Градовский А.Д -Собрание сочинений. Том 5

— 436 — BiaeTca ocnoBaTeabHoe noj03p'Iinie, xto mhhhctp® Han MiiHHCxepc.TBO, atScTBVBTt aenpaBH.n.H0,'3joynoTpe6aaK»T,LsaacTMOu i CesaMcTityDTi. HHTepneaaaaia no ywasy napaaneHTCKaro jiaonponsBoacTBa npeam- taaeTca naaaTan® nopes® nx® npeaciaaie.iefl kb nacbMeniioft (popHt, npa neat fcasHaiaeTca aeiib, b® KOTopuft MnwicTepcTBO oda3ano jaTb no Heft, cboh odiacnOHia. 3aKa»HeHieM® OTOro od®aoHeHia annaeica 0(5uKHOBeHHO roaocoBaHie naaaTH, T.-e. HHTepneaaania, past OHa-npa- Hara naaaTos), y*e octb sonpoc®, KOTopuS naaaTa aoantim paspimaiB B® TOM® nJlH apvrOMl CHHCH$. ‘fopMH, B® EOTOpijtf® NaaaTa nOCTaHO- BaaeT® cboh pimcHia, HoryT® dHTb pa3.iHBHU,CMOTpa no odiacHemii, nocaiAOBaBraeHy co CToptiHU MHHHCTepcTBa. 1) Od®acHeHie MHHHCTep­ cTBa Moaei® 6utb BnoaH* ynoBjexBopHTejiLHO; b® btom® eaynai na- aaTa nocTanoBaaei®, m o OHa, yjoBaeTBopHBaracb 9t hm® od®acHeHien®, nepexojHT® k® oiepeaaoMy nopaasy jia®, a l’ordre du jour. 2) Ecan MHHHCTepCKoe od®ncHeHie BeyaOBaeTBopmeabno, ho He nenpeM$HHO nafipacHBaeT® Tien Ha Bee mhhhctcpctbo, hjh oTa.&JbHHX® mhhh- ctpob®, a npejMeTOH® ero-hbjhiotch cnopie nacTHHa MoyuoTped.ieHia, to naaaTa MoateT®nocTaHOBHTb p’bmenie b®caiayioinefi •popu'fc naaaxa, cozaaia o cymecTBOBanin tbkhx® to (pasrOB®, h.ih Haaiaci., tto obh dyayr® ycTpaecHH na dyaymee npena, nepexoaira® a® onepcjHUM® AtaaM®. Ho, 3) ecan odbacaeaie .MHHHCTepcTBa HeyaoBaeTBopnTejbno, a ec.TH ipaKTH, ero BbiSBamnie, HadpacuBam® Ttin, aa ero stanib- HOCTb. to naaaTH B0THpyt>T® HeaoBtpie a® MHHHCxepcTBy. Bnpazenie neaOBipia, noHemo, aasacHT® or® cTQnenu aeaneHia naaaT®, ero bo- THpOBaBHiHX®. Tan® nas® neiiTp® razecm b® HflCToamee BpeMa Ha- xoahtch b® iiBBHefi naaarfc, to MHHHCTepcTBO, pacnojarammee b® nefl JOCTaTOBHHM® doJblHHHCTBOM® rO.IOCOB®, HOZeT® CHOKO0HO OTnOCHTbCfl E® HeaOBipic, BupaaeBHOMy nepxneS naaaioS. TaK®, B® 1883 roay naaaTa aopaoa® b® Anrain,- codpaBmaaca b® doanuioM® BHC.rfc, both- pyeT® nenoBipie n nopnaame 1’aaacTOHy no noiioiy ero noanTHKn b® eraneTCKHX® aiaax®; ho bto Bbipaseaie aeaoBipia aaa l’aancTOHa najarfc duao 3a Hero. CataOBaTeabHO, Bee aaBucar® ot® 3Hanenia ca- moB naaaTH, ot® Toro, HacKoabKo naaaTa BHpaataeT® aiflcTBrneamoe xniaie HaniH. Eea&HMieTca aocTaTomo ocHOBanifi hjh npeanoaoaeHia, bto naaaia ne Bupasaei® Mirim* CTpaHU, n ecan ecTb Haaesja, bto rapaHa He noaiepKim ee, to npaBHTeabCTBo, noayiHBniee BHpazeHie neioBipia, npndtraeT® aaoraa k® pacnymeHic naaaT®. Ho dmacr® caynaH, Koraa Bupaateme nejOBipia, c® tBupaaemeirb njmTOM® ae- aarna, TrodH b® MHnncTepcTB'i dHaH .1* * 0, doaie cooTBiTCTBynntie seaaniaM® cTpanu, BCieT® k® oTCTaBKi MHHHCTepcTBa. 3th cnocodu Bupazema EOETpoaa naaaT® Haa® atficTBiaHH mhhh-

— 437 — CTpuBi ynOTpeOjaBTca tojh.ho apH HopaajbHOMX xo„vfc napjaHeHTCRHXx A t e . OcoOeHHua npaBa jan ica naxaTaKx, xorja MaaacTepcTBo. Hapy- maioinee KoncTHTynio h.ih aaicoHU. o<5huhjicti:ji bx HpecTyujeHiaxx, KOTopua HoryTi. bbhtxcb boboaohx k x BoafiyjsjieHiio yro.iounaro npe- cxtlOBaHia npoTHBX hhbhctpobx. IIpaBHJa h Haaajia BTolt otb£ tctb6hhocth 6ynyrb H3aoa!CHB HHKe bt. yieHia o Kafijmerli, nosToity sflict uu orpaHaiHuca to.ii.ko yaoaa- uanioax o6x otomx. Ho Haax Hau-TeatHTx yxasaTb aa HtaoTopwe jpyrie cbocoCh , aoTopue npaaTHKyjotch ae bo Bctxx rocyjapcTBaxx a cocTa- BJHDTX OCOfieHHOCTb H'liKOropiiXX H3X HHXX, HO KOTOpUe AO.l/Kllbl CiUTb paacMOTpiHH bx ofimeax yaetriif o rocyjapciBeHHOMx ycrpoftcTBi. Taxx, bx IHBenia jwh nocTounnaro soHTpoxa najx at,areaBHOCTbi) xaax rocv.iapcTBeHHHXx cyjOBX, tbkx h pa8XaiHUXX aAMHHacxpaTHBHUxx yapeanenifi, uikojcehmt, co9momx (napaauoRTOHx) HafiapaeTca ocofiufi npoxypopx, KOTopuB u a te n cpaBO upacyTCTBOBaTb upa OTupajueHia aIiax bx cyjefiHHxx yapeajemaxx m b yTpeBjeHiaxx aAmteacTpa- thbhuxx h KOTopufi, ae BcTynaa HenocpejtCTBeHHO bx OTapaBJieBie Teayataxx j i .i x bthxx yipeaueHiri, aM ien. apaBO aoboahtx Ao.cnh- fliaia na.iaTX o saaiieHHHxx anx 3aoynoTpe6aeaiaxx a Bos6yjxjaTb DpoTHBX bhhobhuxx aojuehocthhxx Jan,x iipecxiAOBanie nepexx Bep-» XOBHBMX rOCyaapCTBeHHUMX CyAOMX KOpO-HUlCTBa, KOTopuB C0CT0HTX xaxx H3p thhobx cyAeftHaro b£aouctbb, Taax a H3x aoxikuocTBijxx jianx jp yrax x BiioacTB®. Ho o6m,o,e aafijOAeBie sa acnojaeaieax KOHCTHTyaioHUUXX 3aK0H0BX UpHHaA-ieatUTX ocofiofi KOHCTHTyaiOHnofi KOMMaccia, yapesjieHHOfi bx cocTaai naxaTX, aoTopaa ca$ahtx -3a AtaTexLuocTLio nepxoBHaro rocynapeTBeaHaro cyja a bx Komi'S KastAarO roja jaeTX cboh aaKxnienia, nacKOJibKO aatroiaiecn‘bx’ AaaHbe.Bpeaa axeHH BTOro cyxa joctoBhh coxpaaaTi, csoe SBaBie. TaaaMX ofipasoax, • bx IQBeaiH'BUi6DTca ocofiaa xana ijih uocTOjiHHaro aoaTpoaa a aaA- sopa sa pasHMHu I'OcyAapcTuennusiu yipeacAeHisMH. Ho aoHCTHTyaianx HtKoropuxx repMaacaaxx rocvAapcrax, aaKOBii KORCTHxyaia Baprea5eprcKaa a caxconcKaii, Ha totx nepiojx Bpeaena, aofAa up.iaTH He bx c6opi, yapesAaexca ocofiufl aocToaHHHfl xomh- totx. B x BapTen6epri stotx uoctobhbuS komhtotl coStohtx H3X 12- jianx, H3x eohxx 2. cyTb npejcf.jaTe.iH ,myxx BapTeutJeprcxHxx na- * .T&TX—n a ja iu rocnoax a na.iaTU jenyTaTOBx, 8 -ianx E3x na.mTU Aenyiarctex h 2 hsx najara rocnojx. 9th Jiana asfiaparoTca naxaTaaa BX C06ABH6HHOMX HXX COfipamH. Ha ofiasaRBOCTH 8T0r0 KGMHT6TB 36- sh t x uoc’roaHHoe na6.i*).yenie sa ucnoJiBeHieiix xoacTHTyaia cx apa- bobx iipuHOCHTx ‘ jxajiofiu Kopoxto aa Hapymeale xoacTHTynia a 3axo- - aoBx, HafaiDAeHie aa Hcuoxaeaieux nociaaoBjcaifi, asAaaabixx c® coraacia najaTU a xopoja, cx apaBOHX QpeACTaBaaTb OTaerx na.iaxaax

o scixt 3ant«eHHUXT, yKAOBeHiaxt h axoyiioTpefixeHiHXt (CTaTM 187 h cjin ..). IIoioGhijh ae Ha6xE>xaTe.UHHB KOMirreTt, h Tose nocToaH- hh#, Ha ocHOBama ct. 114 caKCOHCBofl KOHCTHTyniH, npeiOCTaMaeica y«pe»xaTt caxcoHexaiit naxaTaset jja Haxsopa flax’s cofijioxeHieMt KOHCTHTynW HTOHBUHt HCUOJHCHieMT, 3aROHOBt. TaKHMt ofipaSOHt, H Bt DTHX’b rocyxapcTBaxt hm* k>tch KaKt 6a nocTOMHHue opraHU jxa KOHTpoxa naxt xificTBiauH rocyxapcTBe.HHUX'B yapeaxeuifi. Ohb bcboho- mecTByioTT. xiaTexiHOCTH naxart, itoaBxaerca oco6chho Heo6xoxHMHHt Bt TaxHxt rocyxapcTBaxt, Hast BnpTeM(ieprt, CaacoHia h AP-. h6o 3A*Cb ua.iaTU cofapaiOTCH He naCTO, h npoxeayTKH aieaxy cecciaxa BejniBH. BcjrftxcTBie sroro, Taaoiiy KOMHTcry Bt apeaBuiaBHUxt cjy- aaaxt DpexociaBxaeTca npaBO TpefioBari. cosuBa naxart xxa paacao- TpfiHia BoupocoBi, B03BHKUIHXT. boBpena nponeayTsa Mesiy cecciaHH. O T il-fe jn . nHTbIH. OpraHH3ania n a a a rt h hxt>flfiflonpoH3BOflCTBO. r.lABA I. OprAHH3AI(ra BAAAT1. •I. OTxixt, •at KOTopoMy mm BepexoxHHt Bt HacToamee spew, 6yjeTt BaBaioiaTbca Bt pancMOTpiHia ycxoBi# ocyutecTBxeHia npaBt, npexocTaB.iaHHUxt nojaTaMt. 3th ycxoBia MoryTt 6tm> parixf.xeHU Ha jBa pa3paja: 1) naxara xxa csoeS xiarextHOCTH aoashh mdiTb Haxxesamyio opraHHsaitfio, h6o oh* aB.uicTca BoxxeriaMH, cofipaHiawi Bt o6meKt cmhcj* btoto cxOBa, Koropua, no Hpe3Bfcm8no8 BaaHocTH npeaocTaBxeHHHXt Mxt xixt, at caaoHt ycTpoflcTBi cBoeMt xoxaHU npexcTaoxHTL ycxosia xxa npaeaxtHaro OTupaBxeHia x4xt; 2) caan8 BopaxoBt xinonpoHaBoxcTBa Bt naxaTaxt, T.-e. nopaxoitt BHeceaia npexxoaemB, nopajoEt paKHOTp-fema axt, roxocoBania, pasxHiHaa apaBHxa xxa noxxepsama nopaxsa bo speaa npeaiS h t. n.,aBxa»Tca yexoBiaMH, HeoSxoxHMUMH xxa upaBHXtHaro h pa3yMHaro piraenia bo- npocoBt, DOXxeaaniHxt BijiHiio naxaTu. Haat aaxxexuiTt^ npeaxe Bcero, ocTaaoBHThca Ha pa3CH0Tpinin opraHHaanm naxaiH, T.-e. 6xH»afiimn<t o6pa30Mi Ha T ix t xox* hoct- HHXt JHD.axt, BOTOpuilt npexocTaBxaeTca HiciTt pyKOBOACTBO Bt aa- HaTiaxt naxan h Bt pasHuxt nofoqHHxt, BcnoMoraTextHHXt onepa- qiaxt, Bt pox*, nanp., sexeHia npoTOKoxoBt, Ha6x»xeHia 3a nopax-

Komi* B'i, 3jamn uap-iaMeura, aaiitjiuuaHia xosaflcTBeiiHOD, ((ihrehcohob) lacTtio, T.-e. pacsojaMH no coxepaaHiio axaaia napxaucnTa a pacxo- jhmh na naxaTH, aorja oat HaxojaTca bi cSopi a t. d. IIootomv mu, npeaixe Bcero, ocTaaoBHHca Ha TaKb HaauBaeMOMb 6/opo naxart. II. Bb Anr.iia xoxshocthhh XHija naaan. mrferoTb ibcto hcto- paaecKOe npoacxoscjeHie. HosTOMy a b i caMOMb BaaBaHiB HXb orpa- saeTca bio npoHcioaneHie, a paBao a Bb nopaxai HXb nasHaieuia a bb hxb ifiyuKHijixx. Haxaiu bt> Aarxia bouhhiuh Bb to ripena, koto itopojeBCKaa nxacir. fiuxa jocraTomo CHXbna, a Korxa naanaqenie iOJURHOcTHUXT, xnu,b Bb naxaTy Ctixo npoAOCTaBXOHO Bopo.iio. Aaxfte MU BHA*XH, RT0 DpejCTaBHTeXbCTBO OTb rpa$CTBb H oCmHBb nepBO- aaaa.ibiio aBJaxoct KaKb 6u H'iKOTOpuMb xonojinemeMb Kb Commune consilium, Bb BoxunoMy coairy npexarOBb a (SapoaoBb, aa KOTopoMb Bb npaanHiit npexcftxaTexbcTBOBaxb Kopojb hah ero MicT03acTynHHKH. TaKBMb m4cT03acTyDHHKOMb nepBOHaiaxino 6uxb summus justitiarius— BexHKiS KicTHoiapiS BopoxoBCTBa. Onb ho 6u.ib cyxeOnoro aonKHOCTbio; OHb upeactaareabCTBOBa.ib Bb KopoxericEOMb coBirt 3a orcyrcTBieMb ROpOXH H HBAH.1CH HaMtCTHHKOMb KOpO.ieBCTBa BO BpeMH OTXyieXb Kopo.ia, BecbMa qaciuxb Bb HopHaHBCttifi nepioxb. Ho 3aTtMi. 8Ta Xo.i»HOCTb ae.iHKaro rocTHUiapia fiu.ia TBHTroaena. UpexcTaBHiexi- ctbo Kopoxa Bb napxaMeHTfc Ou.io Bosxoxceno na xpyryio naainyio XOAshoctb KopoxeBCTsa, ua Kaunxepa, KOTopufi Bb HacT0HBi.ee BpeMH HOCHTb Ha3BaHie Hopj.a-EaHB.iepa, TaKb KaKb 3Baoie jrop.ua oCubbobchho coexiiHHjocb Cb jo.maocTbio KaHB-iepa. xoth nocxftxnjii MoateTb h He 6utb .ropjOMb, hto, saKb mu yBHXHMb imase, BjeqeTb sa cofioio pasnua noc.ibjCTBia. IIpejctjaTexeMb BepxneiS naxaTU Ahrjin HBxaeTca Kahii- xepb KOpoxeBCTBa. OHb uoaseTb 6utb b He napoMb, MOseTb He npanaj-ieataTi, Kb cocTaay Bepxneft naxaTU, no oobacHaeTca ocofion ijiminieio anrxiScKaro npasa, Bb CHxy KoiopoA m6cto, Ha KOTopoMb CBAHTb Kaanxepb bo BpeMHnpexcixaTextcTBa, ciHT&eTca naxojaiiuimch bhIj napxaiieHTa, a TaKb KaKb no xpeoHetry oSu'iam cixaxHineMb Kanu-Tepa HBxaeica mepcTHHOti MimoKb, to 4>BKitia aupaasaeTca Bb cximyioiuefl (Jiopai: „mepcTHHoft MimoKb HaxojBTca bh£ nap.iaMeHTa“, T.-e. m4cto Ha aeMb MoryTb saHHuaTb h He xopxu. y Haa; Bb ero coiHHeniH AuiMucKiu napmMemm u eio dn»onpou3eodcmeo, yKasu- BaeTca HfscKoxbKo cxyiaeBb, itorja 6oxie hxh aeHie npoxoxKHTextHoe BpeMa KaHUxepcKoe Micro saHHxa-iii ho napu AarxiH. TaKb,' Bb 1830 rojy xopjb BpyMb Ouxb cxixaHb xopjoMb-KaHnxepoMb, He fiyxyra napoMb. IIojoGnue c-ivian HOBTOpaxHCB Bb 1852, 1858, 1861 h 1868 roxy. Bb cxyiai oTcyrciBia xopxa-KaHHxepa uo 6o.if.3Hii hxh no xpyrHMb npHqaaaMb, onb 3aMfnjaeTca oxHHMb H8b KopoxeBCKHXb cyjefl no CTapnumcTBy. Ecxh ae a ohh He MoryTb upHcyTCTBonait,

— 440 — to lopAH H3i CBoefl cpeAU BuSupaerb npe^ci^aTSM pro tempore. Ec.Ih -lopj^-nann.iepi.. a T in t 6ojte KopojieBCKiS cyjta Be napt, to obi He MOJKen npunmiaTb yiacTia Bi roAocoBaHiH, h otiasaHHOCTb ero saKAioiaeTca Bi thcto BHimnext ynacTia othocbtcaiho nopsAaa roaocoBaHifl. Boofime ofin3aiiHocTn npeAcixaTeja BepxHeS naaaTH (forte orp&HHieHH, Tint T8KOBM npoAciAaTe.ni mnsnefi naAaTU. HeaaBucBMOo n npeAeiAaTe.M, b i cocrasi Bepxnefi na-taTU HMieTca KJiepKt napaaxeHTa. K-iepst BepxHei naaaTk eCTL iii tome Bpesia h Kaepat uap-iaHeHTa Boo6m.e, h6o apxasi na-iara AopAOBi mtien otjapHuia-iLnoe SHaienie, h npoToaoAU, KOTopue aejyTca Bi saciwaniaicL BTofl najam, cyrao$$aid*AtHHe joKyBeHTU, public records, aa KOTopue Bi cayiaaxi Ha.yofinocTH mozho ccbuaTica, aero neAbsa jiaaib othoch- tbabho nporoaojoBi naatHeil oajaTU. DooTony uep ai sepxneB naaara HMieTi oicBb BaatHoe oijxjmniaabHoe SHaaeaie, BcsanHCHMO OTi ero ofiaBaHHOCTH bccth Teaymie npoTOKO.iH. Kaepat na3HawTca Kopoaenrs, sast h Apyria aoazhocthim anna sepxaeS iiaaaTH, Ki KOTOptlKi ot- HOcaTca uepeBOHiHHeScTepi qepHaro aesja h saseayTogi napaaHeHTa: O6a3aHB0CTH uepeaoHi&neScTepa qepHaro zesaa saEjcaaDTca bo BHimHMSi pacuopaAHTe.ibHuxt Aiftmiax* apa saciaairiB naaaTt, Bi upHraauieBiB naaaTU oSmHH'b Bi aaay sartAaaia, Koraa xopojb hah Kopoaena npucyTCTByeTt Bi BepxHefl ua.iari h npuraainaDTi kohko- aepoBt a t pimemti. XoaxHocTb uepexoaiSxeBcTepa (forte noqe’rnaii, T int miiioinas npaaTBiecRoe 8(aqeHie aoazboctb 3a3eayTopa aapx&xeHTa. Ero ofiaaaBBOCTb COCTOBTi Bi TOMi, TTO OHi BClIOMOmeCTByeii jopay- Kaniwepy, Ha6.iDiaeTi 3a sjaHieMi napaaHeHTa, npmiOAHTt Bi iift- CTBie pacnopaaeuia najraTU no npHTjameHin TpefiyeMuxi en CRBjiTe- aefl, no yjaaeiUD H3i aaciAamn aapt a t. n. BcxiACTBie aroro, 8K3e- ByTopt nocToaHHo conpoBOZAaeTi aopna-saHnaepa h aecen nepeAi HHMi ZeSAi. Hbehbh najaia aHrjin, naaaTa oSmaai, hbxoahtch noAi apeACi- AaTexbctBOHi ocofiaro .TRipa — cnaaepa. DepBOHaiaAiaoe 3Haqeme cnaaepa, aaKi noaasiiBaeTi ero HaanaHie, npoaexOAHTi oti ofiasaH- HOCTH rOBOpETb ora Anna Ua.iaTbl (canaepi—KTO•rOBOpara, i n opa- Topi). Cnasepi nepBOHaqa.ibno jaBajca olSraniiaMi a as Toro, tto6h oai, nocai coBimaaia no uptAJOzenauMi inii BonpocaMi, Horaa abtl cboh otbI tu bah B68pazeHia saEi Kopoan, Taxi, u .lopAant. CriAO- BaTejbHO, Bi cnmiepii H36apa.iHCb auipa, cnocofiaua toakobo roBopaTb a AOCTaxoaao xpafipua a ah Toro, tto6h H3AO»HTt OTBitu ofimaai nepeAi sHaTHbiMH AopAaxa a npa TopzecTBeHHofl oficTaHOBKi Conunnnfi consilium’a. Do Mipi Toro, aaai o6niHHu pa3BHBa»Tca a pacmiqwion CBoe BAiaHie, y hhxi HBAaeTca cipeMAeHie n o6HapyzHBaerca seiame

Topufi fill pVK



— 442 — KOHTHHeHrt Eupoaii. lio aHraiBcKomy oOtrnio Cuu»cpi> Bcerja HaxoxHTbca Ha csoeax xpout bx aaxi naxaTu; tojbko bx Kpaflaeax cjiyaai OH® Mosen 6u t i 3aM+>ne>n> lapjieHOMt. Ilpoiifl iO.ianocTH B08.iaraBTcn Ha Exepita naxaTiw aih sexeHia avpHaxoBB h apoTOEOxoBX HH*ne» uaxaTbi cx ero noMoatHHEaMH— nojEaepEaMH. Oat Ha3HaiaeTca Eopoaoft aoacaSHeHHO, h xaisx Earn hhkhhh najaTa Hirfcexx BecLMa Baauoe uiaaeuie h noxoxeiiie bx ro- cyjapcTBi, to oho OTpaaaeTca h Ha noxoaeHiH saepKa, KOTopufl no- xyTaeTX sa HCnoxHOHie cbohxx ofiaaaHHOcTefl rpoiiaxHoe aajouaHLe. Ha KEepKi jicxhtx Baxnaa o0a3ariHocTb npOTOKOJapoBan. On.ua a no- CTaBOBEeHia naa;neft uaxaTH. He3aBHcaM0 o n Toro, jot acno.iHHTe.Ti,HHXx atflcTBii naseaaaeTca BKseKyTopt—irepemoHiSMeficTepx 6£jaro xe3Aa. Oax noMoraen cnHKepy, cMOTpart aa nnf.iriiTaaB nopsxEOMX, Hecexx ijepexx cnase- Pomt. xe3.n>, chmbo.ix cHHEepcKaro xocroHHCTBa, h Kjaxen ero nepejx hhmt. bo spelts ero npexcixaTeaLCTiia. III. ’Ihcto acTopHaecEaji opraHH3ania a ihcto acTopaaeCKio Ho­ psj ,bh Anr.ua He BOcnpoa38exeHa aa EOHTaneHTii Eaponii. Bx Anrxiu Bee Hocan omeaaTOKx Bectsia noaxeHnoS cxapHHU. Hu. aaHTia h a napHsx sepxa-Baaiuepa,' bh ero mepcxsHofi m£ihokx, aa xesxu, hh aKaeayTopx HaxaeS tiaaarti cx npacBoeniiHMx ewy koctdmomx— no- HSTHOHO.MOr.ra OtlTb BOCHpOH3Be.\\OHUHa KOHTHHCHTf.. .J.vfcCLXOJBHOCXH HOcaxx omeaaxoEX HOBMmaro Bpeaena a apucnocoOianTca ex 6ox$e HpaETHaecEHHX xpeOoBaHiaMx Hap.iaaeHTCKaro x^xonpoH3BOACTBa. HjieHHO, Ha BOHTHneHri Eitponu Onpo naxarx coctohtx U3x npoxci- xaiexs (npesHxeHxa), xayxx use 6oxie Kaue-upe3HAenxoBx. bI ceoxl- khxx coBperapefi a ocoOhx x xoxsHOCTHbixx xuqx, soxopua hocjitx aa3uaHie BBecToposx. HopsxoEX HasnateHis aaa H:i6pauia sxuxx joxje- hocXhuxx jihhx pax.iHieHX bx OTxixbHiixx rocyxapcxnaxx; ho BOoOine mojkho CEasaxB, ato no 6oxbinefi qacxa upexckxaTexa sepxHaxx na- xetx Ha8Haaai0Tca Eopoxeax hot Boo6me rxaBOfl. roeyxapCTBa, a npej- chxaTOXH hhxhbxx cajaxx asOapaioxca caMHMH na.iaTaaa. HasHaaenie apejctxaTejefl eOtaxx nax&xx— TaxbMaHa a bhuc- Taji.Mana—nst-teics bx HlBepiH. npexctxaTexH eepxHHxx naxaTx Ha- SHaaaDTCE bx TojuaHjia, HopTyraxia, BapxeMOepri; loxpo Tasx ate Ha3BaaaeTcn iipe3Hxenxx cenaxa bx Hxaxia a npejcixaTe.ib na.iaTH MarHaTOBX bx BeHrpia. Bx Qpyccia o&b najaTU ojHHaiOBO hmIiiotx opaBO HsOapaTL cbo- hex npexcixaTexeS, npH aeax caMue BuOopu' bpoh3boxhtch cxtjyc- h;hmx nopaxEOMx. Jaa H36pania npejctxaTearf, bhuo-npexctiaTejeS h Apyraxx xoaxHocxHHxx japx naaaTii opoHcxoXaix OTxiabHiie BuOopu, T.-e. Kaaxoe xano asSupacTca OTife.Tbao. Ecxh xhho. 6aaxoTHpyenoe

