Градовский А.Д -Собрание сочинений. Том 5

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— 343 — aKOHOHHiecKoS cocTOHTe.HjHOCTH aajtaeTCH naaTexx aaaora bx noji3y rocyjapcTBa. Taaanx naxoroHX HB-taeTca ottocm apauoS a ottocth KocBeBnwft Ha-ion. Paair&px Haxora bx oTAtJbHuxx rocy^apcTaaxi Eaponu onpeAt-iaeTCH paamiHo. Bx nacToamee Bpeaa aa.iorx aBjaeica yc-ioBieva aaCupaTe.iLuaro apaBa, HanpuN., bx Keatria a HaAep.iaHAaxx. Bi Haaep.iaHa.axx Tpe6yeica naaTeasx apaauxx muioronx, cMOTpa no xtciHOCTH (cx btoS touch 3ptma Bee rocyAapcTBO paaAtaaeTca HaaacrH) otx 20— 160 cJuopBHOBx; bx Eeatria — bx pasjrfipt 20 tftaopanoBX (oko.jo 45 $p.). Bx HcnaHia, no saaoay 1878 , roAa, ycTaHOBieHx ABoanift neH3x: a.iu naaTexx bx paaaf.p'ft 25 nesexoBX npaxoro tiaaora cx ue.iBaaia- mhxx auymecTBX hxh bx pasM’fep'h 50 ne3eT0Bx Ha.iora cx npouu- caofix. noAofiHoe nocTaHOBaeme othochtcjlho TpeSoBaHia naaTeaca Haaora HateTca Tawse h bx BeHrpia no 3aE0ay 1874 ro^a. Run boax- hhxx ropoAOBX KopojteBCTBa a a m ropoAOBX, HjrtBmnxx MaracTpaT- CKoe ynpaBxeaie, nocTaHonjeao. hto bc6 BjaAi.Ttnu aomobx bo kbhb- tne8 M'fep'b cx Tpexa acHJtuaa aoMHaTaxa, xotb 6u ohh (no 6e3AoxoA- hocth aomobx) b He ftujH o6.ioxeHH Kasaax Ha6yAt Hajtproax, a paBHo net. BJiaAtxt.Au seHexb, o6.ToseHHuxx muoroiix bx paaMtpt 16 ryjBA«HOBX, hm4btx npaBO Ha yqacrie bx BbMSopaxx. OTnocaTe.tr.no xe cexxCKHxx oCmanx nocTaHOB.ieao, hto cexbiane rjih npiofipf.Tenia hmh trpaBa ytacTia bx su6opaxx Aoxatau BjaA^Tt, no Kpaunefi nipt, ‘/i HopuaxxHaro Ha,ii.ia. ;T,xa TpaHCCHXbBaHia TpeCyeTea bx stomx oTHomeHta: njareacx aaxora cx aoxoab 3ea.ia bx pa3Mtpt 84 <(>.io- PHEOBX; CX AOMa — BX passttpi 72 H 79 (fjIOpHHOBX, BX SaBHCHMOCTH OTX MtCTHOCTH, H—o6xO*eHl'e BOAOXOABUHX HajorOMX BX pa3Mtpt 105 iflXOpBBOBX. Qo HTaxbBHCKOMy saEOHy 1882 roAa, myntecTBeBBuS H36HpaTe.11.- Hufi HBH3X 3HaqaTe.iibH0 noHHt&eax; umchho, ohx ycTaHosaaeTca bx 19 .rapx 80 caHT. bmI cto 40 xapx npescHaro ueH3a, ho, cBepxx Toro, ycra- ROBxaiOTca h pasHua a.tbTepnaTHBnu.a ycxoBia. Ho npeacAe, 4t6hx ne- petTU kx hhmx, mh ygaaceax Ha rocyAapcTBa, sanOHOAaTe’.TbCTBa ko- Topuxx onpeAtxaiOTX ijeH3x npHMiHHTe.11.no ax caitofi ctobmocth 3eHjn, t3kx Kasx aoxoax ea He KoateTX 6utx onpeAiaeHX cx tobhoctbio. TasoBu HOCTaHOBjeHia saKOHOA&TexxcTBa IIlBeuia a OTqacTii HopBerin. Ho He bc4 3aKoH0AaTejxcTBa vcTaBOBjaiOTx aoh3x, Kasx 6e3ycxoBnoe TpefioBaHie axh npioCptreHia npaBa yqacTia bx Bu6opaxx. Huorja aMy- mecTBeHBufl tteasx saHtHaeTca aaicx 6u cbohhx SKBHBajeiiTOax. Ta- EHXX SSBBBa.teBTOMX U6B3a HBjaS)TCH MOmi(ijl 6UTh AOEaSaBHUJIH cno- coOhocth .iana, cTeneub ero o6pa30Baaia h \"taejantiaca sa hhmx sa- cjvru uepeAx oSmecTBosix a rocyAapcTBOMx. Taax, no BeHrepcttomy 3aKony 1874 r., mfiaB.iaioTCii otx ueasa bx M+.cTaxx hxx doctokh-

— 344 — aaro aarejicTBa: ueau auuieiUK, npo^eccopa, apTnc™, goxxopa, aABOsaiu, HBseBepu, HOTapiycu, iapypra, anreKapa, jrhcHniH, rop- Hue HHaeaepu, cBamenHHKH h muoaiHue yraxeia. 3thhb KaTeropiam. ahiib, ocBofioiiaeHHHxi o n penaa, no BeHrepcKoay saKOHOsaieabCTBy ycsooBOBa3BaBiehonoratiores. Ohh 6hjh aohjihchh kb Hsfipaninh pante 1874 roja, aaenuo eme 3aBOHB 1848 r. ocBoCoawm bib oib ycxo- Bifl pen3a- TaanXB honoratiores Ha BuCopaxB 1865 r. Chao 31.205; na BuOopaxB 1869 r.—39.690; naBu6opaiB 1872 r.— 44.165. IIoAoOHoe H36aBxemo otb ycaoBi# Hensa, hah, do Kpafinea n ipi, ao- nyiaenie hoao6hhxb aKBiiaajienTOin, neHsa lonycKaeTB a HTajbHHCKift 3aaoHB 1882 r. HsfiHpaTeatHHS hbhsb bb 19 XHpB 80 csht. npnuoro naxora 3a- MhHHeTCD COOTBhTCIByBmHJIH 3KBHB&XeDT3MH. TaKB, BM'flCTO XpefiOBa- nia nxaTesa 19 xupi, upjworo iia-iora, 3an>HB 1882 r. AonycsaeTB kb Hs6HpaTexLH0My npaBy: 1) ahub, BJaAtramixB im-tHieMT,, annuo sa- HnuaioiuHxcH o6pa6oTKoS sejun d no.iyiaioinHXB cb nea ioxo,ya He uenhe 500 if>paHKOBB bb toab; 2) apeHAaiopOBBaaimB, oOaoseHHUxi. npnMHMB najoroMB (uoaeneatuuMi) bb pasuhph 80 jihpb; 3) ahub, Koxopua coo6pa3Ho KO.ianecTBy acnTexeS nxaxaTB sa KBapxapy (MacTep- cKia, Mara3HHH n x. a.): bb ofimnuaxi, rah aieHhe 2.000 awrexeA— 150 xnpB; rah saie-ieS oib 2.000 AO 10.000—200 xapB; rah hxb 6oxhe I f .000—400xHpB. E « « sth XBapiHpH CHHua»ica Boofime ynpe- sjeHinsiH cb xapasTepoMB opiiAanecKUXB ahhb, nanp., Kasofi ira(5o KOMBauien, to Bin ynpeatAeuia atahiOTB npaso ynaciBOBaxs bb bu&o- paxB nepeSB cbohxb ynoxHoMoneHHuXB. 6. Ojbhmb h3b yc-TOBiS m h no.iuonaHia HaOupaxexBHUHB npanoMi no HhKoxopaMB 3aB0H0jaTCJbCTBaMB, no uiaaiancKOHy saBOHy 1882 r. n no 3asoHy nopiynubeKony 1878 r„ aBxaexca yxinie nmaiB u nn- caTi, cjhAOBaxexbHO, rpaMoinocxt bb oCmupiioMB cHucah cJOBa, rpa- MOTHOCTb He TOABKO BB CBHCXh BOSMOatHOCIH TOTaTb Hyatia npOH3Be- AeHia, ho. h DBcaxL'). 9x0 uocxaHOBxeHie He BocnpoH3BOAHxcH, OABaso, bb jpyrHXB 3aK0H0jaxexiciBaxB, n BonpotB o tomb, hhckoabko ycxa- HOBxeHie btopo npaBHAa aBAaeTca atexaxeAbHHMB, aoaikho cnmaTB bo- npocoMB HeplinreHHUMB. TpeCoBame rpaMOTHocra aoaeTB dun BHBe- A6H0 H3B Toro ofimaro xpeOoBaoia bb upaMiHeniH kb uaCupaTexbHOMy npasy, n o noAbsosaHie hoca4ahhmb aoaikho 6htb oSycxoBAeno co3Ha- rexBHHMB kb neu\\' oxHomeHieuB. CxhAOBaTe-iBHo, npeAOcxaB.ieHie h36h- ') Oil ocoOaroxoBaaate»CTBa yirtsaa saiati h mean ocBo6o*»a>myi .rasa, cjaBBlia BB3a»eHi no apejseTam aieneBiapaaro eypea, a aaaa, HBHBuaBiniiapaa- BBBAOBbbocth Bi yneOfloi, ofimecTncHBOHn 1PJTBX1 BBjaxi eayafin, automiaih- moBH cpoiunn. b sacann yaeOHuxi. MBexesia, cayiBBmia Be Meats isyxi jtn

— 345 — paxext.Haro npaBa jiacct nerpaBomusi. mojbott. noB.ieit 3a coRon Ta- Koe noJib3oaaBie bhRophums npaBOMS, KOTOpoe mokctt. 0Tpa3HTt.cn Ha caMOMs cocTaBi Hapo.maro npejCTaBHTexbCTBa. Ho btott. bubois He. mozcts OtJTB onpaBjaas Bnoxnf, npa cooRpazeHia Hf,KOToptixs npaa- THieCKHXS JCHOBift. 1) He.1b.3Ji HJIH, HOKpafiliefi Mipt, TpyjHO CIHTaTB, ito ojHa npocTaa rpaMOXHocTh saera. bosmpzhocti. cosHaTextHO otho- CHTbCH KS CBOMMS rpazlaHCKHMS OfijISaHHOCTilMS H BS OCoSeHHOCTH m orapaB.ieHito BuCopHaro npaBa. Ecxh 6a rpauoTHOcTi. Ou.ia ejiiH- CTttoHHUM'L axeHeHTOMS, pasBBBatomujii. xattoe HpaBcruennoe cosaanie rpazjaHcKHxs ooa3annocTefi, to sto TpefionaHie 6uxo fiu ResycxoBHo BipHUHi h HeoRxojHMHMS. Ho HOHHMaHie rpazjaHCKHXs oRasanHOCTefi nojynaeTca iiomhmo uepBoiiaaa.n.Hofi axeMeHTapnofi hhcoxh, nMenuo bs OTnpasaeuiH JtpyrHXs rpazjaHCKHxs ofiasauHOCTefi, bs y.iacTiH bs iiicT- homx, oRiuhhhomx ynpaBjeniu, bs Bejeniu caMocToaieaBHaro xosafi- ciBa, Bt aaKjitoiOHitt rpazjaHCKHXs cjixons, cxoboms, h i ivfcxoft siacci BneiaT.i'tuiu, aoTopua le.ioB'feK'L noxyiaeTS nenocpeicTBeHHtiicB, obut- hums nyTeirt., He3aBnciiM0 ots rpauoTHOCTH. 2) IIpocTaH rpaMOTHOCTb He rapaHTHpyeTT. Toro, ito qexoBteb noxyiHTS uuemio t$ nosnaHia. KoxopuH BeofixojHMU jxa co3HaTe.ii.Haro OTuomeRia ks H36upaTC.it.- homt npaay. ^.ia -jOKasaTextCTBa BiipnoCTH aroro uoxozeHia mozho ynasaTB, Hanp., Hato, ito Beet MaroMeTaiicnifi Boctokt. rpaMOTent, ho oeofieHHaro paaBuria rpazjaHCKaro DOHUMaHia u xoponiuxi, hoxhthio- crhxs yipexAeuiH mu ram He sauiiaetn. IIoaToiiy Boupocx o toms, HacKo.ibKo rpanoTHocTt, uoayiaeMaa nyreMi axesieHTapBofi ihkoxh, mo- aeTS pa3BHBaTi. noeaxaHie booRiho a nOHunaaie rpamjaHciiHX’t u no- •lUTHieCKHXS OfiHSaHHOCTefi 8S laCTHOGTH, SaBHCHTS, MaBHHMS o6pa- 30MS, ots Toro, it5 cocTaB.iaexs npejMeis axeMeitTapiiaro oRyiema. AlHoria .iHija, KOTopua sannnaxHCb stems BonpocoMS, KaEOBu fl. C. Mhxxb k CneHceps—bs AarxiH, E. ae-Jlasexs h <fcyjite—bo <I>pan- HiH h jp., nojBep.ra.iH oieai. cepte3noft kphthkS npejMeTH oOyieBiH bs rueMenTapiioft uiaoji, bb ,kotopoS h no cie spexa He BBejeHO co- oRmeHie cBtatHifi h jaze axeMeHTapHaro HOHMTiao rocyjapcTBOHHOMs ycrpofiCTB* h ynpaBjeniu cTpanu. Oienujno, ito ojho SHanie iHTaTt, HHcaTt H T|Hi[mpuTt hhkohms o6pa30MS He Mozeis pyuaTj.ca sa rpn- xjaHCKoe a uo.iuraiecKoe nonuManie. 3) rpawoTHocTt, yc’BOOHHaa soe- KIIK1, BS axeMeHTapHOfi HapOJHOfi UIKO-rfe, MOZeTS jifiCTBHTeXBHO cjt- xaTtcH opvjieirs npocRt.meBia, ho ne HHaie, kuks upa ycxoBiu, itoRu uoa.tH'tfiuiaa zh3hb .Tina, Bumejmaro H3s TaEofi hikoxu, janaxa cmv bosmozhocti. nojjepziiBaTb cnoraeHia cs XHTepaTypuuMs MipoMS, ito, bs cbok) oiepejb, sbbhchts ots cTeueim bo3mozhocth nenia, ots yrapoficTBa Hapojnuxs RaRxioTeKs, ots Toro hxh xpyroro cnocofia jo- ctbbkh m a rt h hphtoms—He cfasoiHaro xapaKxepa. a eepsesHuxs,

— 346 — KOTOptiH Moryrt ante 3iiaieHie Bi ji . i t pa3BHxia rpaatjaHCKHXi no- aaTifl. 4) TpefiOBanie rpaMOTHOCTH, sasl neodxojHMaro ycaoBia ua npiodpiTema npasa aa yq&CTie bi Budopaxi, jo H3iv6cTiioii CTeaean Hosert 6HTb cnpaBewHBUMi npa tome ycJtosiH, ec.ia rocyjapcTBO boc- •npHHa.10 CHCTeay oflnsaTe.TbHaro a japoBoro odynenia. B i TepsiaHiB, aapp., Htn, saaoaa, Tpedytomaro o n nsdcpaTexe# yuteia aaiaTi. h nacaTt, ho 3axo tbmi rpaMOTHOCTb, daarojapa mKojhiioS cacTeMt, Ha- croJbKO pasBHia, wo ho odaajaen e » Mint hhitosihuS °/o Hace.ie- Hia. To ate aBaenie mu saatiaewi. in. HlBeSnapia h Hopueria, laat ito ra sthxi cTpaaaxt TpedoBaHie rpaMOTHOcra BtinoMaeTca caKO codoio. BcatjCTBie Bioro o.BHaieHHoe TpedoBanie Moaten 6htb BupaateHO b'l jpyrofl ijjopiit, HxenHO, ito rocyjapciBa, b i Eoiopuxi unfiupa- TeatHoe npaso KojuaecTBoBuo passHTO, ocodeHHO t4, bi soropuxi itficTByen cHCTesa BceodmeS nojaia roxocOBi, odasaHH nepefiTH k i CHCTeMi ofiasaTeJtBaro h japoBoro odvqeHia. Ho odpaTHaa nocTaHOBita Bonpoca, T.-e., to) H3dHpaTe.ibHoe npaBO B-ieieix 3a codoro, deal co- oTBiTCTBeHHUxt k i Toay irtpi co ctopohh rocyjapcTBa, TpedoBaHie o n H36HpaTeaeB rpaMOTHOCTH, HecnpaBejwHBa h jaate BpejHa jm HHTepecoBE rocyjapcTBa. Ecjih bto Tpedonanie ixeuia u nxctxa hb- jaeTca de3ycaoBBUMi no OTHomeHiD eo BceS Macci H3dnpaTe.ie§, to t4mi canurn be rocyjapcTB'i de3i sjeMeHTapHuxi niKon hckmj- qaeica orpoHHaa Macca, dun Hoaten, qpe3BtiqaftH0 BaxHuxt jja ro- cyjapcTBa aadapaTexeS. IlepBua hodbiteb pacnpocTpaneHia rpaMOTHO- cth naBHHaBTca ci ropojoBi. 3j4ct b i doaie niHpoKMXi paSMipaxi, a im b i ceatcEaxi ospyraxi, Moryn bosbhkhtb HapojHua bieojh. Bi ce.ibCKHii ate ospyraxi BjeMeHTapHoe odpa30iiame pacnpocTpa- paeTca Mej-ieimie. CaijoBaTeatHO, craca y a uafmpaTe.ieft neodxoiB- uuui ycaosiem nepaayMHoe TpedoBaHie rpaMOTHOCTH, mu rfciti ca- mume HCKjnDBaeMi on BudopoBi Maccy KpecTtam\". .Bi r t x i rocyjap- CTBaxi, r j t itejEaa noaeMeatHaa codcTBeaaocTb h Me.inoe specTbaHCKoe 3eMaeBaajiHie mapoKO pacnpocTpaHBHU, East to cynjecTByen bo $p&Hniit, bto TpedoBasie, SyjtyiH npwrimeno, hce.hobhjo 6u Maccy H36Hpa:reae8, BOTopue no cbohmi saqecTBaMi h no cBoewy nojoatesiiD b i rocyjapcTBt dorte naatnu jaa nocatjaaro, qiMi H3dnpaTe.iH ro- pojcEie. Bdatmaa naaHOCTE EpecTtant, cpaBHHTeatHO Cl ropoataHaMH, BUTeKaen caBa codou H31 KoxHiecTiieHHaro OTHomeHia r t x i u jpy- raxi: bo scixi rocyjapcTBaxi EpecTtancEoe coc.ionio no qnc.ieHHOCTH npeodaajaen. Ho ec.iK, CBepxi Toro, cpaBHHTE CTeneHt jificTBHTeat- Haro t>a3BHTia, BOHBMama rpaatjaircKiixi odasaHHocTefi h h3b4ctho8 noaHTHBecKoS ohhtbocth y KpecTLaHHHa a ropojcEoro padotaro, to Bonpoci,. KOJiy H3i hhxi bi btomi OTHomeHia oTjan npejaunenie,

