Градовский А.Д -Собрание сочинений. Том 5

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— 248 — CTBenHofi KB3HH iroiofiuo Tony, KaKi> aHMiScsaa apHCTOEparia. TaRHHi ofipasoMt, ci ojhoS cToponu, bt>repaairiH oCTaxoct hobojibo mhoto npautuifi CTapaHH, pHpaaHBniHxca bi cocxobhhxi otxhhihxi, vai-iiB- nmn. on. peBOXDHiOHHHXl 6jpb 1830 B 1848 rOSOBi; 8THMI 061- HcnacTca, noieKy hhi, T.-e. bthhi CTapaHHum aaeMeHTaai, ctHiaxH nysttHMi xdjb oco6oe npencTaBHTex&cTBO b i jihh6 siopofl najara. Ho, c i spyroS ciopoHH, Tasi kbki ciapaa <Jieojia.it.Haa apneTOKpaiia bi ropMaaiH bo tiufua HHKaKoro uojHTuaecKaro auaaeHia, a bi Ilpyc- cin jBopaHciBo hmIuo bhcto cjysefinoe aHaaenie u He hm6.io hheh* Koro cxoACTBa ci jbophhcehmh WHami CTapHHHoS HcnaEDH, BenrpiK H.iH Ahmw, to noDTOMy sepxHia uaxaTii repjmijiH aBxaDTca boxh- THHecKH 6e3CHXBHHJIH, Hl50 He HMttDTl BOUT. co6oto HH HaHiOBaXBHOS noHBU, Tam ebki oh*6 He BuCopHua, hh coficTBettHofi coc.iobhoS ch.th, Tasi Haiti rocyaapcTBOh*6hhti h h no cxysetmoMy xapaKTepy, hh jaate sHaieHia rocyxapcTBeHuoS na-taxu (bi cmuc-tL B uniepa), Taxi Kasi 011*6 aBxaiOTca He coBOEynHOCTtto xhhi, OEaaaBniHxi ycxyra h» nonpHmi iocyjtapcTBeHHaro ynpaBxeHia.—3th oxeneHTH yHacxtjtOBaH- hoS CTapHQU aBjaoTca, tbehmi oCpaaoui, afeHOTOpon npHOaesoD e i OCHOBHOMy BJteMeHTV, OHH COCTOaTl H31 TEEHXl EJtaCCOBl OfimeCTBa, ROTopue viparaxH cBoe oOBjecTneHHoe u nojHTHieCKoe aHaienie, ci coxpaHemeHi rami, nSEOTopuxi npHBweriS. OTA-B^n. BTOPOft. HHXHia naiaTH. TJIABA L 3hamEhie hpbxctabhtejbctba. I. B i OTiHHie oti Bume pascMOTpiHHtJxi BxeueHTOBi Hapojtearo npencTaBHTOXBCTBa, HHsuia naaara Beaut npeACiasaaioTca buOophhmh, i.-e. HcxojtamEstH o n naCpania, ecxH ae oti bc6x i no.inoDpatiHHxt rpaacxara, to, no apaSHeS >r6pt, o n HSBtcTBaro hxi hhcxb, jtoropoe no 3aE0HBm hjh no EOHCTHTyain npH3HBaeTca k i ytacrix) bi bh6o- paxi, T.-e. EOTopoe no aaitOHy o6.tctchouoxHTHTecttHMHnpaBaMH,neatxy EOTopHHH upaBO Biifiopa aBxaeTca nepBeacTBytomHin. BcxtjtciBie btoto, yneHiio 0 HaaseS uaxari; jojikho 6htb npejtnocjaHo yienie o BtiCop-

249 — homt Iipairf,, T.-e.» riixT yc-ioBiaxi,, npn KOioptixi HapOATocymecTBjaeTT npaso npejcTaBHTejhCTna a noxbsyeTCH hmt. HuasHaa naxaTa HBjaexca cbBOKynBOCTbD HapOAHUXT upejCTaBHxe- jefi; cjt^oua^eji.no, ona HBJaeTca opyaieMT, aepesT Ko'ropoe aauia yaacTByerr bt crnpaBjenia rocyxapcTBeHHoS BjaciH. Ct bto® touch 3pbiiia, ancTHTyTT. napojnaro npeACTauHTGJLCTBa bbjbotcb HHCTHTyTOMT CpaBHHTe.lI.HO HQBHMT: .TpOBHOCTh He SHaXa npeACTaBHTe.lI.CTBa. Bt. ApeBHie H cpeAHie bI.kh bt. fioAbiHHHCTBtj cjyaacnT. it, Kjaccu napoAa, BOTopue AepatajH bt cbohxt pysaxT rocyAapcTBeHnyio BxacTs, ocy- mecTBJiH-iH ee HenocpsACTBeHHO, bt. CHay XHTnaro npasa, npiicymaro rpasAanany, noAbsyiomeMyca noAHTHaecEHMH npaBSMii. Ct otoS tobkh aptnia, pasAnaie MeKjy apacToapaTieio a jeMoapaTiei) bi apbbhocth Chao paajHaieMT. Co.rte Ko.raaecTBeHHbiMT,, vkm uaaecTBenuuhi., test keet bt. apHCTOEpaTia, Hanp., CnapTti, yaacTie Bt o6mecTneimuxx co6pa- uiaxT. npHBHHaxT. aasAiifi cuapTiarb bt. ciuy CBoerojaanaro npaBa, a bt. Aohhext HapoABoe cofipanie fiuxo cofipanieab, opraHHSOBannuuTH3t Bcfexi. nojiHonpaBHUXT. rpaaxanT, 3anecaHHuxT bt. xomu. IlanpoTUBT, BOBifimaa iJiopMa yaacTia aapoAa BasanaaeTca bt. tout, n o sapoAT Be ocymecTBAaeTT HenocpeACTBeHHO cbohxt npaBT, a ocyineo.TBjaeTT h it aepeBT cbohxt upeACTaBHieacS. Ca’fiAOBaTejtHO, nepiiufi BonpocT cymecTBeHHO BaxHuii, ott KOToparo sasHCHTT DOHHuaHie acixT (jiopuT yaacTia HapoAa, ecTt BonpocT o tomt, aid laxoe npeActaBHTe.i&CTBO. Aja onpcAiaenia CBOflciaaBpeACxaBHTOJBCTBaaojjbho aHaAH3HpoBaTb cyneciBO rfcxT noxBOHoaifl, KOTopua HafiHpare.iH asiott H3fipaBHUMT hah AenyTaTaMT, o6pa3y»mHUT BbiCopHyio uajiaTy. IIo.iHouoaia oth npH 6oaie noApofiHouT anaAHati aBxaioTca aobojilho caoxhumh, h noTony HaMT A0A9BH0 UpHHaTb BT pa3CaeTT BCf, CTOpOEUSTOrOA't.-ia, TEKT KEKT CBOflCTBOMT HAH BHaaBBiCUT OBHaaeHHHXT BO-lHOHOaifl UOSCTT filJTb oripeitjeHo ssaaeBie sufiopHaro npasa. He npAAexHTT coHHiHiB, axo BuOopHoe npaBO, npaBO yaacTBOsaTb BT HsfipaHiHAenyxaTOBT, aBjHexca epeACTBOMT, soTopoenpeaocTaB-iaeTca aazAouy oTAt.-ii.nony H36npaT0.1i) Axa toto, axofiti HMtiTb npeAcraBH- Teaa h sauiHTHHKa eroHHTepecoBT. CaiAOBaTeALiio, bto&cBoeft CTopoHoS Budopnoe npaBOconpaxacaeicact o6.iacTbnxuaHuxT uuxcpecoBT.Kaasxaro rpaxAaHHHa. HepesT BHfiopu obt noxyaaerb BOsuoxaocTb yKasaTb aa to jhho, soTopoe, no ero MHiHis), HutieTT 6o.iie Bcero cdocoOhocth npOACTEBAHTbHBTepeCUCBOHXTH86HpaTejCtt,fiuTbHXT npeACTEBHTeAOMT. Ho 3T0 SHaaeHie npeACTaBHTexbCTBa ecTb toabko oahht H3TaxeueHTOBT ero o6maro sHaaeeia. ECAH fin MU OCTaHOBHAHCb Ha TOMT, HTO npeACTaBHTeAL eCTI. AHHO, EOTopoe AO-iecho npeACTABAETb HBTepecu H36apaTCAefi n A^ScTBOBaTb

— 250 — no hxx nopyicniu bx uajaTt AenyiaroBX, to mh jo.iatnu6uxh 6a paa- caaTpHBaTi casiue BLi6opH, Kaicx H3B'fccTHu8 anrs doenpemtocmu, aa-. BaeMofl npeACTauHTeai) XHnaMH, noTopua cann ahhho ho Horyix yiacTBO- BaTb bx naxaris, s,xa BejeHia cbohxx atat h sbiuhtu cbijhxt, HHTepe- cobx. 3to aornaecEH npHBeao 6a Hacx rx ycraHOBjeHiio ofiflsaTeABHoft HHcTpyaniH, Eoiopaa jaBajacb 6a neuymj, h ua ocnoBaHin KOTopofl ohx AOxaceHX 6a 6uax jiScTBOBaTb, ecjH 6a xoTtxx ocTaTbca Btpnuiix cBoniix HsdHpaTeaaax. Hh OAna H3X eBponeflcicHxx KOHCTHTyniS, oj- naKO, He npHsaaen. Tanoro OTHomema Hsfipannaro jenyTaTa kx cbobhx HadHpaTejaMi; hjichho, sennas 0sdnpaTejLHaa HHCTpynnia cwraerca npHAHiecKH hhttoxhoio. Tanx HasHBaeime mandats impdratifs npa- 3Ha»Tca nnls etnonavenns, T.-e. EipHanaecnn nnaToatnuMn, n(5oKaaaufl npejcTaBHTeat. paMMaTpHsaeTca, xasx jenyTSTX, npHHaAxeacamifl BceS aaniu. CjiaonaTeitBO, cx touch spima HHHinrneS npejcraBHieaBHofi cucTeiiu, Aeuyiaix asaaeica npexcTaBHTexeHX ne cbohxxHsfiHpaTejefl, a nacTbio jeayTaTCKaro codpania, Koropoe AtSeTByeTx HMeaeax aceS CTpaHBi, k bx oraomeBiH CBoeS AiarejibHOCTH, iiH-6Hifi n y6taxemft saacjufi AenyTart, pa8x H3dpaBHu», coBepmeHHo CBodoAeHX n AOaaeBX pynOBOAHTbca coodpaaceniaMn odmaro rocyjapcTBeHBaro fiaara, a oe MicTHUMH KHTepecavE Toro onpyra, EOTopufi Hadpajx ero. KoHemo, onxAOaacenxnpHHHuaTb bx pascieTX hsricTHue imrepecu, no nocroibny, nocKo.n»Ky obh noryTx <5htx corxacoBaHU cx KHTepecanH o6merocyAap- CTBcnnuMH. Ec-IH, tskhhx edpasoMX, AenyTaT* He HoaceTx duTb cbb- sanx HncTpysuiaHB, ecjH mandat impdratif CBHTaeTcahhttojkhhmx, to bto ynasHBaeTX na Apyria ci'oponu BufiopHaro uoanoHonia, AasaeMaro AenyTaTaHX, EOTopua He HoryTX 6u n BUBejenti hsx upocTpaHcrBa no- pyneHifl, AaoaeHHXx H36HpaTeaaMHCBoenynpeACjaBHTeaio. Ecah 6a ,ye- nyTaTX pascsaTpaBaaca icanx npocToBnonipeBnufl cbohxxHaOnpaTejeft; to, nanx ynoMaHVTO Bumc, noAHOnoiie ero motao Cu 6utl uoabbabbo hoax noHHTie AOBtpeBHOcm, KOTopys) KaacAoe BacTnoe anno Aaetx Jnny, KOTopony- fftpaix, hah BeAerna ero abbbuxx a^ax. Ho npn Ha- dpaHiH AenyTaTa jhho, nojaBm.ee roAocx, abotx exy nopyneHie npex- * CTasaaTb ae toaxeoero AHHHfcie BHrepeca n aaiumnaTb ero ahihuh upaBa, ho npeACTaBMTb HHTepecu niaaro Bpyra ahbx yiacTBOBaBmaxx bx oahokx h tohx xe H36HpaTeabH0icx aErfe. P&bhhhx odpaaoHX H3- dnpaTejb Aaerx Hs6paHH0iiy AHny npaBO AttiCTBOBaTb He toaiko ero HHeH6MX, HO H OTX BHeHH HtAOfl COBOKyUHOCTH AHI(X, ygaCTBOBaBniHXX BX onpyrt BXrfixx ae Budopaxx. Tanx kskx axtohx H36paaia ycTa-, HOBaaeTca HSBicTHoe npaBO AenyraTa roBopnTx otx Hsena niaofl co- ROKynnocTH -iaux, npaao H36paHia ae nowerx 6biTb ynoAod-ieno nacT- hoht uoAHOBOiix), a BM'feeTx oOinecTBennoe saaneHie.

— 251 — IlaKOnent, act HsfiHpaTejH jannaro ospyra, BSiiTue bm4ct4, AaDTb jeuyTaiy no.iHcuoaie roBopHTb Be tojilko uMenoui, hxl ospyra H HSBicTHaro in aa H36npaDu;HXT> rpaxAanb, hoon. menu ntxoS CTpanu, c.iijoiiaTo.dHO, jaion, eny BxacTL yqacTBOBSTb BbadAanin saKOHOBt h pacuopaxenifi, odflsaTexbHuxbjxa bcoh iianiH. BcaiACTnio 3-roro, qepe3b Bufiopti ofipasyeTcs Taaoe cofipaaie, Haaiintuomeecji HHXHeft naxaTOD, KOTopoe HBxaeTca cymecTneaauMb BxeMeHTOMb rocyjapcTBeHnott a.iacTa h nocTanoBJionia soiopoft ofowaTeAbHH ash BceS cipanu 6e3b pasxHqia oxpyroBb. UpH TEKOMT. CBOFCTHt. BUOopHaro IipaBa H lipu TaKHXT. 1I])HHUUIIBX1. npeACTaBHTeatCTBa, aojixho aM'irb Bb BHAy npexAe Bcero r i ycjoaia, npw KOTopuxT, Moxen duTb ofipasoBano coCpaoie, npnroAHoe jus OTiipa- Bjesia o6tnerocyj.apciBeHHUxT, A i n , Bb soTopuxb napoAt He npuHH- Maem neuocpeACTBeHHaro yaacTia. IIoBTOMy, npH pa3CMOTpfeaia ycaoniQ odpa30BaBia HHXHefi naxaTLi, cxiAyen npamiaaTL bo BBHUaBie net ofiiuerocyAapcTBeHHHe aaiepecbi, anrepecu pixofi iianiH, T.-e. a°xxho ofipaTHTb BHHMaHie, sasb dte odmie HBTepecH fiyAyn npeACTanxenH, sasb aaOpauHaa na.iaTa 6yterh sanjanraTb bth odinecTBeHHue HHTepecu, saxia H-fepu AenyTan 6yAen npeAnpuauHaTb so 6-iary scefl CTpanu. HraKb: 1) asTb Btidopa hc Moxen oliti, noABexem. noAt noHETie AOBipeHHOCTH, AaBaenoS OAHHMb rpaacAanaHOifb Apyrony; 2) ohx He Boxen <5htb cseAeab Kb asTy noxHOMoaia, AaBaeaaro xaxe nixuMb ospyroMt. IIoJHOMOiie, AasaeHoe AenyTaiaHb, xoia ohh h H36Hpax>Tca no OTA'fiAbBbiH'b ospyraub, anjaeTca •aopyqeniCMb ofimenauioHa.ibiiuM'L; Ai'iiyraTu HpeACTaBAann bcd HaujD, ne CBnsaau aacTpyspiaMH h aBXHDTca caMocTOHTe.ibBuu'b axeiieHTOHb rocyjapcTBeaHoii BxacTH. II. Hxia Bb BHAy 9th npHHHiinu npeACTaBHTaibCTBa, boxbo odpa- THTbca Kb pa3CBOTpiaiD aaaaJb, no soTopuxb BoxeTb h aojixho 6btb opraHuaonaHO cavoe Budopaoe npano. UpesAe Bcero pascBOTpHMb, Ha- CKOAbso desycjoBHbi t4 TpedoBBHia, KOTopua Bexyn Kb ycTaHOBJieaiio Bceodiqaro Budopaaro apaua, a cb toekh spiaia KOTopuxbBcasia erpa- aaaeHia 9Toro npana, aoxxhu «jHTb yCTpaaeau, sasb necnpaBeAXHBua h Aaxe speAHUa cb iobkh apiaia odoterocyAapcTBeHHoS ’nomu. Pa3- cxaTpaBaa Teopi», no KOTopofi Budopaoo npano ao-ixho Outb npaBoub Kaxjaro rpaxAaHCKH no-iaonpaBaaro rpaxjanHaa, mu, npexAe Bcero, Ao.ixnu paacMOTptTi. ocaoBama cacTeuu Bceo6m.ea noAaaa roaocoBb, T.-e. ocr^oBHTbca Ha r.iaBHOBb no.ioxenin 9to6 Teopin — Ha HapoA- HOBb cyBepeHHTeri. Ec.ia caHOAepxaBie, cysepeHHTeTb opHuaAae- x a n HapoAy, to Cano coSod pasyateTca, bto saxAufl rpaxAHHCKH nojHoapaBHuS qaeHb stoto HapoAa AOJixem npHHHBarb yaacTie Bb H3dpaHiH; ho upnananb uapOAuaro caBOAepxaBia He BeAen sb Bce- odmeMy H36apaTe.ibH0My npaBy. Bb canoBb eexa audop-

— 252 — Hoe npaiio aoabho 6htb BUBejeno win. saia-ia bapoARaro cyBepeHH- TBTa,' to mu, npeat.ie Bcero, aoaatHu vcomhhtsch Bt lieofixoABMocTa npejCTaBHTejbCTBa, Kant 9to h cxt.iaAt Pycco. 06pa3ya cy8epoHa<H30 Bcixt rpaauam'KH no.iHOnpaBBUxt xant, pimeaie HsmiHie Koropiixt o6pa3yK>Tt ofiinyu bojbj, Pycco Tpefiyen, u i nocjiijneS HonocpejiCTBCH* Haro jcfeScTBia, no bosmobhocth HenocpejcTBeHHai'0 ocymecTiuenia cbo- hxt. upaBi, JpyrHMH c.ioBaMH, Pycco, ocTanaact bcojhIi nocAiAOBaTeAb- auact, Tpefionaji, nenocpeACTBennofl teHOKpaiia, T.-e. iaao8 ([lopsiu npaBjeuia, Bt aoTopoB iiapont HeuocpeACTiienno yiacTByeit Heto.ii>eo Rt OTnpaBXeHia juacTu yipeAHTexbHofl, ho h nt B3AaniH aaKOBOBt H BC'iiXt rfixt asToai, KOTopue no BaaaocTn ceoeii pascMaTpHBaBTca Bt saKOiiOAaT&tbHOHi iiopaAsi, a Hsiaaie KOTOpuxt Bt rocyASpCTBaxt c t aapoAHHat npeACTaBHTeabCTBOMt npanajaeasaTt najaTaat. Ct sto8 toibh 3p$Hia Pycco OTBepraat npejCTaBareJbCTBo: bo.m , roBOpaatOHt, ae Moae-n, 6htb nepeAaBaeita; HeJbsaxoTin sa Apyroro, leant liejiaa aaib 3a Apyroro. Bo.ia ecTt Taaofi arpH6yTt ie.ionf.Ka, KOTopuB ae MoaeTt 6uTb oTAiaaeat ort Hero 6est yRHiTOxeHia ero ahihocth. Ecah mu roBopaat, ito BoaaAaHHaro.iHna nepeaocaTca Ha Apyroe, to ahno aepeHecraee .iHiuae-rcii cBoefi boah a aoabho nosTOMy aBAaTbca (ieanpaBHUMt. CiixoBaTejbHO, ecAH aapoAt aepeaocaTt cboio boab Ha cotipaHie, to OHt caMt TepaeTt cbobboaba nopafiomaeica coOpaiiicMt. B t ARTAia, roBopHTt Pycco, aapoAt fiusaeTt caoCoAHbiat toabko TorAa, KorAa out Hafiapaert AenyTatost, a sar&Mt OHt omeTca 6est boah h 6est apaBt Ha Bee to Bpeaa, nona iipojojaacTca ooABOMOiia AenyTaTOBt nap-iaMeirra. Ho npaatHeHie HenocpeACTBeHHofl AexoKpaTiH boshobeo toabko Bt HefioAtmaxt rocyAapciBaxt, a BcaKaa60AbmaacTpaaa no h6o6xoahmocth npn6iraeTV Kt npeACTaRHTeAtcTBV. Kpoat Toro, B033pfnie Pycco He- B’fepHO a Bt Tom OTHomeHiH, ito HapoAt, npa H36pania AenyiaroBt, BOBce Be nepeHOcart. KaKt OHt 3yMa.it, CBoefi boah Ha AenyTaTOBt, ho ahhib HsfiKpaert Aant, aocnoAbny ohh cuocoChu nt OTnpaBAeHiB rocyAapcTBeHHuxt Af-it a at ynpanieniio, T.-e. coBepmaert amt H36paaia ncn'0AHBTe.ie* onpeAliAeHHUxt (pyHKniababcth, T.-e. TaaoS ate aaTt, naKoS mu BBAUMt, Hanp., npa naSpaHin HcnoAHHTeAt'HHXt aoab- HocTHuxt aant, nocaoAbny ohm Bu5apaBTca. B t A&aHOMt cxyiai hh- poAt ynasuBaeTt na xant, cnoco6nuxt ynpaBAHTb, TOino-TaKt ae, nant npH BbiCopi cyxeB VKaaijuaort jant, cnoco6auxt Kt ornpaB.ieBiio npaBOcyAia, a npa nafipanin AenyTaTOBt—Ha Aant, caocofinuxt aaKoao- AaTeABCTBOBaTb. Pycco 6u.it BBejent Bt sa6Ay*Aenie caobomi ,npen- craBHTeABCTBo” (representation); ho npeACTEBHTeAH He npeACTas-iaioTt BOAH CBOHXt HsCapaieAefi, a cyTt Anna, no.iyiHBmia o it naxt no-iao- aoiie na BeAenie l'OcyAapcTBeaHuxt A*xt.

- 253 — Ho MiiiBie Pycco, no KpafineS Mtpi, coc.itj,OBaTejtHO, ado oho., hcxoas hbi npHHpHim HapOARaro caMOiep*aBifl n pahbctb* odmfeft bo.ih, oTRoprajii napoAHoe npeACTaeaTexLCTBO. OcTaaaacb noCAiAORa- TejmuMt, MOHtno TpedoBan, aah upejcTaBHre-ieS odfl3aTe.n.imxE hh- CTpymia, KaaoBUH hbamdtcx Taaaui tpopnoio HeaocpejcTBenHaro yaa- CTia H A^HTCJibHocTH HapOAa OTfipaBAeHin '))yhKii,ift rocyaapcTBeh- no# BJiacTn b ynpaBjenifl: aapc^E be stome CAvaat He yaacTByerE BenocpeACTBeHQO,a lepesE ynoaiiOMOBenuuxEahue, KOToptui A’i.fiCTByb>te bo januuME hhe odasaTeAbHUME HBCTpyaiiiaME. Ho npaaqaaE odasa- To.iBHofi HHCTpyaniH ae 6hae 6h cor.iaceHE ci aaiaAOHE rocyjap- CTBeaBaro eAHHCiaa, h6o KasAufi ospyrt, BBdHpannuft AenyTaia; hm* ae du cboio cyBepeHHyn boab, tf be btohe cxyiai AenyxaTE be codpaaia ae MorE fia CA’tAaTb UHKaicoB ycTjBKH, ae mote 6u bphath bh ke KaKOMy corAameHiio ce Apyrasra AenyTaTaxg, ae KoxyiiHBE Ha to pa3p'fciDeniH ote cbobxe n36npaTe.ieft. Hobbtbo, bto bthme ycipa- BHjacb du BosHoaEHOCTb BCHKaro odniaro aaKOHOAaTeAbCTBa h Bcaxaro lieAeaiH odnjaxE a4ae, coraacHO Tpedoiianic rocyAapcTBeHHaro HHTe- peca, a He HHTepecoBE ot a3ia »ihuxe srtcTE bah Aa*e kaoccobe Hapojo-. Hace-ieHia. Jaae be (J>eAepaTHBHuxE rocyAapcTBaxb, KaaoBu, aanp., C$b. - Axep. Coe*. IUteth mu bhabme npaaiiHeHie t6xe * e Baaa.ii: AenyraTU ne CBasaau ofiasaTe.itHUMH HHCTpysuijiMa. ^aate be anepM- KancKOME ceBarf, KOTopuS AOAseHE BpeACTaBJBTb codon ifieAepa- THBHoe Haaajio, At.ia pftrna®Tca He corAanieHieME ota^abhuxe nrra- TOBE, a CoAbUlHHCTBOHETOAOCOBE, BE BOAaatKOTOpUXE CCIiaTOpu CTOAb *6 CBOdOAHU, KSKE H AOBJTaTbl. ECAH DpHHRHnE 06a3aTe.II.HHXE HH- CTpyKHiS He xonycaaeTCH Aame be iJmAepaTHBHuxE rocyxapcTBaxE, to CE T$BE 66.ILBIHME BpaHOMEOREne BpHM'fcHHMERE TOCyAapCTBaME, AO- DycKanniHMEnoABTEaecxyn neHTpaABsaiiiio h rocyAapcTBeunoe eAHHCTBO. Ecah, TaKBME odpasoME, csMufi iipiiHminE BCeo6mefi nOAaau toao- cobe He MOHteTE CuTb o6ocbob8he ua HaaaxaxE aapoAHaro cysepeHH- T6T3, KaKE ei'0 BOHBMaAE PyCCO, TO OBE M0JK6TE 6«Tb AOKa3aHE H odocnosaHE na aaaa-iaxE rocynapcTBeHHOH noAbsu a atAecoodpasHOCTH. H, AtfiCTBHTe.IiHO, MU BHAHME, HTO BE .’dOABBJHHCTBi COBpeHeHBUXE eBponeflCKHXE rocyAapcTBE hah bboahtch CHCTeMa BceodmeS noAaaH roaocoBE, hah hpohcxoahte nocTeneHHoe noHnaenie take HaauBaeMaro H3dHpaTe.TbHaro ueH3a. Ho, ocTaHaBAHBaacb Ha stome HBAOHiH, mu moikcme bha^te be b6me He HSBicTiryn ycTynxy rfeME hah mhume npHHaBnaME, bo pesyAbTaTE HCTopHiecitaro pasBHTia eBpoaeficKHXE odmeoTBE, xoxa bto pa3BHTie ae hckabtoao h CHcxeME npoTHBonoaos- HUXE. Hto6h BM$Tb B03M01KHOCTb CyAHTb, HBCKOAbRO dUAO TpjABO lipiiMtmHTb hah Aa*e npoB03rAacBTb cHCTeMy Bceodmefi nox&HH ro.io- cobe, mu ocTanoBHMCfl Ha pascMorp-feHia tIixe butoae h nenuroAE,

