Градовский А.Д -Собрание сочинений. Том 5

— 534 — huxt, 3aKOHOBi>, pa8pa6oTKa kohxt. ftyjere, nopyaena lom ucda 30-tm. C l HSABHieMT. 3TOrO 3aK0Ha *aa BCllXb CX'fcxaXOCb HCHUMb, TTO BOTK- poBBHnufl cenTeaarb ecTb m an Bnepeji, cxt-xaHHufl xOBapxHnecKHiiH rjipaKniHMii. 3arini> cxixajocb echo, tto u.iiauie Mapma-ia a mhhh- CTepciBa, *SKi Ha aAliHHHCTpaniD, Tara ■ tepca® nee h Ha Bu6opu, AO-iacno ftyierb orpasHTLca Ha cocTaB.ieHin KOHCTHTyuioHHUXT, aaKoiioRT,. IloaTOMy upH KpaBHHXi. a ipyamuxb yciuiaxT. bcI ixt, pecuyC.!HKaHCKHXT. (ppasiwH jono.iHHTeji.BHfc BuOopu 16 HoaOpa 1873 roxa xaXH 3Hain- Te.ibaoe hbcjo hobux'l pecuyfijHKaHCKHXb xenyTaTOBt, tto npHBexo. m TOMy, tto bs aoHui HoaCpa MHuucTepcTBO npHHywjeHO 6ujio corxa- CHTBCH Ha ctopiSmee upoiUBOACTBO pa6on> eohmhccih 30-th. Ho Eaaia ciapaaia hh npaxaraxHCb ki>Tony, kunkhccih paOoTaja aobo-tbeo aej- j 6hho, TaK'fa Kiiiv'b see eme ne Tepaxacb najeatja Ha BOSCTaHOB-ierrie MOHapxia, h.iu bt, bhj-6 mruopin CoHanapTacTOBi. hjm NOHapxia Op.ic- aHCKOfi AHHadiH. 9THJTB TOJIbKO a MOaSHO oO'UlCHHTb TO, TTO pafiOTH EOMHHCCia HUH MC.VU'.linO, H TTO Til BpCAJOHteHia, KOTopHH ,vl>Jia.IHCb bt, KOMHHCCiH, flaxOAHBBiefica uoxt, cuAbuijMb B.iiHHieMX repnora BpOJbH, no OoxbmeS lacxii, Cu.m xaKOBU, tto na-raTa hxt. ho Mor.ia upHHHTb. TaKouuMi. Cu.io npe&ioxeme: 1) saEOHa o6t> orpaimaeHiH H8fiHpaxejb- Haro upaBa noBumenieMT. B03pacniaro cpona h cpoita ocIu -JOCTh, itra - cocrain. aKTHimuxT, rpaauaHT. noiiuaaxca, no KpafineH B 'ipt, na 3.000.000 H36HpaTiue8, h 2) sanoHa 061 opraniuaiiin ceHaTa, xo-urteHCTByioKaro coctohtb tojbko HauojOBHHy H3b BuCopiiuxb TJeHOBb h npexcTa- BjHBmaro .iumb c.iaCyiu rtiHb BuCopnaro yipeasxeniH. HsOnpaTeabHuS 3&eohi, 6u .it, bhbcbht, 16 vaa 1874 roxa; Ha Heu& .iHHHCTepcTBO l>poxbH-*J>ypTy nOTepuixo nopaxenie, noxaxo bt. oTCTaBEy h 6biao 3aniHeHo tbkt, HasunaeMUMb „j 1;jiobhiit>jrHHHcrepcTBora” m reHepaaOM'b Cacce bo rxaBii. OTOiry nojoxenin x'&ra 6njb uoxosbh'b. KOHepb ptmHTexhHuirb npeA-TOseHieirb KaaiiMipa Hepbe. Oho 3asjB- T&XOCb BT. TOUT,, TT06h KOMMHCCiH HeMCX-IOHHO npHCTyniMa HI pa3pa- 6otb1i KOHCTHTyniOHHUXT, 3asoHOBb Ha ocHOBaHin npexjro«eHi8, cxixaH- huxt, orb HHeHH Tbepa 19 nan 1873 roxa. Hpexxoaenie Kasuiiipa Ilepbe, KOTopoe 6tuo bhocoho bt, naiaTy 16 ioHH 1874 roxa, 6uxo cor.Taa.ieao b i c.ifuyioiUHX'b BupaueHiaxt: .HanioaaxbEoe toCpanie, ateaaa noxosarb