— 347 — OuTb nojbsyAOjateHX pimeHX bx specTLHHHHa, h6o specxLHHCTBO, Boofime ronopH, aB.wo.TCa 3aeneHTOMs 6oj£e TncpjuMX h cauocToa- Te.ibHH«i, saeaeHTOMi jierfe AocTynnunx CTopoHHirax B.iianiaMx no- .iiiTHiecKofi araTauiH bjh, ynoTpc6aaa npmwToe BupaateHie, speciLHH CTBO, cpaBDHTe.TT.no CL pafioTHilT. KMCCOMX, HB.WCTCH B.iejCeUTOHX- KOH- ccpitaTHBHtJM'L. QosTOuy bo 'l>paHnin orpaDHTCHie HsSHpaTejLBaro upuBa nyxeM-fc xpeCoBama rpauoTnocTK Bcerja BHBUBaeTX HecoiyBCTBie a conpoTHBaenie, rkm, naxe, i to aaeueHTapaoe o6pa3ooanie a aapoj- Haa aiKO-iu 6h.th 0'ieut Majo pacnpocTpaHesu bo '1'paHnin cpaBua- Te.TLHO CL UpOlHMH TOCyAapCTBaMH, H TO.ILKO npH TpOTLeS pOCnyo.THKf. 6K>A»eTX Ha aapoAHoe ofipasoBaaie SH&'iHTeALHo yitejin<ra.ica, hhohho yxoTBepajca. Ec-ih $paniiia 6yA0TX hath Tf.MX ate nyTeax a fiyAen. 6ynerbHOCTOHHHO yBe.THTHnaTI. BTOTX 6lOA*6TL, TOJHBIt COBp6M6H8HX HOXHO AonycTHTL xpeSoBauie 'itcdui h mic&Ma am yaacTW b i h36h- paTe.TLHOML ITpalit. .tjtaba n. IIacchbhlih yoaoBia. ycaoBia naccmmio H36npaTejLHaro npaBa, T.-e. npasa 6htl H36paHHHM'L BX ACIiyTaTH, 11T. HaCTOHIHee BpOMH, cpaBHHTC.TbHO CL npezHHH'L, 3HaiHTe.iLno nOHHHteHU. Bx Abt.uh ao 1858 ro*a cy- mecTBOBa-ix ocofiufl nenax am .ihbx, xe.iaBiiiHxx 6htl H3fipaHHUMii bx AenyTawi, ho cx 1858 r. 3th naccaBHua yc.TOBia bx bhaS ocoGaro HMymecTBeHHaro n;eH3a, ycTaHOBAOHHaro cnepiantHO a m AenyTaTOBX, 6hjih yHHHTosKeHH. Bx HacTOHinee speiia’ bx Ahimih h4tx naccHBUuxx ycjosiB, h n3611paTe.u1 aoryTX HsfiapaTL bx AenyTaip BCHKaro. IIpn H36pam’H Aa»e He cofiaiOAaeTca TpeCoBaHie B03pacTHaro cposa. IIpessAe Cuca.iu cjiynaa, KorAa bx A«nyxaTH H3fiHpajract AHita, He AOCTHiruia rpaatA»HCKaro coBepmeHHOjrtTia. Tasx, eme bx KOHLpfc X V III Bisa, HOTAa, c.T'iAOBaTe-itHO, b4 Ahtjuk upuHimiucHHMywecTBeuHLiB neii3X, n36paBie cOBepina.iocL homhmo h BonpeKH ycaOBiHMX noapacTitaro cposa. Hanp., n.TB'iicTiiiJti 4'Okcx Cujx ii30paax bx najaTy AeuyxaTOBx 19 ■lira otx poAy, h najiaTa He EaccHpoBa.ua btoto BHfiopa. Mai}, bx co- HHHeniH CBoenx o6x aHruificKOMx napMMOHTi h o ero AfcJonpoHsaoA- CTBi, DpHBOAHTX HtCKOJLKO UpHM’lipOBX TOTO, KaKX BOSpaCTHLlft cpOKX He co6aiojaACii othochtc.ilho Bu6oponx. Ho bx HOcToantee Bpesia, noc.rfc Oiu.TJi o peiJiopH'fe 1832 r. a 8asoaa 1867 roAa, a m AmuiH ycTaHOB-ieno to oSuiee npanHJo, bto ncfi .Tana, kotopun, corjiacno

— 348 — ukthbhijhb ycaOBiaax, MOryTX Gutl H36apaTeaa>rH, Moryix Ghtb h3- 6pasH h bx jeuyTMu. Bx spyrKix esponeScKiixs rocyAapcTuaxx coxpaHHMCb eme nac- CHBHH8 yC-lOBia BB paSHHXX BHAaXB. l’OBOpa O HHXX, AOBIKHO pa3JIH- TOTb-flBi uxx BBTeropia: 3A*cb TaK*e m lmiiejtx, ex ojinofl ctopohh, uojo*HTeii.Hna ycaoBia, a cx apyrofi—oTpiinaTeaxHua; ^pyrHua cao- BaMa, mh aaievx ji.io cx t4nb, n o aa3UBaeTca peBBa3UTaua, T.-e. ycaoBiaua, aoTopaa TpeGyioTca ,ua iiojiyaeuia jenyTaTCKuxx bmho- Hoaifi, Aaa opaBa 6htb H36paHHKux, hah s e cx yc-TOBisMH, npa koto- puxx jhho He aosert 6htb H3fipaH0 bx jenyiaTBi. nocaiAHia ycaoBia, T.-e. oTpaaaTeaBHHH, pacnajaioTca Ha 2 Kaieropia: I) niEOTopua aana aooSme ae MOryix 6htb asGapaesiH bx AenyTaTH; ohh eoofhtte 6esyCA0eiu> HeusBupacMu; 2) otbochtcabuo Apyraxx abub upaataeTca upaBH.TO o HecoembcmuMocmu AenyTaTCKHXB noaHOMoaiit cx tJmh m§- CTaua h cx rliMx oOmecTiieHnuMx DoaoaceHieux, Koxopoe aaHHaaiOTX bth anna. Paaiwua neatAy tIimh a Apyraaa 3aKjiroaaeTca bx tomb, ito aana nepBoS aaTeropia BOBce He Moryrx Ghtb usoupaeMu; caijOBa- TeaBHo, bcheib pa3B, Eanx .lima 3toq KaTeropia Cyxyrt liaGpaHH— Bu6opu npH3HaiOTca HeAi0CTBHTe.ir,nuMii; bo btopomx ae c-iyiat, H3- GpaHBHMx awwmb npcAOCTauaaeTca BuCapaTB neatAy AeuyTaTCEBax uoAHOMoaieMB a saHiisiaeMUMT. hmh ulicTOMx Ha rocyAapcTBeHBOfi cayacGi (optatio), Htakx, hemb npOACTOHTx pascaoipliTB 3 aaTeropia ycaoBifi: 1) no- AoaaieABHBia ycaonia hah peKBHSHTBi; 2) ycaoBia, upn Ha.niiHOCTH ko- TOpUXB JIHUO 1MB B0BC6 He MOCKeTX GBITB IKiopaHO. HAH 3) Dpa KOTO- pBisx euy upeiOCTaujaeTca erftaan. BuGopx sieacxy 3BaHieMB AenyiaTa h APyraux 3BaHieuB, KOTopoe oho hochtx. TjiaBHoe h3b ao.iosHTe.iBHHxx naccHBHBixx yc.ioBift a m 38airia je- nyiaia ecTB (io.iie bhcokIS go3pacmi. Ecah npa cHCTeai nceoGinet rioABTH roAoeon^-iiafinpaTeABHoe npaBo hab yaacxie bx BuGopaxx npe- AOCTaBjaeTca ucI mb .nmanx, AocrarniHMB rpaatAaHcKaro coBepmeH- uoaiTia (21 toab), to a.ih npaBa 6htb AeuyiaToiix, T.-e. aMcTBOBaTi, bx na.iaT-6 a npeacraBjaTb h:ibJcthuS ospyii. u36apaTe.iert TpefiyoTca Goahniaa cienenb rpasAaacKoft 3pi.iocTH, npa KOTopoiS aeaoBiKB ao- »eTx fiuTt 6oaie co3HaTe.iLHUMx apeACTaBUTeaeux bah aamainaKoax BBipeHHHXx eMy HHTepecoBx. Ha btomx ocHOBanmbo <&paaiuu craTta 6 u36npaTejiBBaro saKOHa 30 Hoa6pa 1875 roaa nociaHOBaaeix xto bch- Bi0 H3GapaTeab MOiseTs Guxb HBGpaax Gesx KaKaxx aaGo ycao'flifi peH3a no AocTHaceoiH bmb 25 afiix (est Eligible sans condition de cens, a 1'flge de 25 ans accomplis; itoGu Gutl B3GapaTeaeMx Tpe6veica HMtTb 21-aiTHia BospacTx). To ace npasaao ycTanoiaeuo h bx repuaHia r jt otx HsOapaeaaro bx AonyraTU TpeGyerca Tasae 25-aiTHi0 Boapacw. Ho.

— 349 — npeofi.iaAaiomHMx TpeSoBaniesix HBjaeTca TpefioBame 30-jiTHaro bos- pacxa bx CojbinHHCTrt rocyAapCTBX, hubhho bx ABcrpiii, Bajenl., Ba- sapiH, Ilpyccia, Hopoeria, Hinep-ianjasi. a I’pepia. Bx npoiaxxrocy- AapCToaxx onx Hu;ne 30 Jin.; Taitx, aah upaBa (5mtb AeoyTBTOMX ycraHOBjiaeTca bx BejiriH 25-aiTaifi B03pacTx, bi Jauia 26-^iTHifl (3aatTHMi,, tto oax mime cpoaa, noAomeunaro a-JHH3finpaTexefi, T.-e. 30-A$THHro), bx BeHrpia 21-jrfiTnifi h, naKonenx, bx Anr-iiu ojiina- bobw8 BospacTx* bx 21 toax ycTaaoiuncTcn u j.iii raOapaTe.ui a aah H36apaeaaro. BTopuax H3% peKBHBHTOBX aBjaeTca do 3aKonoiaTejbCTBaax h4ko- Topuxx crpanx fio.n.mifl cpoax ocfa-iocra aah AenytaTOBX cpaBBH- TeAlHO CO epOKOUX OC'feAAOCTH, TpftCyeHUMX OTX H;innpaTCJ6H. TftKX, bx AncTpia, cnepxx 30-A$THaro B03pacTa, TpeSyexca S-xiTHaa ociiA- AOCTb BX OKpyri, BX KOTOpOMX EaHAHAaTX HMteTX npaBO 6utx iisnpainujMx bx atcTHua npoBKHpiaABnua npeACTaBHTextHua co- fipaHia. Bx HpycciH, no ct. 74 KOBCTHTynia, cnepxx 30-aiTHflro B03- pacT&, otx KAHABABTa bx AenyTaTti ipefiyeica Tpex.iiTnee rpaKAan- ctbo, T.-e. nojix30BaHie npanaaa npyccKaro rpasAancTsa aa 3 toad ao BpOH3BOACTBa BtlfiopOBX. Bx B'bEOTopuxx rocyAapcTBaxx, apoat Toro, coxpaaaeTca eme nac- cbbruS HMymecTBeHnufi nensx. Taxx, bx UopryraaiH aaa irpapa (juti. H36paHnuax bx AenyTara TpefiyeTca 400 t. peScoBX THcraro AOxoxa (okoao 2.000 ifpaHKOBx) cx uaymecrua AsaaHaaro h.ih HeABHJKHMaro, a.ia yaenua anania a ahoaomu. To * e npaBHJO upuMinaeica a bx Bpasaaia, i'A$ aaKoaoax 1881 roAa BOCTaBOBjaeTCH, tto bx AonyTatu sioaeTX fiuTb aafipaao -ihbo, aaiamee 2000 (jipaHROBX roAOBoro aoxoab cx abhsbhiaxx h ho- JBHffiHMHXX HSiymeCTBX, CX BpOMHCAOBX B T. B. HaAO 3aMtTHTb, Bnpo- leax, tto 9th noc.itAnie peBBusHTH, Kacas>mieca ,ianx HsCiiipaeMbixx, ajiiiOTCfl TOAbBO bx H'fcsoTopuxx eBponeflcKHxx h aMeapKaHciaxx 3aE0B0AaTCAbCTBaxx; bx doAbniHHCTBt APyraxx rocyAapcTBx sthxx peRBHBHTOBX He yCTaHOBAflCTCB. Iio.ite noApo6nu nocTaHOBAema oTHOCBTejbHO orpHnaTe.ii.nuxx nac- chbhuxx ycAOBiS, T.-e. lix x ycAOBiS, npa najHinocTH KOTopuxx ahuo ne aoaceTx 6uti> Hafipano bx AenyraTU, hah apH KOTopuxx oho aojacbo BufiapaTb MeatAy SBaHieux AenyiaTa h t4mx sBaHieMx, EOTopoe oho aateTX bx AaHHyio ManyTy. Tasx Easx nocTanoBjeHia, Kacamniiaca 3thxx OTpaaaTeAbHHXx naccuBHHxx ycAOBiS, fiyAyTX pascMaTpHBarbca Haua, cx nt.ibR) H36i»aHia BOBTopeHiS, aae Bcixx Boofime sasoHO- AaTeAbCTBX, 6e3x pasaHiia pecny6.raEx h MOHapxiS, to mh ociaHOBHMca aa nocTaHOBJieBiaxx no cesty npeAaeTy (|ipaHny3CEaro H36apaTeAbnaro sasoaa.

— 350 — SaKOHX 30 noaftpa 1875 r. bx ct. 7 nocTanoo-MerL, no HusaKofi BoeHHHfl HJIH MopaKi, eocTaBxfl®miB aacTL i4BcTiiyiome0 apuia cvxo- nyTHoft1HJIH mopckoS, sasoBU 6h hh 6m h ero 1HHH H O6asaHH0CTH, He MoaeTX (Shth H36paHHbmx BX \"mean najam AenyxaTOBX. Caiw- BaTejibHO, 3io ipeSouanie 6e8ycJOBHO h He AonycaaeTX HHxaEHxx HCKJiiOHeHifi, Tam. ito eeaH jumo, aaxojaineeca Ha AifieTBHTeabHofl BOeHHOa C.iy»(Hl, H36paHO, TO BH6opH 3TH npU3Ha«)TCfl He.VtSCTBHTejb- hbhh, a H3fipame— hhitojkhhmx. Ho nyHBTx 3 craTbe 7 Ao6a- BjaeTX, hto 3to nocTaHOBaeHie He Eacaerea peaepBa aMcTByloine0 apuia, cyxonyTBofl h aopcKofl, T.-e. sanaca aptrin BooCme. CaiiOBa- TBJbBO, anna, cocToamia bx 3anaci, aoryix 6utx H36HpaeMH bx na- jaiy .tenyTaTOBi. 9to nocTaHOBaeme noBTopaeTca bo mhomxx ipyraix enpoDeiicKHXX rocyjapcTnaxx. Bx I'epMaHia, Kam, mh BHaiJH, BoeiiHHe, coctoh Ha cayaKii (bei der Fahne), He hmIhotx npasa yiaciBOBaTb Aase bx H36paHiH, T.-e. fibiTb HsfiHpaTeaaMH. ^pyryio KaTeropiio jhhx, He HoryniHXx fiHTb HSftpaiiHUMH, cocTas-iaeTb ayxoBeHCTBO. Bx AHraia 9X0 npaBHJio npaMiaaeica OTBOCHTeAbHO xoabKO Hiiaraaro ayxOBeHCTBa, h6o npeaaxu aepEBH h ohhckodh npeaciaBieHu bx naaarb jiopaobx; HH3mee ate xvxoBeHCTBO He UMberx cBoero npexcTaBHieabcraa bx cxpaHt. 3to 3anpemeHie, cocTOHBmeeca bx kohij* XVIII CToaixia bx HapcTBOBaHie Teopra III, cocToaaocx no noBOiy nasHaaenia jenyTaTOMX bx naaaTy ofiinimx TopHa Tyaa, CBameHHHKa pajHKaxbaaro o6paaa Hucxeft: HsCpauiexx ero 0CTa.iHCb HCjOROJanu, raaBHUiix o6pasonx, i.ieHu TopiftcKoS napTiH, h 3totx C-iyiafl xaax noboax bhbcth bx na- -Jaiy oOiiihiix iipej-ioaenie o6x HCK.iBjieiriH lyxoneHCTBa otx npasa 6utx B3opaBHHMx bx nenyTaTH HHataeft uajaTu.—THxaaxHHCKiS3aiiOHX 1882 ro*a 3atinqae'rx bx ce6b nocTaHOBxeHia aaajorHTHUji tojibko ito pascMOTpiHHOMy, TaKx kbex THTyjx 4 cxaTbH 83 u36upaxejibHaro 3asoHa 1882 roxa BOCTaHOBjaerx, ato bx jenyiaTU He noryTX Cute Hs6npaeMu CBara,eHHHEn. Ho ocnoBaaie 9Toro 3aupeiu,eHiii 3jlicb HHoe, aliMx bx AerjiH: cocTaBHiexH saEoaa 1882 roja, obobhaho, 6oaaHCb K.iepHKa.ibnaro jaB-jema Ha iiuOopu, Becnwa Bpejuaro, a noTomy ne- ateaaTexbHaro bx HTaiiH, r j t CBiTcaaa BaacTX cjhuikomx 6.th3KO, .ih- no.MX EX Jinny, ctohtx cx BaTHEaHOHX, EOTopufi He H0JE6TX safiHTb, hto Phmx — nancKiS ropoAX, u hto HTa.ibaHcKoe Eopo-ieBCTBO o6pa30- Bajocx, Heaiiy nporaMX, a H3X nancKHXx od.iacxeS. CjiAOBaTejbHo, Bxiaaie nyxoBencm ne toaxeo npn su6opaxx, ho h bx kstcctbI. je- nyTaxoBX iia.iaTU, nocTaBH.ro 6u upaBHTeaxcTBO bx saTpyjHHTejbHoe no-ioateHie; bthmx i oCxHCHnexca uocTaHOBjeHie cxaxxH 83, HcuDiafo- inefi OTX BU60P0BX AJ'XOBeHCTBO. Htsex, nepe'iHMeHHHH rpynnH jwnx He Moryxx 6htx Hsfipana BooCnie. Ceepxx toto, ne Koryix 6htb HsfipaHH jnina, KOToptia naxo-

— 351 — .wren bx ocoOeHHbixx oTHonieniaxx kx rocyjapcTBy. TaKOBu npeanpa- auuaTcjiH (no BeHrepcxoMy, ucnaHCKoay, nopTyra-ii.ciiouy h ,ip. :isko- «a«x) nyOxHHHiixx paOovx na KaaeHHuB ciexx a .inua, yaacTBynnuia bx TaRHxx npexupiaTiaxx. \"faux bbkx Bu.iaia Konneccift a CTeneHi. BurOAU, noxyaaeMofi otx Hea HpeAnpHHHxaTexaxH a yiacTHHHajm, aa- bhchtx otx rocy^apcTBa, to jocTynx Koaneccionepoisx bx naxaxy, bx BHjy Toro, BTO OHH BaXOJBTCH BX T-feCHOft BaBUCHUOCTHOTX DpaBHtejk- CTBa, Ohxx Oh paBHOCHXxpuMX apuynteriiio Tyxa .max, KOTopua (jyiyrx iloTapoBarx Taax, k&kx bmx npaKaweTx ajaaHacTpania hxh Boofinje no npexnucaaiio cBbirne. Bto npana.io pacnpocTpaBacrcn a Ha TOBapameB h nopyiBTejiefl bx stbxx npe^npiaTiaxx, cjobobx, na actxx BooOffle -ianx, HM'inoinaxx cnexu cx RaoHon, ho 3a b3b<£ctbuux HCK.iionenion,, ycTaaoBJieHBHMx BriepBue no riOBOxy ojHoro cxyaaa bx AHrxia, rat bo3hhkx Boupocx. motjtx ah 6HTb HsOupaeMu bx xenyTaTH .lima, KO- Topuux xoxatHa icaona, T.-e. EpejHTopni Ka3HH? Hxx noxoateHie Ooxte cauocroaTe.ixHo: He ohk BaBHCJiTx otx sasnu, a cKopte nocxtjnaa HaxoAHTca bx saBHCHMOCTHotx hxx pacnoxoxeBia. PacnoxoateHie, Hanp., PoTmHAbaa HH'teTx Coxbmee 3Ha<ieHie axa. MHHHCTepcTBa h npanHTe.il,- ctb8 BooOnte, ntMX oOpaTBo. Hmohho uo noBoxy H36paHia bx aenyiadju Oapona JioHe.ua PoTniH-itxa bx Amain h nojnaTX 6u.ix Bonpocx, ao- aterx xh ohx, kbkx KpexHTopx rocyjapcTua, sanmiaTX MtcTO bx na- xarf. Btotx Bonpocx Ohxx ptnieax irx yTBepjHTexxHOMX CMHCxt, Ha tohx ocBOBaHia, bto nojoxeuie upexuTopa rocyxapcTaa He aoxxho CTHTaTBCa oOcToaiexbcTBOMx, npenaTCTByioniBMX o0a$aHHOCTBHx n He- 3aBHCHM0CTH xeuyTaia. Otx sthxx o'rpnijaTexxHuxx naccuBHUxx ycxoBifi, T.-e. otx ycxoBifi, BOOfime AHHiaiouiHXX npaiia Outx HHOpaunuMX, cxtxyeix OT.iHiaTB ycxoBia, noTopua MoryTX OhTb ycTpaHeHH aticTBiaxH cauoro H3flpaH- aaro xan,a. 3th ycxoBia HasunaioTca ycxoBiaimnecoBMicTHHOCTH (incom­ patibility). CiaTxa 8 <()paHny3CKaro H30HpaTexbHaro aaKOHa 1875 roaa uocTaHOBxaerx, bto oTnpaBxenie rocyxapcTBennuxx aoxacaocTeB, onxa- BHBaeMHXX H3X cpejCTBX rocyaapcTBa, HecoBMtcniMOcx AeuyxaTCRHMH noxnoMoqiaMH. TaKOBo ocaoBHoe noxoatenie, hsx KOTop&ro BHTexaeTx to cxtacTBie, bto scaxoe aoxatHocTnoe xhqo (tout fonctionnaire), H3- OpaaHoe bx aenyxaTH, Oyxerx sautuieHO ceoeii xoxifiHOCTH, ecxH bx TeBeHie 8 AHefi, soTopue nocxtxynrx nocxi npoBtpKn BtiOopoBx bx na-iaxt (cm. Haste), oho He jactx SHaTx o ciioeax oxnaat otx 8Ba- aia jenyTaTa. CxtjOBaTeJBHO, ecxa JiaOpaHHuft oOxstomx HexacTX snait, to ohx CBHTaeTca upHuaBumMX xenyraTCKoe nopyBenie h iiaimaaeMoe bmx AoxatHocTHoe MtcTo saMimaeTca xpyrHMX xhhomx. 3ia pexaKnia npaiiuxa coOcTueimo iJ'pannyscKaa; cbmo opasaxo noBTopaexca h bx Jtpyraxx 3aKOHoxaxexicTBaxx, ho cx HtBoropusiH HsutHeniaMH.