- 254 — KBTOpuH xoryTX 6htx coejHHeHH ci OTOi CHcieMOfl. 'Iio sacaeTca Biiro,xx, -to HeJitaa He npx3HaTi>, wo nocrencHHoe npmrfcHenie Bceofi- nicfi nowm roxoeoBX h,ih, no KpaSHett >rtpi, nonnseme HsfiHpaTeafc- Haro neHaa npn toBpexeHHBixx ycjOBiaxx CBponeScKHxx rocyxapcTBX aaiaeTca HeH.ifi'taniiH'B, Tasx saKx eaxaa opraHnsapifl ofimecTBS, ca- huH CTpoA ero npHBKxaeTX Bee Soaie h fio.iic jeMOKpaTHtecKifi xapaKTepx. HI. ^BHateHie, iiaianmecca cx 1789 row, co •upesteHX nepBofi iJ)paHny3CKo9 peBo.uou.in, fixuio HanpaBjeHO Hxeirao upoTHBX npHBue- rnpoBaHHaro comobih. Bx to Bpens bo 'I'pamtiH Cihjih oraiHeHU co- CaOBia, HaliBinia b£bobo6 aHaueme, rfi cocaoBia, sa KOTopumi (Sura, KpoMi MaTepiaaBHO# cxjh, jauHi'a xcTopx'iecKUi npe^aaia h HecoxrtH- HUft HpaBCTBeHHHS aBTOpHTeTX, XaKOBB, Hanp., CTapOe JBOpaHCTBO H xyxoBeacTBe. Ilocji 1789 roja rjaBiiHMX rocnoaeTBViomHMX maccoxx anHJacb 6vpsya3ia—cpejoiee cocjoBie. Ho pasaniie xesxy aefi h ocTaaxHHXx Hapogoxx He 6uxo npHimnuia.n,nuMx x oco(5ohho ho hx&io BpxjyiqecEaro xapawepa; paMHiie 6um ihcto (paETHiecitoe: bx ere- neBB doraTCTBa, o6pasoBaHia x t. d. Messy t4x x ora Oypzyaaia npo- Bosraacxaa aaia-ia paBHOnpaBHocTH bx otijacTH rpaatsancKoft x jto.th- THiecKoS. 'lloBTOKy BcaEoe orpaHnaenie npaxoro. yuactis xapoja bx OTopasaeRix rocyxapcTBeHHHXx x iix xorjo bx4tb axurb BpexexHoe anaueHie, a He aeaienie npoiHO ycTaBOBHBmaroca Haaaja, PasBHTie seMOEpaTHHecKHXx Haqajx bx odmecTB* 6h.io Hacmixso CaCTpo x cxxa jexoKpaTiH HacTOJUto Be,iHEa, wo TpyjHO 6u jo oxbmtb conpOTHBje- Hia 3TBBX Haxaaaxx otx 6yp*ya3iH, EOTopaa ex TOMy ate He xxtaa HH Tixx CpeiCTBX, HH rflEX HCTOpmeCSHXX npeAHHifi, EOTOPHH 6u.lH noxx pyxaxH y CTapuxx (JtpannyscKBXx cocxosiS. Bx cnjiy 9Toro, yqa- wie Oo.ifcutitsx xaccx napo.ionace-Teuia bx OTnpaBxenix rocyaapcTuen- ho# B.iacTH CTajo HeHBfi'tatHHMX. IIpHMiHeHie cxcTexu BceofimeS no- flaXH roaocoBx hbhjoci. pesyxtTaToxx He tojibeo npocToro pa3BHTin xeMOEpaixqecEHXX Haqaxx, ho h saix pesyjixTaTx HBBtcTHUxx coofipa- aernlt o 6orie coBepraeHHOMx ycrpoScTBt h fio.ibiuefl ycroftqkbocth ro- cyxapcTBeHHaro nopaxsa, tbkx ksex rocyjapcTBenniifi nopajosx, ocno- BanHutt Ha nojHTHaecROMX rocnoxcTBi ojHoro K.iacca Hajx apyrxxx, Bax Bcixx (ftopxx rocyaapcTBeHHaro ywpoScTBa ecTi (popxa HaHMeHie ycTotqxBaa. IIojiHTtrcecM npHBHaerix B03HHKmeft 6ypatya3ia odycJOBjHiia.THCt HxynxecTBeHHHMX peHsoxx h, npH3HaiHTejtLHocTHero, Hanp., bo■I’pan- Hix, Epyrx jhbx, cpxHHxamuHxx yqacTie bx xsdpaHiH xenyraTOBx, 6hxx nacToaxao He BejHxx. wo, cpaBHHTe-iBBo cx octb-uhoio xaccoio Hapoja, HH$pa HadHpaTe.ieft 6u.ia hhitosm. Tasx, npH Jdaobhe*- 4'HjHnni o6mee hhcxo H36HpaTe.ielt He npesuniaxo 225 thc.; xeaxy

— 255 — Tfim KaKT. npH Bceofimefi noxaii roxocoBi bi. Tot ate “PpaHijiH h Bi to » e canoe BpeMa thcao HXi aoxoahao 6h jo 6 mhx. C.rfxoBaTe.ibHO, bt. yKasaHHoe BpeMa Kb H3<)HpaTexhH0ft ypni jonycKaxoci., BatcTO 6 mhx., Jimnb 225 thc. HriGHpaTe.iefl. 9to yRa3hioaeTT, Ha Hecoo6pa3- HOCTb npHHHTOtt CHCTOMH, KOTOpaH KT. TOMy JK6 He Bi CHXaXi 6u.WH noxxopataxi. iioxiCByio MOHapxin, necMoxpa na set CBofioxHua no.iu'ni- Becnifl c(>opMU nocxiiaefl. DoaioMy, j m 6ojttraeS ycToftiHBOCTH hobhxx, npejCTaBHTe-ibHuxT. rocyaapcxBi, j.ia toio, ttoSu Hapojnoe npejcTa- BHTeXbCTBO H.M’fuO xigCTBHTeXbHyi) TOTKy OUOpbl Bi JIBCC* HapOJOBa- ce.ie.Hin, pacmHpeHie H36HpaTe.11.Haro npasa h jaate imeaeHie BCeo6ineft noaaiH ToxocoBi npexcTaBjaeTca HOHsfitsHiJirb. M a<6Bctbhtbji.ho, H36HpaTeatHLi8 neH3i, Koraa to. Bucoitifi bo MHoraxi rocyjapcTBaxi, nOHHaaeTCH uobccmIictho, a rocyxapcTsa HOBaro ofipaaoBaHia npaiio ycTanaiuHRaioTi, Bu6opaoe npaoo Bi mnpOKHXi paSM'fipaxi. Tam,, npa ofipaaoBaniH clmepo-repMaHCKaro coiosa Bi 1867 roiy, Korja Bonpoci • o CHCTeMi npejcTaBHTexacTBa paacMaxpHiiaxca h oflcyacxaxca Bi peBx- CTari, Cano npauHTexbcxBO, Bi jihhIi rp. BacMapica, HacxanBajio Ha BBe- A6hih npuMoft h Bceo6me# nojaiH roxocoBi, KaKi exHHCTBeHHo y*o6- ho8 xxa TepHaHiH CHcxeMU, bh4 KOTOpofl bo3Moskhh xhbii. HCByccTBeH- hbh KonfinHaniH, Tepnanpa Bi SojbmHHCTBi cxyxaeBi KpymeHie. 8THXi XByxi o6cToarexbCTBi xocTaToano axa ypa3yn*Hia npairai, noxeMy noRCioxy npoacxojHTi noHH&eHie HaCiipaxexbHaro ueH3a: uohh- aceHie ero Bi HiaxiH Bi 1882 roxy, (Sxxxb r.iajc.TOHa 1884 r., CHCTeMa npaMofi h HceoGmert noxaxu roxocosi Bi repHaHiH, noHHatenie HsfiHpa- TexbHaro nen3a Bi 1873 h cxixyioiHHXi rojaxb Bi ABCTpia u BeHr- piH, — cxoBOKi, xeMOKpaTH3ania H36HpaTexbHaro upana h Hapoxraro npexcTaBHTexbCTBa aa-iaeica Bi Hacxoamee BpeMa 4>aitTOMb, He uojxe- acamHMi HHKaKOMT COMH'iHilO. HO, BM^crt Ci T$Mi, HeoCxOAHMO HMtTb b i BHay H r t ycxoBia, KOTopua MoryTi BOcnpenHTcxBOBaTb fixaronpiax- HHMi pe3yxbTaTaMi btoS CHCTeMu. Ecxh cxpaHa ynpao-iaeTCH qepeai HapoxHoe np^xcTaBHTexbCTBO, to irocxiAHee, xtoSu yxOBxexBopHTb csoeMy HasHaqeHiro, aojjkho coxepacaxb Bi cefrfc xyimie bacmobth CTpaHiJ. C. M hxxb, Bi CBOHXi PasMbitmettUtn 0npedcnuiuumeabHOMi hpaeMHiu, BHXHTi Bi npexcTaBHTexbHoft CHCTeMi Ty Btiroxy, BTO ae- pesi Hee K i rocyxapcTBeHHOiiy ynpaBxeniu upH3UBanTca xyamia chxh cTpaHH, xto npH ne8 TpeSyeTca yxacTie axeueHTOBi o6mecTBa HaK6o- xte ofipaaoBaHHbixi, Haafioxie npexannuxi rocyxapcTBeHHUMi h ofime- CTBeHHHMi HHTopecaMi h Baafioxie, cxtaoBaTe.TbHO, cnocodnbixi bbcth rocvjapcTBO Kt 6.Tarococxoani». Ho STHiii emo He ycTpauaioTcg bc* cOMH'fenia, h6o B03HHKaeTi Bonpoci o TOMi, nacKox/,KO ara cymecTseH- huh ycxOBia MOryTi Ohtf. Hcnoxaeau npn npanoft h Bceo6mnfl noAaaii roxocoBi.

— 266 — npH 06pa30BaHiH npeiCTaBmeitnuxi, yqpexjcemft iipexuo-taraeTca nojdopB cnocofisuxi. xhhb, bb pyKaxB soropnxB naxoAHTca aaBixst- same rocysapCTB6HHBHH jiaanH. 9totb noxdopB coBepinaeTca oiem pasanquo bb paanHTOUxt CTpaaaxB h rocysapcTBaxB. IIpH apHWOKpa- THiecKofl (f/opirfc rocyaapcTBeHnaro ycipoflcTBa, HacrtxcTBeHBaa apH- CTOKpaTia aajaeTca r&XB uoxHTHiecEHMi,kjbocomb odmecTBa, aoropuB Hirfeen. cbob cneaiaaBHoe HaSHaienie dim, npasBaHHUVB kb yqacTic bb rocyxapcTBeHHUXB ai.iaxB, kb rocyjapciBeHHOMy ynpaueniio. Bb rocyjapcTBaiB, He HaiKiiUHXB npHnaaerapouaHHoB apacTOKpaTia, stotb noxdopB jyqmaxB jthub bb napojHoiiB npcACTaBHTeJBCTrt coBep- maerca qepeai KonKypenpin ne»«y OTjtatHUBH K.raixascH odmecTBa, iiexjy owtJMUMH jh'uioctjimh pasnuxB nanpaiuenift -h napTiB, crt• aoBaTe.iLHO— bb ycaoBiaxB dopbdu h itoiiKypeimm, A BCHKifl ycirfcxB, npiodpiTaeauft npa doptdi, npeaaoaaraeTB HSB'bcTHoe aepaBeHcruo bb cnocodsocTaxB; T.-e. bb aanaoKB c-iyaai — Hepa'eeHCTBO bb cart HoaBTHHecKaro ydiacasaia, bb liojHTHqeeKofi ohuthocth, bb apas- CTBeHHHXB KaqecTBaxB a t. h. CrtaoBaieatHO, sa t$mb, kto ocTaerea nortaHTejem. bb btoS 6optCi, noaCopB, cOBepmaBinittca bb ycJO- BiaxB KOHKypeninu, npejno.iaraert H3B*cTnua npeHaymecTBa odpa- BOBaHia, noiHTaqecKoft ohuthocth a t. a- Meatay rf.MB, npn CHcrert BCeodmeft noja'ia roaocOBB, ocHOBaimoii ua npunuHnl: iexospaTHqe- ckomb, Ha'iajo paceucTBa rpasjaHB ecTB nepsoe iipasaao, Koiopoe o6uKHOBeiiHO irpurtHaeTca, TaKB hto npHbtoS cacTeai ropa3iotpyj- aie lipoHTH bb naaaTy jenyTaTOBB aauy doaie cuocodiiosy, crtjy- mexy a onuTHoav, qf,sn> apH jpyroft chctomIi, Hanp., npa cacTert BiidopOBB, orpaaaqeHHUXB H3dapaTeaBHUHB u6H30mb. Kbkb ini anoro MOXHO IipHBeCTB JOBOJOBB H BOSpaatenift UpOTBBB CBCTeXQ Qeasa, Bcwuqaionie# aaccy aaceaema otb yqaciia bb MidopaxB, ho ohh3Ha- qaTeaBHO yaaaaDTca, ecjia npanaTi. bo uHuxanie a odopoTayio cto- poHy atoit cacTeaii, BxeaHO to, hto npH Heft odpasyeica totb xaaccB odmecTBa, Korops# HaHdoate cnocodem, a ckjiohchb atim, aojraTaqe- ckod XH3HLB, kb qeMy napojnaa aacca, bb ocodeHnocTH HaTepiaxbHO dtiHaa a nenpocrtiuennaa, He cnocodHa. Kb TOMy acetopa npnrtHe- HiH Bceodmei noxaqa toxocobb Bce-xaKH oCTaeTca n.iijinie bthxb ho- .iHTHqecKHXB K.iaccOBB, cxoxhbhihxcji HSASBHa u odaaxanniaxB aiia- Hie*B pasHaro poxa: doraTCTBa, odpa30Baaia h t. d. Hsirfcna»TcaxaniB nyTB, KOTOpHXH OHHjMCTByiOTB J.IH XOCTlISeHia CBOeft D'ijIH: RMfiCTO toro, HTodu HaiiB, mkb upex^e, no aasoHy HCKxnqHTe-ibHoe apaso asdapaTB jenyTaroBB, 3th Kxaccti asodptianTB Tenept jjh Bosrtfi- CTBia Ha Toairy Bcaxie cnocodu, He Bcerxa kb tomy ate noxBajurae, TaKB hto npa H3b>^cthomb ypOBHt Hapojaaro odpasOBama bosmoxho, hto xacca HafiapaTeaeft crtaaeTca HrpyniKoio BceB03H0XHHXBsxiaHift.

— 257 — IV. 3T0 OfScTOaTejbCTBO IipHBOAHTb Hacb Kb Heo6xOAKHOCTH pa3- CMorphTL yc.iomn. npH KOTopuxb aceofimaa nojaia roxocoBb He Bo­ atcn, upilHOCHTb rfcXb pe8yJbTaTbBt, KOTOpHXb ofihlKHOBeHHO OTb Hea OJKHAaiOTb. □pesAe Bcero, axh npHMiHenia BceofimeS nojata ro.iocoiix Heo6xo- abho, mtoGu iiacca napoja 6u.ia A-6iicTBHTe.ii.H0 saHHiepecOBaHa bt. xoa6 no.inTHiecKHXT. HacTOxwco, htoGh, no KpafiHeS nip-h, 3Haqn-re.!b- hoo Gojrr.niHHCTBO H36apaT0.ie9 npHHHHaao yqacTie Bt nuGopaxb. B-b upOTHunoHT. cjiyiaf. Btifiopu hbahritch pesyjvraTOMb ho66,ih ojiiofi Hanfio.it,e jp&HTe.ibHoii napria, hjh uoxyiaxiTca hhcto CAyqaBnue bh- 6opu. Hs-b Huatec.i-fiAyRini.HXb CTaTHCTHqecKHXb .ieiihuxt, 1'epxaHCKoS hmnepih hosho BHA'fiTi., HacKOAbito, nocji npoBoaiMameniji nuncpiH, H.aGHpaTeJH noab80BajiHCb cnnuu-i. npaBOM-b. Tam, B-b 1871 roAy, nocjf, npoBoaraameHia Hsinepin, cpeAHHMb 'ihcjiom-b npHHHHajio yqacTie B-b Bufiopax-b 51% HafinpaTe.ien. B-b HiKOTopuxb OKpyrax-b » to yiacTie H36apaTejeft BupaxaeTca Bb caMuxb HimoacHuxb nn't>paxb; thk-b Hanp., Bb 28 OKpyrax-b yqacTie npHHHMaxo b-b ai-OM-b roiy Bcero 30%; 3Bt6m-b toju.RO Bb 10 OEpyraxb—fio.ite 8O°/0. Bb 1874 rosy npiiHU- xa.no yiacTie 61°/0; Bb BNfiopaxb 1876 r.—60,6%; Bb 1878 r .—63%; Bb 1881 r.— 56%. 3aTtMb HCTopin Bccoflmett nojaiu roxocoob bo ^paaiiiH noBaau- saeTb, ito co BpeHOHH 1848 roja h a.i&cb He fioxiie uucoKifl % npHHHHaeTb yaacTie Bb Bbi6opaxb, necsioTpa Ha to, qio caHa peBoxro- nia 1848 roAa Gbijia coBepineHa othbcth asb sa nceofimeB nojiaiH ro- JOCOBb. Hmohito: Bb 1848 roxv npHHHMa.m yqacTie 83% ajih Bufiopa jenyraTOBb yqpexHTenbHaro cofipania; aah BuCopa ace npeaH.neHTa . pecny6.iHKH, KOTopuft no rohcthttuIh 1848 roaa n30npa.icH nocpex- CTBOHb Bceo6in,e8 noAaqn roaocoBb, npnHHHajK yqacTie 75%; Bb n3fipaniH AenyraTOBb Bb 3aKOHOAaTeabHoe coGpaaie 1849 r»Aa npcran- xaan yqacTie 68%; So.ibmifl % yqacTBOBaxb Bb njcefiecnn-rfe 1851 roAa, xaemeMb BJiacTb HanoaeoHy HI; Bb STOMb we6ecnHTi, kotopnB cosep- ma-icn uOAb AaBJieHiexb a.iMiiHHCTpaniii, yqacTBOBaxo 820/0. Ho 8a-. rkxb Ben BaacTb Cu.ia OTAaHa HanoaeoHy, u Kor«a, wrfiAOBaTeabHO. pseHie aAMHHHCTpania3HaqHTeAbHOyMeBbamaocb, 3aKOHOAaTe.11.HuBKop'- nycb 1852 roga 6u.ib iiafipaabnpn yqacTia 63% HaCHparenefl. CoofipasHO Ko.iefiaHiHHb BnyTpeHHeB ooihthkh, KOTopua HCnuTbiaana ‘1’panpia bo BpennBropoB HMirepia, yqacTie aro to noHHacaaocb, tonoauinaxocb. Ta*b, Bb 1852 roAy, kotab HapoAb 6ujb npHSBaHb Kb nAe6ecnHTy gja npo- Boar.ianreHia HMnepin, to noAb ycHxeHHUMb AaB.ieRieHb aAMHHHCTpa- iuh yAanocb npHBAeqb Kb yqacriKi Bb 3T0Mb n-ieSecuH-rt 7 9 Bb nsfipaain ace 3aKOHOAaTeAbHaro Kopnyca 1852 roAa npHHano yqacTie

— 258 — 56%. 3art»x bo 4>paHiU>< nasHHae-rca HiaoTopoe npofiyxaenie ora oOiuraifl BTopofl HxnepiH, h bx Bufiopaxx 1863 roaa, aoTopue npontn cpaBHHTeiBBo myaiio H npHHceiH bx 3aEOHOAaTeaLHhifl nopnycx 5 we- hobx oanosHniH, yiaCTBOBaao 72% nsfiHpaTeroii. 'Iepe3x 6 aira bx Bu6opaxx I860 roaa, aoraa yxe Ha<iHna.ioci, Opowenie a nsinepia craia hath Ha y6ti.ii.'h Tepniib apyrneme, y'iacTBOBa.ro 78%. Hpn HtiHiffl- Heft pecny6.niK'6 racro yiacTBvroiUHxx hi. nbifiopaxx H-icKoatKO bobu- niaeTca. Taax, bx 1876 roay at ns6panin aenyTaTOBX yiacTBOBaio 76%; bx 1877 r.—8O°/0, a bx 1881 rosy npHHMH ynacrie 69% H36h- paiejeft. BuiuenpHBe.ieHHUH mo|>pu yitaauBaioTX aa HiaOTopoe aoxe- 6auie Bt yiaeiiH rx BuOopaxx h, caiaoBaTeatHO, Ha ycTpaHeHie ora hhxx mhobhxx n36HpaTeaoft. Ecjih mu jaae hck.hobhmx 6oxi.huxb, otcjt- CTByiontHXB, a Tasme aHpx, KOTopunnocepxesHHMX o6cTOHTWiCTBa»bo Mor.ni npHHHxaTB yxacTie bt. nu6opaxx, Bce-raKH noayraTca SHanr- TexbHaa joaa aanx, aoTopua no paBHoaynrii) ax no-THTuiecKHin. *i- aaux ho yaacTByora bt. umlpaniB. SarfcMX oto HeynacTie oftHapysa- BaeTCH npenviynjecTneuno bx fio.ibinuxx uempaxx, rai, HOBBjHMOMy, moxho 6njo 6u oxHjaTi. 66.ii.maroHHTepecaax iio.ihtiik'I>. Tanx, no cdh- cnaMX H36«paTexeft rop. llapnxa bx 1871 roay SHanuocb 545 tuc. H36npaTe.ieft, a aenyraTU 6u .ih Hafipanu aente, i 4mx 'h bthxxh36e- pa-teroft, taax no, hhbbhtx, ’ /« hxx se ynacTBOBaao bx BuCopaix. Haro. cnpoaeMx, sairiiTHTL, no cana no cefrli abstention ne *o- xera cxyxHTt pftmHTejbHujcx aoBoaonx npoTHBx Bceo6meft noxain roaocoBX, tskx mo Boo6me ipaKTx nosjepsanis otx noaaqn roaocoBp He cayatHra apryaeHTOMx npoTHBx aioft CHCTeMH, h6o h npn oaKOMi bucokomx neasb, aaaoft cymocTBoaa.tx, Harrp., bo BpeMena ic-ib- cKoft MOHapxiw, mu RCTp^RaeMCB cx t§mx ate jiiuenieMx Bosaepataaia otx bu6opobx. Tanx, bx Bti6opaxx 1831 roja bo $paHpiH anaiHXOCb 186.583 H36Hpaiexa, hsx kohxx npannuaxH ynacrie bx Buftopaxx Toibb-o 125.900, T.-e. 75%; bx 1834 roay HsSupaTeaeft snaiHaOCb 171 rare., a BOTHpoBaan 129.211, T.-e. 76%; bx noafipi 1837 roja 77°/0 Bcero tinea* n86HpaTcaefi; bx Maprt 1839 roaa— 82°/o; bx tori 1842 roaa—79°/o; bx aopt.vb 1846 roaa, aoraa cTpana 6uaa bx co- ctohhih 6po»eHia, nepexHBaa aaHynx peBoaiouiH 1848 roaa, bx bu6o- paxx yqacTBOBaao 83% HsOnpaTeaeft. 3th nmjipn, aaax mu bh.ihbx, npHfiaHSHTejbHO i t xe, bto h bx I'epM&HiH. Ho H&ao npHHHTt bo BHHMaHie, too bo $panniH bx yaasaBBue roaa, no npHseni bosbh- meHHaro ueB3a, npyrx xhiix, aoropua HorxH oinpaBanTbca ax hs6h- paTeabnoft ypir&, 6uax apaftHe orpanBTOHx; ohx coctojux HciUBis- TeabHo hsx saxHTOBHuax -iHitx, a6ceHTH8Mx aoTopuxx ne norx noTOMy npoHcieaaTb ora Kaanxx HHOyax MaTepiajn.nuxx 3aTpyaaeHift. h no.TO-

— 259 — seme KOTopuxx, Ka3a.iocb 6u, pynajocx sa to, hto ohh dyAyrx HHTepe. coBaTbca cyAE-fiaMH csoero oTeiecTna. Ho.upBBeAeBBiifl nmfipu roBoparx npoTHBX btoid npejnoAoxeHia. Ho- stomy nocTpoeHHufi Haa6ceHTH3afi m(5npaTe.iefl apryiieHTX, upHBOAHMuft' npoTHBX BceofimeB nojain ro.iocoBX h ocnoBannufl aa tomx, hto ototx a0ceHTH3M,& npu ueft 6m,ix Rad.iBAaeRX, pobbo hhhpio He AOftaauBaeTX, h6o Cl T8KHMX *0 yAOdCTBOHX, CyA* no TOAbKO HTO lipuBCAOHRUIIl BHij>paHT,, ohx n on 6a nopasHTbh CHCTexy Budoponx ex H3fiHpaTe-Yt- hmmx iienaoMX. BecbMa Baxho to, hto BCAiiACTBie caa6aro pasBHTia R iioHHHaHiif nojHTHHecKHxx HHTepecOBX, npa CHCTe«i Bceoduieft nojaHH rojocosx BO3M0XHO yBe-mnenie m’&cthlisx B-iiaHift na Bufiopu. Mu ybhahhx HHxe, npu paacROTptHiR HCiopiH BudopHaro npasa bx Annin, hto Ta«x, noe.it naaoHa 1832 row, xtCTHoe aiiaHie, BOTopoe stotx aaitonx jyHaJix ycTpaHHTb, YBejHHHjiocb eme fioAie; H3uf.HOHie npo- Haorn.io .minx bx tohx eMucai, hto, bmI cto B.iiflHin poAORoft apncTO- RpaTiH, aBir.ioch BAiaaiesaBOAHHKOBX, damcHponx, iftadpakrhtobx h t. n. Kakx 6u to hb Chao, H to H Apyroe n.iinaie moxho OTHeeTR kx KaTeropiB mIicthuxx B.iiSHifi. Hoax hxx rocnoACTBOMx, npa ofipaaoBa- oia 'HapoAHaro npeACTaBHTejrxcTBa, oneHi, bx na.ioft CTeneaH SepyTca bx pa3CHeTX ofimie noxHTHHecaie anrepecu CTpaau, a Budopu coBep- nraiDTca hoax AaBaeHiem mI cthuxx Bjianifl. 9th h£cthua BaiaHia Morj'Tx 6uTb He odniecTBeaHua, a aARRHacTpaTHBaua. Taaaa cacTeHa Bceodmefl doabhr ro-iocoox iipHMiHa-iacx, nanp., npa Hsuo-ieoni HI; au yBHjHMx nnocaf,ACTBin, RacROAXEO cacTeaa ajMHHHCTpaTHBHaeo BjiaHia, CHcTeMa trkx Ha3UBaeauxx 0'tii|iiii[iajLHUxx KafiAHARTypx, HCKasaxa aapoAHoe lrpeACTaBHTextCTBO, a HacKOAbKO, BCJiiACTBie btoto, TorAanraiS <(ipaHny3CKi(t aaKOHOAaTOJBHufl aopuycx aorx 6utx HaaBaHX npeACTHBH- Tejeax nauiH. Bo3hoxhu Taxxe^n miepHKajibnua aiiaHia, KOTopua npH- boartx BHOTAa kx cosepineHHo HeoxHAaHHUMXpe3yAbTaTaMX, trrx hto Aaxe npH OTCyTCTBia oeo6eHHO peAHriosHaro HacTpoeHia y HapoAa, KaKx bx repHauin, KjiepHKaju, 6aaroAapa ocodum> xeroAaMX h cpeA- ctbhmx arHTaniH, npiodpiiTaDTX nacTO.ibKO cn.ibHoe ii.iianie, hto caMaa 3HaHMTejbHaH rpynca AenyTaTOBX, Hanp., HUH'fenmaro repa&HCKaro peftx- crara coctohtx hsx KxepHKftjiOBx, KOTopue odpaSyDTXbx neux teex Ha- auBaeauft neHTpx. Ilpa bosmoxhoctb Taaoro nntpoKaro atcTaaro Bjiania, cTaHOBHTCH noaliTaHMx, nonerfy, nanp., throB A^aTeab, krkx ran6erra, nacTOHHaJX ha BBeAcaiH si',rutin de liste—HsdpaHia no cnncKancx. Ko- nenno, TpyABO CKa3aTb, hto6u tokoft cnocodx HsdpaBia vcTpaHH.tx osnaHouHua HeyAodcTBa cHCTeHH h4cthhxx aiiiHift; caxoe do-ibinee, ec-iH ohx nepcHeceTx iieatpx raxecTH BAiaHia h hsmIihhtx kx Ayn- uieMy opyAie arHTaniH; cosAaTb xe naCToarnyn na.iaTy HapoAiiuxx npeACTaBHTe.ieft ear ne yAacTca. 17*

