. Ho HanoaeoHX, xoth h otctthhjix otx npeAHoaozeHRofi pt.iH KaanauiH, xoTopaa AOjzaa 6u.ia CAt-iarx Hia-iiio cbo6oaho8 ao AApiamaecKaro Hopa. Ttux He Heete bx neperoBopaxx ex BaBypoux, aaax 6u bx yTimeBie 3a BHA-iaifipaHKcKyii) HeyAaay, Aaxx eny*hohhtx, ho oeoh- TaTe.ibBuS hcxoax DpeADO.ioseHHaro Ai.ia oCxeAHHeHia Cyxeix 3hbh- ctTb otx Toro, no cAtnaDTx aah Hero caau htejuihiiu. KaBypx no- ■ m 8to bx CMHCJfe cor.iacia co cropoHH IlanojieoHa Ha npHBJieqeme bx HaaionaubHOHy ABHzemn ApvrHXX rocjAapcTBX, Ha BOTopua Apo- CHjacb TorAamHHH HTaaia. H, AtgcTBHTe.ibBO, hobcbat bx Urania, KpoMt IlancKoi oCnacTH, bx MoAeHt, TocsaHt a ap. rocyxapcTBaxx Haaa.iHci, B03CTaHia, h aa.io-no-Majy mantaHCKie uoT'eHTaTU crana HcxesaTi,. H sarfcMX, eorja rapnCanbAH yAanocx Haraaix hsx Heanoaa EypCoHOBX, npoH3ReAeHii 6hjih HapoAHHa ro.iocoBaHia, njcCecnHTu, o* npHcoeAHHeniHB03craBinHxx rocyAapcTBx kx DbeKOHTy. 9th nxeCeciiHTH BilcKasaHHCb sa npECoeAHHeuie, ito u 03Ha<mo yTBepzAenie eAHHCTBa HTanin. TaEKnx oCpasoxx, caiAOBaTejfcHO, HUHtmHee hthaxhHCKoe EoponeBCTBO coaAano Boxen aapoAa, hxh, npaBHXbiriie caajaTi.—Boxen Ttxx napoAOBX, KOTopue AoCpoBO.ibHO nontexaxH hphco6ahhhtbch ex IlbeHOHTy. HcKjDqeBie npeACTaBnaeTX BeHenia, EOTopaa 6uja npa- coeAHHeHa kx HTaxtHHCKOMy KOpojeBCTBy bx 1866 roAy no OEOHiaHia ABCTpo-UpyccEO# boShu, bx soTopofi Hxaxia npasaja yqacTie bx sa- qecTBt cos>3HHEa IIpycciH. Xoth HTajbHHCKiH iioBcKa h Cu.m pa3CHTH, ho nocni norpoMa Abctpih co cTopoHii opyccaEOBX hoax CaAoBofi
— 123 — (KeBHrrpen.'L), aBCTpifcKift HanepaxopB npuayaMem Ohab, H36$raa Heo6xOAHMOCTb ycTynHTb nacTb TeppHTopiH HenOCpOiCTBOHBO BB pyKH paafiHTaro hmb Bpara, nepeAaTb Beaenii) HanoaeoHy I I I , a btotb, cb cBoefl cTopoHti, Kasi Ou noata.iOBajb 3Ty npoiiHin;iio axaAbaHCKOMy KopoieBCTay. Taaosa HCTopia o6beABHeaiir HTaaiH. TaKuM'b oOpaaoHb, j.in 6oAbmHHCXBa 6hbihhxb aTa.ii.HiicicBxx rocy- jiapcTBb DpHCaB.ienie kb TBTyjcy Kopoja: „bo abb aapo.ia“, yKasusaeTB Ha o6pa80Baaie HTajbHiicitaro rocyAapCTBa; ho sto upuOaBACHic He oCoBHaqaeTb KaKHXB jhGo HsM'tineuiii ofrbeMa a ciuu KopoAescKHXB npeporaxmiB hah ycAOBifi KopojencKoS b.iocth, uoTopua a uohuhI; onpejiAHioTCfl t4mb so nbeMOBTCEHUB CTaTyTOHB 1848 roja, KOxopuS, KaKB CKABaHO, COAepXHTB ofiuiHUfi KOpO-TCBCKifl THTyjB. V. OSbhchhbb bth Kaxymiaca oTCTyu-ienia otb npHHuana kohcth- TynioHHofi HOHapxiH, o6paTHMca Tenepb kb pa3CM0Tp$Hi® Coate ey- iu.ecTBeHHUX’b pasAiiiiB bb npHMineHiH axoro Haiaxa Ha np&BTKX$, x.-e. kbpaBAHBi®bb ycaoBiaxB ocymecTBAeuia hoxnpaBAeHia rocyAapcTBeHHoft BjacxH. Cb axoB toikh 'jpbHia bc4 KoncxHTyiuoHHhiH HOHapxia noryn, 6uib pa3AtaeHU Ha 2 rpynnu: 1) Ha MOHapxiH napaaHeHTCKia h 2) Ha coficxBeHHO KOHCXHxynionHua uoHapxiu bb t4chomb cuuc.it, hah dyaMtcmuvecKix, ho Bupaxenin Po6epiB (fcOHB-Moaa. Hajo saMixHXb, BnpoaeMB, no Bupaxcnia: „napaaMeHXCKaa aouapxia” h „KoHcxHxynioHflaa uoHapxia” He yKa3HBa®TB Ha pasAHiie (fiopau □paBxeHia bb rocyjiapcxBaxB, uoxopaa hochxb hxh HasBama, ohh yaa- 3UBaBXB ahnib na pa3Hnay bb cnocodaxB ocvmeciBJeHia MOHapxaxe- CKHXB npaBB HOXHOCaXCa HCKAIOXHTeAbHO KBrfeMB HAH APyrHHB ycjo- BiaHB ynpaBjeuia. Bb caaoHb a ia i, cb npuAHiecKoft tohkh rtpt.iiiii, nanp., aHTAificKifl Kopo.ib hht6mb He OT-nnaeica otb Kopoaa npyccnaro: oahhb namexca „Dei gratia”, a apyroft „von Gottes Gnaden” ‘). Eo- po.i® uHrjiflcKOMy TaKxe npHHaaaesHTB npaBO HasaaiaTb h yBOAbHaTh HHHHCXpOBB BB TOMB XC pailH'tpt, H BB XtXB Xe yCAOBlHXB, KaKB Kopoan npyccKOMy h.ih ascTpiflcKOMy. llpaso sopo.ieBCKaro veto npa- HajiAexHTB aur.iiflcKouy Kopom sa xixB xe ocHOBaHiaxb, KaKB u upoHHMB MOHapxaMB. Ca^xoBaxeabHO, JAH npoBejeuia rpaHHpbi Mexiy KOHCTHTyniOHHOfl bb rtcHOMB CMUc.it Monapxiefi h Monapxiefl napja- MenTCKoS HyxHO hcxojhtl hbb ocoChxb ycjOBifl, a He H3B o6maro Ha- xaAa, Koxopoe coBepmeHHO OAiinaEOBO aak ofitaxB MonapxiS, TaBB KaKB h Ta h flpyraa npH3Ha®XB, hto sopoAt ecxb rAaBa rocyAapcTsa h np. Ocodbia vcAOBia, KAaiymia rpaHHHy h onpexiAaBmia pa3Himy Mexjy MOHapxiaMH, o kotopuxb haotb piib, Bbipa6aTtiBaBTca, piib- HUMB o6pa30MB, HpaKTHKOfi H SaKABHaBTCa BB XaCTHOCTHiB KOHCTH- ') Kopojt aer-iiSciiS TBTyjyetc« c«epn cero a „fidei defensor\".
— 124 — TyAioHHHxt 3asoBOBi, hhcko.tbko He xacaacb o6mnxx Haia-it rocyjap\" CTBeHHaro ycTpoScTBa. Cx btoS touch 3piHia, T.-e., ex toheh apiiiia npaKTHKH h TaCTHOCTefi rocyaapCTBeHHaro ycTpoflcTBa, pasAHqie Meacjy BOHCTHTyuioHHO# a napjiaMeHTCKOfi MOHapxiaMH 8aKBK>iaeTca, fijHaafi- ihhmx ofipasoMX, bx ycAOBiaxx OTnpaBAeHia KopoacBcicofiacnoAHHTeABHOft BjacTH. Bx MOHapxiaxx napxaMOHTCKaxx iiflcTBHTeJn.nan B.iacTB ynpa- B-ieHia cocpejiOTOTHBaeTca bx napoAHBixx npejcTaBHTexaxx Boo6me, h bx iraacneit naaaTt bx oco6eHHocTH, npa aenix aafiHBeTx aBxaeica npe.(- CTasHTeaeiix napjaiceHTCKaro ftoABinHHCTBa. BcxiACTBie btoto, xoth bx npuHaHnic aopoaio h npHHaAAesHTX npaBO HasaaqaTB mhhhctpobx no csoeay ycMOTpf.Hiio, ho Ha npaETBK$ KopoAB o6pamaeTCJi a m coera- B.ieaia HHHHCTepcTBa k x b o x a d Tofi uapTiH, KOTopaa bx AaBHyio HH- HyTy uuieTX sa coCoii nap-iajieHTCKoe 6oakhihhctbo. UapaaMeHTCKaa HCTopia Amain bx TeqeHie nocaiAHaro apetaeHH nar-iaAHO cbha4- TeabCTByeTx, bto Taaofi cnoco6x cocTaBAOHia aafinHeTa nperao ycia- hobhach h ocymecTBAaeTca Tasx upaBHAXHO, hto hobth 6e3omHCoqHO mobcho npeACKa3UBaTB cocTaBX Kaftaaeia, 3Haa, kx Kaao# uapria apa- naAJeatHTX nap-iaMeHicaoe Cojbhibhctbo, h kto ea bobcab. Ttucx, bx Teqeme nocaiAHHxx 20 aIitx, KorAa b-ibctb noaepeMinao Koxe6axacx MeacAy KOHcepBaTHBHoB napTiefi (ropa) h xaSepaxBHoS (bhtobx), bo TMwb KOTopuxx ctohah .JaBpaojB h TABACTOnx, h o s h o 6biao aauepe.ix VTBepatAaTB, ato b x t o m x cxyqat,- ecAH TOpsccTByeix aepnaa, ax co- CTaBAOHiio saSaHCTa ftvjeTx npnrjaaienx ^aspaaAH; bx c.Tyaai :ne napaaHeHTCKaro fioxBiHHHCTBa xaGepajoBx, bo r.iaB'i ynpaBaema c?a- aeTx raaACTOHX. OjHaKo, h caMX sopoaB He ociaeTca 6e3X BJiiaaia Ha cocTasx Ka6aneTa bx tom x CMUCAt, hto o h x uoxeix vcTpaHhtb H3X KafivineTa ahkhoctb, esiy He apaaamyDCH, hah pkctobtb Ha npa- rAaaieHiH bx KafiHHerb ahhb e*y yroAH&ro. H coSctbchho b x aarjiS- ckoA apanTari ((taKTaiecaoe BAiaaie KopoAa npeACTaa.iaeTeA b x 3tohx OTHOmeiliH BeCBMa CymeCTBeHHBIMX, raKX BTOXOTH KOpOAB HnpHHfXjeHX AAH cocTaBAema Ka6«HeTa,o6pamaTbca cx npHrAameuieux k x b o s a o rocnoACTByjouie# napTia, rijix He Menfce pacnpeAtAeme HHHBCTep- cehxx nopTiJie.ieft hpohcxoahtx no corAameHiio aopoaa cx 6yAyajHMX r.ianoS aaiiaKera. Ty ace cascyB napAaveuTCKyto npaKTHEy mu BcipliqaeMx h bx Esab- ria, iota *tsmx Kopojcitcaaa babctb h He HHteTX TaKoro npecTHaa, xaKofi c03Aa.ic« aaa Hea bx AHrjia njrewb HCTopHqecKHXX Tpajanifl; bo h bx BeABria He TpyAHO npeAesasaTB cocTaBX KafiHHera, sHaa hcxoax BufiopoBx. Tahx, rjaaHBiMX o6pa30MX, cymecTBynTx ABi napTia: .im6e- paAOBX H KAepHKaAOBX, H HHHHCTepCTBO SepeTCH ah6o otx to8, ah6o otx Apyrofi napiiH, CMOTpa no TOMy, KOTOpaa hsx hhxx rocnoACTBjeTX bx jaitayB] MBHyry. Bx stohx OTaoBieaiit Bejaria npeACiaBAHeTX Ooxie
— 125 — apnifi a hojhuS o6pa3eps napjaueaTcsoS noaapxia, if.hi, Aht.uh, r.raii- HUM'b oOpaaoMi. aoioiiy, ito, sass to-ilko ito ynoManyTO, bs Be.ii.rin KopcueiicKaa iuacTb He nontsyeTca tskhms aBTopnTeTOMt, kukoS upa- SH&eTca sa Hefl Bt Annin. IIoaTouy h'Iits BHiero y.iHBHTejitHaro bt> tom’s, hto bs Teneaie aaicHxs an6y jt ipexs, aeTtrpexs jiIits Oeatrifi- caig Bopojb yTBepatjacTs, HaupHM-fepx, una saaoaa no uapoAHOMy oOpa- 30BaHi», Has kohxs oahhs npoTHBopinan. ppyroMy. Tans, bs 1879 r. jHfiepajiBHoe MHHHwepcTBO nponeao cboA 3axoas no BTOny npe.nueTy, a aicKOXSKO a$TS cnycia naTOjaneeKoe MHHHCTepcTBO, B3HBinee n.iacTt noc.if 6aaronpiaTHHXs pua KaroJHiecKofi napTia b u 6opobs, CBofi. H tots h ipyrofi 3aaoas dejisriflcKHiis'sopoaeas 6tus yiBepiKpeas. VI. Ho aaaana napnaMeHTcaaro ynpanncBia MoryTs npaiiiHHTbCfl ue bo Bcfixs rocyjapcTBaxs. PascMarpajiaa HCTopHiecitia ycaoBia, npa KOTopuxs oho BOBHuxaeTs, hu HoatesTb npuiiait sa oGipee upaunno, ito Taaoe nap-ianeHTCKoe ynpaiuenie bosmosho bs TaaHxs rocyxap- CTBaxs, rjli BopojieBCKaa axacTt upoHcxoatneuia uoaaro a ue mafen. sa co6od Taauxs upenaaitt ipenaocTa, aaas bs Aarnia, hjh, no spafi- aejSsifpf, r j i caua jHHacria BBnaeTca hobod h, bs cuy stoto, jojuKHa, no aeofixoAHMOCTH, onapaTtca Ha Ty napTin, KOTopaa npH8Ba.ua ee aa npecTOJS. TaaoBO .nonoseHie HMenno Aar.iiH. KopojeBcaaa B.iaCTB bs Amnia Apeenaro apoaoxoanenia; bs HCTopia Amnia fitus tojlko oahhs npo- aexyToas bs npeeucTBeaaoMS Teneaia Kopo.ieBCKofl B-iacTH, usieHHO, bo Bpeica aamificKOg pecnySjiHKH cs 1649 no 1660 r., noma, nocnfi nasHH Kopo.w Kapna I a HBFaaaia CTtoapTOns, JlosriB HapSaseaTs npoB03macH4S pecnyfinany a nepe.ya.is BjacTh OjHBepy KpoMBCJD. CnycTa 11 .t6tx CesaoponeBia, aHmiScaift Hapois cs HiaoTopoio jase CTpacTHOCTSB CHOBa 6pocHJca bs ycnoBia CBoero npesaaro rocynap- CTnenaaro ycrpoficTBa: aopo.it, cbo6ojhu8 napnaaenTs a CTapue 3aaoHU a o6uiaa rocyaapcTBa Bocapecna cs bobod ciuojd. H ao aaniero epe- ueaa aoponeBcaas Bjacrt hbibctch HanioHAisauMs aaraiflcKHMS ynpe- SAeaieiib, ocBaineHauas BiaaMH1, coHaaTentHO jase, ito6h ocnafineaie aar.iiflcKofi aopo.ieBCKofi n.iacTn aorao aoknent nor.ia aaOyAt yHHiTO- aceaie ea.'Ho ecna KoponeBcaaa bjibctl A hmin uMiert cto.ii> Apesaee apoHCXoacAOHie, to npeACTaBHTe.ia ea apoacxoxAOHia cpaBHHTentao aenaBHaro. HuB^aiaaa jnaacTia aBH.iact bs Aamia cs 1714 r., a aapria, Ha aOTopyio oaa Aonacaa 6una ouepcrtca, fiu.ia Toft penojio- nioanog napricS, KOTopaa coBepmana peBOnoaiio 1688 rOAa a apassana Ha aarniScaiB apecions raHHOBCpcayK) jHaacriio. BcalijcTBie stoto, KoponeBCKaa B-iacTt 6una npeflCTaBneaa iina'ia.if He tojseo nanaua, nyxAUMH aHr-iiflcKou napia, bo a bs Teaeaie Aoxraro Bpeaeaa He uor- raiiMH npHBUtcayTt as ueft a en aopaAEaus. ll3utcTH0, tto raanoBep-