EOHeui, CeanoKoflcTay cTpaHu, npHHHHaerb cjixyBinyio pe-ioanniio: Kohehccih soHCTHTynionHUxi 8a- EOHOBb B08b*eil BT OCHOBaHie CB0HXT, pafiOTT. o6t, OpPaHHaanjH H npeeMCTBi rocyxapcTBOHHUXT. BxacTefl: 1) ciaTbio nepByio aaKoua, npexxoiKeHHaro 19 Haa 1873 roxa h cocTaBjeHHyio Bb c.rtxyE>mnxb BupaaeBiaxi: npaRHre.ir.CTBO ippaHuyacKoil pecnyrtxHKH coctohti ust, XByxb iiaxaTT, HnpesHjieHTa—rxaBU ucno.iHHTe.TbHO« B.iacTH; 2) saKOHb 20 H0rr6pa 1873 roxa, bt, cH.iy EOToparo npesaxeBTCTBo pecnyOjHsa

— 535 — BBipaeTca Mapma.iy Manx-MarOHy ao 20 Hoafipa 1880 roaa h, Hano- Hezii, 3) KOM.MHeciH aojacna npuauuri, iipano iscrHOfl h oSmeft peBHSia KOHCTHTyniH bx To8 ipopni h 81. to Bpemi, KOTopua OyAyTX onpejt- J6HH 8aKOHOMX. 015 iaDJiH 1874 ro ja KOHCTHTyuiouHaa KOMMiiccia npeaaonu.ia qepe3x CBoero AOK.iaaiHEa BaHTaBOHa cbo AoiuaAX, lOTOpuS 3aK.n01a.Ti. bx cedi upoeKTX opraHHBania rocyAapcTBeHiiuxx BJacTeft. 9totx npocKTx .i3K.ifoqa.rejt bx HHacc.iiAyiomejix: MaKX-Maroay, upeaH.ienTy pecny- fi-iHKH, OyjeTX npojo.iatena miaeTb no aiKOHy 20 aoaOpx 1873 roja, T.-e.- Ha ceMH.rfcTHiS cpoxx, j o 1880 roja. Ohx OyxeTX otbIitctbchx To.ibKo bx c.iyiah rocyAapcTBCHHoS H3n%nu. Mhhhctpu OTBiiamx cojfHAapHO sa ofimvio noAHTHKy pecnyO-iHHH h HHAiiBHiyaabno sa irtpu, npmiHHacMiiH no A^-iaHX CBoero BiaoMCTBa. BaKOHOiaTe-ir.Haa JuacTb 66yxefh oTnpaitjrjiTBCJt najaTOjo AenyTaTOBX h ceBaTOux. HaxaTa .ieny- tutobx vaotx HB^BpaTbCjf no laKottv 1849 roja Bceo6mett h npaaoS noaaqefl poaocobx bx ycTaHOBjeHHuS no ocoOoMy saxony nepiojx. CenaTx fiyxeTx cocTOHTb hbx HsflpanHuxx h HaiHaieHHUxx qjieHOBX nx paaMtpt. h bx ycxoBiaxx, EOTopue fiyAyTx oupe,it.teiiu bx cneniajibnoux o tomx saKOH'h. Mapniaxx, iipeiHAeHTx pecuyfi-iHKH, Oyjerx oO-ieqenx npaBOBx pacnycKarx ooOpaaie, bx btomx c.ivqa'fc hobhb suGopu aojukhu HaiBa- qaTbca Mepesx 6 mIichhcbx. H o HCTeqeaiH cpoxa npesHAeHTCKuxx hoaho- Moqifl h.ih npn BturaHniit aoajkuocth iipe.iHaeiiTa pecuySjHKH, cob'Iitx MUHHCTpoBX cof>HpaeTX oftb na.iaTij a ah AaJbnt8mnxx pacnopaxesifl. Bx Teqeiiie cpoKa, na KOTopnS Mapma.iy Maxx-MaroHy turfepaercit npa- BMTe.Ti.cTBOHHajj BjacTb, npaBO HHwpiaTHRH laKononx u penmiit kobcth- Tynin npHnaAAOatHTx tojlko e»y. CpaBIlHBajI BTOTX npoeKTX KOMMHCCill CX T^BX HpeAAOXeHieMX, Ko- Topoe BBecx Ka3B«ipx Etepxe, mu saMiiiae'ix Meatay hhmh cymecTBPHHrio pa3Hnny: 1) othocbtoaxho npaBa peiimitt KOBCTHTynia: bx