— 443 — bx lipeameHTti ujiu BHiic-npesBxeHTU, Be cojyiHn. Hax.ieacainaro 6o.il- lDHHCTBa I’OJIOCOBX, TO AfpeGaUIOTHpOBBa npOBSBOJBTCa MCiBjy UBTLO jMnaMH, cojyBBBinHMH iipH nepBOHb us6paHiH naHGo.innee bhcbo roxo- cobl. SarhuL,. bx cayqal saxo6uocTH, dpob3bojbtcm BTopaa nepe- 6axioTHpoBKa h t. x. Ha uepeGa.uoTHpoBKaxx -mpa BaOupaioTcji adcojBTHHM'B Co.TMiiHnrTiiOHT. rO-iocoBx. BapoqeMX, cayqaH nepe6aj.io- TapoBOKL pf.jKH, b6o rocnoxcTByloinaa napTia oGjjkhobchho 3apaaie coe.THHne.TL roaoca Bb noxiay oxhoto .Tuna, aoTopoe u naGapaeTCH. Bo <I>paiuun, a TaBJBO a bo mhothxx xpyntxx rocyxapcTBaxx mo- napxHieeKux'L, pasaaqaiOTca 6iopo nepnoHaqaibHua, npn KOTOpuxx ot- KpunaeTCH saclxame ira.iaTU, a 6»po oKomaTe.itHUJi. riepnoira'iajMnjH 6iopo coctostl a3x doyen d’ftge, T.-e. H3X cauaro CTapmaro no ariTam q.ieua ua.iarij (iianp., bo 4>paHuy3CKO0 na.iarli jeuyTaTOBL oxbo spena oasnaqaaca iipeaujeHTOMi hsbI cthnII PacnaSax, BeTepaat penoJuotpH 1848 roxa). Bx nouontb euy Ha3naqa»Tca cexpe- Tapa b cqeTqnKH ro.iocorib wax qaeaa caMwxx hiuo.tuxx no alraMX qjieHOBx uaaaTti [local iroro, Eaax noanoHoqia adcoaoTaaro 60.11.mnH- CTBa qaeuoBX nasueS naaaTH npoBlpeHH, o6pa3yeTca oKonqaTe.ibHoe 6npo H3X npesaxeata, 4-xx Bnne-npe3nxeBT0iix, 8-mh ceKpeTapeft a 3-xx KpccTopoBx. Bx 3toml saKaKiqaeTca opraHB3ania raaBHUxx xoaas- hocthhxx .ihi;x bx naaarfe x-ia oGinaro pyHOBOXCTBa ea a1uiTe.it- hoctxio, xaa noxxepataHia bx nett nopa,iKal xaa Hcnoaaeuia ea nocra- Hon.ieiiiu a t. d. Ho yEa3aHBLia npanH.ra He Eaearorca ca»io3 kor- CTpyaniH naaaTH, EOTopaa npejcTan.iaercH oqeHb Basuo», Taax kbex e » npexonpexiaaeTca eauufi nopaxoEX xlaonpousBOACTBa naaaTH. IV. -Tattx aaax hbmx npnxeTcn hmI tl xiao ex pasannaHim ch- CTeMavH KOHCTpyapOBaaia uaaan>, to mu ysasexx iia xea npunnuna, aa ocHOBaaiH KOTopuxx MoseTx Gutl pa3.iHqeH0 ycTpoflCTBo naaaTx: '1) npBHUHnx, bx chjiv Koxoparo naama HHTerpa.ibno, bx uojkomx CBoeux cocTaB'i, yqacTByeTx bx OTnpaBJieHiH cbohxx x la x , xlttcTsyerx • no B elmx upexBeTaMX, noxaeaamaMX ea BlaiuiD, ehex oxho niaoe; bto h u bhxhmx bx Aarjin; 2) npHHuuux, bx CH.iy KOToparo xaa npex- BapHTCjbHuxx paGoTX naaaTU pacnpeat.iabitch Ha uocTOHHHua Giopo h nocToanuua hjh BpeveHHua EOHMacciH, H3roTOBaa»mia xoanaju, Ha ocHOBamu botophxx npoHexoxaTX xaabHlfimia npenia b roaoco- BaHia bx nanar!. 3ia cacTeua npBHHTa, raaBHuax oGpaaoMX, bo d’paH- xia, BupaGoraHa Taux oKonqaTeatHO eme bx 1814 roxy no Reglement de la chambre des ddputds h cxlaaaacb apexHCToux noxpaataHia x ia xpyraxx rocyxapcTBx. 9Ta CHCTeHa bx npHHXHnl BocnpHaaTa h bx HpycciB, h b x HraaiH, h othbcth xaace bx repuaHCEOHX pefixcTarl. AHr.iiflcKaa CHCTexa npexcTaBaaeTX oparuHajibHUa qepxu. Ho chjtIi aHrjiflcKaro ycrpo8crBa na.iarx, neHTpx Taatecm napaaMeHTCKaro

— 444 — ,l'fi.ioiipoH8BoiCTBa naxoAHTca bo BC60 naxarli UHTerpaxbHO. llaiaTa bt> noxHOMb CBoem cocTasi jiflcTByexx no Bci>Mb npeAMeTaub, nOAxe- sam nni ea rtjiHiio. He.ibita He 3aM'bTHTb, n o Tanofl upiiununx npexcTaBxaeTca jOBO.ibHO upaBiMbnusib, h6o ecra naxaTa 6yx$Tb no- pyaaTb cxnmROKb MHOro A'bxb u cjHmKOMb BaatHHA rfmiitniii OTltJb- HbiMb KOMHTeTaMb, to OHa in pleno noxepaerb csoe snaneme. 'fpaa- nvacsiS KomeaTb 1793 rOAa, necHOTpa Ha nprammiaatHoe CBoe Bce- MorymecTBO, 6nxb nopafiomein, coficTBeHHHMH KOMirreTaMH. 9th ko- MHTeTH noxyraxH Tasys) moihb cpejH KonBenxa, rjiaiiHUMb ofipasoMb, anoTOHy, n o ca*b KOHBeHTb 3aXBaTH.ib Bb cboh pyicn AHKTaiypy Bon uo.iHOTy HcnoaniiTejibHoS BaacTH; ho Axa Beaema HcnoxHHTexbHHXb a ii b , onb n3b cBoeB cpeju RbiA'hxnxb nicKOXLKO KOMHTeTOBb, H3b aoTopbixb ocofieHHoe SHaieme h CHJry nojyan.ii, KOMiiTeip, ofiinecTBeH- naro cnaceHia (comity du saint public). Bob bth kohhtoth, Bb oco- 6eHH0CTH ate noHHTert ofimecTBeHnaro cnaceaia, no Tanoff cTeiieHH napaxusoBaxa h nopa6oiajiH BonBenn,, n o kski Beet OHb niJKKOjtb, tort, h oTat.TbHHe ero n e u u nOTepiuH BcaKoe 3HaneHie, a nepeji, ro-iocominicMi, no ltaKusib imfiyAb BaxHUMb BonpocaMb KOHBenTb u ero OTjiiibBbie qjenu rauepeAb cnpaBxaxHcb, kseobo Muiiiio no xannosiy Boapocv Pofiecubepa, C.-JEiocTa h KyroHa— asBbcAaro Bb to. Bpeua TpiyMBupaTa. KoacTHTynia 1795 roja, BcatacTBie uroro, (popitaxbno 3anpeTHxa ynpesjeme TaKHXb nocroaHauxb KOMHTeTOBb, .KOTOpue Mor.ra 6a nopafioTHTb nax&Ty; ohb He AonycKaxa yqpeatAema HXb no- cTo.ibEy, nocKOJbKY ohh Moran ysypnapOBaTt B.iacTb naxaTti. TaKHMb 06pa.30.Mb, KOHeTHTynifl 1795 roja Bb npHnnant ynpaajHH.ia lOHHTeibi. AHrxiBcKi# nplimiHm, opramiaamH naxaTH saEJinnaeTcd Bb TOXb, n o BxacTb xojxna upaHajaesaTb Bcefl naxarb. H BTOTb npiiunum, cb tohkh spbHia chxh h 3HaicuiH caMot naxaTH aBJiaerca ipe3iiu- naflHO BaatHHMb. AHrjiificKaa CHCTeua npejnoaaraen,, sasb ofimee npaBH.10, jiScTBie Bcefl uaxaTbi, a uapxaxeHTb Boo6m.e HejOB-bpinBO othochtch Kb o6pa- 30B8HiD KOMjtncciB. Ho BTOTb npuHuanb no CBoeHy cymecTBy Aoxxem, jonycTHib HiBOTopaa orpaHHieHia: 1) Bb caMHXb ycxoBiaxi jbjo- upoHSBoacTBa naxaTH, 0 KOTopnxb fiyjert roBopHTbca BHate, bbjhdtcb HSBbcTHHH popuajuiuH ycxoBiH, nacTo CTbcHa»m,iji cno6ojy oCcyxxe- Bia saKOHOnpoeKTOBb h xpyrHXb Mtpb Bb lacTHOCTaxb; 2) H3Bt.cTBbie BonpocH no csoeS cneniaxbnocTH, ujh no cauony xapanepy jrbxa npejnoxaraoTb B3Bf,CTguii npexBapuTe.ibnuii pafioTbt, npejBapHTexb- HUB xbflcTBiH, Ha OCHOBaHiH KOTOpuXb HajiaTa MOJKeTb npHATH Kb Ka- KOHy HH6yAt onpeji.ieHHOMy pimenie. BcxixcTBie btoto, Bb auraifl- CKOUb nap.iaMeurf, mh HM’beMb ABa paspaAa ROMHTtTOBb. Oahb H8b BTHXb KOMHTeTOBb o6pasyiOTca H3b uiAofl naxaTH, tun, rOBOpa HBane,

— 445 — jia.wTa bx H3BicTHtisi. cayjaaxx a no H3BicTHHMX Bonpocanx ofipa- maeTCB bx komhtCtx jjia 6oate yaoCnaro h, BMtcrfc ex t i n t ,' BcecTO- poBEJiro otjeyacAeHia boupocobx bx ntfupoCHOCTaxx u aeTaJiaxx. OCpa- meHie na-iam bx KOsiaTerx aateTx atcTo bx SByxx cayiaaxx: 1) u i BBCceHia hsb&cthbixx CaaaeS bx nap-jaxeart; cioja othocbtch 6h.i.ih, aacaumiecfl perynapoHania* Topron.M (cx 1772 rojta) a pejnrio3eue Caaaa; ho rxaBHoe Micro koxi\\y hhmh, no emerojHOMy hxx BHeeeaiD, npHiiaxxeatHTx 6h-uihkx o jeHoatHHX^ nocoCiaxx, T.-e. jpyrHMu cao- bumh: itiHHancoBHXX 6h.mmmx, a 2) .jan xera-itHaro oficyacjeiiia Bcixx soo6me saKOHonpoeKTOBx nocat BToporo TreBia. (Ipa npespanteHia na-iaTU bx kokhtotb, cnasepx ocTaBaaeTx CBoe aicTO. Ltpeaci,naTejbCTBO bx komutbtIi npaaBaaeix na ceCa qapaenx jJinaaBcoBBixx bomutbtobx, jciCupaeMufi H8x caauxx BHaaeHHTuxx a ouhtbhxx (j)aHaiiCHCTOBX CTpanu. SaTtax komhtotx npHCTynaen. xx npeHiaax BHf. o Chkhobchh uxx (JiopMajbnocTeS napxaueHTcaaro atao- npoasBOACTBa. K x iHcay oCaeriaTeabHHxx ycaoBiB AtnonpoasBOACTsa bx KOMHTerft upuHaA-iesuTX upeaue Bcero to, rto bx naaait, gpax TasoeoS, xaaiAufi ea ineHX a Aenyiarx aeaterx bx reneaie 3aciaania roBopuTb Tojbxo oahux pa3x. Apyrofl pasx oax hqxotx roBopaTb jmmb no noBojy aaaaxx uhojab xhthsixx oCxacHeHiB, a.m aaa nonpaBaa p oCxacnenia 4>asTOBx a a'hen. ero pliia, neBtpno noaaTux'B a hctoj- KOBaBHUXX. 3to npasHao ne npaaiHaeTca bx na^art, oCpameHBOft bx KOMBTeTx: qxenaax KOKHTOTa uoacerx 6htx Htcnoabno pa3x npejo- craBjeHo cjobo. BTopoS c.iyaafi, Korja naaaTa oCpamaeTca bx eohh- TeTX, ecTX oCcyawHie 6a.ua iioc.it BToporo neniji. BTOpoe BTenie npeAna3H^qaeTca am o6maxx npeHift no BneceHHoay bx naaaTy aa- BononpoeETy. Koi'Aa stb oCiaia npoHia saEonaeHH, cnaaepx, KOTopuft, bx Bajy Toro, tto nocat o6mhxx npeai8 CTanoBUTca bo3mojkhumx oficyatjeHie aaitononpoeiiTa bx lacTHOCTaxx h noapoCHOCTRxx, cTanan. Bonpocx: ae aceaaeTx aa naaaTa oCpaTHTbca bx KoaaTerx? Ecaa na- aaia jaeTx noaosHTeabHH# OTBiTX, to cnaEepx yaapaeTCa, acesax* ero yaocHTca, a npeActaaTeibCKoe MtcTO 3aBiraaeTx lapstenx. Ho . OKOHnaHia npemfi bx KOMHTert, bx cbo» onepeib qapMenx CTaBHTX Bonpocx: ne aceaaeTx aa komhtctx cataaTb joKaajx naaart? Ecaa KOaareTx OTiitTan. yTBepaaTeabHO, to napMeax OcTaBaaeTx CBoe atdo, BoanpamaeTca cnaaepx, npHHOCHTca ero xesax, a naaaTa B03- CTSBOBaaeTca. OHa Bbic.iyninnaeTX AOKaaax h, opaHBBX peaoawuiH ko- MHTeTa, npacTynaeix ex TpeTbeay BTealn 6aaaa. TaKHax o6pa3oax, c-itAOBaTe.xbHO, ueaay btophmx a TpeTbaax qTeaieax 6H.iaa bcb na­ aaTa aoaeTX oCpaTHTi.cn bx kom htctx aaa oCcyaaeaia uoApoCuocTeB He3aBiicHMo otx BToro, npa nanurb aoryrx Cutb oCpaoOBarru ocoCue

446 — KOHHTeru, KOTopue pasj'iM.ioTca ua aocxoaBHue u cxynaiHue komh-- ■rera. Haanaieuie rfxx a xpyrHXX cOBepmaerca no ‘boji4 napaaseHTa a aaa HcaoaHeHia upoABapHTe.ii.nuxx pafioTX, HeofixoAHMUXx aah pas- pimeHia H3BfcCTHaro Bonpoca, upejcToamaro najiart. Coxa othochtch upeatje Bcerobomhtbtb neTHnifl. UeTHpin, npenpoBoacAaexua bx naaaTy, He aorvTX 6uTb upejcTaB-ieHu Ha ea (i6cy*XeHie Hnane, Kaax no npej- BapaTejxHOMx pa3CM0TpiBin nxx bx btomxKOHHTeT-b EaKX co ctopohh cojepataHia, tbex ncoctopohh ifiopau ‘)- 9totx komhtctx o6MKHOBeHHO cocTOBTx Re Meete kskx wax 15 HJieHOBX. CxyiafiHue KOMHTemhah kom- HHcdn MoryTx 6htx HaaHaiCHU na.iaTOio xia ncno.iuenia BaEHXx ah6o BpeHeHuuxx uopyieuiS. Hau6oaxmeio H3b4cthoctli> noaiaycTca kom- jucciH, iiaanauaeMUH j.m uapaauenTCEaxx cjrbAOTiiiB, T.-e. nm co6u- pauia xauHuxx, neofixomMuxx jjs BupafioTKH h3b4cthuxx saaonoxa* Teaxnuxx atpx, Hanp., EOHiiHCcia x-iau3C.itjoBaHiHno.ioaasHiapaCkraro ' Kjacca, EOMHHecia jjh Hsca^xoBauia jt.ix o napaaueHTCEHXX no.ysy- naxx H HeiipaUH.TbHOCTHXX BLlCopORX bx RtcTaxx, o KOTOPUXX 6uao 3aaBJieno; xaa auc-rtAOBania cnopuuxx Bonpoconx o npaBHaeriaxx iiap.iaMCHTa bx cavnai cnopa Meamy xbvmh' na-iaxaMu, hah Meaiay na.iaTaMH h Koponoi >i t. a- Cjoboxx CKasaix, TaKie nacTnue komh- t.ctu h KOMMHcciH cx HpeMGHHUMx nopyaeHievix Ha3nanaiOTca pro re . nata, no a ip i naAo6nocTH, h naorAa oan noxtsyiOTca o6ihhphumh . noAHOMoniaMu, KOTOpua npexocTanjatorca hex na-iaioio. Bci Tasie imimht6tb h EOMunccin hm$btx ananeaie a xapaEiepx ynpeacAenift hbhhxx, ny&iHKHUXx. Ho aaorAa iraaaTa npnGtraerx ex Ea3uaneHiE> TaitHuxx KOKHTeTOBX, KOTopue nponsBOAaTx cboh pafioru He bx ofimnxx ycaoBiaxx raacHOCTH napxasieHTCKaro Ataonpop3BOACTBa, ho bx ycaoBiaxx TaBnuxx. TaKie KOHHTeru oCukhobc'hho ynpeBExaiOTca bx npeaBunaBHUXx cjyaaaxx a BoaofiHoiuaioTca oieux piAEO. Tasx, bx 1715 roxy, bx 1-S toax napcTBOBama Teopra I, no noBoxy npo- hckobx napTiit aKofiaTOBx (npHBepatenneBx namaHnaro Kopoxa IaEOBa II) •6uax HasHaneax oco5uit taflhu A KOMHTei*!. bhcto noxuTHnecKaro xa- pasiepa. 3artnx, bx .1794 roxy, Korja nap.iaMeHTx n npaBHTexxcTBO onacaaHCx peBOADiuoHHaro B3puna bx AHr.iiH, Korxa IIhttx npeAao- shax npnHRTX npesBHTOflHUH Mipu cx npiocTaHOBKoft AigcTBia Habeas corpus act’a, Tasate 6hjx oOpaaoBanx TaiiHuB KOMHTeTx, Ba ocHOBamn AOEAaxa KOToparo najara h npiiHajii h3b1;ctuuji pesoaronin o uoaho- Moniaxx, npeAOCTaBAeaHuxx npaBHTejxcTuy Ba bto Bpena *). Ho sth KOHHTeTH npeACTaBABBTx ncmnoneHie. 06HEHOBeHHO me bc4 jiBcTBia na.iaTx nponcxoAaix bx ycaoBiaxx raacnocTH. ') C«. orp. 43. •) Cm. exp. GO■ 61.

— 447 — Tbkhmb o6pa80M%, mi bhahmb, tvo an bthmh Hcs.iDTeniaMH, na.iaTa jiScTBfera Bccrja HHTerpajibHO, bb uojihomb co«TaB'£, T.-e. a npe*- BapBTeatHaa paapafiOTKa bobpucobb a oficyataenin, npenia h rojoco- Banie coBepmaioTca BceB naaaToio, bb bo.ibomb ex cocTaBt, npa bomb 6na.iaTa He ae-ierapyeTB 'cBoeS Baacm bukhub jb o KOMHTOxaMB, aim, ycrpaHaeica Ta onaCHOCTi, bto Komi-rera Koryra y3ypnapoBaTB B-naeib naaaTu. A ito kohhtctu ckjobbu kb otomj, HBCTByen, hsb eatayn- maro coofipaatenia: npn na3HaneBin hoctobhhuxb komhtctobb cb 6o.iie 6HAH MeHte oClBHpiIIiMH BOaHOMOBiaMH, BB BTH EOMHT TH najiaTa 6y-' aeiB CTapaTiiCa nasnaian. .ihbb cuocoGhhxb a obutbuxt, bb x&hhomb 6A&xi, BcaiacTBie aero Bci pinieHia KOMHTexoBB CyayTt hh^tb oab- lnoe SHaneaie a aBTOpaTeTB bb r ja 3aXB oiAiAbHHXB hjihhohb najmTH a -npHUKHaTBca noc-xtiaefl 6e3B upoTMBOpiaia h conpoTinueaia, xaBB A&io cnoniajTHCTOBB. AarjiBcKaa npaKTHua tepauiTcn bb btomb otho- meaia jpyroro npasiua: BCHKiit cuemaancri, a CBiAymi® HeaoBiitB nparjamaeTca iiepejx jihhomb Bceft iia-iara, apa boxhomb ea cociaBi, S0E83aTb, bto ero HHiHia a coofipaacema no TOMy hah aHoay Bonpocy HMtBTB ocHOBanie. V. S tott, iipuHaHni, aaieTT, ocofienayio MOAHifaitaaiiD Ha kobth- Hemi Eoponu, r j t po.ib TixB aaraiflcKHXB komhtbtobb, KOTopue COCTaBJJIlOTCB H3B BCefi BHJBTIJ, HI’paKITB TBKB Ha3URaeMblH fiiopo, HAH OTjixeHia naaaTH. PoBopa aHane, bb t4 xb cjtyianxB, Kor.ua ycTaBB aHraiflCKaro jijonpoH3BOACTBa Tpetfyera o6pa30BBHia KOitHTeia hsb Bcefi naaaTH, KOimmenTa-iiHue ycTaBU no 6ojbmefl tacTH npafi'i- raiOTB KB oSpa30BaHis) OCOfiUXB DOCTOHHHHXB Cxipo H3B COCTaBa BCP.lt naxaTLi. TaaB khkb aflea 6npo —.^paauyscKaa, to mu yKaateaB ua nocTa- BOBxeHia ijipannyseitaro saKOHOAaTeAtcTBa no siouy npeAxery. IIo yeia- aasiB (J>paHny3CKaro DapjiaaenTCKaro A*.ionpoH3BOACTBa 1876 roxa EaKB bb ceHari, tbbb a bb naaaTi jenyiaTOBB, masth, tottscb BOC-rS CBoero cofipaHia, no acpe6iio pasAiAfliOTca Ha 6iopo: auenHO naatnaa na.iaTa pasAiaaeTca Ha 11 fiiopo, a ceaaTB Ha 9. PaaAiaeHie Ha 6»po npoacxoAHTB ajTeMB atpeCia aah Toro, ?to6u sth 6»po He 6hah no- AodpaHU bb A y x i napiiS. Kaatjoe 6»po hsb cBoefi cpeau H36apaeTB npeacSaaTejia, ero homoiiihhkobb h cenpeTapefi. Pojb sthxb 6cpo pa3Hoo6pasna. Hpeatie Bcero, Ha ofiananHocfa 6npo aeacaTB nontpaa BoaBoxoqiS AenyraiOBB. Bb AHrjriH pascuoTpliHie AenyiaTCKaxtf hoiho- aoiift HMtei'B mJicto .iiaiBb bb TtxB cayaaaxB, KOTAa npOfBBB BHXB aaaB-ieHu ocBOBaxeaMiuB noioaptaia, T.-e., ecaa bh6oph o6aaaoBaaHCb bb najaeaianteaB nopaAKt. 8totb nopa.ioKB, kbkB siu Bxxhix, coctohtb BB TOMB, 5T0 pa3CM0Tp*Hie JKa.T06x , HpaBH-IbHOCTH BUfiopOBB a BCiXB A^ab, OTHOcainaxcH ao »Toro npeAMera, npeACTaBAaeTca aHraiflcKoaiy

BHcmeHy cyjy. Bo $paHniH, a Taaae h bx Apyraxx OBponeficEaxx rocyjapcTBaxx, npaeo bto ocTaexca 3a naxaraHH. Taarax o6pa30MX, C»po naxara npuauBacTca &sa npoBipKHppaBX qxenoBx csoero co- cxaBa no npHna^xosHocTH. 3ar$MX Ha 6»po BoaxaraoTca npeABapH- lexxHoe oCcyatACHie saEOHonpoeKTOBX, 3aHCEJioqeHieMX rtxx cxyqaeBX, sorxa no uocTaHOBjeHia) uajara ohh npenpoBOasAaDTca jja pascMO- .iptnia bx ocoCyn cneniaxtHVD KOMiracciio. 1'asnMXoCpasoax, bx Hop- va.ibBoax nopaAXi, aocxi BHeceaia irpoesTOBx bx naxaTy, OHa nocta- hob.ihctx npeapoBOABTi hxx Ha paacMOiptme bx OTA-fejbBHH 6*>po. Kaasaoe Capo coCapaeTca hoax npeAciAaiexicTBOHx cBpero' npeici- .Aaiexa. 06min npenia h oKOHqaTejiiHoe roxocosame saaoHoapoeaTa naxaTOD npoacxoAaix yae snocxiACTBiH, uocxi Toro, aaax aapoao; apoesTx hoChxx bx ota£xxhuxx Capo. * Ho H63aBHCHHo otx BTuxx 6»po, 4>pauuy3CKia ycTaBX napxaxeHT- csaro A^ixonp0K3B0ACTBa no OTHomeHia ex uaxaTi. AenyTaiOBX ycia- HOBxaexx oco6ua nocToannua KOiraacciH. Meacgy hhhh 3aHHMaeTX aepsoe aicio xaax na3HBaeMaa C»AxeTnaa KOMaaecia, Tasx Easx BajKAHH ijiHHaecoBtiS saEonoapoeitTX, ocoCenno npoesTX rocyAapcTBeH- hoS pocnHCH, npeABapHTe.fi,no, no nocTynxeHia na pa3CM0Tpiaie naxaTu, bhochtce bx C*>xseTHy» EOHMHecia, Bcx^ACTBie aero ona a ea apex- bixaTexx Hrpanix bo 'I'paania Baacayio poxx. BroxaceTHaa komhhccix aaCapaeTca ho BH6opaMX saacAaro Ciopo, no u cociaBxaeix TpeTxe Ha3aineHie bthxx Capo. UaxaTa onpe.vtuaeTi qacxo qxeaoBx soMMaccifi COOTBiTCTBeHHO HHCXy HMf.iOIHHXCH bx Heft Capo. TaEX EaEX 3THXX Capo bx Haacaefl uaxarfc 11, to EOMMHccia nsCapaaTca h.ui asx 11 qexoBtKx, hxh H3x qacxa hxx spaTHaro otx 11. Tasx, CcAKOTHax EOHHaccia coctohtxH3X33 hxchobx (H3X Taaoro ace qacxa nxewBx co- CToaxa EOMMaccia, oCcysAaBniaa npoeKTX KdBCTHTynioHHUX't saEoaoBx 1875 roxa). Biopaa koumhccuh—tsex aa3UBaeiiaa cqeTnaa, jah npo- sipEH pacxoAOBX h xo3aScTBeHHUxx onepani#, KOTopua othochtce ex naxa\"jaax. 3ariMX, npa ippaapyacKoa naxaTi xenyTaTopx HMierca aoicuHccia oCx OTnycKaxx (des congCs) jeayTaTOBX h eommhccix ae- THiiift, ta$ npeABapHTexxHO paacMaTpaBaaTca aci npomeHia, apexcia- uaeXHB naxari, cx n ixxa yAOCTOBipHTica 1) bx tomx, qro- coxep- saHie hxx aaKOHHO, do Kpaftneft Mipi, cx (jjopMaxBHoiS cropoHH, a 2) qxo hoax hhmh HH'iuTCa HaAxeaainia hoahhch. Ha BTy KOMHacciio B03xara»Tca o6a3aHB0CTt AOBxaAHBaTi. naxari BHecenHUH Ha npeABa- pHTextHoe'ea pa3CM0TpiBie neTania, a rxaBHua H3x hhxx Eoimaccia Moxceix neqaiaTB Axa pa3jaqH qxeHaMx naxaTu, cx icixxio npejeapa- TexhHaro osHaKOMxeHiacx coAepxcaHieMX aaueHaTaHHofi neTania, Koropaa bx 3TOMX cxyqai upasaaeTca EOMMaccieC noqeny xhCo Ba»HoS nm rocyAapcTBeHHHxx naTopeconx. 3aT4»ix, cymeciByeTx KOMMHCcia no