— 126 — CKie KjpiJiBpcTU Be Biaiim jase aHMiScKHXE asuKoax. OieBHjHO, BTO npu TUKHXX JCAOBiSEE BOpOXH TaHBOBepCEOfi AHIiaCTIH JOJBHU 6uxa no hcoGxojhbocth onupaTbca aa napxaaeHTCRoe Cojlidhhctbo. Uoxoseaie A&n HsaiBHXOCb npa Teoprfc III, pojHBmencn be Aariia h nojyiHBinejn. aHrxiflcKoe aocuHTaHie; ohx, TOTiacx ate no Bonapenia, o6aapyataxx CTpeaxeHie kx XHBHoay ynpaBxeHiio, aero be sBaBHTexb- aoft cTeueaa eay a yjaxocb AOCTHPHyTt. Tasx, bo aaoraXE cxyaasxx ohx nojwepaHBajE KHHHCTepcTBO, noTopoe ae aaixo ,»a co6o» nppxa- MeBTCEaro 6o.7MnHHCTna, ham npocTO Ha3Haaaxx Tyxa xhue, hbho ae- nonyaapBEixi, ao 3axo jhbbo eay lraBlicTHHXx. Tbkobo 6uxo, aanp., B83HaaeHie rxaBOD aaHHcTepcTBa xopaa BtioTa. Koraa HeyaoBomcTBie anr.m'iaH'b aacT&BH.io noc.if.;(naro yjaxHTtca, to Kopoxt, xoth a npa- HyatxeHE 6uxx Ha8HaBHTb KafiKBen, hse napxaneHTCKaro <5oxbmHHCTBa, t4ke He aeHte, anTparoBaxt npoTHBX codcTBeHHuxb hhhhctpobx npa tiOMoma cbohxt, cobIithhbobx, Tabe HasUBaeMiixx „Apyse8 Kopoxa“. C.iobomx, reoprs III npadtraxE ee pasxaHHUHE cnocofaMx, bto6h ocyniecTBHTb cacTeay jHTHaro ynpaBxeiM, kx Eoiopoay ohe CTpe- mhach. Ms8, be csoefi Hcmopiu amMucKOu KOHcmumyuiu roBopaTE, bto boBTopoSbojobhhI; X V III cTOJiiTiaKopoxeBCEienpeporaiaBU, becanexi xaBHaro ynpaBxeaia, Ai>xa»TX Coximie ycntxa, tree bto Xante Taitaa cajibBaa xhbbocte, KaEE xopAX HaTaMX (Hhtte CrapmiS) He hope 6opoTbCH ce BxiaaieaE „Apyaefi Eopoxs“. H toxeeo Torxa, xorja co- CTaBE Ea6BBera oahhekobo coBnaxb a ce napxaaeBTCEHHE fioxbuias- CTBOUE H CE BtCXaHieME KOpOXfl, BBEE TO CXyBHXOCE BE 8HOXV ijipaH- ny3CKofi•peBoxonia, toxeeo Torja a motxo aBHTbca Tasoe caxbBoe EHBBCTepcTBO, kekhme 6trxo MHHHCTepcTBO BaxbaHa IlaTTa Mxaxmaro ce 1782 r. Oameo, BecaoTpa aa bc* atpu, npeAnpmiiiMauinmcn j-ta ycaxeeia KopoxeBCEofi BxacTB, be Eonnf. kohuobx napxaMeQTcaaa ca- cTeaa BoeropsecTBOBaxa, ocoCeaBO be BUBtmBeNE CTOxiw'a, Korxa HSSHpaTexbnoe npaoo 3naiHTexbHO 6aao pacmapeno. Mix jchahme saate, bto opraHB3ania napxaaenTCKHXE bu6opobe be X V III CTOXiTiH be Ta- soft cTeneaa orpaHaiaBaxa Bpyrx as6upaTexe8, bto napxaaeHTEaBxaxca BupasHTexeaE HHTepecoBE toxeeo oahoto apacTOEpaTHBecEaro Exacca. Ho ce pe^opMU 1832 row, Eorja ocaoBaHia npexcTaBaTextcTiia 03ui- aaxacb be tome caucxi, bto H36apaTexbBoe npaso pacmapaxocb a craxo oOHaaaTb sctXE aazaTOBBbiXE a caaocTOBTexbHUXE rpaatjanE, a 6e3E toto yse riiiaimexi.Haa caxa aasHefi naxam, a bmIict'6 ce sefi a nap- xaaeaTCEaa cacTeaa, oEOBBaTexbao ycTaaoBaxacb a BOCTopsecTBOBaxa. Be Apyraxs ycjoBiaxE naxoAHTca rocyxapciBa ce AHHacTiaaH, ko- Topua aaliBjTE aa cofiofi Axaunoe acTopaBecaoe npomxoe, a EOTopuaE caaa rocyxapcTBa otaaHH cbohme noxoaeHieME. TasoBa aaesHO rep- NaBCKia rocyxapcTBa, rj,i AHnaciin Bexyix cnoe nanaxo ce oaeab apes-
— 127 — aaro BpexeHH, Tasx too bx hhxx, c:paiiHHTe.!i.no cx yapeataeBieMT. ko- pojieBcKofl BaacTH, yapeacAema aapoiaaro npeACTaBHTeatoTBaaB.ia»Tca cpauiiHTe.ibHo HOBbiMH. Bb ABraia, HanpHxlipx, nepBUe nopo-ia raHno- BepcEOS AHHacTia namjiH He3anaMHTH0-ApeB>iie o6uian h bbkohu; Ha- npoTHBX, bx repuaaiB Hapo.xnoe npeAcTaBBTeaxcTBO sacTaao CHABHyu KopoaeBcKyo bjoctb, EOTopaa xoth h cjiaaja yciyuKH noBoxy BpexeHH, rfcxx ae xeaie ocTaaacx raaBHujix ocHOBaHieMX rocyaap- CTBeuHaro vcTpoiScTBa. Kx BToay upHCoejBHaioTca h Apyria coofipa- ateHia. BupaGoTEt aur.iificKiixx npeACTaBHTejutuxx yipemAenifl cno- coficTBOBaao bx 3HaiHTeai.Ho8 CTeneHB ocxpoBHoe no.ioaeHie cipaBU, Bca^ACTBie aero rapaHTHponaimaa otx Bne3anHbixx BTOpaenifi nenpia- Te.ia Aur.iia Mor.ia oOxoahtbch Hefio.ibmuMX, cpannHTeatno, boSceomx. He to xbi bhahmx ,bx rocyyapcTBaxx' BOHTHHeBTajBHHxx; m b bbxx, no Hepaapt.muMOCTii Boopoca o Map* b Bcco6mexx pa3opyzeBiH, cra- BOBBTca HeoOxOAHMLixx Bee Coa'f.e a Goalie yBexHTHBaTB lsoflcKa a pa- cxoju aa hhxx, BcaiacTBie aero Boopyaennaa caaa ROHTBBCHTaabBuxx rocyxapcTBx ipesmjiaftHO BeaHEa; ne.iHKa, c.rfe.TOBaTejBHO, a caaa eo- poaescEOfl BaacTB, EOTopaa na see onapaeTCa. 3ar£MX a bx caxuxx nocraHOBaeHiaxx EOHCTHTvniS aniioTca lacTHua OTCTynaenia cyme- CTBeHHofl BaxaocTH, .nacmis Ooabmifl BpocTOpx KopoaeBCKofi b.j&cth bx CMHC.it npeAOCTaBaeaia efl OoatuieB BaacTB bx ynpaeaeuia. V IL Oahhx B3x cyjnecTBeiiHHxx npa3aaK0BX napaaaenTCKaro ynpa- B.ieHia aaKJioiaeTca bx tomx, ato UBOHCTepCTBO HBaaeTCH opraHoax napaaueBTCEaro GoaMnaacTBa, T.-e. toS aapTia, EOTopaa bx jassyi) MBHyTy no.iyaa.ia nepeBl’scx aa BuOopaxx. 3arfcxx, kbkx 6h Aonoaae- HieMX BToro npaHnuna h rapaimen m b ero ocymecTBaema, HBaaeTca Baaaao OTBiTCTBenHOCTH mhhbctpobx. Ilocatinaa npoaBaaeTca bx jboh- eomx Buxh: 1) KaRX BopHAHiecRaa otb^tctbobboctb, aaiiomaa x *cto bx tomx c.iyaai, Kor^a HHaacTepcTRO aapyrnaxo KORCTBTyniio hjh 3a- eobu cTpaBBi, Eona oao bx niaoxx cBoexx cocTasi heh bx jaipfe oTiim - Huxx cbohxx n.ienoBX coBepnm.io A'liauia, Koropua uoryTX hbhtbcb npeAxeTOMXyroaOBHaronpecaijOBania a oGBHHeHia npoTHBx mhhbctpobx, BaanaeKaro hhwucB naaaToS a paspAmaexaro cyjOMX heh BepxHeS na- .laTofl, kskx bx AsraiB, u.ih BBicmaro cyaefiHaro ycTaHOBaema, Kasx bx jpyraxx eBponeficKHXx rocyxapcTBaxx; 2) OTBiTCTBeaftocTb mbbhctpobx oCaapyatHBaeTca bx TOfi (j>opxf., ito naaaTH axiion. cpejcTBa jaa 6eh- atafimaro eohtpoeh hbjx Aiare-iBHocTBio mhhbctpobx h hmAidtx bos- MOJKBOCTB BO IIOBOAY OTA’fiEBHMXX AtScTBi# BJH oGlHHXX Mtpx, Upej- npHBHUaeHUXX MHHHCTepCTBOXX, BBlCEa3aTB, HTO jaBHOe MBBBCTepCTBO yTpaTHJio AOB'bpie uaaaTti, BcaiACTBie aero noTepniBiuee uopaxenie MBBBCTepCTBO HOjaeTX BX OTCTEBEy, 6CEU, BDpoaeXX, OHO H6 pHCElieTX DOCOn^TOBaTB Eopo-JK) pacnyCTlITB BajaTJ 11 HaBBaiHTB HOBiie Bblfiopu
— 128 — Bt Haaeaai, ito ohh julujti. Sojbiiihhctbo, 6.iaronpiaTBoe Axa npa- HHTaro uanpaBjema boxhthkh. '3Tiimit cymecTBeBBUMH ycaOBuma opraaii3amn a OTBiTCTBeHHOCTH MUHUCTCpoTBaOnpeAiXHeTCH H caas# COCTHBb KauUHeTa. 370Tb COCTaBB HBxaeTca oAHopoAauxb, T.-e. .mua, ero cocTaBaanmia, BanuaiaioTcn H3i ojHofi a Tofi ate DapTia. Bb piAKaxb cayw x b , Korja hh ojaa B3% naprifi He aaterb pa co6on napjaxeHTcaaro Oo.n.inuHCTBa, axa Korja (oxbaraacTBO bto HBxaeTca coxHHTexbHHMb, bo3mosho robjih- HioHBoe mhbhctcpctbo, cocTasjieHHOC H3i xHUb, npHHaAAesamaxb Bb pasHun. napriaav, bo Tania MHHMCTepcTBa ooukhobcubo ueAO.tro- BtlBH; UpOBHbl 'jTHIBB T't, sa KOTOpUMH CTOHTb fiOAblUHBCTBO Bb Ba- xaTaxb. OAHOpoAUUKb cocTaBOMb Ka61iHeTa onpexiAaemyt do HeofixoxHaocTH a cojtaAapHaa OTBiTCTBeHHOCTB hhhhctpobt.; Earn. oTHocuTe.itao OTAixfHuxb aipb, Tast a OTHOCHTextHO ofimaro HanpaBxeHia doxh- THKH UHHHCTepCTBO HeCOTb KpyrOBJB) OTBiTCTBeHHOCTB, BCxiACTBie aero noTepuiBmee ofimee nopaaieHie MBBHCTepcTBO noj,aerB Bb OTCTatmy Bb HOXHOMb COCTaBi. OTCDAa BHXHO, BTO OTBiTCTBeHHOCTB MHHUCTep- CTBa ofiesneiHBaeTCB abymh cnocofianH: 1) no TaKHMb AiflcTBiHMb mh- HacTepcTBa, KOTopua aasaiODaiOTb bb cefii apasnaKa npecTyuxema no aojsbocth, HBFHCTpH npHBAeKaroToa Kb OTBiTCTBeHHOCTB no apa- BHaaMb, KOTopaa cojepatarb yaasaaia boboaobb a-hh TaBoro npmue- Beaia, opraHHsanjx) cysa a boapo6bocth cyjeOHofl apoueAypa; 2) OTsiT- CTB6HH0CTB KafiaHera o6e3ueBaBaeTCa, CBepxb Toro, a AiScTBHTeab- HUMb BaiaHieMb uapxaiteHTCitaro (SoxMBHHCTBa, RaKb Ha o6pa30BaHie HHHHCTepcTBa, Tasb a hh yAepataHie jhbb ero cocTaBxaioinBXb no,it, CBoeft HenocpeACTBOHHoB bahctbio. Bb 3tomb oTaomeHia Bb AHr.iia a Beabria BupafioTa.iBct tohhuh ycxoBia MHimcTopcicofi OTBiTCTBenHocTH Bb otiiaxb cfopHaxb. Bb HpycciH TaKHXb yc-iOBifi He BHpaCoraxocb, xoth ({lopaaJbHO npu3nasoTca oTHOcHTejbHO 9Toro r i ate aaiaxa, bto a Bb Aerxia. 3ro bhabo H3b nociaHOBAem# npyccKoft KOHCTHTypia, no KoropoS HcnojHHTejbHaH BjacTb cocpeAOTOTHBaeTca Bb pyKaxb so-, poxa (ci. 45), Bb cHxy Hero eMjr npeAocTaBxaeTca opaso HasHataTb h yBOXbHATb HHHHCTpOBb, HpH 16Mb OC06a KOpOXB CHHTaeTCH CBHmeDHoS h HenpHKOcuoneHn'ofi, a OTBiTCTBeHHOCTB Heceib mhhhct6pctbo (ct. 44). PaAOMb cb BTHHb, cTaTba 61 rxacarb cjiAyDmee: hhhhctcpctbo mo- ateib 6htb ooBHHeao a npHBxeneHo Kb OTBircTBeaHOCTH nocTaaoBxe- aieab OAHofl B3b naxara 3a HapynreHie KOHCTHTypia, noAKynb hah H8Miay. llo BoafiyatAeHHOMy oCsHHeHio pirneme nocTaaOBxaeTca bhc-* mHMb cyxoMb MOHapxiu, o6epb-Tpa6yHaxoMb, Bb coeAaaeHHOMb saci- AaHia Bcixb oTAixemg. Bxaatafiniee onpexiaeme cxyaaeBb orBiTCTBea- hocth, nopHAKa nponeccaa Bahama npeAocTaBxaeTca ocofioHy 3aKoay.