npoexrf BaHTaBOHa 6uao npeAno-roxeno na 7 .i Btx gaix npaao HHKniaTwnij to.ii.ko Mapma.iy. C.iliAOiiareafcHO, na-iaia AenyraTOBX 6u.ia orpanitqeaa jaxe b x qacTHofi peBHsin b x tomx CAyiai, ecjH 6u OHa noxexaaa qiax .yonoAHHTt KOHCTHTyniD; ;y OTHOCHTeabiro oupeAi.ienia cfopMu upaBAOHia: no npoexTy KOMHHCcia aapnia.ix MaKx-MaroHX nonpexHBMy ocTaiiaaca xpanttTe.ieMX Toro nopaAKa Benjefl, KOTopuft ocTana-ica He- onpeAtAeHHUMx, Taax ebkx bx npoeKit BaHTaBOHa He 6uaa onpeji- ,iena tpopMa npan.ieiriH, tto uwbxoch bx upoeurb Kasuxipa Hepxe, r ji roBopnAOCb o „ iipaBHTejbCTiiii cj»paHHy3CK0fi pecnyfi.iRKH\". B x npoeKTi x e BaHTaBOHa HHTAi He ynOMHHajocx caobo pecnyOAHKa, 3a ■ c u d * qemeMx t^x x m-Iictx, r x i HiAa pt'ib o npeSHAeHTi. □ peAAoxenie kohmhccih hm4ao to SHaaeHie h totx cmlic.ix, ito hmx ao H3BtcTHo8 cTeueitH peryAHpoBaacfl cenTeHarx na cpoKx jauttaro

— 536 — ho.ihomO'uii, T.-e. nojHOHOiia Mast-Marona. UpoeKTb BaHTaBOHa uxb tojbko AOuo.iiia.il, TaK-B. n o $paHuy3u in, myTKy npo3Ba.ni n o n , upoeura BanTaiioiiaTOMb (no co3BTiiio cb cenieHaTOMb). H o w Haia.iuci, jefiaTU 23 i»Ja 1874 roAa, to Ka3iwipb Tlepae, b% BHAy yMnaiHnania npoeuTa bommhccih 30-th (BaHTaBOHa) o iJiopM* npaBaeHin, upeA.io*H.vb upoBOsr.iacHTb pecuyfi.iHKy h hsjioshtl pec- uy6aaitaHCKie npHunHUH Ooa'fee touio u oupeA'fiAoHHO, aiiicb sto ca’Ii- JAHO BT, upoeBTt BaHTaBOHa. UpaBHTO-1bCTBO CH.1I.H0 oCe3H0K0H.10Cb upoBOsr-ianieuieMb 3thx-l upiinuuitou-b u, upeAnojiaraa h fioacb, no btiimt, y uero fiy.ien, oTuaTa bo3mo» uocti h opyatie usa Aa.ibH'Muiiixb cepenf.in,. cuoua Biriiniaxocb Bb AefiaTH h noTpefioBaao HeupHuaTie npoeuTa KasuMipa flepae h npnuarie npaniiTfi.ibCTnenHaro upoena. X. Cb SToro MoneHTa BHCTynaen. i.iein, yschpeiiHofi uapriu, Aeuv- Tart Ba-i,ioiib. Out. ne 6has uoahthkomx h rocyAapcTBeuBtiMb ae.io- b’Bkox'b; oh'l B3!i'(icTem, nan, yueuntt lvsc.rliAOBaTejih h ucTopuni. Eay iipHiiaA-ieiKUTb Hisloirc deVesclavage, h ne Tain, aubho etaio bhxoautb ero H3c.v&A0iianie Les reprfsentants du peuple en mission et la justice revohdionnaire dans les lUpartements en Van I I . Bb noAHTHiecKpS me A'feuTe.ibHOCTti oub hh npesAe, he uocA’ft He yuacTBonaib. Bb AauHyio HHHVTy oOcTOBTeabcTBa Tam, c-iosu.iHcb, n o jin^H yMipeHuaro nanpa- B.ieniu, ciuoHHbie pasptniaTb cuopuue soupocu nyxesib EOiinpoiiHccoBb, Ao-TiKHbi Ou.iu eraTb bo r.iae-fe. Ho.iomenie napTin, KOTopua