— 352 — IIpaBH.ro, yctasaBMisaeMOe CTaTxeio 8 ^paaiiyscEaro Hs6HpaTe.xb- Haro 3aK0Ha, npejCTaBJHeTx HtROTopuH ucK.iwieHiH, su3UBaeMua ot- qacTH HeofixojHKocraH), ottoctb camiMx cbo6ctbomx saHHHaeMuxx AO.iatnocTea. HiKOTopua aojihchocth uri»TX He CTOHbXO ajHHHHCTpa- THBHoe, esoxbxo noxHTHtecKoe 3HaHenie, m, BcriacTBie aioro, coaeTame bthxx joxaHOCTefi cx otaanHocnmu jenyTaTOBX npejcTaB.iflercH hho- r,ia fioxe3HUMX u jaace neoflxojHiibiiix. Cuijia othochtch npeaje Bcero J04KH0CTH MHHHCTpOBX. IIpH riCHOS CBH3U KaOHIICTa CX HapOXHHMX apexcTaBHTe.iKCTBOax bx rocynapcTBaxx cx napxaMeHTcKHMX ynpaBxe- ■ Hiexx, HCBjioieHie mhhhctpobx otx 3BaHia jeuyTaTOBX Ohjo 6h paBHocujbHO 3anpemeniH) jeuyTaTaax 3annsiaTr, jiHHHCTepCKiB boctx: u e xij rim , jo-isuocTb MHHHCTpa He ctoxbko axaHHHCTpaTHBHaa, ckoji.ko nojHTHtecKaH, h coieTame ea cx 3BameMx xenyraTa npex- CTaBxaeTCH xaae HeofixojHHHMX. 3arinx cioxa hojxoxhtx h4ko- Topua jpyria joxshoctk, KaKOBU jo.ijbhocth iHaaoMaxmecKaxx areH- tobx, bo 4>paHHiH npeiJ>eKTa CenCKaro xenapraMenTa, npe^eaia uo.ih- nia, nepBaro npesHxenTa ftaccauionnaro cy.ua, aepoaro npcanjeETa caeTHoft naxai'H (cour de compte), raaiiHaro nponypopa npa sacca- HjoHBOMX cyri h t. j . 3th .iHua Moryrx 6htb waGpauu bx jeny- T8TU HHasneg suara. Kx iHcay axx othochtch h HiaoTopua johshocthuh jh<w xyxoBHaro ynpaBjeeia, Eaax, Hanp., apxiemi- ckodu, enacKona, rxaBHuS paBBUHX neHTpajbHOfi KOHCHCTopiH h r.iaBnufl paBBHHx napuatcaofi KoacucTopiu. CBepxx Toro, no c&uovj CBofiCTBy ofiasaBHOCTeS, coexHaeHBUXx cx 3aHHiiaeMO» xoxsboctbk), HtKoropaa JHpa Tasae HsfiaujiHsjTCH ot^ yc.ionirt HecooMicTHMOCTH h Hajaraesiaro eio aanpexa coBM’femaxb xobkhocth cx jnenyiaxcKHJix nox- HOMoaieMx. Cioaa othochtch npo$eccopa, aaBHMawmie itaoeapy no koh- Kypcy h.th no penoueaxaniH npo^eccopcKoS Kojureria. Tam xaKx 3Ta AOJaHOCTb ae 3aiutoqaeTX bx ce64 aaiero axMHHHCxpaiHBHaro, to jonymeniem cobh4cthhocthea cx xenyTaTCKHMx no.iHOHOiieMx saEOm, oieBHAHO, ae.TaeTX, no6u o6pa30BaaH0My aaeueHTy 6h.ix OTKpaxx jocxynx bx naxaiy. C»Aa othochtch Tasae jmna, no.iyaaiomifl spe- KCHHoe cnepiaabHoe nopyneme otx npaBirrejibCTBa, Hanp., hoxhkx, ho nopyieHix) npaBBTeabciBa H3c,riayionu8 xo.iepBHfi Bonpocx h t. n. Ha 9TBXX xkux B03xaraeTca Bpe»enHoe nopyienie: ohh jojraaocTHUH XH«a, noaojikhocthuhw p MU CBeiuaxbHoBntaa, HaH3B*CTHoeBpeita nojyiHBiniH npeuoaeHie co ctopohu npaBHTe.ibCTBa h cor.iacHBUiiaca BpeMeaHO ona3HBaTb e»y ycjyrH. Cano cofiow pa3yMf.eTca, bto nojx BHXOMX BpoueHBHXx Bopyiesifi Moryxx 6htx opraHH30BaBU nocTora- huh xo.ianocTH, npa ?enx anna, hxx aaHmiaioiniH, oo^x sthmx npn- i spH'rieMX »oryix nposoxHTbCH bx naaaxy, h, thkumx oOpaaom, noryTX oopaaoBaTb bx Hefl saeHeHTX, nparoABufi xafl Toro, bto6u crixaTbCfi

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— 366 — bwhut, H BHCMapm, m 1867 ro^y, T.-e. noxoMy, tto axnfi cyxefiHaro Bi^oKCTBa jojshh CTOSTb bh-6 6opt6u naprifi. 2) Othocht6.ji.ho Mlfb ajMHHHCTpaiHBHaro flijjOMCTBa, EncMapai yKasuBaai Ha to, tto co* BHfcCTHMOCTbjeflyTaTCKHXl HOHHOMOTiilCl <OJXHOCTaHH, KOTOptlHSaHH- MaOT-t. 3th anna, ctbbhti nocrtjaBXi bi jobo.ibho HCHopMaaiHoe OTHomeHie ki h ii HaTaaiciBy, a b i ocoCchhocth k i MHHHCTepcTBy, T.-e., tto sonymeme raKOii cobmIicthhocth ;Hapymaeji incaanaHny, KOTopaa ao.isHa cymecTBOBBTi npHMtHHrejbHOk i aiMBHHCTpaTHBHOMy nepcoHaay. Em'MapKi nacTaHBa.ii HaxeotixoiHJiocTHTaKoft ahchhiuhhh, oco6eHHO j.m KOHCTHTynioHHHXi rocyjapcTBi. B i rocyaapciBaxi, He nMimmaxi KOHCTHTynioHHaro ycTpoficTBa h nap.iaMenTa, hhhhctph He nojwesaTi OTrtTCTBenHOCTH npeai napiaMeHTOHi, h, crtflOBaTeibHO, b i HBiepecaxi Koponu npejocTaBHTb Jinuuii HOnTaneHHiixi jo.tsho- crefi H3BiCTHyj) CaM0CT0HTe.IbH0CTb OTHOCHTejBHOHXl IiaTaJbCTBl, h6o, bi upoTHBHOMi cayTat, He noK-iexamie OTBiTCTBemocTH hhhhctph, noxiByacb oTcyTCTBieni bchkuxi rapaHTiS co ctopohh cbohxi dojth- hchhhxi, xoryre upoh3bojhti aa hhxi Tasoe naBxeHie, upa kotopohi rocyjjapcTBo noTepumi ymepfrb. Haofiopon, HeoSxoaHMOcn, ciporo iepapXHTeCKOfl 8aBHCHM0CTH BI Clfiep-fc ajMHHHCTpaTHBHaro BijOMCTBa npn KOHCTHTyHioHHom ycTpofldBi rocyjapcTBa BacMapKi bubojhti H81 Haaajia HBUHCTepCKoS OTBtTCTBeHHOCTH. Tpe60B8Tb o n HHHHCTep- CTBa OTBtTCTBeHHOCTH H, BI TO Xe ?peM», jaBaTb H0ATHH6HHHM1 B03- HOXHOCTb BjinTb Ha Hero b i naaarii h jaxe conpoTHB-iaTica eay— 3HaTHTT» CTBBHTb HHHHCTepCTBO BI HeBOSHOXHOe nO-JOXeHie H HOipH- BaTb canoe nanaio MHHHCTepcKofi otb^tctbchhocth. 9th cooCpaxema, HeCOHHtHHOfi BaXHOCTH, He MOTVTl, OJHaBO, DpHHiHHTbCH Kl llpyeciH, h6o OTB$TCTBeHHOCTH HHHHCTepCTBa BI Heft H^Tl, XOTH OHa BI HpHH- ijhh6 h npoB03raameHa, ho Bopa.jHTecKH tojiko ofiimaHa '). TacHML 06pa30Hi, b i upnaiHeHiH k i -IIpycciH bth coOfipaxenia OTnaaaiOTi caMH co6oid. To xe canoe h oTHOCHTeaiHO TepMaucKofi minepin, rrt TaKXe HiTl OTB^TCTBOHHarO HHHHCTepCTBa. TaKl TTO OTHOCHTejbHO sthxi rocyxapciBi ocTaeTca b i cart toti mothbi, ho kotopohv repMaHcsoe a npyccxoe thhobhhtcctbo AODycKaiocb K7, aanaTiif seny- xaTCKHxi irtcTi, HH6HH0 KaKi canu8 o6pa30BaHHH& KAacci repHaH- Bo3paxeHia, KOTopaa BHCKa3UBa.incb no noeony npejwoxeHia Ehc- MapKa, h apryMeHTaHia, HanpaBjiennaa b i 8Ty ciopoHy, Bpamajacb, raaBHUHi oSpasoro, Ha toS k u cm , tto HcsaDTeme h si peftxcTara I0.1XH0CTHHX1 JI1U1 I’epHaHiH 6uiO 6hl paBHOCHabHO HSTHaHiB H31 Hero HayKH. B i 8tomi CMHcrt B03pasa.11 senyTaTi BeSepi a ap.

— 357 — PefixcTart OTBepn npejjoaeme BacxapEa, h ajm TepsiaHia, c.rfcjoBa- TejLHO, ocxaeTca Bt chj^ to nojoatenie, no ao.ishocthuh jHqa A-ia saHaria AenyTaTcKHxi, m'Iictt. He HyjBA&DTca aa Bt OTnycsi, hh bt. pa3ptuienia apaBHTejbCTBa, - a qxo cc.ih jenyTait noc.rfc H3fipaaia npHHHMaeTt aa ce6a oTnpanjeaie rocyAapcTBeaaoS ao.ukhocth, to obt> vox-iemBTh nepeasSpaaiio, a jaunua ear aojaoiioqia ;io.i*uu boa- TBepaaTbca co CTopoau H36npaTeje0 bobumh buOopumh. Bc-itncTBie BToro, bt. cocTaBi .apvccKOfl miauiefi najaTU, jaHATara, aariseica ao- BoatHO 3HaniTe.ibHoe' bhcjo aoasbocthuxt. jHut aAHHHHCTpaTHBHaro siAOHCTBa, KOTopua no AaHBHMt aa 1881—1883 roAa pacnpe.vi.ia»Tca I'.Tf.AVRiipHMT, o(5pa:iOMt: 1) thhobhhkobt. aflXHHHCTpawBaaro R'&jOMCTiia CTapo-soBcepBaTBBBaa napTia Bt CBoesit cocTaBf. BMija 44; napria cbo- 6oAH£Jxt EOHcepBaTopoBt—22; napria Hauioaa.5t-.iH6epa,ioBt— 5ajaOe- pa.Ti.riaro coHMa—1. Taut bto KOHcepaaTHBHtrii sjejieaTt naHOBBHie- CTBa BupnataeTca auijipoft 66. 2) Hhhobhhkobi cyAe6Haro BtjoncTBa cTapo-KoncepBaTHBaaa'napTia HMiua 8; napria CBofioAHUxt aoacepBa- TopoBt —1; napTia Hanioiia.H,-jnfiepaJont—10; napTia npaBaro uempa— 6. 3) jlnub,. apaTBcaeBHuxt Kt pasHUUt BiAoxciBaat, • nacanTUBa- aocB y CTapo-KoncepnaTopoBt 6; y cbo6oahhxi KoacepnaxopoBt — 4; y HauioHMt-.iafiepa.ToBB—4; Bt jHfiepajbHont cotoai—4; Bt npaBOMt nerrrpi — 12. 4) Dpo4>eccopoBt h npenoAaflaxe.ieS cTapo-aoacepBa- THBBaa napTia HHlua Bt KOJiiBecxBt 4; napria CBoCojHHXt aoacep- saTopoBt — I ; Bauioaajrt-AHfiepaJiBBaa— 2; jn6epa.Tr.nuii coi03t — 1 h nempt— 12. Hat aTHxt Aaaaaxt bbabo, bto Bet btb AOJataocraHa anna, BMicTi BsaTbia, upeACTaBJBJH Aono.Tf.no cyrnecTBOHHuS ajeweaTt Bt o6mext cocTaui aapoAaaro npeACTaBBTeatcTaa. Ot hhmt. no qacjennocTH mo- ryrb KOHaypapoBaTt tojbko seMjeBjaAtJbau, aaEOBuxt 6ujo: Bt napria CTapo-EOHcepBaTopoBt 52; bj. napTia CBofioxatixt aoacepBaTopoBt—21; ■ st napria HaqioHajt-jafiepajOBt—12; Bt jatiepajaaoxt co»3i—3; Bt nempli— 21. • OcTaxtHtie AenyiaTH jaHATara npaxoABTca Ha pa3HHa*npo4>ecciH: aABoaaTOBt', ToprOBueBt a t. a., apa neat <nicjeHH0CTb axt no nap- riant BupaaaeTca bi MejKaxt aaijrp'axt: 2, 6, 5, 6. Taat bto rjaBHH0 3-ieueHTt cocTaBa apyccaaro- xaHATara — ■muouHuqecTBO a aejueB.ia- A'kibau. rjiABA m . IloPBAOKt BbIBOFOUt. I. Pa3CM0TptBt, TSKHStt o6pa30Mt, KaKt lIO.TOiBIlTejtHUa, TaKt a oTpimaTe.TEHHH yexoBia, xpefiyeiuHa ajb npaaa 6htl HsSpaHHUirt Bt

— 358 — AenyTaTH, mu oCparaaca renepb s i paacMorptHiri nopadm stt6opon, 061 6npa ie x i nepBum Bonpocora, noA-ieaammii paaptmeiiiio, HBAaeica Bonpoci ycaoBiaxi, eohmh o esneraBaeTca npaBHAMiuft xosi bh- CopOBi. TasoBun ycxoBiS abs: 1) npaanAbnoe pa3j'tjeHic cTpaHu Ha H3- 6npaTe.ii.HHeospyra h 2) npaBHJibHoe cocraBaeme cdhckobi H3CupaTeae8. I to Kacaerca ao ospyroBi,' to a m npanHAtnocTH bh6opobi, b i CMUC.l t HeBaBHCMUOCTH HS6HpaTexeft H Bl CMUC.lt UOCTOHHHarO H npa- BMAbHaro AticTBia cyui.ecrcyK)inHX), H36Hp,ne.'ibHjix'i, sojaeriS, ee- 136 11 1o6xoahm», npe»Ae Bcero, ycranonaTt coctobhctbo i HpaTc. .nux ospy- roBi. Ecah6u pacnpextAOHie h ycTaHOBneaie h x i saBHciuo 'hckjoth- TOABHO OTX YCM^rptmH ajMHHHCTpaTaBHO# BjaCTH, TO nyTOMl cocra- BjeHin uxi ad toe amuaci, 6u B03M0SH0CTb uoATaconuBaTi aasi 11uafinpaTe.ibHue ospyra, Tasi h cavue Bufiopu. IIoao6ho6 npaBO, aI h- CTBHTe. .HO, h BuroBopH.ii ceOt Hanojeoni IU bi kohcthtjuih 1852 r., nocTaHOBjUBmeS, tto H36HpaieAiHue ospyra cocTaBAHioTca HMnepaiop- CKHHl AOKpOTOMl. 9to HOCTaHOBAeBiO 6hao OnCHb BUT0AH0 AJB aAMH- nHCTpapiH. Ho Tam, rjt H36iipaTejtHuS nopaAOSi nocTaBieni na npaBHAbHyn uoiBy, H36HpaTeAinue ospyra onpeAt.iaioTCii 3asoHOAa- Te.ibHUMi nopsAKom, hah, sasi bi AHr.iiH, mceohhhmi oduiaeMi. Bi AHrxiH hoctoshctbo OAsaatAH pacnpoAtaeHHUxi ospyrosi o6e3ne- iHBajocb TtMi, tto npaso HMtTi, upeACTaRHTeAefi AaBajocb nocToaa- HUMl H36HpaT&IbHHMl OKpyraMl, KOTOpue, H noaiHMOBUdopOBl, npeA- craBAiLiH H3> ce6a nocTOHHHy® ejHHHuy, eskobh rpaifieTBa u ropoxa. IIpeACTaBHTc.m rpacficTBa Bupaxa-iH co6o» Tasyn HCKOHHyu H36upa- TexbHyn eAHHsuy, Koiopaa caoaHxacb bi ctoai. OTAaseHHoe Bpeiia, tto Aa*e HeB3BicTH0, eto coScTBeHHOpa3At.iH.ii Ahp.hk) Harpac|)CTBa. HecoMHtHHO, tto noc.itAHis cymecTBOBaim paHie AAb^pexa BeAHsaro h upOAOAataAHcymecTBOBaTb bhaotb ao HacToamaro Bpeuenu bi TeneHie mhothxi CTOjtrifi. Htcsoabso noasste, ao Tasae aocthtothoAaBno, nosyiHAH cboh xapTia b ropoxa. Tasi tto ci abbhhxi nopi rpaiJiCTBa a ropoxa AHraiH opeAcraB.ia.iH co6oe> npomo ycTaHOBHBiniSca h s&h- khvthS spyn Mtcn, nocuAaBHiHxi AenyiaTOBi. BnocatACTBia, sorxa npoH30niAa peiJiopMa 1832 roAa, ho 3aspuTia pa3Huxi „3ttcTeieEi“, HMtBniHXi ao Toro npaBO nocuASTb ACoyTaTOBi, aBHAacb neoCxoxH- mocti. BHOBb paenpexiAHTb no ospyram-ocTaBmiaca nasanTHUMH xe- nyiaTcsia Ktcra. TenepemHaa (1884 r.) rjaxcTOHOBCsaa pcifiopaa no- B.ieHeTi3ac»6oio TasiseHOBoepacnpeAtaeme H36HpaTeAbHuxiospyroBi. Ho, necHOTpa, oAHaso, Ha Bet uepeiitHu, npoHsomexmia bi Hemi ci 1832 r., 6AaroAapa, ao asBicTnoft cieneHH, noxBaabdoxy soncepBa- TH3My anrAiflcsaro sasouoxaTe.TbCTBa, KOAHiecTBeHHoe pacupestAesie AenyTSTOBi no napaajieHTCKHMi MtcieisaMi HB.iaeTCa nepaBHOMtp- hhmi h sasAjwaeTi bi ce6t HecoodpasHOcm. Oco6eBHO ae aepaBno-