— 260 — QpH uaJHiHocTH tsbhxb MtCTHUXB Bxiaaifl BecbMa Tpy^no cocra- BHTb onpejixeHHOe KonnaKTHoe (SoALmaacTBO bb iiaaarb, TaKB EaKB rficTHua B.iiflHia, He pyKOBOjcTayciniaca no ofimeny npanHjy. UHsa- Vhmh ofimHMH nporpaxsiaMH iio.ththkh h BOcnpHHHMaioiuja ext no- CToatKy, nocKOJbEy out cooTBtTCTByBTB hxb HHTepecaMt, bb 6oal- mHHCTBi cjyiaeBi. apoacBOAHTB hhcto CAyaaflnue Bufiopu. Bb TaKOMB HM6HH0 lioJoaeHiH o6ctohtt» atxo bb lIpycciH, rAt XOTH H cyme- cTByeTB cacreMa jBycTenenHofl nojaaH toaocobb, ho iJiaKTHiecEH h coctbbb HsfiHpaTeJBHUXB KOxaerifi a cociaBB ua.iaTU onpexlijaBTca npa6.THbiiTe.ibao to8 ate aceofimeft noAaaeio tojocobb, TaaB kb kb HMy- mecTBeBHaro ueBna bb lIpycciH h$tb. Botb, aanp., kskoh cociaBBHirfejB npyccsid jaaATarB 1881 — 1883 toaobb: 118 CTapo-KOiicepBaTOpOBS, 59 cboCoahhxb KoacepBaTopoBB, 67 HanioaajB-AH6epa.TOBB, 21 tachb TauB HaauBaeiiaro jH6epaxi,naro cOK>3a, 38nporpeccHCTOBB, 98 ajeHOBB napTia aeBTpa, 18 boabkobb, 2 AanaHHHa (hsb Chbib. HLieamira) h 12— ueonpexfc.ieiniLixb. Hsb nepeaacaeHHHXB uaTeropifl bhaho, tto- cocTaBBaaHATara coBepineHHo Heonpeji.ieHeBB h, bohbtbo, aro cocra- BHTb BB H6HBTaKOe napjiaMeHTCKOeCO-IblOHHCTBO, Ha KOTOpOe 6u MOatHO 6hao ouHpaTbca npa npone.ieniH rfxB hah ApyrHXBHtpB, ape3BnaaftH0 TpyAHO. Boo6me BbimeHSAoaeBHbifi coctsbb AaHjTara cbohmb cyme- CTBOBaaieuB AOKasbiBaeTB, ato npH mapoaoMB pacnpocrpaHeHin Butfop- Baro opaBa a npa caat MtcTHUXB BAiaaiS, kotopun o6i!apysnna»Tca Ha BiiCopaxB, aoAyaaeTca xpafiae aeonpeAiAeHHuft coctsbb na-iara (oTHOcaTeAbho AUHATara HoaHO cxa3aTb, ato He TOAbKO 12 ero ue- hobb ycBOHAH ce6t xapaKTepB HeonpeAtAeHHUXB, no h csub ohb bb HtAOMB ero cociaBi ckaohchb ofiaapyatarb Tt ae HeoapeAtaeaHHa CBOfiCTBa). Y. BoaxoaHOCTb TaKRXB MtCTHUJ^. B.liaaift, aAMHHHCTpaTHBHblX'b BObAificTBifl, KAepHKaAbaaro n.iianin h T. a. ofiBacHaerca oaeHb mhothmh o6e.ToaTe'jbCTBaaH a, npe»Ae Bcero, x4bb, ato ao HacToamaro bpcmchk Macca HapoAa, apHsimeMaro kb H36apaTeAbHiJHB ypaaMB, oaeHb Maao 8aaHTepecoBaHa xoaobb noAHTHaecKiixi a4ab, He noTOMy, rAaBHHMB ofipasoxB, TTO Macca BTa Ma.io npocBimeBa, go noTOMy, tto aaiepeQU a Bonpocu, KOTopue o6uKHOBeHHO paspimanTca bb na-iaraxi, hit5k)tb (fcxrte noaarttaecKiS, atm. sKoaoHaaecKia xapaKTepB. Meawy TtMi HHTepecbi, Haafioate S-iH.ntie MaccaHB —*rS, soropue 'ltacaBTca vcao- Bift SKOHomiaecKaro 6ut8, a no Mtpi Toro,' KaBB AtaTej&HOCTb rocy- AapcTBa fiyAeTB pacnpocTpaHHTbca HaSKOHOMaaecKie Bonpocu, bo3mosho h fio.ibmee apaBAeaeHie b yaacTi'e napojHuxB mhccb bb Bufopaxi, KOTopue npa tomb 6yAyiB cOBepmaTbca fioite hah Meiite cosaaTeAbHO. TorAa B03M02EH0 a aoaBAeHie otintaxB aaiepecoBB, cooSpaaHO cb koto- PHMH rpaKAaaefiyAyTBrpyanaposaTbca bb (SoAbinia napria, MeatAy koto-

puBB h pacnpej-fc-iiiTCfl uca aacca iiace.ieuia. Bo-BTopaxt, He noxaejEHTb coBHimu, too dz stomt. oTHomciiiB h CTenenb o6pa30Bama oMt.ert iiecbxa cymecTBepaoo sHaqeHie, a xoth Bb ifiCTOamee Bpeua saeHeH- TapHoe oCpasoBaHie cAtaa.io Soabnrie vcirftxH uobcoav, a ocofieHHO, Raup., Bb ropSiaHiH, ae neH$e Heabaa caaaaTB, iroou oho npa- boajuo a* yacHeHiio a noaHRaaiio noaHTHiecKHXb amepecOBb, h6» Bb epyrb BToro oOpasOBaaia ocero Mente bxoahtl CB$Afcnifi, EOTopua HeofixoAHMU aah asCapaTeja a H3<5Hpaevuxb. IIohatho, too Taaia Jaua, CAi-iaBniacL H36HpaTcaaxH, He aoryrb coaiaTeabHO noAaTb- cbo* roaocb 3a to hah apyroe jhho, xoTopoe npeACTasHTb hmx HBB'tcTuyn HOAHTaaecayn nporpaiwy. no.yaaa roaocoBb nfia Taxoft crenenn o(5pa- sosania npoiicxoAHTb caopie aa ana, aixb no noBOAy coAcpacaHia npeAJaraeMOft nporpaMHH. 3thmi ofitflcnaeTCa TOTb He ptAKifl ijmKTb, tto npa roonoACTBt cacTeuu MtcTiiuxT, Baiaaifi tm^HpaTe-iH noAanrb CBofi roaocb 3a HeaoBtiia, ahhho hhi>3uaaoMaro, ho uporpaHua koto- paro AAa hhxx coBepmeHHO HeasBiCTHa, sa HCKA»aeHieMT> paaBi toto cayiaa, aorxa OHa npeiaaraerca Kauoft Ho6y.it HaaionaabnoS 3Haae- HHiocTbD (6yxe oTa sHaHeHBTocTbAepsHTca onpeAtacHHoR uporpaHau, a He H^HaeTX ee, CMOTpa no naaoCHOCTH). 3arfeMb pasBHTie xtcraaro caMoynpaBaeaia,—upeAMeTb, Ha ko- TopuR oflpamaexca naao BBHMama Ha KOHToneHT'fe Esponu,—pasBBBan upHEuiay h i oCmecTBOHHiJMb h no-iHTHiecKHMb Ataaxb h xasaa Ha- pOAy H3BiCTHH8 HOAKTHieCKiS CMUCAb, KOMen HSMiHHTb Kb xyanievy HIJHtlHHKHO CHCTeMy BUfiOpOBb. HaKOHCHb, HpHMiHeHie BIOS Bbl6opH0fi CHCTeHH TaKKC SaBHCHTb 0Tb yCTpOttCTBOnpeACTaBHTe.IbCTBa HOTb cno- <o60Bb H 4>0pub HOAaiH roaOCOBb, Cb KOTOPUMHHU n03nait0MHMCJI HHSe. TaaHMb ofipaaoMb, Bee BumecitasaHHoe nOEaauBaerb, too CHCTexa Bceoftmefi uoaaHH roaocoBb ao nacTOamaro Bpexenu SB.iaeTca hsbIictho# npofi.ieMoa, Eoropaa erne, xxcTb HaAxeasaniaro paspimema Bb coBpe- HeHHbixb rocyAapcTBaxb Esponu h KOTopaa nosa TaEb eme Aaaeaa OTb Hero, too HOTpefiyeTCa hhoto ycaaift bo Bcixb oacTaxb boahthkh h rocyAapcTBeHHaroynpaBaeHia, too6h noxyiHTbTaxyio Mf.ccy naceaenia, KOTopaa OTHOCHaacb 6u cosHaieabHO h othctjhbo Bb CBOHHb ofiasaH- HOCTaHb. pTHHb oCbaCHHeTCB H Ta HOCTeneHHOCTb, CbKOTOpODBb a48- CTBHTeabHocTH npHM'tHaeTca 9T8 CHcrcMa Bceofimeft noAaiH roaocoBb.

262 TJIABA II. I. JIjiji yacHcnia xoja paaBHTia Bufiopao# chctcmh mh cihtuji (ia no-iesuHHB npeatje Bcero yaasaTi. aa HCTOpaaecKiS xoab pasBaxia bh- 6opnaro npasa bb AayxB CTpaHaxB, uubBrnax* piuiHTejii.Hoe BjiaHie aa Apyria cTpaHH Kriponu, auesHif bb AaraiH h bo <I’pahigh, Task aaKf. a anr.iificKaa a <JipaHny3CKaa chctcmh BOcnpOHSiseseHH bb H3sris- aennosn. bha£ bb bpotmxb rocvAapcTBaxi Ebpohh, npa tomb uoxaa CK33aTB, tto CHCTCMH BceodnieS ho.iath toaocobb unep/me to a npaai- ueaa a ocymecTBiuacb bo 4>paHi(iu, topab kokb Anr.iiH ao Hacioaoi.aro BpCMCHK npOACTHBAHeTCa THttOMB TOCyAapCTBa, KOTOpoe ofiyC-lOBAHEaen. BtjdopH B9BtCTBHMB H8dHpaTe.JbBHHB UCH30MB. HcTopia paaBHTia nuCopnaro npasa bb ABrxiH Gy^en, hIickojlko npocxpaHHie h caoaiHie, t)>hb Ta, aoxopyio mh KdatCMB naOasuaTbbo 'I'paHftfH, h6o bo 4'paHniH sea ea no.iKTBTeCEaa HCTOpia bcactb cboc Haiaao cb 1789 roja; aanpoTHBB, Hcropia sudopHaro npaBa bb AnraiH namnaoTca co bpcmchh B03HiiKH0Beaia anr.iiflCKaio napaaiteHTa ')• □pH HS-ioseniu HCTopin amviiftcKaro Bu6opHaro npaBa aojuhho asrfiTb bb BHAy, tto cocthbb uapjaMeHTa Anr.iiH &b cpeAnie B-ftaa hk&ib co- ') B» easy aparsocra, ci aoropoft muflyjeMi niaran ucropinnudopnaronpaBO coMHenia: Stubbs, Theconstitutional history of England, 3 t. (aocotiaiS bbtoji. n 1878 r.); Merewether a Stephen, History of tie boroughs and municipal corpo­ rations etc., 3 roua, 1836 roaa(no coiaseuie corepaan, n ce6i uaoro aaaauxa SisHCTopinsu6opBaronpaBaaaAarsia). 3arfeaa Bt aataabXIX ciojbria, aoraaofime- (aro colBHCaie Coraro daxiauB, aajccTpapyiuuBMH ri aioynorpedieuia, aa aoropua o6panaxoca aaauaaie,!. Auto BtSuicS ooaBTBBCciofi scTopia Aarxla, T.-c. Hcropia ca oojobbhu XVHX a >o soxo- BBSBXIX CTOjbrii, eaten yaaaaauoe wine coiaueBieToxica 3pcaaua Has: Die. Verfaseungs-Geschicbte Euglands seit dor Thronbesteigung Georg III, eta. nep., 1862 r. (Ba aeaa co6paau (parra, Bacaomiecx nliaro CTOairis; otbhe ipaataua

— 263 — cjobhuS xapaKTepx, kkkx »to oco6bhho boapoOho oBxhcbhax OefiGcx. OTBOCHTejiBBOcoc.iOBnaro xapaKTepa cocTaBa nepxneft anraificitofi nanara Be MOaterx Outb huKaKOio conaiBia, Taax Kapx Bepxaaa naaaTa co- CTO&ia B3x abjxx uepBCHCTByiomHxx cocjioBiS—ordo, dtats, T.-e. ijteo- jajbHaro ABopaucTBa h AyxoBeHCTBa. 3aTisrx coctairB HuxaeH inuaTu MHij't Taaace coc-jounoe 3uaieaie, T.-e. bx hhjkhioidnaxaiy npa.3UBa.THci. npeACTaBHTeAH OTX l'pa<|)CTBX,HBBHEO pHUapH OTXTpafllCTBX, T.-e. AHHA, npHEaAJiesaBBiia kx ntcTnony iuopHHCTBy (fiumuH cjvaaH, ato mjOopu AHua, He npHHaAaeiaaBinaro kx afecTHOMyABopaacTsy, xaccHpoBaAHcx ua- jaioB); KpoBi rpa<t>CTBx, npaBOiipeACTaBBTfi.ii.CTBa6hao a&ho Taaate h ro. poAaux, h ropoACKHux KopnopaQiaHx; oOuKHoaeHHObto npaeo ataAosa.iocb hmx oco6umh KOpoAeBCKHMH xapriaMH, h AenyiaTH otx ropoAOBX 6uah npcACTaBHTeAHMH ropoACKOro KJtacca. CaiiAOBaTeAbHO, cociaBx aHTAifi- c.koS HHHCHeB na.iaTu 6u.ix anajoraieHX cx Etats geueraux, KopTecaMB a T. n. Xoalko BHa'ieHie aarxiBcitaro uap.iaMeiiTa, no.iHTHiecKaa ero po.ib fiu.ia Hima, cocTaBX ate ero opraHBBOBaicH uphmI.hh texl ho kx ycjOBiHMX cocxoBHaro rocyAapcTBa. 9to oficTOHTextcTBO, kbkx ybhahhx, HMixo BAiaaie a Ha CHcieBy Bu6opnaro upasa bx AHr.iiH. Coc.iOBHufi xapaKTepx npejcTaBBTeALCTiia bx auraificKOMX napxa- MeHT'I. oTpasHACa a Ha nepBoaaaajiBHOft BuCopHoft cacTeirt, kotopan upocymecTBOBa-ia ao Chaah o peifopM* 1832 r. Mu bha*ah, hto npeA- CTaBBTeAH BX HHHEHCfi naABTi HSdHpaAHCX OTX rpat()CTBX H ropoAOBX. ycAOBia BudopHaro npaBa h rasix u sa4cb bx canojix Hatajrfc 6hah pasAHTBU. Bx rpacpcTBaxx ycxoBia auCopnaro npaBaobp6ai6ahahcx 3eM.ie- BAaAiHieMx; cxiAOBaTeABBo, Bet puiiapw(knights), cKBaflpu hah ocKoafipu (opyateHocpu) h BOoCme abas, AepataBiniji seHAio HaAeHHUXx npaiiaxx, T.-e. BAaAiBinifl ynacTKoMx aesuH hoax yc.ioiiiewx oTfiuBauia paa-iHi- HHXX HOBHBHOCTeH, yiaCTBOBHAH BX HS<5paHiH plipapeR, KOTOpue nocy- xaAHCb bx uanaiy no 2 otx naatAaro rpaifjCTBa. II. Bx ropoaaxx Bu6opnoe npaoo onpeAtAHAOCb npabh.thmh, KOTopua cymecTBOBa.iH aah ropoACKnxx BuCopoBx: ropoxaiix npcAOCTaBASAOca npaeo HsdHpaTb, ho HHKaKofl 3aKOHX He nocTanoBAHAX, khkobu hmohho ycAOBin BToro Bu6opHaro npaBa. CBepxx Toro, HHsaKia3aKOHOAaTe.Ti.Hua npaBHaa ue onpeA’f'AHAB, Kaxie hh6hho ropOAa aoaxhu 6utl npeACTa- BACHU BX HHJKHCS HaAarii. .iHIHbnpeACTaBHTeAHOTXHkEOTOpyXX itict- HoCTefi B3AaBHa upHSUBHAHCb bo ycTaHOBHBmenyca oCuaaB); tbkx npa- BUBaAHCb npeACTaBHTeAH otx 5 hoptobx: Hyepa, raciHHrca, Pohhh, TaiiTa h CauABHHa. 4to ate sacaeTca a® npeACTaBHTexefi otx ropoAOBX, to npHSBaBie nxx bx napAaMeHTx aaBHckxo otx ycMOTphaia KopoAH-, KOTopuB ataAOBaAx HsCnpaTeAbnoe npaBO ropoAanx no CBoeMy ateAaniH). BcAf.ACTBie BToro, BHitaKoro vCTaHOBAeaBaro npaBHAa, KOTopoe onpeAi-

— 264 ja.io 6a Kpyn. ropoxoBb, HMii>mHXb uocTOBHBoe npaBO Bocujait cbo- HXb upexcTaBHTe.ica Bb hhjrhbb najBTy, Bb nepBoe upeMfl npexciaBH- Te.ibCTBa He eymecTBOBaao. 9thmh abvmb ycxoBiana onpeab-iajmcb h BHjoiiSMtmeHia BuOopKaio npaBa, ocoObbuo bh-khuh otho- CHTejbHO ropoaoBb. Hto ate xacaeica no rpacpcTBi, to Bb HHXb BuSopnoe npauo <5ujo ao HBBfccTnoa cTeneHH peryjapoiiaao aaKOHOMb Kopo.ia Teapexa VI. Tam. KaKi. jenaue vaacTKH npo6nJ.na h nepexoxaJiH Bb pysn JiHub, ae DpHHaxJeaauiBxb Kb cocjobid, o6aaaHHO*y noennoft c-ryaiGofo, h, caixoBaTejbHO, Bb pyw .iHipb, ofiaaaHHuxbimbthtb HairbcTHua bo,wth, TO CKOpO HBHiaCI. HeoSxOJBHOCTL XO*H HtCKOlbKO peryxHpoBaTh H36H- paTe.if.Hoe npaso Bb rpaijfCTsaxb Bb BHxy T-fcib aaoynoTpefijeHift, so- Topua jonycnaJH mepa^u npa coaNB-bHaftapaTejeS. IIostomy,aaKOHOMb Tenpaxa VI 6mio nocTanoBJieao, bto bc4 OTna, Bjaxiumia yaacTKaMH 36HJIH na npant C06CTB6HHOCTH H UOjyiaiOUUH Cb HBXb xoxoxy Bb pasMipi 40 maJUBHroBb—cyTb H36apaTe.ia. Haippa 40 oGbacHaerca rtHb, bto aTa cyMMa oupejkiaaa pa3Mipb ctohmocth bbhuhpobkb h coxepacaHia co-wara. OTHOCHTeibao ropojioBb awopia sufiopaaro upana upejCTaBxaeTCa HicsojbKo caoaHJe. I'opoxa, mm jyime CKaaait nocexeuia, npuaHa- aaBmiaea ropojaMH, acauTaja yiacTbBCixbcpejneotKOBiixb nocexoHiS ae tojbko Bb Aaraia, ho h Ha kohthhoht4 Eoponu. Anr.iia aaiaa aajo fioabinuxb aeHTpoBb, najo TattHib jpeBaaxb ropoxoBb, xoropae paasHBaaHCb 6a nocieneHHO. UanpoTHBb, Bb Aaraia irbcTetKa, npaaBa- BaeNua aa ropoxcKia noceaema, noxb Bjiaaiein, aKOHOMxaecKHXbycao- Bi8, noxb BjiaaieMbuaatHeuift Bb o6aacrHupoMtiui.ieHuocTHh ToproajH, to BoaBtimaxHct, to upaxoaiuH Bb ynaaoxb, Taxb bto oxhh MicTeaKH, KOTopua npeaae nocbUfuHxenyTaTOBb, opanua Bb ynaxoEb h ofieaan- aiiH, Torxa eaKb xpyrie ropoxa paaBHBaiacb, npiofipiTaxH 3HaieHie ToproBuxb ueaTpoBb, bo ho Hvlaa npaaa npejcTaBHieaLCTBa. Otopa3- .iH4ie Mesay npHaafecsHUb h cjiaBTaaocBaab noaoseaieicb ropoaoBb ofiHapyatajoch Bb bobat XVII CToatria bl uapcTBOBanie Kapaa II no TOfi npaBHHi, BTO Cb 9T0r0 BpeMCHH, BO KpaftHCH M'lip't, (jiaKTHBeCKH 6mo orpaHHieHO npaBo Kopo.ia coaaaaaTb eobhh HaGnpaTe-ibnuH ab- ctobkh h paaxaBaTb xapik, Bb KOTopuxb saxosaaocb axb npaBo upex- cTaBirre.ibCTBa. BcaixcTBie ororp, spyrb MtcTeaeKb, HirftBnuixb npaBo nocHaaTb xenyTaTOBb, aamtHyaca, h irbcrenR, uxoauBraia Bb cocTasb OToro npHBajerapoBaHHaro Kpyra, ho 6hjh ToataecTBeHHU cb upoabi- BUeHRMHH h ToproBHKH HocejeHiaMH, pa3BHBniHicHca Bb napcTBOBaaie Kapja II. 3aTb»b a Bb caMHXb aaSapaTe.ibBHXbsrfccTOBKaxb Bn6opBoe npaao He 6ujo oapeabaeHO sasHUK Hafiyab nocToanauna npaBiuaaa.

— 265 — Bx uepBoe Bpexi bi> npiiHflHnf. atflOTBOiia-io oieHt cnpaBeAAHBoe apa- bhao, Huenoo, bto uciiKiS, iuaTamiS na.iorx h neeymiit rtiepo^t, T.-e. oifiuBaiomifl ropoACKia hobhhhocth, ecTt H36HpaTe.it. Ho npH cymecTBO- BaaiH TaKoro aaaoaa He.itaH fiujo npeayopeiUTb, mto6u Kpyrx vopoi- ckhxti HaCHpaToaoS aftMBHyjca bx npHBHAerapoBaHHuft K.iaccx, bx npa- BHaerapoBaHuyio nopnopauiio,Tianxtoh caynuocBnaeohthHeHTfi EBponu. H jtflCTBHTe.ItHO, BXKOHUt CpeAHHXX utKODXHBX AlITjiH, Hna IEOHTH- Beiirf. EBponu mcao nojHoiipaRHijxx rpaat^anx bx ropojaxx ynem- BiHaoeb. h ohh opraflH30Ba.iHCx Bain, fin bx ocofiyu Bopnopauiio. Bx XVIII ctoji. ncTptiajHct Taeia m4ctmkh, bx KOTopuxx, xotb h aM- cTBOBaao cxapoe upaiiuo, wo bc$, Hecymie Hajioi*x n oTfiuBaimnie oie- pexb, HBfiHpaTean, bo ihcao bthxx nsCnpaTeaefi yna.io ao(I, 4 i xaa;e 3-xx rpaataaHx; OCTWbaaa se nacca ropOACEHXx ofiuBaTe.ieH. ae npa. HaAiesaBniHxx bx aroS Kyqai npHBRjiernpoBaHHUXxahux, rfeux ca«tiMx ycTpaaaaact otx yiacria bx Bu6opaxx. Bx ntxOTopuxx HicTeutaxx npaBO BSfipaHis cocpeAOTOiHxocb bx pyKaxx ropoACKoro coBiia, tbkx wo ropoflCKofl M3px a 6 hjib 12 ropoA- CKUXX COB'llTHHKOBX HSlt.IH npaBO DOCLUaTL AenyTBTOBX BX HHSHBIO uajiaTy. UpK TaEOMx BHinmenx (J>opMaAbaoMx BupoKAOHia coraaBa H36npaTeAeS, npeACTaBHTejbCTBo HcaasaAOcs hoax BAinnieHX a Apyraxx yciOBiS. Taxx, bx hcxoa$ XVII ct., KorAa ipyrx rocnoACTBywiuHxx KxaccoBX bx Ahtaih ycTaHOBHJCB h sanKHy.ica, Bjianie noaenejtnofi apacTOEpaTin iio.jyiHAOnepaencTByioinee snanenie, BMiACTBie aero nafia-. paTOAbnua KOAAeriH 0At.ia.iHci, He ctoaxko AiicTBHTexBHunx hctoihh- xomx Aonv'raTCKHxx nojnoMoaifl, ceoaxeo opvAieMx rfx x apncTOKpaTH- necEHXxEAaccoBx, xoTopueaepeax» th H36iipaTe.ibHuaEoxxcriH npastona- 3ua'ia.iu AonyTftTOBX, EOTOpuxxohh CHHTaAHHanCoxie chocoChuhh npeA- CTaBJETh H Co6cTBeHHUe HXX HUTepCCU, H HHT6peCH BCerO TOCVAapCTBa. 9toBjiame apHCTOKpaTiubx rpa<t>CTBaxxofiaapysHAOCBbx tomx, wo eoah- qeCTBO MG.IKHXX BOSenejbHHXX COfieTBenilHBOBX 3HA1HT6AXHO VMeHLmH- jocb BCJfcAcrjiie OucTparo poda EpynBaro 3enjeB.iaAtnia. Pe3yAbTaT0KX aToro aBHAOCb to, wo 3HaqHT6AbHoe 'ihc.io CuBmHxx no3esie.ii>nuxx COfiCTBeHHUEOBX(-IHIHHBmHXCJTCo6cTBeBHOCTHnyTOUXUpOAaKHHCAtaOKX) SHHrpnpOBaAo bx ropoAa hah ofiparajocb bx apesAaTopoBX. IIoaToxy ihcao ahu.x, MHfcioiuHxx npaBO roAOca Ha BWSopaxx, yueHtnni.ioch eme 6oaie, h caofH Bufiopu aaxoAHAHcb hoax OeaycjoBUUMx BAianieux .ee.y.ie- A&ibnecEofi apncTOKpaTiH, KOTopaa npocTo nasnanaAaAenyTaTonx nopesx nocToanHua KOAAeriH bx rpai|icTBaxx. III. Enie bx xyAOlHXX jcaobihxx HaxoAHAOCb uu6opnoc npaBO bx ropoAaxx. 1) MicTenEH, ropoAa 6uah no Cojbmefi qaciH na DAaAtJL- qeciiHxx 3ghahxx. Otcioab ctaaoBBTca uohhtho BAiaHie Anna, KoropoMy npHHaAAeataAO SoAbumnCTBO aohobx, bx KOTopuxx shah ropoACKie o6u-