fiopo.iucb, c t oahoS cropouH, 3a npoeKn, Kaauuipa Ilepbe, a cs Apyrofi — 3a npoeETb Banraiiona, 6mao aoboalho ueonpeAiJieauo. Muorie pecuy6xH- Eaupbl OCTajIHCI, illspBU UHCTHM'i, peciiyfi.HlKaHCKHMb npilHAHUaUb. HcTopin BToft Popi.fiu, ocBimeHHaa, BiipouoMb, Cb toukh 3piuia paAH- Ka.ibHOii pecuyC.iHKaucKoa napTiu. xopouio iia.ioaceua Bb nocsrepTUOMb coiHHeHw Jlyu B.mHa, Hisloire de la constitution du 35 (eerier 1875. 9to coiHHeHie, KaKb Hanucaunoe cbtoakh sprain oahoS uapi’in, Hsrficrb ni-ibio auoAoriio .vfcHTe.ibiiocTii pecnyC.iHuaiicKaro coioaa, ho Bb ae»b HaiaraeTca HCTopiu npoHcxosAoaia soHCTirryuiH m an, sa marosib, TaKb n o KHHry Jlyu B.iaHa moxho CAHTaib caMOfl iio.niofi Heropieii kohcth- Tynia 1875 roAa, xoth HiucoTopue jiar-iaxu ABTopa oahoctopouhh h OTuacTH Aase iipHCTpacTuu. Har.iaAUue iJiaKTU HOEasuBaiOTb, HacEO-ibEO no.iomeiiie pecnyO.muaHCKUXb napTifi Bb toBpeaui Cbi.iomaiKO. IJapTiu raM6eTTii cb casiaro HanaJia Aouaaunajia, >ito HapioHaxtuoe cofipauie He KosineTeuTHO pmiciiaTpHBaTb a cociaB.iiiTb KOHCTHTypiouuHe saBoubi, n o A.iu BToro neofixoAHMo cneniaaLBOo yipeatAOHie, h ato to-ibeo iia- poAb Bb npaali H3(>paTb cofipanie u HapouHTO nopyuuTb eay cocta- B-ieHie EOHCTHTyuiOHHUXb aaaoHOBb. I'anGerra Ao.iroe Bpesia uoAAepaH- Bajb uapTiH, Koropua TpefioaajH 'paenymenin na-iaTH u Ka-inaieniii HOBuxb BH(5opoBb. Ho nocAt irpeA.iomeuia KasHnipa flepoe, raxPerra

— 537 — H3Mf.nn.ix cboh B3r.TH.iH, h ero napTin, noxyTHBrnaa cx othxx nopi, HasBanic onnopiyHHcroBX, iipum^a k b yfifaiAeiiTO bx Heo6xoxnMocTu 6KOMIipOMHCCOBX BX A f-lf BOHHTHKH, nHOJOMX SOTOpHXX H uia KOH- cTHTyniH 1875 roja. HiKOTopue pecnyrt-iMtannu (HenpnMHpnKHe) bo- THpoBajiw cx najiaTOH) HCK.TOTHTe.iMio pajn npoBosrAamenia npa btomx 3. pecny6HHKaacBaro npiranmia. licH'iflCToie btoto, thcao AenyiaTOBx, hmIui- mHX'i uaM'lipeHie BOTHponaiB a o;;no 6u.io aoctbtotho Beaaso. HeflO- ctbbiuo J(0 CojibimiHCTBa Jiiiiin, hI ickojiiko roaoconx, h yBipeme BX tomx, tto pecnyO.iHKa n KoncTHTyniomme saKOHH “PpaHuia npoB03rjia- menu Sojibiiihhctbomx ojHoro ro.ioca, i[>aKTHTecKH ocTaBaacx ntpnuHx, TpeCyeTX whuoropoS orosopKir, hmciiho, iio cnmiTemcTBy JIyn Enaua, pecnyfijiHKaHCKoe Oo-imhuhctbo coeTaBH.ioct 6h h 6esx npucoexiiHeniii HiCKOJXKHXX neHTpa.ii.nuxx roxocoBx bx B0.Ti.3y npHMHpHTe.u.nuxx npeAJOxeHiS Bax.iona. Bx BHjy Koxe6.THinarocH aacTpoeBia napxiS, b x BHuy toto, tto