— 359 — aipHO pacnpexfuenie KO-miecTBa irHSnpaTCJicS no OTuomeHin s i jeuy- xaTaMt. Ha stomb ocHOBamnbb 1872 rosy H3Bf,cTHuS X h jibk b nnecx. npejwoateme o hoboxb pacnpexiaemH jienyTaTCKHXT. Micro. Ohb npa- bojhtb cnliAyromia jaimua: 100 j,envTaTOBi naCnpagJTca 80 T. hsCu- paiejaMH, a Ha j o h > apyrofi cothh aenyTaTOBi npnxoauTca 1.180 r. H36Hpaxe.iefi; ojna iioaoBana AenyraTOBB HHxuefi iiaaaTU HsOapaeica 500 t. n:i5iq>aTe;ieii, a jpyraa — chhuikoicl 2 hhjj. TiMB. He neHte, 9th Hecoo6pa3HOCTH TpyjHo noA^aiOTca acnpaB.Tenin: BHeceHHoe Ah a- bohb npesjoseme ( imo OTBeprHyTo bb naxark 6o.tbhihhctbomb 368 ro- jocobb npoTHBB 77; HUHinraili 6sm3h r.mjcTOHa o6b 1136npaTe.11.H0f1 peifropsii, B036yffijeHHHS eme bt. 1874 ro jj AenyTaromb Tpeseaaa- hojib, Tanate noAscprca EpymeHiio h (Sun bb to Bpeua OTBeprayro npu BTopoMT. nreHiu Goabhimhctbomb 287 toxocobb hpothbb 173-xb. llpu 3T0MB TpeBeji&HHB A0Ka3UBajB, ito ecjH pacnpeA’feaenie oKpyrOBx He Oyaero uawbueHo, to pacnpej'kieHie jeuyTaTOBB Me®jy rpaifcTBaiiH h ropojaMH uoayiHTca bb cxf.nyioineMB bha4: rpaipcTua cb 1.740.000 H36HpaTeaeB (SyAyro hmIitb 187 npeACTasirreaefl, a ropoja cb 1.250.000 H36apaTe.ie0— 300 nenyTaroBB. K ant 6u to hh 6li.jo, Kaict bb 1832 h 1867 r., tbkb paBHO h huh* npoeKTupyeiioe pacnpeAiaeHie hs6h- paTe.iLiiuxB ospyroBB bb ABrxiu, ecaH coBepmnTca, GyjeTB CAinaHO He HHane, kbeb 8aKonojaTeji,HUMB uopbakomb, r.-e. nocpejcTBOMB uapnaaeHTCsaro ciaiyia, HHane— ho corjamenis) m b h yTBep- ffijeHiB Kopo-M. Tovno rast ate a bb apjthxb 3aKOHO,TaTe.itCTBaxi pac- npeA’fcnenie H36npaTe.it,HUXT, oKpyroBB coaepniaeTCH 3aEonoAaTeAHHMB nopaxBOHB. II. HaGapaTexB, xotb fiu ohb ynoBaeTBopan bc$mb ycaoBiauB, KOTopun mu paacHorpi.m mime, Moacen, 6htb jonymeHB kb ynacxiD BB BUGopaxB TOXbKO BB TOMB CJVMa'f,, ec.lH OHB 3aHeceHB BB H3fiHpa- TeAHUB CHHCOBB BB TO8 OfilHHH'fe HAH OKpyri, BB EOTOpOMB OHB 6j- jeTB BompoBaTt. TpeOoB&Hie bto oOxaCHaeTca npocTHMH npaKTHne- ckumh cooCpaseniaMH, tbkb EaKB tojleo .thuo, 3auecemioe bb cbh- cokb, MoateTB CHHTaTBCH AOEasaBniHMB cBoe upaBo Ha ynacxie bb bu- 6op4. JJonymeHie U36upaxe.iefi, He sanHcaHHUXB bb chhcrh, 6luo 6a paBHOCMtno Aocyineaic jiuhb, KOTopua He HMiioro npaBa ripnnn«aTi, ynacTia bb oufiopaxB, h.ih, no KpaflneS nipt, npaBa eotopuxb Ha TaKoe ynacTie He nponipeHU h He KOHcTarnpoBanu. Ho ecaH chhckh H36npaTeae8 hmIhotb Tanya boxhoctb a-m H35iipaTe.ieii u aaase .un caxaro nponsBOACTBa buGopobb, to OTccja ecrecTBeHHO BosiiHKaen. boupocb: 1) sasoBB AoaaseHB 6utl xapaKTepB sthxb cdhckobb h 2) Eoay AO-iJKHo Ghtb nopyneHO hxb cocxaiuenie. Bb OTHomeHiH caMaro xapasiepa chhckobb aorvTB 6utl ab4 cHCTeau; 1) 3Th chhckh MoryrB Sorb cocxaB-Teau ad hoc, r.-e. nepen

— 360 — KaaMUHH BH6opaHH OTAklbHO, HAH 2) 3TH CDHCKH MOrVTb dHTb DO- ctobhhhmb, HCnpaB.iaenuMH TOJiitKO exerojHO, no Mipis HSMtaeHifiBb cocTSBi a36HpaTejefi lannaro. oapyra. CocTaBienie cnncKOBi ad hoc, T.-e. nepeai caMHUH Budopann, noBxeoodH aa codon cymecTBeHHHa BeyjodCTBa H OTKptl.IO 6ll BOSMOBHOCTb H UOllOJb Kb doAblDUMb 3.IO- ynoTped.ienijun,, Tara khet. m> otomt. exyiah nesaao-iro ao BHdopoBb ipedouaxocb du npoasnecrn npoB'hpEy npaBb BOanEaro HHOxecTBa .tim , EOTopua HuhiorL 6uii. upnsuaBH kt, ynacTin Bb BHdopaxt, oco6eirao npu pacuiupeuia uBdapaieabaaro npaBa, Kor*a oho pacnpocTpanaeica Ba Cojbmyo aaccy UHpoxonxce.iema. Bb aroKb cjynai, npu cnhm- hocth padora, orapuBajacb 611 bosmoshocti B.iijmia uapTifl aa cawufl cocTaBi cmcKOBi: upa cocTaB.ienia iixb uepe,ib BUdopaira, rocnoj- CTBynmaa napTia ycxpaHiua 6h cBOHXb uo-uiTHiecBHXb aporaBHEKOBb bccbosmosbhxh cnocodaira. Hesaimcinio ora BAiaHia napTifi, a BxiaHie aaMHHHCTpania Bb jaHHOira cjiyaah OKaaajocL 6h BecbMa cnabHUMb, Thm dox'he, bto sraoria 3aoynoTpe6aenia moimh 6h dura onpaBjanu cnhniHocxbw cocTaBjeaia cnacKOBX a BO3HOSH0CTbK> npu aefl cjf>.Tan> xhficxBHTejbHVBi omnday. BcahacTiiie Bioro, Bb 6ojii,mnHcTBh rocyjapcTB'b cnacKH H36npaTe.iefi HBiHioTca eoctohhuhmh, xmnb HcnpaBaaeMHMH esero.tHO, no jrfiph H3MhHCBifi, npoacxo*ainBxi Bt 08110111 cociaot nadapaxeaefi. CxtAO- BaTeabHO, bt. KaJKAOMb HaCapaTeJibHoii’b OKpyri HMt.eTca ojhht, H3da- paTeJIbBblS CDHCOKb, KOTOpHfi C’lHTaeTCB EOCTOHHHUlfb. ^onoxEema Kb aeiiy Ahjamca ocodo, aa ocHOBaain aaaBjeHifl, nocTynanniHx-b o n asdnpaTexefi, npiodptianmaxT. H3dHpaTC«ima npaBa Bt AannoMi, ospyrh, a Ha ocHOBaaiH sajiB.ieniit MicTnuxb ajMHHHCTpaTnmiuxi BxacTefi OTHOCHTe.TbHO, aaup., cMeprn Anna, BbidbiTia ero Bb Apyrofi ospyra h t. n., a Tasate no 3anBxeni» cyicdeuxT, aicra 0 .minema Tixb hjh jpyruxx nsdHpaTexe# HsdupaTejbHHXb npaBb BCjfcjCTBie cyiedHaro npHroBOpa hah naBasawa, KOTOpoe Bxenera sa codon Tanoe AHmeHie. Tauoe nocTOUHHOe ncnparuenie usdupaxe.iMiux% cdhckobt. aeodxoAHHo bb BHAy Toro, iTo H3dnpaTe.ii.Haa Koaxeria iJiaKTUiecsu AtSciByera norm nenpepuBHO, Tara Kara bth Koxaeria npaaaBaioTca He ToxbKo Kt HOBHMb Budopaub no HCTeteniu cpoKa noxHOHOiiS nap- xaHeBTa, ho npoH3BOAHrb Tanate h AODOAHHTexbubie Btidopu Bt c.iv- naaxb otcthbkh, ciiepTH AeuyTaia, npim/ma hmt, npaBHTexbCTBeHHoa AOASHOCTH, HeCOBMhcTHHOS Cb AeoyTaTCKHHH UOAHOMOliaMU H T. E. Bb BTHXb c.Tynaaxb, cxiAOBaTexbHO, Kb H3dpaiun AO.i*nu dHTb npa- 3BaEH HajKiHue HadnpaTe.TH, KOTopue qac.inTca TasoBUMH uo cyme- cTBynmaMb cuHCKaMb. CBepxb Toro, naxaTH, Kahb mniicTHo, Moryra dHTb pacnymeHH KoponeMb paHbme cpona HCTeqeiiin jenyTaTCKireb no.TnoMoniS. C.itAonaTe.ibHO, nonue nudopu aoryra noTpedoBaTbca

— 361 — XXIBH63aQHO, a 1 3T0T0 HeofixOAHHO, HTOGh BE KaZAOHE H36HpftTe.lt- homt. oapyri 6hah HaroiOBi sci jaHHua 061 H3SHpaTe.iaxE, AOnyigeH- i m i ke H36apaTejfcH0Hy npaBy. hto aocTaraeTca HCK.iB3iHTe.itH0 Ha- AHTHOCTBD DOCTOilHlniXE 1136upftTe.il,IIUXE CHHCKOBE. xoHto EacaeTca BToporo eoupoca, hhoeho Bonpoca 0 tome, xoxs.noSony uopyiartca cociaBJOHie a Bexeaie H36HpaTe.11.nuxE chh- ckobe, to, roBopa o6ihhht o6pa30ME, cjtxyeTt npasnaTB, n o 6jn»aa- diiihe o6pa30xt’ cocTaBjeHie h BeAnnie bthxe chhceobe aojzbo 6htb nopyiaeMO npejcTaBHTe.iHMB xicTHOfi acnoJHHTejtHoS bjhcth, Eoiopue cxys6a,Bxaxt.DTi, corjacHo boo6iho o6a3aHHOCTjiai CBoefi Bcixa jaHHUMH KacaTejtHO HapoAonacejenia utcTa, BBtpeHaaro axt ynpa- R.TCHilO, KOTOptlMt jtjiaCTCB SaHB.ieHlJl 0 BCHKOME BOABOpeaia HOBUXE JHHE, KOTOptlH HMtlDTE BE CBOHXE pyKftXE BCt 3aflR.ICHifl O nepeMt- Haxx, upoHCXo.uim.HX't be anymecTB'fe jhue jansofi m* cthocth, Koropua axtiOTE CBtiinia, EaKia .lapa ocvacjeHU cyjefiHHME uparoBopoaE, CJOBOMECKa3aTb, KOTOptlH B.iaAi»TE pa:iH006pH3HUa aaHHUa KacaTejtHO Bcero HapoAOnacejenia jaBnaro Mf.cTa, h kotophme, no ^hkohj', aojjehh A'lijaTtca caanaenia 0 BcfcxE aepeurknaxE, khke status’a, take h jht- Haro cocTana H36HpaTejef. Ho 6esycjOBHoe npuslineHie btoto npuii- nuaa, T.-e. uopyieHie sitcTHOii ajHHHHCTpaniH BejeHia n cociaB.ienia' uJuapaTC-itHUXT, cuhckobe, HoseTE noBjeit 3a co6ok> Heyjo6cTBu be t$xe c.iynaaxx, ec.iH cocTaBE aAMHHHCTpaniH hjh oprana Micmaro rtfixu,ynpaB-iema ne 6yjyTE cooTirtTCTBOnaTt thkoB naatnoB KaKE 6e3- npncTpacTBoe coCTaB.ieiiie H.sOHpaTeatHUXE chhckobe. Ecjh uliCTBue ajuuHHCTpaTHBHtie opraHU opraansoBaHU no HaiajaHE MtcTHaro caiio- ynpaBjenia, ecan ohh jtflcTBVK>TE nojE KOHTpo.ieMt o6inecTBeHHaro MiitniH, ecjH ohh, ee Tony ate. noiBepraioTca kohtpojb cvaobe ajXHHH- cTpaTHBHofl tocTHHia (Verwaltungsgerichtshofe) hjh, KaKE be AHrjin, Bhicmaro xopojeBCKaro cyxa, to npn tekhse ycaoBixxE AiaTejtHOCTt bthxe opraHOBE 6yjeiE Bno.ini cooTBiTCTBOBan toht Ha3HaieHi», ko- Topoe hue jaercH. Ho, npn h3b$ctho& fitopoKpaTHiecBofl opranH3aniu sitcTHaro ynpaH.ieHia, MtciHue opraHti, KaKE noitaiiajE peatHMt Ha- noJeoHa III, MoryTE jibhti.ch opyjieuE uazHuxE 3Joynorpe6xeHia be caaouE BejeHM H36HpaTejtHHXEchhceobe. flaace npa ycjiOBiaxE m* ct- Haro cauoynpaB.ienin, be cTpaHaxE, rjl. 'HMieTca HSBicTHoe nicTnoe npeACTaBHTe.Ti.cTno, opraHU nicTnaro cauoynpaBjenia— AHna, Btifipau- HUHOTE MficTHHXE HtHTe.ieS, HaCTOAliflCTByiOTE HOAE BAiHHieUEHapTifl, wuih 6opt6a bthxe napTifi HepfcxKO OTpasaeTcn\"na tskome o6meuE BCtXE HXE Bonpoct, KAKE BeABHie H36upaTeAbHUXE CHHCKOBE, TJ3B- HHME 06pa30ME, HO TOfl HpHIHHfi, HTO H36HpaTe.lbHHe CnHCEH, COCTa- BJHeJIHe no nOBOJV nOJUTHHeCKHXE BU6opOBE, o6HKUOBeHHO COBHa- aaroTE co cuHCEauuH'Icthijxe H36iipaTejeft. Hanp., bo'i'paimiH hmSiotch

— 362 — ABa cnHCKa, no kotophmx jaiia, bx huxt, aaneceHHtia, jonycaaiOTCii kx nOJiHTHiecKDHi BtiCopanx: 1) kx nnxx AonycEaroica .nina, aaneceimua bx ofiinHHHue cqbckh (listcs communales), chhckh oGiuhhhuxx nsGnpa- tcjcft (cAonaiejbHO, Bet n3f>npaTe.iH npeiCTaBHTejefi xicTaaro caHO- yiipaB.ieaia.canTaDTca HsOapaiejaMH h npniioauTHnecKHXx BHGopaxx), h 2) jHpa, saneceHRun bx AonoxHirrextHbie ciihcku (listes complemen- taires), T.-e. t4 juua, KOiopua hm-Liu ocijJOCTX bx jaHiiosix nicrfc bx Teneme 6 MicaueBx (tojlko anna, upoauBaKiiuiH Goxie 1 roaa, BHOCBTca bx xaiecTBt ortmHHnuxx a36HpaTexefi bx listes communales). KoxHiecTBO aanx, aauocHMuxx bx listes compliimentaires, o6uEHOBenno He b6xkko. Taxx, no xauHtiux traiucTHKu, jun,x, BHecennuxx bx ofintUBHue cancan, snaanAocx 9.600.000, a jhqx, BKJiioneHHuxx bx AonoaHHTejBHue cnucxn, Bcero tojlko 600 thc. CjiijOBaTe-ibao, bth noc.itADio cuhcbh AonycnarnTX.kx noAHTHnecsnux BHGopaxx Mcaic 'lio (0,07) CBepsx Ttxx naSnpaTexeS, KOTopue 3aHec6HH bx oGmamiue cnncKM. BcxtACTsie Taxoro coBuaAeuia o6hiubhuxx chuckobx cx asGupa- TexxauMH, xicrnaa ajxaHBCTpania npa cocTaBjenin caxx nocAtAaaxx, T.-e. no.ufTHnecKHXx cuacaoBX, Moscri. pj'koboabtlch ntcTHuan nme- pecaxa u GopbGoas uicTmixx naprifi, no, Konenuo, axieTX cboS cxhcjx npn vtCTHBXX, no ae npn nojraraiecKBXx Bn6opaxx. Cx uijbS) ycTpa- aaTx bto aeyAOficTBO, ataoTopua aaKOHOAaTejxcTBa, nocxi AOJraro oauTa, npanuH kx neo6xoAHMOCTn nopyaaTB cocTanaeHie cnacKOBX ae aABHnncTpauin, a cyjeGaoB Bjacra, xaxx opraHaxx, no o6m;eMy npaBiuy, CTOamaxx BHt Bcasofi fiopi.flu napiifl, nan, no Kpafiuefi Htpt, TpeGyioTx Hisoroparo ynacria cyjeGHofi baectk .ihGo bx peBH3iii, npo- BtpKt cnHCKOBX, ab6o bx upoa3BOACTBt BufiopoBX. H Bto yyacrie opra- hobx cyAa HAeTx nporpeccHBHO, tbkx bto bx iiobuxx KoncTHTyniaxx, B03nuKmuxx npaxipao nocxi 70-xx toaobx, ynacTie bto Bee Goaie a Goate pacierx, tbkx kbbx oitljtx noKaaa.ix. bto xicTHHe opraau a opraHU aAManucTpaTHBBofi B.iacTn xaao oGesaeanBaioTx hcoGsoabmoo bx BTOux Atxt 6e3npHcrpacTie. 111. OGpamaacb kx nocTaHOBjemaxx ■HiKOTopuxx OTAtibauxx 3aKOBOAaTC.n,ctbx, ocTaaoBHxca npesAe scero Ha Aarxin, kbkx cxpaai, upeACTaB.iaromeS bx btohx' OTHomeain asBicTBbia ocoGeaBOCTn. Bx Anr.iia cocxaBjeuie Bi6npaTe.ibnusx chbckobx nopyaaeTca npnxoj- CKHXX AOAIKHOCTHHXX AHUaMX, HMeHHO, Haj3HpaTe.lB.MX 3B 6tAHUMM. H3BtcTHO, bto bx AHi'ain oahumx H3x ycaOBifl H36upaTejbaaro npaBa ciHTaeTca naaTcax naiora bx nojbsy GijaHxx, n uoToxy najanpa- Te.ix BB.imoTcii GAasaamnaa jo.imocthhmu jumaxa, soTopuxx no- pynaeTCa n BeAeaie cbhckobx BcaKaro poAa KacaTejbHO Mtcmaro na-