— 129 — ConocTaufia BHmenpHBCAeirHua CTaTtH npyccKoS soBCTHTyiiia ct cooTBliTCTByBmHHa nocTanoBjchmhh aHriiScsaro npaBa, mu He yBH- AHMt npHmjaoiaabHOft pa3HHi(H b% ycaosiaxt KopoieBCKoS B.iacni at IIpycciH h Ahi-jib . TaKt, ct. 45 He npejocTaBjaen. iipyccnony Kopo.ii> 6o.itme opaBt, cpaBHHTejtHO c t npaeaMH, upejocTaiueiiHUMH aHf.iifi- CKOxy m h 6e-iLri8cKOny Kopojio: npyccKifi Kopoat iiasiraiaert a jbo.m>- Haert XHHHCTpoBt, ho 8T0 ecTb oGmee uocTauon.ieuie KOHCTHTypioH- Haro npaBa. Ho, ofipamaacb Kt ycjiOBiHHt npailiHeiiia BToro mna.ia, MU BHAUMt, BTO Bt IIpyCCiH EOpOJIB MOZeTt naSaaiaTI. MHHHCTpOBt no jHTHOuy CBoeuy ycHOTpiBiD, xaze H3t inpt, He npnHa,vrea;aiutixt Kt cocTaBy naxaTt. TaKt, Bt 1862 roAy EHCHapKt, sanniianmiB ao cero BpeueHH nocn noc-iaBHHKa Bt Ilapazt, 6u.it Ha3HaqeHt mhuh- CTpOMt-npeaHAeHTOHt, necMoipa na to, hto ohb He 6m t i-ienosit hh ojiiofi Hat najart. 3arint, a t IIpycciH otbocht0bbho comma KafiH- HeTa He HirfeeTca HHAaKHXt ycjoaiS, TpefiyumHit ero oahopoahocth: MHHHCTepcTBO Mozert 6utb cocTaB.ieHO H3t Jiant, npHnaA-iezamnst Kt pa3.1HHHUMt napTillMI, ll HCIIOBijlVEHHHXt .pa3.IH1HUJI no.IHTHBCCKia yfitojenia, ho o6a3aHHUxt hcuojhhtl .limit to, tto TpefiyeTca iio.th- THKofi h coo6paxewjiMH Bucmaro npaBHTeJBCTBa. Bi'.rt.TCTiiie aroro, Bt oahoB n3t CBOHXt nap-ianeHTCKHXt piqefi EHCHapKt, ofipaiHaact Kt peJxcTary, roBopn.it: „kh He Baum mhhhctpu, a ero BejnqecTBa Kopo.ia\", T.-e. BTHMt xoTijt caasaTt, wo opyccue smiiHcipu ae b j- zjaDTca Bt noAAepzKi napiaMenTCKaro 6ojtnjHHCTBa, h tto mhhh- crepcTBO ecit OTstxtHU# orB peBxcTara s-ieueHTt HcnojHHTejtHoS B.iacTH. H jiScTBHTeitHo, HCTopia cocrasa npyccKaro MHHHCTepcTBa nOKa3UBaert, tto upu ns6paHiH h HaaHaienin HHHucTpoBt apHHHuaaoct bo BHHuanie ae iiacrpoeaie nap-iaMeHTcuaro 6o.itnnmcTBa, a cootbIit- cTBie HaOnpaeMaro tiojihthk’6 MHHHCTpa-npc3HiOHTa. TaKt, Bt Teieuie 1872—74 rr., s o w Bt IIpycciH OTKpaxca TaKt na3UBaeMUfi Kyxt- TypKllMni|)t H TOTOBHAHCI. HBB'IlCTBUe SiaBcEie SaEOHU aHTHK.ICpHKa.Jb- naro ayxa, to noTpe6oBa.ica hoaxoahuuB j.ia Toro HHHHCTpt, kbko- BUMt H OKa.'liUCH 'talliKt. IlOTOMt, KOrja EHCHapKt OTKptUt Copt6y ct HanioHaJibHO-jii6epaatHoa napTieft, h Kor.ua a m btoto uOTpe6oBa.ioct citaaTt ycrynKH KJiepHKaaaMt, to $aatKt osasaxca HeyjoOHUMt, h nopTijjc.it HHHHCTpa uapoAuaro npocBimeiiia u AyxOBiiuxt ftiat 6tu t Bpyqent IlyTTKamiepy. TaKHMt o6pa30Mt, hhhhctpoutb naSHanaJca Ton, kto noAxoAH.it a t AauHyD HHHyTy a t nojnrrnK'fc MHHHCTpa-upesuAenTa. 3aTiMt, C0H0CT8BAHH CT. 44 H 61, HU yBHAHMt, TTO AM HpHMll- uenin npHHHiinoBi,, KOTopue npoBosrAamaioTCH Bt sTHxt cTaTtaxt, He Bupa6oTauo HHKaKHXt yc.iOBi8, sc.ii.ncTBie qero Bt IIpycciH hhhh- CTepcKaa OTB'fe'iCTuenHOCTt cymecTByen tojibko na 6yMar8. Ct. 44 IipOBOAHTt o6um8 npHHHHUt MHHHCTCpCKOS OTB’feTCTBCHHOCTH; CT. 61 TO- a. rpiioocKifi, t. r. 9
— 130 — BOpHTB, TTO HUHHCTpH HOrypt GHTb npiIRieieHIJ KB OTBiTCTBGHHOCTH 3a to-to h to-to no nocTaHOBxeniio oXhoB hsb naxaTB, npx tomb pi- mexie no BHOcenHOxy o6BHneHiB upoxsHocxTB Bncmift bb MOHapxix cyAB; ho 6xHxaflxiee onpesiaeHie cxyiaeBB oTBiTCTBGHHocTH, oprasH- sanix cyja h nopajKa cynefiHOfl uponeaypu « liana3aHia npejocTa- Bxaeica ocofioxy 3aK0Hy. Cx$AOBaTe.ibH0, so t:6xb nopi, iiosa btotb ocoChB sbkobb Be Aacra cooTBiTCTBeHHHXB onpeA'IuOiiiB, CTaTba 61 ne Moxerb Buirt npaxiHOHiH. Bb TanoxB noxoxeBix, iiBcTBHTejMio, coctohtb iix o h no cie BpexB, x6o stoco ocofiaro saaoHa h4tb, Taut East npoeBTB ero, mieceiumit bb naxaiy rocnoAB, Gu.ib e» OTBeprHyrb. Tasuxi, oGpaaoHB, bb Ilpyceix MHHHCTepcKoS orBiicTBeH- hocth bobcg He cymecTnyeTB: OHa npoBOsi'.iamaeTCa toabko bb npxH- HHoi, ho caxiift npHHpmi’L npaxmecKaro npaximeeiji ne xxieiB, h bb 3‘roXB OTHOmenin Ilpyccia hjctb .w-'ie TpedoBaaift caxaro orpa- HHTOHHarO KOHCTHTyQiOHaXH3Ma. Ha npHxipi DpycciH xh najBVb, fixHsainmxB oCpasosiB, pasjHiie ABVXB THHOBB KOHCTHTyniOHHOa MOHapxlx: MOnapxiB CB IiapaaHGHTCKUM'b ynpaBJieHiexi h MOHapxix cb ynpaB.ieHiexBOTjiu&BUHB h HesaBHCHMHMB otb napxaxeBTa. Bb ycxoBihxb Tauo8 KOHCTHTyhPohho# xoHapxin (bb rliCHOMB cMUC-rh) Bapo,jHue npejcTabhtcjih npnsunaioTca kb ywri*) TOAbKO BB HiKOTOpbIXB rOCyAHpCTBenHNXB ji.iaXB, KpyrB KOTOpHXB jocTaTOHHO TicHO orpaHHTOHB. TaKB, hmb npejtocTaBxaeTcHBOTHposaTb aaKOHu, oficysAaTb x yiBepxAaTb 6swkotb. Ho h othochtgabho 6ns- aeTHaro upaBa npyccR&fl KOHCTHTynia ranepicHTB bb ce64 suaTOTexb- iifjH orpaiiHieHia, kotophh cb ocoGeniiow chaod o6napyxHBa»TCH bb cxyxaaxB kou^xhktb (xSBicTHO, bio Kncaapm, niciiujbuo xiTB co6«- paxB cojaTH h pacxojOBa.iB hxb 6e3B ucaKaro yiBepajieHia G»A»eTa co dopoBH naxaTB). VIH. ysasaBB Hasth abb cymecTBGHHOpasauiHue Txna, mu aojxhh Tenepn ysaaaTb TaKxe m Ha ycxoBia hxb opxxiHeBia h cymecTBOBaHia. Bb uo.ibsy napxaxeHTCKaro ynpaojenia bb coGctbchhoub caucxi, cb totkx 3pima rocyAapcTBeHHaro HHTepeca h noxbsu, xoxeo npuBecTH Becbxa BaxnuH c.'Oo6paxema. Hmchbo, npa napjaxenTCKOXB ynpaii.ie- H!H BB C0CT&BB 113X31% BXOAHTB AixOBoS SXeMeBTB, T.-6. XHUa, 3Ha- KOMHH S3KB CB itlOSHMH noApofiHOCTHMM, T3KB X CB nOApoCHOCTHMH aAXXHXCTpaniH, iiencBUMX Xsa xxhb, HeaHaKOMUXBcb noxoxenieHB xiaB TOKymeS aAxxHHCTpaaix x pyKOBOAclBynntxxca oGukhobgbho coo6pa- xeHiaMH OTBxeneHDaro ciioflcrna. Bb btoxb OTHuineHix bb csoe npexa HStixo cxxy B03paxeHie, CA'luaHHoe Bhcmopkomb oxHoxy xsb ero npo- THBH9K0BBho nixe3BHPB-roxniTHHCKOMy Bonpocy, nxeiiy na.iaiu i-ochoab. l ( npaHaiyi) HpaBMTexbCTBOXB iiporpaMMy npoTHBB aanaaoKB BpoTHBHHKa, KOTopuS BoapaxaxB cooCpaxeaiaMH othhcth OTB.ieieiiHaro,
— 131 — oTiacTH HCTopuqecsaro CBoScTBa, a KoxopuS bt, saiecTBi pimaraab* Haro aprywema npaBeat to, ito oht. — upoijieccopi, MeatAyHapoAHaro iipaoa, BaciiapKT, saMiTH.ix coBepmeHHO upaBHjtHO, n o .irtfiofi numi- CTepcaifi joK.ia.T’iHKX BHaert bt. stomt, oTHomemH 60.11.me, i $mt, OHt, upocjieccopr., a no, tojtbko 3Haa aoAosseHie <j>aKTHTecKHXT> mhhhxi, MOXHO lipuBHAbHO cyjHTB 0 npaBHTOAbCTBCHHUXT, M$paXT, AaHDOit MH- uyTH. Bt, STOMT, BoapazeBia BacMapEa ho cxinjerr, bhj4tb toabko fijHsafimefi piaa, T.-e. ocyxAeaic Bamaaa npoTHBHHKa, ho bt, mui, saKABiaeTca nooCme ocyataeiiie HeiiapjaneHTCKaro ynpaB.ienia, npa KOTOPOMX .rluionoft SJCMGHTT, HCKyCCTBCHHO OTAiXHGTCH o n COCTaBa muaTi,, EOTopua, aexEjy upowMi, npHsmutu Tasxe n kt, Toay, no6u EOHTpojapoBaTi, xiScTBia npaBHTeAbCTBa, ito, npa ae nap.iaMeHTCEOHT, yupaBaesia, oigbhaho, ctshobbtch oaTpyAHHTC.ibHHMT,. IIpucyTCTBie TaKoro A'ixOBOro sJieMeBTabt, cocTaBt aaxarb, oigbhaho, ecTb oaho hst, ycxoBiS xoponiaro ynpaR.ienia. Ilpa OTAi-iOBis jt,ioBoro saeMeaTa on aapoABaro upeAcTaBHTe.ii,cina jib.mkitcji ycaoBia HCKyccTBennaro b no- cTOBHBaro aHTaroBBaxaMeatAy KafiHiiCTOMi, h npeACTaBBTeajiMH aapoxa, neatly apaBHTGAbCTBOMT, h oanaTaMB, lips tbeomt, noAOseaiH j4jt, najaTH bbjibdtcb b i bha^ npasaanBOfi a BOCToaaeofi 0Bii03uaiii npa- BHTe.lbCTBV BO BCGMT,; out fl11.IBBITCH lipiUBailHUMH KaKT, 6u TOAbKO AAA Toro, TT06bI' EOBTpOABpOBaTb, naCABASTb, oCcyaA^Tb B OCySASTb sell MtponpiaTia npaBHTCALCTBa. TorAa kbkt, npa yc.ioBiiiXT, nap.ia- BOBTCsaro ynpaB-ieui’a, EafiaBen cOAHAapeHi, cs Bap.iaMGHTCKHMi. 