— 449 — HicTHOny ynpaBJieBiD i m pasauxt Afcxx no ycTpoftcTBy ynpaoxenia AenapTaaeHTOBX, OHpyroBx, oCuihhx h t. n. KoMaaccia 9Ta coctobti. H3x 11 ixeHOBX, no ojaosiy hut. icazAaro foopo. IlaKOHCipL, nocxiAaaa KOMMHCCifl eCTb KOMMHCcia HHHniaTHBU, Ha OdasaHHOCTH KOTOpOil A6- acHT-t npeABapsTeabBoe pascaoTptme 3a*OBOnpoeKTOBx, ec.iu na.iaia npenposoacAaeTx hxx b i ary. KoxMHccic a He HaaHaiaeTx ApyroS cneniajibuofl KOMMaccia axh paacaoTpiHia Toro a.m Apvroro npoeitTa. IIpeABapifTexbHoe pa.icMOTpiiHie npoeKxoBx KoaaaccieS iiuaniaiHBii HMteTb 3Haneuie bx tomx chhcx4, ixo bx naxaiy iioryTX Cutx bho- cenu npeAxoasesix oxHopoAnna, uoxyiHBx KOTopua, no nocxaHOBxcni® naaaTU, Kquaacciir imaqi/mmu aoscexx cxi-iaxt efi oCmiB coBMicTHbifi AOKxaxx o Bcixx OAHopoAHUXb upeAJioaceaiaxx haa CBecrn Taisia npeA- xoseHis bx OAHy oftmyn pcAaaniK). 9tb npeABapHTexbHaa pa6oTa KOMMaccia SHaiaTexbao oftxemaeTX a BEonoMaaapyerb A^aTeatHocTb naxaxu. Bx KOMMaccit) aHaniaTHBU ua.ia'ra upenpOBOacAaeTx Tasxe h Taxie 3aKoaoiipoeKTU, no noBOAy Koropuxx na-iaia, 6esx Bbicaymania MHiaifi 8TO0 KOMMaccia, He sexaexx noieay mSo Bncita3aTbca a no- CTaHOBHTb pimenie. Hpe^poBOatAenie sanoiioupoeKTOBx bx komhhccuo cx OToft nix bio bx CoAfcniaHCTBt cxyiaeax o8o3HanaeTX, hto naxaTa aateTX Haiiipenie He oco6eHHO ToponaTbca cx hhmh, atexaerx otxo- atHTb pimeaie no bbmx, hto Ha3UBaeTca, bx Aoxrifl hihhkx, aero bx ocodeaHOCTB 6ohtch ahpa, BHOcamia bx naxaTy Kanin jtafio npeaxo- xenix. HeSaBHCHMO OTX BTBXX 6-th noCTOHHHUXX KOMMBCCifi, MOryTX 6htx o6pa30Banu caMbia pa3aoo6pa3Bbia BpcMeHHHa KOMMaccia axh oftcy- XAeaia paaauxx cnepia-ibHHXx saaoHonpoeKTOBx, axh napxaaeHTCKaxx cxtjcTBiB a t. a-, tbkx hto u4tx bosmokhocth aciacAHTb bc4 npeA- aem, no KOTopuMX na.iaia MoaseTx Ha3HamTt, BpeKeHHyiD KOMuacciio. QoaoGhuS ace npHHnanx npHMisHHeTca bx Qpyccia a oxnacra bx HTaxia no oTHOineHiio kx najaTli AenyxaTOBx. Bx Hpyccia o6i> na-iaxu pacuaAaioTCH Ha tbkx na3UBaeaijji Abthcilungcn. PaSAixeHie Bepxaefl naxam (Herrenhaus) npeAOCTaBXHeTca npeaHAOBT? 3to8 najara, npa neax Ohx A0XK6HX pa3A4xHTb nxenoBX naxaTu na bosmomeho poBaoe hhcao Taax, hto6h obb pacnpeA'fixaxucb aa 6 OTAtxeniS. Bx naxai4 AenyiaTOBX (Abgeordnetenhans) ixenu ea pacnpeAixawTca Ha 7 ota4- xeaifi no acpefti®. a no bo3mo» hocth bx paBHOax aah KaacAaTo ota4- xeHia qacx4. KasAoe OTAt-ienie aafiapaCTb abcoxDTHBiux Coxbman- ctbomx roxocoBX npeAciAaiexa (Vorsitzender), ceKpexapeft (Schrift- fuhrer) a 3an4cTHTexefi toto h Apyraxx. 9th OTAtAeHia, fiiopo, bx upaHnnnb 0CTaB3TCfl bx TOxenie Bceft ceccia. Bx npoTHBonoxoasaocTb ■I'paiiniH, ta4 naxaTCKia 6®po Moryrx 6htb no3o6noBxaeMbi eaceni- caaao axh npeAynpeKAenia nomommcm KoaxanioHHHAx crpeMjeHia,

460 —r bb npyccKoS natarfc oth OTAixeHia ociaoTca bb Teaeirie BceB ceccia hjh noaa naxaTa He c jija e n . pacnopaxeaia opoHSBecTH HOBoe pacnpe- jixeHie hxbbobb Ha ocHonaniH upomeHia o tomb, noAuncaeHaro, no apaSHeil M-fcpfe, 50 jcnyTaTaMH. UpaBHJia o nocroaHHUXB h BpcMcunuxB KOMMHeciaxB bb tomb BHi'b, bb kbkokb oh£ cyra,ccTByB)TB. bo 4>pamtiH, npuMinaioTca kb DpycciH h kb Hia.iin. Bb IIpycciH npn iiHaiiicfl naxart HMiuTca cxi- iy»m i« HocToaHHUa kommhcih: a m napaasrcHTCKHXB a^xb, am neTH- nifi, axa arpapHUXB BonpocoBB, ,i.m dcthaib, j.m jf.xB o6raHns, Jja BapoAHaro o6pa30BaBia, am paacHOTptHia rocyAapcTBOHHOfl pochhch h OTaeTOBB no Hcaojeemio cm£th. CBepxB Toro, kommhcciu MOr?TB 6bitb o6pa30oanu a j.iii bcbkhxb ApyraxB BonpocoBB, KOTopue 3aHHuafOTB naxaTy. Bb OTanaie otb npastuB aarxiflcicaro aapxaneHTCBaro jfcjo- npoHBBOACTBa, no kotophmb OTCUXEa saKononpoeKTOBB bb KomiRCciD HM'tiBTB HiCTO noc.it BToporo aTeaia, Borja ua-iaTa bb A nr.iiu ofipa- waoTca bch bb EOMHTerB, no npyccKOMy 3aKonojaTe.it.CTBy naxaTa nocxi HepBaro ateHia soateTB oTnpaBETB npoeKTB bb komkhcciio am jouaja; ho 3Ta EOMitucciH ne cctb komu^tctb bccS naxaTU, a cne- AiaxbHaa EOHMHCcia, Bapoaaio naaaa'ienHaa jjh pa3pa6oTKH BonpocoBB, saBHMaiDiABXB naxaiy. I’ JIA B A n. nAPJlXeHTCKOB ABJOBPOH3BOACTBO. I; TaKOBa BHtniBaa opranHaapia naxaTB. lIoBHaEOMHBmacb cb ae», mi aoxjkhu TenepbofipatBTbca kb paacHorptHio napxaMeHTCKaro jijonpoH3BOACTBa. HaH6oa'fee cxobcbmmb aBxaoTca jIuonpouaBOjcTBO aHrxiflcsaro napjaneHTa, tbkb itaKB oho pa3BHBa.iocb nyTeMB otjIui,- huxb y3aK0HeHifi, napxaMenTCKHXB npenejeuTOB'b, o6uaaeBB, ycTaBOBB b naccH BcaKaro poja nocTaHOBxemR, BCxtjcTBie aero eme bb XVII ct. 6uxo cftasaao,. aao „napxaMeaTCKOe npaBo TeHHO b bb fio.innaH- crst cxyaaeBB HeHSBtcTHo\". JiflcTBHTejbHO HeptjKo comb napxaHeBTB aaTpyjHaeTca bb paspimeaiH tJxb hjh ApyrHXB BonpocoBB CBoero jt-wnpoasBOACTBa b npHByjKjeHB 6uBaeTB nasHaaaib Axa BToro cne- niaXBHUa KOMMHCciH H3B JHHB, OBUTHHXB BB HapX&H6HTCJB0fi HCTOpiH a yniiomuxB oTHCKHBaTb HyatHue npeneAeHra, 6uBinie bb XUI hjh XIY Bixt. 9thmb XHpaMB noBTOHy npeAOCTaBxaeioa npaBo noxb30- BaTbca bchkhmh apxHBaMH. Kb aacxy BaKHtSmHXB HCTopaaecKHXB HCTOaHHKOBB AHrjlH, BpHrOJHUXB AXa BTOfi AilB a HM’felOipHXB TAKSO o6ipee 3Haaenie, othochtch AOKxaAB KOMMacciH xopAOBB, yapeaAeHHoft AM HscxtAonaaia Bonpoca o no«n3Heitnofi uap-iaMeiiTCKoS napia (no

— 451 — j-fe.iy Uapsa). 9tott»jOKysieHTi* cocTaBjenx bccbma TmaTextHO u yienuM-b odpaaoMb, TaBb hto Ha Hero ectiaaDTCfl h yneHue Bb csoHXb padoraxb no HCTopiH aiir-iiftCKaro DapjaMeHTcaaro npaBa Bb oco6eHHocTH. Ta- khmt. ofipaaosc-b, hctoihhkh aHr.iiOcKaro aiaonpoHBBOiCTBa npeacTasjia- dtch Hpe8BHiaflHo pasnoodpamuMH. C n ja othochtch: 1) CraTyra; Tasi, sonpocu napjanenrcKaro i ‘i.ioupon3B0jcTBa, souncrenTiiocTt bib cTeueHL BJiacTH napjaHema, n paanja OTHOCHiejbHO cosuna ero h i . □. oape.rfe.iflKiTca oCihhmh aaKOHaHH, craTyTaxH, T.-e. peso.noninMH odtifXT, na.ian,, yTBepat.rennuMH Kopo-ueMt. 2) Kaxxax na-iaTa Hsrfcen. npano caMocTOHTeJH.no AanaTL ce&h ycTaBb At.ionpoH3BOj.cTua. 3th uocTonHHue ycTaBU oneHb nacTo bhxoh3m4hhjihcb h bt. HacTonm,ee epeua TaK»e SHaiHTe.jbHO noiHOBjenn (Bb 70-xb ro jax t), 3) Heaa- bhchmo o ra BToro, Baatjaa na-iaTa MoaseTb YCTaHOBiiTt Iipaau.ia jij o - npon3Boj,CTaa KacaTejn.no oTfl'fcjhHofl cecciH. 9 to 6uBaen, bt. tomt. cayiai, Korja aBJiaeTca neodxojHMocTb BBecra Bt napxaueBTCKoe jia o - npoH3BOACTBO r&k jh HHdyAfc HOByio M-tpy, ho najiara onacacTca bboahtb ee naKi, nocTOHHHoe npaBHJio h bbojhtt. ee, cjtAonaTe.Ti.no, bt, bha'6 npeMeimuxT. npann.n, Ha oahj cecciio. TanoBUMi, Hanp., 6h jo npa- dh.io 1879 ro ja n6% HpxanjcKHXT, AenyTaTaxb, ROTopue, noAbsyncB npaBHxaMH ofiunnaro napjaMeHTcnaro .AixonpoHBBOjCTBa u npecjijyn CBOH OCOdUH nt.m , JO ipe3MfepH0CTH SaTHrHBaXH HTOHIH H3BtCT- Haro raaACTOHOBCKaro 6h.ijh o noacMe.ibiiofl peijaiput Bb HpxaHjin. 4) 3ar&Mb HCTonuHnaMH aHr-iiBcnaro napjaMeHTcnaro jtjionpoHSBuj- CTBa HBAHUTCH npeneAenra, T.-e. pe30.nouia napxaMenTa, yTBepsjeH- HtJfl EOpO.TeMT,, H.TH DpHHHTUa OJIlt.MH najaTSHH, KOTOptIH HH^IOTT. npaBO npHHHMaTL co6ctb6hhob> BJiacTBio HiiROTopua peaoJKiijiii, otho- cJirpincH kb cnopnuMT, Bonpocaub, B03HHEaBmnMb bt, pasHoe BpeMH. 9 th npeuejenTu othocbtch HepiAKO Bb XIII h XIV cioaiTiaiib. Xoth aah Hamero BpeKeHH HeMHoro CTpaHHO cctuaTBCH Ha 9Ty ctjvK) CTapHay, T'tub He Kente anrjriScniS napjaiieuTb riinno k pobhhbo AepanTca 3a CTapue npepejeHTti, ynasuBaDmie, KanT. noCTynaxn, nanp., ofimnnu no OAHopoAHOMy cb cnopnuMT. oxyiaio npn KanoMb HH6yAt SjyapA* m . • TanoBhi pa3Hue hctothhkh napjanenTcnaro A'XxonpoHSBOACTBa Bi Anrjiin. Ila KoimiHenTt EBponu bth hctohhhbh ,ananuTe.ibno nponje: Hueniio, KoncTHTypia, ecxa Bb caMojtb EOHCTKTypioHHOMb aarf onpeAixHeTCH nopajonb nap.iaMeHTCKaro jijonpoHSBOjcriia, h saiiMb co6cTB6HHHe ycTSBH, KOTopue HpeAOCTaB.iHioTCfl KaKAoft naxaTi H3Aa- ,batb a ah ce6a, nonoxHHTb h h3m£hhtb Bb c-iyiai HaAodHOCTH '). ’) •Caxax jyTinia nocoCia xaa osuaaoiueHia ci aopauam anrJiScsaronapaa- Hearcaaro jiaoopoBanojctaacatjyBmia: coaHBesie Thomas Erskine May, On 29*

— 452 — II. Peaojunja nap.iaMeBTa uocTaHOBMDTCH na ocHOBama Bonpo- cobi, npejjaraeMuxi cnHKepojTB nocai toto, KaKt npenia no Bonpocy, saHHMaBmeMjr naxaTf, ncuepnaHH. Ho a m Toro, mto6h cmiKeps Horn nocTaBHifc Bonpoci, a na.iaTa otb^thtb na Hero, a Taisxe, tto6h MorjH upoHcxoiHTi, cairns upeHin, Heo6xoAHHO, ito6h Kaajaa na-iara HMtjia aanoHBuS cocTaBt. 3aBOHHHft coeTaBi na-iaTU, HOcamiS cTapnHHoe HasBaHie „quorum“, onpeji-iaeTca Ha ocaoBaHin upaBMi a npenejeirroBt am KaxAOfi najiaTU OTjijtHo. B i n a ja r t aopaoba> upmiinHiOTca oOnjia npaBHJa, yciaHaBJHBaeaua a m sojjieriB, T aat Kaai oaHaaeHHaa na.taTa BMt.ia 3HaaeHie Kopo.ieBCKoEt KypiH. HoaTOMy quorum BepxHeft najiaru orpa- HHHHBaeTca TpeMa HAOHawn TpoCooame BecbMa orpanaaeauoe b i BHAy toto, tto naMTa jopAOBT, HacqaTUBaen, 6o,rte 500 iabhobi. Ctoab xe orpaHHTOHi quorum, ycTaBOBieHHufi a m najain 06- maHl, HMeHHO OUT. OnpejiAOHl 40 liieHaaa USB670-TH. 9THH1.0TKPU- BaeTca a m AonyTaTORb nuiponan bobmoshoctb yiuoHenia oti cboiixi o6a3aHBOCTefl. 'lacTO bb aHraiBcKoft n a jart a bb neiaru cxumaTca jsa.io6u Ha to, hto AenyraTH co6npa*>Tca bb xocTaTOTHOMB uncii tojbko bb sactAaHia, ofiimamniia ocofienaa# mrrepeeL, apeAOCTa- b.i m pimeHie BOCBMa bbikhhxb, ho cvxhxb boiipocobb orpauHaeuaoMy aaoAy ueHOBB. Bb cecciio 1872 roxa 6bao npoa3BeAeao277 roAOCOBami, nocpeA- ctbomb tbkb HasuBaeuaro pasAtaenia (division). Hsb othxb 277 ro- AOcoBaniii iipuuaxH yaacrie: Bb 2-xb aeaie 40. „ 11-th on, 40 ao 50. » A*ionpOB3Bq«CTBa le english grnern- aara ramie nepeaejeaa Ha HiaensiS asast h, caepxi ton), to OHaapopejaxTHpoaaaa rae*cro«a, aBTopaTen. soioparo ai •0upaaa HHiert Soxsinoe aaaaeaie. Sartai, cxixyen ynomoyrs oe ipem antBinee saanreiaBuSycnixi, ocoOenaoao<&paaua, aaeoao en Die Englische Verfaseung. Ho opuOoate upacnuiaoai B3J- jaeaia aa aeut moxbo othcrsth aicra, OHiu-fireiKCTBynntia o rfexi bjh jpyraxx (fixtaix, ioTopae aarj* ae aaxoaan ce6i nOATaepxjeaia. Hnterca a, ao oai CAiaaux neyaluma pyaaaa a 3aaHBTexaao

— 453 — Bb 25-TB ora 50 AO 100. „ 96 -™ ora 100 ao 200. „ 69-th ora .200 ao 300. „ 52-x b ora 300 ao 400. „ 20-th ora 400 ao 500. „ 2-i t CBume 500. TaiHMt oOpasoMt, naaCo.ibiuee hhcao roxocoBamS (96—j—69) 6u.io npoH8B6AOHo npa cocTaBt najaru Meat.meat doxobhhh oCinaro 'inc.ia ea aaohobb. I I I . IlopaAOKt BHeceaia h paacaoTpiHia SajxeS, a Taase nopa- AOkb npeniS no naira, oupesixaeTca pas.iMiHO, cxorpa no CBOficray ca- muxt, CaxAefi. Ob stoB toakh sptHia Bet Chxxh pasaluaiOTca bb Aaraia na Tpa EaTeropia: 1) Chaxh ny<5.THAHH8, 2) Ghjiah aacTHue h 3) 6haah ABHeacHHe. B hxxh xeHeacaue cyra oahhb ebb bhaobb 6axxeS nyC.iHA- Hun, a OTAHaaiDTca ora nocjrixuHXB uopaAKOMB a i t BHecenia bb ua- AaTy u cnocoOosra hxb oGcyxAenia. HanpOTKBB, Oiu.ia aacrHHe otxh- aa»Tca ora ny6AHAHUXB caauMB cbohmb cymecTBOMt, xoth no (jjopirii CBoefi BMinoTi, saaaeHie bekohobb. lacTHHe 6haah hm+.kitt. cbohmb npeAHOTOKB HHTepecu ota£xbheixb ahijb a aicTHUXB cod30bb, noBToay ohh uoApaaAiAHBTCH Ha 6hajk jufiaue e aicTHue. Ohh ho ofiHapoAy- »Tca bo BceoOinee CBftxiHie doaoOho 6h.iaamb nyfi-iaaBUMB, h saame HXB A M MtCTB CyAefiHHXB a aAMHHHCTpaTHBHHXB neoOaBaTexbHO. Qo- BToay CTopouu caaa oGaaaHH npexcTasxHTb hxb, bb c.iyaai cnopa, Aah noATBepacAeHia cbohxb npaBB. IV . OyfixHAHue 6hxah bhochtcb bb uaxaTy hah no npeAAOxe- Hio npaBHTeABCTBa hah do npeAAOxeHiid (aonia) ota&abhnxb djohobb naxara. IIpexxoateHia, npuHaina naxaTOfi kb pawMOTpiiHiio, oCcyxxa- urca bb, HBBiicTHOfi oaepeAB, onpOA’feAaeMoft ahpbhoS pocnacbu (ordre du jour). JneBiiaa pocnncb Ha sazAoe 3aciAaaie ycTaHOBxaeica bb Komi'fe • npexuAymaro 3actjaHia cnnaepoaB no corxameHii) cb naxa- Tofi. Uo pascMOTptaie a^ab ho AaeBnofi pocnacH a o a en 6ijtl npe- psaHO hobhmh BaaBxeHjaMH h npexxoaseHiaMH kskb npaBHTejicTBa, tskb a ofA^-iBHHXB axoHosB ua.iaTU cb corxacia DOcxiiAHeS. CsepiB Toro, ycTaBB A^xonpoaBBOACTBa uaaHaaaen, ocoOeuHue ahh axe npaHaTia hobuxb npeAXOsenifi □pabaTexbct ba a OTAixbHHXB AenyTa- tobb. TaKHMH AHaua aBxaiOTca: Axa npaBBTexbCTBeHHUXB npcAxoseHiB DOHeA’bAbBHEB, aeTBeprB a DaTHHna, axe aacTHUXB Monifi—‘btophhkb. ^xa Toro, atoGu npeAxoaceHie 6uxo oOcyatAaeaio naxaTOfl, aeo6- xoahuo ea npeABapaTexbHoe paapimeaie. HcKxnaenie H3B btoto npa- BHja cocTaBxavra: 1) upejxoacenia npaBHTexbCTBeaHbia, bb caxy npaBa HHHniaTHBU, npaBaAxexaineft nocx^AHeay napaiinf, cb naxaTasia; 2) npeAXoacenia xopaobb bb BepxneB naxarfe, bb caxy hxb ocoGott

— 454 — upDBiueriH 6utb BHcjyniaHHUsra naxaTofi h TpefioBait, sanecema CBoero MiiiHia bx apoTOKojx. HaeHX naaaTH, soesy jaao pa3p-tuieiiie bhocth cbob npej.ioaie- nie ax naxaTy, otoanx pasBHTX csoe apejjoaieHie. Hcxa hhkto H3X ixeHOBX najaTH ero Be DOjuepacHn.—oho camaeTca oTooHeHhhmx* a naaaTa Be npHCTynaen. kx xaJbBiSmeiiy ero pascKOTpliHiio. 9to nocTaHOBJieHie mrierb tcfc.ii.io orpajHTb oajaiy on. paaCMOTpiaia npeaaoseHiS eacTOJBKO HecocTOaicjiBHxx, bto ohh ne aoryn. heSth aouepiSKa laae eo CTopoHH oahoto ueaa najaTU. HtEoropua kou- THHeBTaabBHa najaTH ycTaHOBjbbjtx bx btohx OTBomeHiH en;e fio.ite crporia Tpe6oBama. TaKx, no ycTany npyccsaro aasAxara h repxaH- cEaro peBxcTara BcaKoe npej.ioateHie aoaieTx <5htb BHeceHO tojbeo aapjaaeBTCKOD (ppaKuiec a sa nojiiHCtio ne Meirhe, kbkx 15-th JHirt. Bcj'fejcTBie btoto, couiajHCTH bx repaaBCEOux peSxcxari xo ao- C-itjHuxx (1884 r.) BuGopoBX He Hat.ia iiotmojehocth bbocbtl sania xa6o npejjozeHia, xasx Basx tocxo coniaJHCTHxecKHxx jeayTaTOBx ae Aociaraxo xpefiyeaofl ycTaBoax ua^pu 15. V. Bhjjx,noweaamiSpascMOTpisiioaauiScKofl najaTH, aoo6meMy npaBBjy jOJasenx apoftTH nan. CTajifi: nepBoc HTeHie, Bxopoe Treaie, paBcaorptBie bx EomTeTi;, TpeTxe TTeHio, roiocoBaaie. ycxaHOBjeaie bthxx cxajifl aoj* ho o6e3neHHTt ocHOBaTejBBOMb pa3CMOTpiHia Kasjaro saKOHonpoeKTa a rrpejoxpaHaxt najaiy otx cntniHuxx pimenia, Bnpoaexx, cposa orjijaiomie oaho nxeme otx Apyroro, bx AHraia ycTaHOBjauTca cauaKa naxaTaMH. UoBToay aie- Bia aoryTX 6htb nasaaiaeMH BenocpejcTaeuHo oaho sa Apyrnax, a fiajjb aoseTX npoiiTa bx o&fcuxx najaTaxx bx Becxaa HenpoAOJaca- Te-itHuB cpoEx. Tbex, 6hxxe. TjaACTOHa(1883 r.) OTHOcarejiLno orpaua- Teaia npojasa b3PUbtothxx Bemecrex npomejx bx o6£hxx aajaTaxx a nojyiBJX KopojeBCKyio caHKaiw bx ojai cyTEe. Bx btobx OTHOtne- Bia ycTaBH aHraiflcEHix najaxx oTjaiaoxca otx ycTaBOBX ({ipaBQys- cehxx, Koxopue Tpe6yi5TX, bto6u ae*jy nepeuax h BTopuax HTe- Eieax npomxo He aeHte iihth AHeS, 8a acEJUieHieiix upejJoateBifi, o6xbbj68HHxx HeoTJosHHMH (urgents). /(aa nocj-bjEHXx $pannycKie ycTaBH orpaHUBHBaioTCa TpefioBamem OABoro HTeHia. Ilepsoe TTe- Hie He HM’feeTx cymecTBeHHaro SBaaeaia; oho BpeABasHaaeHO jja iipejBapaTe.ii.Haro 03HaE0HjeBia ueHOBx uaxaTx cx cojepaaHieax apejjoxeaia, Koiopoe jojjeho 6nTb Baeceno bx DHcxHeHHoB <t>opai H pOABETHpOBaBO BX BHAt 3aK0Ha, soTopuS xorx 6u 6htx UpHHHTX najaToS. Ho bx Hacioamee spena osHaaoiueHie ueaoBX naxan. ex saKOHonpoeKTaaa coBepmaerca apeax pasjaHy AenyTaTaMx h aop- jaMx neaaTHUxx aEsexujapoBX npoeETa. OoaioMy, nepsoe neHie orpaBHHHBaeTca oChkhobchbo npoTTeaiexx aaraaBia Chj.ib a KpaT-