— 363 — riopaxoKX cocTaueaia cdhceobx cjixy®n(i8 ‘): 20 sasjaro roja Haj3HpaTCJH aa GIsahhmh xo.i®hu cxtxaTs ononimenin o Bctxx hobuxx .iHuaxx, be-tK)it:abus's bx coctubx U36nparexefi, a Taase o .iHuaxx, wesaumass cxtaaTs 3aaBxeHia o XHeceniH hxx bx cuhcokx, AO 25 aerycTa. Kx I ceiiTafipa Kaatjaro roja bth cbhckh aouehu Guts saKOHBeau u BUCTasseHU bu4ct4 co bcSmh saMtianiiiMii a bos- paxemaxH, CA'fexaeHHMB no noBOxy hxx cocTaweHia co ctopohu hsGh- paTe.ieS, a TaKace cx OTBiiaxa h ofii.acBpHiaaH Ha cxtxaHHHH B03pa- aeHia caxaxx HaA:inpaieaeS. Saxtaania Ha cdhckh xomeTX xtaan, BCaaifl. 9to upaBo, conpaseBHoe cs npaBoxx bx c-iyqaf. nyaiAU bbh- hhts hckx 3a xpyroro, boaxoahtx hoax noeaTie actio popularis, sans ee noHHMaaM pmumne: Bcaaoe jhbo, xa*e ae saHHiepecoBanBoe jhbho, Haters npaso xtxaTs cboh saatiaHia oo noBOxy H36HpaTexsHUSx cbhceobx. 3ar&Mx, ci 1 no 15 ceBTaGpx nasaanaeTca peBU3ia btbxx CBUCKOBX HAH BpOBtpaa HXX. PeBH30paMH HBjaK>TCH AHQa, B3HTUHH3X axsoEBTypu. Haxo 3axtTHTs, uto bx AhfjTih axaoBaTypa hbabotcji ocoGorocyxeGHOD Kopnopauieio. BcxtxCTBie 3Toro, aanp., toaseo H3Xco- cTasa axBOEaTypu aasHaiaioTCfl Bet BecTHHHCTepcKie cyxsa. 03t bthxx axBOKaTOBX bx peBHSopu Ba3HaaaiOTca AHi(a, HaiBBiia 7-xiTHDao cyxe6- uyio upaKTHKy; peBHSopu HasHaiaraTCH CTapmsux accH3HUHX cyxseio, ko- TopoHy nopyaaeTca x&mts o6xtsxu EopoxeBCTBa h bpoh3boxhts acCHSti, HueuBo accHSHUMX cyxien xtTHaro o6xtsxa. Jana, HasnanaeMua bx pesxaopu, 1) He aoajkhu Guts lAciraxB iiap.mMeera, 2) He xoasshh sanHaaTL rocyxapcTseHHOfl aoxhehocth h 3) caMH ne xoryrx Guts hs- GpaHU bx xonyTaTu ors Toro ospyra, rxt ohh bpohsboxhah peBasis), bx Teaeme 18 m* chhcbx nocxt peBiiaiH. Jxa Dpoa3BOxcTBa pcBn3ia peBH3opu oG.ieKaioTca npaBaHH cyxeGHoR BiacTH, h oponexypa peBusiH HHteTx nponeccyajBHua xapaETepx. BcxixcTBie stoto, act Sana, HvacHua xah oGxacnenia, xoabehu, hoax CTpaxoaix nirpaifia, hbahtscb bx totx ropoxx, rxt sactxaeTX peBH3ioHaaa KOBaaccia. Cioxa aoashh aBHTSca: 1) Bet BaA3BpaT6xu 3a GhxnuMH, npoTHBx KOTopuxx npexx- BBxensi Kasia abGo B03pa»eBia, a 2) Anna, KOTopua npexCTaBH.ia bth B03paa:eHia. Haxo saxtTHTS, hto nposypaTypa bx Aarxiii pa3BHTa oaeas xaxo: secsxa BaacHoe anaaenie bx x ia i oGBHBeaia HxtioTX actiones populares; bo shto jmbo, BBxaiouieeca oGBHHHTexeMx, o6a3aHO Henpesiinao npiiCuTb bx cyxx, ecxa noc.it,Aniii coiTeTX HyjsHuxx no-

— 364 — rpeouimib «nx ueiu uCxacnenia. o6e3neieHia 3Toft ofeiaHHOCTH c i noca^jHaro HHorja rtepeTca sasorx, a bx CAynai ya-iOHCHia ore hbeh Bl cyai, aa Bero aa-iaraeTca nrrpaijix, h ohx Aaate noaBcpraerca saAepaumiB. TaKHMi oCpasoMx, Anna, npeACTaBHBinia B03p&»eHia, 06a- 3aau, nogx CTpasom nrrpaipa, aiiBTbca hi peBBSopam, kotophmx DpeAOCTaBJHOTca npoBipaTb n3CHpare.11.HUCcuhckh h paapimaTb bchkio cnopnue Boupocu, BOSHHKaiomie no btomv npejMCTy, cx Titix, anponem, orpaEHieHiear, no sth pimenia noA-ieawira oCxa-ioBaBin bx anea- .Tiiuioniioux nopHAKi bx Bucmifi KopoaescKiB cvjx '). TaKHM'b oCpaaom, bx AHrjia mu bhahxx yiacTie cyieCHaro 8Ae- HOHra ecjiH He bx cocTaBJeHia H36HpaTejbnuxx cohckoux, to bx pe- BBsiH hxx. HaASHpare-iH sa CiAnuMu, kbex oTjumbie anaToKH CBOero OKpyra, Moryre xopomo cocTaBHTb 11aSapaTe.11.nuc cuhckh, bo odh He- chocoShu Hec.TH .nt-io peBHsia, npa EoropoS sacra BOSHHKaBre Bonpocu npaiia; npejocTasHTb paspimenie hxx na.r3iipaTe.THMX Cujo 611 Be- yAOCmo, t3kx nasi noeatAHie He bphctu a, no ofiuKHOBeHiB, He CB-fc- AyiQH BX 9THXX BOIipOCHXX; TOAbEO aABOKHTU, HUpHTOMX UCUblTaHHUC Aoaro.i'feTHeB npaETHKOio, Moryix nocraHOBHTb no B03nHEaromHMx cuop- humx Bonpocaux npaBa Tania pimeeia, KOTopua 6 j x y n cootb^tctbo- oare cpHAHiecROMY cyniecTBy A'l>Aa. Bo TtpaHipH TaKoS peBHaiH chhckobx, R3kx bx Abi-alb, ho cyme- cTByeTx. CocTaujeuie cuhckobx nopyaaeTca itBctboh oOiuhhhoS bjhcth, ho jkuaoCli na Bcasia HenpaBH-ibHoCTB, AonyigeHHua npa hxx cocia- BjeaiH, npHHOcaTca oco6oS peBHsiOHHoi kommhccih, cocTaBaehhoS a) H3X ajeHOBX ROMMHccin, cocTaBaannieS cuhckh, b 6) abyxx AeaeraTOBX ore ayBBUHnaabHaro coBiia. Htaao6u Ha kommhccib npasocaTca stapoBOMy eyAbfc (juge- de paix); AonycaawTca h KaccanioHHua ataaoSu, npaao- CHMUfl upamo no OTAtaemu rpaKAaHCKHXx a^ x (cour de cassation a la chambre civile). Tbkx sto, cjrfcAOBaTOAbHO, bo $paHgiH oSigefi pe- BHSiH HsSppaTeAbHHXX CnHCKOBX H'flTX, H CHMUS CJAX BHCTynaOTX TOAbKO Torga, KOTAa ex Heicy oCpaigaBTca aca-iyunjiaca croponu. •bpaania bx btomx orHomeHia gepaHTca topo npuHuuna, sto cyAX AtScTByere toAxko TorAa, KorAa ex neMy oSpamaBTca, no cosep- HieHBO npOTEBOBOAOXBO aHl'-liScKHMX HOpBAKaMX, no EOTOpUMX peBH3iu se zgere noBOAOBX HsuHii, npHMbHHeica He bx easy npnrjameHiS u TpeCoBaHift 3anBTepecoBaHHUxx ctopobx, a caaa no cefifi. Ktpca). ^

— 365 — CacTeiia repuaacKaa fioaie npH6jaataeTca hi.cucTeat aAUHHucTpa- THBHoa. Slich cocxaMBHie CBHCKOBX nopjaaenta in. Ka»jofl ofimant o6m,HBHoa BaacTH (Gemeindevorstand). 3to Haiaao apHuimeTca apa cocTaBjeaia cbbckobx miCupaTejeft bx repMaacKifl HJinepcsift peSxcTarx. MicTHHa ofimecTBeHHua aaacrq cocTaaiaioTX am cdhckd cx npaaoiix odxajOBaaia, upmioCHMaro bhcbthvx ajMUHHCTpaTHBBUux MtcTaMX. 06nia pacnopaxeHia no cocTaBaemro cbhceobx apaBajacasaTX bx ro- poaaxx 6yproMBCTpaax (T.-e. rojOBaMx b n»paxx), a' bx yiSAaxx — janjpaTaMX, T.-e. iuaBHUMx aojjrhocthumx lanaiix yfcsAa. 3th jaua pacaopaataBTca cocTaBieHieMX cbbckobx, HenpaBHJXHOCTX kotopuxx noxerx nojaeaaTB odaca-ioBaaiio bx 6.inxaflinyto HHCTaHuiio, ho Tasae bx nopa^Bi axuBHHcrpaTBBHOUx. Canoe pdisKoe OTCTvweHie otx sthxx npaBiux npeacTaiuaeTX ho- Boe 6pa8H.ii.CKoe saKoaoAaTeaxcTBO 1881 roja. Bx BpasaaiH canoe co- ciamenie cbbckobx nopyaaeTca cyjeOnofi Bjacrn. IIepBonaaa.ii.Ho cna- CBH COCTaBUBlOTCH .IHipaHH, COOTB'llICTBylOmBMH B0J0CTHL1HX CyAbAHX, E yTBepawaBTCB nocH npoiitpKii hxx cyAbmra nepuofl HHCTaHniH. Bx McnaniH 3aK0HX 1878 roja aoboaxho 6jh3KO hoaxoahtx kx bthmx nocTanoBAeniaMx 6pasHAbCKaro aaKOHOAaTejbCTBa. Hmchho, no HcnaBCKOny 3aK0Hy 1878 roAa npeAnHcaao cocTaBHTi bx Ka«AoS ofimHHi oco6yo KOMiracciio, KOTopoft iiopyaaerca BeAeHie H36npa- TC.lLnUXX CBBCKOBX. CHMTaiOmHXCH OCHOBHUMH H, BO HCBaHCKOiiy Bupameuiio. Ha3MBarcir<nxcH cohcksmb hjih peecTpaua H36npaTejtBaro uesaa. SariiMX, Bcaaoe BHeceHie hobhxx ahux bx 8th cbhckb, nocai TOTO, kbkx OHH 6uah yTBepsAOH&f, AonycaaeTCa He HHane, kbkx bo cyAe6H0»y ptineHiio. Hmchho, saaonx ycTaHOBAaeTX aab toto oco6yn nponeAypy, cx bh3obomx CBHxfeTejieft, cx yaacTieMXnpoKypopcKaro HaA- sopa h cx CHdeMofi iOKaaaie.ibCTBX, onpaBAraaDiAHxi iipeTeHsio ho- Baro AHita aa noiyieBie snaHia iia6npaT0.ia. Ilpa stomx opaBO aia.io6u h HCKa Aaerca, kbkx .ranaMx 3aHHTepecoBaHHtiMX, tbkx h bc* mx rtax, KTO BHeceHx BX HsCHpaTWbHua cnncoKX, caiAOBaTeabHO, hckh »th boa- xoabtx HOAX HOHBTie actio popularis. Ho paax am cbhckh 6hah Ta- khbx nopaAKOMX npoBipeHH h yTcopacjcuu, nocToaHnaa hxx peBaaia nopyaaeica oco6oB KomiHcciH, Koropaa coctohtx H3x iriscTHaro ajrwcaAa (jojishoctb, cxoAnaa cx aoajkboctxo tojobu h.ib srepa) h 4-xx b36h- pare.ieS, na3HaneHBHXx MyHHuiiuaAbnhnix costTonx raaBaaro ospyra. Gra KOMMHCcia H3X 5 mux H ueACTx noCToaiiuoe AonoaeeHie kx cdh- ckbmx: .ABHseaia a.ieKTopajiHaro cnHCaa“ (no nosoAy CMepTn Hs6Hpa- Teaeft, BuflHTia hxx bx ipyroS OKpyrx, no noBoay saMDieHia hxx bx TmpbMyh JHmeBiaH36HpaTeibHHXXnpaBXnoApymsix npMWHaHx). IToao- BiiHa B-ienoEX BTofl. kokhhccih B03o6iiou.iaeTCH lepesx KaaiAHe 2 roAa.

— 366 — Bt. Bearpin et, eocTaBxeHira chhckobi Tatxe npnu'iuuu»ui oco6uft nopa.iOKi,. Uo BeHrepcKOMy saKOHy cocTasjeHie cnaCEOBi nopynaeica o6me# ueHTpajEBoS eokhmccih KajSAaro EOMmaTa (H-fciTo bt. po ji rpa$- ctbh nan ryfiepaiH), h sartirB 3Ta neETpaxbBaa bommhccui nopyiaen, 8to a* ao kt, KasAont oTA'fi.itHOM'bOKpyrfc ocoSumt. xiiuairj.. HeHTpaxrf- naa KOMMHecia cocToart.: 1) hsx Haqa.ibHHKa oapyra hah ero aaHtcTH- Te.ia (o6epx- hah BHiie-reinnana) h 2) H3t jam ., H36paHHHxi> in>o6inem> coSpasin H3fiapaTe.ie(i OTHOCHTeAbnUMb dojbumiicTiioM’b rOAOCOBb Ra 3 roAa. ^i.ia no saaofiaH'b sa oenpaBH-ibHOCTH, AOnymeBHHa npn co- ctaBAeRiH cnacsoab, paapiaiaiOTca ABoaKHMi ofipaaoMb, CMOTpa no HXi cymecTBy. Ecah m. xaxo61; HAem uonpoet o&h HaCHpaTeabHovb npast— ptincmo uo Heft Aaert arieAxanionHufi KopoaeucKiS cva*; t'c.iu xe jh.io mgflm o nenpaBHAMiocTaxx, AonymeiiHuxt. B i nopnAK'ft cocTa- Bxenia chhckobti—to jKa.io6a noCTynaen. ua paacMOTpItme MKHueTep- CTBa BHyTpeaHiixb Af,-TB. IIepnonaxa.n,noe cocTaBACHie cohckobt, no H3- finpaTeAbBUMi oKpyrain., i a n cnaaauo, nopyqaeTca ocoCony komhtctv urn. Tpex't ahut., AificTByKuueMy boat. Hax3opOMi, neHTpajiHUXb kom- HHCcift KaxAaro oapyra no npHHaAAexHOCTH. Eta'iaxo cj'AefiRaro HaASopa sa uejenieMi. cnHCKOBt ycBoeno b 6exi- riftcKHMT, naKOHOAaTeAbCTBOMt. CymecTBO 3anona 30-ro iioAa 1881 r. saE-nonaeTca Bi tout,, too aab poBHBiH chiickobt. h axa npHHRTin ataAOdr. ycTanoBAaeTca vcHAOBHoe yiacTie cyAa. IIo saKOHv 1881 roAa cnacRH nocToflHnu, bo obh aouoahhritch exeroAHO cAliAyHtinHMi no- pflAKou'i: cn. 1-ro no 14 asrycTa aOAAeria GyproMHCTpoBt h me4\"Jie- hobb (M’ftcTBua ba8cth) nepecMaTpHBaeT-t CHHCKB oc6aahxt> rpaxASHt bb aaxAO# oeinaat. IB asrycTa stb cdhckb o6aapoAUBa»Tca b ao 31 aBryera npRBHHaiOTca Bospaxeaia npoTHBt hhx%. OaosnaTe-iiHoe ate yTBepxAeBie cnHCBOBi HacTynaen, 3 ceHTafipa. iKaAoOu Ha jienpaBHAb- HOCTH, AOnymeHHUIt apH COCTaBAeniH CBHCKOffi, npHHBCHTCa HCKAOTH- TeaBHo aneAAanioBHOxy cyay. IIpaBO atajoBu npHffaxAexHTi. saxAoay aHuy, KOTopoe uoAt3yexca bb oapyrt rpaj&AancKRUH h noAiiTHaecKHMH npaBaKH. Ecah 6u ataxotfniHBT. hah HantpesaDiniSca npunecTn ®axo6y Aaxe yaapi, to ero hcbb Moxen, npeAiasAaTica bcbkhhb. 3arfMb, caepxB Toro, sa ptmeHie anexxanioHRaro' cyAa Moryrt npHHocHTtca ataXOfili B l MCCaiOOBHOMB nopaARt. V. BuSopu Ha3HaqaBTCa pacnopaxenieiri Bopoxa (b i pecny6AHr Kaxi—npesHAeHia) bah MHHHCTpa BHyTpeHHHX'i x k n , npH nem 6ah- xaftmia aipu OTHOCHrejbHO aasHaienia AHa Bu6opoBi BpeAOCTaBjaioTca oSuKHOiteHHo HHHHCTpy BHyTpeHHHX'i AtAi. Bnponeiri, b i Aarxin KO- poxeBCKift yBa3i o cosHBi H36HpaTexe8 HanpaBxaeTca K'b mepnifaMi, KOTopuMi, nopyqaeTca bpohsboactbo BuBopora na Mf.cTaxt, saki, mu ySHAHMi HHXe.

— 367 — 3aiisix mi BCTptaaeMca cx Bonpocoxx o tout,, kx k8ko3 Mipi oOasaTe.iLHa HBua H3$HpaTexefi bx r t cofipaHia, in, soTopura nponcxo- Aara 03HaieHBue Bufiopu. IIpaBO Hafipania pa3cstaTpHBaeTca KaKx npaBO ffiiKyMmamumaoc, T.-e. Tasoe npaBO, kotopumx H3B*CTHOe -lHito HoaeTX h ho BOcnojbsOBaTbca. 9Ta Toaaa aptmia bx npuHXHni Be itpejcTa- BjaeTca iipaHH.iMioS, Tara Kara ii.s6HpaTejrf,Hoe npaBO xaerca bx bhx)’ H3BtcTiiLix7, oOmecTBeHHUxx ijixefl, h jKJOHeHie ora Hero Hoxera Bpejuo OTpaHHTtca aa iicxojf, Bufiopoax, Tara tto, bx EOHpi eohqobx, Hoaera noayiHTbca naxaTa, coctbbx KOTopoft He 6yxera cootbIitctbo- bbtx ea HasHaieHin h oxaseTca Heate.iaTe.itHbiiix. BcxixcTBie SToro, npoB03r.iameHie npunnana o6ii3aTejn,uaro nocIiincHia HaCHpaTe.iLHUXx cofipanift hhckojbko He DpoTHBoptiH.io 6u cymecTBy BxiCopnaro npana. Ho coBpeMeHHue saKOHOjaTexBerea He ocoCeHHO cTporo cuoTpara Ha MBoroBHCJieHBUa jKxoueHia ora noxbaosama bthmx BuCopmjMX npa- boxx, ito bhxho H3x BUcoKaro °/\" jhux, He npHHHMaioin,Hxx yaacTia bx Bufiopax'b. Bx OTjtjibHuxx 3aKOHOAaTe.n,crsaxx cymecTBy»ra XHinx HiKOTopua KOCBeHBua xtpu, KOTopua nofiyatxaiOTXH3finpaTe.iefl aaxaTbca bx H36apaTeJbHbia no.ueriH. Ho Kaax bci KoceeuHtia nipu, oni He irpHBojaTX kx oeo6enHo cyniecTueHuuMx pesyxbTaTaMX. Tara, ho iJipaH- Hy3CK0My 3aKOnoxaTe.ibCTuy onpe.ni.iaeTca, tto hhkto bo Moxtera6aTb HsCpaHx bx xenyTara, ecxH bx ero no-ibsy He noxaHO SoxxraHHCTBO roxocoBx hsx, no KpatfHeS x ip i, */« Bcixx, sauHcaHHbixx bx cnHcsi HafiHpaTexefi. CxixOBaTexhHo, bx Birfopaxx xoxxho yiacTBOBaTh fio.iie '/< sanncaimiixx H36Hparejefi; sthmx ycTanOB-iaCTCa HSBiCTHHfi quorum H36HpaTexbHuxx coSpaniS. HocTaHOBxeaia o aeHX no Bocnpo- HBBoxaica bx xpynixx aaaoHojaTexbCTiiaxx. Tara, BeHrepcKoe saico- noxaiexbCTBO He nocTaHOBxaeTx quorum’a, h, cxixOBaTexbHO, Bbi6opu Moryra cocTOHTbca upu bcbkomx HHcai nsfliipaTexeS. Bx TpaHCCHXbBa- Hiii, rx i yKXOHenie ora BufiopoBX no nputHHi aauiona.itHuxx aHTH- uaTifl moxho cuHTaTb anHxeHHiecBHMX, HepixKO c-iyaaeTca, hto xeny- rara HsCapaeTca nopasHTexano uaxuux ihcjomx HSttapaTexett. Bx btoxx OTHomeHiH noxyqHxx HSBicTHOCTb totx cxyuatt, norxa oxhhx xeuyTaix fiu.ix HsCpaHx Bcero HaBcero xbthh HsCnpaTe-iaMH, hsx eohxx npmoMx oxhhx 6lixx ero TecTb, a xpyroft—mypHHX. OrcyTCTBie iiocTaHOB.ieuia 0 quorum’i xoxheho pascuaTpHsaTbca He Kara xsrora, xasaeMaa h36h- paTexaHX, a KaKX Mipa KOCBeHHaro nofiyaxema bx tomx CHue.ii, 3TO ecxH H36HpaTe.IL He KBHTCa Ha Bu60pu, TO BCe-TaKH BUfioptl C0- CTOHTCH npHHajHIHOMX THCXt H36HpaT6Je8, H eCJH HCXOXX BtlCopOBX oKaaeTca hotomx HecooTBtTCTnyiomHMX aexaHiaxx OTcyTCTBOBasuiHxx, to BHtiOBaTHMH bx tohx oKaavTCH 9TH nocxixnie. Ho 3'ra KOCBOH- Haa Mipa Taicae ho upHBOxnra kx Haj.ieaamHxx peayxbTaTaxx. Bx 3T04IX OTHOuieHiH do.iie cepLe3Hua siipu, kskobm, nanp., Mipu i]>paH-