6ojb- niHHCTBOMT,, EOTOpOO Taffb HAH HHaiO BpeACTaBAHGTT, fiOAbUIBHCTBO ' cTpauu; c,i'hAOBaTB.n,Hp, uipu npaBHreabCTBa, oiiHpaB3in.arocH npa no- cpeACTB* KaCHiieTa Ha bto tioAbaiHHCTBO, bi r.iaiaxT, HapoAa npioCpt- TacTT, 6oAbniee 3HaieHie h 66xbmy» caxy. Haoe uoAOxeBie a^at,, bo- mhmo scero Apyroro, bhochtt, TaKate h 6oAbmy» nyTaamty h neacaocTt bt, uoBBMaaie TesymaxT, boapoOhoctoB pOAHTHiecKoft xh3bh CTpaHU. TaKb, 6xaroAapa OTiacTH bto My, auai (1884 r.) coBpeMGHHbiit hah I’ep- MaHiB BonpocT, oTasT, Ha3UBaeM0MT, „ rocyAapcTBennoMi eoniaxn3Mi“ co- BepmeBHO6e3T. nyxiu h noxB3bi ofiocTpaeTca ci ofrbHxi, ctopoht,—h co CTopoHU npaBHTe.ibCTBa, noKpoBBTGAbCTBenHO othochmaroca kt, HeMy, a co CTopoHU ua.iaTi, nopHBa»maxT, MtponpiaTia npaBHTeatcma bt, btomt, Ayx't. TorAa aaKi bt, AETAia btott' TpeaoatHua A-’ a I’epMaaiii Bonpocb cboabtqh npocTO Ha onpoAiAOBBufi Kpyrb ofibl'iHUXT, rocyAap- CTBOHEHA'b M'tp'T,, BU3UBaOMUXT, BOAbBOD TOCyAapCTBa. Ho, npHBBaBaH bch) Heo6xoAHMOCTb bt, najaTax'b a* aobopo s.iemeiiTa a SHaieHie nap,iaMeHTcnaro ynpaBAenia, HyjKEohm^ti. b i BHAy h ycao- Bia, Koropua A*Aa»Tb ero ntAecoofipasHUMb. IlenocpeACTiieHiiaa cbhsi, aaEOBOAaieabHofl a HcnoABHTeAbHoS babcth, no6u 6utb baoaotboproS, upeADO-iaraei-b npoiHO ycTaHOBHumiaca uoiaTHiecKia aapTia, HMluomia
— 132 — cboh onpejct.qeHRua nporpaMHH. lib Anr.iiii Tasia napriH uecoMH'iiHHO HHbDTca, xoxa coofipasao Bpeueua curb HSMbaaBTca, h hxt, nporpaxMu nano.]ii ahitch hobhmi coAepataHioMb. IltinbmHia. aHrxifiCKia napriH HMtnTT. oieHt jpeBHee npoHcxosAenie; OHb cyib HacxbAHHUH ibxb AByxb BejBKaxi napTifi, AbaTexbHom. EOTopuxb HanoxHH.ua ncTopim Aarum sa npocTpaHCTBbnbcKoxbBBXb cxoxbrifi: napriS Topn h BHroBb. HHHimHHa KOBcepnaraBHaa napria (toph) h XHCopaxbHaa (bhih) npex- cTaiuauTca npoiHO ycTaHOBHBmHMHca; xaxAaa u:n, bthxt, napTifi Hubera cboh nojHTHHecKie AorMaTH, aoTopue b i o6m,ewb HcnoBbxyfOTca ne- yaaonno, h Kasxaa napria Bb cbohxi iioxhthhcckhxx xbftcTBiHXb py- KOBOAHTca onpeAbxeunofi h Bb cyinecTBeHHUXb nepTaxt nponuo ycra- HOBxeHHofi nporpaHHofi. OrciOAa dohbtbo, ito mhhhctcpctbo, cocTa- bxohqoc H3X naxaTCKaro lyo.ibnimiCTBa, iipHHaAxeatamaro, rxaBHHMb ofipasom, Kb OAHOfi H3t 3THXT. napTifi, 3naeT% Earn, ycxosia, Bb KOTO- pna oho HOCTaBJCHO, TaKb h rb TpefioBania, KOTopua Moryib 6hti, exy npexbaBxenu co CTopoim KonipoxHpymnaro SoxbniHHCTBa, itaicb OTHOCHTeXbHO OTAbXbHHXb M'bponpiarifi, TaKb Bb OCOfieHHOCTH OTHOCH- Te.ii.no o6n(aro nanpaB.icnia hoxhthkh KafiHHeTa. Bb Diwb cjyaat Ka6HHeri,, ouupaaci. Ha napxaxenTCKoe 6oxldihhctbo, Aepmaneeca onpe- AbaenHofi nporpaMMU, OTnexaHBO anaen., <nb cabxyerb eMy Abxaxb, na hto HaAxeaHTi eny oOpaTHTL ocoCennoe iiHunaHie, Kaxo# Bonpocb c-rbayeTb bosStahti. n KaKOfi uoxesHbe otxojkhtl bobco. hxh na Bpewa h t. n. Iixaroxapa dtoB hchocth noxoasema, a BaCwieTb, cpoKb noxno- Monia KOToparo coBnaxaerb oCuBnoneHno cb cposoMb noxHOMOiia na- xarb, npio6]ibTaeTb 66xbmy» yitb|>ei!iiocTb Bb cnoHXb nocTyiiKaxb, T.-e. Bb TOMb, hto Bcb ero sibponpiaria 6vxyTb HMbTb xbtfcTBHTexi.- Hyio CHxy h 6yAyra npanHMaTi.ca Kb HcnoxHeHin h upuabnaTbca cb Haxxesameio ToinocTbD u HeyKXOHHOCThn, h(5o Ka6«HeTb 3Haei\"b, hto ero nporpauHa AbScxsitt nsibsTb noxb cofiofi TBepxyn nonBy, TaKb KaBb cam. oHb onapaeTca Ha onpexbxeHHoe napxaueHTCKoe fioxbrnaacTBO. Hto K&caeTCH AnrxiH, to dth coofipaatenia TaMb xbficTBHTexbHO HMb»ib MbcTo. To *e caMoe hh BHAam h Bb EexbriH. XoTa 6exb- rificKia napriH h ne nubuTb Taaoro HcropHiecKaro suaiema, sain. napiiH Bb AHrxia, u xoia OHb KOXHTCCTBeimo AOCTaiomo pasHOofipaanbi, TbMb He MeHbe, cb toikh spbeia paicMoxjibHHUxb ycxoBifi, oco6eHHoe 3Haaeaie HHbBTb, K8Kb yuoManyxo BUine, ABb 6exbriflcaia uapriH: xh- 6epa.ii.naa b KaToxaqecKaa (Apyria ate xh6o HCoprpHasoBaBU. xh6o TOXbKO hto 3apoKAa»Tca, a DOTOMy h He HubiDTb noKa hhmkoS onpe- AbaenHOCTH). 3th ABb napxia, 3aHHMaioin,ia nonepeMbnno rocnoxcTByto- ntee noxoaienie, nponno ycTaHOBHxacb co npejieHH BOBHHBHOBdflia 6exb- rificKaro RopoxescTBa. H Bb Bexbria, totbo TaKb ace icam h BbAHrxrn MHHiicTepcTuo, ooapaD^eeca Ha OAHy hsi axHXb naprifi, 3Haa ea
— 133 — nporpamiy, ottctihbo 3Haen., aro hbajicxhti eiiy -f/btMh, coodpasHO Cl Hefl MCl y&IOBiHMH BJICMeHM. B i apyruxi -yc-ioniaxi naxoAHTca rocyjapcTBa, bi BOTopuxi no.TH- THiecRia napTia em,e ae c.ioKH.iact, hah bi kotopuxi aaxe ycjoBifi Axa odpaBORania TaKaxi TBepjjHXi napTig He cymecTiiyeri a He npea- bhuhtch. Ojiiio H3i aaTpyjaenift npa ofipaaoBaniH napiifl upejCTaB.iaen pacuiHpenie aadapaTexiHaro upaBa, cipeMjeme e i aeMy mu 3airitaaeHi bo bc6x i coBpeKeHHuxi aauaAHO-euponeicBHxi rocy^apcTBaxi. Oco- CeHHOb i t43x i rocyjapcTBaxi, rafi a Tenept yace jlifiCTiiyeTi upauoe h uceoCmee H3finpaTejitHoe upaBO, h.ih Bceodqaa co^aia ro.iocom, iilirt Ha aapo ashhuxi w# odpasoBaaia a oprannaauin npoiHuxi uoxHTHHecEaxi napTia, EOTOpua aorxa 6u hoctohhho BjiaTb Ha xoji yupaBxeaix, tbei xasi A.ia B03nHKU0Bema raxoBUxi ipedyeTca hbb'Bct- nuB ypoBeab napoAnaro ofipasoBama. Oicbmaho, ceteris paribus, btoti ypoBCHb jo-iatera noHaxaTbca uapa.ue.iMio ci paciHHpeuieui h36h- pare-ibnaro npaBa hjh, htoOu caasaTb acute, napaji.ie.ibno c i ysejni- nenieMi apyra ahri, Dpa3Uoaexbixi b i H36npaTexH. H, jtitCTHHTe.Ti.no, Aa*e b i tskoB cipaiii, Earn Bejn.rin, r j i ofimiB ypoaenb o6pa30Bania HHasHTejibHO Bume, atm b i jpyrHxi rocyjapcTBaxi, SKsaaeHU, upo- B3BejeaBue noBOdpaHRaMi Mji.mi;ni, ja-iH Kpaiuie neiajbiiue pesyjb- TaTu: jamb uesHaaHTeabHufl °/0 MHjninioHepoBi OTBina-n yjoB-ieiBO- puTeabRO Ha sajaHHUe Bonpocu '). Bo $paHRia ypoaei/r, HapojHaro odpasoBaHia eme Haxe, t4mi b i Bejinria; Bc-itjcrnie BToro, Bjiame napiiii a r t x i uporpaaai, eotopumh o6n3aea pyxOBOAHTbca Bcaxaa cepiesHaa nojHTaqecnaa napTia, ae Moxerb HafiiH jpia ce6a npomioft TOTBH onopu U UOJUepiKKH. KpOM'fi TOl’O, H3BilCTB0, UTO MBCCa HapOJa npeaBuqaiiHo CEAOHna ko Bcaxaui Eoae6aHiam to b i tj, to b i jpy- ryn cTopoay, saKOBaa cEJiouHOCTb h npoaBaaerca b i coBepmeaHO noj- qaci Heoauijannuxb nepeatnaxi b i HacTpoeHia napoja. Opa nceoO- meai roaocoBaHia, oqesnjHO, cosjaeTca B03MoaHocib ajh tserxi eo- .lefiaHifi h nepeMiHi, a npa Taanxi ycaOBiaxi coBepmeHHO TepaeTca noTBa naa ocnoBama TBepjuxi noAHTHiecEuxi napriS. 3 a rtH i, saaaenie a CHja uoxaTuaecEoa napTia ctohti bi aaoHCH- mocth o n ORHOro ycjioBia ipesBUianHoft naatHOCTu: .Tasaa Bjia- Teabuaa napTia uoxeTi h Aoaatna aBUTbca h3b4cthumi upojyKrom ucTopnaecEaro pa3BHTia HanjH. H a'Iihctbutojilho, BCt BaiaTejbHua napria, cynjecTsyiomia bi aacToautee apens bi pasauxi rocyjap- ') J®6onntno, Tro «a aonpoca: ifan at Benria h3 »btcji 38eohh? fiftatriBcaie miiHuiOHcpHoraiHUH: aopojen hjh sopoacm a KopoJCaoi. OieanjHo, no ohh h He nojoaptaan o cynecTaoaaniH aoBCTHTyniouuaro ycTpoicraa aa Bejirin. Sjtct BCTaTH[tpurtOMHHTk a OTHert aorjificKofi napjaueHTCKoB kommhccih ho aonpocy oGt $a6puaxi>.