— 266 — BaTeaa. 2) Bo.ibtiiHHCTBO ropoACKBXB oCumtejefl, KOTopue coxpaHH.in 3a co6od nufiopaoe npaBO, aouo 3apa6oTaaiiHotb m4cthux% KpyuHHXB 3eMjeBjaA’fe.ibneB'L, tukobu, naap., Ky3neau, c.iecapa h np., KOTopue, no- . hmtho, a HaxoiBMCi. iioab lixiaHienii. pafioroxaTexe*. 3) Oti, KocBeH- Haro BjiaHia cjiAydB otahbhtb npaxoe luitmie, KOTopoe bb AnraiH BupasHjocb cHCTeiioS no.xKyna, hah, roBopaHHaie, npo^aaceii ro-jocoin,- 3totb cnocofe BjiaHia Ha BuCopu, npasTHKOBaimiiftcabb aHaiHTB.ibuofi cieneHH eme bb Haqaxi XVII CTO-iina, npHMiHHJics bb paaiHiHUXT. BHjaxx h qpesiiijqafiHO pa3Hoo6pa3Ho: tomb, r,vh ropOACEaa oAmuna 6ui& 6*Ana h necoCTOBTejBHa, <ppnHeutinpnxo 6eat okoxhbhoctoh apo- ' jaBa.iH cBofl tojocb; bb jpjthxi. MicTaxB ropoxcitoB coaiTB otrfemaiB CBoe cojificTBie bb BH(5opaxB tSmb m a n , xoTOpBia sanjaTara xoxni ropoAa; aaaoHenB, cxyqaxocb, hto bb ra3CTaxB ToixainHHro bpcmchh BCTptqa.iHCB o&BBBJieHia, ito apoxacTca TaEofi to ropoAB, HHiioiuifi npaBO nocBuaTB 2-xb hjh 3-xb AenyTaTOBi. Uohhtho, bto aa Tania oObflBxeHia cTeKa.iHCbnoKynareJiH, KOTopueh npio6piTajin ropoACxiero- aoca upa o6cTaH0Bri, HanoMnnaiomeft odcTaHOBBy uy6xH>iHaro Topra. Upa TaKHxi yciOBiaxT. BBiCopnaro npana, nojoateHie ero bb Auraia bb Hcxo.yf, XVin CTOxiTia aoateTB 6utb Bupaiaciio bt, cjixyDUHXB (JtaKTHqecKHX'B xmauxi: bt. 1790 rojy bb AsraiH HMixocb 30 xicre- qoKi, bt, KOTopuxB 6buo 376 n36HpaTe.ie8, aociuaBnmxB 60 xenyTa- tobb; catjOBaTexBHO,Ha ojhoH id e™ npaxojHJOCB cpexHHHi bhcjomi .12 HaCiipaTeaeS h 2 jenyTaTa. Cb xpyro® croponu, Chth (hsctb ropoxa AoHAOHa), HutBiuee 495.778 KHTe.iefi, npexcTaBjaxocB toxlso 4 jeny- TBTaMH, TOBHO T8KB3v0BeCTHHHCTepB IJOCBlAa.TB T0.1BK0 2 AenjTaTOBi; rpaijKMBO ate Kopima.iHCB, HMismee Bcero HaBcero 165 rac. atHTexeft, Bti6Hpajio 44 npeAdaBHieJia. OqeBHAHaa HepaBBOHipHOCTB bb pacnpe- liaeniH npaaa npeicraBHTexbCTFa, BUTenaioinan h8b dphbcabhhuxb xaHHHXi; He Tpefiyen, hhbbkhx'b noacflemS. 3aTiaB, othochtb-ibho pacnpexiaenia Baiaaia, EOTopoe hm&ih paaiaqHBie qxeHU noaeMexBHoft apHCToapaiiH, mosho npHbooth caiAy»mia AaHHBia: 87 .aHraiScKaxi nopoBb saM'tmaJiH 218 xenyTaTOKHxi n idi, C-iiAOBaieaBHO, cpeAHBirB 4HCA0HX oahiib nspi. 6ui% npeACTaB.ien'B bb BHBiieA naxaii HicaojB- bhhh AenyTaiaxH (HaorAa oahhb naps npeACTaBxaxca 7 — 8 a jama II AenyTaTaMH). Ene ftojBmee B-iiaeie no3eMejBBoSapaCTOKpaTiaofiHa- pyzHxocB BB lUoTiaBAia, TAi npH 4 rac. HsCnpaTe.ieS 21 nspB aa- atmaxa 80 xenyTaTCBnxB aicTB. Bb HpjaHAia 36 napoBBpacnoxaraaH 51 MicTOMB; apyaHBie seMaeBjaaiABaH nuixu 8a co6o» 171 Mido; MMHHCTepCTBO KyHHJO 16 AOnyTBTCKHXBMiCTB, a OCTaJBBUH6buhcaao- cioaTe.iBHbi, bb tobb CHUcai, ato OHHca«H ce6a npojamuH. Haxo3a- MiTHTB, 4TO TOprB B'iiCTaMU ocoGeHBo paSBHACa BB XVIII CT. aocxi ycnixoBBOctb-Hhacbo#xaHnaHiH, aoraaMaccaaarxHqaHB,oftoraTHBmucB

— 267 — ToproButH .vti.iaMH Bb Octi-Hhaih, aBH.iaci. lit. Anr.iio, uoAb HMeneMt Ha6a6oBb, cf KOJioccajbHum cocTOBHiexb h cocTaBHja KonBypeHijiio MicTHoii seHeabHoa apacTOKpaTiHno aacTHaaxBaiaAenyTaxcRHXb Mien, H,\"caiAOBSTeabHO, no aacTH BOAKynOBb. 3th aHCTO BHiiBBie, xoth h bhahmo 6e3cnopBHe jeifeKTH HsSupa- Te.ibHofi cHCTeMu ct jaHHOM'b oiyaafc oCbacHMOTca Tinb upocTUva eo- oOpaiaeuiein., ato Bb Aurjiii rocyAapcTBOBHaa BjacTL ifiaKTHaecEH nar xoahtch Bb pvKaxi, rocnoACTByK>maroKjacca; cjiAOBaieaBHo, yEasauBue Ae$eKTH oTofi chctomu aBxsiDTCa aornaecKHMT> nociiscTBieMt oOmaro BaiaHia aeMe.ii.uo0 apHCTOKpariH. KpoMi Toro, bth aejocTaTEH CHCTeMU BUKynaxHci, OTaaciH rfcMb, aTO Bb to npcMa anr.iiScKaa apiicTOKpaTia 6u.ia aaiiHTepecoBaHa, aroOu AenyraTU, nocujaexue e » o n „rBBiuxb“ HicTeaesi., Ou.tb aioah TajaHTjHBbie, TaKb tto mhoxoctbo SaecTaniHXb OpaTOpOBT. AHIM1H BUIB.IO BSb pHAOBb TOfl HOXOAOXH, KOTOpyiO, nocpex- ctbomt. 8THXB MicTeieKb, npOBOjHja bt.naxaTy B.iijixe.ibHaa aHr.Tiflcaaa 3HaTb. TaKOBb, Hanp., Illepiuaut, BopKb HAa®e 'I'OKcb: Bci ohm nponuH B'b KaaecTB't AenyTaTOBb OTb pasBUXb Me.iKuxb MicreleKb. fla h bbo- cxijcTBia, nocai nap.iaueHTCKofi peipopMu, hhoto AHiib, TepuiBniHXb nopantenie bt. 6oxbniHXb HseupaTC-ibnuxT. ospyraxb, npHfrfiraxH Kb npex- CTaBHTOJbCTsy 9THXb .rHHJiuxb uicTeaeKb”. TaKb, xopjb Tpefi, npo- BeAmi0 napAanenTCKyB peijiopsiy, Cu.ib uo6hti aa BbiOopaxb Bb Job- AOH'fe (Bb oahoA H8b era aaCTefi) h ofipaxajca Kb OAHoay MajeHbKOMy HtCTeaKy, KOTopoe a BtiSpajo ero AenyTaTOMb Bb hhjkhioio najaTV. TaKb, ue MeHie h3b4cthu0 IIa.u>MepcTonb hheotab bo 6w.it. na6npacsib Bb fioAbmHXb HsCHpaxe.TLiiuxb oEpyraxb, a ocTanajca npeACTaBHTexeMb BBEouv HeH8BicTHaro ao toto MicTeasa THMepTOHb.TaEHMb o6pa3onb, mu HoaeMb Ha3aaTL mhoro rocvAapcTBeHHUXb aDAe0 AHrjiia, KOTopue Aaxe BnocxiACTBiH, Koi’Aauap.iaMeiiTCKaa pct|iopMa bbAOHBMiHHAaycxoBia npeACTaBHTejbCTBa, ae npoxoAHAH Bb najaT}- 6esb sthxt. Me.iKnxb iiiCTeaenb, ynixiBniHXb noc.it peifopau 1832 roAa. H Bonpocb o HHxb ■orb CfJTb pimeBb, no Kpataeg a t pi Bb AHr.iiH, boBbcnay aticTpaxT- Huxb Baaajb cnpaBejUHBOCTH, HeBb CHJiy KaKHXb HHuyjb oSmuxb apHH- BBUOBb, a BCxiACTBie H3MiBeaia Bb cauuxb ycAOBiaxb jkhshh. Ilona aur.iiHCKaH apHCTOKpaTia He BCTpiaana co6i conepnHKOBb, bchkih ho- hutch Kb H3MiHeniio uap-iaMCHTcicofl CHCTeMU 6u.ih OesycniniHU. J,ase Bb peBOxuiuoHHbifi nepiOAb, xaate tbeo0 aeAOBiEb, xasb OxHBepb KpoM- aeib, Bb aTOMb oTHOiueHia He HMijib ycnixa. IIpaBAa, osb, nocAi toto, EaEb coCcTBeHHOio CBoen BAacTbD pa3oraaAb TaKb nas. „J(ojriS nap- AameHTba, nounTa-ica fiu.io yciaBOBHTb aab csoero nap.iaMeiiTa (soTopuft BbOTAHaie 0Tb AoAfaro HasuBaaca „OxBOCTbeMb—rump”) jOBOAbHO npa- BHAbuyu opraHHaanin, ho caauft iiap.iaMeHTb ne BMi.Jbpobho HKKaEoro 8Ba<ieBifl.

— 268 — IV. Bx XVIII cr. oecbMa cymecTBeHHbia ycaoBia, H3M-bHnnmifl Been « htx Ahc-im, BUHva«aaii ax napaaveHTCKo# pe<J>opui.,Ceja otho- chtch, Hpeatae Bcero ycaoBia npomunjeaHaro pasBHTia Ahmu. Bx ceMHafaHefi boSh4 (1766 — 1763) AHraia npiofipixa Mnoro hobhSx KoaoHiH, bx tomx W a t h oTx ^panuiB, EOTopaa AHnnaacb fioxb- mHHCTBa cbohxx Ko.iOiliS BXAMepaid. BarfiMX, bx uepioai saBoeBaaia Bhaik n boShx cx ijpannyscao# pecnyfijHKOfi h HMnepieft, Korna OTKpuaca c6htx aHraiftCKHXx npoKSBeAenifi, ToproBaa is npOMtniueH- hoctx AHraia jocTBraeTX aoaoccaabHHXx paairbpOBx: aanp., ctoh- aocTb cuppa xaonia, oOpaCoTunaeBaro HaaaraiflcEuxx cJ>a6pHKaxx, cx 1760 no 1850 r., T.-e. bx Teienie 100 a4tx, yBeaHwaacb cx 2 *tf 60 hkj. (J>yHT0Bx crepaimroBH, cjfeioBaTeabHo, bx 30 pa3x. J,aate, H30- CptTeme pa3Huxx iianmnx, upHMtaenie napa, paspafioxBa aa*CHHO- yroabauxx KoneS—bcc btoABHHyao.npoMumaeHHOCTb AHraia cx laicon caaoD, ato«6pa30BaHiefioraiaro npoMumaennaro aaacca Chao ecTecrBea- huhx -pe3yabTaTOnx. Xora AHraia, bo Bpeaena MoHtecabe, a pas- CKaTpaBaaacb kbkx sepaaao, bx aoTopoMx OTpaxaeTca noaHTHtecaaa CBoOoaa, rbwx He xeHie, bx HeB Cano#OTpasaaacb bvjkauhefi jo Toro HOHHTia, 6uBiniH bx xony HaKoaTHHeert Ebpouh, ocbo6oa*, paBBHCTB* a 6paicTBt, cjobomx rfc jeMoapaTHiecKia aaea, nponaranjacTaMH ko- TOpMXX HBHJHCb PyCCO H HE06hUI(U. 1'aSBHTie9THXXnOHHTifl nopoAaao bx AHraia AenoapaTinecEoe ABHaeHie, haaaobx pyaa saposaaBineMyca npoMumaeHHOMy aaaccy cuabHoe opypie npoTHBXpoaoBofi apucTOapaTiH. BcaijcTBie stoto, bco XVIII. ct. npoxoiaTx bx nonuTaaxx napaa* HCHTCKofi pwlwpau. Bx napcTBOBaaie Teopra III bth hodutkh, 8a ao- Topua B3aaHCb aopau rpeHBHab h IJhttx MaaamiB, aojjkhh 6hjh ocynjecTBBTbca, ho <i>paHny3caaa peBoannia, coBepmaBmaa nepeBopoTX bx ofimecTBeHHOMx MH'tHiHAnraiH, aaaepaaaa na3piBniyB3 y*e pei)>opjiy. OaHaao, haoh ea hoynepaa h Bocapecaa cx hobo#chaod, aoraa3aocyme- CTBaeHiu p©4iop»u npHHaaca aopax Tpe#, arHinpoBauinitt bx noab3y ea ptauxx 50 aiTX h, Haaononx, npoBeanri# Dry peijiopwy bx 1832roay, aoraa ohx caiaaaca nepBunx vhhhctpomx. Ho bx kohh* XVIII cto- aiTia, bx nepiojx 6opb6Hcx peBoaonioHHoi« HMnepaTopcaoB^paapiei), aorpa bx caHOfi AHraiu oTpaaHjHCb njen, jtftcTBOBaBinia bo $paHniK, bh npaBHTeabCTBO, hh oflmecTBo He Toabao He coiyBCTBOBaae napaa- HeuTCKO# pe$op«i, ho aaate Hanesx Ha Hee pascnaTpHBaaca aaax npecTynaenie. ' Bx yaa3aHH0Mx Bume cotHHeHiH Man no*no aaftTHyaasama nato, too aupa, roBopuBmia bx to BpeMH o pe^opMi, BUcraBaa.iacb ax nosop- Hoay croafty, ccuaajHCbht. h. CataOBaTe.iLHo, napaaneHTcaaa pejiopHa xoraa 6mtx aiaoiix HcaaijHHTeabHo to# napTiH, KOTopaa noAAOpasHBaaa ee bx XVIII ct., hhbhho napm bhtobx. IIo btb napTia He toabao bx

— 269 — nepiojb 6opb6xi AHT-iin cx Hano-ieoHOMx, BO H aojto nocji Toro 6uj» ho y jijrb. Bx nepioxx 6opt6u (1792—1814) Bci ch.iu crpaHU 6m h HanpaB.ieHU Ha 3Ty6opx6y, a noTouy B-iacTByioman TOi'aa napria TopieBX ae 3aHM_iacb o pei|)opiit; a Bartux to ae fieayqacTHOe OTHomeHie at Heft HBH-iocb KaEb pe3yjibTarB yroM.ieHia cTpanu, soropaa Bbmecja CTO.ibKo Boitu'b h KOTopaa, Bca^ACTBie Toro, onasaxacb Hecnoco6Hoio BOCtipHHBTb H BOCnpOH8B6CTH HOBHH Havana. IlepBHfl, KTO, KBKb rOBO- puTca, pa36a.Tb CTeuo, 6bux RaHHHrx, KOTopuft, xoth h iipHHa.ue- aaab Kt KOHcepsaTHBHofi napTiH, hohth He Monte Pofiepra Hejus nox- roroBH.Tb pcijjopny OTHOCHTe.Ti.no BMancHiiaiUHKaTo.THKonx, h fijaroxapa ycBjiaiib KOToparo yja.ioci, pasfiHTbTopifleKiS.coxox ex ofi-iacTH nuimneR no.iHTHKH, ycTpoHTb Bb coioat cb Poccieio H3BtcTHoe HaBapHHCKoe iiwio h upHSHaTb BoscTaBHiia HcnaneKia kojohih, Boofime hosho citasaTb, hto aiaTe-TLHOCTb Kannnra upo.TOXH.Ta xopory toS nap.iaHenTCKoB pefjioput, KOTopysj Bb CKOpovb BpeMeHH npone.in aopju rpefi h Poccexb. CyipeCTBO Oh.t.th o pe^opM* 1832 ro*a oupeAt-iaeTCH e.itAynni,HMH uocTaHOBJieHiaHH: 1) Bb nnjy roro, n o raaBHUHb opyaienb sxoyno- Tpe6.ienia Ha BuOopaxx 6u.in rmubia MtcTenKii, 56 TaKHXx nnuuxx tftCTeaeKb Gu.ih jmmeiiu CBoero BbidopHaro npaaa, npH ^eMb hhcjo MnyxaTOBb, KOTopoe ohh nocu.ra.iH, 6hjio pacnpexiueno Meatjiy xpy- thkh ropo^auu, bhobb noayaHBuiHMH a3CapaTe.11.H0e npaBO. 3arfcMx 30 MajOHaceaeHHbixx MicTeienx, nociiJiaBinHxx xo Toro no 2 jenyTaia, no.TyqH.7H npaBO nocuxaTX to.ii.ko no ojuday. OcTaiomiaca cbo6ojhuhh MicTa 6bi.ra TaKxe pacnpejiuenu MeiKjy ropoacKHMH H3dHpaTe.iLHunn oapyraMH h rpaijxiTiuMii. TaKHHb oCpaaoMb, iioxym.iH npejcTaBHTejb- ctbo TaKie npoHunLieHHne HenTpu, KaKb MannecTepx, BnpMHHraHx, JlHBepnyjb h ap., KOTOpue no rtxx nopx ae Butin ero.’ 2) y>iacTie bx BuSopaxx, KaKb Bb rpaiJiOTBaxb, TaKb h bx ropojaxx 6hjio onpe- .vfueao nocTOHHHUHHyc.ioniaMU. OTHOCHTe.ibBO ropojoBX Aiir.iiH h IIIot- .TaiijiH Ohio nocTanoB.ieno, too BcaKifl eodcTBenuHKx hah HaHHMaTe.iE XOila, narasHHa, Konropu, cs-iaja am (tafipnim, n.raTamifl sanoMimenie . He Monte 10 (JiyHTOBX CTepxHHTOBX, ecTbHsdHpaTcab.'Biuab o pe<i>opMt 1832 BBejib o6myio penrcTpauio Hs6apaTeae#. Kaatiufi n:i6npaTe.ib no-ib'- soBa.Tca CBOHHbBbi6opHbiHbnpanoMx, eexa ohx aanocnxca Bb HsOupaTexb- nue cnHCKH cb 31 inaa oxnoro roja no 31 iioaa ipyroro roaa, bcjh oob Bb TeneHie Toro xe npeaeHH no KpaflHeS Mtpt 6 MicmieBb n.iaTH.ix Haxorx Bb nojlb3y 6ijnuxx, a ecjH ohx bx TeieHie 6 MicaneBx nepejx BudopaMii hm'Iu x iipedunaHie Bb Toft odin.Hnf,, kotopan bhochtt. ero Bb cboh n36HpaTe;n.Hue chhckh. Ho TaKb KaKb anrji0CKoe aaKOHOAaTe.ib- ctbo Bcerxa OT.iHqa.70Cb yBaxeHiexb ko bchkhmx Boodme npioSplucn- HbiMb upaBaMb, to saKOHb 1832 r. coxpaHHjx HenocpeACTBeHHOe bu-

— 270 — dopnoe npaBOaa Ting ijipHMenasca, aompue jo 1832 roja itMixn bto npaBO. Ho bto npaBO dHJo coxpanego 3a hkmh noatHBHeHHO. Totoo Ta n *e bto npaBO nosHsneHHO dujo coxpaneno b i ropojaii sa 4>pg- ro.naepawii, *.-e. 8a cBodojnuMH coficTBeiiBHaaMH, Koropue nojyia.iH c i codcTBeHHocra, HHi npHHajje*aBinc#, ho sienie 40 mH.iHHrOBi joxoja. ITpo'iHMi BjajijibnaHi 6hjo npejocTaB.ieno iiob£B3bchhoc bu- fiopuoc npaBO now yejOBiemnacraro joxoja b i 10 (j>yHT0Bi crepjjKH- rOBl. HosaBRCUMO OTl COdcTBeHHHKOBl B BjajhjbneBI, dll.ll BBejBHl ocoduB paapan. ,th« i , aecbMa pasBHBmifica bi AHr-iin, nneaHO, (fiep- nepu, T.-e. HaHHMaTe.in aeiun, apenjaTopu. Ho Taai Kara ycaonifl BaflMa H apeeju bi Anraig dlUH qpoaBuaafino pasBOodpasnu H «o- ryn. duTb no.iBejemi non jB i itaTeropin ycjOBifi, hkobho now ycSoBia jojirocpoiBofi apeaju (noroBopi kotopoB sanaioqaaca ci codJDjegieMi ocodtixi iJjopMaatHOtTeS) a. non yc-ionia apemu apaTKOcpo'iHOfi, to h nocTaBOBxeuia audopnaro npaBa paajiHqajracb, CMOTpa no TOKy, k i aa- khhi -mnasn, obh othochjhcl: b i apesjaTopaiii jojrocpoqRun hjh k i itpaTKocpoTHUMi. llepBOHanajibiio si aaKOHonpoeKTi Oh.t.ih Tpen k Pocce.ia Oh.io npewo.ioaeHO npejocraBHTb H3dnpaTe.TLHoe npaBO rim nsi jihbi, B.ianloom.HX'bsesueio Ha ycaoBiaxi odpomuxi (copy-holders, nojyigBmie bto naaoaHie o n Toro, hto hxi npaBa aanncuBajHci, bi ocodyro Knary, ci noTopofi hmi h Bti.naua.iacL sonia), h T in hsi apeHjaTopoBi, naBHMaBniHxi senjs) Ha 60 j i n , KOTopuxi joxoji ci odpoiHuxi h apegjguxi 36jie.iL panuajca 10 <f>VHTavi CTepjHHTOBi. Ho bo Bpena odcysjeBia BToro. 6uji.ih bi na-iaTi nspOBi, o p a i H3i ea qjeuoBi, hm6hbo aopji Hanjoci, cjixaji upejaoseHie, KOTOpoe npoiu.io Taase n bi hhjkhoB na-iari, oTHOCHTejbHO Toro, iTodu rfe xnna, KOTopua cBHnauTB aenjio ga yc-josiaxi KpaTKoepotHOft apPHju, Toate 6hjh jonymeHU k i yiacTiaj b i Bu6opaxi b i tohi, Bnponen, cjyiai, ecjn apeHmaa njaia paBimerca SO diyETam. BHeceiiHaa jop- jon i HaHAOCon nonpasaa k i 6hjjd Tpea » Poccexa du.ia secbaa nuroana m i apHCTOKpaTia, tbki ksei cosjaBa-ia n acci H3dgpaTe*efi, Koropue no aeodxojBnoCTH naxojHjHCb non BjiianieHi 3eajeB.1aji.ib- heBi h, b i cjyiat BajodnocTB, domb Sutl JHiueHU nocjijHHMHapenju h nporaaHH ci apeHjORaHBUxi yiacTKOBi, tbri ito jopji, npejjo- aHBmifi BTy nonpaesy, npecaijOBaji ex>Hepacninpeme H3dBpaTejbHaro npaBa, a sadOTHJCH jamb o coxpaneniii BJiania aa Budopu seajesja- •jijbnccKOfi apncTonpaTiB. V. B i tbkomi Bgji npomeji dHiib 0 peiopMji 1832’ roja. 9toti dHjjb oTgpiiBaji jocTyni bi nap.iaMHHTi cpejRHHi KJiaccam oSnic- CTBa, T.-e. nponHDi.ieHBO- Toproitum saaccan, noTopue nsjaBHa npejiaBjajg cboh npaBa na nojgTnqecKoe BJiarne pajom ci sene- B.rajijbiecKOfl apHCTOKpaTiem. Ho M36HpaTe.ibHuft sokohi 1832 r., ci

— 27: oxhoA CTopoHU, ocraBHXl b i CTopoii* eiue 6ox4e MHoroHHexeHHufi gxacci . napoxonacexeBia, hmchho paCoHHii, KOTopue, ohobhxho, He HorJiH noxxoxHTb iioxi BUineyKaaaHHUH yexOBia H30HpaTexhHaro peHaa. a c i spyroS— npHM'iiHenie hobhxi Haiaji pacnpexi-Jenia H86HpaTexb- huxi OKpyroBi, Bnecennuxi 6nxxexi 1832 roxa, upoHcxoxH.no noxi Bxunriera rocnoxcTBOBaBraett Torpa nap-rin pei^opxu, T.-e. napm bh- tobi, KOTopue ho npeMHHyxH Ha uepBtixi xe nopaxi Bocnoxb30Ban.es fiaixem Tam, 'rro6u no bobmojkhocth coxpamrn^ o n apyrnenia rh HiCTeiKH, KOTopua xocTaB.ia.iH lipuBepsenueBi XHtiepaxbHOft nap™, H VHHITOJKHTb rt, KOTOpUH BUOHpaSH TOpiOBl. BCX^XCTBie STOTO, BO- npoci o MtCTennaxi pt.ineui 6u.it to.tbko orHaem Muoria Boninipia sxoynoipeOaeHia, kotophmh h 6u.i i BUSBaHi 6nxxb o peijtopaii 1832 roxa, T i m He MeH-ke ocTaxHCb h iiocs4 Hero, HecMOTpa Ha bothpob&hhuB b i to ate upcua crporifi saiconi o noxsy- naxi, b i a e m moxho yfif.xHTbca H3i c-iixympaxi xannuxi: c i 1833 ropa no 1851 roxi, b i 76 ropoxaxi BH6opu 6ujh KaccwpoBaiiu sa noxKym, iipn Hem H8i 76 ropoxom to.tbko 9 ropoxOBb othochxhcl k i paapaxv rnn.iuxi HtcTeaem, a ocTaxbHue ropoxa hmIlth sHana- Texmoe hhcxo xHiexeft (nanp., Tyaab b i 83.000). IIoxpo6hocth dthxi HOXKynOBl HOKa3U8a»Tl, HTO OHM BHJI.0H3lrilHH.JH TO-IBKO CBOK) l|H)pHy h, Tam CHasaTb, nox-iaxH.iHCb k i hobhhi ycxOBiam upoxuuixeHHoft XH3HH. C i 1833 no 1853 roxi, HeaaBHcaao ora ofiipeft Kaccapia bh- 6opoBi b i 76 ropoxaxi, o Horn toxbko hto CKasaHO, 6ush Ha3Haieou cxfcxcTBia no uoBOxy noxxynoBi b i 323-x i cxynaaxi a 82 Hjeaa oapxaueHTa noTepaxH CBOe m4cto, He3aBHCHxo oti jihpi, oCTaBjea- HUXl BI CHJTLHOMl POXOaptpiH (OTHOCHTeXbHO POXKVPa). Tam HTO BI 1853 r. TorxamniA hhhhctpi BHyTpeHHHXi x4xi—noHreHHoe xhpo, nexo- b4k i orpoMHoS ynenocTH KopHesaai JIbh ci, Koropuft xoxro ctosji bo r.iaB-h Bu6opauxi KOHHccapoBi, HaOaoxaBmHxi 3a npaBHSbnocTbio bu6opobi, b i cTaTbi, nosrlupeHHOH b i Edinburgh Review, BUCKaaaxi Ty Muc.it, hto ecxH TipaTexbHO paao6paTb, past 6uxh npoHSBexeHH Bufiopu, to exsa n 5 — 6 nxenoBi xorxH 6u ocTaTbca b i HHXHefl naxart. IIOHSTHO, HTO fjiaRTtl noxicyna xoxjkhu 6htb otpccohu m HpaBam Toro ofintecTBa, KOTopoe npnsuBaeTca k i H86paniBj. .HecMOTpa Ha Bcf. cboh HexocTarKH, cTapaa aarxiftcsaa apncTOKpaTia npuBUKsa m po.th- THHecBofi x4HTexi,H0CTH; ona neciia, b i brxA pobhhhocth, 6eaB03i(e3XH0 * bc4 MitcrBUH cxvatefiiiua xoxbhocth: mepn^OBi, mhpobuxi cyxet n np.; HcnoxBenie othxi o6asaHHOCTeft nocnKTaxo ee b i npaBHxaxi oCipecTBeHHoft x'fiHTexbnocTH h lipHB.ieKxo snHManie ea k i noxHTHne- ckhmi HHTepecaxi. HanpoTHBi, Hosue upoMumxenHue tuiaccu OTxnna-