nyscuaro 3aK0H0AaTeAxcTBa, xoashu ciHTaTbca n 6o.it,e ntxecoofip&s- Bx rocviapcTBaxi, rjrt oymecTByen. ABycxeneHHaa noAaia roxocoBx, nanx, Hanp., bx Bex. repnorcTBi BaxeRcsoux, yciaHOBjaeTca h3b4cihu8 quorum a m H86HpaTe.it.HHXx KOjjeriS 'Wahlmiinner’oBx: eciK bx nep- buB paax 'It H86HpaTeaeB OTcyTCTsyeTX, to orcyTCTByioiuie ofiaaaHU yn.iaTHTt, HBxepmKn, h liufiopii na8HaiaiOTCii bo BTopoS past Ha CJi- xyiOBuft A6Bt, npn iexx aoctbtorho hbahthocth a6cox»THaro 6oxhhhh- CTBH BuCopiUHKOBT., TTOSiJ BtlOOpU C1HTa.lHCt COCTOaBUIHHHCB (CM. 06x stomx Buine, CTp. 284). H ohhtho, qro yuxara naxepxeK'B bx xannoxx cxyiai paoHOCHXLRa mTpaipy sa HeaBBy. Ho btotx iuTpai|>x BOSMOseBX XHmt npn yciOBiH XBycTeneHHUxx BHfiopoax, T.-e. Korja itoxHiecrao bh- SopmuKOBt 11e3na1HTe.Ti.no. Ho o s i nenpHMiHHHX, Korja koxhtcctbo hit Aoxoahtx ,io jecaxitoBt thchix, h Korxa yBazirrexBHBiH npHianu He- hbkh, Tpefiymnia pa3CH0TpiHia, Moryrx 6utl ipeanuiaftuo mhoid- iBC-ieHHU h pa3HOoSpa3HU, kbkx to HMiera Micro npn CHCTexi Bce- o6mefl no.iaiH id.iocobx. VI. 3ar&MX, caaua BuSopHHa onepaqin uopyiaiOTca AHnaxx, o6pa- 3yBtu,Hiix H36HpaTe.ii.Hoe 6npo. H36npaTejBuoe 6»po o6pa3yeTca pas- -THiHO, coOTBiTCTBeHHO rbu’h npHHHHnaHx, Ha Koropue xu yita3a.iH uinne, T.-e. cooTBiTCTBeHito ajuuHHCTpaTHBHOMy ycipoflcTsy oprSHOBX, cocTaBXHBuiHxx chhckh H36HpaTe.ieS, hah cooTB-feTCTBeHHo yiacTio BX BG.ieHill 3THX1. CHHCBOBX ,1HI(X CyjefiHBrO BijOMCTBa. Bx ABI'JIH 3T0TX Boupocx paapimaerca Ha ihcto HCTopHiecitHxx ocHOBaHiaxx. Ilpexci- jaTexLCTBO bx HsCnpaTe-itnuxx Ko.ueriaxx uopviaeTCH janasix, na- ia.ixcTByiomHMx bx AaHHOxx OKpyri. IUepHifx, naax rjaBHuS Haia.it- hukx, kbkx nepBoe jO-iscHocrHoe jihho bx rpaipCTBi, hbuhotch r.ian- HUMX npaBHTe.lLCTBeUHUMX KOMHHCCapOMX no npOH3BOJCTBy BUfiopOBX. Bx ropojaxx upaBHTe.itcTBeHHUMX EOXMnccapoxx HB.weTCa M8px ro- poja. IIpH 9T0MX HOAX pyBOBOACTBOMX 3THXX A0.11KH0CTHHXX JHHX MO- ryTX OuTb oCpaaoBaHU h xicTHue oTA'i.iu B36HpaTe.ii.HHXx Kouerifi, bx EOTopuxx noAaoTca roxoca. IlpunuHnx Tanoro aAXHHHCTpaTHBnaro cocTaBa n36npaTO.if.Haro 6topo BHA0H3xiHHerca HaKOHTHnenTi Ebpouu: Bo-nepBuxx, T-fexx, ito bor.iaBi 3THXXH36npaTC.ll.HUXX KOAABriS CTHBHTCHAHQOCVAe6Har0 BiAOMCTBa. IIo HcnaHCKOuy 3aaoHy 1878 roAa, ns6HpaTejbHoe 6mpo cociaBjaeica hbx aAxicaAa h acceccopoBX (otx4—6), HsSpaHHuxx caxHXH H36HpaTe..mxH. Sartxx, o6jqaa neirrpa.iE,nafl ttOMMHCciii no cieTy roiocoBX (junta) co- ctohtx noAX npeAciAaTe.ixcTBOMX cyAXH nepsofi HHCTaHniri r.iaBHaro ropoia oKpyra; ecia sthxx cynefl BicnoABEO, to npeActAaieABCTByerx CTapiftmiS cvaxh a oahhx bsx i.ieHOBX uenrpajxnoa bommhccih no hc- npaB.ieHi» cohckobx (cm. BHme). Bx Hia.iiH, no 3anony 1882, npeqx

— 369 — iia'ia.ioMii BuCopOBT. bb BaaciOft ceecia ofipaayeicH Bpeueimoe 6»po hoab npeActAttTe.ibctbomb npesHAeHT'a m b i.ieHa anej.iapioHHOli na- j4th H.3H Mesa MtcTHaro TpafiyHaxa, bah npeTopa h t. a., hsb 4 'uenoB-B—Aaysi no xpefiin ( r a •ubrobb ofimaiinaro coBtTa) h AByxB . caaaxB mo.toauxb hsb aBManlHXca HaSapaTeaeii. OnoHuameMMoe 6»po HsfiupaeTca cumbuu H^apaTcaaMH, KorAaohh co6epyTca bb HHCJit 20, no KpaflHeft Mtpt, HeJOBtKB. Bo-btophxb, BHA0H3M'Iraenie naaaaa, npaMi- Haeaaro bb A himih, 3aatTHo h b'b ApyraxB OTBomeHiaxi, hmchbo bb tomb, bto HaOHpaTejBHOO 6»po cocTaBjaerca xotb TaKxe H3B atcT- HHXB aAMHHHCTpaTHBHUX'fc AO.TJKHOCTHHXB .[HUB, BOCBnpH(‘OC,T,HHCnieM'l, KBBUWb -IHH'B, BUOpBHRUXBHJUHpaTOJIflllHH3BCBOeS CpBABIB’B KaieCTIit AtJOnpoaaBOAHTeaeS, chctthkobb roaocoBt, ceKpeiapett, bb Tout pas- caeTt, ato othmt- CyxeTt oOeaneaeHa 66abinaa iiphbh.tbuocti. b'b bij6o- paxt, bx cae-rt roxocoBB, b'b yAOCTOBtpcniH hxb HajHanocTH h t. n. VII. Bufiopu aoaxhh upohcxoahtb npa Ha.iHiHOCTa. no Kpa8ae6 Mtpt, HtcRoaBKHXs asSapaTexe# a hoab npeActAaTexLcrBOMB 6»po bb 3apaEte HasnaHeiiHMfi jeHh. CoOctbohho rOBopa, bi, stott, aohb npoacxoAHTb tojii.ko uo.ta'ia ioxocobb, T.-e. AOCTaraeTca peay-itTan, Bctxi, npoAmecmoBaBmaxB noAroTOBaTextHUXB kb BuCopaai, AtficTBifl; bb stott, aobb H3(5npaTejH noxaion, rojo'ca sa ahab, kotopuxb ohb CHHTaHlTB AOCTOHHHMB HOCKTB SBaHl'e AOnyraTOBB. Ho HTOfel 9T3 B0- Aana 1X1X0608% 6iua eo3HaTe.ir,HO0, nyacno nocaoTptTB, bt, Kaicia yc.io- Bia uocTaB.ronT, H3(5apaTe.iB oraocHTexBHO .iaua, fiyxymaro xenyiaTa otb TaKoro to OBpyra, npu KaKHXB ycxOBiaxB ohb xoseTB coctsbhtl ceot onpextxeHHoe MHtaie o cdocoOhocthxb a nparoAHOCTH Cyjiyniaro AenTTaTa bi/iiojihhtb to aasHaneHie, KOTOpoe Ha Hero BosxoacaTca. Ha- xhhhoctb SxaroapiHTHHXB hah HefiAaronpiaiHiiXB ycxoBia axh o6pa30- BaHia Taaoro HHtHia bb asCapaTeaBHuiB Ko.ixeriaxB—aBxaeTCa, ia- khmb o6pa30MB, BonpocoMB fio-itnioR naatHorru. ll3fiupaTejLnaH aoue- ria C0CT0HTB B3B JHHB, KOTOpua He IKHByTB TO.TBKO HOXHTHHCCKHMH HHTepecaua, KOTopua npasaeKaKiTca kb hhmb ahihb HesaAoxro ne- peA% BH6opaMH. Huntmnaa AOHoipaTia a Aa*e fiypasyaaia cb npa- Basa, ofie3iieieHHHMH abhsomb, He hmI iotb aanero odiparo cb xpeB- hhmh AOHOKpaTiaBH, Hanp., aeHBCKoR, rAt rpaatAaHe, ofiesneaeHHHe TpyAOHB paOoBB, MOrjH XHTb TO.TBKO AXH TOCVAapCTBa H OTAaBaTL CBOe BpcMH noxHTHnecKHMB BOupocaMB. HanpoTBBB, Huntninaa AeuoKpaTia h MHoroTHc.TeHHuft KJiaccB 6ypsya3ia xiioctb Cyahhihumh anrepe.- cajiu, HHTepecaMH ToproB.ia, npoauHixeHHocTa a itxB aaHaxifi, koto- pua AocTaBxaioTB cay cpeACTsa kb cymecnjOBaHiio. IloHaTHO, htonpa TaivHXB yc.ioBiaxB, T.-e. npa raKofi OTnyatACHHOCTH otb noxaTHiecKoft JKB3HH, A-ia ofipaaoBania no.ia'rifiecKHXB MiitHifi Boofime a MBtaia o JHUaXB, CHOCOOhHXB Cull, BHpa3HTe.TflMB HXB H lipeACTaBHTeXHMH H8-

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xaTypaxi, to bc£ paate aaim.ieHHUe BaHXHxaTH, ccju hhcao hxx He iipoRhiuiaeri, Hiicaa xenyTaTOBx, onpexTueHHHxx no sasoHy Ha xxhhhS oapyrt, c'lHTatOTca nadpaHBLiMH bx jenyTaTH aaate 6e3x OaaaoTHpoBKH. 9totx nopajOKX nocayxHax ofipaasoux u i 6e.itri#cKaro aaKOHa 9 iio.ia 1877 roxa, „3aE0Ha o railho if iiojanb roaocoBX, o raftat' ro- JiocoBama h 06% H36apaTe.iiBhxx waireRpuxt\". 8to nanajo xera.ii.H0B aHrxiScKofi EauxHxaTypu 3jtct npoBCxeno, ropaaxo expose, h£mx bx aHrxiScKoux saKOH'fe 1872 roxa. IIo 6exi.riBcKOny aaKOHy 1877 r. mh- jujaTypu aoxshu 6u n npexcTaB.ienu sa 5 jHefi jo nanaxa noxa'ia ro- -iocobx (bx AHraia—3a’/» aaca). Hpoxxosenie o KanxH'xaTypi xoxxno 6utl nojnncaHo 50 HsfiHpaTe-iaHH bx oapyrt, KOTopufi HsOnpaoxx ne- Tijpexx h 6ox4e xenyiaTOBX. h 30t- bx nponaxx oapyraxx. CBepxx Toro, otx cawaro KaH^ajaTa TpefiycTcn 3aaBacnie, hto ohx npHHHHaetx EaHxaxaTypy. Bx 'reaenie oath xhoh nepexx sufiopaHH iiriflHpaTO.TBiroe fiiopo cocTaB.wen, cehcokx KaHjHjaTOBX, Koropufi sarfeMX ueiaTaeTca Ha HsfinpaTexbHuxx fiiojxiCTCHaxx. (Ipa noxant roaocofix Bcasifl hs6h- paTexs moxotx uothpobutb to.ii.eo 3a oxhoio hsx o6o3Hanennuxx bx 6»:MeTeH‘ft KanxHjaTOBx h.ih, ec.m npHM'feHaeTca cncTOua scrutin de lisle,, to sa 2, 3 i t. x- BcaKift roxocx, noxarnHS He ■bx no.itay Eoro HH&yx*. H3x iHcja Bueceanuxx bx -OmiereHL EauxiixaTOBx, chh- TaeTca hhhtoxhuux, T.-e., ecxH HsOwpaTeai. Ha CBoenx 6s>A.ieicHi na- mjmerx jpyroe anno (csepsx xhhx, HMeHa kohxx Ha Hemx Hanena- Tanfj), to noAaHHuft 3a bto .mpo roxocx infiiipaTc.ia vcTpanfleTcn a npH ofinieux cHerfc ro.iocoBX 0T6pacuBaeTc«. Bx 3toB- cHCTeat He 6esx ocnoBania bhjhtx orpanHienie. H3fiHpa- TeabHaro npaBa h HtEoropoe napymCHie EoncTHTyniu, Tasx kbex bx Beabria Bufiopu xo.ixhli npoasBOXHTbCH npflEOD noxaieio roaocoBX. Bx aaHHOMx se caynai y H36HpaTe.ia OTnuHaeTca upaeo noxaBaTt roxocx 3a soro eiiy xe-iatexbHo: Bu6HpaTt jiapx, He cToamnxx bx CwaaeTeH*, ohx ne MoseTX. 9to Boapaxeme lopHXHHecKH 6nao cxa6o ycTpaHeHo fieabridcEEHx hehectpoux BnyTpeaiinxx xixx, aammnaB- mnxx bx CBoe speHa npoesTx btoto aasoHa. Mhbbctpx, r.iaBHunx ofipasoMX, ofiocHOBHBaax aaixrry aroro npoeETa m no.itai, KOTopaa aoaxHa noaynaTboa prx Hero, e na ero EtaecoofipaaHOCTH. Ohx tobo- pH.ix, hto, Caaroxapa TaKoB cncTejrfi, HB6npaTean HoryTXaapaHie 03Ha- EOHHTbCE CO BC&HH aHEBEH, HfflymHMH XOnyTaTCKUEX nO.IHOMOHifl,' E hto ok) ycTpaHUTca B03MoxHoeTb aoBHTb roaoca bx noab3y HeaanHcati- ikjxx KaHxnxaTOBX, ycTpanETca bo3eoxbocts caynaBnuxx uofisiannuxT. liuOopoBx; c.rtxoBaTe.itHo, 3Ta CHCTOHa BBexeix bx Bufiopu 6o.ibniyio C03HareabH0CTb nsfiapaTeaeB bx OTnpaBaeHia cbobxx o6a3aHHOCTefi. CaoBoax cKa3aTb, CeabriBcKifi uhhhctpx xoaa3HBaax, hto 9Ta CHCieMa naafio.rf.e u'Ii.iecoo6pa3Ha. Ho noc.rfixHie BHfiopu se joKasaaH cnpaBex-

— 374 — • jhbocth yBipeHifl sumacTepcTBa, raxh Kan Ha bthxx BuSop'axt npe- o6jiajaKnnea napTieS OKaaaAHCb tuepmtaxH, u hphtokx coBepmeaHO HeoatHaaHBO h BoupesH BC&m paacieiaM-b BaacTnoBaBuieg ao Toro nap-fin xnfiepaxoBX. He OKasasb o«HjacitoS uo.itsu, npHMtnenie stoB cHcTeaa, paBauaxoftpaaoa-b, ociaBAaen. otkpUthmt, Bonpoc-t a o ions, 6iiapymaeTt hah airb Tasaa CHCTeMa BOUCTHTynioHHoe npaBOBceo meS 6nojaan roxocoBi. Kaat u to hh 6hao, ho btoB cacTexofl bboahtcb 3611saiiacKBpoBaHHaa ABycxeneHnaa nojaia toaocob-l, xas-b saa-a npa HeS H paTC.iL noxaera, cboS roaocb 3a .ihijo, BufipaHHoe Apyrmw, He 3a 6 8cBoero KaHjHiiiTa, a aa KanjHaaTa, BuexaB.Termaro apvrofl aajmeio; TaKHWBo pasoMS, Ta CHCTewaAeraAlHUXbKaHAHjaTypi. BpejcTaBJfleTca . AOBOAbHO HCKVCCTIfeilHoS. . Bt rpeniu nojofiHaa CHCTena BUTenaen H3i cawaro cBoflcTBa no- iaan eoaocobx: I’perjia eAHHCTBennaa crpaHa, rx i nojaaa ro-iocOBt npoH3BOAHTca mapaau. IIpa CajjroTapoBK-fe mapauH npeABapB-rexbHoe BucTaBjeuie KanjHAaTOBb HBAaeTca HeoOxoAHMtiM-b, h(5o HHaae m6st- paTejno npam-iocb 6u cTOAbKO pasi 6aAiOTnpoBaTb, ckoabbo amps Vb BsSHpaTCJbnuxb cofipaHiax-B nosie.iaxo 6u 6a.i-ioTHpOBaTbca. UpHiiaao- BHcaeHHOCTH BucTaBaeHnuxx KanAHjaTOB-b, H36npaTejLHua KOAjeria ewe Moryib hbAth Bpe'ua, btoCu uacTt 3a HHX-b Oiuue a aepnue ' niapu; no npa MHoroHHcxeirHOCTH .thbl, zexanniax'b Caj.ioTHpoBaTbca, CajjOTHpoBKa rnapaMH BCTpiaaeTca c-l cywecTBennUMH3*TpyxnemsMn. Ha OBAAeTeni H36HpaTe.it riHincri. h.ib OTM-feaaeT-b toalko to ahho, KOTopoe OHt xe.iaen, iiafipaTb, ho npa CHCTeai fiaJrxoTHpoBaa mapami, H3<5apaTexb npa fioxoTaponK-fe xazxaro KaHAHAaxa AOASeHx KAacTb cboh maps jh6o aanpaBO, ah6o aariiBO, t.-c.. He TOAbKU Aoxaeirb hmh asOpaTb CBoero BaHAHAaTa, ho a ycTpaHHTb aazAaro hsx Apyraxi aaHAHAaTOBb, euy aeyroAHbixx. TaRBMb o6pacoMT, npa s-rofi CHCTeat HsfiHpaTeAb, noAozHBinifl oahhx 64anfi raapt, AOAseHb uoaozhtl ctoabko aepHuxi, ckoalko BctiXt 6axAflTapyiowHxcH BaHAHAKTOBb (Seat oAHorcp .OaesaAHO, n o TaKoft cnocoftb noaaaH rojocoeb nopoatjaert AAaHHyD nponexypy BtifiopoBi. Otcbab BuxeKaen, Heo6xoAHnocTb He TOAbEO npeABapareAbHaro BbicTaBAeHia KaHAHAaTyp-b, ho h 6ox4e caox- HHXb a' CTicBHTeAbHHXb yCAOBiS, BOTOptlHH OH$ AO.TXHH CblTb OftcTa- BjjHbi. BcxtACTBie 3Toro, rpeaecKifi saKOHb 5 ceHTa6pa 1877 toak nocTaHoBAaerb, no.npeAXOxeHie o KBHAHAaTypi aoakho 6biTb doadh-* c&ho', no spa#He# a-bph, J2 Aapava (no npesHeay sasony ipe60Ba- jacb HOAnacb, no KpaftHefi M-fipi, '/« aacra ncfex-t aafiapaTeAeS, n pe3yjbTari aero nojyaajocb to, aro, Hanpaif., npH 3.000 H36apaTeAe8 a 300 HeodxoAHMHXb noAHacaxx hoax npej.iomeHieirb o EauAHAaTypt HacaHTUBaAOCb ao 60no4uaceS AtScTBHTejbnux-b, a ooTajbHaa aBAa- AHCb t}»a.ibiiiHBUMH. IIpH 12 noADHcaxb HxieTCH, ROHeHHO, fiojte maH-