pecuy^HBKaHKH Sohjhcb o6pamaTi,cH kx napoxy n TpefioBarx pacny- uieiiin najiaxH, na nepBufi pasx iipauHTCHKCTBCHHUH 3aKOHOiipoeKTX Aoxweiix Oh .tx BocTopsecTBOBaTB. UpeAHoaenie Kasiuiipa Ilepxe fiujio OTKHonciio Coabhibhctbomx 374 iipoTimx 330 roaocoBX. Tor^a atBAH dopoHa iipeA.'ioiKH.Ta pacnycTHTX najiaTy, no h bto npejM0»tenie Tansie 6hho OTBeprHVTO. TaKHMx ofipaaoMX, ocTaBaaca cenTenaxx, xoTopufi npeACTOHJio TaK'i, n.in imane pery.iHpOBaix. npeA-ioncenie KoncTHTynion- hoh KOMMiiccin (30-th) ne 6uao .locTaTomo paapaOoTano, tto6h npa- bhtb ero b x Ka'ieCTBi KOHCTH'ryuioHnaro saKOHa. BcjrfeACTnic stoto, uocjt6 OTCpoTKH 3aci,TaHiii ua-iaTU, sa chhx nocJiiAOBaBnieit, aaiajact robhh o6cy«AeHia h 6»ja ynpeiKAeiia nonan xouxHccia. IIpeBia no sa- KononpoeKTy, npcA-TOJEeHHO«y KoncTHTynioHHom KOMMuccieio, nanaiHci, 21 HHBapa 1875 roAa. Bx sth xx npeniaxx po.n. AenyTaTa RaxiOHa CKaanaacb b x tomx, tto onx Koe Kaax ycn’6.ix npHunparx h cor.iacnTi, caMHH pa3Hoo6pa3HHH MHiinia. Bo.rhe Bcero busbe-tx cnopoBX Boupocx oOx yTpeatAeaiH n uo.ioacemn ceHaTa. UepBHfi nonpocx, no KOTopoMy Ba.TJionx Buarpa-Tx no6$Ay, Kaca.Tca ciaTtH 1 3aK0na 25 ifieapaan 1875 roAa,- bx KOTopofi eKasano: „npeanAeHTx pecny6.iuKu“ nsfiapaeicH TaKX to it nacTOABKO to BpeaeHH. Taitmux o6pa30Mx, cjiobo „pecny6Mixau Hu m BBeneHO bx ochobiioS aanonx. Ilpn btomx Ba.i.ionx cTapaaca ycTpannTi. npHHnunia.ji.Huft sonpocx. „ i l “ , rosopiux ohx, „ne npejjaraio npoBOsr-incuTB pecnyfiaHKy, ho npeAaaraio npoAoasKHTE npaBHTeatcTBO, ROTopoe bx HacToamee BpeMa cymecTByeTx, a BOTopoe ecm upaBHTea^- ctbo pecuyfiaHKaHCKOe11. Cx'1vioii!lto.ii. ho, mhcab h naM'jspeiuji Baa.ioiia ne man A a a ie opraHH3aniH B.iacTH. ^pyrunn c.iOBaMH, ohx dobtophax to, tto abb roAa TOHy Ha3aAx roBopnax Ttepx, HaeHHO, tto 3aKonu H3Aa»Tca otx HMerni pecnyOanBH, tto MoiieTU lnTeune-TioiOTCH cx ea

— 538 — H3o6paxeniein>, h tto bc6 BBimaia cHomenia BejyTCa o n n»enn to« ate pecnyfijiHBH. TaKHMB odpasoiiB, BaaaOHB npewaraai Jamb opranB3au,iD Toro, hto cymecTBOBajo bb HajiainocTa. Ho citjiaxL bto cb ycTpaRBHioHB ofiiaaXB nataiB h apHHnnaia.iLnaro Bonpoca B03- KOKHO 6HJ0 OAHHMB CUOCOfiOMB, HMeHHO VMa.TIiinail 0 UpHHUHn'fe a roBopa HCtwiHTeji.no o6b yqpexjeHiaxB, ero ocymecTB.iaBmHXB,. Hanp., o npast pocnycRa, upaBaj-ieatamaro npesHieHTy, h o paanuxB yHpesxemaxB <t>panny3CK0H pecnyfijHSH. TaKHMB o6paso*B, OTA'f.JbHue