— 272 — mcb hojhuitl paBHOAynriejn. k i no^HTHqecKHHt jiuaicE h Ri hoah- THiecsHM'B HaiepecaMi, DOcnoibKy »th nojHTHiecaia atia tpeSoitara jHHaro yqaciia H jtaTejitHOCTH. Hxl CTpenjeme k i upioOpiTeaiB nojHTHRecnaro Bjiauia HaarfiTHAO am cefia fioj'ie aeraia cpeacTBa: OHH CT&AH BjiflTb Hepe3l BOACTaBHUXT. AHQl, KOTOpUXl OHHCl 3To6 HaponiiTofi utxbD h noARynaan. H jiflcTBHieAMO, sthmi nyTem npo- BOAHAOCb MBOXeCTBO AOliyTaTORl BI HKSBDD URAaTy. COOTffbTCTBeHHO CB0eo6pa8Hum apieiiaiii upOMUHUOBHaro KAacca, 6uah BUpaCoTanu iaaie cnocofiu BAiaaia, KOTopue b i Coambkhctb'S CAynaeBi ycKOAbma o n A^^CTBia saKora. Taxi, ueoCwiariHan na.ifiaBKa iffim sa KyuaeH- HU8 TOBapi, HAH TOprOBaa CAtAKa Cl (JiadpHKaBTOMl, BBOAHBinaa ycAOBie OTnocHTe.ibHo iraAAeataniaro BOSAiScTBia Ha pafioHHXi, ROAa- BBBnmxi moca h t. n., Bee uycxaxocb bi xoa'b aah npio6piTetria Tpe6yenuxi toaocobi. 9to 6h,h bi cymHOCTH toti ate noARyni. ho TOABKO SaMaCEHpOBABHUg H fiOAtc TOHKifi H HOTOHy TpefiOBaBmift 6oAte TmaTe.iLHaro h ocTpoyHHaro ca^actbih b i tohi cayiai, ccahCu ua-iara BSAyMBAB KBCCHpOBATb Bblfiopu, npOH3beACHHUC UO«l AaBACBiCHl 3THXI XHTpUXl BAiHHifi. OfiUKIIOBeilHO BI T&KHXI CAyHaaXl BapABMCHTCKOft .cj'tACTBie apoH3BOAHAocb secbxa AOAroe Bpeim. Mu HsrteMi yuasanie, hto aaace b i 1880 roAy nicKOALKO ropoAOBi AHmcnu 6hah upana bu- fiopa sa uoAsyui, Taxi hto chctchv Rutioponi, ocHOBaHsuxi Ha hohi, H0ABSH CHHT8TL HCKOpeHHBBieDCH BI Aflr.liH K HO tie BpCMH. Mu H0- «eM i jaate, otuochtoai.ho BAiBHia ToproBO-npoHumAeHHaro bsimhaa Ha Boupoci o noAxynaxi, yaasaTb Ha uonuTBH oOmum ofipasoni onpaBAan bth noABynu, no KpafiHeS nipi othscth. Tan, csmi aopai Tpefi BUCxa3UBaeTi tv huc.il, hto abbots uoAapKH Hs6upaTe.uiHi (BtpHie—noAKynaTh hxi) hhckoasko ho xyze, t£m i, naup., aicthtl HXl CTpaCTHM’b, KAHl TO AIOCSTI A$Aaib ACHarOTH, BUCTaBAHDBUCH3f)H- paTe.iBMi cboh HeocymecTBHHua nporpauxu. Ecjh Aa®e h AonycTHTt Taaoe cpaBHCBie, to bco so ocTaBetca BipsuMi toabko to, htooahhi cuoco6i noARyua bo xyate jpvroro cnoco6a, CHXTaeHaro toss .AypnwMi, ho hto ohi AyHme, btoto AOKasaTi, kohohho, aeabaa, xotb bi btohi HMeHHo h aaKABHaerca eymecTBO Bonpoca. TaiHui ofipaaom, b i kohip& rohrobi bcIs -Ti 3AoynoTpe6AeHia, DpOTHBl KOTOpiDJl fiUAl HanpaBAOHl 3aK0Hl 1832 r>, HO yHHHTOlKH- AHCb nocA'i napA&MeHTCKoS pe<|iopMu: caMoe SoAbtnee, ecJH ohh h4- csoAbKO ocAafiAH. OAHa H3i cymecTBeHhuxi sa.iofii, pasAaBaBiuHxca AO saEOHa 1832 toas, 6ma nneaHo xa.ioOa aa AoporOBHsny Bu6oposi, aa to, hto Budopu Tpefiyon- doAbimxi pacxoAOBi (boubmo pacxo- AObi Ha noAEynu). ^o 0HA.ia 1832 r. 3th pacxoAU, A'feScTBHTOAbuo, 6uah Heo6uHaiHO bcahkh; ho h nocA* Hero HeofixoiHime so'Bpexa BUOopOBl paCXOAH 6uAHBCe-TORHAOCTaTOHHO BCAHKH, HTOlSl ytTpHHllTb

— 273 — AHUtct HefSo.n.ninMn cpo^cTBaMH. Tast, Bt 1857 roAy e t -jodaohcko’it, Chth Hafipatiie saaijaro KaHAHAaTa ctoh.io 11.333 iJiyHTa CTep.i. (oko.io 100 t. py6.l; Bt ApyroB iacTH .'loHAona, .'IaMfiert, Bu6opu oOotnxHCb Bt 9.732 (pyffra CTppj., npH neat BtifipaHHuft EaHAHAart HCTpaTHAt , 5 t. (pyHTOBt. B t ManiecTepi Bci soo6ine saHAHAaTH hspbcxoaobbah 8.799 <f>. ct., H8t Eomt Ha aojb BuOpaHaaro KaHAHAaTa npHnuocb 4.546, a OA#Ht Hat He imfipaimuxt noTepa.it 2.250 (pyHTOBt. ^aate Bt oAKOMt uajieHBKOMt M'licTeHK'ii, upH ofinmxt pacxoAaxt Bt 5.784 4>. ct., HsOpaHHUB Aenyraxt HCTpaTHAt ae neirfie 3.880 <J>yHTOBt. -iHeep- ny,it sacTaBHJt HspacxoAouaTi,: Bcixt nanAHAATOBt 6.309 (fiyRTOBt, a HaPpannaro — 2.167. Hst npHBexenHuxt un<|>pb mu uoxeiit bha^ti., Kara Aoporo oOxoahahcb suCopu. PacxoABi no Mjfioriaiit aoxoahah ao TasHxt pa3xipoBt, tto Anna, ko- Topua Haaae cMOTpi.m aa miaHaieHie AenyTaia, OTKaatiBa-iHCr. crt Aeny- TaTCTBa. Taat, J. C. Mh.u i npnRa,it npeA-ioaieHnyio eiiy ero ApystaifB naHAHAaTyi>y Ha ycaoBiH, ito ont He 6yAeit TpaTim.cn Ha cboh bh- 6opU, OTt BTOpHTHUXF. ate sudopoBt OHt H ROBCe 0TKa3aACH. VI. HTRKt, 8aKont 1832 toab yAomreTnopiut tojibko HOB'fccTiiuMt HHTepecaMt hobuxb ToproBO-npoMumAenHuxt EaaccoBt. Ho Ha srout pasBHTie H86HpaTe.ii.Haro npana He uor-io ocTanonHTLca. IIoAt Bjia- Hiemt KOHTOHeHTaai.HHxt HAett, AeuoKpaTHaecKHxt a coniaaHcraqe- CKHXt yieHift Bt Anraia BCKopf. noc.ii 6H.ua o pe4>opui 1832 r. ofiHapy»HAOCb ABHweHie qapTHCTOBt. HecaoTpa Ha ycH.ieHHyx) arHTaifiio, KOTopyiD npeAHpaBHxaaa STa uapria, BAianie ea Ha napaaMenTcaya) pe<f>opMy HHaiat He ofiHapyaiH.iocb. Ho ct 1850-xt rOAOBt Bt nojuy BTofi peij)op«u B03HHEaert ABHacenie u aruTaitia Bt caMOMt nap.ia- MGHTi, h uepBuli npoeart hohoB HsfiHpaTexhHoit peipopMH fiij.n, npeA- joateHt TBoppoMt Ch.iah 1832 roAa .UmonoMt Poccenettt, Bt uaiecTBt, ueHa 1naaaTU ofiniHHt. UarbMt He fiu.io hh OAHoro BUAammaroca KHHHCTepcTBa, KOTopoe He npeAAaraao fiu HaMiuemfi Bt CHCTeMt. xf>8- CTBOBaBmaro HsOapaTeabHaro npasa. Taat, Bt 1854 r. bhochtt. fin.iAb o peijiopMi j[. Pocceab; Bt 1869 r.—rpaifit JJepfiH (KOHeepnaTHRHOit napTiHf. Ho pimuTe-ibiruft MOMeHTt Bt HSMiiicHiH amaiilcKaro rh- 6opHaro npaBa, Bt ero pacnnipeHiH, HacTynaen, Bt 1866 rosy, aor,ia fiBj.ib o peipopxi, itMiBineS uiahio pacnpocTpaHHTt HsGnpaTe.ihHoe npaBo Ha raaBnue paapsxu paOonaro K.iacca, fin.it npeACTaRaeHt r.ia.i- CTOHOut, cToamnnMt TorAa bo raasi MHHHCTepcTBa. Ho r.iaACTOHy He yAaaocb nposecTH btotl 6haal, He noTony, tto stott, 6h.tal 6H.it BCTpiaeHt HecoqyBCTBeHiro, a caopfee no HesoBOAtcTiiy Ha cavoro r.iaACTona sa ero 8BinrnioR> MHpo.i(o6HByi) noAHTaxy, bc.i+.actbi'c eo- TopoH, Bt to Bpeua, KOi'Aa rpoxHAHCb ABCTpia h ,I.ahiji h corii.ana.ica fiy.iytu.ift ciBepo-repaancKiB coiost, Aiiraia ocTanajacb cnoKoBHUMt H

274 — 6fi3yiacTHHii'b 3pHTO.ieirs Bcixx nepeBopoTOBx, coRepmaBnmxca na KOHTHHCHTfc EBpOHH. TaKHMX o6pa30HX. CEOpbe nO nOBOjfy HeXOBO.lt- . CTBS naian, Ha Entranco noxHTHKy L'xaxcTOHa erft MHHHCTepcTiionpa- ayxueHo 6hjo noxait Bb OTCTaBKy h 6hjo saubneno TopiScKHMb mh- HHCTepcTBOMi flHapaaxH (6yxymaro rpaifia BhkohciJihjh.m ). HecMOTpa Ha to, hto 6u ib o peifiopM* ( i n npexxoaeHx I'jajcTOHOra, nacToa- TeibHOCTB ero 6tixa CTOJt HeofixoiHhia, no Bb 1867 roSy KoHcepBa- THBnaa napTia, ex ^aapaaaH bo rjacb. xoxaraa 6u.ia bshtb otott, 6h.ijx bx cboh pyEH, h e8 yxaxoct npoBecro ero. 9totx Shjjb pacmHpHxx H3fiHpaTe.ibHoe npaBO Ha raaBHue paspaiii paSoiHxx KxaccoRb Bb ro- poxaxx, npa HCHb Bb ocHOBame H36HpaTe.nHHXb npaBb jerao xomo.- XOSHfiCTBO, T.-e. BCHKift OaMOCTOaTOjliHU0 rjaBa C6Me0CTBa, HMllBOinift csofi aoMb, npHauBa-ica Kb H3fipaHiio. Babcrfe cb t4mx, 6hjji npoHSBexx HUMbHCiiia h Bb HsfiHpaTe-ibHOMb uchs'Ii xjh BU(>opoBb Bb rpa<J>CTBaxx. KpoM'fe TOro,Bb 3T0Tb (Snub BKjnoHeno 6u m iipejJOJKeHie xopxa KepHCa o nponoptfioHaabHOMb npejcTaBHTeitcTBt Bb OKpyraxx, KOTopue h86h- panTb fioaie 1 xenyraTa (o6b btomx Base). HaKOHenx, Bb 1872 roxy nocx'lixOBaxa peijyopiia Bb cnocofii noxaia roxocoBb upwii'bHHTe.ihHO Eb Tpe6oBaHiHMb hoboixx naia.ix HsCHpaTeatnaro npaoa. Hs6HpaTe.itHoe npaBO 6hjo xaao bobumx paspaxascx .ranx, KOTopua BjBoe vBe.iHiH.iH HHCJO H36npaTexefi. Ho TaEb KaKb 6oJbmHHCTBO BTHXb HOBUXb JHHb Be ofixaxajo xaTepiaabiimb jocTaTKOMb, to oho ecTecTBeHHo uaxoxH- aocb Bb H3BbcTHo8HEOHOMHiecKofi bkbhchmocth orb npexnpHHHKaTexeft, sasoxiBKOBb, i()a6pHiiaHT0Bb h t. n. IloBTOMy, sjih o6esneieHia naue- aiaiuefi cboCoxn bhSopobx, norpefxraa.iocb Buexeme xafinofl noxaiH ro- jocoBb BMbcTO oTEpuTOft; TaftHah noxana roxocosx xbftcTBHTe.ibno h fiu.ia npoBexeHa Bb 1872 rosy. 3ikkh HSHtHeHiHMH BH(5opnaro npana 3aE0HiH.ica hhkxx peij>opMx; ho sarbab bcc-tekh ocraBaxca Bb CTopoHi ntxufi K.iaccx xmix, eo- Topbia He 6hjh xonymeiiu Kb Bn6opanb, HMenno K.iaccx cejtcKHXb pafioHHXb, 3HaiHTe.ibHaa lacrt Koropuxx Morja 6utl noxBexeHa noxx noHHTie xOMOXOsaeBb, T.-e. jhhx, saHHKaromHxx caMOCTOHTextHoe no- irimeHie. 3aK0Hb 1867 r. bx aToub OTHomenin HHiero He H.iMtnHJx: nonpeatneKy BuftopBoe npaso npejocTaaiaxocx toxxko 3eMxeBjaxb.1t- «aMx, cxemHHEaMb seiua h apnHxaTopaMb. HuHbnmee (1884 r.) npex- xoaceHie rjaxcToaa 3aKj»iaeTca Bb tohx, itoSu pacnpocrpaHHTt Ha cejtcKie OEpyra i t HsUKpaiextHua npaBa, xoTopna no aaKOHy (1867 r.) npexocTaBJonu ropoxcKHMb OKpyraMb. TanoBa MCTopia pacnpocTpaneHia BufiopHaro npaBa Bb AHrxiH. Ecjh 6pocHTt perpocneKTHBHHfl ssrJaxb Ha bco BtimecKaaaHHoe, to moxho npHXTH Kb 3aKJ»ieHiK>, hto BhiflopHoe npaBo Bb Anr.iiH pa3- BHBajoct nocTeneHHo h HCTopHiecKH h paciipoerpaHaxoct, no n ipt bu-

— 275 — ClVlMCHifl H0BUX1 ofimeCTBeHHhlXI. BJIfiMeHTOBi, ua H0BU6 ofimeoTBeil- auo Kjiaccu, EOTopue CTpeMHTca hh^tl cboio Joan uojHTaaecKaro BJtiania, Tara ato act chctcmu H36apaTejbHaro apaBa, cymeerBOBaBoiia s i AHraia, Moryn 6uti npuiiopoB.ienu k i bthmi pasaHmuMi a b i paaiHEBoe Bpeua BujBHraBniHMea luaccaai, hhchho k i apHCTOKpaTia TiypsyasiH h, c i 1867 r., k i K.iaccy paftoaiixi. 1'JIABA IIL • H3BBPATB.IbHHE 3AEOBU BO$PAHniB. I. Bo 4>paHBia, KQTOpaa HMt.ia npeo6jaaaBna.ee SHaaeme b i pac- npocTpaaeHiH KOHCTHTynioHnuxi yapeatjeHift Ha KOHTHHeHrh EBpouu, Bu6opHoe npnuo paanaBajoci, 6ojie TeopemaecKii, npaKTiiaecKK. noai BjiHHiem TeopexHiecKaxi coortpaateniii yapejaTeabHoe cofipanie 1789 roaa npoBoarjiacH.io la souverainetc du people; OTCDja joniaeCKH BUT6KJ0 TO, 0T0 Btt OOCJlijyiOiniH pe4>0pHH lipOHSBOAH-JHBueoaTjtHie peij)OpHi,. TaroTtBaiHXi k i btomv oCHOBHOMy uaaajy. K i OHcay hxi, upeacje Bcero, npiiHaj-aexHTi npaMaa h Bceo6uiaa nojaia jojocobi, KOTopaa 6naa ycTaHOBjena bo.■I'paHn.iH b i' 1848 roay- Xoth kohcth- Tyitfa 1791 roaa a apoB03r.Taca.ia npamiHoi HapoaHaro caMoaepxaBia, ho cacTeaa nudopoBi, ycTauoa.ieHuaa stoS KOHcrHTyuieio, He cootb^t- CTBOBa-ia OTOMy ocHOBHOHy na'ia.iy, opHSHaHHoay yapejHTe.ii.HUMi <t>pan- 0Y3CKHM1 coSpaHiexi. B i cantoMi au HaxojHNi b i kohcthtviuh 1791 r. cooeTaHie aeyxi Haaa.ii, ojauaEOBO orpanHXHBan>iu.Bxi opaH- HHOi Bceo6m,e8 nojaaa roaocoBi: mbi HaxojBMi, bo-nepBuxi, neH3i a ■ bo BTopuxi, jBycTeneHHyio cacTeay BhiCopoBi. KoHCTHTynia 1791 f. pajafe-weTi Bciixi <}>paHiiy3CKHXi rpaxjani Ha 2 paspaja: Ha citoyens actifs. a Ha citoyens passifs. O oji HireneMi citoyens actifs pasy- M'tbitch JHu,a, Koxopua hmI ioti npaBO yaacTBOBaTB b i HaOHpaTe.ii,- homi codpaHiu; uoji HxeneMi citoyens passifs pasyirfeioTeH -tuna, He HMimnia BToro npaBa. Jfaa citoyens actifs 6u.ih yc/raHOBjeHU cjtjyiomia ycaoBia; 1) ifipamtyaCKOe ipaxjancTBo; 2) 25-.rtTnitl B03pacTi; 3) npeCuBanie bi o6n;HHi, b i EOTopoB ona ocymecTB.iaiort. CBoe BuCopHoe npaoo, a 4)n.iaTeati najoroni, paBnaTomuxca, no spafi- Heft Mlipf,. TpexjHeBHoft aapa6oTHoft njaTt. Hsi sthxi -ihoi coera- B-iaioTca, TaKi HasHBaeaHa, nepBHHHua cofipania, KOTopua H»6HpasiTi, TaKi HaauBaestuxi, BuOopmuKOBi. IIpaBO 6utl nsflpaHHUMi b i pa3paji BUfioputHKOBl o6yC.I0B.THBa.TUCb BUCOKHMl neH30Ml. HMeUHO: Bl TdiXl odiUHHaxi, rat Haceaeme 6u.io fio.ite 6’tuc., Tpe6yeTca 6utl co6- CTiieHHHKOHi hot vayiJipyKTyapieHi HMymecTBa, joxoji c i KOToparo 18*

— 276 — ojpe.it.ieHT, vb pa3Mf.pt He Menfe 200-jneBHOii 3apa6oTH08 iuaxu, hjh HauHMaTejem aa-iaina, AOXOAHOCTb EOToparo ycTaiiOB.iena bt, pasa tp i ue aeHte' 150-AHeBiiofi sapaOoxHoft djbtu. oSiuhht, ct> iiace.iemejrB MeHfe'aiKT, m> 6 t. bthHH$pH noHHataiDTca, T.-e. 30x03b ci coftcTBeiiHotTH 30 pasutpa 150-3H6BH0# 3apa6oiHOft tijani, a ct HaHHMaeHaro auuHDia jo —100-;iHeBHOfl sapafioiHoB naaxu. Bbce.iaxb juh npaBa 6hti> BbifiopmauoMb Tpe6yerea 6uti, coftCTuennHKOMb iuh y3y<j>pynTyapiesn. HMymecTBa, ct, 30x030Mb, paDHaiomHuca He MOHte 150-AiieHHofi aapafioTHoS maxi, hjh apeoiaTopoin, HMymecTBact, 30x0- 30Mb Kb paautpt ue MCH'&e400-AHCBiioft sapa6oTiio8 n.taxu. Hot, ,ihut,, BOAXO.lliniHXT, Kb TaKllMT, VCXOBtaMb HeHBa, COCTaBJHRITCJI IIJOHpaTe.lMiUB KO.T.ieriH, KOTopua Moryxt H3l>Hpaxb bt, jeuvTaxu ncnnaro aaTKBHaro rpaiK.xaHHira. C.rtAOBaxcJii.HO, .x.ra aafipauia bt, Acnyxaxu sxa kohcth- Tyuia ne xpedoiiaja xasoro Bucoaaro nen3a, Hanoi) Sujib oupeA't-ieux, 3AK KO.l.ieriU BIlftOpmUKOBT,. .Cauufi nopaxOEb aufiopoBb H Kojuxeciuo KofipainiuxT, 3eiivTaxoBb upeacxaBjHeTT, aobojliio c.ioatHyw cacreMy. Hmohho: Bcfxb senyxaTOBb no BOHCTHTyoiH 179J roaa 6ajo no.iozeuo 745; U3b hhxt, 247 aoakhu 6hjh uaoupaTbca apunojmioHaa1,110 leppiiiopiH, T.-e. Ba*3u8 Aeiiap- TaMeiiXT,‘ HsCupaj'b no 3 AeuyxaTa uctxb .leuapTaaeiixoBT, 6uao 83). 3a HCKAioueHieHi, napHzcKaro AenapxaMeuxa, Koxoptifi Bb bhjv ero iia.ioft xeppHxopiH HiifiHpa.ii, oahoto AenyTaTa. 249 3enyxaT0Bb HsCnpa-iHCi, nponopiiioHaabHO HacejeHiio, cooxRixcxBeHHO aescy nee Haceaeuie CTpaHH it.nuocb aa 249 uacxefl, h Kaajaa aacxr, asCapa-ia craibBO AeuyxaTOBT,, cso.ibKO npHxo.THaoct Ha ea 30.1a. 06ni.ee hhc-io npaxuxi, uo^aTeS bt. cyHMt xaitze paa3i.ja.100b Ha 249 uaCTeft h pacupeat- jajocb no AenapTaHeiixam,, KOTopue n BuSupa.ia aacao ieayiaTOBb cooxBtTCTBeHHo npHiaxatomeftca Ha HHXb 30.lt, II. TaKHMb ofipaaoMT., Bbifiopuaa CHCxena nepBoS <j>paimy3CKoft eoh- cxHxynin niiexcxaBinexcH seenua cjohhoB, h npHutHeme ea Bcaopt upespaTHTOCb aa oxMiHOii eaiioft BOHCxHTyai? 1791 roja. 10 anryexa 1792 roja Hoaapxia fibua liMBeprHyxa, a 11 aaryexa 3TOro r03a na- uioHaabHoe cofipaaie Hajaao AeupeTT. 34a co3HBa iianioua.ibHaro koh- Bema, kotopohj 6hjo nopyueHO BHpafryraxb hobjid KoiiCTaxyaiio h yqpeAHTb npaBjeme no cayaan ynpasAHeHF.oS HonapxiH. Bw-tcxt ci TtHb, HanioHajKHoe coOpaHie H3Mtnuo h BU6opHy» CHCTeMy. Bi btomt, oxHomeHiH oparaHajem, xeKpem HanioHa-ibHaro cofipaHia on, 12 as- ryexa: „upHHHHaa bo BHHMaHie,\" rosopaxi stott. AeKpen,, „qxo Hanio- HSabiioe cofipaaie He Hatexx, npasa no.iTHHaxb o6ii3aTeAi,HbiMT, npaBH- .laMb ompaMeHie cyBepemieTa upa ofipaauBaHm iianioiia-tbuaro co- SpaHia, oho (HaiiiomubHoe coSpaHie) apar.rauiaeTT, (invito) rpaz.iam, coortpaaoBaxbca cb cji3jam.uuH npacnjaMa npa Bu6opaxb: aaeHno,

— 277 — pa3.miie Moacjy skthbiilimh h naccusHUMH rpaxjaHaMH j-HHaroaiacTca; BOspacTHofi cpoKii DOHuaiaeTCHjo 21 roja j.ia Hafiaparejefi h jo 25 airs jja XenyTaTOBTi; Bcaaifi HaymecTBeuHufl neros OTirfeHaeTca”. Cjf,joaaTeabHO, uo.ioiKHTeji.nuMH yc.iouiaMH hbjhiotch: 1) rpasjaH- CKoe coBepmeiiHO.itTie h 2) MtcTonpeOuaanie bs jeiiapTaMeHrh ns TeieHie ojHoro roja, npu h« ms 6h.io noBTopciio cTapoe orpaHHieHie, ycTaHOBJieHBOB KOHCTHTyjioD 1791 roja, hto iiga, Baxojamiaca bs .ihhioms ycjyateaiii (en ytat de domesticity), He Moryxs npiiHHMarb yaacTia bs BbiOopaxs. Ha ocHonaHiH aioro aaitOHa h H36paHS 6‘u.tl nai;ioHaat.HuS KOHBeHTS, coOpaBUiiflca 21 ceHTa6pa 1792 roja. TejbHOCTb KOHBenTa, KaKi. H3B*ftcTno, 6hi.ia HanpasjeHa 6o.rbe aa no- .iHTaiecKie Boupocu, h^ms Ha Bonpocu BHVTpeHHsro ycTpoficTRa rocy- japcTaa. IIosTCMy u KOHCTHTynia, Bupa6oTaHHaa Bcsopli nocjii najeHia h rnCejH hchpohjuctobs napTiem Topu, hoch.iu ornenaTOKS jeMOxpa- THaecKifl. H xoth 9Ta KOHCTHTynia H ue 6uaa BBejena bt. jiflcTBie, ho j-ia Hac-b BaxHU ea npumiHuu. hGo ohh cjiaaJHCb aoayHroMSj.ia Bcero uoc.vijymnai'0 jBHxeHia, h hhms npajeTca BCTpiTHTbca cs hhmh Bnocj-bjcTBiB. Bott iMaBHMB nocTanonaema KOHCTHTynia 1793 roja: 1) .cyiiepeHHuB napojs (ct. 7) ecTb coBOKynHOCTb <t>paHiiy8CKHXs rpasjaHs\", caijOBSTeabHO, to.ii.ko cOBOKynHOCTh (|ipaHny3CEHXs rpa- atjans Mosers OTnpaBJHTb caMOjepsaBHua lipana: 2) „om> (caxojep- saBBuS napojT.) Henocpejctbchho HasHaiaerb cbohxs jenyTaTons\". Bt. atoms nocTaHOB-iema saK.nonaeTca hphhuhiis BceoSmeii nojaiH rojocoBS, r.-e. npaBOaaxjaro rpawjaBHna ynacTBOBaTi. ns oTiipaij.ieHm cvBepeHHTeTa u BceoSinefl h npaMOft nojani to-iocobs. Cs btoS tohku aptHia jojacHU fiujn HcaeaHyTb Bcaaia pasanqia, ycTaHOB.ie.HOUHxon- CTHTynieBO 1791 roja, pa&iHHia bs hhcj4 jenyTBTOBs, naSapaeMbixs oTjijibHHMH jenapTaMeHTaMH, no KoaHHeeTsy npumuxs muoroBs, no KOJHHecTBy Hapojonacejenin h t. j . )lenyTaTU jojshu 6hjh npej- CTaBJflTb Maccy, T.-e. SojbmnHCTBo HapojoHaceaeHia. u noToxy no- cjfejnee aujaerca ocHOBaHieMS HapojHaro npejcTaBuxeabCTna, HHaqe: ocnoBaHieMS npejcTaBHTe.ibctbs cjtshts HapojOHaceaenie. TaKHMS OcHOBaHieMS oho HBjaeTca bs toms CMHCjif,, hto naonpej’feaeHHoe hhc.io rpasjHHs nojaraerea ojhhs jenyTaxs, iimohho bs janHosis cjyiai l jenyTaTs nojaraerca Ha 40 t. jyms; jenyTaru Ho5np;iMiTca napo- joms HenocpejcTBenHO, u HatfpaHie coBepinaeTcn ooiliiihhotbomt. ro.io- cobs (a la majority absolue des suffrages). 3th naia.ia, iipoDOir.iameHHua KOHCTHTynieu 1793 roja, nans mu cxasaJH, He nojymjH ripHatnenia, hOo caxa KOHCTHTynia He ocyme- cTBH-iacb Ha npaxTHEb. Iloc-ib nepeeopoTa 9-ro TepxHjopa Il-ro roja pfcunyfi.iHKH (1794 r.) KOHBeurs npHCTyna.is as cociaB.iOHiio horoS KOHCTHTyniH, KOTopaa 6u.ia cocTaBjena nojs BaianieMS to.isko hto