— 375 — 3cobs a to, <txo out Oyijrh .ckficTnHTe.jp>nu a npaBaAAesaTs Hsteimo n3tJnpaTe.!HMs, tsbs Bans 3TH ofieToaTeJibCTBa .jonycKaiOTb nponf.pKy Cp&RHHTtULHO yAOfiHV® npH Ma.IOHb EOJIH'ieCTBt, no,ynuc&ft. 3aTtHS, aajiBneHie, uo^iracaHnoc 12 usbapaTcaaiiH, .jo.iano Cu t s npejcTa- ii.icho 3a 25 auc& ho naaa.ia BuOopoBS b npenpoBosjeHo a s cyjtf. nepBofl HHcranuiH, cs ttpuJoateHieMS 200 jpaxHb na Bufiopnne pac- xoau. 3arfcMb, no npoBtpKt stubs npeAJoaeHiS it yAocTOBipema bs uoa.thhhocth uoAUHceft, ciihckh JtaHAHjtaTOBS nyOjHsyioTca bo Bceofimee CB^itHie. [IpH0jH8HTexbHO rfe s e nocTaao^ieBia coxepsaTca a bs BeHrepcKOMS aaKOHOAaTejbCTBt. Csasaaaaro AOCTaTOHHO, ttoOu noHHTb, bs leas 3aK.i»>iaeTCa ca- CTeua -Jera.TbBUXS KaRAHAaTyps a Ta nt-ib,.pa.ju KOTopofi ona bbo- ' AHTca. Tcnepi. obpaTHifCa kb pascMOTptni® cnoco6a nOAaia toaocobs, .KS BOTHpOIiaHilO. IX. H36pame aenyTiioas 'nosers npoHcxoAHTL nbcpencTBoas ot- KpuToS hah aaspuTofi nojaiH toaocobs, lass nasuBaeMaro Taftmro ro.iocoBaHia (vote secret). Ta a Apyraa CHCTeati nojaiH toaocobs AOakhh Outs obeysabhu: 1) cs touch spiaia BOsaBHCHMocTH h36h- paTeaeft iipn uojaat raiocoBS h 2) cs tobkh apthin aoctohhctbe u KatecTBa jenyTaTOBS, KOTopue fiynyrs aafipaHU Tins hjih hhums cnocoboMS. .Taiss Bans caao BbibopHoe npaBO Hiiterc, anaqeHie npaBa ae ctoabko JiHTHaro, ckojibko oOmecTiioHuaro, T.-e. ycTaaoBjeanaro j.jb ut.iefi rocynapcTBa, to AorHiecBHMS nocatjcTBieMS BToro npaa- UUHa AO.ixHa 6u hbhtbck. orttpijra« HOAava roiocobs. Cs stoS tobkh 3ptaia oficysnaJis otkput)'D nojtaiy roiocoBs Mhaas, Hxtq bs bha.v Ty 4>opuy h Tt cnocofiu nonaia toaocobs, KOTopue cymecTBOBaitH bs AHMia ao 1872 ro«a. Keura Mh.jmh Bumaa bs 1861 rony. cxtjOBa- Te.n.HO, paHte nase napAaiteHTCKoft petJiopMu 1867 rona. Ecah napia- MeHTCKaa peijiopsta 1867 rona a npeaniecTBOBaBuiaa efl peifopsia 1832 r. BHAOH3HiHHAH canoe UjfiapaTK.ThHOe DpaBO, TO OHt OCTaBHAH bess MsatneHiii tots cnocoOs nonaia roaocoBS, KoropuS ao Toro npaKTHito- 8a.ica Ha aHrjiScKHXs H36HpaTeAbnuxs co6paaiaxs cs neaanaMUTBHXs BpeueHs. CnocoCs B3bpaHia bs AenyTaTH aatutotajica bs toms, hto bs Ha3HaaeHHuB achb bs usbupaTeasHyB) Koajerito aB.iJi-mcb tcaHAH- AaTH BS COHpOBOXAeHlH AltlJS, HXS UpeAAOSHBBIHXS, h nepeAS hs6h- paTe.MSlH OHH pa3SBCHHAH CBOH DOAHTHTeCKill nporpaMMu, npit TOMS camue. nubopu bpohcxoahjh hocpoactboms noAHSTia pyKS, hah, bs cjyTat, ecjH btots cboco6s oKaauaaAca HeyaobaeTBopHTeabhums h pesyAbTps npoH3BeAeHHaro, thkhms oOpaaoMs, roAOCOBaaia TpyAHO6ujo KOHCTaTHpodaTb, tonocpeACTBOjr$OTKpuTaro roiocoBaHia. Hmchho,stots cnoco6s Maa.ib HMtjs bs bhav bs cbodxs Pa3MbnuAeHinxt o nped- cmaeumeMMOKt, npaaoemu.

HCXOJH H3I> TO# TOTKH 8ptHia, 1TO H3fiHpaTe.IbHOC npaBO OCTb upaBO ofimecTBeHHoe, obi npHme.n h i numeHin, hto OTnpaB.ieaie BToro npaua joasHO coBepmaTbca doji KOHTpojexi ofimecTBa. 4to6h H30HpaTe.ii. «e cjtaa.il H8i BH6opHaro npaBa cpejCTsa flia CBonx* 31'OHCTHiecKHXl lltjefi, 'HeoflXOJHMO, ITOfiH OH1 HOjaBaJt T0.10C1 BI BHjy BCtxi cbohxi corpaatjaHi, otkputo h npano 3aaBJH.11, koto ohi cBHTaen canuai joctoShuhi h chocoChumi npejCTaBHieaeiei HHTcpecoBi oapyra b i najarfc, Cauaa HcxojHaa Toisa sptHia Mh.t.th Btpaa. Ho, corjaniaaci b i tomi, hto BHfiopHoe opaso ecTb npano 06- mecTBeHHOe, Hejt3a, ojnaKO, CKaaaib, hto6u bcanoe opaBO, Hutnimee ofimecTBeHHoe sHaaeHie, jojheho ocymecTBJHTbca oacno h hoji hoh- Tpoaexi ofimecTBeHHaro MHtBia. HtEOTopua ipyHimiH, hhcto ofime- CTBeHHaro xapaKTepa, no cBoe# cymHOCTH jo.tjkhij ocymecTB-iaTbca b i • ycjoBiaxi TaSml. TaEi, jojatHocrt npHcaxauxi aactjaTe.ieft ecu jojhehocti, 6e3l coHfitHia, oOmecTBSHBaa, ojria hsi BaatHiHinHxi ofimc- CTBeHHUxi ofiasanBOCTefi, no xopoinee Kanecrao npHcaatnaro 3actjaieja MOaen 6uti oCeaneieHOJHim, TaflHum ornpaBjeHieHi HiKOTOpttxi H3i B03J0seBBUxi Ha Hero (pyHimia. PtmeBie h xi, kohbhho, jo.isho ofii- hbjhtbcb OTKpHTo, ho npeHia, BosOTKaBmiH uexuj sactjaTejanH, IO.IO- cooaHie Bonpocosi, nocTaBjeuHHXi Ha hxi pasptmenie cyjom, jo.iatnu npoHCxojiiTi. HeupextHHO npu aanpuTUXi jBepaxi c i to# nt.ibio, htoCu bthmx nyTeHi yejHHHTb, nsojapoBarb upacHSHUXi o n BCHEaro Bjia- BIH RaKl CO CTOpOHU ofimeCTHa, T8KX H CO CTOpOHU ajMHHHCipaniH. Bi TasoMi ae nojoseHia HaxojaTca h H3fiHpaTejH, nojaBaa roxoci 3a onpejtxeBHaro jenyraTa. KoHTpojb ofimecTBeHHaro Mataia, 0 ko- TopoMi roBopHTi Mu.ub, b i jauHom cjynat Moaen nepeSTH b i jaiueme HSBtCTHO#uapriH h cjt-iaibca ea HCKjnoHHTeJiHHMx joctoh- aievi. IlapTia fiyjeTi nojbSOBaTbca hmx c i ntabio jaTb Bufiopam HSBtcTBoe HanpaBJeme. EpjH npacoejHnBTb k i 3Tony Bjiaaie ajHHHH- CTpaltiH H JHHl, OTbKOTOpUXl 8aBHCHTl BI BEOHOHHieCKOHl OTHOUieHiH MHoaecTBo H36Hparejefl, Hanp., Bjiarne npejnpHBHMaTeje# pafion, j,ia KOTopuxi nparjamaDica nt-iue paspaju ssfinpaToae# h si pafioaaro Bjacca, T.-e. BjiHHie (JiafipHBaHTOBi, 3aB0jiHK0Bi, m4cThhxi aenje- BjajtameBi h t. n., to coBOEynEOCTb stbxi BaiaHifl nosen. jaTb Tasie pe3yjbTaTH, npu KOTopuxi cTpaHa caua cefia He y3Haen b i H3fipaHH0# eio naxart npejciaBHiexe#. OiapHTaa nojaia ro.io- coBi npejno.iaraerb orpanHieBmjfi xpyri HsfiHpaTeae#, fio.ite iuh MeHte H63aBHCHMh x i, zsfiHpaTeaefi, KOTOpue He MoryTi HaxojHTbCa d o ji nocTopoHHHMi jaBjeHiem, h kotophxs jaate noaesHO nocTaBHTb noji HSBtcTHbi# BOHTpojb ofimecTBeHHaro MHtHia. IIpH jbv cTeneHBO# cnciejit rpJOCOBama noaesHa TaKaa orapHiaa nojaia tojocobi, h6o OTKpuroe ro.iocoBaHie b i btomx cayqat HBjaeTca ojhhhx hsi ycaoBi#

— 377 — KoHTpo.ut haax Wahlmanner'aMH, Ham. BuOopmiiaaMa, H3Cpamiuiiu nepBHHHUMH HsClKpaTe.MMH, Ho Koraa H3t)iipaTejbHoe npaso pacuiupeuo a OTnpaBiiaeTca aenocpejCTBenno ucimt HsOuparejiaMa, to aaapuTaa nojaia ro.iocoax aB-meTca ecTecTBeHHHMx nocaiACTBienx OoA'ie jexo- KpaTHiecKaro xapamepa BuOopHaro iipaBa. Pacniapeuie uaoiipaTe.itnaro npaBa Bjeaen, 3a co(5ok> Taflayio noAaiy roxocoBx bt. bhj.? oOesneiema uesaBHCaaocTu H36>ipaTeje8 otx Kasaxx ah6o iioctopohhhxx BAiaHiB. 9to uo.ioasCHie nOATBepjsjaeTCfl b caabiax xoaomx eBpone8cRUXx saEobojaTe.iBCTBi, Bt. nacTOBinee speiiH mojkho naSBaix sennoro to- kbxx cTpaa'B, rj;i nojaia rojocoBx coBepmaeTci otkphto.,H bx Ab- r.iin aaicoHTi 1872 roaa' BBexx Taftayio Dojaay ro.ioconx, KOTopaa co- BepmaeTCfl nocpejcTBOM® boabih Ha6iipaTe.ii.HHxx 6»xAeTeHe8. CaauS nopaAOKX nojaiH toaocobx bt> Abtaib thkobx:1s o* aa no.iaaca ao Haq&aa ro-iocoBluia ho 611x0 npezxoxeno KaniH.iaTom, fioaie, itu it Tpe- Cverca hxx ajh .laanaro oapyra, to HaxHTaue KaaAHAara ciBTaDTca HafipannusiH bx jenyTaTU 6«3x roaocosaHia. Ho eeaa KaajajaTOBx Gu.iie, xisux AenyTaTcxaxx sif.cTx, npaaBTanuiaxca aa ospyrx (ito ofiuKHOBeHHO b OuBaeTX bx BHjy cymccTBOBaHia pa3BOoCpa3BHXx napTiS), Ha6npaTe.ihH(je 6n>po npBCTynaem. bx rojocoBaHic. ,Hah btoto bx ero pacnopaaeniH HuieTca maoHnaa KHuatKa, nanoMHnaiomaa KHKSEy KBHTaHpifi. Ha npaBoS cTopoHi ea Haiemyr pa^x 6waereHeS, coejHHeaHuxx cx apyrofl iio.iobhhoB khhjeeh, otx KoropoS ohb OTpt- 3UBat)Tca. Ha othxx doxAeTeHaxx neiaTauTca iiscua KaHAHAaTOBx. Korja H3l5apaTe.ib ooaxoabtx ex 6»po, nocaiAHee, VAOCTOBtpHBmHCb BX TOMX, BTO OHX BllieTX UpaBO TOAOCa H eCTb AifiCTBHTeabHO H36h- paTeib, OTHCKHBaeTX ero A- bx ciihck'6 asGapaTejeft, OTMiiaeix ero aa CcaaeTeHi, OTptaiBaeTx no'caianiS h spyiaeri ero HsfiHpaTeaB. IIoatthbx 6x>aaeTeHb cx aueHaMB k&hahabtobx, nsfiapaTejib, Be bS- xoAa hsx saaH, ta4 npoacxoAUTX roaocoBaaie, OTutaaeTX KaHAHAaTa (hju KaHABABTOBX apH scrutin de liste), EOToparo oax seAaeTx bu- Cpaxt, cKAaAHBaeTx Sio.ueTeHb a ouycKaerx ero bx ypay. IIo oeob- laaia roxocoBama, fiopo apacryuaeTX kx caeTy toaocobx, upoBtpaeTX pe3VAbTaTbi roAocoBaaia, npHHHuaeTx Bospaacenia a 3aaB.ienia no no- BoAy KaKoro abSo coMHUTeAbsaro c.iyiaa, oKa3aBmaroca npa rojocoBa- siH, a npenpoBoaAaeTX hxx bx neHTpaAbHoe 6npo, EOTopoe oeouto- TCAbao npos^paeTX mCpaunuxx AenyTaTOBX. ■ Eo,rfce cAOSHaa npoueaypa, KOTopaa usrfceTx ni-ibio aao.iapoBaTi, H36apaTeAe8, ycTAHOBAaeTca (SeAbriScKaux saEOBOAaTeAbCTBOux, no KOTopoHy asCpasie coBepmaerca nocpeACTBoax 6axxereBeB, Bpviae- mhxx HsCnp/iTeAi0, KOTopufi ofiaabiBaeica otmIitetl ate.iaxe.TbHoe eay jbuo B3x cnacEa .imax, HaneaaTaHHUXx Ha duAAeTeai. Qpa stomx B36apaTe.Tb uoMtinaeicn bx n30.iHpoBitnuoe uoAOiseBie, ycAOBia koto-

— 378 - paro cTporo Banojaacrca u nojpofiao pastacaaioTCfl bb saKOHi. Bci 9th npasHia Hatcn, niatio ycipaHHTB ora HgCHpa-rC-iert KaKia 6a to hh Ou.io cropoBsia BAiania. Beaji, rai BBeaeHa TaflHai iiOAaoa ro.io- cobb, Hanp., bo ^panniH, npaETHKyeTca cncTeua GameTeHefi. Bb Aarain ora BToro.nopaaua aonycsaiOTca oTCTynaeHia bb CAiAyromHXB cav'iaaxt: npejciAaTeab Giopo Moatera OTHirara, no acouaoiio HSliHpa- Teaa, .ihuo, KOTOpoe H86HpaT8Ab aeaaera a36para, ecAH 1) HafiiipaTear. HOi'paMOTOB'b (ecJiH, c-rtAOBaTOJibHo, He Moaera npoqecTb iiaiie'iaTan- hhxb Ha fiioaieTeHi $anHaifi) hah 2) OAepasasra (JwsHqecKmrb HeAy- rojfb, npeoHTCTByiom«>ra eicy mcaTt, h ecAH 3) ohb. eBgea. kotopohv upuxoARTca roaocoBaTb bb cyGGory, bb jeHb', no eBpeBCKOM* 3anony, 6o3pa(5oTHH8; Toabko bb sthxb TpexB ciyq&iXB npejcluaTeab 6»po aoateTB nii&Th ofHliTEH Ha tinaaereHi sa H36npaTeaa. Bb rpeniH, Koropaa npeACTaBaaexca h$kotopuhb‘ ucKABiemeiiB jaate bb OTHomeniH cnoco6a Tafinaro rojocoBama, nsGpanie upoucxo- AHTB mapaMu. lloBTouy cauufi chocoGb roApcoBaHiii AOiaeHB Cute npucnocofi-ieax kb sto8 (JiopM'fi Hs6paHia. Bc-iiiACTnie. btoto, bb aohb, HasHaneHHuS A-Ja TuGoponx, HaCupaTe.ibnoe Giopo ctobmtb ctoabko HSGltpaTejbHNXX aiHHKOBB (ypBB), CKO.TLKO 301111.1000 KBHAHAaTOBB. KaatAHS H3CapaTejb, bxoah bb H36upaTe.itnoe coGpanie, noayqaera, cx co6.no,ieHiesiB oiepeAH, otb npexctAaTexa cooTB-iiTCTBycmee koah- qecTBO mapoBB, Koropue- ohb Kjajera bb ypira. Hihukii (ijiopMa hxb onpeAixeHa no \"saKOHy 1877 ro*a) no CBoeny ycTpoficTBy HanomraaiOTx aihhkh nanrnxB abophbckhxb cofipaHiS h Apyrnxx KO.ucria-ibHuxB yqpeatAenifi. Ohh qenipeyroAbHoft <f>opnij, pa3A$aeHH Ha A»i hoaobhhh; Ha Ka*Aofi cTOHTf cooTBiTCinyiomaa HaAnacb: „Aa“ hjih ,, lrbra”. EaaAHfi HnyiK^ HOSpHBaeTCH OCOGUMX nOKpOBOMB AJIil TOrO, HTOfiU H6 6u.TO 3’aMiTHO ABHseHie pyKH, K.iaAymefi niapx Haupano hah h o ’£bo. ^.ih cwra toaocobb bb cocTasi Giopo Haiiorca ocoGljo coeTOHKH. Tyra xe AOABJHO HpHCyTCTBOBBTb H -IHHO 0TB HiCTHOS CfAeGHOft BJ8CTH, hGo, HO OKOHHaHlHBllfiopOBB, Bet BO BpeMfl BilfiopOBB nO.TyqeilHUH SaBBjeHifl 8 cooTaBjeHHHe npoioKOJbi npenpoBoasAa»TCH bb cyAB nepnoS HHCTanpiH, KOTopufl b npoB03raainaera pe3yAbTara bh6opobx. X . Otbphtbh noAaia rojoconi cosepmaeTca oCuKHOBeoHO nyieax oTKgHTaro ro-iocoBama, cb 3aHecemeaB (sanHCbio) noAamiaro roaoca bb npoTOKOJiB. Tara npoHCXOAHra At-’ o bb IIpycciH, rat bb nepBoS h liTopofi CTeneHH roao'caHOAatOTca otephto, npn iexi, cenpeTapr, 6iopo onncuBaera npOTHBB hmchh HaGHpaieja 3a Koro ohb noAaJb roaocB. Bb BeHrpiH cymecrByeTB TaKiKe OTKpuTaa noAana toaocobb no aasony 1874 roAa. KpaniHeBie BToft ifopaa rojocOBaaia o6BapnaQTca: 1) hcto- puqecKHHH npeAaniaan h 2) t^mb, qTO bb BeHrpiH, npH c.iafioHB pac- npocTpaoeHin oapOAsuxB hiko.ib, bb cociaBi Baceaema unteTca MHoro