KoireTHrynjonHue saEoeu, ttOTOpue BUffljH BO •tpaHnia bb 1875 rojy h KOTopue rtu.iH BorapoBanu naaa- TOB, HOCHTB XapaKTepB U3B'&CTHHXB BOMOpOMHCCOBB, C0CT0HB1BHXCH Meatjy ota’&ji.humh uapTiaMH bb tokb pa3ciert, bto aapmaJB MaEB- MaroHB bb TeieHie btoto speiieHH cByMieTB cfbaaTb HaAJexamia DpHroTOBjeHia h npe.T-iomHTB peBHsin KOHCTHxypiH bb cmhcj* xeaa- TOJkHOMB jjh MoeapxHiecKHXB ijipaKHiS, corjacHBmHxca hb opraiiH- :saniio pecoyfijHBH Ha 7 j 4tb. OcHOBBue saKonu 1876 roja cjisyuiuie: 1) .shkohb 25 (feBpaja 1875 roja o5b opraHHaania rocyjapcTBeBHOfi bjbcth (loi- relative k l’organisation des pouvoirs publics); 2) shkohb 24 (fceBpajifl 1875 r. o ceHaT-It; 3) KOHCTRTyuioHHS0 3atoHB 16 iw a 1875 roja o6b oTHomeHia rocyjtapCTseBHUXB BjacTeS (sur le rapport des pouvoirs publics); 4) opraHuiecitifl 3aK0BB 2 aBrycra 1875 roja o BudopaxB bb ceBaTB, a 5) opraHHiecKifi ohkohb 30 Hoadpa 1876 roja o BUdoph AedyiaTOBB. XI. TpH nepBUe saaona MoryTB 6utb HaanaHu KOHCTHTyuioHHuaa bb co6cT(ieHHOEB CMUCj-fe btoto CJ0B8. Oaheeo saKoiiL o ceHarfi no coAepxaniio, a He no BpHAHHecBoMy SBaieHiio, ejBa jia Moxers 6htb HaSBaaB KOHCIHTyiiiOHHUMB, TKK'b KaKB BB HP.MB COJOpjEHTCH IlOjpOO- Kua onpeAi-ieHia, xoTopua ao.txhh cocTaBjaTb npeAMeTB odUEHOBeu- BUXB SaKOHOBB, HSAaBaeMUXB SaKOHOAHTe3bHOK) BjaCTbD, a He KOHCTH* TyuioBsuxB, KOTopue nocTHHOBjaiOTca Bjacrbi) ytpeABTejbnoS. Ho napTia, AbBcruoBaBuiia bb naniOHa.iit.HOMB co6paiiia, BupadoTKon uoa- PoCruxb npaBHjiB, xoTijH npeAoxpaHUTL ceHaTB otb nepeatHB HjTeHB oouKHOBeHHoS BaKOHOAaTe.TbHoft AtaTe.ii.iiocTH. Hnaie CKa3aTb, napxia AonycKajH bobmoxhoctb M3Mtnenifi nocTaHOBjeBifl o cenarii He HHaie, b»eb nyTCMB peBusiu EOHCTHTyuia, tocthoS h jh odm;e0 (ito h cA'kjano dajo bb 1884 roAy). TaKHMB o6pa30Ml, 3THSaKOHU HBHJHCb JHIQb KOMtipOMHCCHMH MeXAV OTAijbflUMHnapTiaMH, rocnoscxBOBaBniHMH bi, Haaioua.iLHOMB codpanin, a, KaKB MU vbhahmb aaxe, ohh, AiScTBBTejbHO, hochtb TaKO# xapas- Tepb KOMnpoMHCca, T.-e. ohh aBjaBTca nocTaHOB.icniaMH, hb soTopua BB AaHHy» MHHyTy nocaiAOBaao corjainenie hojutmhockhxb if)paKni8, npeABHA-bBHlHXB H AOnyCKaBUIHXB npHTOMB B03M0XH0CTL HBM'llDHTb HO-