— 455 — khmh ero paa-fciiCHeiriHMH, ec.iu 3to opeactebhtch HyxHEJMX. (Ioc.rf, SToro cujiaepx cnpamHsaerx uaAaxy, sejaers ah oaa- nepefim so BTopoMy ireHii), a in, bseoB hmbbbo aeat- Bx cjiyaai yTBepjHTBJV Haro OTBilTa. naanaiacTcs aent u i BToporo itchis. IIocAiAHee npex- Ha3Hai6HO, rjaBHHMi, o6paaoMx, jjra oCmHxx npeHifl, KacaTe.itHO rJiaB- hhxx Haaaxx h chctbhu npoeaTa. Bnpoaeax, no Ghaahmx h6caox- hhmx b x npenijixx npH BTopoMX BTeiiiH MoryTX 6htb HcaepnaHH BCi aacrnue Boapocu, OTHOCjimieca sx f a j i B , a ero oTAiAXHbio crann. Bo oo ckojxbo BMfiyjt cjo x h u u x Ghaasmx, xeTaxbnaii paapafioTKa aaKOHonpocKTa, pascMOTpiHie OTAiAbHuxx ero craiefi, a paBHO a npeA-ioaceHHHXT. ex hhmx nonpaBOKX (amendements) coaepmaeTca in. KOHHTeT-Ii, otipaayeMOUx wax Bcefl na.iaTu. Bx saR-noaenie npeni# oo BTopoMy HTeHiio cnHKepx CTaBHTX Boopocx: aexaeTX ah najiaia ofipa- THTbca bx KOMHTeTX. Bx CAyaai yTsepAHTC-ibHaro oTB-iia, coHKepx ocTaBAHerx cBoe Micro, EOTopoe saHHMaeTx npeActxaTeAx ^uaaaco- bhxx uomHTeTOBX. LlaAaTa, o6pamennaa bx ROMHTerx, xoASCRa HMiTx oxHHasoBiifi ex Heio quorum, T.-e. coctobtx ho Menie, ebex hsx copoKa AenyTaTOBx (bx uuiKHefi uajaTi). PaaiHiie MexAy KOMHreT- cehmx h oij)iJ)HuiajBBijsix aaciAaaieMx naaaTU coctobtx b x OTCTyme- H1H OTX HifCOTOpUXX (JlOpMX AiAOOpOH3BOACTBa, OrpaHHUHBaDIODXX cbo6oa7 AefiaTOBX. Bx oiMumiaxbHOnx aacixaHio, uoax npeAcixa- reABCTBOMX cooKepa, HHKaKofi 4Aohx iiaaarfj ne HMieTX npasa roso- BopHTB 6oAte OAHoro pB3a; HaopoTHBX, bx EOMureTi EaatAOMy HAeHy caobo Moaterir «5litb npexocTaBxoHo HicKOAbso pa8x , BcaiACTBie aero apryneHTU KaatAofi croponu uoryTX 6un HcaepnaHM h npuBCACHbi BUOAHi. Ceepxx Toro, jeraAbooc pascMOTpiHie opoeETa bx KOMmeii ycKopaerx Ai.ronpoH8BOACTBo cpaBHHTeAbHO cx ycjoBioHH ero bx sa- cixaHiH o<t>c(>nuiaxbHOMX. Korxa opeAciAaTeix soMHTera noAaraeTx, aio npexMeTX upeHiS AOCTaTOHHO HciepnaHx, ohx ctbbhtx Bonpocx: atexaeTx ah romh- T6TX CAiAaTb AOKAEAX UaAaii. npH VTBepABTe.lbHOMX OTBiTi UpeACi- Aarejb H3Bimaerx cnHKepa, Koropufl BosBpamaeTco bx 3aAy cx 3oa- KaMH CBoero AOCTOHHCTBa a OTBpubaotx aacixame uaxaTbi. Bo blicav- raaRiii AOEAaxa. cnHKepx ctebhtx Bonpocx, atexaeTx ah naxara uepefiTa ex TpeixeMy areoiD. Ecah naxaia yAOBAeTBopeaa aokaaaomx KOBHTeTa h hbxoahtx, aro Bci aacTHHe Boupocu HcaepnaHH bx npeAHAymaxx npeaiaxx, OHa xaeix oraiTX yTBepAHTeAbHHfl. Bx upothbhomx cxyaai, CaAAb CHOBa npeopoBoatAaerca b x EOMHTeTx hah xaate bx coeqiaAbEyio KOHMHecis), ecAH najara aaxoaerx TaBOByv HasHaaHTb. Bo bcseomx cayaai, BTopoe aTeHie a nomiTeTCKoe sacixaHie cyib casiue Baauiue MOMeHTU aah saxAaro saKononpoeKTa. UpH Bropoux UTeiiiH u bx eo- UHTeTCKOMx 3aci>Aama pa3CM0TpiHU, KaKx ofimia ero HaaaAa, Tasx a

— 466 — ota4alhuh cxaTtH; nw ata a o s e rx ( a n bboahIi cosHaTeAbHoe sawD- aeBie o6x ero coaepaamH a sHaieaiH. BcrfjCTBie »Toro, Aonymeme K'BTpeTieay BTeHin osHaiaeix o^ubhobbbho no.iuufl ero ycnixx. Bbaah HenpiaTHiie najaTi ocTanaBAmiaKtTca ofluKHOBenno npu bto- 6poHi* iTeiiiH a He ApnycsaBTca ex iperteay. Bx TpcTteMi iieBia h-i.il pascaaTpaBaeica bx tomx bha4, Kaxx ohx bhiboax H3L nepepa6oTKH ero npa BTopoxx arena a bx eomh- tctckhxx npeBiaxx, T.-e. ex peAanniif, cor.iacoiianHofl co bc4mh npa- HATuaa HaMiueaiaMH a nonpaBKasiH. IIosTOiry, bx TpeTteax iTCHia 6h.tjil ho noABepraeTca cymecTBeHHuax H3MiHeHiHMx: nonpaBsa Aony- 6CBaDTCB TOAbKO OTHOCHT JbHO OTjtjbBHXX CAOBX, HO 6H4AB DOABep- raeTca oKoniaiciMioMy o6cyJSAOHi» bx o6n(eMX ero cocraBt. Do 3a- x-iBqeaiH npemS, Ba-iara nepexoAHTX ax OEORiaTeAbHoay roAocoBaaio. Xoth bc4 Bonpocu, noAxesamie o6cyaweHi*> na-iaxu, ptmaDTca ro.io- coBanieax, xotb a bx npeiUAymHxx cTaAiaxx Boupocu ptuia-iacb it u x so nopiiAEoax, uo bx aehhomx cxyqat roAOcoBaHie aatexx sua- qeaie caaocToaieAbHofl cvaxia. lla.iara, bphctvuhbx ex rojocouaaic, yse Be AonycEaeTx hheekhex AaABHianraxx upenifi a o6xacHeHifi, a SaHHTa HCKJHOlHTe.IbHO 3THUX upeAHeToax. roAOCOBSHie npOBCXOAHTX bx bba4 OTBfrra Ha soopocu, Koiopue cTaBUTX cnBKepx. Cnoco6x ro- AocoBaHia aatexx cymecTBennoe sHaqeaie bx ycAOBiaxx napAaaeBTCKaro AiAonpoasBOACTBa. Ecah cx pacmapeHieax H3(inpaTeAtHaro npasa bovth DOBceaicTHO (bx tomx ihca4 h bx AHTAia) upa Bbifiopaxx bboahtch 6TaSuaa noAaaa toaocobx, to H3X btoto He a ixjen,, tto oaa AOAaHa htl upHM-ineHa a kx nap.ia'aeBTCKOMy a4jobpoh3boactbt- Taitaaa no- Aaaa toaocobx o6c8neiHBaeTx aesaBHCHMOCTL H36HpaTexa, ho npaHi- HORHaa ex roAOBOBaBiaax bx naxaTt, oaa yuaiTOiKH-ia 6u cbesl ae»,iy n36apaTeAauH a AenyraiaMH a cpejCTbo eobtpoah nepBiixx saix no- 6cj4ahumh. 3asoHu o HenpHEOCBOseaHocTB AenyTaTOBX aoctstoaho orpa- SAaiwx cBo oAy hxx A**cTBifi, btoCh ohh aysABAHcb eme bx TaflnoS noxani roAocosx, Koropaa ycxpaea-ia 6u jas e axx HpaBCTBeaayu otb4tctb6hboctl nepexx CTpaHofi. Uosroay a ycTaBH EOHTHueHTa.ib- 6hhxx naaaTx jonycKajm, TaflHyw noxaiy toaocobx ahibl bx b4koto- puxx cayqaaxx a npH oco hxx ycAOBiaxx. Bx Amaih noAaia toaocobx upoh3boahtch ycTHO, nocpeACTBoax OTBira „ja“ hab „h4tx“ Ha Bonpocx, BOCTaB-icnHufl cnnKepoax. 0 tb4tx AaeTca pa3oax Bcefl najaTOfi. Uo BBCAymaHia ero cnHaepx no npa- 6atpHoay HCBHCAeBixi BHcxa yTBepjHTeALHHXx h OTpnnaTC.TbHuxx ro- aocobx o xaBAaerx: „a noAarat), *<ito 6oalihhhctbo OTB'fcqaxo Aa“, 8hah Hao6opoTx. Bx CAyqat npepeaama, cnerx toaocobx npoasBOAHTca nocpeACTBoax T KX Ha3HBaeaaro pasAiAeHia (division). H.ienu na.iarx, coo6pa3HO npHHaTOMy hhh an1>HiE>, nparAama»nca bhxojhtl bx ab4

457— ■ pa3AHSuuH aB.iii3a.iu (lobbies), npBHHKaomifl a t aa.it 3acixaHifl na- xaix. y Aaepefi KaatAofl aaaiisa.iu cTamiTca cneTiHHH, oTutiamnie bxoaaiuhxx bx Kaajyn inept. I[o,iaioinie yTBepAHTeAtHtie rojoca MAjTb uaupauo, a rojoca OTpHpaTejLHue—Haatso. PesyAxfaTx „pa3- XiAeHia\" npOBOarjiauiaeica cnHKepoMX. lin.r.ifc, orBeprHjfuS nanaroB npu Tperheuz ireaiu, a panno bx ojHy H3X npexuAymBxx CTaiiS, He u o s e n Gutb npeiAoaceHX naaart bx tt * e cccciio, b6o najara Be JKoateTX B03BpainaTBca sx OAHasin pa3CM0TptHH0My Atay. PaBBUHX o6pa3ovx He noryrx Curb npeicra- b.uicmu Ha pascHOTptHie na.ia'ru HUBtie Cbair, no coxepasaHiio CBOeMy ToxABCTBeHHue cx 6n.ua mb OTBeprayTusm. Bhjjh, npHHATue bx n a iart, npenpoBoatiaDTCH bx Apyryn naxary cx HEAnHCBD (ecjH Ch.i.ii. nepBOHanaABHO Ciux paacMOTpf.nx bx hhx- nefl naAaTi): „soit baillC an seigneurs\", hah (ecaa Chaax nepeoHaiaAbuo paacHOTp'bnx bx Bepxaefi noarfi): „soit baillC aux communes\". Bo BTopofi naAaTt 6haal npoxoAHTx rb me CTaxiH, Kaax h bx nepsoB. Ecah no pascMOTptHiH h roAocoBaHiH, Ghjal CyaeTi npaunTX aropoB ua.iaTofi Cesx HssttHeniS, na neax xiijaeTca B&iuucb: „a cest bille les communes (hah les seigneurs) sont assentus\". Bx c x y iai HSMtHems Chaaa nocpeACTBOMx nonpaBOKX, ohx npenpoBOSAaerca bo BTOpyn na- AaTy, cx opHAOiseHiexx nocjtAHHXx a H.iAnnct»: „a cest bille avecque les amendements a mesme bill annexes les seigneurs sont assentus\". HonpaBKH, upejAaraeMHa B'ropofl naxaTOfl, oCcy&Aan'rcH na.raTofl, otx KOTopofl Chaae bcxoahtx. IIpn paBeHCTBt oCtaxx naxarx, nonpaBKH, npeAAaraeHua tod hah Apyron, Moryix CAixaTxca upcAMeToax nepaa- pt.iuHHuxx cnopoBX- T4mx Co-rbe, hto Kantian nanaTa oCcyatAaeTx Chaax OTAiAXHo, h apryMeHTH bx noAX3y nonpaBOKX He Moryix Cuts AOCTaTOlHO H3BtCTHU BBAaTt, KOTOpoft Out, OpeAAOHteHH. KoSTOMT BX anrjiHCKoB npaKTHKt ycTanoBHACH oCuaaft BKon.|iepCHitiB“ . bx eohxx ynacTByDTX KOKHHccapti otx na.iaru aopaobx, h jeayraTU—otx na- AaTU KOHuoHepoBx. KomJiepeHuia HH-broTx ivSaxd npHBecTH kx corAa- meHiD npoTHBonoAOSHUfl antH ia na.iaTx. Ho bx Haeroantee speua 3T0 corAameHie AOCTaraeTca npeHxyutecTBeHHO iepc3x uHHHCTepcTBo, Hut10ru.ee cbohxx ha6hobx bx oCtnxx naxaTaxx, h onupas)iu.eech Ha CoAbDIHHCTBO BX TOfi H Apyroft. Bhaax, OTBeprHyTufi BTopofl naxaTOfl, TaKae He MoateTx Chtx bo3- oCHOBAeax bx tt ate cecciD- Ho 6baah, npBHHTue oCiuMit lia.iaTasnt, npeACTaBahdtch Ha KopoAencKoe yTBepatAeme (caHKuiD). 4>opMyAH VTBepaAeHiH paa.iHinu, coo6pa3HO coAepataHio h 4>opifi> nap.iaiieBT- ckhxx asTOBX. OCusHafl (iiopMy.ia yTBepKiesifl nyC.iHHHbixx Cu.i.ieB ecTt: „le roy le veult\". J,euejBHue Chaah, BOTHpyesnje ua.iaTO» oCntHHX, ymepatAaDTca Kopoxentx bx cjtAyiontHxx caobsxx: „le roy

— 458 — remcrcie ses bons sujets, accepte leur benevolence et ainsi le vault\" IIuthiUh yTBepsjaBTca cxosaHH: ,soit droit fait comme il est ddsir<S“ , h.ih .soit fait coranie il est ddsire\" Cua qacTauxt (iouefi). He vno- Tpe6.iaeaaa ct 1707 roja (Jsopayja OTKa3a, cocToa.ia Bt cxosaxt: „le roy s’avisera\", r.-e. aopoas aeaaen noayaaTt h BHcaymara nainie cBoero Taanaro cOBbra. VI. TaaoBt, Bt rjaBHUXb qepraxt, nopajont pascMOTpiaia ny6xaq- hhxi. GujaeS. Ho uapaaMenTcaie atiaqaa a ycTaBH jiaonpoasBO^CTBa onpexfuaBSTt Tauate odteut npaut, npaHajaeatamaxi. Kaajoiiy unsay naaaTS gjia Bupasenia a sam ara CBOiixt HHinifi. 9tu onpexixenin HoryTi, 6htb pasfffejienH aa .f f b KaTeropim o&u& a s t iihxx aacaeica noaosHTeatnuxi, npast q.ienonx n ajaiu no yvacTim Bt npeHiaxt, Apyraa onpejefc-iaeTt iHcuiin.imiapnuK a-fcpti K t noswepatauiio nopajaa Bt nanaiis Boodme a Bt npeHiaxt a t oco6eaaocTH. npa pa3cuoTpftHiH npant OTjt.n.HLixt qxeaoBt naxara aoakho hh£tb Bt bbjj: l) <j)opua.ibHUJi npaea. obesaeaBsaiouria uxt bo3mos- hoctb 6e3npenaTCTBeaaaro Bupasema axt anisniS; 2) cnocodu, npa noHom.ii KOTopuxt oaa Moryrt ycrpanaTb aecoraacHua ct axt vfri- sAeBiaaa npexxosenia a ocnapasarb qyatia sarinin. 1. ^opuaaLnua npana, npanawesamia AenyiaTaMt, oTaacra yaa- aanu name. H at oCesne'iHBaeTca, BO-nepBuxt, cBofio^a cioBa a HH'h- Hi8 npa oinpaB-ieuiu n x t no.inoMovifi Bt na.iarfi. IIpBHiiant sio rt OKOHaaTeatHO npoBOBraament „6axaeat o npaiiaxt“ 1689 roxa, no KOTopoay hbkto ne aoateTt Curb npinsjevent a t otbIitctbcunocta sa CJ0B8, csaaaaHua Bt nap.iaaeHT-6, a sa MHbma, Bt n e a t BupaxeuHHii, BJacTbio nocTopoHHec. 3 a rb a t Aenyraiaat oCesmeTiiuacTCii ueupuuoc- hobohhoctb Bt npeafoaxt, yna3aiinuxt Bbime. H aaonent, Kaxjufi *e- nyTait, Hast npej.craBHTe.il, as6paBinaro ero oapyra, H aie rt paeaoe c t npyrHMH npaBO aa saaBjenie cBoaxt B3wajOBt a yrthwjenilt. 2. 'Ho npa MHoroMnaocTH cofipauia, wo npaBO MoaceTt 6uTb ocy- mecTB.ieHO Bctaa oixfejbHUMH aenyraTaaH to.jlko Bt asB’bcTHUxt npeaiaaxt. Bo-nepeuxt, ono Moxert 6htb ocymecTBaaeMO tojlko Bt onpej-k.ieHBoS ovepeju. K ax ju fl opaiopt iurkeTt npaso aa BHaaaHie scefi na.iaTB, a bcb naxara Moaccrt OAHOBpeHBHHO cayman, tojbko ojHoro oparopa. IIoaToay npaBO roaoca aosen. 6utb npejocTanjaeMO Kaauoay jenyiary Bt oTxtabHOCTH a no oaepexa, Bt aoropoS ohh 3anacanH y K.iepaa naxaru. Ho ycTaBaat npyccaaro xanarara, rep- xaHcaaro peSxcTara a dspaHnyscEBxt naxart, jonymenie opaiopoBt onpexixaeica BosnoaHHMt cofijEuenient npaBa-ia, htoOli samuTHHtu h npoTaBHHEu 3aKOHonpoeKTa uepejOBa-iHCb. Bo-BTopuxt, npa paenoat npaBi BC-bxt jenyTaTOBt noxyqart cxoho, nocrtjHee aosen, 6utb npeAOCiaBxaeao Kaajoay xenyTary He dorbe ojHoro paaa. Jitficraa-

— 459 — 6ie.ii.HO, no aHrjiBcKHMt ycTaBaMB, aaaciufi aenyran. bb o<f)ctwnia.ib- hijxb sacftAaHiaxB na.iaTi, (upoHi komht tobb) Moaen. rOBopim ho fio.ite oahoi-o pasa. Bo UTopoS p a st cjobo noaen, 6hiTh a» ho exy to.tlko nJia ahhhuxb odBHCHeBifi, aah BO3CTaH0iueniH cMuc.ia HeBtpao noBBTuxi, 0X08% ero, a m liiaKTHiecEuxB DOapasuEi. a t. a. Bb- TpeTbBxx, canoe Bpeaa, bb TeneHie KOToparo KazAUfi opaTopB bb 6upaBt sanauaTh naaaTy, no Heo6xoAHMocTn ao.isho htj> orpamiieHO. UpaBja, ycTaBu A'Ii.ionpoH3BOACTaa ne ycTaHOBjaiOTB cpoaa, bb Teie- 1Hie KOToparo opaiopi Ao.izeHB KOHiaTt cbob p tib (Hanp., iacB, l ‘/a aaca a i. a-); ho KOCBennoe orpanHiesie btopocpoKa coaepasHTca bb BocTaHOBxeHiH, tto hhkto He bb npaBt npoH3HOCHTB nepeAB na.ia- Toft OHcaHHuxB piseii. ycm aa p'hn. no HeofixojHHOCTM 6yA0TB 6oiie czaTa h KopoTaa, tIihb pt.ai. nncaHHaa, KOTopaa jiento mobcctb o6pa- THTbca bb apocTpaHHbifi TpaKTaTB no AaHHOMv Bonpocy. Bb ycTasaXB npyccKaro jaHATara h repnaacKaro pefixcTara Hduuneoie hsb oToro npaenaa cjijaH O toabko bb noABsy akhb, HeAOCTaTOHHO BaaA'feomaxB HixeuKHHB hbhbohb (hoaskh, BAksacuu, .lOiapHiirnu). BlipOleMB, opa- Topy A03BoaaeTca Hiit.Tf. nepeAB cofioio uncs\\ieimun aaiiiTKH, aasiK- aaioiuifl bb ce6f, cTaTHCTiiiecEia, xpoHO.iomaecEia h t. n. abhhub. Bb aHraiticEHXB uaiaraxB opaTopB tobophtb cb csoero irfeera. 9to nocTaHOB.ieHie cooTBirciByeTB Tony xapaKTepy CesBHCKycTBeHHaro KpatHOp'ilijI, KOTOpUHB OTAHHaBTCH aHUHiaBe, H yCTpaHaeTB otb 6opaTopa ojfee hah Meiite TeaTpaxtByio ofcraHOBKy TpaCyHU, ROTopyn 6teeb a«) htb ippaanyau. BnpoieMB, OTcyrciBie TpH6yHH conpazeHO 6cb H'bEOTopuuH Hevjo cTBaMH. BrasiaHie na.iaTH mozbtb 6htl Mente cocpejoToaeuo Ha opaTopb, piib ero He OABHaEOBO CAHnma bo bcI xb HacTflXB 38AU H T. H. IIOBTOHy BB KOHTHneBTajbBUXB najaTaXB rpif* Oyna BBeaena bb ynoTpe6AeBie. 3. P i n t HAeaa aaAaTH, kotopony Aano caobo, no ycraBy uaaaTu koh- 6uonepoBB AOAzna 6mb oCpameHa kb cnHKepy h HaninaThea caobohb „Sir“. B b Bepxnefl na.iarh xopxB o pamaeTca kb cbohmb coqAeHaHB— „MnxopAuf“ Ho bb HHKHeS naaarb, bb bhaexb cnoKoScTBia tipemfl, opaTopa ycTpaHBOTca saKB otb npaNoro oCpameaia kb najarli, tbrb h kb ea qjreHaHB. P in t mxb AOAzna 6uTb o6pamena kb cniiKepy; bb aaxtnaHiaxB cbohxb o p tia iB HpeAUiecTByioiHHXB opaTopoBB obh He bb npaB* Haaunan, hxb ho HaenaMB, v. ynoHHaaDTB toabeo Ha3Baaie OEpyra, otb KOToparo opaTopB HBaaeTca npeACTaBHTeaeHB („aocto- noHTeHHHfi HAeHB aa DleiJiHAbAB, JlHBepnyab“ ht. a.). Bb BepxHei na- .laxt noHHeHOBaHie upeAmecTByomaro opaTopa conpoaozAaercn onnre- tomb: , mo0 (5.iaropo;[Hufi Apyrs\". Bb KOHTHHeHTa.itHUXB uajiaraxB sth npaBHAa He npHMtnaiOTCfl. OpaTopa ofipaniaioTca ko Bceit na-rarb (.Messieurs', ,meine Herren\") h Ha3HBa»TB npeAniecTByioni,HXB opaio-

— 460 — poBi no aneHaMt, mo Hep-fejao aeieri kb xatnofi iioxcmhkI n iaae nepefipaBKt, ocofierao bo (J)paHny3CKHXB naxaxaxB. VII. Cnocofiu a cpexcTBa, Koiopue janu oTAixbHHHS HxeHauB na- aan usa aamHTU hxb unliBifl, oiHOCHTca Kaai kb ycTpaneaiE) npo- thbhhxb hhb npexxoateniB, tbeb h kb BHjoaaMtHeBiKi hxb. Pa3CM0TpiBic npexxoateHia MoateiB 6htb oTcponeao hxh iase bobco ycTpaBeno npn domoihh H’iicKOXLKHXB cpeacTBB, Bupa(5oraHHHXB aHraiftcKoio opaKTUKoio h ycnoennuxB (xora bb aautaeaBOKB niiji) KOHTHnenTaai>HUMH naaaTaun. a. IlepBUHB H8B 9TEXB cpcxcTBB sBiaeTca npeAXOatenie o6b-ot- cpo'iK'k 8actaaHia. IIpex.TOiKenie ofii OTcporat anaaeTca bbshumb ^aBTaaccKUHB cpejcTBOMB db pyaaxB npoTHBHHKOBB npexxoseHia. )) HacTpoeBie naxara, ytueaenHOfi, hosen. (Shtb, bb momchtb BHeceHia npeAJoxeaia, aoxerL u’jM'fcHHTbCa kb catiyioineMy aaclwaniio hxh ko Ahk>, Ha3HaaeHH0HynaxaTofi jjw paacaoTpinia npoAXoatenia, 2) Dapria, upoTaBuaa npeAJOseaiD, voaceiB cofipaTi. h opraHH3oi)aTi. caoa chjiij xxa Copb6u bb catxyiouieHB 3aciiaHiir. Qpexxoatenie o6b OTCpoiK'h HateTB no vemy naxaTB npeaHymecTBo nepejB Bci*n jpyraHa BHe- ceanuHH npeAaozeaiaaa u noToay jo.ikho Outi, paacMOTptHO paBbine Bctxi. Apyraxi. Oho ,i.t,.iaeTca bb cjijytiiue& (jinpMfi: „hto6u naxaia Tenepb ate OTcpoqn.ia oficyatjenie xaHHaro npeaaoffieHia1'. Bb exyia'fc npaHaiifl OTcpouKu, otb na.iaTH mibhchtt. HaBHanHTB Apyrofl xenb A_iH BHeceHia npexxoatenia tinocatjciniH. Ec.ih o6b otohb .tut ne yno- uanyTo, xo npexaoxenie ycTpaHaeica Boace a oho ne ynoxHBaeTca Aaxe bb npoTOKoat. Bb cbb3h cb sthhb cpeACTBOMB uaxoxHTca upex- •loatt-Hie o caerfc aacxa oxeHOBB. Oho xtaacrca bb tohb cxyia’h, ecxii onno3ania saatHaeTB, ato bb naxart h* tb quorum's. Bb cxyiat He- AOCTaTKa ueHOBB, naxaTa neMeAxemio.xoxatrfa OTcpo'iiiTb cBoe aaci- xaBie ao cxhxy»maro ahh. b. IIpeHia no BHeceHHOxy upei.ioateHin atoryTB 6htl npepBaHH npeAxoatemeHB o nepexoA^ kb oiepeAHUHB x'hxaHB, 3aneceHHUMB bb AHeBHyio pocBBCb. Oho A^xaeTca bb cxiAynudixB cxoHaxB: „ito(5h cnHCOKB onepeiHUXBa4-ib 6hxb npoiHTaHB\". Kobobho, noAotiHoe npex- xoseHie HoateTB 6btb cxtxano toxbko bb xaKie abh HCit™, Korxa naxaTa saHHHaeica oaepejuuMH A^xaiM, o kohxb oaa 3apaHie ono- rtmeHa. HoctopoHHee npexxoateme npepuBaeTx AHeBHyD pocnucb h, bb cbo® ovepexb, Moateix 6htb ycrpaHeHO nepexoAOMB bb oaepex- buhb A’bxaMB. 9to ate cpejcTBo HMieTca h bb npaKTHKi koqthhch- TaxbHaxB naxaTB. c. Bo.rte cxobhumb cpexcTBOMB bb ycTpaHeain ne ctoxmco npex- xoseHix, cKoxbKo dpeniB no HeuB, ecTb tbkb HaouiiaeMuft npeiBapa- TexbHuB Bonpocb .the previous question\", BBexeHHuS bb ynorpefixe-