— 134 — CTsaxx, hm&otx aa co6o» jaHHHoe HCTopniecaoe npomnoe. PascnaTpn* naa pasBarie sthxx napTift cx toikh sptaia hxx nponiaaro, uu saai- thmx, hto, HanpHirfcpx, nojHTHHDCKia napriH A s rm h BeabriH, no cnpaBe.wBocra, aoryn. 6htb na38aHU KOHCTHTjpioHHUMii in. tomx CMHC.rt, xto hxx, nporpaMMH cooTBiTCTBy»TX KOHCTKTyniOHiiunx ocno- naMt rocynapcxsa, no itpaftiteft «ip4 bx raaBHHXx n cymecTnemiuxx nepTaxx, a no uea«y t Smh h jpyrnMHnapiiaMH h* tx Torn npHinw niajr.naro paaimia, aoxopoe aaMiiaorca, nanpHMipx, bx ((ipaHnyacKHXx. nojnrraqecKHXx napTiaxx. Mostly napxiaMH 6iaaro, Tpcxnn'lixnaro h KpacHavo snanenn, noHaTno, no Moatew. Ohtx npHMHpeHiii; kx tomv ate bc6 oni naxiniaioTx cx oTpauania cym,ecTuyK>ni,aro nopisjRa. JJa, naKoneirb, h orj-futnaa napxia He npencTaBaaera o.ynopo.xnaro cocxaBa: ona flpoCiuca Ha niCKoabKO qacxefi, HirtBmHXX Kaatjan cBoft ott4- hokx. Taut, HanpHjrfcp'b, HOHapxmecKaa napxia bo \"PpaHniH nojpaa- at-inexca Ha aiii rpynnu: ojhh «eaa»TX BoscTaHosaenia KopoxencKaro peatHxa, Kaxrax ohx Gunx no 1789 roja; ipyrie xe, itanx opaeanncra, roxoBU csiaaib usB'IiCTnaro poja ycxyniin; ho pasAiaeme BjeTX h jaai.e: cpejn opaeaHHCTOiix. BUX'liaaeTca rpynna .ihhx, HacxanBaiomaa na HeB03Moa:Hofi nporpaMM'Ii uonapxiH, oficTaiueireoft pecuy6xBRancauHH yapeaxeBiaxa. Kx nirax noiixno npafiaBHTb CoHanapxHcxoub a ruepu- KanoBXf. IloaTOMy, noaoatenie MHnncTepcTBX aBaaeTca maxKHMx, nanx caynaftHO a ca«oe Go.iLinHHCTiio nx naaaiaxx. H aiifteiBHre.ii.no, nx. lexeme, nanpax., nocafyiHKXx 20 jtStx, jo HBraercpcTBa JK. 'I'cppH, hh o.ino HHHiicxepcxBO He cym.ecxBOBa.io Goaie no.iyro&a. ToxhoTaaoe ate pasHOofipaaie napTift mh BCTpi'iaenx h bx> npyccKnxx naaaTaxx. Thkhmt, o6pa30JTB, uonpocx o npmrfmeHin nap.xaMenTcRaro ynpa- Bjenia cboahtch kx Bonpocy o6x ycjOBiaxx opranHaaniu hcthhhhxx no.iBTnqecKHXx napTift, uoTopua Mor.m6u pyKOBOjnTb yupaB.ieuieMXcx TOXKH3piHia rocy.yapcTBenHaro HHTepeca,n KOTopua BMian6h H3BtcT- ny® odhthoctx bx yupaBaeniH jt.ianH. Ilpn OTcyTCTBiu xaKnxx napTift h ycaonift hxx B03KHBHOBeliia, npHMtnenic napxaMeHTcnaro ynpas.ieHia xoateTx noBecTHkx cymccTiieuubiMX Hey^o6cxsaMX h kx nocaliACTBiaHX, Becb»a HeateaaTeaxHUHx. BcaiwTBie aroro, owiaeme KadmioTa otx comBa naaaxx HOaten. anuTi-ca, npa tbkhxx ycaoniaxx n napTiaxx, K8KX BX SojbmHHCTBi KOHTHHeHTa.lT.HUXX TOCyaapCTBX, H*B0T0PUMX, KoppeKTBBoux. .9thmx pasBOodpaaieux napxifi h orcyrcTBieicx ycjiOBift U a B03HHKH0Beaia ucthhhuxx noxHTHaecKBxx napTift ofixacaaerca cpaaHHTeabHaa c.ia6ocTb na.iaTX bx 6oibnmacTBi eBponeiiCBnxx rocy- xapcTP.x cpaBHHTe.ibno cx Anr.iieio; HBOr.ua KOBTHBeHTaabnua naaaTu aiuaRTca oftparnoHx 6escH.iia, xxo oco6eHHo apKO oCnapyamaocb bx llpyccin bx nepioax BpeueuHotx 1862*o 1866 rr.: BHana.rii UnciiapRX naxoTO eipe BcoCxojHMbiM'i. bx C-iyxaaxx KOHTpJiHKTa, npiilitnaTi, kx
— 136 — pacnymeniio najiara; noAt kohcii,%we, iiacToSiiiuo buhojihjih cboh m4- ponpiaTia, aacro pacxojHBnriaca ct, weaamaKH naiaTjj, obi oKOHaa- Te.ii.HO nepecTaai Tpeuowurt, aopojia cob£to)i i o pacuymeuiti. IX. 6umeH3aoaKHHMa <j>aKTnaecKia jaHiiua hvwho mif.Ti. bx bhav npa AorMaTHaecKOM't aBAOweiiia KOHCTHTyuioHaaro npaBa, h6o npn oabomi AOraaTaaeCKOHx HBAowenin saKOHOBi mowho hphath k i 3aKj»- aeain, hto act KoncTHxynioHHua yapewAonia OAraaitOBU Beiojy, taI, OlfH HMt.lOTCfl. a AtfieiBBTeALHO, MHOl'iM KOHCTHTyniOHHHH XapTlH He To.ii.KO H03aaMCTB0Ba.iH Apyrt y Apyra aacTi. caoero coAepwaHia, ho hbahauci* Aoace npocTofi nepeneaaTBofi, Tast hto ort hhcto AomaTHAe- CKaro HSAowenia has noavaaeTca sneaaTjiHie TowAecTsa. Ho, dphhhbi bo BBHHaHie HCTopiio nponcxo*AeHiH yapewAeaiS h (jiaKTiiaecKyio boa- KAaAKy A'SScTBin KOHCTHTyHioHHUx'B saaoBOBX, hu (Sesi oeofiaro TpyAa ci.yM'Iie«x HaflTH pa3Aaaia h HecooTB±TCTBia MewAy upoBosrAamaeKHMT. npHHBHDOH-B, c i OAHofl cropoHu, h ero ocytneCTBjeBieMi— c i APyrofi, aio rAaBHUMX ofipaaoux h cosAaeri t4 ocofieHHOCTH, KOTopuMK otak- an»Tca Apyi'i on, jpyra pasAKauua $opMu KOHCTBTyaiouBoS Sonapxiii. C i otoS cymecTBeHHO# orOBopRofi mu b npHCTynnin, e i AoraaTH- aecKouy HBAoseHin. tjiaba n. IIpABA ROPOAEBCKOd BAACTH. KoHCTHTyniH aiEOTopuxx rocyAapcTBi npHanaion, Eopona raarioS rocyAflpcTBa; xoth stoti upuHUBui h ue Bupawem npano bo Bcixi KOHCTHTyuijlXl, BO H3T, OTA^ABHUXT, HOCTaHOBAeHifi hxi BUTeKaen, TO we aaKAioaeHie. KoncTHTynju: fiuuapcKan '), BapTCJifieprcita-H’), BTa.ii.HH- CKaa ’ ) h HiKOTopua Apyria npauo Aipa3HaiOTi KopoxH r.iaBoR rocy- AapcTBa h onpeA^AHUPB, aio bt, neMT, cocpeAOToaHBaeTca Bucmax ro- cyAapcTBeHHaa B.iaen,. Bi ApyrHxx KOHCTUTypiaxi iuacTB EopoAH OHJiea4AHGTCB, PAaBHUHT, 06pa30Hl, BT- IipHMt.neniH El HCHOAHHTeAfcHOfi BjacTif, ho eny do OTHomeHiio k i liaKOHOjaTe.ibHoft bahcth iipejoc.Ta- BAHDTCH Bci Tt WC HpaBE, HTO H Bl APyrHXl ROHCTHTypiBXl. ll03T0My mu aoawhu paaCMorpliTt o6u;ie npa3HaKu KopojeHCKOit ba&ctm no otho- meniio ro bc4h i ycTaBOBAemaxi kbki 3aK0H^AaTeAfcH0fi, t ik i h hcho.i- IIHTeABHOfl BAaCTH. •ei npana BcpxosHoB mscth, aoiopaa out oTnpauacn corjacHO KOHCTHTyniH*. Cp. cancoHcsyc «ooct., ct. 4. >) C. 4. *) Ct. 3, 8 ■ 6.
— 136 — A . Upaea xopOM no omnpaxumiK aoKOnodameMHOu eMcmu. I. Kopojn, sag's rxaBi rocyjapcTBa, npaaaAAexaTX onpejijeHHua apnea otiiochtoji.ho bjuicth saKOHOiaTestHOfl. Kopoxa bx KOHCTBTf- UiOHBLIXX BOHapxiflXSABJHIOTCHOAHHMX H3X BJieMenTOflX 9TOB BJT3CTH, tbkx sass jja U3jaaia sasoHOBX TpedyeTca corxacie sopoja a flByxs naxarx. Csepxx idro, sopoxio no oraouieHiD*x aapoAHOay npejcTaBa- Te-iBCTBy ijpejocTaBiaiOTCa ocodua npaBa, soTopua eocTaB.iann, ero npeporaTBBU. Eny npHHaj.ieiKHTS npaBO C03usa napxaweHTa hah na- ahtx. 9to HM'teTs to mpmiwecKoe 3HaaeHie, n o toxxko aapxaaeHTX, cobbuhhuB sopoaeax a m otkputuB, HMierx BxacTt ex oTnpaBjeaiio cbohxx noxnoaoHia h KOMaeTeiiTeax bx pa3CMOTpiaiio noAxeatamaxx ero B&A^Bia) a Iu x . Ho stotx npHnifHQx Be oAmasoBO iipaaiHaeTcn bx otj'Lii.huxx eBponeficKBxx KOHCTHTyn,iaxx. IIo anr.TiScEoS soncTHTyniB tun no npaiiH.mnx anrjiflcKaro aap.ia- HeHTcKai'o AtxonpoHSBOACTKa, BHpafioTaHBUax bx Teienie BiKOBX, ko- poxi, co3HBaeTX napjameHTx, paauo sasx eny ate npaaaAAeaHTX h upano Ha Bci AiiicTBia no orspuTix), 3aapuTi*> ceccifi uap.iaMeHTa h uo pocnycsy ero. Bx stoux cubical aarxificsie npacTu roBopaTX, no sopojx ecu „caput, priucipium et finis parliament!CxIiAOBaTejxHo, nxacTx co3UBaTL napxaiteHTx, npanajAeataaiaa nopo.no, Aaerx euy upaBO cosbibbtx napxaxeHTx no codcTBeHHOMy ycMOTjit.uiio. Bx aHrxiBcsoMx 3aK0H0AaTejLCTBlt irfirx npasioro nocTaaOBjeHia o nepioAHHHOCTH C03uaa nap-iaMeHTa. Bbaax o npasaxx 1689 rOAa tobophtx toaxbo, n o Axa ycTpaHOHia SAoynoTpefixcBiii aAManacTpaiua a ynpaiixenia a j.ia odtuefi noax3H CTpaau napjaaeBTH aoxjkhh cosHBaTbca noaacTy. Ho aToaeoape- AixeHHoe Biipaseme HeycTaBOBxaeTXnepioAHHHOCTHcoausa. nocxiAHaa yc'raaaBjiHBaeTcaKOCBeaaHMXcffocodoHx:BO-nepBuxx,r.iaahumsodpasoax TiMX, no napxaMeaTx noTapveTx rocyAapcTneHimfi d»A*eTX toabeo Ha oabhx toax, a npaBHTexscTBO He aosexx npHCTynaTx ax B3Hcsaiiiio HaxoroBx, sx nospuTin pacxojOBx a ex aa3uaaeniio ynoipedieHia cyMMx Ceax HOBaro cosusa napxaiieHTa; bto rpedyeTX yxe eaeroAHalo co3UBa. Bo BTopuxx, aBtAiflcsaa apaia cyntecTBycTx Ha ocHonania ocodaro aasoHa— mntiny bill, soTopuft BOTapyerca a yTBepxAaeTca Taaxe tojxeo Ha oahhx* toax. BcxiACTBie btoto, npaaHTexLCTBO ocTa- aocx du a deax Aeaerx a 6esx apaia, ecxa du He npadiraxo kx e*e- roAHOMy cosuBy nap.iaaeHTa. lipanraaecKOe npaaiaeaie exeroAHaro co3UBa napAaMeHTa Hauuo cedi aicTO a bx esponeficsHxx KOHTaaeaTaAinHxx Koncraiyi(iflxx. Boxbniifi npocTopx sopo.no bx btohx OTaomeHia npoAOCTaBaakitx ai- aoTopua repaaBCKia KOHCTHTypia, no npeHMymecTBy Ti, KOTopua bu-
g | « S g =c 5 5 = I I l 5>lt|3l| £ac*.5?ji*gS 11 113 a 3 a s sf i l S Sill ilI li c g « § all \\a» n “ I “= sa so 1 1 1 1 \" «Sf ‘ s t l l ! I | | l t i | gj-ilfiiii-i 11512 s i e i t i 1 1 f t i & ; i g j - T ! g Ills gIi-i |l j 11Sl!t I| s-ia11s I sIis's-a-i i s i f a i 1 1 i 1 1 I s s’ ! ! I f | -i ; f l | 1! I i 1 11 sf st j i 1 1 1! 1 1 ! 1 2 S.S I »rs S s : U l | | ' 3 3