— 278 — nepeacHTUxt coSuTifl: peso.inuioHHaro Teppopa, rocnoACTaa aso6HHCKoft napriti, B.iaAHiecTBaPo6ecnbepa;TaKHMbotfpasonb,kohcthtviuh 1795roqa paapafiOTUBa-iact a jCTaHOiiH-iaci, noax BJiaHieux Hqefi fioaie ox'paHH- TeabHaro CBoScTBa. Taicx, Bb ofimeax crpoi rocyqapcTBa cocTaBHTeja ea npoBe.ra Haiaio pas^ijenia BjacTefi, npasBaJH jByna-iaTHVio ch- CTejjy a OTnocHTeatHO aafiapaTeabearo npaua iibcjh H3MiKenia co*- o6pa3ao ex fioaie KoacepBaiaBHHMH TpeSoBBHiaifH; cjobohx, cocTaBa- Teaii BTofi KOBCTHTynia pyaoBoja-iacb nporpaBMofi ojaoro rob rjaB- Htjxb cbohxx 'yenoBb BoacH a’ AHfja, KOTopbift roBopaab, qto »He- oftxojHJto noc.it Toro, Kaitb TupaRB yHiiiTostenu, npejaTb norpe6eHii> axb jia a (qiwaB: KOHCTUTyniio 1793 roja) bx toB ace Moraxt, Bb KOTopofl HaxojaTca ii ohh“. IIoBaa KOHcraTyqia 5 <t>pvKTH,iopa Ill-ro- ro.ia pecnyu.iHKii (22 aBrycTa 1795 r.) nproFiaaaja. bojo6ho eohcth- Tyqia 1791 ro;(a, ABycTetiemiyio no.iaay roJocoBb, npa qeMb B36npa- TeabBUfi qerob Stub HicKOJbKO noBaaceab. Bb nepBHinuxb cofipa- Hiaxb npHHHMa.111 yqaCTie Bet rpaxyaBe, jocTHnnie coBepraeHnoxtTia (21 r.), acHBmie Bb ofiiHHHi Bb reqeeie roja a ujaTHBmie KaKyei bh- 5yXb nojaTb: noaeMejibHyai hjb .inanyD. 3th nepBuinun B35apaTe.ibBua coCpama coCnpa.inci, saiK.iij# roAb, Bb cooistTCTBeaBUXb KaBTOHaxb (Ha KOTopue no KOHCTBTyqia 1795 roja 6uja noji-ieiia TeppiiTopia) h n36npajn qjeHOBb H36HpaTejbHHXb aojxerift, KOTopue, Bb cbob oaepexb. aofiiipajiH qjeBOBb Bb coBirb naracoib u Bb coBitb tTa- ptfiniHHb. Ceepxb Toro, j jh B36pania Bb jenytani Bb ojhhx asb coBtTOBb 6u.ih ycTaBOBxeHU ycHjeHHua TpeftoBaBia: 1) ja n waCpania Bb coBtib nflTHCOTb (KOTopufi, no Bbipaacenifo ByaccH q’A-Hraa, qoaaeBb 6ujb arpaTb pojb „Boo6pasceHia pecny6jHKHu) Tpe6oBaaca: a) 30-jiTHiS bos- pacrb, b) sBTeabCTBo h oct.i.iocTb Ea TeppBTopia pecnyfiJHRH Bb Te- aeHie 10 jin . HeaocpejcTBeHHO nepejx HaCpanieMb; 2) jjh roOpaHia Bb coBiTb cTapiflinHHb (n3o6pa»aBmi8 . paaywb pecny6jHKH“) Tpefio- eajca: a) 40-jiraiS sospacTb, b) cocToanie cynpyaecrBa hjb BjoBCTBa a c) 15-jt^Hee npeCusame Ha TeppaTopia pecny6juKa. nojb xiicTBieab STHXb 3aaoB0Bb pecnyfijHKa IQ-ro roja („yai- peHHaa“) npocyiqecTBOBaja scero HaBcero 4 roja, jo 1799 roja, Eorja Hanojeoab I, no Bupa*eRi» , -lyH-EjaHa, „npH noMomu proyaa HaqiH aajyniHjb ea Boo6paaenie“ h, npoaSBeqa 18-e <5pn*epa rocy- japcTBeHHHfi nepeBopoTb, yqpejajx iiomift ofipasx npanjenia. Bo eoh- CTHTyqiH Haoojeoaa I HafiapaTejibHOe npano 6ujo cosopmeBBO yHHTTO- aceHO, h6o rpaacjanaMb npejocTaBjeHO 6bjo jamb npaBo yKa3HBaTb .iHUb, jocToSHHXb jOBipia, nocpejcTBOMb roCpaBia '/io qacTa rpa- *janb Bb EaatjoMb oapyri h bx Easjoax jenapTaMeHTi. .Tana, yEa- suBaeMua TaRHMb o6pa30iib, aaHocHjacb bx cbhckh, Hax KOTopuxx.

— 279 — c8h&tt> yace h HasHaiaax bc$xx H.ieHOBx bx TpHOyaaTX, saKOHoja- TeabBuS sopnycx, caeTayio naaaTy a aah aaHaTia aojsbocth sacca- aioaauxx cyaefi. IIobhtho, npa TaBHXx ycaosiHXX, BuCopHoe npauo xaKX•6h coaepBieHBO yapa3Aaaaocb BOHCTHTynien VUI-ro roja pecay- fi.niKH(1799). nocainyBEUH KOHCTHTynia ae toabeo ne apaaecaa pac- mapesia BbifiopHaro upaBa, ho Aa»e H3xinHAa h saEOHx,- apejocra- BJflBBiiS rpaiK^aHaMx ysaBUBaTi. jocToflHtSraax'L, bx tomx cmjcai, BTO AaJIH BO3HOBB0CTL BCpBOMV KOHCyay BjiflTL Ha HafiapaTOAbUHH Eoaaeria h uboahtl bx mix coctbbx cbohxx upiiBepateHueBx. TaKBMx oOpasoMx, npa Hanojeoni I ae cymecTBOBaao a Boupoca o nuOopnosit JipaB'h, KOTOpufl B03HHKX TOJIBKO bx anoxy pecTaBpaniH. HI. PecraBpauia apaaecaa cx co6o*> KoacTHTyaiOHayn Moaapxiio, KOTopaa bx CH-jy oGcTOATeahCTBX AOJiataa 6uaa onapaTxca: 1) Ha r t K.iaccu ofimecTBa, soTopue bx CBoe apeaa 6hah upoTHBHHKaMH peno- Aioaia a ucbxx HBataenia, eio apaHeceHHHxx, T.-e. aa cTapoe abo- Phbctbo a uepaoBL, a laKate 2) a aa cpejHie Rjacou ortmecTBa, bo- Topue, cx oahoS CTopoau, fisaa aaayraHU pecoyfijHKoft 1793 roja, a cx APyroS—cx hbhuhx BeyAOBOAXCTBieax othochahcb kx Boeaaojiy AecnoTHBMy HaaoAeoaa I. C.itAOBaTeabHO, 6yaymee apeACTaBHTeabCTBO, juikx a Cana BoacrHTynia Aoxatau 6hah onpeji.iBTbcji upaM'SHiireabHO bx 9TBHX KAaccaax, BOTopue pecTaopaiiia xoitaa cAiaaib rocaOA- CTBynmaua. llBimmaaoH BCKopi xapiia 1814 toab 3aEAD'iaaa bx cefit c.rb,iyn)ini)i nocTaaoBjeaia: 1) AeayTam aafinpaiOTCJi aa 5 .t4tx, cx Tiax.'HTO naxam bosoShobjabtch aacTBBHo: iacTb axx cocTasa buxoahtx eseroABo; 2) aapoAoaacejeaie 6yj.eTX apaaaTO sa ocaoBaaie npeACTaBHTeabCTBa. 8to nocatAaee nocTaHOB-ienie ae o3Haaaao, OAHaEo, bto apaBO BuCopa CyAMx npeAOCTaBjeHo BceMy aapoAy; aaapoTHBX, mifipanieAeayTaTOBx6iuo ofiycaOBaeHo oaeabbucokhmx uea30vx. Toabbo to jbijo vorao yiacTBOtaTb bx asGpaaiu AenyTaioBX a n*4ao npano ro- aoca, EOTOpoe naaTaao apaaoro Haaora 300 <f>paBEOBx h HMtao, ao npagae& M$pi, 30 a4txotx posy. 3ar£ax. aa« npaBaChtb usOpauitbisrb bx AcayTaTH, duao nocTaaeBaeao, bto AenyTaTx AOABceax hmI tb, ao EpaltaeS Mipt, 40 .riiTX otx poAy h naaTHix npauoro aaaora ae aeB$e 1.000 iJipaHKOBx. 8th raaBHbia ataiaaa, Bbipaateaaua bx xapTia, Aoaacntj Obiaa noayiaTb najaeatamee paaBBTie bx ocoSomx i!36apa- TeibapHX aaKOHi. Ho ayoTx. 3aEoax ae yooiax BupaftoTaTbca, tsex Kasx BCKopt 3artMX bx DpanaeBia JBypfioaoBX apousoaieax asBicTaut uepepuBX bx 100 AHefi, bx npoAOAKeaie EOTopuxx BojiipaTHBiniilta cx 9ab6u Hanoaeoax yaepatBBaax BaaeTb bx cbobxx pyKaxx. Docai BOBaro B03BpameHia .iBAOBHEa XVIII B36HpaTCAbHufi3aK0ax 6uax sa- Hf.Hciix npocTUHXopAoaaacovx Eopoaa; stotxopAoaaacx aocTaHOBaaax,

— 280 — ito Hs6Hpaie.iH aoashh Hxta, 21 foax, a jenyTam — 25 xtrx otx POAy. Ha ocaoBaHia sxoro HsfiHpaTejibearo 3anoaa 6uja, BCAtAX aartira, H36pana najaxa, soropaa OKasanacb cBoero poja 3HaneHBT0CTB*> bx acTopia ifpaBny3CKa['0 npeACTaBHxe-ibnaro opaea, a6o oaa cocToa.ia H3X M ax,' uOMTHxecKia cTpacxa Eoxopuzx 6hah Boafiyacjenu t'J>mx KpaTKOBpeMeHHUMx ycntxoMx, KOTopuS hm*.ix BOSBpaTHBmiSeri cx Om 6u Hano-ieoax, h KOTopua, nocjfc naAcnia repoa 100 ahbS, Tpefio- B8AH OTX npaBBTeiBCTBa JIlDAOBHEa XVIII AO H6BO3MOKH0CTH cxpo- raxx Mtpx, k&kx npoxaBX npHBepzeuueBx ilauo.ieona, tbkx a npo- tbbx xaeaoBx pecnyfijiHaaBCBoft aapxia. Hajaxa, tbkx aacxpoeHaaa, in.ia Aa-ibme se.iaHiS cauoro aopoja (no axoay uoBOAy ex nefl a npHuiBaaacb BHaxajf. norosopKa: pins royaliste quo le roi). Ho tbkx rbex bx to Bpeua OHa Bce-TaEH OEaauiia.ra 6ojbmia ycjyra eo- poa», to nocaiABiS ao nopu ao npeueHB .lajHAx cx Hen), ciHTaa ee He3aulaHuoi> (chambre introuvablc). Ttsix ho Keitte, noc.it bthex xoponrnxx OTBomeHia, Tpe60Baaia najaTMbx 1816 roAy.samja cahibeomx Aaaeaoh na.iaTaTpefionaja tbkhxx Mtpx, EOTopaa, ohcbhaho, npoH3Beaa 6h boabroc cMaTCHie bx cTpaHt. Kopoax Harae.ix neB03uo»Huux yAO- BJOTBopuTb Kpa0HHHX Tpe6oBaHiaHx najaTH. Chambre introuvable OEa- 3a.iacb coB3iiuKOMx HeyAo6Hbiux h Kopo.ibpacnycTHAX ee bx 1816 roAy. Bx c.itAJionice aaTtax ceccia, Kopo.ib, oxipuBan sactAaein hobo8, kbex 6h no axpecy npearnefi na-iaTu, bx xpoHHoa ptua CRananx: „6yAeux npaM3aHU ex xapTin: a He iroxepii.no, nodii HaHecaasaKofl iiadyAb yatepdx STOMy ucaOBHOuy 3aaony“. BuhcTt cx Ttinx, naxaTaMx npeACTabaehx 6hax HafiKpaTeabnuS 3aEoax 5 iJreBpaja 1817 roAa. 9toxx 3aR0HX bx rjiaBnmx ocnoBaniaxx fiu.ix pa3pa6oTaHX Jana (Laine). bx 6jH*afinreMXcoxpyAHKuecTBt cx I'hso; nosTOHy bx Meicyapaxx noc.itAiutro ') Boarho HaftTH KpaTRia EOHMeHxapiH ex btohx 3aE0Hy. Haob sxoro saEOHa, no I'hbo, 3aKAroia.iacb bx CAtAymaeMx: peBOAVaia UHAOBOMiBHAB CTapuB nopMAOKX BelH6H naCTOAbKO, HaCEOAbEO 8X0 6hao nyjEHO jja npiodptxeHia cauMxx BasBuxx H*cymecTBeHHUXx ycjomft HOBaro rocyAapcTBeHHaro ynpasaeaui; OBa ycTaaoBHAa rpaatASH- cKyro paBHonpaBHocxb, ona oxKpuja AOCTynx napoAy ex 3aK0H0Aa- xeAbCTBy u ynpaBAeniD, cosnaxa BBtcTO a6co.noxHo0 BjacTH CHcreuy oTBiTCTBennaxx BAacxefi. HoaTOMy cxtAyeix aartoiiiiiTb pastnrne peBo- nrenin, h EOHCTHTyaiOHHaa noHapxia bx xomx BHAt, rbkx oaa ynpe- atAeHa xapTiero XiOAOBHKa XVIII, npeACTaruseTca yAo6HO» aa» xoro rfropuoio. Ho nxofiu bto ynpe*XeHie sior.io cytnecTBOBaxb a pa3BBBaTbca, ’) M(moires pour servir A Phistoire de mm temps.

!81 — oao AO.iatHO onepeTbCfl iia rb a.iaccu oftmecToa, aoTopue rrpejCTai).i«.i>1 Hii. cefifl yscfipcHHUH napTiav axefl 1789 roja, hhohho Ha cpexHie KJiaccti. Hut Ao.iano Curt npexocTaB.ieHC npaeo cpaBOro yaacria Bt aaKouoAa'ieJbCTB'fe a yupaiueniii. C.vfexoBaTejbHo, npexxe Bcero, Haxxe- xhti BuxiJHTh btm noxaTHiecKie axaccu a coBepmaTb Tauoe Bujt- .leiiie nocpexcTBOMt yBCauaeasaro ueaaa Bt 4>opai nacjipu luaTaxuxt BojjaTefl. Past ycTaaoBaeat Taaofl ueHst a coaxaat a^BicTiiufi npa- B«nii8 a.ieaeHTt Bt rocyaapoTifb, cay a xoxxaa 6mb npexocTaoxena npHMaa ii.iac.Ti, naxt Btiuopasiu xenyTaToBt. 3that uo.ioxeHieat, c.rt- .Viiuvre.Ji.HO, ycrauoB.ia.ioci,, aTO BtiOopu aojxhu Curb iipaauMH. Ta- KUMb oOpaaoat, 3Ta npexcTaBBTejbuaa cacTeaa pasoat BBOxa.ia a iiw- coKift Reaat a opaline Bufiopu, Kant CBH8b a saxort npoiHofl co.iu- xapaocTH aexxy H36apaTejaaH a H36apaeuiiMH, aero He Morxo Cu-rb XOCTarnyro opa cacTeufa .iaycTeueHUMxa> BufiopoBt. Ho hhcao aafiapa- Te.iefl He aoi'-io CuTb aejiHKO npa Taaaxt yc.iOBiaxt, KOTopua, Kan mu yxe aaaeat, Bt r.iauHUXt cbohxi. ocaoBaaiaxt 6tua Btip&xeHH Bt xnpTia 1814 roja a aoropiia TpeOouaja u a 'asCiipaTe-ieti 30-xiT- aaro BOspacTa a luaTewa 300 <J>paHK0Bt upaabixt Ha.ioroiit, a j.ia je- ayTHTOBt—40-.vliTHjiro BospacTaa u.iaTPxq aajoroBt Bt 1.000(ppaHKOBt. Oxaaito, BTOTt 3aK0Bt .1817 roxa Kaaa.icn Torxa oxpaaaTe.ibHbisit oapTiaut cxaniKoat peBOXDBioHHUat. .,Les ultra”—uo cxoBant oxaoro a8t coBpeaeHHhixt nacaie-iefl. paacaaTpaBaxa caaoro -Iki.iokhi;a XVIII aaat peBoanaioHepa a ronopaja, hto , xojixho cnacTa uopo.ia, bo bto fiu to »a CTajio\". Bc.rJxcTBie BTOro oua xarfcxa ymiaTOXHTt 3T0Tt H36upaT0.11.nufl aaKoat, KOTOpufl Kaaa.icn ant CTOjb peBOiuonioiinuiit aaeaHO noToay, hto out xaaaxt caxbuoe yiacTie Bt BuOopaxt cpex- hcmv axaecy — 6ypxya3iu a cxaniKoat mh-.o Bjiaaia KpyiiHUMt uo3e- aeatHUMt ooficTBCHHUKaat. Armania npoTHBt usfiapaTexbHaro aastma 1817 roxa HaauHaeTCH TOTqact xe 3a ero npaxtncuicut, oco6eBao nocxf. Toro, aaat npa nepuoat aacTHiHOHt o6uoBxenia ua.iaTU. npa BuSopi uepBofl uBTofi ea tacTH, Bt Hefl hbujihci, xaGepaxu. Torxa Bci ultra CTaxa iiacTaiiiiari. Ha uawfeHCHiH A'iflcTBonaBniHxt nocTaao- Bxeaifl 0 Budopaxt. r.iaBHufl pysOBOxaText axt, ospt pecxaBpauiu, CTapufl pecnydxHKanem, GuimiiS ijiem, xapeKTopiu a ceuaiopt npe- aeat Hanepia. CapTexeaa npexxoxa.it, Haaoaent, asirfcHHTt as6a- paTextauft aaROHt 1817 roxa, a, xiflcTBrnextuo. Bnoc.iijCTBiH 3Ta Bi-ib a 6u.ia xoctarayTa. IV. I1pex'.ioxeaie Bapre.ieua o6t aaMiiieHia a36apaTe.ibaaro saitoua ct caaaro uaaa.ia BCTpirrajoct c t iJtopMa.ibHbiua upenaTCTBiflaa, h6o uo KOHCTBTynia 1814 roxa uaxaTaut ne upHnaxxexa.ia aaaniaTHBa 3aEona: a u t npexocTaBxaxoct tojlko npano npocaib aopoxa 0 BHece- Hia Toro a.ia xpyroro 3aaononpoeaTa. T i a t ne aenie naxaTa nspoBt

282 — npnH;;.ia npejjoxeHie BapxeaeaH u aocTaHOBHJia wbayiomyiD pesoJD- niu: Kopoja SyxyTt uoiTMTejbHtftme gpocara npei-ioatHTi, najaTaat H-irtapaTe^LHijS sasoHt, KoxopuS 6a H3HtHHxt opraBHsaniio asSapa- TejibHuxT. aojjerifi, wo npeacTaBjaeTca apaflne Heo6xojHMUMt. Bt najarfe xeiiyTatOBt 3to npejjoasenie fisixo OTBepmyTO, a, xaKaat ofipa- 30Mt, 1819 rout npoine.it rteat aannxt jh(5o uaicbnemfi, Bt a3(5Hpa- TeatHoat 8aK8Hi. Ho Bt cjiayomeat roxy caao npaBHTe.ibCTBO 6hjto nofiyasaeBO acaaTb cpejcmt Kt -yTBepaiieniB AHaacTia a Boofime cy- mecTByiomaro nopaxKa Bemeft, Taut East cipaaa 6uaa BBOAeaa Bt HtBOTOpyio DaHHKy BcatacTBie vfiiScTBa repnora BeppiflCKaro ipaHaTa- Kout Jlyseaeat '). Hoc.it exoro yfiiScTca a naxaxu, a npaBHTeatcxBO □pnna.iH atpu, npeasAe Bcero, OTBOcnTejhHO iievaTH (o6t 9T0at tobo- paaocb Bunre), a raase a oxHOCHTe.itHO Apyraxt upe^aeTOBt, a Bt pesyxtxaxi tbkoS AfaTeAtHocxa hbh.icb hobuS HsOnpaxe-ibHufl saaoEt 29 i*>Ha 1820 roja. OHt Bocirrt Hassaaie saaoHa o juoflHOat ro.ioco- BaBia (loi de doubleVote) Bt CHay ocofiofi, m ycTaHosjeaHOfi ca- CT6EH BbifiopoBt. 3axoHOMt 1820 roxa 6iuo BoacTaaoBaeao npa'sHaH- Boe Bt Acte additionnel HauoJieoHa pto,rf.ieHie H36apaxeMHHXt ko.i- -icrift Ha KO-uerin oapyatHua a AenapTaaeHTCKia. Bt Ka»A0Mt icnap- TaMeHri 6km o6pasoBaHH2 paspaja HsfiupuTCJibHuxt KO.ixerifi. 06maa jenapTaaeBTCKaa noxieria cocTaniajacb H3t asdapaxe.ieB, njaTHBiiiHxt HanBUcniyt) cyaay aajorOBt, a Bt 3HC.it paBHoat '/< Bctxt xHUt, 3a- HeceHHuxt Bt CEHCOEtasdapaTeaei. Apyrie nsfinpaTc.iH pacnpejt-iajHCb Bt KOjjeria no ospyraat (ocodaa aiMBHBCTpaTHBHaa a H36HpaTejibHaa ejHHHiia, arrondissement), aoTopua 3aK.iioqa.iH Bt ce6i Bctxt nsOapa- Teaed, aaiemiixi caoe MtcTO»MTC.itcTBo bi rfcxt ofiiuHHaxt, Koropua bxoxhah Bt cocTast KaatAaro oapyra. Kaacjaa KO-J-jeria na3naqaaa no OABOMy jenyTaTy. Bt peayatTari sxa cucTeaa BufiopoBt npe^CTaBxaaacb Bt cxt^yiomeHt Bait: 172 aenyxaia H3()HpajHcb .yenapraMeHTCKHankoj- xeriaMH, a ESdpaaie 258 6uao npexocTaBjeno OEpyacHuHt Koaxeriaat. Ho last East .mna, BxojHBinia Bt cocxaBtxenapTaiieHicKaxt Ko.ixerii, HaijH opaBOBOTepoiaTbEast Bt CBoaxt, Tast a Bt Koxxerisxt OBpyis- auxt, xo ohh, caijOBaieabHO, noxyqajH npaBOBOTapoeaTbxeaa.iu. Bort noqeay saEOHtJ820rojia, ycTaHOBHBmifl m npaBaaa. a Boctnt Hasaaiiie loi de double vote, 3anoHa o ABofiHoat roxocoBaaia. 3T0Tt aaEOHt, noBHAHMOMy, cocpejoTOTHBaeit as6apaTejbHoe npano, raaBHUHt o6pa- 3oat, Bt pyxaxt- Toro K.iacca oflmeciBa, Ha KOTOpuS bokbo 6uxo ipaTBic* XBBacril EypdoBOBi. Uocji4icTiiii atoro yCUcna, Bast H3Bicrao, ae oipaa-