— 461 — Hie, ho Bb conepmeuno mut.neuiioMT, BB,it, h Bb KOUTnneHTa.ibHbiXb najiaiaxt nojb HueHeui .question prealable*, „Vorfrage“. Oo HCTopHiecKOMy CBoeMy npoucxoKjeaic .npenBapHTejibHuS Bo­ npocb“ HMt.ib ipb-ibB ycTpaHUTb, rjiaBRUHb oupaaoui, npenia no BHe- ceHHOMy npea-ioateBiio. Korja cBo6o.ua napjaneHTa He Cbija eme jo- ctstouho oOesnenena, npenia no npejaoseHiaifb meKOT.jHBUMt Hor.iH HsriiTb nenurojHHH nocatjCTBia u a jHiib, Bb hhxt. ynaCTBOBaBBiHXb. Kopojn H3T. .toma Tw.TopoBT, h nepitue CnoapTU nept.iKO nocu.ia.iH Bb TiopbMy opaTopOBb onao:muin. 3ariMb orjameme HOTHBOBb npH- hhtoS napjaMeHTOMb Mipu He Bcer.ua aejaeTca y,To6nnMb cb tomb aptiiia nojiHTHnecEHXb it Mezaynapoflnbixb yc.iOBii. Ho, bk£ct£ cb Tt.«b, „npe,TBapHTe.iT,Huft Bonpocb“ inuaeTca cpejCTBOMb a Kb ycTpa- Heiiiio npti.T-ioacenia, Kb KOTopouy onb othochtch. Mu iin.it.Tn. n o no OKonuaHiH npemfi, BU3uanHHXb BueceHHUHb npejaoatenieHb, cnuiepb CTaBHib Ha pa3ptineaie uaaaTH Bonpocb (hju Bonpoca), BbiTeKaRiiaie H3b cyweciBa apei-iomeum h npenia. 3aane- Hie npe^JioaceHia o upejiiapHTe.ibHOMb nonpoet saiuDEaeTcn Bb TOMb, nrofibi Bonpocb 6bMb nocTaB.ieBb cnuKepoMb HeMedMHxo, T.-e. npesje upeni8. Upo.T.iOKCHie jtjaeT ca Bb catAyioinefl ipopMt: „cor.iacna jnt najaTa, ito6h Bonpocb 6uib nocTaBienb Tenepb ate?\" Bb c,iyuat VTBep- THTC.ibnaro OTBtTa, Bonpocb craBBTCH Henej-ieimo, h ro.iocoBame no HeMb npoH3nojtHTcn 6e3b npeHifi. Hpu otb$t4 OTpanaTOJbHOMb, npej- JOseHie, Kb Eoexy othochtch Bonpocb, ycTpaHaeTca, ec.nt oho He fiy- serb Boao6neBJieHO Bb cat-iyomee saeijan ie Bb upezHefi hjh apyro8 ifopsit. QoBTOHy ITpiMBapHTC.il.Hijp BOOpOCb npejpiaraBTCa npOTHBHHKaHH npejaozettia u o6hkiiobobho H3b nuxb uasuataiOTca ctothikh OTpnua- TeabHHXb roxocoBb. Do CBoflcTBy CBoeMy npenBapHiejbHUfi sonpocb cay- tKHTb .ibohkoA ntum ycTpanegiio npeHifl no npejxoaeHiro h.th, CBepxb Toro, ycipaneniio caMaro npej-ioxenia. DosTOMy OHb ynoTpe6aaeTca cb pa3HH?nHHH HaHtpeniaMic Tasb, Bb 1805 rony Bb napaanenTb 6u.io BHeceao npen.toateaie o npeiaHia cyjv renepa.Tb-HHTeH,TaHTa ajmipanTeOcTBa Jiopaa Me.ibBH.ia 63a 3JOynoTpe6jieHia no ynpaBaemio <(>JiOTOMb. Torjanraifi raaBa e&h- HeTa, Bn.ibHMb n a m , HesaBUCHMO OTb aceaaaia oopajHTb naena npa- BHTejbCTBa, onacaaca, eto npenin no BTOMy npeAuery naCpocarb rtnb Ha i]taoTb AHr.iiH, Haxo.iiiBioefica Bb to speiia Bb BoBHt cb Hano- aeoHOMb. IIooTOMy OHb nepBOHanaiibHO TpedoBaab Ha3HaneHia rohhhc- cin Hifl ii3c.itAoiianiH Bonpoca, saHHHaBmaro najaxy. Ho CH.ir,Haa on- uo3lmia sacTaBu-ia ero BdflTb bto npejMOseHie aaaaab u saMtHHTb ero npej..ioateHienb o npe.iBapnTe.ibnoMb Bonpoct. IlymeHHOe Ha ro- aoca, npe^joiKeBie UHrra bhsbojio pa3,i'tjeHie najiara: 216 ro.iocoBb 6ujo no^aHO sa u 216 npoiniib. CnHKepb npHcoesHHHHca Kb roaocaifb

TTBepjWTejibBHJii. Bc.rtjcTBie axoro, Bonpocx, T.-e. nepBOHaxaJitiioe npeMoseHie 6uxo nocTSBxeHO Ha roxocoBame u noxyqnxo Tpe6yeMoe 6ojbbihhctbo roxocoex. MexbBHXB 6h.i i npexaax cyay, h IIhttx ao- 6CTHrx toxeeo toto, too npeHia, kohxx obi oaacaxcn, hxh ycTpaHeau. Bx apyronx cxyqat npeHia Taaate 6 h.th ycTpaHOHU, ho Bonpocx noxyqaxx 6xaronpiaXHoe jx a mhhuctcpctbu pimeHie. Hhghho, bx 1794 roay no aotiaxy ceKpeTBaro KOMBTeTa naxaxu oOiuhhx, apHSHaBinaro, qxo bx AHrxin miiiOTca TafiHua o6mecxBa aaofiHHCnaro HanpaBieHia, roTosua HBcnpoBeprHyxb cymecTayiomyn KOHCTHxynin, npasHTexbCTBO Cin.to ynoxHonoaeHO npHHaxB paanua hcr.ik>bht£j]lhhh ntpu. Torja npeiBO,XBTe.i), onno3HniB, 3aaiieHBTufi $oecx, bhccx npoeaxx qetup- HaxnaTH pesoxunifl, bx kohxx ocy*aaxacb BH'feinHaa h BHyipeanaH noxHTHsa upaBHTexbCTBa. Ilocri soctoboS cxbbtkh Mesjy IIIepn*a- H on, nojuepanBaBmnHX npenxoxeme 4>OKca, is nepBuax mhhhctpomx (HhTTOMx), q.ieHX MBUHCTepCKOH uapTiH, ^XCHKHBCOH'B, BHeCX Bpej- xoxeaie o npejBapHxexxHOMX noiipocb. Oho 6hxo nojuepaaao Uht- TOM'B H UpHHHTO dOXblHHHCTBOMX 208 HpOTHBX 57 rOXOCOBX. Hpeuia 6hxh ycTpaneau h Ronpocx nocTaBxem. ua.iarb, KOTOpaa oTBeprxa ero, a, c.TtxoBaxexbHO, n pe3o.i»niB $0Kca, Ooxbiiihhctbom'b 208 npoTHBx 55. Bx xpyrnxx naxaTaxx npejnapirrexbiiuS .eoupocx HMieTx qixxD ycTpaHHTb He loxbBO npeHia, ho h npej.iosenia. BcxijcTBie aioro, SHateHie ero jxa XHua, BHocamaro npexxoseme, 6o.rbe ocKop6nTc.ibHO, qiMx bx AHrxia. 3xicx npexxoserie o npejBapHTexbBOMi Bonpoct, no BHinmeB CBoefl $opM'S, HMierb niibio kbkx 6u ycKopHTb pime- Hie sonpoca, nocTaBjennaro npexxoseHieMX. Do 4»paHny3CEHM,b ycTaBaui BHeceaie npex-ioxema o npejcBapn- TejbHOHX BOnpocfe Onpeil-THCTCH paSXHHHUMH HpaBHjaHH BX cenaTt 6h bx naxari xenyTaxoBX. YcTaBX o jixoopoaaBOjcTBi bx cesarfe no- CTaHOBxaexx: .IlpejBapHTexbiiuS Bonpocx, T.-e. o xaBxeHie, too h4tx noBOxa xx o6cy*xeiriio, MOseTX 6utb Bcerja npexxomeHX. „OHX HOSeTX 6uTb KpaXKO MOTHBBpOBaHX CX TpHdyHU. „ABTopx npexxoateHia, OTHOCHTexbHO KOToparo oocxaBxeHx npej- BapHTexbHUt Bonpocx, HMtexx npaRo 6uxb BuexymaHx. „CeHaxx pimaeTX 6e8x npenifl\". TaKHMX o6pa3onx, ycxaBx ceHaxa jonyctmexx ecxa He npenia no npexBapHTexbHOMy sonpocy, to oOxacHeHta Neajy asToponx npejxo- *ema h asToponx npeasapuTexhtiaro Bonpoca. ycxaBx naxaTH xenyraTOBX (cTaTbfl 90) OTXHqaexca oxx npexuny- maxx nocTaHOBxeBifl bx cxixy»meiix OTHomeaiic 1) IlpeflBapHTSJb- nuS Bonpocx no npoeKxaitx, Be npBsuaHHUiix neoTxo*HbiHH (urgents), Mosexx 6uib npexxoseax toxxko no BucxymaHiH 3aKxmeHiit koh- MHccin, npe^sapBie-ibHO pascMorpiBuieft npoeKTX. 2) ycTasx ne yno-

— 463 — MHHaeTit o upeHiaxt no npeABapHTexbHoxy Bonpocy aame bx ■ to8 4>opxi, bx KaKofi 8T0 aixaerb ycTaBt ceHaTa, bo opauo nocTaao- BxaeTX, hto: _ LfpejBapHTe.'iBHuS Boapocx nycaaeTca Ha roxoca npcacje rxaBHaro BOBpoca“ . OTcyrcTBieMi Toiaaro nocTaHOBjeaia othochtojbho npeaifi no npexBapHTexBBOuy Bonpocy ofixacnjieTcii maTKaa npaaTUKa ijipan- uyscEHXx BHSBKXi na.TaTL bx pasnoe Bpena. Taux, bx 1848 rosy npestuearj, yipejHTexbHaro cofipama Mapacix 3aaBH.ix, bto npejea- pHTe.iLiiuft Bonpocx He AOBBOxaeTB o6cysAeHia rxaBaaro Boapoca, ao XOBBOXBTexbHO oficyausHie Boopoca npe^BapHTextearo jx a toto, ito6u yaiiaTb, aoxjkuo xa ero nycTHTt Ha roxoca. Bx 1849 roxy hpothbx npexxoxeaia xenyTaia X»nxOEa 6hxx npexxoateHX npejaapaTextauS Boapocx. ^ bhxohx noxyaaxx cxobo jxa HtKOTopuxi. o6xacncnifl. Oax fiu.ix upepBaax c.ituyiom,HMX saat- „EcXU eCTb Boupocx, KOTOpblfi HO AOXSBHX BUSUBaTb npeHifl. TO 6 069T0 HM6HH0 npexBapHTCXbHuS Boapocx. Ohx He UOSeTX htl - 6cyajaeMx t hx, npoTHBX EOToparo oax npejjioaieHX. Bx Ty aaHyTy, 6sorxa uoTpeCoBaax upeiBapHTexbHijfl Boapocx, oax xoxxeax htl nymeHX Ha roxoca fieax npeHifl, a6o nixb ero noxoacaTb koreux (couper court) npeHisax\". ^eayTaTX KxexaHX Toxa Bospa3axx, xto npa noxoma Taicofl xeopin xoxao 3axymaTb scaaia npeaia (etouffer toutes les discussions). Ho Abdxohx oTsaaaxca orb B03paateai&, upexBapHTexbHuS Boapocx 6hxx nymeHX aa roxoca a npanarx. Bx HOBtflmeft npaaTaat BCTptiawTca lacm e cxyaaa upeaiS no npejBapaTexbBOMy Bonpocy. Bo Bcaaoxx cxyaat, ojriaKO, npejBa- pHTexbauS Boapocx HMieTx u'i.ibio ycrpaaaTb npeaia no Bonpocy rxaBBOxy, T.-e. no npexxoxeHiu, OTHOCHTextao aoToparo ohx noipe- fiOBilHb. B x STOMX BBli OHX HXii6TX XOBOJbHO OCKOp6aT6XbHH0 Xa- paETepx xxa aBTopa npexxoxeHia. qHsxbsa caasaTb\", roBopHxx xenyiaTX JiaHrxya, , bto6h upejnapH- TexbBuS Boapocx fiu.ix nenpexiHno ocKopfimexeax, bo ohx Bcerxa npepc6pcjKHTexeax“ . FlooToxy aaxaTa joxacHa upn6f>raTb ax Hexy xamb bx spaflHaxx cxyaaaxx. Oax ecib Heofixoxaxoe a noxesaoe cpejcTBO Axa ycTpaHeaia npeBifi no npexxoateHiaxx HexinuMX, npeaje- BpexeHauxx a ireyatcTHHXX. Ho mapoEoe aoxbsOBaaie sthhx apa- bomx MoaeTX He TOXBBO „8ajyaiHTb“ BCHKia upenia, ho h orpaHminx npaBO HHHftiaTHBu, npexocraBxeaHoe axeHaux aaxaTx. d. UpeAxoseHie xoseTX Cuts thkiko ycipaHeao nocpeACTSoux no- npaBKH (amendement). Bx ashhomx cxynat aoxxho otahbutl noupasEa,

— 464 — 6npejjaraeuua othocht .ii.ho otaIulhhit ciaieS Cajua axa nacre# upeuoaeHia bo Bpcaa npeHit. 9th nocpaBKH coctobtt bt npejjo- seHiii osJOTHTb BtKOTopua c.iOBa bt npoeaTB 6aaiB h.th pesoxioiuH, HCKJIDHHTL HtKOTOpUfl BhipaKeHilT, SaMiHHTB HXT ipyTHMH HAH BCTa- bhtb aoBua cjcoBa am npaBaxa a I. a- Bo bchkokt cxyaai Taaia ao- npaBKK npejjaracTca toabko, Korja npejyoaseirie uphhhto kt o6cy- ®aem», a naaaTa coraacna ct hhmt bt upHHUHnt,. HaupoxHBT, no- npaBKa, o Koropoa mu roaopaaT. Tenepi, HM-ben, nbAi>n ycrpaHHTB nepBOHaiaatHoe npejuioasenie iepe3T saaiHy ecnxt conepaamaxca bt He a t caobt xpyrHMa, apoM* nepsaro—„mo“ . Tkkt, bt 1802 roay, nocai otct3bkh Ba.ii.HMa llaTTa h 3amBTe- 6Hia ct. ^paanieD AMieHcaaro Mapa, bt, uaxary o6m,HHT (5uxo Baeceao npeAJioaseaie upexcTaBaTt kojki.ik) axpecr, bt KoeMT, ujo (5u cmaHo: nHtno naxara fi-iarojapaTT ero BexaiecTBO, 6JiaroBOJHB(uee ysoxHTb H3T. aafiaaeTa a ycTpaHHTB ott a^xt jocTonoiTenaaro -rocnoAHaa Ra.Ti.aMa DaTTa11. IIpoTHBT sioro npeAxoscHia 6uaa npeAAoatena no- 03npaBKa, bt Boe0 npennoaaraxocT BNCmart: ,<imo aoctoiiohtohhuS Bh.tthmt Uhttt Ka a.iT Bejmaia a Baxaua ycayra CBOeMy oTeqecTBv' h bt ocofieaaocTa aacxyaaBaeTT diaroflapaocTH sTOfi naxaTu\". IIo- c.rliAHaa nonpaBaa u Cu.ia upuHaTa ua.iaiofi, hto hbhaocl npo.iorOMT KT CKATHO0 6opb6t 3a aftpeCT KOpOJD, DO QOBOAy SaKAIOHeHiH AxieH- CKaro Mapa. Baaroiapa BsaaMBWMT yciyaKaHT, aApecT 6hat cocia- BjeHT bt VMipeeHUXT mjpaaiCHiaxT a onpaBAOUT 3att.noieHie Mapa. VIII. Oco6UMT nopJIAKOMT paSCMaTpaBaOTCfl, KHKT MU BHAijH, aacTHUe a cpmaacoBue 6hahh. 1. OcofieiiHO cxoauiaa nponeaypa ycTanoii.iena j m aacrnuxT 6a.i- Jefl, KacatoiHHxca HHTepecoeT ota'Iakhuxt MtcTsocTeft, T.-e. QocTpoeKT h coopyseHik oSntecTBeaaaro aeateHia, y.iyunenia bt MyHHnauaji- homt ynpaB-ieaiu, yipeatAeaia oCinecTBOHnuxT ycTaaoBaeHifi a t. a. Baxia, aacaiomiecH sthxt npexaeTOBT, B03HBKaKiTT a bboahtch bt 6naaaTy no DOTaiiiaMT aaaaTepecoBaHHHiT abut. OaaaaeaHua neTaaia, oco phho ecja yAOBABTBopeaie hxt npexiaraeTT OTiymseHie (sKcnpo- npianin) aomobt a seMe-irauxT ytacTtoBT, aoakkh (Suit aapaate onyfi.iHKOBaHU a AOBejeau ao CBijiaia bcIixt 3aaHTepecoBaHHUXT jbkt aa atcTSXT. CBepxT TOTO, u a au h qepTeau npeanoxaraeauxT coopyaeaifi jo x sh h 6htb apeACTaBxeHU ceKpeiapw rpaiJicTBa (clerk of the peace). Il-iaini sexfrffiUXT xoporT sapaate npeACTaBxa»Tca bt rxaBBoe ynpa- Bxeaie ToproBxa (board of trade). IIpothbt uabhobt, npoesTOBT h pacaeTOBT. .laHniepecoBaHHUMH AHaaaa aoryTT 6uti, npeiCTaexaeMU Bospasenia. UeTHaia Ha o6meaT oCHOBaaia npeACTaBaaeica bt OAny H3T naxarr cap.iaiienTa, npa te u i kt neTaaia npajiaraeTca Haneia-

— 465 — TaHHufl npoeKTx 6H.ua. UpH saxnotL H3*t naaaTx coctohtx oco6enHua juma, aa3HaqeHHHa naxaTofi (examiners of standing orders fop private bills), KOTopua o6asanu yAOCTOBipaTxca, coGjirnenu ah b& ycaoBia, Tpedyeaua juut npeacxaBJieHia neTapia. Oaa BHc.iymHBaion, a pascMa- TpHBasm, jsa.ioGu u noapaaeuia saHHTepecoBaHnuxx jihux bjih hxx ynojHOao'ieuHUx’b, paBHO Earn, a aamivania npocareaeft. E cjih net, yc-iOBia h i upeacTaB.ieHia ueTnn,ia cotfaDjeau, 6h u x aoseTx 6hti, npenponoataon-b 4jib nepBaro viem a nepeao. KOMBTen, neTHnifi,,cocToa- mifi npu n a jarli. Bx upothbhohx c-iynab examiners npeACTan.nnoTT, KOMHTeTy cboh Bospaxeaia a saa’bnaaia, Koropua paapfemaDTca eomh- TeTOMt, a no yaasaain nocji'ij,aaro n poeart daaaa Aojiaieax 6utb HcnpaBJren’B a nepenevaTanx. llo npejiCTaBjenia eombtote Oh.i.ti. aoisen. 6u n , jonymem. ex pascaoTp’&Hin a t uajarS no oGihhmx npaBHjaMX (nepBoe a BTopoe »reHie, oTcujKa bx EoaaTerB, rpeTi.e qreaie). OTCTynxeaiE on, no- pajEa ycTaHOBaaioTca, r.iaBHHMx oGpaaoax, oinocaTc.ii.HO KOMHTeTOBx, bx KOTOpue npenpoBoz^aoTca Ohjjih uoc.it. BToporo BTenia. Ho oco- CeHHouy cojepjKaHiB bthxx 6hjureS, aerajtuoe paacaoTplmie hxx jojjkho npoacxojHTb bx cneniaJibHuxx KOauTexaxx. Tasx, 6h.iah, na- caumieca me.rfeaHuxx jopon, a aaaaaoBx, n'peAOCTaBaauTca oGinuax nocTOBHHUMx KOMHTexaMx; neTHuia o pa3B0j t —ocoCoay KOMBTeTy npH n aaaii jiopaobx. jfxa apyraxx Cmi.iefl asdapauTca ocofiue kombtcth. 2. $naaHCOBue Gaua OTXHvaiOTca otx jpyrnxx nydxH'iHtixx 6m- JieB kbkx nopsAKOHX nonana, iasx a nopnAKoax nne.ieiriir axx bx HHuniaTHBa no (fnjaaHCOBHMX 6hx.ihmx bx AarxiH npaaaAxeatHTX ucK.noBHTejibHo npaBHiejbCTBy, Taitx saRx uocJif.Aaee 04H0 bx cocroa-' aia cyAHTb o dmaaHCOBUXX ayjEAaxx aAMHHacTpaiua .h o npenMeraxx npejnoxaraeMuxx H3AepseEx. Hhkhaa na-iaTa iieoxnoKpaTHO cboubb pc30.T»)niaMB orpanHVHBaja npaBO ota^abhhxx AenyraroBx npe^jrarart AeHeatHBia BHAaaa a pacnpeAixaTb ACHeiKHua cpejcTBa cTpaHH. IIpaBO 9to bx npeaaee Bpeaa Bexo ex SHaqaTejiHUMi a.ioycoTpeO.ienijiMX. .T a sx Easx ofiuEHOBeBHo uaxo4u,iH“ , roBopHTx To a a x , „ ito bx Ea3nt HM-fefOTC-a hsabuieh, ae aaiiom ie eine cneaiaxxaaro HaanaiSHia, to qjteaH najiaiu Bee 6axie a Goaie ckjiobb.ibcl BasnanaTb stb Aenra U i niiefi, hmx bhtoahhxx. O n , pasAHHHtixx ahbx b x najaTy npen- CTaaiaxacx rrermiiu cx npocidon Aeaesaofi noaoma h jh mvMepxKH, a aacio stb. aeTBBia 6iu a noJUtepmaBaeau qxeaaMa.naAaTn, ApyatecTBeH- afiiaH npocaTejiaux a yMtBmaaH auGutlcr npaaoro ana MOAqajranaro cor'xacia na.iaTU, BUCTaMaa yAOB.ieTBopeHie tbkhxx npocxCx Aiaoax cupaueA-iaBOCTH hah cocTpaAaHia. 9thmx nyreax aacTHUMX jiHnaax .AerEOaucjeaHO a aacTo 6esx AOCTaToaaHxx ocnosaaiS Shah »axOBaau

— 466 — (Spjbuiia cvMMH. Bx 1705 f. ara sxoynoTpeCAeHia .C A ia am t Tasx wschij.-bto naaaTa bx fijHJsafimyio cecepo(11 Aettafipa 1706 r.), nppaie t 6jtb moi'xh 6uTb upeiCTaiueiiu noAoOHUa neTHniH, nociaHOBHia: , at6 6esx coraacia Eoponu HMKaKaa ncTHnia o jeHeiKHoB BUffaBi i M rocy japcTBeHiiaro yupan.ieHia He Syaeix npHH»Ta“ . Bx 1813 r. ara' peso.itonia 6uaa mutoieua bx ycraBx A'baonppHS- boactbb, a bx 1852. r. 3aMf.Hena caiAysJfflHMx iipanHJOsnr „ ito na- ,mTa 6esx corjacia Kopontj He fiyaeix npuHHMaTb uctiuuh o j,eHea- hhxx Bujaiasx Ha rocyAapCTBeanoe ynpaBJieHie h.ih paacMaxpuBaib npeA.io*emn o cyficHAiaxx” '). \" • AeHeatHhie 6hmh, a panuo h rocyiapcTiiennaa pocmict bboahtca bx na.iaTy tpesx KOMHTeiu „cy6cHjifi“ (supply) h „ny*re# h cpejcTBx“ (cdmmitee of ways and means). Tatcx kbkx ofix btomx npeAKerfc yace CKasano Bume, to hu h Be 6yjeux kx ue«y B03BpainaTtca. Do okoh- iam n paw.Horpinia 6na*eTa bx KOHiiTeTaxx najiaxH h bx rie# caKOfl, Doca'Jiahhh BOTHpyexx 6haah Tpoaiearo po.ia: 6n„i,ib o nojaMxx, o AeneatHtixx BU.iaiaxx h 6haax o npHEpfnacniaxx (appropriation bill). fiHJWb o no*aTaxx HaiieTx ntxfcio yTRepiK^enie HaaoroBX h c6o- posx, neoCxoABXBixx i-in noxpuTia rocyjapcTBeHUUXX HSAep&eKX. Obx BOTiipycTca aa ochobshIh peBOAKmin BOMHTOTa „nyTefi u cpe,WTBx“, pascuaTpHBaBinaro ii H3u«KHBatoinaro ciiocoSh uoKptms pacxoAOBX no ynpaB-ieHii). 3totx Ohjmx HauaHaeTca ofiuEBOBeaHO cxliAysjiuHMii cAOBaMH: „ UceMH.iocTHB'iiHini6 roevaapb (rocysapuna), i h , Bipnue b noxop- nue noAAauHue Raraero BeaunecTBa, oOiuhhu coeAHHeimaro Eopoaen- CTBa Be.iHKo6pHTatiiu h Hp.iaHjiH, coOpaiintia bx nup.iaxeHTX pa^H ‘iiaaaaqeiiiH Bameny BexauecTBy cydeKJtiH h AOCTaBaeHia TaEOBHxx, AoOpoBQAbHO a no AOCTaTOTHOMy pa3cy*AeHin nocTanoBHXH Ha3HaiHTS BameMy Be.iuiecTBy HHaceHciHc.ieBHua oojaTu h Bcetiojjaiintiinie npocHTb Bame Be.iHiecTBO noBe.if.Tt H t. a.“- ■ Bh.IAHMH 0 BUAaTOXX .OTKpb!salOTCa EpeAHTH Ha HeoOxOAUHBfl H3- AepatKH npaBHTeabCTBa bo BpeHa ceeeia napjaaeHTa a yTBeptEAaiOTca naxaTaHH no Mtpi naAofiHOcya. - * Dhaax o DpHEpinjeHiH ; (appropriation bill), coAepaterx bx cefii ofimyB cBpAEy CAfjaaBtixx iiapxaacenTOMX HaaBaneHifl, no bohmx pac- xoah yae npon3BeAeau hah hbS kitx 6htb npOHSBeAenu, cx tobhWmx oOoBBaneHieiix npeAxeToax, na EOTopue aoashh 6uTb *HspacxoAOBaHH RasaaneaBtia cyxtiH, ex’ sanpenreHieux xpaTHTb i x t h i EaKia 6n to bii 6hao Apyria nf.iH. IX . IlaxaTa, aah BOAAcpataHia bx ueft' nopaAKa, HyxjaeTca'bx ') Toxai, Parlamentury governmentin England, irtw. nop., I, ctp.370hciii.