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— 138 — Ha uoHCTHTyniH. Htsex, Kopojb Bb OTupaB-ienia cboux'b npasb xia- CTnyeTb caMoeroaTeEbHo Bb npexiuaxb, npexocTan.ieimiJXb CMy koh- crHTynieio. Tohbo iaKb * e Bb BTHXb npejtaaxb caMOCTOflreEbHO jifi- CTuyiOTb h naiaibi. TiKHHb oOpasonb, 3iHMb bboahtch KaKb 6h pee- OaTba 706e*bri8citofi KOHCTHTynia, KOTopoB cooTsiicTByeTb ct. 95 pyMHHCEofi, onpejtaaeTb, hto najaTU coOapaioTcjr no coficTBeHHOuy npaBy bo 2-fi BTopBHKb noafipa Kamjaro roja, hto Ropoab HoaceTb co- 3UBaTb mb a paBbme, h mo Bb Toub CEynat, ecaa irajara h He co- 3BaHU EopoaeMb paHbme, OBf, co5apa»Tca caMH Bb yKa3aHBH0 koh- CTHTyniem cpoKb. Tasoro ace poxa nocxanoBJeHie mu naxojirab h Bb HH^epaaBAcEoa ttoncTHTyniH, EOTopaa nocTaHOBjaerb, hto naaaia (re- Repa.ibHHC niTaTu) aojjkhu co6HpaTbca, no Kpaitnea Mlspi, o.xhht, pa3b Bb roAb, Bb 3-fi nOHeAiabBHKb ceHTafipa. UlneAcwui KoncTHiynia, upejocTaBjaa apaso co3HBa Kopont, onpexiaaeTb, hto najiaTU lo.iacnu fiHTb coBBanu no B03MoacnocTB Kb 15 HHBapH Kaacxaro roja. HopBeac- cKaa BOHCTHiynia (Kasb a CeabriflcKaa), ycraBOBEaa aeh naaaTb npaBO caMocToaTeabH&ro co6pania, npejnHCHBaeTb, hto CTopTHBPbjoaaeHb co- fmpaTbca Bb nepsuS npHCTTCTBeHauS jeiib ^espajH. II. E cjib He Bci KOHCTHTyniH npB3Hai>Tb aa sopoieiib npaso no CBoevy TCMOTptniu cobubutb naja™ Bb cpoKb, KoropuS cmt npea- CTaBjaeTCH Eyznuiib, to bc4 OHi npejocTaBEBBTb eaiy irpano oTapu- BaTb cecciio. OrxpuBaTb cecciio SHaHBTb o&bHBjaTb 8acijaHie naaaTb oTKpuTUHb, T.-e. eoBepmaTb tekoS aKTb, BcxixciBie EOToparo naaara Boryn. upacTynHTb Eb cbohmt, ataaiisicb. Bb Ahtjub OTEpurie ceccia npOB3BOEHTCE HJIH EBHHO KOpO.ieMb, BEE ynOEHOMOHeHHUMH HMb Ha TO JHnaiiH, KOMMHCcapaMH, noayHawmHHH OTb Hero Ba ceft npejiMen. ocofioe noEBOMOHie, cKpinxeHHoe (kubinoio rocyAapcTBeHHOjo nenaTbC. Bb caynai EHHHaro OTKpHTia, sopoEb ebhho OTnpaB.uierca Bb 3AaHie uapEaMeHTa h OTicpuBaerb najaTU Bb aaat naaaTu Eopjosb, T.-e. BepiHefl najaTU, npH neab EOpju oGawiau xoatHAaibca ej npH6uTia. Ilocai Toro, EBKb KOpOEb eaHHEb B*CTO Ua TpOHf., 8K3eEyT0pb ua- E8TH EopjoBb OTopaBEHeTCE Bb naaaTy o6n;HHb (e u seee naxaTa) h nparjamaerb HEeHOBb ea hehtbch Kb pfcmeTKi aaxu, r j i 3ac4xaeib EopoEb,i xxa BHCEymaaia oCbaB.aenia 06b oTEpuTiH iiapxaMCHTa. Ta * e caiiaa nponejypa cofijejaeTca h np« OTspuTiB naxaTb no nopy- neBiio KopoEa ero ynoEHOMonoEBUMB. 3Ta npaKTHEa ycsoeHa b koh- THnCHTa.TbHblMH KOHCTHTyniilMB: Bci OB* onpe*6Ea®Th, HTO KOpOEb BOaceTb OTKpUBBTb CeCCiiO BEH EBHHO HEH Hepe8b ynOEBOMOHeEBOe Ha TO EBEO (HEH BiCKOEbEO EBEb). * OnpuTic naiarb Bb ioft heh Bb Epyrofl ((lopM-fc HMteTb to, Baacnoe jHaneHie, hto npa oTKptiTin nsb Kopoii. HutaeTb Tpoimyio pinb. Ilojb
— 139 — Hefi pa3y*teTca KopoaeBCBoe o6xHBaeme o npaiaHaxx cosuBa aaxaTX, KpaTKifl ottctx o BHininenx a BnyTpemieMX nojoateniH CTpanu H yaaaaHie Ha r t 3aK0H0AaTem>HHH pafioTU, Ha KOTopua «paBHTCiii.CTRO Kp.ia.io fiu ofipaTHTi. BHmaHie na-ian., n Ha BnecenHUe npaBHTeXL- ctbomx Ha ycxorpiaie najiart aaKOHOiipoeKTU, cx oCxflCHOHiem npn- bhhh BHeceHia a BaatHOCTH hxx cx tohkh spinia caMoro npaBHTe.n.- CTB3. C.lt.HOBaTCHLUO, B% TpOHDOfi JlitlH 3SKJCiaPTCJl K.'SKT. 6u TpH s.ieiieHTa: 1) o6xaB,ieme o co3HBi a oTKpHTiH naxaTx, 2) OTien. o nriiunnpMi. a BayTpeHHeai no.ioateHia cTpaau h 3) yaasaHie rlsxx aaKOHOupoeKTOB'b, Ha aoTopue npanHTP.Ti.CTno xenaxo 6u ofipaTHTi, BHaaanie naxarx. Xoth TpoHHaa pint aBjaeica KaKX 6u .ththuht. aKTOMT. KopoxH, ho cocTaBxeHie en a otbIitctbghhoctt. 3a ea coacjt- xaBie, no KOHCTHTynionnunx oCuiaflax, jtoxhtx Ha xaHHCTpaxx. BcaijcTBie aroro, naxaTU aoryTX bx cbocnx otb%thomx na aee ajpeci upejcTaBHTb BonpaiKCBio no noBoay Tixx h.ih apyrHXx ea nrfecTx. C-iyaaeTCH HHorja, ito TpoHHaa p’fe'n. cTaHOBHTca hoboaokx ax roct.mb cepbe3HUMX CTOxnHOBeaiaax nexAy npaBHTexLCTisoMX .a naxaraMH. Bx nH.i'h npHwt.pa axosiy hoxho yaasaTi. Ba rpoHHyiD pishi. (JipaHnyncaaro Kopo.iH Kapxa X, npoBSHeceHHyn xhx bx 1830 roxy npa OTRpuTiu uaiaTX. Bx hoB ohx chxlho nopimaxx aM ctbih HapoAHtixx npejcTa- BHTeaeS a oaaoswiiH. Do nono.iy btoA pina o6i na.iaTu (ocotienno DHepruTHo hhhchhh naxaTa) npeACTaBHAH otb$thu& aapecx, bx koto- pOHX C.lOBa KOpO.iencKofl TpOHHOH phiH. oOpameHHUH EX RapOABHHX upejcTaBHTC^HMX, uuxa™ npanacHBaioTX jypHHwx conf.TaMX, KOTopuax nojiHHH.iCH sopojTb, no noisoxy nero naxaTH a BbiacasuBaxH CBoe co- aaxiHie. 9totx oTBiTHuR aApecx caaiaxa hobjokx 3a co6oto pacny- DteBie najraTX, a sariax cA'fcxaxca OjiaacaBmaux hoboaokx peBo.mniH 1830 ro&a, BHSBeprHyBHieR Kopoxa. Hthkx, Kopojx TpoaBoB piibio jThbho hah aepe3x oco6uxx ynOXHO- HoneHHuxx oTKpuBaPTx cecciio caxaTx; saTiMx jaALHifimiH sacixaHia napxaaeHTa npoacxoAHTX Bat nopoxeBcaaro npacyTCTBia; aopoxb He tojbko He npHcyTCTByeTx bx HeMX, ho h He npHHHaaeTX nHKaKoro yiacTia bx ero pa&mixx. C x ' bthmx ctohtx bx cbh3H a to, BHpafio- TaHHoe npaKTHKofi a napxaaeHTCKHMH oOuiaaMu, upaBaxo, cymecTBy»- mee bx Aarxia a bx Apyraxx rocyaapcTBaxx, no EOTopoay canoe yno- KHBaaie aueHH Kopo.m h npHBeAenie ero cjiobx bx -3aiHBTy Toro h.ih Apyroro mhIihui h.ih 38EOHonpoeETa CesycxOBHO He AOiiycKaeTcfl upa napxaaeHTCEHXx npeHiaxx, thkx rhex nocxiAaia aoxhchu upoucxoAHTb . cbo6oaho, BHi BcaRard nodopoHnaro Aarueiiiii: bc$ p’liaa ao.iikhu 6htx oRpameHH ex AenyTaTaux hah npaBHTe.ii.CTBV, ho ho ex ocod'ls Kopo.in. Kopoxb CTOHTX BHi AO^aTOBX. in. Ho ecxa Eopoji. ne ynacrnyeix bx saHHTiaxx uaJiaTX,' to bx
— 140 — TeTOHie Toro BpeneHH, sorja OHt co6paHU, oht> h«'I;ctt. othochtmi>ho hhxi ocofiua ouperfjeBHUa npaBa. TaKb, oht. HMierr, npaao OTcpora- iiaTt 3ac$iaHie najian,. IIoat. oTcpoiKoio paayMieica nepepuBb ceccia naxaTb aa HtcKoxtKO iiiett hah mniih, nocji'b aero saciaama HXb cuoua boboChobahdtch. OTcpoiKa HenpeapamaerB Teieaia ceccie naxaTb, a jHmh npepHBaen HXb 3aciiaBia, ocTaBjaa paacMOTpime saaoHO- npooKTOBi hah odcyatjeHie npaBHTeAbCTBennuxb sripr. Ha TOMb mo- MeHii, Ha KoropoMb sacTaxa HXb otcpoBKa. TaKb, Hanp., scjh okoh- .TOHie iiepBaro TreHia saKOHOnpoeKia i n 6hxxh coBnaAaeTb Cb o&e- HBAeHieM'B o&hoTcpoiKi, to, uo oKOHiawHea cpoKa, BHOBb cofipaBmaaca najara ne HaiHn&eTb Ataa cHosa, a npacTynaeTb ko BTopoiiy, a 3a- h Kb TpeTLeny Heflin. Ho otcpcrea aB-iaeica HHorAa HSBicT- IlLIMb HOAHTHBecKHHb CpOACTBOMb, 0C06eBH0 KOrAa MeSAy npOACTaBH- Te.uiHH npaoBTeabCTBa, cb oahoS ctopohu, h sapoAHUMb npeACTaBH- TeabCTBOMb—Cb Apyrofi, B03HHKa»Tb npepeKaBia, rpoaamia nepefiTH Bb cepbe3Hoe CTOAKHOBeHie. 1to6h astb ro:imo;khocti, npaBHTOJbCTBy oficyAHTb M’lipu. ajh ycTpaHeHia B03HBKniHXb Hocor.iacifi, a naxaTaicb— npHATH Kb saKOMy HH6yAb p'inieHiD, 6oabhihhct80 KOHCTHryiuS ao- uycKaeib oicpoiKy sactAama najaib. Ho bto Bb npHHHHni noxeaHoe cpeACTBO HHorAa mototl HRHTbca cpeACTBOaib Kb sxoynoTpefiaeHiio Bb TOMb CMUC.lt, BTO OTCpOHBa M0<K6Tb HBHTbCH CBOCoCoMb AaBJOHlH Ha naxaTH, raKbKaKboyTOMb uocxtAOB&TeAbHO noBTopanatHzca oTcpoBeiiT, moxho AAHTb ceccio HconpeAi.ieonoe Bpeua, Bb TeiCHie KOToparo ynpaB.ieHie ocTaeTca BHt uapaaMeHTCKaro kohtpoah, h rtwb BHHyatAaTb y uaxan, corxacie aa TpefioBaHia, npeACTaBAOHnua KafiBBCTom,. Run upeAynpeaEAeHia TaKiixb cxyiaenb, Bb AHrjia oTcpoiKa saciAamfi na- ,iaTb aepesb KopoaeBCKoe pacnopaseHie ae AonycBaeTca. 06t uaaaTU, no co6cTBeHH0ny onpe,vh-ie>i)Bj, MoryTb OTcpoBHsaTb cboh 3actjaniB Bb iitBOTopuxb CAyiaaxb; TaKb, no DOBOAy KBBHXb na6yAb cofiuTifi, Bb POA'6, Banp., CMepTU iiaacnaro rocyAapcTaeHHaro tejoBtKa, hah na Ton, c.iyiafl, KOTAa ceccia npoAOxataeTca aoato h ueHbi BajaTb Hy- XABBITCH Bb OTAUxi Ha HtCKOALKO ahbS. OrcpOBHBaTb SB aactAaaia nb CHjy KopojeacKaro pacnopaseHia ’ ho AonycKaeica KOHCTHTynioH- humh ofiuiaHHB AHi'jiH. Bb Tixb CAyqaaxb, BorAa aHrxiflcBie KOJKI.IM DbiTaAHCb npHfttrayTb Kb OTcpoiat sactA&sift naxaTb, nocatAnia oAbaBjaAH TaKia doiiutkh HCKoncTHTynioBBUHH, npeAAaraa Kopo.no, ecAH oHb cBHTaeTb bto HyatHHMb, npaCtraTb Kb upoporaniH ‘), T.-e. ') lIa:!Kanie npopormi* BHorja ao coBcin
— 141 — K'b o&taBjeBin o saKpuTin cecciH. Ho saspHTie cecciH ho Moxen, 6.UTb BuroAoo KaGiiHCTy, ec.iH napaaMenrc, ne pa3CHOTpiab saxHuxb Af.-n., ocofienno CliOAKCTa. ' ^pyria KyiiCTUTyuia AonycKawn. oTcpowy sacipaHia najiarr,. TaKb, CejbriBcKaa EOHCTMTypia AonycaaeTb ajournement a nocTanoBaaeTb, hto aopo.ib HM-feeTb upaBOorcpoTOBaTb cecci» hc fiojic, KPKb na 1irfi- capb, h ct riiMb, ttoOu pacnopaxenie o hoboS OTcpoBKi <fnao c j i - jaHO ho HHaae, Earn, cb cor.iacia najian,. Ilpoiiii KOHCTHTypin npp- BBanTb OTcpoiay Bb toS x e (fiopM-6, Bb KaKOfi OHa AonyipeHa Bb Bejbria. UpyccKaa EOHCTHTypia jaen. Kopoau npano oTcpoiKH (der Konig kann die Kanunern vertagen); ho, 6esb coraacia naaaTb, ot- cpoHKa ne Aoaxna npoa;oaxaTbca Coate Micapa a He Moxeri bobto- paTbca Bb Ty x e ceccic (ct. 52). B oaie mapoKiit cpoRb «aa orcpo- aeab napaaMeHTCKHXb ceccifi ycTaHOBaaorb uiKoropua repMaHcaia KOHCTHTyidH. TaKb, cascoHCKaa (ct. 116) onpejiaaeTb, hto sopoib uoxeTb orcpoHHTb cecciio ho 6ojf>e aanx na 6 Mieiipeiib; BHpTesifiepr- caaa (ct. 186) a CajencKaa (ct. 42) orpauHiHsamca ycTaHOBaeHieMb npaBHaa, hto Kopo.no npeAOCTaBaaeTca npaBO OTcpoiHBaTb cecciH, He onpeAiaaa Aaa otcpohkh cpoaoBb. Bb STOMb xe CMbicai nocTaHOBaaen. h acnaiiCEaa KOHCTHTynia (ct. 32). Orb otcpohkh OTAHHaeTCa 3aKpjjTie ceccia napaaivfeHTa, KOTOpoe Toxe coBepmaeTca no KopoaeBCEOMy pacnopaxeniio. KoncTHTypia onpe- A’kaaiOTb. Bb Tenenie EaEoro upeMcmi aoajehh saciAaTb naaaTH. TaKb, CeabrificKaa nocTanOBaaen., hto naaaTu aoajkhu Sim, cofipanu, no EpaKaeB Mipf., Bb TeaeHie 40 AHeft h, caiA0BaTejf,HO, paHI.mo sroro cpoEa neab3a aaKpuTi. i x t cecciH. Bb TOMb xe CMbicai, ho Bb h4- caoabKo hhoB (J)opni nocTaHOBaaeTb nopBexcEaa bohcthtypia, hto ctop- TMHi'b ociaerca Bb cfiopi He fioaie Asyxb Micapeeb 6esb coraacia Kopoaa. BaBapcEie ocaoBHbie saKouu onpejiaaoTb, hto cecciH naaaTb AOaxhu npoAoaxaTbca 2 Micapa, npn neMb nopoab HMieTb npano npOAAHTb HXb H T. A- IV. Ho cauuMb naxHHstb npanosib Kopoaa, no OTHonieHiio ocofieHHO HHxHeB naaaTH, hah oTHOCHTeabHO oS$HXb naaaTb, ecau n Bepxnaa naaaTa iipnnaAaexaTb Tanxe Kb npcay Bbi6opnbixb, aBaaeTca pacny- ipenie naaaTb, dissolution, Auflosnng. lOpnAHiecKoe snaneBie aKTa pac- nyipeHia saKarotraeTca Bb TOMb, hto noanoHoiia AcnyTaTOBb npeKpa- ipaioTca panie cposa naacTbro nopoaa. naaaTH nsOnpaBTca na cpoBb (7 aiTb, saKb Bb AHrain, 6 a i n , KaKb Bb ABCTpin, 6, 4 i i. A- aiw . Bb Apyrnxb rocyAapcraaxb) h, caiAosaTeabHO, Bb Tenenie btoto cpoKa naeHU naaaTb PoatavKiTca cbohmh AenyTaTCEBJin noanoMoaiaMH. Ho Kopoaa MOxeTb npeKpaTHTb »th AenyTaTCKia noanouoaia paiitme