539 — ctaHOBJeaHoe Bb d-nnsaftmeiib dyAymeMb. 3to noica3aiia aajbHiflmaa 6opb6a n a ja ra , asdpaHHOfl no 3asoHy 1875 r., cs MapmaxOMb MaKb- MaroHOH'b a ero MaaacTpauH. Toxsko nocxf. oTiaannofl dopbdu, aorjia naxaTa, pacnymeHaan npesHjeHTOMb pecnydxineH cs corxacia ceraTa Bb in H i 1877 roaa, 6sua uoMepzaiia CTpauo», H3dpaBinefi 14 OKTadpa bhobs Ti x i « e 363 aenyTaTOBi pecnyfixaitaHCKOS napTia, TojibKO noc.it ototo Marcb-MaroHb noxaxb Bb oicTaBay, a 30 HHBapa 1879 roxa duxs hs- 6paai opesuKCBToai pecnydxHKH TpeBH. Toxsko us 1884 rosy cxk- jraoH H-hKOTopua jono.mcHia Kb KoncTHTynioHBUMb saKonaub 1875 roja, KoTopua bt. KSBicTHofi CTeneHH o6e3neiHBaiiTb npaaQanb pecnydxir- Kancsaro ynpaBxenis. Scab BCaKaro coantnia cawsiMb Ba&RUMb jonox- nenieMb EOHCTHTynia ao.i*HO CBHTaTb oTHOcanteeca Bb § 3 ct. 8 3a- KOHa 25 (feupa-TH 1875 roja h rxacam.ee, bto „pccnydxnKaHcicaa <popn& upaBxenia ne Moserb 6uti, upexMOTOMb npexxoseHia o peBH8iu koh- CTHTyniM“ . CaiaOBaTeabHO, npexxomeHiii o saiiiHi pecnydxmcaHr.Koft ijiopMU opasxeHia xpyroD Bb easy 9Toro xonoxneHia ne noryrb 6htl ia a e rrpiiHHTu naxaToft Bb pascMOTplmis). MoTHBHpya bto ionojHeaie, JKio.ik '1’eppn, Bb otuliTb it M i, KOTopuc yKa3UBanH, n o BHEanaa ifiopMa upaBxema ne MoseTb 5utb ninnon, u bto saKpuBaTb xeraxb- rrsie nyra Bb uaHtneHix) oGpasa iipae.ieein 3HaiHTb npasOAHTb aapoib Kb HeoOxOJHBOCTH CaKOMf BMilnllBaTbCH Bb BTO xTlAO CpCACTBaMH, KB- khmh eny 3a0aaropa3cyAHTCH, — cKaaaab csisyonee „mh He 6ion 6a Aocrottnu HanpaB.iJiTb npaBHTO-itcTBO (de diriger le gouvernement), ecxH Cli A-h..iajh cedi a.UD3ia h xyaajn. bto toKerb KOHCTHTynia nosers odesneinTb eft BimocTb. H im , mb He upocanb aacb jeape- TupoBaTs B'feiHocTb pecnydxHKH, msi npocHMb Bacs yTBepAHTb ee, s&6a OHa Morjia cym,ecTBOBaTb a HMixa 6u npaBo samninaTb ceda“ (t.-6. samamarh ceda npoTHBb npoacKOBb r ix b opasaeduuxb napTift, koto- psia oTKpuTo BupasaioTb nauipenie 3aMtnaTb cynecTBymmyc <|>opiiy npaB.ie.Hia Apyron). Ha bto Aenyrars, enacKonb d>peiine.ib, B03pa3HXb npoponecKofi buxoakoA, bto Bb 1889 rosy (jipamiyacKiS aapoAb HHcnpo- BeprHeTb pecnydjiHKy h npaaoBeTb Ha upecTOxb <l’pani|in cbob CTapaa- aym Aanacri» Bb sunt rpaijia IlapmscKaro. Ho bto iipoponeCTBO, no- uhmo Bcero apyroro, 6too HeeocTOKTexbHO hnoroiiy, bto 6u m jartine h6.jh , a6o Hvdxs $eppa Bonce He roBopa.ib o TOMb, bto dyxerb Bb 1889 roay; oab He OTpanaab toto de3cnopnaro noxoseuia, bto HHKBKaa (JiopMa npan.ienia He odesneneHa OTb nepentHb Bb djHataftmenb h.th OTxaxeHHOKb dyAymenb: Bb AaHHOMb c sy ia i piBb in-ia He o6s ycipa- HeHiH peiioxiOHiH, TaKb KaKb hsmuc.thtl ix h bto to a-aKoft hikjj.is cno- codb neBOSMOsno, a o upaei pecnydxnKH naauBaTbca cBOHUb nneuenb u o B03M0SH0CTH xsx Hea aamHinaTsca OTb HauaxeHift BpasAe6abixb