— 283 — Bcero Boxie pascununaTL. Ho Tana. aaEb cpoat jenyTaTCKHXT. noxao- Mo'iiii eo BpeneHH VTBopaueuia BToro aaKona eme ae hctokt., h bcx$A\" CTBie Toro cam oar. TOTiaci ate BCTyaHTi. at jiSsTaie He mote, a npEMiaesie ero Morio coaepinHTi.cE toxbko aepeai h1icko.ti.ko r in , to 0 xtficTBiu 9T0ro HcCupaTejfcHaro aaaoaa 1820 roAa hosho ( hxo cyiBTB EHOih bt, 6yAyme«x. Ho obi, hkst, OKa3axocb, He onpaBnaaT, BoaiaraBinKXCE Ha aero o»H,naiiiB: naxara, B36panHaa aa ocHOBaaia BToro aaaoaa bt, 1827 rojy, 6bix.a aaxaTofi, n i ayxt onaosHuia Buxb aecpaBHCHHO -CHJIbHte, T'(>HT, BT, IlpeHCHHXT, naXATaX-b, TTO OOBJBK.IO BHanarfe TacTUH nepeidiHN HUHucTepcTBa, a 3arIiMT>, bt, KOHirt eob- noBT., apHBexo u et, peBoxnaiH 1830 roja. , V. TaEHMT, oBpanoMb, MsOapaTeEtHUE ycxosia, ycTaHOBxeuuuH pe- cTaBpaaieio, 0Ka.ia.iHci, fiesciubHUMii axe noxxepsaHia peatHMa, ycra- HOBjeanaro J ioaobmkomt, XVIII, corxaciio xapTin 1814 ro,%a. iKuiCKaa pcBOJBuiH 1830 roia ecTecTBenno xoxitHa Buxa upauecTH ci> co6od h H3aineHie asBapaTextaaro apaBa. Ct, oAHofi cTopoau, BypxyasiH (tuna aeAOBOAbaa HsBiipaTe.ibHUKH saEonaMH BpeMeai. peciaupania u Tpe6oBaxa HSB’bcTHaro pacuiHpeHia HV.fmpaTe,itnaro npaBa; ct. ApyroB CToponu, ACMOKpaTHiccKaa riapTia, KOTopaa Cuea yse aoboebbo ch.ii.iia bt. to Bpeita, bocah paspasaxacb pcBO-nonia 1830 roja, ipeBoaaxa ho to.ibko pacniupeHiH HsBHparexbaano apaBa, ho Aaae aceofimcfl aoAaaa roxocoBi. HaKoaeqb, a napTia poa- juctobt, (EerHTHMHCTojib) ocTaxacb Bu HeAOBOEbaa bchkhmt, .'ihkohomt,, KOTopuB apeACTaBEEEx Bu aepBeHCTByioiqya) BEacib cpcahhmt. ExaccaMb ofimecTBa, h BT. apaB.ieme .I»A0BHEa-4>HXHtinasra napTia xebhthmhctohj, TEKT. HBMtHBEa CB010 TKKTHKy, TTO OTb aepBOHaTaEbHaro CBOerOTpe6o- Baaia —orpaHHTHTb HsBHpaTexbHuft qeH3b, VCTanoB.ieHHbift npa jIioao- BHKi XVIH h Kap.it, X,—oaa aepemxa Kb TpeBoiamio BceoOaiefl noAaTH ro.iocoB’b. Ho JlK>AOBHKb-$HEnnnb, KOTopufi onapaaca, rxaBHHHb o6pa- 30Mb, Hacpejaifi KEacci.—6ypxya8i» (aa 9T0,Meacjy npoiHMb, ero h bbbeh Kopoxeab-Bypsya), yxoBxeTBopaxb TpeSoBaeiio stoto uueHHOKxacca te- pesbHiBicTnoe noiiHKenieaafiapaTeabHaro qeasa, Taxi htoa eh HaOiipaTe- jeS TpeOouaHie UEaxeaa npimusb aaxoroBb ci. 300 ijjpaaitOBT.Buxo uohh- seaoao 200, a naccHBHuaTpe6oBaaiaca. 1.000<j»pauK0Bb—ao BOO. 8thht, uyi-eMb thceo H3(5«paTeEefl yseEHTHEoeb, xasb mo BMicTO 160.000aafia- paTeaeB, CuBniHXi apa JInjoBHK'fe XVIII a Kap.it> X, Teaepb abheocb 224 t., T.-e. aa 64 t. BoEie. Ho 9to thceo BsOapaTeEeS, oBuKaoseaBo AOXOAHBinee ao 225' t., ae cooTBiTCTaosaEO ycEOBiam. CTpanu, bt, Koiopoft rpa«AaacEaa paoBoapaBaocTb npaaaaBaEacb aa 5—6 mheeio- aaxa rpaatAaRT.. BcaiACTBie 9Toro, na6npaTc.n,naa pecfiopHa bt. cMuc.it. pacmapeHia HaSHpaTe.ibHaro apaBa CAiEajacb j03yaro!iT, bcSx i napTifl,

— 284 — upu Heni nap™, cooGpasHO hxb Hanpauxemio, BticxynaAH cb nporpaM- aiaMu K|ia0He pa3HooSpa3HUUH. 0 b ojhoS cTopoHW, napm, BtpHaa ah- nacTiH jI baobhkj XVIII b KOHCTHTyuioHaofl MonapxiH, BucTyriH.ia cb TpefionanieMb paciuapeHia H86npaTC.ibi!aro upaBaiepeab nomiKeme hsCb- paiejbHaro ueasaa aepeab ocBOfioatAcaie ora ueHsaahhb, KOTopuaoaa- 3aaa hsbScthuh ycjyra oTiinecTuy, hah aoiopaa BooOme saaimacra Bb Heub BoaeTaoe no.ioaenie. Caija 6hah oiHeceau anna, 3aimcaHHHa Bb cdbckh apacaanuxb (jury), Aims, UMitomia yaenua CTeueHH, 8aau- Mftwiniu, pasitun aoajbhocth npu yupanxeaia, c.iobohb—n'li-'ufi paapaAb ,’iai(b Tara Has. capacitds; bcS nth -iana ocBo6o<Kia.iucL ora oOihhxb ycaonift neim. Jlpyraa naprin, pecnyfi.iaaaHCKiUi, AeHOKpaTH'iecaaa TpefiOBaaa Cb caaaro aaiajia ho tojibko pacmapeuia HadiipaTeAbBaro iipana, ho yauraoiKemn l.-auoro 6u to hb 6hao orpanaaenia othoch- Te.Ttno BTOro npana, T.-e. vcTaHOB.ieHia suffrage universel, Bceo6mefi ao.Taaa ro-iocoBb. Kara mu buaSjh, Kb otoS napma iipHcoejaniuucb a H-fcaoTopue AeraTBMUCTU, TaaruKa Koropuib, co6ctbchho roBopa, npe- c.itAOBaxa atab 60xbe fiAasayio uxb saaipeHiaab, huohho: aa3Bep*e- aie Moaapxia .I®AOBBi:a-'I>iuuuua. JfuaaieHie Bb cafrcAS aafiapaTeABHofi pe$opuu a asatn'eiiie id, asOapaTeabHOMb npaBi (iu.io aaAepsiiHO na nepBoe npeaa aapcTBO- aaaia JI»AOBHKa-d>H.iHnna. Ho Cb 1839 roAa, co CTopoau na-iara bto ABaaieHie ace Co.iie a'6oAfre'pa3pocraeTCJi, r.saoHuart o8paao«b bc.v6a- CTBie Toro, bto KbSToay opi'Meaa ortHapyasaja cboh pesyAbTaxu ofiuiaa HQAUTBKa, KOTopyio npec.iSAOBa.ib JlDAOBHKb-$ajHnnb. npaitaxc-ibctbo BToro kopoah, onapaBmeeca aa cpeAHie Kaaccu o6m;ecTBa, Ha 6yp*yasiB, Ha ea HHTepecu,ao h3bScthoA cTenena jbCTHaniee BTaub aaxepecasib, iiajo-no-Ma.iy ofipanuo canoe npeACTaBHTexbCTBo Bb opyxie noab3u OABoro Kjacca ofinjecTBa, a Bb pyKaxb ero oho ASficTiiHTe.ibHO c.iS.ia- .locB opyAieab A.ia nojyaenia BceBostiozHuxb BuroAb. Mu He 6yAeab ocTaaasAHBaTbca Ha (JiaKTaxb, Koropue motah 6u H.i.nocTpapoBaTb xa- paKTe'pb 9toB shoxh; cKaseMb ToxbKO, no apeoC.iaAaiome® aepxofi ea HBAHexcH rocnOACTBO MaTepiaAbHHXb HHTepecoBb, CTpeM.ifenie Kb na- jkhbS bcSbh nyxaHH, npu teut cauo H36apaTejbnoe npaoo cA'IuaAOCb opyAieHb aaa nojyaenia BurOAb Kara Db no.ib3y u86HpaTe.ieft, xara a Bb no.ibsy Hsfiapaeiiuxb. 06b stomb csHAiTejfeCTByiOTb uacare.ia pasABaHUxb BaapaB.ieaift. Boxb, mto, sanp., roBopaTb no atony noeoiy uacaTe.ib paAHKajbHaro aanpaBAeaia, a66ara JlaHenas: „HaAb aaccofi Haaia, o6pameHHO0 Bb HOAHTanecKiS u.iOTH3Mb, BO.imiK.ia aesaKoBnaa apacTOKparia (une aristocratie batarde), Koxopy® B.iacTi. npHBasa-ia kb ceOS, hah CTapaAacb npuBasara kb ce6f> bcSmh cpeACTBaau pa3Bpa- iiienia, kotophmh oaa pacuo.iaraera, nocpeACTBOMb oT.iaaift, BdC-iasaB- uiHXb rAyaoMy TutecsaBiw, xopomo on.iaaeHHUxb mSctb, KOHgecciS

— 285 — DO DOAPHAaMX H BOCTaBKHSIX, aAHHHHCTpaTHBHHXX MH.TOCTCH, npH- Biuerift h MOHono.iifl bad ze KOCBeimuMx noompeHioMX nocpeA- ctbomx TaMOjKCHHUsx nom.iHnx'1. 9th caobhJIaHeHHa, npoH3BeADiin bx CBoe BpftMH cHAi.noe BneBaTAime, coOTBliTCTByioTx h aotjn , 6htt iipHBeAenii bx napaAAe.ii> Tony, hto roBopnjix T okbh.ii>bx 1848 roAy, HueHHO, bto upa cymecTByiomefi Bufiopnoft CHcreMf. ycTaHOBAaeTca naKT, 6a ocoCaH HopaAb, KOTOpaii saKAtoiaeTCH bx tohx, bto koxxu6 an6HpaTe.ib h HsfiHpaeMufi aoahchh pyKOBOAMTbCH iar.ni.TaMH AoOparo OTija ce«e8cTBa, u upa H36panin pa3CBHTHBUTt na butoah, KOTopbix HOryTX noAytHTbCH otx iiochakh AenyTara. ToEBHXb yaasuBa-ix, bto bthhx nyTeKx npoHHKaeTx boahroo paacpameHie h bx iiapoinoe npea- CTaBHTexbCTBO H bx npaBHTeAbCTBeHHbiD cijiepu. MeatAy t4mx, upaBH- TejbCTBO, KOTOpoe, raaBHUMx ofipa30nx, bx TeHenfe Bcero cymecTBOBaHia it>AbCKo8 MOHapxin naxoAH.iocb bx pyaaxx Tuso h napTia AORTpane- PObx, He To.iBKO He xorluo cA'ImaTb KaKHxx ah6o ycTyaoEX bx btomx OTHOureHia, ho a BBecTH aeoSxoABHbia pe^pau, necMOTpn Ha npeAO- crepeKeiria, KOTopua AaBa.iacb eay ahurmh, aaHHTepecoBaHHbiMH bx coxpaHeHia 3to0 Hoaapxia. Taicx, .1,B>Bepan,e a® 1’ opaHHX, aBTopx Hiatoire dw gouvernement parlementaire en France, ropnaift cropOH- ’ HUKX KOHCTHTyuiOHHOS MOHItpXlH, BX 1846 TOXy I’OBOpHAX: „BtHX 6oj'he 4 Ayoaio, Tim , 6otie a yfi-liiKAawcb, bto npeACTaBHTeAbaoe apaeo naxoAHica bx onacaocTH, a bto fieax aopeHHOfl H36apaTeAbnofl pe- (JiopMH ero caacTa HeAb3a“. T ia x ae arenlie, Taao He roAbito He npa- 3HaBBAX BTHXX l(>aKTOBX H SaHBAeHifl, HO He UPH3HABHAX B03X0JKHUUX h bx SyxynieMX hbmIhihtl cymecTByrnmyio cHcrexy npeACTaBHTea xctba. Ohx rOBOpHAX bx uaiarfc, onponepraa apryxeHTaiuD cbohxx hpothbhh- eobx: „h HaapacHo may paspimeHia: bx hohxx ?Aa3axx oth npeAAO- ateHia— ae bto HHOe, xaxx opyAie napTiS hah 4>anaTH3Mx y«a. Bx 1789 ro;iy H3fiHpaTeAbHa>r chctomh npoB03r.iacHAa BceoSmyn noAaay toaocobx, HOBufi npuHHHDx. KOTopu# OAH&Koxe hh OAHa hhx napTift He iseAa.ia npHHHTb bo BceS ero h^aocth; hhkto He AonycTHTX ero Tenepb\". Ha caobb oahoto hsx baohobx aSboS croponu, TapHbe Da- *eca, bto ero A6Hb npuAOTX, Th30 OTB’feBaxx: jamais! ae noAoapiBaa, kOhobho, bto 1848 toax ynpaaARHTX He toabeo stotx CMt.mft h rpo3- hhB 3anpeTX, ho h caMoro Th80 h bcd DOAHTHRy KopoAH-6yp*ya. VI. Cx 1839 rOAa OTxpuBaeTCH h+>.tu8 CHCTeuaTHBecKiS doxoax, ROTopuS BeAyTX ny6xHHHCTH, opaTopu h AenyTara bx noAbsy as6upa- TO-ibnofi peijiopMU, THKX BTO HHorAa 3Ta arHTanifl npuHHHaeTX pa3- Mipu, KOTOpUe 3aCTHB.TH.1H BpHBHTe.IbCTBO 3aEpblBHTI> HSB'fccTHTK) aCCO- Hiauiio bx noAb3y H36HpaT'c.ibH0fi peiJiopMu. T^mx He Meafee, HBOnpa- TB-ibHaa peijiopaa cA’feAa.iaci. oOuihmx .i03yni'0MX Bciixx itapTift, tbkx BTO BX 1848 TOAy 6AH*aftUIHMX 1I0B0A0MX EX pf'lO.HOHiH HBHAOCb 3a-

— 286 — npemenie 6aHKeia sji« o6cy*Aeais peijrapaH Bt 12 HaSHpaTe-ibiiuxt OKpyraxt ropoja flapaxta. H, jtficTBBTejbHO, nepauui. AiaOKt Bpe- v’eHHoro npaBHTMbCTBa, yape*j6imaro nocii peBOJfoqia 24 (peBpa-ia 1848 roga, 6ujo rjpoB03raainouie npaaofi a Bceofimea nosam roao- coBt, nocpejcTBOMt EOTopoft h 6uao Hs6paHO yqpeAHTexbnoe co6paHie, cPmeapieeca 4 lias.1848 ro.ua. Or. SToro BpeneHii aanmiaeTcs npaat- H6H16 npaHoS a Bceo6u;efi nogana ro-iocoBt, xora iipiiMimeHie aioS chctbmh Bu6opoBt at Teneaie Aoxraro nepioga a ae 6uao yaaano, ecaa ' apanoMHHTi., ito peatHMt Haaoaeoaa I II Gust nocTpoent aa naefiacuHTi a. aa TOKt caocofii, itoToptjHt oat yapaBAS.it iieeoGmefi nosaiefi roaocont, a sariiMt a booh 4>paHUie». Ho pascMOTpiiHio cno- cofiost, kotophmb itflcTBonaat Haiio-ieost, bh OTEaaAHBaeMfAO,Apy- roro pa3a, aorja CygeMt ronopaxb soofime o caocofiaxt npon3B(>ACTBa' BuCopoBt h o cnocoOaxt cocTaBJCBia oiMmaiaabHuxt aaHAHAaxypt. Bo BCBEoat cayaa’b, Bt 1848 rosy cacTeMa npaaoil a oceofiineS ooAaaa roxocoBt fTRep.in.iacL BO.'bpaHaia, a be nacToainee Bpeaa 9Ta cacTBMa ecu <|>aBTt iieycxpanaMuS a HeHa6tsau8, apoiuBt KOToparo aosao roBopHTL, cnopaib, ocyatAaTb ero, aaxoAHTb aeyAoCaHMt, cw- T&Tb, ito 3Ta cacTeMa npHBOAun. at AypBHMt pesyabmaMt, HO BO BcaBOMt cxyaai aa oato H8t coiipeMfiHiiuxx napria, itOTopas noMH- maasa 6h o aaxBaTb BJiacTB bo 'I’paHnia, ae aor.ia 6u ycTpaaaTt suffrage universel. H bto nipno .no Taaoft CTeaeaa, ito bcL bouutku orpaaaqaTb uoatBOBaaio bthhs npaaont BCel'Aa BcrptiasH cajisHoe coapoTBBjifiBie co CTopoHti aaqia. Taut, bt, canoMt Ha’ia-rfe a'Mctbui BToro suffrage universel, umbhho Bt 1850 rogy, saKOHOflaTesbaoe co- fipanie, no npeA-ioateniionpeaajeiiTa pecay6.iaaa, Hauo.ieoHa BoHauapia, orpaaaaajo aosavy ro-iocoBt Tpe6oBaHient rpexatiaaro iKHTe.it.CTBa bt. oapyri, pi KoropoMt aoAaeTca rosoct. 9thmt, njTBMt fiuxa.ycTpa- HeHa 0Tb Bu6oposi oaoHF. SHaaaTexbaaa qacTt HapoAoaace.icnia. 3ra Mipa 31 aas 1850 roja fiu.ia imaBana H36paaieMt Bt Aenyiara OAHOro ■laaa, Bt EoropoKt jCMOTpixa abKoropoe coqiastaoe saaas, aaeaHO EareHis Co, aBTopa Oesqacsenauxt poaaaoBt ct coniaxHCTHiecKoS nOABJaAKoS a no 6oxbaieB aacTH npsHaro xapaKTepa. HsfipaHie bj. AenyTara EBreais Co npoaaBeso Tftsofi cBaaqaAt, bto Dapasit' a AeayTara npanisa Bt cBSTeaip; btots diyaaa a Oust fijnunafiuiHut noBOAOMt at orpaaaqeaiio asCHpaTe.uaaro npaBa. 3aTiat, KorAa Ha- aoaeoHi, BaAyaa.it coBopaiaTb coup d’etat, oHt Bt npoiuiaMaaia CBoefl 1851 roAa roBopii.it, bto Boanpaipaeit HapoAy suffrage universel, no- TopuS y Hero Cast oTBSTt paaie (crtAyert apaGanuTb: iimt ate caMHirt). 9to noKasHBaerb, bto Aaise Hano.ieoHt caara-it, ecja ae- B03M03KHUM1, to, no Kpafliieii jrfepi, aeyAodaHiit OTMbnuTb CHCTeay BceortmeS noxauH roxocoBt.

— 287 — VII. Measay bc£mh rocyjapcTBaMH Ebpooh, Opanniio aoaikho cw- TaTB CTpaHOD, bx KOTopoR iipHiinimi, Bceofimefl BojaiH roxocOBX ycTa- hobhjcs npoiHO, Tam. hto HHKaaifl uoiihtkh b BHRaais ycu-iia Be xoryrx ero ycTpamn. hsx <t>paHny3CEaro banoaojaTe.iLCTBa, rat obi BB.iaeToa ocHOBaHieMt BCero uyfijiHiaaro npaBa. 3aTiMX, Bceo6naa nOAaaa rOAOCOBi. BBeAOaa Cuxa h bx Apyrnxx esponeficEHXx rocyxap- CTBax®. Ho -Tyn. OHa aBjaeica vse 3anMCTBOBaHBO«> h aiStcTByen. ABJeKO se BX OAHH8KOBUXB yCAOBlBXX. ■ 1. OHa npnMtn«eTCA kx TepHaBCEoS BMnepia no saxony 1867 r., BOTapoBanBOMy yapeahtc amihhx pefixcTatoMt (Baaie: no KOHCTHTyniH . 1867 r.). Hajo saHiTHTb, no 9Ta cHCTexa npunaTa6u.ia bx repnaHia a pante, HueBHO OABoepeveBBO cx npooobr.iamriiieMi, ea bo 4>pam;iH bo BpeueEa JlaMapTHaa, .'leipio-PojieHa a AP- 1'epxancRiH peBoannioa- huB npeABapHTeabBuft napAaiieHTx, coaBaHHuS bx reSAexbfiepri bx MapTt 1848 ro*a, uparjacnj'b BC'k repwaHCKie HapoAU npuc-iaTb npeA- CTaBHTeaefl bo 4>paHKiJ>ypTx, bo 4>paHE<j>ypTCKoe vqpeAHTeAbnoe co- CpaHie; npcjcTaBHTe.ui bth ao.dkhu 6hah usCHpaTbca nepe3x npaxyio a Bceofimyc no.iaay toaocobx. Taux bto, caiAOBaTejbHO, bx fepxamH BTa CHCTeua cTaaa npHMiHHTi.cn hmchbo cb 1848 roja, T.-e. oaho- BpeneiiHO cx npoBOBrjamemexx ea bo ‘Ppannie. 3aTiMx bx tomb se rOAy iCpaHK<tiypTCKifi ynpeAHTeAmuft peflxcrarx BupaboTajx npaatHH- TeJIbHO K'b BTO0 CHCText ocofiblfl H36npaTC.TI.nHil 3aKOHX, KOTOpufl H .Ten, bx ocHOBaaie hhh4 AtficTByBinaro Hs6npaTe.ihHaro 33E0Ha bx 1’epMaHiH (T.-e. KOBCTHTyniH 1867 roAa). 2. Bceo6maa noAana ro.iocOBX npuHtnaeTca u bx HtKOTOpHXx ota4axhhxx repMaHcKHxx rocyAapcTBaxx. TaKX, obe AtflcTByerx bx liaAeBt, xoth 3Atct OHa He npHMiHHeTCH bx hbctomx bha1>, hmcbho jouycKaeTca toabeo Bceo6maa, bo He npuMas noxana roaocoBX, h6o 6aAeacsift HaGHpaTe.iMiufl oaKoax ycTSHOBjaeix AsycTeneaHue Bufiopu. H3X Apvi'Hxx rocyAapcTBX xojkho ysasan Ha'^aaiio, rAi AificTByeTx CHCTeMa upjiHofi -a Bceofimefl HOAaqH ro.iocOBX. 3. Bx AMepaat, rat He 6uao oco6aro upoBO'ir.iamcHin suffrage universel, Kaxx bo $paHRiH h I’epxaHiH, CHcrena aceb6mefl no^aiu TOAOCOBX BOCTOHHHO npHHiBHAaCb BX OTAtAbBHXX mTaTaXX, TaKX TTO bx o6nteux KaKOMX hu6tai. np0B03r.iameHiH Be 6hjo HaAObnocTH, u6o no itieAepaAbHofi KOHCTHTynia Rufiopu AenyTaTOBx bx kbsaomx niTaTt UpOHCXOABAB (IpUHtHHTC.TLHO KX SaKOnaMX, AiftcTBOBaBIHHMX HOBTOXy npeAMOTy bx eesaomx OTAtaHoux araaTi. Thkhmx o6paaoMX, bosxosbo 6hjo Ba6ABAaTb BHjoH3ntneHiH BufiopHaro npaBa no OTAt.ibHHMx mxaTaMx. Ho bx nacroamee Bpexa bc.% nrraTH 6e3X HCKAfonenia npn- mAH kx cHCTexi npaxofl B BCeo6fflefl HOja'lH TOAOCOBX. VIII. Mu pa3CM0Tpt.AH HCTopiio Bu6opHaro npaBa abyxx cTpaax,

— 288 — kotopun Hxikjx bx btomx OTBomoBiR Haiifehii.n'iee taifiiiie HarocyiapcTBa KOHTHHOHTa.lBHO# Enponu. OdpaTHMCH Teoepb Kb .TOrHaTHieCBOHVH8JIO- xesiu Ruftopnaro npaua; mmchho, mu paacMorpiiMX pasxHBBua cuctomu HToro npaBa a hix-HOAHiJiuKaniH bx owS-irhuxt. rocyaapcTBaxx. Bo- npocu 8u6opaaro upaBa CTOAb caoshh a pa3B006pa8HH, hto jab o3HatcoMjeaia cx bhmh aeofixojHMo pacnpealiAHTh hxx bi H3Bf,cYHua rpynnu, T.-e. doaboctb paSHHe uacTHue Bonpocu boax Kaieropia Goalie 06001x1 BonpocoBi. TaKHxi. BaTeropiS xoseTX 6htx ycTaHonaeHOjb4: RO-nepBUXb, xu joahihh paacMOTpIvrx eaxua ocnosanin npeacTauurejB- ctbq. T.-e. yxasaTB, Kamimi, o6pa30HX cTpana npeacTaDjena bx BHXHeS na-iaTi, k3bhmx cuocofioux o6pasyeica cpBouynHocu, Ttxx AenyraTOBX, KOTopue ,10-iatBU npenCTauAHTL Banin bx ataoMi. eii BHjt uotx uxenn ea ipfificTCOBaTi. bx saKOHO.naTc.ii.cTB'h a ynpanaemH; BO-BTopuxx, Haxx cxixyeTx 3arixx pasxncHHTb, Kasx HsfiapaiOTCB bth -iHna, t.-o. npone- aypy Bu6oposx, aaax KaatAXia oxpyra, Hxtnnu'ft npaBo npeacTaBH- Tft.TbCTBa, ocymeCTB.iHeTi. npano HsfipgHin jenyTaTOBX. Ca'‘ joaanKiLHo, Beet nonpoex 0 BhifiopHoxx irpaB* fiyaexx pasexaTpBBaTxca bx jByxx OTX't.iaxx.: nepBuS otj&ax CyaeTx TpaKTOBaTx o6x ocHOBaniaxx eufiop- Haro upaBa; BTopoS—o6x ocymecriuoHiH btdpo npaua, T.-e. o6x B36h- paTe.n.Huxx cacrexaix. iviaba i r . . [IpaXUE a JByCTEIlEBHUE BHBOPbl. •I. llpn pascxoTpiniH ocHOBauiS npexcTaBRioaxcTBa ao.ibho hm^tx bx BHAy pHB.iBBHua cuctomu: 1) Bu6opBoe npaBo xoxeTX 6utx co- cpesoToneHO, KOHneHTpHpoBaHO bx onpejrt.ieHHO# Mace* H3f>HpaTeaefi, AtftCTBVKlinRXX B OcymOCTBAHIOmnXX CBOe BpgBO COBirtcTBO BX OTjijt- hhxx H36BpaTe.ixRuxx ospyraxx h Hs6RpaB)iuaxx AeHyTaTOBx Heno- cpeacTBeHHo; hah 2) bto Bu6opHoe npaBo xokotx 6uTb ocymocTBAMexo Be cobv6ctho, OTAiAbHHMB paspaaaxH H36HpaTe.!efl it, cBepxx Toro, He HenocpexcTBeBRO tSmh H36HpaTejaMH, xoTopue aaioTx no-tBoxoaie OTj*.ibHuxx AenyraTaxx. TaunMx o6pasoxx, nesaBBCHMO otx hbahbb- AyaxbHuxx yciOBiS, noropua ycTaHOBAsnTca h m saacjai'o oTAtibHaro uaSHpaxeAB b xoTopuHH ofiycxoBAHBaeTCH ero npano Ha Bu6opu, ycTa- HOBABBJTCH paSAHBHUB ycaoBia a ah see# xaccu H36npaTPJ]efi. H ex tobkh apt.aiii npaBx stoS xaccu H3{>HpaTexeS, xaRx 6u oaa hh 6uja ycTpoeaa,—aa ocnonaniii iiceo6mefi uonani toaocobx hah na ocBonaniH noj6opa ahux, noAXOjafflHxx ex ycAOBiaxx neasa,— xu Hosexx pas- xb-TUTi. Beil cucTeMH su6opoBX Ha asi rpynnu: nepiiaa npoACTaa.iHCTX