— 467 — HSBtCTHOft JHCHHDJHHapnOfi BJI.1CTH, KoropoB«6h nojuHHaaacb, KaKX ea ueHH, raax a nociopoHHia .uma, AonymeeHbia aa rpafiyau. llpaouja 9th KacaioTca: 1) AHcnmuHBapHoB bascth naaaTH hbax co6gtb6hhhmh aa a-TOBa»a; 2) coxpaaeaia nopajEa nocTopoauaHU aanaan; 3) cyaap- hoB EipacABKiiiH na.iaTu Ha,it aan,aaa, aapymnBiiiBHn ea npaBHaeria. 1) ;l,H('nunjnnapu!ja sripu na-iaxu oraocHTeaBHO coficTBeuHtixi ea: ueHOBb ropasAO nenke paspafioTanu, qknx tskobhh » e apaBaaa aiKOTopaxi. KonTHHenTajbuuxx najan.. Cx oahoB ctopohu, ohh He- iocraTOTOO Boopyataam. najaiy a cuHKepa o6usHOBennuaa ahchhii.ih- HapHuaa MipaMa, oGearieiHBaH hoith Hcorpashighflyro CBofloAy npemfi. Ob Apyrofi CTopoHH, bhxbbb na.iaTa HepkARO npa6irajia kx Taaoft apesBHqafiaoa ukpk, Kaax acitJOieHie xenyTaTOBx B3X CBoeB cpeAU. 06m.ee upaaaao, jtoTopoe Ao-ratem. cofiamjaTb caatauS q jeax na- .ipTu bx ea 3ackjaHinxx, roBopaTX MaS, coctoiitx bx CAk.qyioineiix: 1) ocTaeaTLca aacB oeax a i c r t ; 2) 6xaronpHCToBHO bxoahtb a bhxo- jhtl; 3) ue npoxoABTB aepesx 3aay; 4) ne aHTaix raseTX, EHarx a naceax; 5) aoaqaTB; 6) ae manaTi, a He npepusaTi,' ronopain,nxx. Hapynieaie bthxx npaBaax HOABepraerx bhhobhuxt, npiiauBy ax no- pa.lity a apvraMx akpaax no npexaoaceniio cnaKepa a ycMOTpkHiio naaaTH. Kx 9tbmx ofiaBaHHOCTanx jojihiho npa(5aBaTB cofiaraaeaie npa- -iHiia bo Bpeiia npeai8, B03xepjRaHie otx aep3KHXx a ocKopCHTeat- iiiixx BupSaceHift (Kaax a-ia oT.rh.ii.iiuxx qjcnonx, Taax a ja a BceS naaaTH), otx pascyasgeBiB, aeHiymaxx bx Ak.iy a t. a. 1Mkpu, upejocTaBaCHHUJi cnaaepy, coctohtx: ) bx upH3HBk kx no- p'aAKy, 6esx aasaaaia no aaeaa; 2) bx npH3HBk bx nopaAsy cx no- aacHBHux aa3BaHicax. Docakinfla Mtpa npaakaaeTca ocoSchho bx cjyqak nepepuBOBX, Akaaeauxx no Bpeaa npe^rifl. IIocTaHOBaeHieHX 1693 roAa, nocTanoBaeao, bto cnaaepx Aoasenx aa3BaTb HapymHTCaa nopaABa no HMeBa, a nocakAHiB Aoaatenx noABeprayTxca nopaitaHiD Bcefj naaaTH a 6htb Baxaaaax eio. jThko, Hapynianutee nopaAoax, ■ MoaieTx 6htx aanieHOcaosa HaBee Bpena aackaania a yAaaeao asx aero. Ho a npa $opMaaxaoMx co6-re>Aema nopaARa bo3« o» ho npeaar- CTBOBaTB naaaTk oropaBJiaTb noxaeatamia eS jk aa, yaHmaeHHO sa- THi'HBaa npeaia. CnaKepx ao aocakAHaro BpeMeaa He aakax npaBa co6cTBeanoio bjmctuo oOxhbbtx npeaia 3aKOH'ieHiiuMH. 9 thhx ap&BK- aonx, paayMHUKX bx cyntecTBk, BocaoAb30Bajiacb HpaaHACKaa napria bx csoefi. onao3Hnia npoTHBX Mipx raaACToaa. Be3X hvjkxh h hoax hzitoshhhh npeAAOrsHH, 3aTarHBaaa oaa npeaia, npenaTCTBya nap- AaaeuTy roaocoBaTi. On.i.ik, npejAOKenuue apasaTeAbCTBoax. Ho stoB ' npaKTaick apaaFACKaa napTia. noAyiHAa nasBaaie „o6cTpyjcTopoBx“ (otx obstruction). Bx 1880 roAy raaACTOHX snecx npeAAOjaeaie, apa- aaToe naxaTofi, cakAyiomaro coAepasaHia: 30*

„Korja cniiKept HiH*npe3Hjeirrt KOMHTeTa oOtaBHTt, ito u e n i najiaTU, cnexuaitao HaaBaHiiuft HMt no hmchh, ho npH3naert B.iacra npesHfleBTa, i x ymnnaenno u ynopHO npenaTCTByext pafHmMt nap- jaMenTa, craKept hah upeaHjenn, joaateHt CyjeTt, ecaii oto CyjeTt npejaojKeno, nocraBHTt bobpoet, o JBmoHia 03HaieHHaro jenyTaTa npaBa roaoca na ocratoineecji npeMa sactjaHik; oTHocHTe.ibHO aioro npejao- aen ia He jouycsaeicH bh nonpauEH, hh OTcpoaaH, bh npeaifi. Ecjih Bonpoct 6yje it nocTanaent Bt BOMUTerk e ptmeirr, yTBepjHTeabHO, npejefejaieab, npiocTanoBHnt sactjaiiie, c jia a e rt jOBaajb naaait, cnasept CHOBa nocraBHTt Bonpoct, KOTopafi 6ya.cn. ptm ent 6e3t npeaifi. Ecjhi qaeHt naaaTH 6yje rt amneHt npaBa roaoca Tpa pasa Bt lexeme ceccta, na TpeTifl past bto AHmeme 6yjeTt npojoasaTbca, no EpafiHefi irSpt, HejiaB h ae npespaTHTca HHane, Kant uo <J»op- MajbHOfi pe30JH>niH na.iaTu. flcnyTari, nojBeprnrificji AHineHiio roaoca, Moaten, npocHTb 6htl nucayniaHiimn, c t cnoero m-Lcto\". Ho ara Mtpa, .jocTaToxHiui opoTHBt OTjiabBHXt jihicb, oKiiaa.iaci. fiescHabHofi npoiHBt nt.iofi uapTiH. Bu'fccTO ojnoro o6cTpyKTopa, jih- meHHaro roaoca, aBAaaoct h-6ckojilko apyraxt, npojo.iHtaBmnxb ty ate TaKTHay. Ojho saciiaaie B t 1881 rojy npojoasaaocb Oaarojapa 06- c'rpyKdin 41Vi aaca; HaEOuent, cniotept OTaasaaca HpojoaacaTL upenia h nocraBHAt Bonpoct Ha roaoca. Ha jpyrofi ifihl raajcTOHt Bnect npej.ioxeme, b i ceay soxoparo, ecJH stHHitcrepcTBO oOtaBim, cocroa- Hie rocyAapcTBa Tpe6y»m,nMt Heonoatnuxt n ip t , h nasara coraa- chtch c t HHHt 6o.ibniHacTBOMb 3-xt npoTHBt 1-ro np» 300 qaem, npaBa naaaTH jaa OTupanacHia j t .i t Bt nxt pasaKHHuxt CTajiaxt 6y jy rt npejocTaMean cnaicepy. Ho aia utpa an teTt BpesienHufi xa- paaTept, B ycTaBt jaanTti Byatjaerca Bt npeofipaBOBaniaxt, rant Bast, HecMOTpa Ha ORCTpeHHyH) nfcpy raajcioHa, ojho 3actjanie Bt 1882 rojy (30 inna) Tneyaocb c t 9-th qacoBt seqepa jo 8-mh qa- coBt CJrtjyiomaro jhh, xoth 25 ofierpyitTopOBt 6hah npu3BaHH Kt nopajay h AHmeHH roaoca aa Bpesia 3actjaHia. 2) 06a33BHOCTb co6«MaTb nopajoxt bo Bpeiw saefijanifi naaaTH, aeaamaa Ha jenyraTaxt, pacnpocxpaHaeTca, KOHeano, h Ha nocTopoH- HHxt M a t , jonymeaHHXt Bt 8th sactjaHia Bt KaxecTsi caymaTeaefi h 8pHTeaefi. Bt aHraificBHXt naaaTaxt npncyTCTBie nocTOpoHnaxt aHUt jo Hacroamaro bpohchh xepnHHO, ho ae y3agOHeHO. Xora <j>aKTHxecna ja a jnnaoHaTHiecEaro Kopnyca, npejCTaBHieaefi nexaTH h np. noci- THTeaefi OTBejeaH oco6hh sitcra, ho cnHKept o6i!3aHt pacuopajHTbca o6t yjaaeHiH nyfiaHKH no npocTOMy saMtqami) qaena naaaTH: „a Bnaty sjtcb a a jt nocTopoHHHxt“. TaftHa 3actjaHift aaraiflcKaro napaaMOHia Bt CTapoe apeHa o6ycaoBaaBaaacb HejocTaToqnocTbH) rapaHTifi cbo6ojh caoBa h HenpHKOCHOBeHHOCTH jenyraiOBt; TafiHa saeijanifi 6uaa o6e3-

uoiHnaiiieMi. Toro h Apyroro. Ho, cx pasBHTieMx MorymecTBa najan,, 3T0TT, mothbx noTepaAx cbo8 3HaqeHie, xoth na[uayeitTx npoAOAsaJi Bpaa:ie6ao othocbtxcb ex tmceocth npoHcxoAamHXx bx iieMX npesiS h oco6eBDO ex onyfixBKOBaHiio hex bx newra, o qeux mu csaseMX HHate. MeatAy t+.mx, rjacnocix npenift, njw o6e3neaeHiH hxx cbo6oau, ecTb oaho H3X rxaBHtfimiixx ycJOBift o6mecTBeHHaro kohtpojh Hajx AcnyTaTaMH h AtficTBiHMH HapojHaro npejcTaBHTejiBCTBa. I'paBHnu nyfaHqHOCTH npeeifi Eoryix 6xitx nocraiaeaii jah oSesneqeHiH sesa- bhchmoctu uaaaTx h oxpaueuia cuoKoflcTBia bx hex 3anaTiaxx. Cx 6BTOfi TOBEH 3pf>HiH, MaCHOCTXH uyfijlUTHOCTI. BactiSHiB ua-iaTX MOBteTX utl npoBoarjianiCHa bx bha* oOmaro upaBHJa, orpaHH'iHBHSMaro ahiux bx rbxx cxyqanxx, kotm na-iarh yrposaeTx nacaxie hah aaBxeHie otx nocTopomiHxx JHRx, HAH kotas nocx4jHia myiioxx, Bosr.iacasm, 3a«iqaBiflMH npepxiBanrx aacijaHia naaaTx. HKEasaa na.iara He aojs- ua fixirx uocTaBxena bx no.io*enie (fipaauyacEaro KOHBeHTa 1793 B cxtj._v»)iu.Hxx toaobx, BOTHpoBaBmaro hoax AaBxeHietix OyfiHoB toahh h yrposx, paii.tanaBniuxcH cx ipaGyax. Ha bthxx uaqaxaxx ocnoBaBH nocTaHOBJieHia EOHTUBCHTaABiiuxx KOHeTHTypiit h ycTEBoax naxaTX. UyfixBqHOCTX 3actAaBiii npoBoarxaraaeTCH Be toabko ycTaBauu naxaTx, ho a KOHCTHTyuioHHHMa nocTa.HOB3e.mnuu. BirtcTi cx TtMX, uajaTaMX npeAOCTaBJBeTca bx cxyqat hbaoShocth ofipaTHTx CBOe saciAame bx ceKpeTBoe. IIocTasoBxeHie o tomx AtxaeTca no npeAAoacemD onpeAt- jcBHaro BHC.ta hachobx, nocAt qero spHTe.m npar-iauianjTCH octubhtx 3axy. Bx 3aci,iaHiaxx oyCxHqabixx, npeActAaie.iH yno-iHOMoaMBaiOTca, bx cxyqaii (5e3iiopHAKOBX, He toaxko yja.mTt OTAiiAXHuxx ahux, ho h BOBce oqiimaTb 8axy sactAaHui otx ny6jHEH, ipeCya a ah stoto co- AtficTBia BoopyacenBOfl chah. 8 th ate ripaoHjia ijiaKTHqecEH co6A»AaBTca H BX AHrjrfH, XOTH, KSKX MU CEa3axH, npHCJTCTBie ny6XHKH bx saefc- Aaaiaxx naxaTxi toaxeo TepnuMO, a He ysaKoaeuo. 3) Kx qac-iy Baatuuxx npaBX, eohmh noAxsyoTui anraiflcKia naxam, npBBaAAeataTX upaea caicocToaTeAbnofi dphcahkiuh h KapaTejxHO# B.iacTU no a£a&hx o nenoBHHOBeHiu B.iacTa najian (contempt) a aa- pymeHiH hxx npHBHxerifi. lOpacAHEnia najaix, ea opejiieTU h o6xe»x no AiaaHx ototo poAa otbocetch kx qacjy aanjTSHHUXx sonpocoBX aHraificKaro npaBa. Cx oaboB cToponu, fopncAHKnia noAan, ocbobh- Baeica Ha npeueAeHTaxx, He BcerAa bchxixx h (SescnopHuxx; cx Apy- rof CTopoBxi, upe.it.iu stoS kphcahkuih oapejt.ia.THCt caMHMH na- .laTaMH, EOTopua paAH orpaauteHia cbohxx npasHAerifi aepiAso orpa- HuauBa-iH AiftcTeia oOmaro npaua h jumaju noAAaHHUxx EopoaeBCTBa TaitHxx Baatauxx rapaHTifi, keex Habeas Corpus. BcAtiACTBie btoto, cyAxi _‘ofiin.aro npaBa\" qacTO npunyat.p'iiu 6xuh ctbbhtx npeAt.iij na- aaTCKOfl H>pHCAHEi(iH bo HMB RaBBAX „o6maro npaBa\" AHr.iiu. J(o-WKHO,

— 470 — Bnpoieux, 3aMtTMTi, bto n t nepioit paaBHiia nap-iHMeHTCBHX'b npaBb, bo Bpexa fioptfiu c t EopoxeBCKOio BxacTtio h chxbho® aaMHHHCTpaniei), BpHCjHKniH naaart HB.in.mct cpexcTBom oxpaaeHia BOBBHEaBiUHXt npHBii.ieria napxaiieiiTa (vindicative power). OHa npocTHpaxacb KaEt Ha coCcTBeBHUxt a.ienoBt uap.iaMcitTa, Taira H Ha nocToponimx't uap- jaxeHTy Aunt- PeoHuno oxpaHH.it nap.iaMCHit cbod cboCo sj h jo- CTOHHCTBO, UpeCltiyH BCHKiH HOnUTEH OI-paHHIHTb CBOfHUy npeHiS, a Tanae hhvhuh h rpaanaBCKia npaBH-ieriii cBOHXt couenoBt. Ho 3to fioeaoe epeAOTBO yate B3WRHa He moi'xo ne BoafiyatjaTt ceptesHuxt comrfcniB. OTiipaiueaie cyxe6Ho4 babcth BaKOHOAaTexbBUMt ywpexAeHieira caxo no ceCi He HopMaxtHO. UpHMimeiiie HaxaaaBifi naxarami, hb.ihdiuhmhcm cyAtaau nt coCcTBeHHOHt .lin t , ontpuBaxo Aopory nponsBoxy. HaKoueipt, upauHcuBaenoe cefit najaratiH npaso onpexfenuTL, vto joxkho cvuTaTb HXt npHBHHeriaHH h HapyweHieMt TaaoBuxt, DpejcTaBJiHJio ceptesHyu ouacHOCTt a-ih noAAaHHHxt, npasa He Bceria naxatbi yuoTpefijajH cbod ujacrt ahh aammu co6ctb6h- a u xt upHBH.TeriS. He bt. sriipy vto.vihbuh na.iaTU noabBOBawci, eio xxa npioOpiTeHifl pacnojoaenifl jBopa, xoth He acer^a ycuiBaxH Bt BTOMt. Taira, Bt 1621 rojiy, h^kto 'I'xoSat,, HenoiTHTexbHO Bupa3HB- iinficii o AovepH Kopo.ia IaEOBa I a ea Myati, 6u .it upHBxeHem na- xaTofl at OTBtTCTBeHHOCTH3a HapyineHie ea upHBiuerifi h npHroBOpem Bt aosopaoKy HaEp3aHiB) a mTpaitiy Bt 1.000 tfryHTOBt. B t OTB-ln-t aa bto nocTaHOBjeHie oa.rnTa uo.iyqiixa oTt sopo-ia nocxame, Bt eoto- 3 1pon.t OHt, Bupamaa fi.iaro.iapHOCTb sa xofipun vyncTBa naxaTH, bh- cEa tiBa. t cOMainie, „ynojiHOMoiHBaeTt jb Hact npnBHxerifl bto# na- xaiu is aaert jh Bant npaBO upimtaHTb Haaaaanie K t xany, EOTopoe He Hapynnuo npHBHxerift naxaTH a aaae ae cocToart ea ueaoMt\". 3aTiMt, naxaTa bscto noxt80Baxacb cbohhh npaBauK ajh orpaHB- HeHiii cboOoxh nevaTa nyTeMt xecTOsuxt npecjifenoBaiiia aa ran t HasuBaeMue bbcebiuh. B t Teaeuie Aoxraro npcMemi upoaia, nponcxo- AHBmia Bt naxaiaxt, He Horxa 6htb o6aapoAOBaHH Hiiaie, East no pacnopaxteHic naxart. BesMipHua npBTH3aHia n ax art BU3HBaxn, E a s t mu bha^xh, npo- THBOjtficTBie cyieCHofl bxhcth. Taut, cyAtH xopAt JteHMaHt nuciiaaajt no oahomj H3t Taspxt npoaeccoBt cxtAynmee: „ ra t Toro, bto o4i naxaTH HMiort cboS BsrxaAt OTHOCHrextHO oOteMa CBoaxt npHBH- xerifi, HHE&Kt He cxixyert, htoOh btoti BsrxaAt 6u x t npaimxeHt a 0<Ja3aTexeHta. llcxtjcTBie »Toro, cyxu tbopao OTCTanBaxH CBoe npaBO npoB-fcpaTb, HapRoxtEO nocTaHOBxeHia n ax art 061 nxt npHBHxeriaxt corjafiifi c t o6h;hmh saEOHaaH CTpantr. Tasia npoBipKH ocofieHHO Ba*Hti CueaiOTt

— 471 Bt tomi. c x y ia i, ecxH jhho, 3aEX»<ieHHoe .no pacnopaseain naxaTH, noTpedyera ora cyna yicasa Habeas Corpus. H3t MHOroiHcxeuniixt npeneaesTOBX, saCoT.iaBO coopanHusT. M seu t h icpyrHXH* aaraificEHMa topucTaMH. moikho ycTaaoBBTb E a st odiqix py6pnKH T i x t cxynaeBt, soropue napaaweHra cinTa.it napymcuiuMt CBOnxt upHEHJieriB, Tact a a ip u , eotophmh OHt 3aiu,umaxt noc.it,this. Kt, nepBofl pyOpHich uoryra 6uti, OTHecCHU cjivian ueuonnHOBeaia n a ra rt u conpoTBsxeaia. ea pacnopaaseHiam; 50 BTopoft— HapymeHie dupnBH.ieriS st. Po&TBeBBout csm cxi. Kt* uepsofi EaToropiu uoryra (Suit OTHecenu: OTEast aBHTi,ca Bt axaTV no ea Tpedoifeniio, oTKpuToe conpoTHBxeme ea AOAKHOCTnouy jinny, OTBast rpaiB.iancKHxt aojaao- CTHUxt -rant coatficTBOBan upacTasy naxaTH npa satcxmieniu Anna no npBKa3y naxaTH, bjih npu ocBodoacneHiH TaxoBoro, bt, cn.iy napxa- MeuTCKHXt npHBEuerit. Bt aTHXt cjiy iaax t na-iara odpamaxacb c t ajpecauH B t Koponi, npoca ea pacnopaateBin 0 npHiie.ieniii B t xitiCTBie nocTanoBaeHia naxaTH, npexancuBaxa eaua mepu<|iaut, Mapaut b xpy- rHMt jm n a at coA’feflcTBOBaTb npacTasasit naxaTH b, Bt c x y ia i HenoBimo- Beaia, iiOBexiBaxa saEAionaTb hst> Bt Topbuy; totho T aut ace upnKa3H- na.ia OHa 3aKJiK»iaTi, Bt TDptuy noxacnocTnuxt r a n t, OTKaauBaBuiHXca ocuofioAHTh .lenyTaxoBt h A pyraxt .iHi(t, uoxb3yioa(uxcn napxaHpur- ckhmh upasH-ieriaMH. Ko BTopofl EaToropiu othocstcs: ocBodoameHie ran t, 3aKJiDqeHHbixt no npaxasanin u u »tb, noadyajeHie cyjedH uxt npec-Ji.no- Bastfi npoTBBt a u n t, KOTopua no npenveTy odBaaenia orpaacjeau napja- hohtckhmh npuBiixeriaMH, cxiAOBaTexbHO, no noBony pt.ieft a uirfsHifl, bh- csasaHHUxt B tn a a a ii a t. d. B t s m s t cxyaaaxt naxaTa npmta.iUBaxa cbo- ajct nojacuocTHUMb xHnaMt Apart noAt CTpasy neupaaiubuo oCBofioxAea- Bbixt, A iaaxa pacnopanteHia 0 npiocTaBOBKi npoueccoBt npoTUBt Aeny- TaTOBt a naace Haorna saBxoiaxa Bt TiopbMy cynett, pa3C»aTpBBaBmBXt bth n ia a b nocTaBOB.TSBnmxt no H au t nparoBopu. Ocodo o ra yxaaaB- u u x t npenaeTOBt xoxxno ynoHHHyTb o p iq a x t a coiHHeniaxt, ocKop- CHTejbHaxt axa AOCTOBHCTBa Bcefi ua.iaTu, hah oTAixbHHXt ea <ue- HOBt. B t BTaxt cxyiaaxt naxara hah npennacuBaxa BosflyAHTb cyxed- aoe npecjinoBaHie npoTBBt aBTopoat coinneniS, bjh Haxaraxa aa HHXt naKa3anie co6cTBenHoft sxacTbi). Bt HacToainee Bpeus, npa HOBuxt ycxOBiaxt napxaueHTapaaro ynpaBAenia, naxaTH ptjKO noxb3yiOTcn caoaMt npanoxt HCKXtoiHText- nofi DpacABEnia. Cavua aaEa3aaia, Koropua oai cnaTaora ce6i Bt npaei HaaaraTB, anaiirreAbHO cvarieHbi. Tast, bh xbub naxaTa non- Bepraera BHHOBnaro saKxxiieniB aa Bperfa ‘ea ceccin, B03AepatHBaxcb 3Asace ora AOneacBuxt impaiJiOBt. Ilaxata xopnoBt npH3uaera, Bripoieat, a cofioD upaBo HaxaraTb neHeacaue niTpaifiu b BOAaepraTb BHndnnuxt saxxioieHiio aa cpoEt, irpenumatomifl Bpeua ceccia.

— 472 — OTiL'BJTL UIECTOM. B JiacT t HcnoaHHTeaBHaa. I’JIARA L ObIHEK 3HAHEIME li yCTPOftCTBP HCUOtlHHTEJIbnMXl yHPESEAEHlfi. I. Mu npacryuaeMi Tenepb ra pascuoTpimB HcnoiHHTe.ibnoft BJ&CTH HJIHSI yqemD 0 MHHHCTepCTB-fe. YieHie 0 MHHHCTepCTBi H8- XO*BTM BI CBA3H BOOfime C l BHCHIHMH COBtmaTejIbHHMH yapeSJB- BiaHH no HCUOJHHTejlHUMl A'fe-iaMl, T.-e. Cl t £mI KOpOJfiBCKHBi CO- bIstomi,. EOTopufi b i p;i3Hoe upena hocm.i i pa3Hoe HasBaaie rattiiaro coniTa, rocyyapcTBeHHaro coB'fcTa u t. n. B i Aar.iin acTopia pasBinis MBHHCrepCTB'b HaXOIMTCH Bl T-fcCHOfi CBH3H Cl CyAb60» TafisarO COBtbTa, ac i ApyroS ctopohu, c i HCTopien rhxi rocyxapcTBeHHUxi Aojamocrei, KOTopuui nopyaayHCb b i aaBf.Aiipanie 0TAh.ibHHJi oTpac.iH ynpaBxeaia, h Koropua b i npesaee BpeMa ctohah mit aaBacuMOCTH ora napaa- MeHTa. ButiCTsie aioro, nponecci pa3Buiia unuucTepcTBi a npnH- Uuun, seraie pi-ocnosy hxi, coctohti: 1) b i tomi, hxo Bucrnia ro- cyAapcTBeaHua jojshocth, ycTaHOBJeHuua b i npeacuee BpeMa a no- CTaBJieaHua bh6 npuMofl cbh3h c i Hapoiauai upejcTaBHTe.ibCTBoi«i, noc-reueHuo npaxoAHAH b i cbssb x i nap.iaaenTOMi, tbki hto b i aa- CTOainee BpeMa Kafiuiien sb.ibctcji aasi 6h nocToaauuui komhtctomi 6aooca^ABaro; 2) ci jpyrofl cToponu, xafiHHerabbaaeTca nasi aacTbn aopoAOBCEaro TafiHaro contTa, npa tomi oai nocreneHHO BUaijaeTca H3i m ro coBira a, cocpesoTOiaBaa bi ce6i SojibmaHCTBO (|>yHKiuS nocj-bAHaro, yaaaaen efo aaaaeaie a, b i KOHpi kohqobi, (fiaKTHiecEB ycTpaaaeTi ero bobcc. Bo ti npaiMHa, noieMy mu aoajkhh pa3CM0- Tpin acTopic safiuHera b i Ahmib b i cbbsm c i HCTopieil pasaaTia Taftaaro Bopo.ieBCEarocoefiTa, hah, a asi obi 0(tp<j>an.iaJbHO HasHBaxca, „BeJiHKo-noneiiHaro TafiHaro couiTa ero BexaiecTBa\", KOTopufl pas- BHB8.1CM Cl OTCHb APOBHHXl BpeaeHl, HMeHHO CO BpOMOBl IlaaHTa- reaeTOBi. Ilpa HopMaaaCKaxi xopo.iaxi mu bha4ah, tto cyneCTBOBa.io oco- 6oe yopeawenie, curia repis; K3i Hero Bnocjr&ACTBia aocTenenao bh- Aixaiorca sci BasaiSmia' yqpcatAema Ahmih. Curia regis, xaai HSBtCTHO, COCTCUUa H31 BUCDIHXl SOpOAeBCKHXl AOAWHOCTefi, HMeHHO H31 BfiAHKaro loCTHniapia, Banp.iepa, Kaaepapia, sasHaies a nicao-ib- kmx i 6ap0H0Bi Cl axeaeui BCTauiapieBi. Hai btoto cociaBa curiae

— 473 — regia nocTeaeaHO BHxtxaeTca oco6oe nocroannoc yqpeacxeuie noAt Ha3BanieMt EasHaieficTBa, a auTliMt, - h nsBtcTHbia yxe na sit cy,ie6ubia yqpexAenia, T.-e. Tara HasHsaevHe: 1) cyAt EopoxeBCEoS caaMhu, 2) cyra oCiuhxt. mat(it rpaatAaHCBHXt a 3) cyji. KasHaqeftcTBa, ot- AtxbHbifl ott> KasBaaeBcTBa Bt co6cTBennoMt CMuc.it c.ioBa. 3 a BHAt- jeH iera KasHa'ieficTiia h nocTOHHnuxt cyje6HUxt y ip ex aesifi, bth .yipex;ieaia nnoc.itactbIh noxyiaiDTt ocoOetiHoe caMOCToJtTexbHoe ana- qenie h upmuniaioTt ocofieuiiua ipopMu, Moxho caa3aTb, tto yqpe- x.lCHie TauHaro KopoxeBCBaro coBtTa paasaBaeTca B t napcTBOBaBie SiyapAa I , a o rja bto yqpeatAeHie noxyqaeTt raaate ocofieaHoe 8aa- qeHie a ocofiyn opraaasaijiB. BooSme, npa nocxiAHHXt JI.iaHTareHe- •T axt h n p a AOftaxt IopRCBOMt h JaHxacTepcKora nocToannuB coBtTt oprauHayeTcii ae TOAbso bt. oco6oe yqpex.ieme, bo h noxyqaeTt aecbaa saiuBoe aHaaeBie, 6.iaroiapa EOTopoMy oht. EOHEypapyera c t baectbe) napxaMeBTa. TaEt tto HMenno c t aro ro nepioja ycTanonxaeTca pas- xaiie Kopoxa Bt napxaueHTt h Kopo.ia Bt coBtTt. T t <t>yHKnin, eo- Topua Kopoxb oTupaojaeTt B t coBtTt, HHorja sHaiHTejibHte, i t * t T t fyyuKuiu, KOTopua oTupae-iaioTCH HMt Bt napjaiieiiTt. 3aaqeaie EopoxeBCEaro coBtTa yBR.iHTHnaeTCH napaxxexbHO BOspocTaain itopo- aobceoB axacTH. Bt ocofieaHOCTH BecbMa BaatHoe saaieH ie n o x y iaeit KopoxeBcitifl TaBauB c on tra n ocxt MeaaoycoCHHXt BoBnt AxoB a BtxoB Posh, a o rja KopoaeBcsaa BxacTb 3naqHTex1.no Bospocxa. B t bto BpeMH TaflHbiit KopoxeBCKiit c o n tra c.it.iaxca He toxeko cocpexoTO- q ie at Bcero ynpaBxeaia, ho 6 u x t ofixenem. qpe3imqa0HUMH boxhomo- qiaMH B t BHjy, c t oahoB ctopohh, cxafiocTH napxaMeBTa, a c t xpyrofl— paaBHTia EopoxeBCEaro a6co.iK>TH3Ma. BcxtxcTBie btoto, Bt cocTaBi sopoxeBCEaro coBtTa oCpasyiOTca oco6ua OTAtxenia, noxyqHBiuia HSBtcTHOCTb, K ara opyxie EopoxeBcsaro a6coxioTH3Ma. 1) ;^xa acaope- aeHia sxoynoTpefixeHiB Bt a.iMHHHCTpanin, a Taaate axh noAaBjenia ocraTKOBt MHTeaEa yqpeasxaeTca T a s t BMUBaevax „3BtSAHaa naxaTa11 (iaEoe HaHMenoaaHie ona noxyqoxa OTt Toro, tto ea 3actxaHia npo- hcxoahxh Bt s a x t, BOTOxoRt KOTopoB fiu x t yKpament H3o6paseHiaHH 3B%3At). 2) B t cbhsh ct SatSAHoB uaxaTofi Axa noAanxenia ocTaTBOBt MXTesa Bt ciBepHuxt -rpaiiicTBaxt ynpex.iaorca T ara iiasunaeMua .CtBepnuB c o B tit“. HaKOHent, 3) n o c x i petJwpManiH, c t oahoB cto- poHH, axh npecxiAOBaHia EaTOXHEOBt h xHCCH.ieHTOBt, a c t ApyroB— Axa BOAAopsaHiH ahcabbxhhh Bt aHrxHKancKONt .ivxonencTut h paxn Boo6iu,e yKptuxeHia BHOBb ofipaaoBanuieHca uepKBu, yqpeatAaerca ocoOaa „BucoKaa KOMMHcda“, no AyxoBHUMt AtxaMt. Ct 3THMH TpeMa yqpeJEACHiBMH TafiauB sopoxeBCEifi coBtTt AtB- cTByeit noTTH AHKTaTopcaH, HficuoTpa Ha HeoAHOKpaTHux npeACTaBje- Bia h upeTecTbi. napxaMeBTa.