— 142 — na-taaietiHaro n.w bhxx cpoKa, pacujcrtjBx najara h uaanatHBX HOBue BBiOopu! Ilpauo pacuyiueniH napjiauenTa aajaoTea cymecToeHnunx npasoxx aopoaa, ax TtoTopoxy ohx apH(54raeTX oSueeobohho auniB bx hckjud- nneJitHuxx cjytaaxx. PacnymeHie uapjaxcHTa octb ane&janis, o6pa- meijie kx HanjH jaa pkmeHia Kaaoro jh6o Baasuaro sonpoca, no Koto- pony He eocToaaocb cor.iauienia xe**y .i^aKtopaxH rocyiapcTBeafloft BJactH. C-itiOBaTeabHO, kx uexy npH6kraDTX, BO-nepBHxx, bx tixx caytaaxx, Korja XHBHCTepctBO HaxoiUTca bx upotHBopkiiH cx noia- Taxa (ocoOeaHo cx hh3kh6h> naxatoio), hjk Korao npanHieatcTBO no- .laraexx, bto jarnitia naaatu neBipao opejcTasaanTX aejania a Ha- cTpoeaia cTpauu. IIoaTomy bx btobx cayiak najaTU pacnycKaiOTca bx TOfi HaAcauk, 1TO suOopH w y t x Tajtoe (ioabmHHCTBO, Kotopoe 6y- jotx nojuepKHBatt mmtiCTepcTBO. Kx pacuymeniD npn6kraDTX, bo- btophxx, roi'xa, Korja napjaueHtcaoe CojLinHncTBO, noaaepatHBaBinee XHHHCTepCTBO, CXafio, H EOW, CjkjOBaTejbHO, KOposa HHieTX BXBMJ DOaKpkDHTx Bio c.ia6oe uxa KijaeC.nomeeca Co.ibiuhhctbo hoboB chiod, nocpeACTBoxx hobhxx BuCoposx. HaKonen,x, kx pacnymenixi upu6t- rasjtx, Koi'Aa xeaay caxuxH naaaxaxiH BOSEBKaiOTX BaiKHHii pasiio- rxacia, npn KOTopuxx Bek pacHHiaHHua Ha ycTpaneHie nxx xkpu co CTOPOHH KopOHH H.1H MHHHCTepCTBa He BX COCTOHHiH DpHBeCTH KX Ka- khmx jih6o pesyxbTaTaxx, tkkx hto BosHHBiniH paaHonacia oaxaix ocTaotcH HeycrpaHHxuxH. Bonpocx o pacnymeniH napjaxeaTa a o6x yc-ioBiaxx BToro pacuy- m,enix bo3hhkx toxbko Torj,a, Korxa juh uajiatt (5u.ia yciaHOBXoHa nepiojBtBOCTL axx coctaBa, T.-e. tojbko cx- ycTaHOBJienieMX xoth 6h BiKOTopai'ocpoKanpojojaeBia jenytaTCKHxx noanoHotift. IlepBOHa'iajiHO bx Ahimw napxaaeBTU coBUBaxHCB ad hoc, coofipa3HO aeay npoasBO- Ahxhcb a Bufiopu. Ohh coBHBaxHcx hjh bx T’hxx cxyqanxx, Korxa KO- poxH Hysxajacb bx cy6cmiaxx h.ib coBkrt no KaKHHX Ha6y.HL naac- huhx Bonpocaax BeyTpeHneB a BHkmHet uoxhthkh; ho cymeCTBOBaHie nap.iaueHTa npespamaJOCB Baicrh cx paapkmeaieMX bthxx Bonpocoax, taax hto hh o*hhx uap.ianeHTx He nepesHoa-ix ceccia, ua Koropyo ohx 6lux cosBaHx. K o w yCTaaoBxeax Oiux cpoKX naxaTCKaxx hojiho- HoaiB, hbhxocx a npaBO Kopoxa npepuBaTk sth noxHoaoaia x Hasaa- HaTb HOBue BuCopu. Cxyiaa pacnymeBia napjaueHTa bx AHrxia BnepBbie aBjaerca npa CTDapxaxx. y » e Ihkobx I, BCTyuuBmifi bx 6opb6y cx napxaaeHTOMx a Be coi-jacaBmiflca cx hhmx ho noBOxy ni- KoTopuxx nepKOBiiuxx BoupocoBX, HkcKOJbKOpaax pacnycKaax hhikhub) naaaTy. IlpH Kapjk I napaavcHTx 1626 ro*a 6ujx pacnymeax, hto6h OTKXOHatb oCBaaeuie naatBeh na.iaTU npotHBX .>Fo6aMna Kopoaa, rep- Bora ByKKHHraaa. Bx 1629 ro^y hhskhbh naaata 6uxa pacnymena H3X-
— 14S — aa cnopa o HencnoAHeHiii HeBaaosro iiepest Tint yTBepjKjeunaro so- posent „nponreHia o npaBaxt*1 h nesejaaia nasaTU yTBepAHTt cyfl- CHiia. llocst ad.iraro bpcmuhh CesnapjaHeHTCsaro ynpsBjieHia, Bt 1640 rojy, 6hat, c03BaBt nap.iaMeHTt, KOTopufl noiipo6oBast npes- CTaBHTt Kopo.no o 3.ioynoTpeC.ieHiax'ii ynpaB-ieaia h 6h.it. nenewenno pacnymem,. Ho, hoax BjinnieMt 3aTpyAHnTeJLHUxt 06cT0aTe.1r.CTBT>a, r.iaBHUMT. o6pasoMt, BCsiAOTBie BoacTaBia, BOSHHEinaro bt. HIoTAaH- AiH h HpmHjuH, cosBant 6u.it. TaKt HasUBaenuS ^osriB Hapsa-' s e s n . Upa Kap.rfc II pacnymeuie uapaaveuTa miijo Micro no riMt ate noBo.iaM't, o KoTopun, cKasaHo Bume, nnenHO, BCJrfejeTnie pasAopa ae»EAy coBiTBHKanH Kopo.ia h HUZHeB nasaTOfi. Tam., Bt 1679 r. naaaTa 6usa pacuymena boat. T in t bhahmumt. npeAsorout, tto xe*Ay AByxH uajaTaHH npoB3om.ro 6yAT0 6u nenpmiHpHiioe pa:morsacie, bo Bt Ai*CTBBTejBHOCrH pajH T0P0, HTOCu 0TKJ0HHTB o6BHB6Hie HHJtneS inuaTU npoTHBt jno6nxna KopoAH, nepsaro MHBHCTpa ;I.ou6h, o6bh- HaeBaro Bt npPcTyiiAeHin no aoazhocth. 3to cpeACTBO,.csiAonaTear.no, csyrKHAo aab nisei) 6osie hJh uenie AHHHHXt,b noTOMy c.iyiafl -.Ta- Koro poAa He Mon. 6utb AOnymeHt, Kara, mothbt, ash.pacnymenia. H AificTBBTesbHO, no3AHiauiunB nocTaHOBsetiiaMB 6hao ycTanoBseHo np'a- bhao, no EOTOpony o6BiiHenie, B036yzAeHHoe UMasHero nasaTOD, Be ua- Aaert ct ea pacnyrneHieut, a noAseaunt paocMOTpiniio BepiHefi na- A8TH Bt csiAyromyio ceccin. Bosie KOHCTHTynioHHue mothbh Asa pacnymeHia nap.iaireHTa aBBsact Bt XVUI cTosiiiH. 1to6u 'paspiniHTb sonpoct, Bt Kasaxt csyqaaxt ci'o.iKHOBenia sopo.ia ct oasaTaMn HusHaa nasaTa noAsezasa pacnymeHiro, mu npHBeAent BicKOAbKO npnnipoBt. B t XVIII cTOsiiia mh BCTpinaeiica ct csynaaMB pacny- ntenia nasaTU ct toB uI>.ii.io, hto6u yrcpiuHTB K0.ie6.iB)in,eeca mhhu- CTepcTBO, He pacuosaraBoree 6oai,bibhctboiit. b i uajart. TaKt, Bt xoaqi 1783 roAa Kopo.in l'eoprt III npu3Bast Kt ynpaBjeHiro BHsbaMa llama MsaAuiaro, AOsro ynpassaBniaro Airr.iieB; bo bi nepsoe speua Bt na- saTi 6u.it cnseHt Ayxt onnoaHnin, onHonapoBaBuefi ct 1774— 1783 rr. npOTBBt BO0HU Ct B03CTaBIBHllH BpOTHBt aUI'.liflcKai’0 BJiaAHHCCTBa 6yAyn(BMH CiB.-Auep. Coes. UlTaTauH. IIpeABOABTesauH onoosHniH 6usu: BopKt, ■I'OKct, IlIepriAam, a up. TaKt East Ubttb M-iajuiift npHMUKa.it Bt TopiflCKofl napTin, to' n He Mort pacnosaraTb 6osb- BlHHCTBOMt Bt HKZHeft uasaTt. HoOTOMy Bt 1784 rOAy OHt BOCOBi- TOBast Koposu pacnycTBTb hhzbioio nasaTy, u hobuo «u6opu npn- necsH euy 6osbniBBCTBO. Tonio TaKt zo Bt 1807 rosy MHHHcrepcTBO sopsa HepcuBasa, yipaTHSt 6oAtnraHCTBO Bt nasaTi hah, iio KpafiricB nipi, npeABHAa sty yrpaxy, hiib yKpinseBiH ce6a upnOirso Kt pacuy- mcHiro nasaTU h HasaaneHin HOBHXt Bu6opost, KOTopue tohho TaKt ze AasH eMy zesaeMoe 6osbniHHCTBO, TaKt hto uocAiAosaBiuyio 3a cant
— 144 — liepeulmy mmHCTepcTBa cj’fcjyeTb upanncaTb KCKJC9HTejn.no cnepTH cauoro npeHbepa. Bb 1831 rojy, now MHHHCTepcnio jopja Tpea, npoBOjHBmee iiapjaneHTCKyc pec|)Opny, hmI jo opothbt. cefia BpasjefiHO- HBCTpoeBHUH llflJATy JOpAOBbHDKJ&Ty ofimUHb,TpeB BOCOBllTOBaJbB0- pojnopaciiycTHTt hhjkhbk) naaaTy, nnasnaneiiBhie, BCJfexbsartHx, Hoaue BUCopH npHHeCJHCHJbliyfO IIOJAepSKy KBKb MHHHCTCpCTBJ, T8Kb HDap- j&HeirrcKOH pei|>opHt, 6njjb o KoropoB, Bwfc.ycTBie »tofo, a yxaiocb upoBecTH Bb 1832 rofly. Tannin. o6pa30Mb, Bb npHBexeHHHXb Tpexb cjyiaaxb pacnymeuia iiaxarb MHHHCTepcTBO ocTHBajocb Bb Bhiarpumi. Ho ne Bcerja pacneru upaBHTeJtcTBa 6hjh npaBEJi.RU h onpaRjuBa- jhcb. Tan, b'b 1834 roxy MHHHCTepcTBO nuroBb, KOTopoe ne «an. jbbho npoBRjo iisOnpaTeJbayffl peijiopMy, Be hmIuo npeaBaro 6ojb- uihhcthh, Boropoe ero nojjcpatHBajo, h, Bcjiijcraie n/fejaro paja odih- 6okt., HMb xonym,euauxb, ono Bb 3BaiaTeJBHO0 ctcbchh jmmBjocb jo- stpia cTpaiiu. OcBOBUBaacb Ha btbxt. bhahmuxt, chmbtom.^xt. upej- croaiaaro Kpynieaia KHnacTepcrsa, BH.ii.re.iLMb IV cTejb HyaiHUHb COCTaBHTb BOBOe MBBUCTepCTBOHBpHSBajbKb HeHy TopificByw napTiu, bo rjast Koropofl Bb to BpeKa CToajb Pofiepro. Hhjl, corjacHBmiflca apanaTb aa ce6a cocTaB-ieuie UHHHCTepcTBaaojb ycjioBieMb, ito hhjkhuh aaaaTaH6M6AJ6RH0 Oyaen. pacnyineaa. OjHano, nocjrSjOBaBmie sa chmt. HoBue Bufiopu a bhobb ofipasoBaBBiaaca HHStuaa na.iaTa ORatiajHCb Bb B0Jb3y BBrOBb, KOTOpUe, TaKHMb 0<5pa30ab, BBOBb (Shjh npB3BaaU Bb cocraBjeHio MBaacTepcTBa. -Bb 1841 rojy, aaoCopoTb, napTia BHroBb npafrbraa Kb pacnynieHiD najarb; bhobb ofipaaoaaBmeeca OojbmaacTBO HiuKHcfl najam nojjepxnvajo XJiiSpue 3aKoau. Hran, B3b STHXb npaatponx mu xojshh ttaK.nouHTb, aio pacuy- meHie napjaneHTa— opyxie oOonjoocTpoe. Bb BaaecTBi anejjHpoaa- Hia, ofipameaia Kb oOmecTBCBHOMy KHinia) CTpaHU, Bb pacoymeaiD Moatno npafitraTb jamb noc.it. tiptuaro oCcyatflenia Bctxx maucoBb a nctxx cpejcTBb Bb corjamesiR) uajaTU m MHHBCTepcTBa. Hto BacaeTca xo jpyroro hothra jja pacuymeHia napjaHeHTa, HHeHHo xo pa3Horjacia xexxy cauuMU naaaTami, to stotx mothb'b Bb XVm ct. yae nepecTa.ib cymecTnosaTb Bb AHrxiH, h6o kb aroiiy spe- mobh najaia JopjoBb ue uxtja yxe Taxoro aBTopsTOTa, BOTopufl no- SBOJHJb fiu eS Sopoibca Cb aaaiHef; uajarofi. Tskobo nojHTHqecBoe SRaaeme pacuymeaia, Koropoe CbbtoBuijb» a npejocTaBjaerca KopoxencKofi Bjacra. H j.i&CTBHTeJiBHO, sci bob- CTtrryniH npejocTaBjacrb Kopo.no upano pacnymeuia, ho »to npauo Bb pyKaxb MHHgcTepcTBa, Hejo6poconf.CTRo OTflocanparoca Kb CBOHMb oliaaaHHOCTJtMb, mokcit. aBHTbca' otobb ouaciiUMb opyxieMb jjh npo TBBOjtacTBia napoxnoMy npexcTaBBTejbCTBy, TaKb kkkx, BO-nepBUXb, nepe3b pacnymeHie MoryTb Ontl jocrarByTu r i » e pesyjbTaru, bto k