— 289 — cocpeAOTOieaie, lOHneHTpauin BtifiopHaro lipaBa bb onpeAlueHHofl aaccfe H36HpaTeaefi,' KOTopae ocymeeTBXSDTn cBoe npaBO Heuocpe.v ctbbbho h coBMicTBo; BTopafl rpyuna npeACTaanaeix paaii^eHie 3toS uaccu na H3B$CTHne pa3paxu, o6ihc.ctkohhijh rpyunti a, cBepxn Toro, ycTaBOBAOBie ae nenocpeACTBeanoS, a nocpexcTBeHHoft uoaeth rojocasn, T.-e. ABycreneHHoa. Iipeacje Bcero, mu aoazbh ocTanoBHTtca Ha Bonpoc* o ABycTenoH- Hofi ndAaat roxocoBn. .^BycTenenBaa noxaqa roxocoBn gctb, coOctbohho roBopa, HaoOpixeiiie tjipaHnyscaaro aaKOHOAaie.iLCTBa, Tam, Kant, hi, AHMiH, apa orpasHHOBHOux apyrii i<a(»npaTe.ie(t ao Chaah q pecfioptrfe 1832 roAB, HartapaxeaH ocymecTBAHAH cboo npaBO nenocpeACTBCUHO, T.-e. KaatAaa n36npaTe.ihHaa KOAAeria aaCapa-ia xasoe koahtcctbo ao- nyTaTOBi, KOTopoe npHXOAaxocb Ha aoak) Kaanaro rpaifcTBa hah ro- poAa. Ilpai«a, aMepHaascKaa ifteAepaabaaa KOHCTHTyiua (1787 r.) ycia- HOB.iaaa nitiTO ex, po,ii ABycTeneHHofi nojaia roxocoBn, ho toalko Aah HsfipaHia ceHaTopoBx,, T a n Eaten x.ieHu auepaKaacEaro ceuaia, bt, paBBOun EOAHqecTBt oxx mTaTOB'L, HfteHHo 'no ABa oxn KaatAaro, naCapaiOTca u '6cthumh .lerucxaTypaMH, T.-e. MtcTHunn ceHaTOun a M'bcTuofl uaxaTOfi AonyxaTOBii KaatAaro rnTaia. fin btomb cnocofit B3- Gpaimi aMepuEaHCKBxn ceHaropoBn an Hozean bha6tb rIiato noxoatee aa ABycTeneHByB) uoAaiy roaocoBn, h6o bc6 MicTHiia xerHCxaTypH BBixoAHTn Han oOmaxn BuSopoan a caua, Bn cbod oxcpeAt, itaOapatoTi ceHaToposn (BxoAamaxn Bn cocTaBn aaepHEaBCEaro soarpecca). Ho 1) »Ta cncTeua npHMtHaeTcn to.ii.ko kb o6pa30BaHio aMepaKaacKaro ceuara a 2) ea 3HaieHie uoseTn 6bitl bobhto Bn cbhsh cn ycAosiaaa i(ieAepaTHBHaro rocyAapcxBa h 4>eAepaAbHUMn ycTpoficTBoan cenaTa. IIoBTOHy '1'paHnia oToocHTeAbHO cacTeau ABycTeneHHofl doaeth ro- AOCOBn ae aataa apeAmecTBeHHHKOBB. IIpairliHenie btoA cacTeau aah Hp0H3B0ACTBa BuCopoBb, ofimaxn aah Bcofl cTpaHU, suepnde 6hao npcAnpHtiHTo KOBCTETyitieto 1791 roAa. 9tb KOBCTHTynia, Kasn an bha'Aah, ycTaaoBAHAa paa.mxie aesAy citoyens actifs a citoyens passifs, a npaBO BuOapaTb AenyTaTosn npeAocTao.mjocE ae citoyens actifs, naKn tekobhmb, a ocofiuan soAAeriaan Bu6opn(HEOBn, KOTopue ra- 6apaAHCb npu ynacTia Bcixn jtETHBHuxn rpasAann. Cx$AOBaTexi,Ho, HiOapaxa.AenvTaTOBn BOAAeria BBidoputaBOBn (nopaAOsn oToro H36pania yEasaan Bume). 9Ta cncTesa bhCopobb 6uxa oTjrtneaa AespeToan KOHBOBTa Bn 1792 roxy a EOBCTMTyuiei) 1793 toAa. Ho OHa Bocapecxa in KOHCTHTynia 1795 roxa. Hpa BBeAeniH EOHCTHTyruoHHbixn yqpe- SAeai8 Bn OTA'fcABnuxn oBponeficKHxn rocyxapcTBaxn, 3Ta CHCTeaa 6uxa BoenpHHHTa HbKOTopuaH Hsn Huxn h ao n&CTOiimaro BpeaeHa AificTsyem bo HHorHxn repaancKHxn rocyAapcTBaxn. Bn bhav npaBTn- qecKaro npHaiHeaia btoS cHCTeHii ABycTeneHHoS noAana toaocobb sn 19

— 290 — oTAtibauxb eBponeftcKHxt rocyAapciBaxb, aaMb nyatHo ocTaHOBHTica ua pa3CM0Tpfmia Toro 3HaieHia h toS pojra, KOiopyio jyiiaxH xart jBycxeaeHBoft noAETi roxocOBb npa iipHHtrienjii HsGapaTejbHaro npaBa. Casio coGob paaynierca, cocTaBHTe.ni EOHCTHTyatH 1791 roia apa- HJijH cpcTexy jBycrenenHoft noiaiH rojocoBb Bb BHAy Toro, tto Bb Toraanaea ipanpiu HafiHpaTeatooe npauo Guxo noeraBjeHO aobojbho mapoKO, tbkT) tto OTHOCBTexbHo assemblies primaires bo •fpaania 6ao6pasoBajracB aaaTHTexbHaa Macca asGapaTexeit, IIoBTOMy raa* ibjt- cTenenHaa cHdexa uo.iaaH rojocoBb BBjaxacb kokt. aiEoropuab KoppeKTHBOXB BTOMy iDiipoBOMy wiGHpaTejbHOjiy npaBy. IlpeAnojara- jocb. tto jHua, kotophih 6yAyTb aafiapaTbca Bb nsSHpaTeabHaa boj- aeriH, ocoGeHHO Bb BHAy ycTaaoBxeuaaro abb uaxb Bucoxaro aeasa, hbhtcb sxeaeBTOH'B 6oxie cnoso0HUMb, (IsaropaayMHUsib a EOHcepBa- THsaunb, itab Macca aaCapaTexefl. Ho Bb ObOMb OTBomeaiH aepeoe npHMtiicnie KoacTHTyuia 1791 roAa xaxo coaepraeaHo Heosa.iaHHue AM yapejHTeiiLnaro co6paaia pesyjvraTH. Kb tomt ate bto yipexH- TeabHoe coGpaaie caao acusuomio cef.a H3b BkiCopoBb bt. KOBBearb, u6o nocTaaoBaao, tto TxeHH ero ae Moryra 6uib Tyja HsGpaHU. 9to nocTaaOBjeHic, xoia a yaa3HBaeri aacTory HasrfcpCHifl nepsuxi yipe- XHTeaefl, Tiab ae Mea*e 6bUo aaiamaaMb. H jiScTBHTejibao, coaxaa- Hoe KOBCTHTyaien 1791 roAa saEOHOjaTeatHoe cofipauie apeBsoaiJO Bci oataaaaia peBO-iapioHepoBb jaite no BHitnmocTH. CociaBb ororo co6paaia mphhb.il peBOjioaioHHUft ott4hokx, teex tto, ecxa xortjra npejyapeAHTb paAaaaabHbi# hcxoab buGopobx, to bto He yxaxocb CAixaTb nocpeiCTBOMb ABycTeneHHofi aoxata roxocOBb, EOTOpyw ycTa- HOBaxa EoacTBTyaia 1791 roaa. H. Bb XIX CToxtTia, npa npHaiaeaiH KOHCTHTynioHHUxb yipe- SAoeia a nap.iaaeiiTCKofi chctomh be EBpoui, Bonpocb o ABycTeaeaBoS\" aoAaTt fo.iocOBb CTaxb apeAMeToab leopeTaaecaaxb pa3cysAeui#. Bb TBC.lt BaiAHTBHKOBb 9T0fl‘ CHCT6MH mobibo yaa3aTi ua aBTopa gem - tcpomiu si AMepum, T oebhxh, KOiopH#, odhcbibuh HaGupaTeJbSyD cacTCMy Bb Aaepaxt ‘), cxtxyna(HMb otipasosib BbipaaaeTb cboh co- ogpaateaiH: „^ocTaT0THo“, .roBopaib OHb, „boAth caaoaja Bb aaxaTy AeuyTaTOBb, a aartab Bb aMepasaacKifi ceaan,, ttoGbi BHAtTb aaaTa- TejbauS KoatpacTb aeatAy bthmh Asyaa cofipaaiaMH (ho hbao 3b6h- aaib, TTO BBiopb BHCEJib BTO Bb 1830 roAy): Bb naxat* AenyTaTOBb nexbsa HaitTH aa oahoto BHAaDizpiroca a ckoaeko aaGyAb M3BtcTaaro Bb cTpaat Te-ioBtEa. 3to Gojbnieio Tam*) MicTHue aABOKa™, Bere-' pHHapbi, yTBTeaa, coAepsaTexH naTeSauxb aaaeAeaifi a np., aoTopue HBAOCTaTOTHO H3BtCTHU Bb CTpaat H EOTOpUe TOAbEO TTO HETHHADTb

— 291 — cbod nojHTHiecKfD Kapaepy, a, BecnoTpa Ha to, w o bt> AaepaKi rpauoTHOCTi, pasBHTa AOBO.Ji.HO rnupoEO, MeatAy hhhh mo» ho bbSth TaKHXb XBHb, KOTOPHH Cb TpyAOMb yiliDTb BHCaTb. HanpOTHBb, Bb ceHaTi mu aaxoAHMb Bee, ird ecTb Bmanmaroca Bb AuepHKt, no npiofipi-JO H3Bl>CTH0CTb He TOABEO Bb A.HepHK*, H0_ H Bb EopOIlt CB0- HHH nOjHTHieCKHMH CHOC06hOCTHMH, yqeHUMH 3HaeiBMH H BCiMH TaXaH- TastH, KOTopuniH o6.iajaiorb cenaTopu. Taxie pe3y,i(,TaTU aoxjkhu 6utb npHUHcanu cHOTeai jitycreneHHUxb BuSoposb, soTopaa lipanaTa h npaxTHKyeTCH Bb Aaepaxi Axa Bbi6opoBb Bb cenarc,“. .J/liBcTBHTejbHO, HU BHXtXH, BTO cenaTOpu,. BXOAflUlje Bb COCTBBb asrepuKaHCKaro Konrpecca, H36apai>Tca h4ctbhmh xerucxaTypaaH. He saTpyjHiocb aaiBHTb”, Taat aaKannHBaeib sto m1;cto Tokbhxi,, „bto ABycTencHHan noja<ta roxocoBb ecTb eflHHCTBeHHoe cpejcTBO AOCTaBHTb Bceny napoxy BOBaoatHocTb noxbBOBaHia noxHTHRecKoS cbo6oio8, 6e3b onacHOCTH jam nocxtAHeS, t.-o., wo upa jBycTeueHHoS noAaai roxo- C0Bb mo» ho AonycTHTb canoe miipoKoo BafiHpaTejBHoe apaso a Chtb Bb to Jte BpeMH yn-fepennusn,, wo 3THMb 6yA6Tb jaHO CTpaaft Myxpoe h 3p$xoe npoACTasuTexbCTBO**. OcTaHaB.iHBaacb aa TOMb npaaipt, kotopumb noxbsyeTca ToKsaxb, xaab (faKTHTecKHMb noAKpiuxeHieub CBOei apryMenTapia Bb san^aiy ABycTenemo# boabth roxocoBb, mu Moaeab csasaTb, wo a48ctbh- TexbHO aMepaKaiiCKifi ceHaTb n36npaeTca m4cthhmh xeracxaTypaHa, HO bto eme Be A0Ka3HBaerb, wo Bb AaepaKi cytpecTByeTb Asycie- aeRHaa CHCTeua BufiopoBb. Ha cawoMb ji . i t o6ukhobohho jonycKaeTca, bto, npn HsSpaHia m4cthoS xeracxaTypu, xaaa, Bb Hee asdapaeaua, sapaHie anasorb, koto hmb cxijyeTb mfipaTi, BbaMepHuaHCitiB coHaib, TaKb bto HXb BufiopT. npejonpejt-men. a Bufiopu cenaTOpoBb, a no Soxbmeft Bacrit xana, Hs6paHHun Bb aicTaua xerHcxaTypu, o6aau- B8BTCH nepejb cbohmh H36HpaTexaMH H36paTb Bb ceaaTopu Tixb axa jpyraxb xaHb, nojb KaKonuMb ycxoBieub 3th xerHcxaTypu a noxy- ia»rb cboh noxBoaoBia. Ec.ia a axe xonycTHTb, bto BuCopu Bb ceHaTb coBepmaxoTca nocpejCTBOMb jBvcTeneHuoft nojaan roxocoBb, to OHa TTpHainaeTca toxeko Kb asfipaHiio BepxHeS naxam, a 3BaHie ceaaTopa ocTb to SBaaie, KOTopuab orpaeaqaBaeTca BecToxiofiie Bctxb rpaatjaHb AaepaKH, aa pijKHMb HCiuKiBCHiesib u i rixb, kto xoT-fexb 6u, aanp., cxixaTbCJi npe3ajenT0Mb pec.ny6.iHKu. lioc.rfjHXH uoieCTb xxa aaepa- Kaapa— bto Ha6paHie ero ceHaxopoMb .Bb $ejepajbHufi uoarpeccb. C.iijoBaTeji.no, Bb aMepaKaHcaifi cenaTb (jiaKTuiecKH u36Hpax>Tcaxana, KOTopuu nponixa AxiiRHyc noxaTniecKyio Kaptepy a OEasaxa csoeB cxpaui T i axa Apyria ycxyra. 3aT^Mb, npu oSpasoBaaia aHepaaaa- cxaro coHaTa, Ka*juft niTaib 3aaHTepecoRaub, bto6u Bb aeiib aaxo- AHJHCb xhna, BHAanmiaca U3b paAa APyraxb, a6o ceuaiy npacBoaeica 19*

— 292 — Msnaa poxB xpaHHTC-i« (fejepajLHaro npHHUuna, 3am,HTHHKa 4>exe- pajBHOfl CaMOCTOflTejLHOCTH H HHTepCCOBl OTAtjbHUXX BITaXOBX, K ceaaxx, cootbIitctbchho cBoeay Baxaouy saaieHiio, HM-fcert He toabbo naatHHH ijiyiiKniii no ompaBjeHiio x±jn> BatniHefi hoahtheh, ho a BnyTpenHaro ynpaBaeHm a 3aKOHOAaTexbcTBa, ibex kbex ceuan.— yaacTHHK'L HcnojHHreatHoS babcth pecnyfijHBH. C-iiaoBareatHo, inTam 3anHTepecoBaHH, ito6u cenaTopu bx Eoarpecdi 6hah cnocofinu rapan- THpoBaTb khex HHTepecu Bcefi cTpanu, tbex bt, ocofieHHocTK qacinue HHTepecu oxiiabBHXi uiTaTOBx, it4, bohhtho, Tpefiyexx 6oxBmei. ocMOTpnTejbHocTH npH BuOopaxx bx cenarb. HcKABMHTeABHO toabko T3KHMII U06y*AeuiaMH, KOTOpUH BIIOJHt COOTBfrrCTByiOTX B8SHO0 poja axepHKancEaro ceHara, a mosho ofixaenaTb npuiHiiy, noieMy bx Heux cocpejoToiHBaDTCH, no npeuMymecTBv, jHpa BtijacmiHca hah h3b4ct- huh cTpaH-i. Tasx bto cx AOCTaxotHOio BtpojiTnocxLio hosbo caiJiaTb npejnoioateHie, hto bAbx cocianx axepHEaHCKaro ceHaxa, xaxx u bh- 6opu ceHaTopoBx Cujii Ou ctojib ate yAaiHH h npH Apyrofi cncT6ni bh6opobx, hSo neatAy Ao6poKaieciBeHHocTbio cociaBa ceHaia a abvt cTOueunoio nuAaaeD rojocoBx, nocpeACTBOMX aoxopofl ohx a3(SHpaeTca, TpyAHO oxucEaTb EBEyc HH6yAB oxeBBAHyo CBBSb, aaKx xo nmajca CAUaTb TOKBHAL. CjtAOBaxeAbHO, npHMipx, H3OpaiIHbI0 TOKBHAeMX, neabaa CMTaib apryaeiiTaniefl Ha 3am,HTy chctohu ABycTeneBHofl no- Aaxa rojocoBx. III. Ho hu aoakhh, cBcpxx xoro, pascMoxptTx fioaie ofiujie co- o6paateaia h aoboah, Eoxopue mojeho npaBecm bx noABsy ABJCTecea- no8 noAaia rojocoBx. OficyatAaa KaatAyto cHCTeHy BuCopoBx, Ea»Ay» CHCTeuy npeACiaBaxeAbCTBa, aeofixoAHMO npaxaraTb kx aefl saataiSmie U3x Bctxx KpuTepiyMOBx ea AocxoaHciBa. TaKHHH EpHTepiyuaua aBABDTca A®a: 1) cbbsb npeACiaBaxeja (Aenyxaxa) cx ero H36apaxe- jaaa; 2) ycxaHOBjeaie raitofl cacxeiiu, npH EOTOpofl Baata40raie HHTe­ pecu cxpaHU hm4jh 6u 3amHTy h BupaateHie bx uajarh. Cx BTBXX AByXX TOieKX 3ptmn CHCTexa AByCTene&HUXX BUfiOpOBX HoateTx 6utb npasHana aecocToaxeABHoi. Ilpa Hefl .nopuaaexca Heno- cpeACTBeHaaa cbhsb HeatAy npeACTaBHTexaMH u xauauH, hxx aafipaB- matfa. UpH npaHoS noAaii roaocoBX, orpaaHBeeHoS aeB3oax hah h4tx, cbbbb ueatAy AenyTaTOMX a ero H36apaTejaMa Cyxeix HenocpeACTBeH- naa, npauaa: jeuyTaTt ctohtx ahhohx kx AHity cx cBohmh MsGapaxe- jhmb; ohx apBBCTBeHHO OTB^TCTBeax nepeAX HHMrf 3a cboh A48cTBia h 3a CBoe roxocoBaaie;' asSapaxeau HoryTx jhhho o6xacaaTbca cX bhmx npa ero H36paHia hah nepefiaiAOTapoBrS. Tskhhx oOpasoax, 3THHX ycxanoBAHexca coAHAapaocxx HeatAy BaaaxaHH a U36HpaTeAaMa,. Koxopaa, oaeBHAHO, Heo6xoAaaa kbex bx BHAy Baatnuxx saAaix, ko- Topua npaxoABTca pa3pimaTb -naxaTanx, tbkx h npu bChk'ohx cepbe3-

— 293 — HOMB CTO.IKHOaeHilf CB npaBHTC.ILCTBeHHUMUBJiaCTflMH. ftorja BCHCOBO- KynnocTt xenyTaTOBB, a&cijaiomHXB bb naxarfe, saaeTi, ito ona cbb- saHa cb asfiHpaTe.iaMU, auaeTB, tto oua HcnocpejcTBemio Bumxa H3B HapoxHHXB BnOopoBt, to caHbiB b4cb Tasoro Hapojaaro npexcraBH- ToatcTBa 6yjeTB hhoB, i 4mb ecxH ona fiyxyTt H3fipaHUhhumh .ninaim, cxyraSao BuraejniHBB hsb rrepBHiHuxb HsfiHparexbnbiXB cofipaaitt. R o w H36npaTe,i& nojaeTt cboS toxocb HenocpejcTaeHHO sa xeny- TaTa, ohb co3Haen. 3a co6o» H3BicTnyio apaBCTBeaayB otb4tctbob- hoctb: ohb anaert. tto btotb toxocb 6yxeTB hm4tb npaaoe 3aaieaie xxa Bpyaeaia uaatHoa B.iacTH xany, oTnpan.uuoineMycn ml najiaTy bb KaiecTB'fe xenyTaTa. Tyn. jMcTByeTB ecxa a hb bjbctbo HpaBCTBeaaoS x i p i ,otb4tctb0hhocth aepexB crpanoit, to, no Bpaflaet ayacTBO co6- CTBOHHaro HHTepeca, KOTopuft 3acT8BxaeTB ero BojyaaTB o aoctohh- ctbsxb xmia, EOTopoay bb4phk>tch noxHOMOiia. HaapoTHBB, npH jsy- CTeneHnoft nojaia toxocobb cTeneHB stoto HHTepeca npu kiukjomb Hsfipama buSopiubkobb, HsfiapaomHXB xenyTaTOBB, yMenbniaeTca. Bb btomb cxyaat aafiapaTe.it cnpaainBaerca ae o tomb, kto, no ero Miri)Hii>, jiytme bc4xb cnocofieHB fitiTt npejcTaBHTexeHB, a 0 tomb, kto cyMieTB aynme bc4xb oufipait xenyTaTOBB. Cx4xoBaTexbHO, Hs6apaTexB npa TaKOMB nojojaesia xixa cxaraerB cb cefia safioTy 0 BNfiopi xenyTa- tobb Ha xpyroe xano a iacTo xa»e He xymaerb—bo3MOsbo xh nopy- bhtb 3T0ny xany H36paBie jeuyraTa. UoaroMy cocraBB B36npaTexbHuxB Eoxxerift, acxoxamifl hsb nepaaaBuxt BufiopoBB, no fioxbmeS qacra aBxaeTca cxyaafiauxB; a cxijoBaTexbao, pesyxbraTB BufiopoBB bb xenyTaTH fiyxeTB crojb ae cxyaaflHUMB, xaKB a pesyxbTarB aafipaHia BB BUfiopUHKH, T.-e. OHB 6yjeTB 8aBHCiTb, rxaBHHHB 0fipa30MB, OTB Toro, Sanaa napTia oxoxixa Ha xbhhbixb BHfiopaxB. IV. Moatno npuBecTH npaaipu HeofitiKBOBenHaro Koxefiaaia bb co- craBi xenyTaTOBB, bbkb npa jBycTeneHHofl noxaii toxocobb, tbkb b npa npaaoS. TaKB, noxefiaaie naprift bb npyccsoMB xaHxrarfc, KoropuS, BaKB h3b4ctho, asfiapaeTca nocpexcTBOMB XBycTeneHHoS nojaia roxo- cobb, Mosert fimt npexcTaBxeao bb cx$xy»meMB bha4. Mh fiepeMS sepioxB otb 1867 no 1883 toxb. Bb btotb npoaeayTOKB bpcmchb napTia bb xaHXTart pacnpejixHXHCb no roxaHB cxixynm.BMB o6pa30MB. 1) Hop- mix cmapo-KOHcepeamopon: cb 1867 no 1870 toxb hxb fiuxo 118; cbyqpe- axesieMB repsraactcoa BMnepia, Korxa kh. Bbcmbpkb xxa BayTpeHaaxjb upeofipasoBaniii xoxseaB 6uxb onHpaTbca aa HaaioaaxB-xafiepaxoBB, cb 1870 no 1873 toxb thcjio CTapo-aoHCepBaTopoBB naxaeTB cb 118 jo 77 (bb sto BpeMa, cxixoBaTexbao, oxoxixn xafiepaxu), a bb cecciB 1873 — 1876 roxa, hxb ocTaCTca Bcero Ha scero toxbko 3. 3st4mb HxeTB noBbimeaie, HMenao cb 1877 no 1879 toxb bb xaHXTarfi 3ac4- xamB 9 CTapo-KoacepaaTopoBB; sorja ae bi otoS napTia oojb Bxia-





— 295 — apyrofl, T.-e. jBycTeneraaa noaaia tojocobt, hhcko.ii.ko ho ycTpaHaerb bo3mo» ho8 cjiyiaSHOCTH rx Bii6op4 'AenyraTORT,. Eaitx ayMaun, nt- KOTopue. Haxo Bootfme sarinm, hto npa oficyaciemH atofi chctohh noaaaa pojocobt. He oCpantaeTca BHHMama, HacB0.iBK0 a’feScTBHreji.HO npil BTOfl CHCTeMt H30npaTe.lI, OTpeKEBTCB OTXCB0HXT. HpaBT.. UpBBia, chkoicb .inmacTi. ero bosmojkhoqjth nenocpeacTBenno BtifipaxL n3.iD6.ieH- saro bmt. jenyTaia, ho, rkMX He MeHie, Hs6HpaTejbMoaseTX BuOapaTb BHfiopmHKOH’b hmchho ct. TiiMi> paacieToax, ito6h noe.itaHie Henpe- jrfnno nuOpa.TH bt. ^enyTHTU xhipl eny, HiOnpaTe.iio, yrojHUXB h iix't KutofueiiHLisi,, PHXTepa, Biipxoiiu a t. a. IiuOopmaKH, arfflOBa- Te.11.HO, o6a3HBaDTca nojaeaTb cboh roiioca sa to hjh ipyroe xano, KOTopoe hmt. yKasano H36HpaTexnHH nepBHiHUXT, co6panifi, thkt, tto Tyn. npoHcxoaHTT, to se HB.ienie, KOTopoe mh Hafixunaem. h npn oOpaaoBaniH aaepHKaHCKaro ceHaTa. ^BycTeneHHaa nojaia roxocoBx, C.lijOBaTeJTBHO, HpHBOAHTXKt TOHJ, HTO BepBHIHMe H36apaTe.IH o6h3M- saan, cbohxt. Wahlmanner (BtifiopmHKom. H86HpaTejn.Huxx soxierift) noiaBaTB rojioca 3a Tin, h,tii apyraxt jhui, sapasie yKa3aHnuxx. H m. jyuneMT, cayiai, npn Tanofi CHCTeni, bh6oph OyayTi. c.iyiaSiiu. npH ipyraxi ycxoBiaxt BuOopu aenyiaTOBX 6yjyrt npeflonpejiueHU BuOopaMir Wahlmanner’OBi, KOTopue o6a3UBaDTCB uepeax crohhr H3- OapaTexaMH iciOapaTL bt aenyTaTH xhut, kotopub 6y&yn, mn> ysa- eauu. Ct »toB toikh spiiHia BoscTaexx npoTHBXjiBycTenennoB noaaqa roxocoBK A- C. Mu.ijt (rl. IX ibid.). Ho I3hji.i i khkt, 6h aoaycKaeTX, osho HCEjiDTOHie; HMenno obi, ro- ROpHTT., HTO CHCTexa KByCTeneHHHXT. BU6opOBT» B03MOJKHa H HOHSTHa unnk bi. tout, cayqai, ec.ia bth BTopHinue Bn6opu (T.-e. Bbirtopu bt. jenyTara) OTnpaBjBDTca tskumt yqpemxeHieMX, soropoe ca.no HMterb BaaHHH nojHTHiecBia ifijBKniH. Ma-Ob, Haxoaacb Bt otomx cxyqai hojit. BJiiameiix cooOpaaeHifi Tokbh.ih, rOBopan,, n o BuOopu, Hanpa- Mtpx, bt,aHepHKaHCKift ceHan. npoaaBOaaTca MicTHHHH .leraciaTypaMB, r.-e. yapeasaemaNB, KOTopua hhI dt-b oieai, BaaraHB nojiaTHiecKia $ymmiH, h KOTopua, ch-iod Bemefl, nofiyawaDTca pa3CMaTpaBaTb Ka- ajaro MfiapaeMaro cenaTopa cs toikh sptHia ero uoaHTHiecKofi cno- co6hocth. Ho hh yae Bajian, bto Ha j t a t bto He TaKT,, h ito ocho- TpaTeabHOCTB HpH H36paHiHCeHaTOpOBT, SaBHCHTB, PjaBHHHT, 06pa30MT,, orb (Jie.iepaTHBHaro 3HaieHifl, KOTopoe mrisen aaepHKaBCKifi ceaarb. Biopoft npauiipT,, upmojiaMufi Ma.i.iesiT,, Kacaerca uuOopoBX npesH- jema aMepHsaHCKofi pecnyfiaaKa. UpesaieHTr., Kanx hsbIsctho, hs6h- paeTca oco6hmh BafiopmasaHH, Koropwe coctobt-b hst, AenyraTOBb on. Eaxiaro HiTaTa, h h3t, KOTOpuXT. cocTaBiaexca sojaeria, paanaa uo iHcay cbohxx qjenoBT, ct aaepaKaacKHiix Kourpeccoax (r.-e. KaatjuS niTaTx nocu.iaen. bx btj Koueric ctoxlko .TenyTaroBx, CKO.ibao no-