— 474 — Bt. cafayiomiS nepiOAt, ripa Cnoapiaxt, yapewAOHia, cymecraof BaBie h AHKTaTopcaaa B.iacTb KOTopuxi ao Toro BpeMeaa onpaBAHBa- jhcb coOHTijiliH-ct OABOit ctopohh noipaceniaBK CTpauu, npa sona- peaiH TciopoBx, hcxoaoml bobhu Aaofi a-BiaoS Posu, a cl apyroS— Boofinxe co6HTiaMH pe(f)opaauiM, noBaemnefi 3a co6ofl aeo6xoABKOCTB fiopfcfiu CL SHCCBjeHTaHB H EaTOXHKaMH, EOTOpHe 'npOTHBHJHCb TOC- noACTByioffieH pepaBH, ycTauoBaeHHOtt coraameaieus napaaBeHTa a, Kopoaa — Taxia yqpeatAeaia, K8Kt 3Bi3Aaaa naaara, CiaepauS co- B iTi H KOMMBCCia AyXOBHUXT. A^Xt, A0-TJKHI1 6HJH UOTCp/ITL CB06 nopBonaiaai>noe 3naqenie, h, AiftcTBUTeatHO, bb bto npomi oiih nupo- AHAhcb Bt opyAie 3aoynoTpe6aeaift KopoaescKOft babcth b BHauBaaa naKT> napaauenTCKiS oTaopt, Taub ja ae h ne*Aoyco6uyio Boflay.* IIpaBAa, bto 3Bi3Anaa uaaaTa h Apyria yqpe»Aeaia 6u.m THHiTOseau, ao sthitb BoaoKeuie Tafluaro KopoaeacKaro coBfrra ae 6uao paapimeao, TAK'L KHK1> CBBUH rpaUBftU KopOjeBCKHXT, npeporaTBBt KL TOBy Bpe; siobh ae ycntjH erne- oupeAtaaTtoa. II. Bca^ACTsie He3aBHCHMOCTB xopoaeBcsaro Taflaaro cooiTa Boofime H H63aBHCBB0CTB Ttxb AOAatHOCTHHXt aHU,L, EOTOpiiH BT* HOrO BXO- AB.ia, napaaseHTt Be BMfcra HHKaKHXb aocToaaHHXi cpojcTiit koh- Tpoaa HaAt aAMHHucTpanicio. EABHCTBeHHug cnocofix, npii iiomoihb Koxoparo uapaaneHTL moi't> ocymecTBHTt cbob cTpeuxeHie boabhhhtb KOBTPO.WO aAMHHUCTpanilD, COCTOBJL B'B npecallAOBaniB BBHBCTPOB'B. 9 to cpeACTBO 6aao. npaaineno eme bs 1376 rofly, Koraa immiwa naaata nocTanoBiua ofouneHie apoTHBt JopioBb JlaTHaepa a Hbbhjjh, a TaRse a npoTHBb A.ibch Ueppepcb—EopoaeBctcoft aioGobhuuu, koto- paa D0Ai>30Bajaci> faarocKAOBHOCTbD 9jyapja cb oCubhuuh b% stuxi c.iyqaaxi, ABHeaHUBa paacierasiu u aacTaB.iaaa sopoia A^-iaTL Tpara n i ymepfo, (JumancaBL sopoABBCTBa. 9to nepBHg cayqafi npaMiHesia npecxijoBaeia. JpyroB p ast bto cpejCTBO 6nao npHuiHeBO napxaBea- tqm'e npa PHiapAt II Kt xnfiHMuaBi sopoxa, Jla-tloxx) a ero tobb- panpaMi.. 3aTiBB, bl aepioAt rocnoACTBa JlaHKacTepcKaro h IopKCuaro AOBOBt, noAoOBoe cpoactbo npaiiiHaAOCL AOBoxbao aacTO. Ho btotb cnocofrb 6opb6u c t npouSBOxoui aAMHaacipaniH asaaeTca BKCTpeBBUMB cnocofioMi, KOTopufl He Bora ycTauoBHTi. upoiaaro a nocroaBHaro aaiaHia nap.iaweHTa aa yupaiueiiie. BcxtACTBie 3Toro, yace Haaaaaa o t SAyapAa H, bu bbabbl iil napxaMeHTi cTpeMxeme CA'ixaTb B3t coBORynHocTB aoasbocthuxr aui;t, Baxoiamaxca npa ocofig xopoxa, a t aiKOTopoBt poti E ast 6u napxaBeHTCKyxi KOMBHCciB. 9to cTpe- BxeHie capxaxenTa npotOAHra, BaquHia co Bpeu^B^ BAyapAa II, wpest BCB HCTOpiS)_ TlOAOpOBL H BUpaaaCTCB, 6.IHmaflBIHMT, o6pa30Bt, Bt CTpeBxeaiH wAa/nt Bucrnia rocyAapciBeaBna aoabchoctu janaxa, HsApaapujia BapxaBOHTOMt. Ho nonHTKa noAofiHaro p.OAa co ctoponu

— 475 — noc.it.injiro 6hxh HeyjaiHU a He npuBexa hh ks boehms pesyxbTa- tbmx. Meacjy T in t, yace npn O ro a p rax s aBjaejca aapoxums pasxo- atema TattHaro EopoxeBCttarg coBixa. TafiHUS cobI ts, He'cMOTpa Ha to, tto ohs 6hxs- bs CojtniHHCTB'fc cxyTaens opyxieas hpoh3boabhuxs Mips, ho, s a s s npasHJifcHO opraHasoBaaHoe yapeataeuie, npunocaxs 6cbor> nojbsy u OKasiiBaxs u3b$ cthnji ycxym ynpaB.ieni*). B ci e.i- npHCTpacTHue HBCAijOBaTe-ia. saHUBaBmieca bthms Bonpocous, tobo- paTS, tto Tafisufi Kopo.ieBCEiiS c o B in . 6hxs opranoMi, apaiia.ii.naro, nopMa.ii.uaro ynpaBxenia rocyAapcTsous. Mokcts Obits, hmohho BC.iij- CTBie BToro, A'iaTe.ii.HOCTb Tafliraro coB'bTa u Tarcrliaa iif.ROTopsixx Kopojcfi, rses, Hanp., Kapxa I, npH EOTopoMS mu suxiiaenn u£eoto- pBifl noBopon, nojiosHBOiifl Baua.io pa-WBOCHiio Kopo-ieBCuat-o coBbra. UMeHBO, K apxs I, s a s s CBHAbTexbcTnyeTs KxapenAOHS bs cboefl HCTopia Bc.iKKaro MBTeaa, T.-e. uepsofi aurxiflcKoB peBoxDiua, cosi- niu.Tca no bc&ms BaatHUMS nonpocaus BByTpeHHaro ynpaBxema Ahmih, ocofieHHO do T in s , ROTopue jhtho Eacaxucs Kopoxa, iie co cbohxs TaBHUMS coirliTOMi. in corpore, a c s liiKOTOptiMH to.ibko xha;imh, imiibhumi, oOpa-soxs, cs TonacOMS BeHTaopioxs, BnoextACTBia rpaijioxs CTpaiixjiopAOxs, csapxienHCKOiioMT. JIoaoms h nepxoBHHMs cyAbeD ■t'HH- Texs; caoboms oKaoarT,. Kopoxs coBimaxca c s .mpauH, npH3ijBacMUMH 11ms aaji cenapaTHuxs coiriunanift bs Ka6Huert sopoxa. n o cbba^- TOJbCTBy Toro ate KxapeHAOHa, btots KpyxoKS jh h s, cocToanmiii Has aiofiHMHeus Kopo.ui, y se TOi’Aa noxyaHxs HaaBaaie iohtu hxh „shbhct- XHBoe HaaBaaie KafiHHOTa\". nocxf, Hasan Kapxa I H npoBoar.iatneHia pecnyOxHKH, 4>opua npa- BjeHia, ycTaHOBHBHiaacH bs AarxiH, MoXexs Ohtb aa3BaHa AHKTETypoB, cocpoAOTOHeanoiD bs pyaaxs K poxaeja, KOTopuS ynpaBxaxs cxpaaoio He c s noMo«i.H) aapxaxeiiTa, a c s uoMombs) cBoero ocoOaro cOBiia, EOTOpufi COCTOflXS H3S HpHOxHaceHHHXS KS EpOMBeXD x a p s, H KOTOpufi HMixs sHaaeBie Bbicaiaro npaBHTexscTBeHHaro yapeacAeiia. C s pecxa- BpapieK) Boupocs o thShoxs coBirt cnoBa BUABaraeTca. O h s 6bus B03CTanonxens BMheri co Bcixa apyraxa yapeasABHiaxa npeacaaro 3aaoHHaro nopaAaa. Ho HeyxaTH nponixstTo oauTa noRaaaxa, tto btots coBbTs He mops 6utb soscTaHOBxeHs b s nposHCMS ero bha* . Kapxs II eme 6ox£e, T in s Kapxs I 6u xs HaExoaeas as cenapaTHUMs coBi- QaaiaMS, h6o xutho cans ae HaxoAHxs BHEasoro yAOBOXSCTBia Bxi- HiuBaTbca h 3aHHMaTsca AixaxH BuyTpeHaaro rocyAapcTBeHHaro ynpa- Bxeaia, He noxssoBaxca ‘aBTOpHTexoMs bs cpexi cbohxs npafixaaceH- hbixs h Bcepixo DOAnaxs BXiaHiD cbohxs xmjHMQeBS. K-igpenjoHS, CBOiiCTBeHHBKS KOpOXH, CBHjbTeXBCTByeTS, TTO KOpOXb, COBf.IUa.ICB BS ocofious KOMHTert, KOTopufl cocTOaxs Has Hero, KxapeHAOHa, Ea3HaTea h AByxs cTaTcs-cexpexapefl— H i tto b s poxi KafiaaeTa, BUAbxeHHaro

— 476 — H3* Tafiaaro eorixa. rioc-ili naxeBia KxapeHxoaa ofipasomoct xaze aiwo at poA'i anHHCiepcTBa bx nacToameiix ananeHiH sroro caobb, T.-e. coaiTa, 'o6pa30Baaaaro hsx HicKOJitapix ao.isbocthiixx jd o , bx oco6eHHocTH «3i ahux npa6jH»eaBux-L ex aopojKi. Taanra .inuaaa 6am: Kah(M>opj,x, Aram, ByKHHraMx, ApjiHHiroin. h JIo*epj»iB. 3totx cenapamufi EpyatoKx KopoieecsHxx cob4 thheobx hochjx he- .iBatrie KaOajiMaro mraacTepcTBa on. c.ioBa „Ka6aJix“, cofipaHHaro hsx nepBuxx 6yKBx yHasanniJxx iJiaMHiia. 9to mhhhctcpctbo npHiarajo AaraiH MHOro Stax cbobhh pacnopaseuinjcn, ocoGeaao no OTHomeHiB ex BBtnxHeS hoIhthe*, maBHUMB odpaaoax, ex noxHTant $panniK. 3x0 BHHHCTOpCTBO BU3BBX0 UpOTHBX cefia 0Dn03Hn.il0, BX BHj4 TSEX HaauBaevdfi .OTCiecrBennoS iiapTin*, oSpasoiiaBnieiica bx napjaneHTt. 6ujto3xa napTia AOiroe spena aepsa-ia bx cbohxx pvitaxx ynpaB.ieaie I AoGHxaca Toro, wo aafia.itnoe ManacTepcTBO ycTpaneno. Ho, cx ycTpaaeaieiix ero, (jiaKTuiecKHoOpasoBaaocxuonoe MHHHCTepcmo, cx .iop- romx J,3h6h bo lMaBi, EOTopocsnawTe.ii.iioe Bpeua ynpaB.ia.io CTpanoD. Ho JIshSh no cbohmx npaBCTBCHHunx EaiecmaMX K&ao itn x oi.ib- naxca otx ueioax n fe u m r o hbhhct6pctbb. O bx cKopo noABeprca oGBBHeBiio co cToponH HHsncfi naaaxu n npHHysienx fiiux noxaix BT. OTCTaBRy. H3X 9THXX ueyABTUblXX OIIHTOBX HCBO 6lJJ0, WO BX canofi opramraaam BHcmaro ynpaBJienia h KopojieocKHXx cob4tobx 6hx» HSBicTHue jeiJiexTH. Capx Bh.mmx Teaiub, aBTopx Tpoftmen- naro cousa (Tpexx nporecTaBTCKHix rocyxapcTBx: Aar-ria, 1'oj.ianjua b 111Benin npoiHBx .TenoBHEa XIV), juno, OTJHTaumeeca 6oxbmBMH rocyAapCTBennuiiH cboco6boctbmb b noJxaOBaBneeca cjasoiD dojuth- aecKaro opaTopa, «x 1679 roiy npewosajx luanx Dpeo6pa80Bania TaiHaro KopoxeBcsaro coB$Ta, KOTopuS u 6u.ix npHaaxx. Ho 3T0icy nxaay TaSaui cob4tx xoxzenx 6hax coctohtx H3x 30 ibhx, hsx kohxx 15 bioaejh ryxa no HasHaieHii) xopo.ia, a 15—no nasHaiemD napjaaoHia. Bx cocxaut stbxx ahrx aoa» hh 6h.ih cocpeAOTOWTxea bc4 sjeveBTU ynpanjenin: nepsoBHaro, Boeanaro, cyxefiHaro n np, Ho XOTB 9TDTX BJBHX B 6bMX UpHBRTX, TiBX BO MeHte BXCKOpOMX Jlpe- xeBR oTMiBenx, a jt io oprctBHaauin aopoxeBcaaro coBtxa chobb 6hjo nocTpoeao Ha ciapo# nonBi. )Ie8opraBH3ania Bucmaro ynpaBjeHia npa Kapxt II h IaaoBi II ae npeACiaBxaeTXcymecTseHHaro HnTepeca, Tasx aanx peBOXioaia 1688tore BHecxa aoBHH Haiaja bx ynpasaeBie. EopoxxHufcrexxKX UI, noaywBmii npecTo.ix -Anrain bx ciuy peBOADRia, n{ioB8BOjeHHoS napxiaMB, opex- cTaB.ienH^MH BX nap.uaenT*, h, raaBnuax ofipasoax, rxaBencTBynmeB Torxa napTieB BaroBx, ecTecTBOBHO lo.izeox 6 iu x onapaxica na co- AtBcTBie nap-iaMema. BcatacrBie stoto, cbbbx Mezjy eopo.icbcebuh AOJZHOCTHUJ1H xanaHH Mna-iaxaHH xoasna Cuxa ycTaBOBHTxca fioxie

— 477 — nporaHut o6paaom> h b1 6o jie ocaaaTeaiHofi (Jiopui, T in t ‘ npeiaje. Kopoxb npaHyxjeHt 6H.it no neo6xoanMocTH cocTaa.iHTt cboS Ka6a- nert H3T. xapt, KOTopua r a i n Bjiiaaie Bt BepxHefi h nnasHe.8 naxarfi. Ho Tara Kara cam. B&ibrejibHt I l l 6hjtc> nexoBira nHiaioinHXCH cnoco6HOCTefi a yua’ a HpenocxojH.it ra stout, OTnomeHia BCixt rocy- japcTBOHHHKT. .iiojeS Anraia Toro Bpeuena, ocoSenao OTHocHTextHO Beieaia HHOCTpaHHHXt ai.it, to UBHHCTepcTBO,-6HBinee upn Heat, He moimo 6uTb ortpaaoBano bt, Tout BHji, Bt Kaaout oho coCTaB-iaeTca Tenept, T.-e. ojhhmt, janout no nopyaeHiio Kopoxa nst CToponHUKObt OToro. JiBua. Kopo.iio neo6xojauo 6hxo cauouy cocTaBxaTb uiHHCTep- ctbo, npn neat oat He orpaHanasaxt CBoero Btlfiopa ojhoB kskoS xh6o napTieft. Baxtreabut HI xopomo nonauaxt, ito' euy, Bast jany no- CToponiiouy, HenpinacTHOuyxt BnyTpeHnnHt pacupautaarjiH'iaHt h paa- jopy axt napTitt, no Heo6xojHuocTH cjijOBaxo saHBTt HcftTpaxuioe no.ioseHie. Out nOHHJit, ito eMy cxijonaxo cTapaTtcn ne jonyciiaTb ojHOfi napTiu jo HCTpeOaema jpyrofi, He jaBaib ojhoS saijaTb jpyry®. HOBTOUy e'ro MHHHCTepCTBO oClXKUOBeiiHO COCTOHJO H3i BHjaDIUHXCa xHjt pa3Huxt napTifl, ecxa Toif.Ko otb napTia• BMi.iH rfpoBHoe OCHO- Banie Bt napxauenTi, T.-e. nst japt, npuHajxesain,Hxt ra cojHjHuut napTiaut BepxHefl axa HHSBefl naxaTbi. TaieHUt o6pasout, o6paaOBa.iocb ytfpexjOHie, arpaiomee nocpejcxByiomyio poxt ueajy naxaTofi a nopo- jieut. Tara hto sapojmnt unnucrepcTBa a uauHCTepcxaro ynpaB.iema joxatent fiuTb OTHeceHt at HapcTBOBamD BH.ibre.ibua III. TaKOBO, ueajy npoiHut, MHinie Taxaua; ho OHt cnpaeejxHBO npa BToat bb- jix t Bt nepBOHanaxbHOMt o6pasoBaHia KadaneTa' niiTO HeBHrojHoe U i rocyjapcTBeHaaro ynpaBjema, Tara aaat sto brobb BOBHasmce yipeatjeme, He opraHHBOBaHHoe BHanaxi a ae •o6ocnoBaHHoe Ha jipa- BaxbHofl noiBi. napjaaenTCKaro ynpaiixeaia, npH otcvtctbih hoctohh- Haro napxaueHTCBaro kohtpoxh Hajt jiflcTBiaua npaBHTextCTBa,—sa- Bjsi'iaxo Bt ce6i ueHtnie rapanTifl jxx npaBaxMiocTH ynpaBxenia, Him jaste npeatnifi TaflHHfl cosixt. H, jificTBHTexbHo, Bt aTout otho- meuiH a CTapue acropaKa a mpacTij ojiiuaKono OTpapaTexbHO otho- caTca Kt yapeajeaiio Ka6aaeTa. TaKHHt o6paaoHt, 3Ta nepBOBanaxbaaa Heyjana EafianeTa o6t- BcnaeTCH Tiut: 1) oto Bt to Bpeua He BHHCHBjHCb eme n aiaia ero o6pa80BaHia; 2) ato cocTaBt Ka6aneTa a u ix t npa B a .ibiexb ai' III BEjreKTanecKift xapaarept, r.-e. Bt Hero na6apajHcb xana H3t pasauxt napTifi. B t cxijyioniee napcTBOBaaie, npa ynpaaieBia A hhu AaTctcoS, uu sau iqaeut 6oxie ojnopojHuS cocxaBt Ka6aHeTa. Tbeobo 6h.to uuHHCTepcTBO Tapjes a rojo.ibijiHHa. C t 1710 roja, aorja nocxijOBaxa OTCTaBsa Bcero HagacTepcTBa, ynpanxaBmaro cxpaHofl jo BToro BpeueHH,

— 478 — yCT&H0BJfj|6TC£ Bouaa CBCTOMa yopaBJesia, hsA hho cacTexa ynpau.ieBi* npH nocpeacrai napaaiceHTCBHXt napTift. III. TaKoe ynpaBaeme aoaatHO 6uao ycHAHTbca npn Kopoaax-i, raa- HOBepcKaro iOM.a. BHabrejibMt Opaacsiil, itaKt p h i hh 6uat laaeai o n AHr.iia, hoobi Bee TaBH, npeaje scero, cam OTAHiaaca Co.ibibhmu rocyjapcTBeHHHJW ciiocoGhocthmh, aaBaiiiuaMB exy bosmoihhoctb jhbbo BecTH ,vt.ia ynpaaaeBia, h imliurniiMb odpasoXt, KaKt cyopyrt xoaepH aHraifiCKaro sopo-ia IaEoua I I, Mapiu, duat He l a s t Hyawt CTpaHt, npH3BaBmeS ero na npecTO.it, Kant cataynmaa *HBacTia. Docai csepTH Kopo.ieBft, Abhu J,aTCKO0, upecTO.n, Anr-iia, Han't b3b1ictho, saHHKaiOTi, no DpB3BaHiio, raHBOBejfcEie EvpctHopcxu, 'KOTopue He asrliau HHKaaoro. nonaTia o6t Aerato; He. biumh aaace ea a.sbiKa, •Taut too uepBuft reoprt' seat neperoBopu ct aarjiScKHMH MHimrrpaMH Ha joMaHOMT, -laTHHCKOMt aSWKl. 9t0 BypiJnopCTH BBHAHCI, Bt CTpaay, HMiBmyiO npoiHO ycTaHOBHBmiacaTpajtHnionBHH npneuiKH h nepeatHinny» cTpam- nue nepesopoTM, ct cbohmh rauiiouepcEiiMH noHaTiflHH u itaycaMH, ito, nosaTHO, aiaaao hit. ayjKAbiMit Tony Hapoay, EOTOpwMt ohh 6u.w npn3BaHn ynpaMHTb. Bca'tixcTiiie aToro, nepnouy Kopo.iio axoro xona no HeoCxoaHMOCTH npumaoct onnpaTica Ha Ty napTin, soropaa Bt to Bpeaa 6uaa at CH,vb, uueBHo Ha Ty napTio, ROTopaa npoBeaa Act of settlement, aan o6t yTRepmacHiH, npexocTaBHBiniS aHraificKiS npecTO.it raHHOBepcaoay joMy. IlpH TaKHit ycaoBiaxt, Bt npimiaeuiu H t ynpaB-ieHin ao.tsiiu 6bUH paaBHfbca h jobb Bt ocHOBaHie o6pa30Bauia nHHHCTepcTBa npa nepBuxt Eopoxaxt' raHHOBepcEoS amiacTiH abb iipHHuiiria: 1) 3aBHCH- aocTb saCHHeTa on, napaaiieHTCKaro fioatmiiHCTBa, 2) oahopoahhS cocTast- KaftuHeTa, h, caiaonaTeatHO, coamapHaa OTBtTCTBeHBocn, MHHHCTepcTBa nepejit napaaMeKTOMt. 9th ana naiaaa h paaniuHcb Bt XVIII eroaiTiu; ho, KaKt bchei'h hobhh naiaaa, ohh bboahahcb Bt AHraiB a 6hau ycBoenu npasTHKoS He cpaSy. IIoaTOMy nepBHXt mhhh- CTepCTBOMt, UH'bBBIHMt BBOaHi OAHOpOAHblS COCTaBt h 6aH»a8niyiO cRasb c t oapaaMenTont, Ch .io MunncrepcTBo PofiepTa Baabnoaa. Po- CepTt Baatno.ib, HasHaieHHbifl MHHHCTpont no-asexaHiio uu.iaxu, ynpa-- Bxaat CTpaHOD Bt leneHie 20 airb, ct 174l no 1741 ro*t, Kor.ua oat norepa.it BC-iiiCTsie pa3HHXt npHanat notay B t napjaMenrh a npHbyat,ieBt 6u.it yAajHTtca co cbohmi MHHHCTepcTBOHt nocat Toro, East naaaTa apeicTaBaaa Kopoaro aipect 061 yaaaemH P. Bajbnoaa. IlpH coeAHHeBiH, npH npHBeAeHW Bt CBasb iiaaaru c t MHHHCTep- CTBOMt, npesaae opysie, KOTOpusit DOataoBaagcb uaaaTa, hmchho o6hiKiioBeHHoe-yroaoBBoe o6BHHenie, B036yaaae«toe npoTHBt MSHHCTpoBt, hjh eme 6o.iie erpanmoe xpescTBO—ooBHHeHie h ?y*t Ha ocHosamH 3aK0iia c t ofipaTBUMt AtBcmieMt Ha ociioBjiaiH Bill of attainder,—