— 379 — nerpaMOTnuxt, KOTopue He Morxa 6bi nocuojtaoDaTLCii H36apaTexbHbiMH fno.i.ieTeuHMH. Bx Anr.iia HerpaHOTHue asGapaTexa— HCK-iBienie, a bx BeHrpiH ohh cocTaBJHKm. o6mee npaBHJio. Bx b h jj BToro, Bearepcaifi .lasonx 1874 roxa ycTaaoBaxx OTBpuTyD nojaxy roxocoBX. Oaa apa- saaHa a bx Aaaia. He toxbko bx btomx, ho a bx xpyraxx oTaome- , Hiaxx Jlaain npejcTaBXflerc. OTcxynxCHie otx o6waro npaBHxa. IIpu pacmapeniu asGRpaTexbHaro npaBa a apa ycTanoBjenia chctomu Tafiaoft noiaia roxocoBX, 3aAa*ia HaCupaTeJiXHtixx co6pabift 3aK.noqaeTCH toA ko bx rojocoBaHiH: bx xesh nufioponx bhk&ehxi. opeHift bx hbxx ae jo- nycaaeTca. 3to oGmee npasaxo, apaEaaaa boBHHMaaie oGmee cboBctbo aapoAOBX hxh, xyanie. napoxHtixx Maccx, Bectaa cymecTiieeeo a pa- ayuHO, aGo bch H3GapaTexbHaa araTania, bc4 cnopu o aporpaauaxx h xmjaxx EaHAHxatoBX aoxhchh Gutl oaouieHu paabme; BOTupoBaHie x e aoxjkho upoacxoAXTb bx ho.ihohx a coBepmeaHOMX nopsAxt, Bee paBBO, GyxeTX xa ohoOTKpiiTUiix axa saapuTdax, T.-e. cosepmaeTca xa oho sanacbD roxoca bx apoToaoxx axa nojaienj 6x>xxeTeaefi. Bo aca- eomx cxyaali, a36apaxexb, noxaBma roxocx, Aoxxeax yxaxaTbcji, aGo 9to6 nojaaem ero poxx, KaKX asGapaxexa, coBepmeHao acaepnuBaeTCH Axa TeKyinaxx BuGopoBX. Tbeobo oGmee apaBaxo, coGxiDAaeMOe bx GoxbniHBCTB’b rocyxapcTBX. HanpoxaBX, Xaeia AonycsaeTx apeHia bx xeHb buGopobx a bx tobx M ic xi, r j i ohh npOHCxojarx. B x H36apa- lexxHoe coGpaaie aBxavTca a asGapaTexa, a KaHjHxaTU, a xBqa, eo- Topua uoAxepsaBaiorb axx, a xaae jenyTaTu. 3xicb. npoacxoAaTx u3xoaeaia oporpaxax OTxi.ibBbixx KaHxajfaTOBX, apeHia aexxy hhhu a asGapaTexHMH, a toxbeo no oKOHHaniH sthxx npoAOxaaTexbBtixx npeaifi coBepmaeTca onspaxaH aoxaaa roxecoBx. Mosbtx Sutb, xaTCKoe saKoaoaaTexbCTBO, xoaycKaa TaKofi aopajoax, Dpecxixyexx tj ni.it, iTOfibi roxocoBaHie a H86paHie npoacxoxaxH nojx cBiataax aaeaaxx^- aieMT, HBXoaceaaiixx nporpaaux a, Ghtx Hoseix, ex- otoS tohkh3pf»Hia ycTaHOBxeHHufi bx ^aHia aopaxoKX buGopobx a auien> cboh BurojHHa CTopoHU, ho apaBHxa, rojBua axh bto8' CTpaatj,' ae npmi'feHHHH ex xpyraax aapoxaMx, ocoGeaHo wxhhmx, -cnocoGaHMx, bx CHxy cBoero TeanepaMeaTa, aoxoahtb jo B cixx KpaflHocxeft yBxeaeaia. 0xeraaTHa; HOCTb a cepxesHOCTb AaTiaHaaa a aiaoTopan cTpacxHOCTB a uoabhx- HOCTb, aanp., acnanna, apa OAHBaKOaoft oGcTaHOBKi, HoryTX BH3Ban> xoro a ipyroro aa aocxyaEB Apyrx cx APyroMX He cxoabub. 3roii ocoGeaHOCTbio foxBbixx aapoAOBX cxixyexb oGxacaaxb xo, hto, aanp., bx PlcnaBia a bx xpyraxx ubcbuxx cxpaaaxx ocoGeaHo iioapoGho ro- Bopaxca o 3anpemeHia aBxaxbca bx asGapaxexbaoe coGpaaie cx opy- aciemx, cx aaxEaaa a xaxe 30BTUKaun. Bx BeHrpia caatie asGapaTexa AonycKaiOTca ex Bu6opaxx no napxiaux, 3a KaaAHAaTOBX soxopuxx ohh BOTapyiOTx. UpaBHxo 9T0 a a ie T x nt.xbio ycTpaaHTb CTOxKHOBeaia

— 380 — steamy npHBepaeimaHH pa3BuxB naprifl. OrpacTBOCTb bo Bpesta nojaiH toxocobb h fieai toto no36ya>jeHabb .tocTaToiHofi cxeneHH, n ec.ra kb HeS npHCOeAUUHTcn. eme h B036ysAeirie, auxatomeeca pe3y.iETaTOMB npoHSHocHMHXB pineS a npoHcxo.tamiiXB nponifi, to bb HTorfc Moxerc, 'CayiHTBCa TO, TTO HUKaKHXB BHfiopOBB HO COCTOHTCa. HO DpHTHHi Be- xhehxb 6esnopajKOBB, KOTopue npH tbbhxb ycaosiaxB lioryTB npo-, hboSth bb H36HpaTe.ibHHXB coSpaaiaxB. BcxitxcTBie btoto, Bci aattoao- xafeabCTBa aficTaa.WBi'B ocofiemo jbjiibiiumh h crpornaH TpefioBaaiaMH nopaxoKB H36apaT.eat.HaxB cofipaniti. Oahu hsb hhxb; krkb mh BHxiAH, sanpeiuatorb 3B.iaTt.ca bb cofipama cb opyxiesiB hah naxKastH; xpyria, BaKB. aanp., aHepHtsaackoe h aHrxiScKoe 3aE0noxaTe.Tt.CTBa, aanpemaun. Hp0H3B0AHTB BpOAaxy KpillKHXB HaOHTKOBB B6aH3H H36apaTC.lI.nUXB coSpaniii h t. n. Eostohj Tania nocTanotuemn, kbkb to.ii.ko tto pa3- cuoTpinnoe nocTanoB.ieHie jaTCKaro sasonoxaTCABCTBa 0 nopa.trf. bh- CopoBB, HBJBtOTca ojHHMB h3b ncKAtoienifi hsb o6maro npaBH.ia, HSB o6maro nopaAKa noxatn roxoeoBB. XT. KouetHO. necstOTpa' Ha nc'i MJipa npexocTopoatHOCTH, upuBH- MaeMua upu noxa'rfe toxocobb, h co CTopona 6iopo, h co ctopohh rada- paTexeS MortfTB 6utl aonymeHH paa.iii’mun 3xoyit0Tpe6xema hxh oihh6kh, KO'topua OTpaaaTCs Ha cpajiinecKOMB smnemu npoH3BeieH- HBXB BHtSopOBB. BcxiXCTBie BTOTO, BU6opa, pa3B OpOHSBeXeHHHe, uox- xesarS o6uBH0BenH0 hoboS npoBipK* toxbtb, nocxi irepuaro hxb cofipaais. 3to apaBO nposipKit, npexocTaH.iaeHoe naxaTans, an.iaeTca HO CT0XBB0 tOpHAHieCKUSTE,' CK0XLK0 nOXHTUTeCEHHB CpCACTBOMB 06e3- netHTB H63aBHCHH0CTB H DpaBHXbHOCTI. BuCopOBB. ropHAuneCKie Bonpoca, BosHHKaioixie npwcocTasxeHiH chhckobb, npa roxocoBamH h npa xpyraxB onepaijiaxB, kotophmh- conpoBoatAaeTCH ocymecTBXOHie 8H6opHaro npaBa„ paapiiuatOTCa hxh aAMnntir,TpaTnuHbWH bxsctshh, 6yxe cnopHae Bonpocu He Kaca»Tca bohpocobb npaBa, hxh 6lOpO, npOH3BOAHBIDHHH BuCopH, HXH, HHKOHeitB, CyxefiHHHH BjaCTHKH, ecxH BOSHHKmie cnopHae nyBBTa ttacatOTCa sonpocoBB npaBa h vcxoBiS ero npuHineaia. TaKitHB o6pa30HB, ao OKOHiama bu6opobb bc4 nacTHue Bonpocu, ttacatomieca ota* jbhhxb Hs6HpaTexe8 a xenyTaTOBB, pa3CMaTpH- BaDTCH a paspimaBTca aAHHHHCTpanie», H36upaTexbHHMB 6iopo hah cy- Aomb. Ho ocTauTca Hepa3piinennuMu Bonpoca 6oxfienoaHTaiecttaro cboS- craa, KOTopaepeptAso tie MoryTB 6utb noxBexeHbt doab onpax'IuieuHHH CTaTbH 3aKoaa, BOcnpematom.ia HeupaBHXbHua h He3aaoHaaa xMcTBia aa su6opaxB, aaitoBH raeTB h xanxeme Ha HsSiipaTexefi, HacHxie naxB HHMH, HOAByaB HXB H T. H. HecUOTpa Ha CTpOrOCTB 3aKOHOBB, Kacaio- maxca apou3BoxcTBa bh6opobb, HecMOTpa na TaatKia naKa-sania, KOTopua nocTHraiOTb xhqb, HapymHBnraxB sth vcxoBia cboCoah h qecTHocra bhOopobb, Bee eme ociaeTea sinoro nyren BosxiScTBia na H36upaTe.ie8,

— 381 — a iepe3T. huxx h Ha casme Btidopti, East co cTopoau ajMHHucTpauiu, TaBX H CO croponu MtCTHHXX KJiaCCOBX, KOTOptie Hept^KO HOAtSyDTCH HeaaKOHHUMH nyTUMUx.ia Toro, htoOm apuaecm Biifiopu kx xe.iaeMtiux pe3y.iLTaTaM7> h ex BurojiroHy A-ia cefla kohhv. Bx AHr-iia aasoHH o nojEynaxx h ne3aEonnuxx BOSAtScTBiaxx Ha H36apaTexe8 oueHt CTpora h bx btomx OTHOmeHiH ohh yxynnaioTCH cx KaatauMX iiobuhe OTsptiTieHX napaa^caxa, a uexxy rfciix eme bx 1881 roxy uapaaHeuTx AoaacOHX 6u.it, jramaTt Hf.CKOJn.sb ropOAOBx. ustiupaTextHaro npasa 3a nojKynx Ha Bn6opaxx, KOTopufi BKopcHuxca bx bthxx MicTaxx HacTO-itKo, 'no He Ohio jpyrHxx, sienie pajusa.it- HHXX cpejCTBX JJK npOTHBOjtflCTBia euy. Sx 7HC.IT3THXX npOjajKHUXX M'fccTX OTHOCHTCH H ropOJX Oac4>0pAX, EOTOpUfi, HCCMOTpfl Ha HpHCyT- cTuie bx Heux Tasoro nouTennaro yipeajeHia, sasx yHHBepcuTCxx, i>paKTHKOBa.ix nojiynx bx tbkhxx orpoiiHHxx pasuipaxx, 7T0 nap.ia- MeHTX 6u .it, BUHyatjeHx jhihhtl ero HartupaTextHuxx npaBX. BcxijCTBie stoto, poxb iiaxai't npu npoBipst jenyTaTcsuxx iiojho- Moaifl Bcerja ocTaeics cynjecTBOHHoft, HecMOTpa Hato, hto upothbxnea xoatHO npHBecTH hJikotopwh ceptC3ntia Bospasema. Ochobhop Boapa- aicuie 3aE.ii07aeTca bx tohx, hto npaBo naxaix npostpaxt jenyTaTCKia no-iHOMOuia Moxert aBHTtca opyjiesix napTifi, npu kotopohx caaue 3aEOHHue, cx (fiopMaJiLHofl CTopoHti, Bbifiopu He 6yjyTx ofieaucaeHU, iioryTx fiHTt o6xbb.!Chu HesaKOHHtiMH, h jenyTam naprifl, He pacno- aaraioiHHXx fioatniHHgTBOXX bx naxart, Moryrx xuiuhtbch cboIIxx hoxho- aoaift. HecMOTpa Ha bcd ceptesHOCTt Tasoro Boapaatenia, npaBO npo- BtpKunaxaTX 3aKOHHOCTHBtidopoBx ecTecTBennomaaeTca cymeciBeHHofl rapaHTiefi h©3ubhchmoctuH3(mpaTexe8, a noTOMy HeaanHCHMOCTU u npa- bhxbhocth camixx BufiopoBX. Bx jaHHOMX cjiyaai Bee 3aBHCHix otx (jlOpMH, BX KOTOpOfi HpOH3BOJHTCH HpOBtpua. Bx AnrxiH bx HacToamee Bpeica Bci maxoCiJ Ha HenpaBuxtnocTH, jonymPHHUji npu BNfSopaxx, pa-acHaTpuBaioTca, noc.it. cxiania npexauxx EopoaeBCEHXX cyjoBx bx oahhx Bbicmifl KopoxeBcsifl cyjx, bx stoxx nocxijHexx (npeacje sth ataxoOu, kekx CEa3aH0 Btime, pasciiaTpHBa- xact bx c y jt o6m.axx raa«5x), npn tomx Bticmifl cyA7>, no pas- CMOTpf,niH CUOpHtlXX BOnpOCOBX, B03HHBHIHXX HO paSHUHX HpHHHHailX npu BuSopaxx, npenpoBoinjaeTX ex CHHEepy Huatneft naxaTH Bet jtxa ii BOCTaHOBxenifl cyAa no acaxofiaxx, npuHeceHHHHX no noBojy nenpa- BiutHocrefi, AonyniCHHuxx npu nu6opaxx. C-itjOBaTeatHO, ao CBtjiuia uaaaxx aoxoautx BC’fe Th Henpanu-itHocTu, Koiopua bx CBoe Bpeua nojaaH hoboax ex cyjeCHOuy pa36upaTentcTBy. Ho, spout Toro', na.iaTa, sasx HHHtnaa, thkx a nepxHaa, Hoxexx pysOBOjuTbca u CBijiniaMU, cofipaHBHMH e » canocTOBTextHO: bx c-iyiat HaaofiuocTH, ohb MosKeTx naaoaqaTt napaaMeHTCEia c-iijCTnia a, Ha ocBoeaHiH aoSutuxx hmh

— 382 — peayibiaiOBB, naxaia-aep-feaKO aaccHpyen, Ba6opa H3BtsciHaro oapyra, npatomb aenyxan xmaaeTca cbohxb noxnoHOHifi. BaacTH naxan ape- iocraBjeHO lasse; bb c.iyiai aaflofiHoeiH, xamaib oiatsxbaae B36Hpa- Te.ibHue oapyra HaBcerja, hjh Ha onpejtaeHHuS cpoax., npaBa noca- xbtb jenyiaxoBB bb napaaaeHTB. Bb Ahmih npaBo irpoBipaa jeny- TaxcKHiB nojaoMOxiSbb naxaTli aBxaexca bb cxiayiomefl (fropxi: naxaxa npHCTynaexx, kb HeS, ecaa .no BOBoay npoacmeaniHXB bh6opobb 3a- KBjeHH aSB^CTHUa uOA03piHifl, xaiomia noBoa’B couaiBaTBCa bb sa- KOHHOCXH 9THXB BblOopOBB. '(•paanyacKoe napojHoe npeacxaBaxeabcxBO HBxaeTca cyateu 3aKoa- hocxh BuOopoBB bb 6oxte mapoKOMB CKue.rfc. ItMeimo, na.taxai no ifipaHavscKOMy 3aKOHoaaxe.TBCTBy, aoaeiB 6hxb KoncxHTyBpoBaaa a mo- kotb npacTynaTb kb afeScTShoxoabKO bb iomb cxyaai, ecaa nojiBOMO'ris 6o.ibnreft noxoBaaa aenyTaiOBB npoB'bpeHu. Hoaioay naxaxa, xoxiacB aocxts CBoero co6paHia, p^afiaaeTca Ha OTj-iubnua 6opo (6iopo bo ■I'paHniH a xpyriixB rocyjapcTBaxB, iiphhhbidhxb (ppanayacKyi) cacxeay, muiioTL e'me uapyroe saaienie). CcHaTS pa3aiaaeTca aa 9, a naaaxa aenyxaxoBB aa 11 finpo, a bb aaaaoMB hbb hhkb apoasBOXHTca npo- Btpua noiHOHOxiS i $xb aeayTaxoBB, Koxopue bkoastb bb cociaBB OT.vfeabHaro 6»po. Lioc.it, upoBt.psa foxbaiaaciBa aonyxaxcKaxB noaao- Moxifl, naaaxH cimaDica KOHCTHTynpooaauuiiB. Ho axa fcHcxeda no cymaocxa CBoe# He. npeaciaBaaeiB fiojbe cepbe3Hofl papaHiia, atm npeaBapHirfabaaa cyae6Haa apoBipKa aenyxaxcajxB aoxaojfOwS. OHa yaep*HBaexca bo $paHniH n'oToay, hto HHrjt aaMHBHCTpaxBBHHB bob- xiftcmia wa H36npaxexefi a B.iiaaia Ha 8u6opu ae 6hura TaKB cHXbHU, KaKB bo 'tpaHnia, Koxopaa bb btomb oxHomeaia He HMiexB conepaii- kobb. IIoaiOMy naxaia aoboalho cxoSko h pesuxBo jepataxca sa npaBo OpOBipKH nOXHOMOliS CBOHXB qxeBOBB. HpuOXCyTCTBia aAHHHHCTpaTBB- aaro aaBxoHia, Bbifiopu MoryTB npoaexoaaxb a fieaBxaKo8 ofiasaxexbHoB npoBipra noxHOMOiiS xocTaxoiHO npaBHXbHo. TaKB, bb 1871 roav Cujh npQHSBeieHu sulSopu bo $paauy3CKoe nanionaxbHoe cofipaHie npa ca- mbxb BeOxaronpiaxauxB ycxoBiaxB, xorja cxpaaa saaaxa 6u.ia He- npiaTexBCKHMH BoflcKaMH, Korja bb aeS napaxB 6oxbmo8 CesnopaxoxB k xaocB, h Hecmupa Habio, fixarojapa oxcyicTBin cxopohbhxb BxiaBifi Ha BBfiopn, KBqeay npMHflTUGujh bc$ iripa, H3B 768 BHBaxiUHpoBano (Saxo TOXbKo 5 bh6opobb, qaippa cpasHHTexbao HunosHaa. KaKB 6a 10 aa 6uxo, ho $paaayBcitaa cHCTeMa npoBipaa npanaxa bb 6oxb- mHHCTB* rocyxapcxBB. Hxasi, npaBo naxaiB 6ktb cyjbBMH aaKonaociH CBoero cocxasa ecxb ofimee npaBo, npa3HaBaeiioe Bcixa eBponeflcKHMH KOHCTHiyniaMH. ■taKTHBecKu oho ociaexca a bb BearpiH, xoxa 3aBoax* 1874 roja h nocxaHOBxaeTB,

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