- 145 — nocpejertoMi nacruxi OTcpoieai napaaMeHTCitHxi sacijaaift, kotopumh, K8KI MU BHA'liJH, MOatBO TTOMHTb uajftTH, H0THMI nyTeMl JOBeCTHHXl AOHBB'IictHaro pimpoia, nyasnaro MHHUCTOpcTBy. Tobho tram ate h no- cpeicTBom. nacTuxi pacaymeniS uapaaneHTa moikho upohsbojhtb.ja- B.ieHiB u na npcACTaBiiTe.Ti.cTBO, h Ha CTpaHy. 3ariMi, BO-BTopuxi, oo- cpejcTBOMi pacnymeHifi mobho OTcpoiHBaTi, co3Banie hobuxi najaTi na HeonpeA'baeHHOe apoua, necMoipa na Baacnua 06cTOBTe.11.CTBa H.Bonpocu, Tpe6yiomie BeaeAxeBaaro pa3CM0Tplmia bi 3aic0H0jaTe.jbH0m BopajK-fc, KaaoBOe o.aeBUAHO ae MoxeTi coctoatbca upa orcyTCTBia n a ja n . B l BHAy BOBMOZHOCTH 13X8X1 CByiaCBT, H Cl HXl VCTpa- aeaia, BoiicTUTyniii. a orpanaaHBaioTj, oOuBBOBenno npaBO aopoxa na pacnymoHie nap-iaHeHTa. T ax i, HHAepjianjcKas soaCTKTynia onpeji- juiexL, ato uocjii pacnymenia nomje nuftopu aoasbu 6utb Basiiaaenu bi Teaeaie 40 jaea; Bbobb B36pannua ate na.m™ aojbcbh 6uTt co- sbbhu lepeai 2 Micapa (cjiAOBaTeabHo, 40 xneS HasHanaioTca jab bh6opobi a 20 aab cosuBa naxan). Ilpyccitaa KOHCTirryuia yjAHHaero cpoKi: iiufiopu h cosuBi najan. HasRaiaiOTca bi leSeaie 90 jHefi (3 MtcaneBi). HcaaacRaa KOHCTHTypia CTaTLeio 32 onpejiABeTi, bto b i cayaat pacnynjenia bobuo Kopiecu ao-ishh Outl -coCpauu ae no3j- H'he 3 irlcaueBi. laTCKaa KOHCTHTvnfa naanaiaeTi AByxMicaaaHfl cpoai. Memjy bthmh cpoaaaa Eoae6A»Tca cootb£tctb6hhua nocTaao- B-jeaia h apjthxi KOHCTHiynitt. ilf.KOTopuji hot. huxi 3HaiHTe.ibH0 yA-iHHBioTi cpoaa jab bhSopobi a cosbibs; Taxi, htaabbbcKaa koh- cTHrynia nocTanofl.TjicTTi, bto bobub ua.iai'u joabchu 6utb coCpaau aepesi 4 Mlicaua no'cjrfe pacnymeHia, a caKcoHCKaa—nepesi 6 Hica- nem. 3th jaunntlC cpOKH COOTBtTCTBeBBO yjAHHHKITl H BpeMH BB'fi- nap.iaMeHTCKaro ynpaBJieHia. HopBeatCKaa ROHCTHTynin bobcc He npe- AocxaBjaeTi koqoab upaBa pacnymeHia. 3th npasa KopojieBCKofi babctu RacanTcn, Taai citasaTb, BRlmmeS- AiaTejbHOCTH.aasaTi, ho b i hhmi b i bha4 jonoAaenifl aOjjkho npa- 6aBHTb eme ojao cymecTaeBaoe npano Kopoau. Upapy pacnynieHijj, KacaomeMyca HCRJiioaHTeabHO nitiKitefi na-iara (h6o OHa Bbi6opHaH h, CAtjOBaTeAino, c i nepoMiinnUMi cocTaBom), coorBiTCTByen napa.i- AGABHOd npaBO Kopoja u oTHOCHTeJbHo BepxaeB naxaiH. riocJfijBia, BnpoieMi, b i HiKOTopuxi rocyjapoTBaxi, Ram Hanp., b i Bejbrin, HHjepjaHAaxi, HlaeBiM, Pyaemia h AP-. -hoai oOibhmi HHeHeui BTopofi naxaTU, H36apa»Tca b i r ix p ate ycaoBiaxi, Kasi h HiiatBia najaiH. C.iijOBaTe.TbHO, b i 9THXI rocyAapcTBaxi npaso pacnymeHia npaHajae- atHTl KOpO.lD OAHOBpeMeHHO H OTHOCHTejbHO nHStHeS H OTBOCHTeAbHO BepxHefi najaiH , Taai bto Tyri, ecaa cocToaaoCb pacaopaateHie ro- poja o pacnymeHia, pacnycKaiOTCJt o S i na.iaTu. Ho cocrasi BepxHeft na.iaTU b i jp yrn xi rocyjapcTBaxi onpeji-
— 146 — jaerca no jbjicb cacTeMairx: 1) OHr.iificEaa Bepxaaa naxaik (n&xaTa JTOPAOBS) coctohtx hsx BacxiACTBennuxx nopoiix; TaEofl ze cocTasx HMierc. a nopTyraxtcKaa sepxnna naxaTa; 2) HTaxbHHcEia ate cenar& coctohtx h.te .rant, Ha3HaiaeMuxx Eopoxeax noziraHeuHO. Bx Anrxia, calixoBaTeabHO, Taaaa H*pa Eopoxa, Kaui pacnymeme napjaueHra, ho mozotx nacaTBca BepxHeft naxsTH, nfio xopju h npn hobomx C03usi ero HBxaoTCa Ti ze. DoaroMy bx AHnin, bx Tixx cxyiaaxx, Korxa p&BHorxacia, B03HHsmia MezAy naxaiofi xopaobx, cx oahoS, h hbikhoio naxaxoio hjih MHBHCTepciBOMX, cx xpyrofi cropOHU, npHHHxaprb TaKoii ofopOTX, no aah ycTpaHeHia hxx ho aateTca HHEaKHjtx cpeACTBX, Eopo.it BOOpyataeTCH npaBOMX HasHaian, hobuxx napon. CxtAOBa- Texxuo, KopoiL uaten, npaBO zaxoBart nspcKoe aoctohhctbo Taxony wtcxy ahri, EaKoe onx ciHTaeTX hj’Z hhmx, T.-e. HeorpaRgaeRHOxy BHC.iy jrant. DoBTOMy, bx yitasaHHOMx cxyaai kohc[>.ihkt&, KopoxL xo- ze ix cpa3y co3jaTb TaKoe soxHiecTBO nspoBx, KOTopoe cnocp6ao ca*- aaTb na,ixeatamee nepeu^nteBie bx Go.ibraHncTBt h MeHtniHHCTBi na- xaTH xopaobx' Kx TaEOMy cpejcTBy rposHxx npHCfenyTE Bujtre.iLMX IV, Eorxa HaBicTnufl 6h.ijl o pe<fcopMfc bctpIithax ropaiyio onaoamjiio co ctopohh Co.itniBHCTBa bx naxart xopaobx. BcaiaoTBie Tasoro 3aasae- Bia, nepexanHaro xopAaMx oeflein, BHHHCTepcTBO, Bepxaaa naxaTa npa- nvzxeHa 6uxa ycTynHTB. Bo <&paHninJTdaobhex $HXHnnx TaKae Htiorxa npaOiraxx kx cpeacroy HasDaiema hobuxx nopOBX. Cano co6ou paayMlteTca, no npaBO Eopoxa Ha3HaiaTi napoBX cymecTsyim, bx Ta- Koil ze CTenena h OTBOCHTexi.no uaxarb, KOTOpua Ha3naiaOTca Kopo- xeiix. Tasx, Hanp., HTaxuiHcniB ceaarx Bcerxa Hozeix 6htx nonox- BeHX bx 6xaronpiaTROHX ixa npaBHTOXLCTBa cmhca4 nyTOMX BtUHa- teHia hobuxx qxeHOBX. TaEOBU Bninmia npaoa Eopoxa no OTHonieBiK) ex o6tHHx naxaTaHX—HHZHeS h Bepxaefi. • V . 06pamaacx ex yiaciiio Eopo.ui ax .laEOHoxaTexBHoS xtatexLHOCTH, mu BCTp^B&enx, npezje Bcero, to onpexixeBie EOHCTMTyniS, eto saKOHu R3jauTCH no corxameHi» Eopoxa a naxaix, hxh, ito 3aE0E0xaTexLnan BxacTt ompaBjaeTCR hmh cobh'&ctho. Ho axe Toiaaro snpeAtxeHia yqacTia EopoxeBCEoS BxaoTH bx H3AaHiH saKOHOBX, nyzHo hm-6tb bx BHAy pa3JHHHUe morghtu sasOHOAaTexxHoS Bxac™, t. k. npaBa Eopoxa otho- CaTCa TOXUtO EX HtKOTOpHHX H3X 8THXX MOMeHTOBX. Bx saKOHOAaTexx- boS BxacTH MU Mozejix pasAHnaix cxtAyumie momohtu: 1) npaBO HHHuiaTHBu, T.-e. npaBO B036yzxaTi Bonpfjcx o Heo6xoAHM0CTH HSAaHia HOBUXX 3aK0H0BX HXH H3M*BCHift, AOBOXHeHiS H OTM*HU CiapHXX 88- eohobx; 2) ofcyzAenie 3aKOHonpoeETOBX, T.-e. corxameHie OTHOcHiexxHO coAepzania 6yAymaro sasoHa; 3) caHKnia saKOHOBX: vTBepzAeHie hxx, T.-e. coo6meBie 3aKona>tx ofiasaTextHofi chxh, h, HaEOHenx 4) ofina- .poAOBaBie, ny6xaEauU 3aK0H0BX, T.-e. npHBBAeHie hxx bx fttflcTiiie.
— 147 a) H3b STHXb HeTHpeXb M0M6HT0BbSaKOHOjaTCJtBHOB BJtaCTHKOpOJID npiiHaAAeSHTb npeasxe Bcero HHHpiaTHBa naKOnoBb. Bb 6oJri.nniHCTB'}i rocyjapcTBi aaKOHOjaTe.ibaaJi HHHuiaTHna, T.-e. npaBO upeAJaraib na- jaTaiu. aaEOHOupocKTU A-ia oScyxAenia, npHiiaA-ieatHTb East HAenaab naxaT’t, TaKa. h nopojrio; c.if>AOBaTe.n,Ho, HHfluiaraBa paajf.-iena iiesjy na.iaTaMH h Kopoxevb. Bb atScTBETejibHOCTH Kopoxb npHHHMaeTt 6jih- xaflniee yaacTie Bb BoafivatAeiiiH saKOHOAaTejiBHHXb BonpocoBb. Boxi- muBCTBO 3aK0H0np06KT0B7> BHOCHTCg Bb COSpSHie IiajIaT'I, MBHHCTep- ctbomii, h6o MiiHHCTpu fixHxe cTojiTL s t yiipaB.ieniio, Ka/iiAua no cBoefi ■tooth: BoeHHoS, uiko.ti.hoh, MeAHUHHCKofl h t. d., h, c.ilijOBaTe.ibHO, jierae Bcero Moryib BcrpiiaTbca cb t6mh hah apjthmh BonpocauH, TpefiyioiHHMH paopimenia Bb 3aKOHO,AaTexT>HOMb nopajK’b. TaBHHb oupa- 30Mb, fiOJbinHHCTBO 3&KOHOHpOeKTOBb HCXOJHTb OTb npaBHTeabCTBa, H TaKb KaKb MHHHCTepCTBO 00 OTHOOieililO Kb KOpOAD 6CTb erO COB$Tb, to KaaiAuS saBOBonpoeETb, npeaiae Buecenia ero Bb naxaTLi, natert 3a co6ok> npeABapHTCJbHoe o.iofipeuie sopoja. TaKUMb ofipasoxb, ko- poAb TiacTnyeTb Bb HUHiuaTHB’6 saKonoBb, npHKaauBaa HUHHCTpaHb BnecTH Bb naxam HSBtCTHue saEooonpoeETu, o Konxb oOuanoueuno no3B'bmaeTca Bb TpooHofi ptaH. CKaaaiiHoe otoochtce Kb rocyxapcTBaiib, ta* saKOHOAaTeabnaa HHaaiaTHBa paaAixeHa ne»Ay naxaiaMH h Kopo- Aeob, ao, KaKb ysa3aH0 CyAeTb hhjkg, cymecTByioTb h Tania KOHCTHTyoia, KOTOpua npeAOCTaBjaBTb Kopoxn hceadehtcabhoo npaso HHaniaTHBu. IIpaBo HHHoiaTHKH ecTb BaasHoe noxHTHnecKoc npaiio, Bb TOMb OTBomeHiH, ato BosCyaiAenie aaKononpooKToob Bb 3aK0H0AaTejb- HOMb uopaAKb He cxoaho Cb B03<5yjKAeHieMb HXb nocpeACTBOMb, nanpHHlipb, ncTjmiil. HeTHHia, KaKb mu bh*1uh, bo cymeciBy CBoeuy ecTb npomeHie o B08<5yKAeHiir saKOHOjaTeabHuxb BoupocoBb h, KaKb TaKOBoe, MoateTb h He 6uTb npiinaTo bo Bmurame TtMb, KOMy OHa nOAaeTca; BoafiyaAeuie se saKOHonpoeKTOBb noepejciBOMb npn- .M'Lueuia upasa 3aKOBOAaTeAbHofi HHHHiaTHBH, oieBHAHO, He MoaeTb ae ofipaTHTb Ha HHXb BHHHaHia naaaTb. ^onycTHBb, TaKHMb ofipasoxb, TTOUpaBO UHHUiaTHBU HCKJBTHTOAbHO BpHHaAAOSHTb EOpOABJ, MUBpH- xoAHMb Kb buboat, TTO aah BHeceuia Bcasaro 3aKOHonpoeKTa Bb na- AaTU TpefiyeTca upeABapHTe.ii.Hoe corxaeie Bopoxa. Meatay TiiMb, npH pa3Ai.ieHin 3aKOH0AaTexBH0fl HHHniaTHBH MeatAyKopoxeMb h na.iaTaHH, nocatAHia bo coGcTBeHHotry npany caua Moryib BHOCHTb h pascxaTpa- BaTb saKOHonpoektu, KOTopue a noAnocaTca 3aiiiHb Kopoaio Ha VTBep- atAeHie, TaKb hto HHorxa Kopo.ib Moaterb noxyiHTi, xxx TTBepaiaenia 3aK0HonpoeKTb, BHeceHHufl Bb najaTy no co6cTBeHH0fl ea HHHniaTHB'6. UpaBO 3aKonoAaTe.TT.HO0 unauiaTHBU naxaTb Bupafioiaaocb .ihbib bo- CTeneHHO. Bb AnraiH oho o6pa30Baaock H3b npaBa neTHniS. UepBO- Haaa.nuo ueTHpiu, BpeACTaBAaeMua KopojKt, saKAKTBaau Bb ce64 npo- 10*
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