— 479 — ecTecTueHHo joaaHO ' Guao n’oTepaib cnoe 3Haieaie, raKX hto nocat ofiBuueuijt, B036yatjeBHaro bx 1717 rojty npoTaax Fapaea, cayiaa Bioro poja bx nocorbxynniee ,Rpeua Goabe He noBTopfliHCt. Bx reie- Hie napcTBoeaHifl Teopra I h Feopra U pasBHTie Ka6akeTa bx Amain mao bx CB33H cx paBBHiieMx h nepewfeHatm, ripoBcxoiuBimiMii bx nap- javeRTcauxx napTiaxXf ho npH Peoprb HI pasBHTie. Haiaax, uojioaea- huxx bx oCHOKy oCpasouaniH Bartunera, cnoSa .iajep;KUBaeTca, thkx KBKX CTpeM.IBHiH BTOrO KOpOJia flLl.IH lianpaBICHU BXCTOpOHy yCH-lCHlH BOpOJIOBOKHXX DfippOraTHBX, H OHX OKpVHCIUX Ce6a COB'flTHUBaMH H3x jjihx, pMy iipHfijniKeBHHXx. Bo rauBb nepBaro ero UHHHCTepcTBa Ghjx nocTaBjeHX aopjx Bbiotx— O.iMBtafiuiifl jinSuiieux Kopo.TB. Ho btotx oubiix no3Bpam;enia kx cxapoMy He yaaacn, thkx Kasx Behitx Bcuopb BUBBajix npoTHBX ceGa Bceo6m,yio HeuaBuctt h bx BHjaxx BToro cam. uoja-ix bx OTCTaBKy. Tor.ya Kopoax npHGbrx bx jpyroMy cnoeoGy: ohx bx Teieeie aaniraro BpoHesH na.'maiaax mhhhctpobx hsx iiapaaiteiiT- CKaro CojibuiHHCTBa, ho aepesx cbohxx npHGaiiateHHbixx, tbex hobh-: .u&eMuxx .jpyaeft Bopo.ia“, CTapaaca BcaiecKH npoTHBOjbflCTBOBaTb coGci’Bdhhomy MHQHCTepcTBy, ecjiH oho cx hhhx pacxoxHJiocb. 3 ra uiua- iHKa THHyxacb bx Teaenie 20 abrx u npamja xx- icpyrnonim BCabj,- cxuie Toro, hto tTOHBinee Torja. bo r ja u t ynpaB.ienia mhhhctcpctbo aopja Hopra, bdo.jh4 cooTBtTCTBOBaBmee BHjaMx aopo.ia, noTepahao 6ojtraia Heyja'ui. ueBurojjHO orpasHBrniaca Ha CTpaub, Tams Kaxx upa 9T0Mx»¥HHHCTepcTBi, Gaaroaapa ero nojHTHKb, Gnjo Bbi3BaHO B03CTa- Hie AMepHEaHCKHXx KOaOHia, noBJesuiee sa coGoid hxx OTaoaceHie, a Guao aoaoxeHO ocHOBaBie rocyjapCTBeHHOHy joarv. Bx btomx otho- nieniu BopKx More HcmcaaTt, bo hto oGohijoce cipaHh ynpaeaenie HHHHcrepcTBa HopTa. BcabjcTBie bthxx Heyjaix h oGmaro HejoBo.it- CTBa CTpaHH, HHHHCTepCTBOHopTa npHHysjeHO GiJ.IO BUfiTHBX OTCTaBKy, h cx sroro BpeMeHH bhobe h oKOHiaTeatiio B03CTaH0BaaeTca HHHHCTep- CKoe yupaB.teuie bx HacToameMX CHUcab aroro caoBa. IV. BcaijciBie coGtiTifi anepnKaucKoii boBhu h ea naoxoro Hcxoja jaa AuraiH, MHHHCTepcTBO aopja Hopra, EOTOpoe bx 3HaiHTeatH0(t Mbpb BU8BBJ0 ary soSHy h soropoe sarbax chocoGomx ea Bejenia co- jbficTBOBaao HeGaaronpiaraoHy ea Hcxojy, naao, h noOija nx napaa- Menii nepeuua bx pyaa onno3Ht(iH. FaaBon btoS oiinonupia, T.-e. napTia BHroBX. Guax H3Bbc»Hu8 MapEHsx Poumraux, uokpGnaro.it MiiorHxx BtijaioiUHXCH opaTopoBx HHKHeR naiarti Toro BpeMeHH, k#kx to Bopxa, Hleppjaea a jp. Mhhhctrpctbo PoBUHrana Gujo oGpa30BaH0 bx 2782 toAj. B h x ojx bx otct&bkj MHHHCTepcTBa Hopra a oGpaso- Baaie KafiHueTa PoEBHraMa— nepsuft cayqafi HHrerpaabHoB nepe.- m4hh MHHHCTepcTBa, T.-e. nepnaS caynaS Bbixoja bx OTCTaBKy sa- GHHeTa bx noauoMX ero cocTaB'b h aawiBu ero jpyrHsix, cocTasaeH-

— 480 - HHMfc am j i g i , npHna^-ieHtainmt Et jgpyro# napTia. Ho xmmcTep- ctbo PoEaaraxa ho xorao y^epataTtca joaro, E ast no upMiaat no- c.it.TOBaBinefl CMepra caxoro PoEBaraxa, Tast a noioxy, n o napria BHros’b 6uaa cJHaiEoxt caaCa Bt aap-iaxeaTi ja a toto, n o 6n. yapa- BaaTb CTpaHOD bi TeaeHie Aoararo bpohbhh. UapTia BiiroBt 6uaa aocTaToiHO CHaBHa, n o 6n cBeprHyTB hhhhctcp«tbo b i xaayTy Hapoj- Haro ueroaoBaaiji, bo ho gg.JJi toto, no6u ifiaKTiiiecEH b Ha npoaoa- KHTeabHoe apexa 3aEpbauTb 3a codoio npio6ptTeHHy» BaacTb. Bcaijg- CTBic BToro, BCKopt bo raaBii aaCaHeTa 6u.1t nocTaBjeat cuHt aopaa 'laTaMa, Bajbaat H a irt Maa.nuriS. 9tu uepextua npoa3Beaa caatHoe HeyaonoatCTBie Bt onnosargia, KOTOpan, Messy apoiHHt, cTasuaa IlBTTy Bt yupext, n o oat c^iaaaca XHHHCTpoxt camnaoMt paao, axenno Bt 22 roja, Eorjga apyrie eage yiaTca. Oanosuqia, soropyw □ aTTt BHjgtji nepejt codoio Bt naaarfe, 6uaa cmibna, a 6oabnraH- ctbo, soTopoe ero noaaepsaBaao, aeyjoBjeTBopHTeatao. Bc.rtflCTBie BToro, East ynoMaayTO bijiho (cTp. 143), Bt 1784 rosy nepBuft xa- aacTpt nocoBtTOBaat Kopoan pacnycTHTb aapaaxeaTt Bt T ix t b4-• s a x t, n o BOBue Bufiopu aojgEpisnara to caa6oe do.ibmmicTiio, KoTopuxt AO e x it nopt paenoaaraao MHHHCTepcTBO. 9to 6a a t nepBufl onurt paenymenia aasaeS naaaTU paja pt-iefl safinHera, pasa nojapbn.ieHia ero,—nepBuft cayaaB aiiej.iaigiH Et Hania. H oa t OKasaaca yjaiHUMt, b6o bbobb 'codpamiraacH najaTa cocToa.ia B3t orpoxBaro 6o,ibiuxHCT8a npHaepateHiieBT, MHBHCTepciBa. Qhttb nojoanut ocRonanie nocToaa- HOMy EadHHeTy. C t noro BpexeaH xo«ao roBopHTi, o6t ocyagecTBJeHia' rjaBBuxt Haia.n, opraHusaigiH Kadunera, 0 KOTopuxt caaaano sumo. TaEHXt o6paaoxt, xaBBCTepcTBO, de jure HBjatougeeca lacTbE eo- poaeBCEaro iaSaaro conf.Ta, de facto HBMeTca hoctobhhuxi EoxaTe- Toxt napjaneaTa h, Bt to s e bpena, coBOKynHOCTbD djraaaBmaxt COBiTBHKOBt EOpOJM, HXbBligHXt CBOH CaXOCTOBTeJbHUB (jiyHEigiH BO ynpaBJCBit). Bora npuiima, noaexy TaffauS EopoaescEiS coBbra Bt HacToamee Bpexa He Hubert sHaieaia Bt Aaraia Bt cxucab odngaro yapeaueHia; OHt ae Habert BHaiemH Bt Toxt cxticab, no exy Be npHHaaaeaara ODpeaiaeaaaro Epyra sbaa, \"no KOToptixt ero xabaia a pbmeaia, yTBepxjeHHua Kopoaext, axiaa 6a odnge-oda3aTeatHy» caay. De^jure oat HpojoaataeTt, oahbeo, CBoe cymecTBOBame. BcabA* CTsie Bboro, xu aoushh pascMOTpbTt ero c o m e t. 3 t cocTaBt Taflaaro EopoaeBcaaro cosiTa xoatert Curt nparaa- aiaext BcaaiS npupodmtu aHraaaaauHt, a apa Baabr^aSHi HI 6uao aocTaHOBieao, n o aenpapoxaBifl aBriaiaaHBt He xoaera 6tm q.ie- Hoxt coBiTa, xoTa 6u oat a 6uat HaTypaja30Baat. Hpa Feopri I bio nocTaaoBJieaie 6ujo enge 6oabe ycaaeHO. UpaiBHy Taaoro orpaaa- aeaia aoaaiHO acEara Bt npomaoxt, b i cpeAHHXt Bisaxt, Korja

— 481 — aHr-iniaiie Ka.iona.incb Ha^jiaaie qyaseseMlieBx Ha KopoAH, KOTopufi npnrjiania.ix MHOCTpanHOBX, AanaBuiaxx eay coBfrru He bx iianioiia.iL- hohx .lyx-t h He bx HHrepecaxx CTpaeu. Ho ysasaHHoe Bume:uocra- BOBJieHie He HM'feeTX fiesycaoBHaro anaaenia: mu mokomx yKusaib ot- cryajeuifl otx STOro Hanajia. TaKX, npamix AAbCeprx, hokoBhuS cy- npyrx KopoaeBH BHRTopiH, He (ih j i npHpojnuMx aHrHHHaHHHOMX, bo, t4mx Be Heulie, aKTOMx napjaMem'a ohx 6u.vl nasHaqeiix a.ieHoux TafiHaro KoponeBtaaro coB-fna. Bx nacToamee Bpexa Bcixx qjeiiOBx KopoaeBcaaro TafiHaro coBfrra okoao 200. Cob4tx cofiHpaeTca no uparxameHiio jopja-npe3HAeHTa co- Btxa; quorum, ofiflsaTexbHufi nan a'feficTBHTejLHOCTH saclijaHia, nocTa- HOBxeHX bx pasirfipt 6-th npacyTCTayiomaxx <mbhobx. Ilo HacToamee BpeMa (1884 r.) KopoxeBCKifi Tafiauft coaiTx ho cofiapajca hh pa3y cx rfcxx nopx, aaax euy 6uao ofixaBxeno o CpaKo- coqeTaaiH Kopo-icnu BflETopia. Jtfl h sto .lamimuuee yate co6pa«ie ero HM'fe.io xapaKTepx qepeMoniaAbHtifi, Tasx CKaaaTb, napa.iHbifi. Kopoxb MoaceTx yBOxxHHTb ueHoBx CBoero coolna otx aoakhocth; ho h 3T0 upaBO Eopoaa cx aaBHHXx nojft. yxe Be ocymecTBxaeTca, HMeHBO cx 1805 roja. HliKOTopua -THua bxoahtx bx cocTaBX TafiHaro cob4tb de jure bx CHxy sanHMaexxizx hmh jonxHOCTefl. Taxx, net AHqa, BxoAamia bx coctsbx Ka6HHeTu, bxoahtx bx cocTaBX EopoxeBCKaro couiTa. Cajaxe- bxoahtx h npHnuu kpobh no EopoxeBCBOMy Haanaqeniio. Ilpa bctv- nueHin bx aoa« hoctl q.ienu KopoAeBCKaro coB$Ta npuHOCHTX npncary: 1) BOAaBaTb EopoAD cob4tx no EpaBHOMy pa3»MiHiE) a cob4cth; 2) ne yBAesaTbca \"npa ceMX qoctopohhhmh no6y*AcaiHHH, h 3) xpauHTb BBipeHHua hmx fraflnu. 9to yopensaeme, xasx mu CEaeaAH, He hm4jo totho onpeA'feAennofi EOMnOTeHUiu, H CCJh' KOpOAeBCKifi TafiHUfi COBtTX COXpaHHAX CBOe-SHa. aerne, to bx bhj'6 ota^axbuxx komhtotobx h no OTj'b.TbBUMX nonpo- caax, nopynaeMUMx ero pascMOTpimn: 1) c»Aa othochtch, naup., cy- . Acdnua ijiyHKHiH KopoAeBcaaro cOBira, h6o ohx hbahotch sucmeft auej-wnioBHoa HHCTamjiefi no A’fe-iaMx KO.iouia.ii.Huax, AyxoBHuax n aAMHHHCTpaTHBHUMx; 2)' aartiax bx cocTaBi Kopo.iencKaro coB*Ta hm4-' HITCH irfiKOTOpue aAUHEHCTpaTHBHUe EOMHTeTU, EyAa 0TH0CHACH, AO peijiopMx no HapoAHOMy o6pa30Baniio 1870 roAa, 0co6ufi cne- qiajbHufi komhtctx Tafinaro Kopo.ieBCKaro coBtTa, BtAaBmifi btotx upeAMeTX, hmohho KOMnieTX aah o6pasoBaniH, yopexAeHHuft bx 1839 rOAy; toquo tbkx xe c»Aa othochtch Toprosoe 6i>po, Toprosan ynpaBa, bx bha$ BHcmaro iieHTpaALHaro yqpe*jenia no ToproBUMx AtjaMx. Bx cocraBi eroro 6»po HaxoAHTcn npe3HAeHTx Topronaro 6nipo, ko- Topun BX TO qte BpeMH 6CTL OTB'IlTCTBeUHUfi MHBHCTpx. DpeAMeTIJ Bt-

— 482 — Jim * 6»po tsikobh: oftcyiaeHie ToproauxB TpaKTaTonx, 3amaTao6me- pocyjapcTBeuHuxx HHTepecoBB bq bcIixb cjyiaaxB h, c^tjOBaTCJtBO, IIPH pascMOTptBiH napjaaeoTOHX Taut Ha3UBaemixi qacTHHXB 6iuje8 ho noBOjy aoMuaiiiS, npoBe^enia xexisBim AoporB a t. n.; Buraia uaTeHTOBi h, BaKOBeni, EOAoaiaABHoe aasoHOASTejibCTBO. Cioja *e BXOABTB KOMHTCTU aKHiOHepilUg, MOpeXOSCTBa H CTaTHCTHieCKifl. TojbKO BB BHJjy 3THXB ROMHTeTOBB, HMiBBIHXB GeiiCUlipHOe 3HaiC- aie bb ynpaBxeais a HaxoAamaxca bb cbbbh cb bopoaobcehmb TafiHUHB coBtTOBB, nocjtiAHi# h HMieiB 3Ba'ieHio bb aacToainee upe»a. Ho Booftmc, Baal o6mee yqpeaiACHie, Tafiuufl KopoaeBcaia cnntn, norepaxB CBoe 3aaaeHie, h6o iiScTBHiexbHaa cHaa npHnaiacsarB COB^THBEaHB KOpOBU, COCpeAOTOieBHHMB BB ItaGuHeT'I;. Y. IIpH pascMOTpiaiB Ka6BBeTa aoasbo hmIsti, ub BH*y: 1) o6m,is iiaqa-ia ero opranosaniH a 2) coctbbb ero bb AHr.iiu. 3th ofimia aa- qaaa AOxasHH 6htb paaCMOTpiau bb ycjOBiaxB aapaaneHTCKaro vnpa- Baeaia, oOpaseaB EOToparo mij nafi.i(OAaeMB bb BeALria, AarxiB, pec- nyfijHKaHCKoB $panniH h irliKOTopiixB jpyraxB rocyAapcTBaxi. Bb ycaoBiaxB nap.iaMenTCKaro yupaB.ieaia, k3(1hhbtb ecTb ycraaoueBie, HaxoAaiueeca bb opraHHqecKOft cbh3h cb saBOHOAaTCABHHMH yqpeawe- aiaMB, T.-e. ob naxaTaMH. OicioAa bbaho, qro Ba6HneTB ofipasyerca B3B -ihub, pacno.Taraioin.axB bb AaHHyn HiiuyTy Goabidubctbomb bb HH»HeS na.iarh. 3to yaa3UBaeTB aa uepBoe ocHoaaaie,' eotophmb pyso- BOAeTByDTca npa cocTHBxeHia safiHBeTa, hmshbo aa oahopoahoctb ero cocTasa. Oahopoaboctb cocTasa KaSHaera 3aaxK><iaeTca bb tomb, mo BO'S 1MBU KaftHHCTa HM+.TOTL OAHHaKOBUfl B8PXHAB aa rMBHUa A'^AB TeBym.eS boahthkh. 3to He HCKAOTaeTB bobmotehocth pa3aorjacia no HiKOTopuMB qacTBHMB uyHKTaMB, BOTopoe MoweTB 6uTb ycipaHeHO BB COB^BiaHiH OTA'fcjbHHXB KHBHCTpOBB HAH, HHaTC. BB COfipaaiH xaGaaeTa hoab npeAcbABTeABCTBOMB npeMbepa. Scab, tbkhmb o6pa- 30MB, KaftHSeTB UOHeo6xOAHMOCTH HMleTB OAHOpOAHblS C0CT8BB, TO . H3B SToro BbiTeaaeTB a Apyroe uaqaxo ero odpasoBaHia. Mu bmaIuh, BTO OABOpOAHOCTb COCTaBa KaCHHfTTa BUTBKaeTB H3B Toro, aTO apv oCpaaoBaaiH ero aaieTca bb BHAy 6JHxaSmnnB o6pa30tiB napria ' ooAbmBHCTBa bb naxarfe. BcxtxcTBie BToro, AtfiCTBia Ka6HiieTaaoashu Gutb corjacoBaBu cb aacTpoeHieitB e MHlraiaMH roro fioAbmancTBa, KOTopoe HMierca bb AaflHyw MUHVTy hah bb oGiHXB naxaTaxB, hah bb RRBHei. S^thmb onpesixaeTca xapaKTepB noAHTHqecEoS otbIit- CTBeaHOCTB KafiHHeTa. IIoAHTHqecEaa OTBiTCTBeiiHOCTb saGaHCTa (bb ot- AHTie otb npHAHiecEofi, o KOTopou piqb 6jnem, name) supaataeTca bb (J)OpM* COAHAapHO# OTBlTCTBeHHOCTH, BB HtKOTOpoft KpyrOBOfi nOpyK'h, ycTanoBAenHoft Meauy ueHaHH KafiHneTa. CAiAOBaxBAbao, noAHTHTecKaa OTBtTCTBeHHOCTT, BMpaHtaeTCB BBTOMB, BTO BCfe HAOHU EaftuUeTa OAH-

aaKOBO OTBi)TCTBeHHU_3a ofliuia M+.piJ, npHHKMaCMHJI irp&BHTejI!,CTBOKB, m i) sa ooutee HanpaBjeaie npaRHTc.u.cTBeHHofl noaiiTiiKH. Ohh otbI t- -cTBeHiiu 3a bc& asm npaBBTejitcTBa h sa Bee to, tto hphboahtch bb «Txie sa ofimeS KoHTpacuraoBKofl scero MHHHCTopcTBa. Tanas cojnuap- nax oTB'feTcmeHHocTL BupaxaeTca bb tom's, tto bb c-iyia'b cepteanaro nopaxenia KaOnneTa bb muari, ohb Becb.nojaeTi bb ^iTCTaBay h 3a- xinaoTCfl npyrHMT, ojnopo,thumb coctsbomb. I to KacaeTca lopsjH- *iecKOfi oTB’faTCTBeHBOCTH, to oaa no Ttmb paenopaxemaMB U aKTaMB, coTopue KOHxpacHrHOBairu bc6mb mmubctopctbomb, pacnpocTpaHaeTca aa BciixB kehhctpobb ojHHaaoBO. Hanp., bb cjiyiat ooBMiieuia muhh- «repcTBa bb Hapymeaia KOHCTHTynia, H-ia no BOBOjy upejupuHHMae- muxb hhb BpejRUXB nia rocyaapcTiia M'tpb, uuaucTepcTBO moxotb 6uTb upelaao cyay in corpore, bb cojuiomb cocTaoi. 3to, kohktho, ne HCKjnoHaeTB HHAiiBHj,ya.ibiioft otb^tctbchhocth MUHHCTpa 3a Alua bb spyry cBoero B'fcjoBCTBa. Ho 9Ta oTBiTCTBeHHOCTt MoxeTB 6htb pac- apocTpaHena a na jpyraxB mhhhctpobb hah aaxe Ha bocb KafiaaeTB, eeiH obb npH3KaeTB cefia co-iajapHUMB cb AtScTBiJuiH MHiiacTpa. ao- TopHH jaan hoboab npaB-ieib nocA'feAHsro xb OTBiTCTaeaHOCTa, hjih ■ecjH oCBHHaeauft mhhhctpb aoaaxeTB, tto obb bb ashromb c-iyiai, BosfivAHBuieMB ofiBUHcnie, i'bftcTBOBajB cb cor.Tacia jpyrHXB TOBapa- mefl no KaGaaeTy. Tans, bb 1805 ro*y bhxhbh uajiaxa Aur.iia B03fiy- AH.ia npecj'^AOBSHie npoTHBB aopaa MejbBH.is, leHepa-iB-uHTeHAaHTa. AurjiH naxoAHjach Torja bb boBhIi cb ^paanieio, a hohhtho, tto co- «Tosnie aHraificnaro ifjots uHTepecoBa.io najary. Hac.if.jonaHie A'h.iB <p.uiTa OTEpuxo CHCTeMaTaiecKoe xHmenie a nilJiyD Maccy saoyooTpe- O.ieuia, tto a 6ujio hoboaomb B036yAHTb upecaiflOBaHie upothbb Meab- Ba.ifl, KOTopufi a 6ujib npeaaHB cyay. T1imb ye Keute ero buxoab MSB mhhacTepcTBa He paspyuiaaB Bcero cocTSBa KaOHHeTa, bo raaBt xoToparo nonpexnevy ocTajca Bhabhmb Uuttb. TaxaMB ofipasoMB, HiiAHBaayaAfcuaa oTB'bTcTBeaaocTb B03aoxHa a npa apyroBO# nopyxb Bcero Kafiaiit'Tii. Kcjih Kaomierb coctohtb hbb jhhb oahopoahuxb yC-bataenifi (bb yaasaHHUXB npea&iaxB) a CBasannuxB, c.duonaTe.njio, eo-iHjapHOB OTBtTCTBeHHOCTBD H KpyrOBOK) HOpyKOB), TO HeOfixOAHMO AOJHCeBBfillTb ii apeactaaTejib aioro aafiaHeTa, uepeufi mhhhctpb bb KanecTBt npea- cTaBHTe.iB naSaHeTa. 9to ot.ihtaxejibhas Tepxa opraHasayin KafiaBeTa. llepBUfi MHHHCTPB HBjaeTCa, CBOAHOB CTOpOHU, rjaBHBIMB npejCTaBH- Te.ieMB npaBHTeabCTBa nepeAB naxaTasH, a cb apyroB— raaBHUMB opeAcTaBHTeaeMB KaCaaera nepeaB KopoHoS. Hepe3B Hero Beiyxca CHomeHia Kopoaa cb naaaTaMu. Ota^abhue mhhhctpu He npHSUsaBrca bb C0Bfcmani.HMB cb Eopo.ieMB, bb oco6eHHOciH no BonpocauB o6m.eS hojhthbh: Bci contipaiiiH aayTB nepesB aepBaro .MunucTpa, KoiopuS

— 484.— BBXHCTCA OIBtTCTBeBHBin. JHHOlTi SB BCC IipOHCXOAHUiee » e«> ynpaBjeaiH. VI. TaKOBU ofiinie npaHnann opraHHSauia KaSuHOTa bi Ahi-jih. Hsaoseuie opramreania aHrjiiflcnaro Ea6aBeia npeacTaBjaen HinepecB, raaBHUMT. o6pa30Mt, noTouy, ito aojxhocth, bxoajmuh bt. coots hi. BToro sa^HHeTa cyTb CTapHHHua aaraificaia aojxhocth, cr. Henaoamrr- huxt. BpeBjui pa3BHBmiaca hctophbbckhmb nyTeai m b* oacToauiee BpeMH npHBejenHUa.Bi-CBaBb ct. nap.iaMenTOMt (TOrja kbet. npeaje OHt 6uaa m cbbbh toabbo ct, raBBim RopoxeBCKBMT. coBiiOMi). JU* BOcnpoH3BeAeBia cocrana siorcf Ka6nHeTa hvbcbo hmIiti, bi bbaj bo- CTOBHBOe paBBHTie OTHXTt CTapBHHUXT. TOCyxapCTBfiHHHXT. AOJSHOCT0& Aaraia h hxb cooTaonenie. Eme b i aopaaBHcayio anoxy ueHTpajb- HtJM'L yqpejueaieai Ahmih, sara an bha* ah, 6u,io Ea3taiefiCTBO, KOTopoe aBjaxocb ocodua’i. OTAiJeniem. curia regis. Oto uasBaueflcTBO a BnocatacTBiH ocTasajoCb npoiHusn. h nepiioHCTByioiHHirb nepeit ApyrauH aAHHBBCTpaTHBQbMu yqpesxeBiaaa Aaraia. 3arbnb aauiiu- saaie ijwHaacoBon qacTbio OxHxafliDiiM’b o6p&30M-b 6hjo BBipeHO oco- 6ofl KOHHHCCiH, xoTopaa HOcHjia aasBaaie kommuccw aopAOBi-BOHUHC- caposT. KaaBaaeScTBa. 3th aopjbi-EOHxaccapu hm'Iuh bo rjaBt nepaaro xopxa Ka3Haao8cTga. IlepBuS aopii Ka3Haae0CTBa h ecTb nepBufi mh- aacTpb AarxiH hah, naofiopoTi., jhko, npHBUBaeMoe ki. cocTaiueHio KaOHHera, r im canuirb ciHraeTcn a mhbhctpomt, $HHaHCOBx, xora 6a Bit 4>HHaHCOBHxi> Ai.iaxi. nosHauia ero a 6uah orpaHHieHU. Co6cTBeaao HUHHCTpoMx (JmsaHCOBt aBJiMOTca KaHp.iepx KaanaaeficTBa. Koropuft o6tiKHoueHB0 Ba3uaaaeTca hst. jam, 3na»mHxi. ifiHHancoBoe a&io jt 4e3cnopao npusnaBaeauxi. nepBUua 4muaBCHCTasiB CTpaau. Ilpa Beat cocToara 3 M-iaAmuxi, .topja, aoiopue, oabbeo, iie Dpauaiuesan. kb MBBHCTepCTBy. Bropoe Baxaoe yBpeatgeHie b i Aarxia— agaapaxTeftcTBO; dto yipe- sxeaie, aaKjBiaBiuec bx cefrfe AOJXHOCTb reaepajUt-axHapaxa ijjxoTa, uoAHcprjocb BDocxiACTBia npeoCpaaosaHiio. Ci> yHHiToxeHiem. aa3Baa- Hofi aojxhocth 6uxa o6pa30Baua oco6aa bommhcciji noAt Ha3uauiex'b «EOMMBccapoBX am Hcoo.iHeHiu aojxhocth reHepa.n.-aAMHpaja“. Ohb coxpaaaerb sto Ba3BaHie h nocie apeua. Bi cocthbi ea BXOAaii nepBHi Jopi-baAMHpaATeficrBa, 5HAaAmaxx xopAOBita ceapeiapb. IlepouSxopAb BAMapaxTeficTBa bxoahtb bt> cocrasi KadHHexa h u^HaeTca Batcrt ct aaab. Kpoai xoro, Bi> cocTaBi xaflHHeTa bxo^hti. r.iana cyAe6aaxi rapeatjeeift — JopAfc-aaHinepfc, KOTopufi bi, to nee BpeMH, ksri hu iHAtAH, coctohtb h npeAC*AaTexeHi. Bepxaefi najraTU. Oht. m ie n rfe xe npaBa, noropua Bit APyraxb rocyAapciBaxit apexocTaBAeau hh- MCTpy DCTHUia. Ohb aBxaeTca npeACTaBBTexeMi cyAe6Haro aiAOMCTBa iepoAi napjaaeHTOM'b a sopoxeMi. (no Ai-iaai. o neTHn,iaxi a Apyr.),