— 540 — KaKx 6u to mh 6hao, no 3Ta nacn, opea-ioscnia, AonOAHHumaro aasoHX 25 <teBpa.iH 1875 ro ja fiuja npaHHTa najaroio e npaTOMX rpo- MaAHUMX 6oawnHHCTBoiii roAoeoBx: npa no.inoBX cocTasi coOpaBia bx KO-iBBecTB* 679 weHOBX, 0, cjtjouaTe.ifcHO. npn saKooHOMX Cojit- mHHCTB'fe, paBHOMi 339 rOAOcaMX, aa npewoateHie noAano 6u.io 605 ro- AOCOBX. Bx BHjt caMOsaiBHTH pecnjfiaaKaBCKaro npaBirreAtCTBa BTopaa BacTt npe^oatenia, Aono.maBinaro saitonx 25 ificiipHJiir 1875 roAa, 3a- 6k.iinwa.ia bx ce5i nocTaHOB-ienie, bto „B.ienu 4>aHii.ii0, KOTopua nap- CTBOBajH bo 4>panniH, ae Moryrt uTb HafipaHLi Ha no.iatnocTt npesa- aeHTa pecnyfijBKB*. 3to HocTanoB.ieHie hbbjioci. peavAhraTOSix Toro cooCpaaseHia, mto ecaa ’uem. Tano» ifiaMH.iiH Cvaotx HsOpaax Ha Hp63HA6HTCTB0, TO CTpani UOJKCTh rpoSHTbOnacHOCTI. IiepeMliHH <topMH npaBjenia, oto, aM ctbhtc.tbiio, h cAynHAoex cx pecnyO.iHicofl 1848 roja, 6Koraa JI. Hanojeonx, TiuBoiifi ao toto npeaHAeHTOMX pecuy .iHKH, ct 1852 roAa CTajn. HanepaTopoMX i(ipannyaoin,. Bra qacn, npeAAOJseHia Cij.ia npHHBTa naiarofi Oo.iMnKHCTBOHx 592 roAocoax nporaBX 148. Csepxx toto, naAaTaxx 6u.xa npeAAoaceHa norro.iHHTeni.Han uonpanna AOnyTRTAMH linoR CTOpoilbl, TOMCOHOMX, OpAHHCpOMX H Ap.. BX TOMX cmuca$ , ito menu ceMefi. napcTBoiiaBiuHxii bo 'tpanniH, ne MoryTX aaHBHaTb noxmnocTH no H36paBiKi hah ho nasHaneniio. Ho thkx kskt. noAofiHoe npe.uoateHie- He Biionrti cooTtrliTCTBOBa-io HftH'iipeniio pecny- 6ahkh o6e3onacBTi ceSa ora a I ^ ctbhtoamioS onacHocxH, aSo naHaTie 060Hanp., BOHHCKOfi AO.TSHOCTH HAH A0ASH0CTH M3pa He BAeKAO 38 C K> 6 6BHKaKoft onacROCTH aah cymecTnyioiAefl rt>opnH npaBAeHia, to upeAAO- ateBie ToMcona b TonapHRieft hao OTBeppHyTO onr,mHiicTBOMx 542 apoTHBi 198 ronocoBx. Barhsn, orpanH'ieoo fibrno npaao npesmeiiTa pecnyfiAHKH othocb- TeAbHO nocAiACTBiB pocnycKa na.iart. Hsenno 6uao nocTaHOBxeHO, too bx cAyiafe pocnycrta naxaTx HOBue Bu6opn AOAanu coacpmaTLca bx TeteHie AByxx MicjrneBx (npeacne 3-xx) b tepeax 10 aho# no 38k.uo- ReHiH sufiopoBx najaTu aoajkhh Chti. cofipaBU. ^enyiaTOMi PHBe 6nxa BHeceBa nonpamta, npeAxaraBmarr Bosce otmIibhti. npaso pocuycxa naxaTB, aasx HecorAacHoe cx aapoAHunx cyBepeHHTeTOMx, cocTaBAaio- dihhx ocaoBy pecnyfi.tHKaHCKofi ipopsiu npaBAeHia. Ho HHHHCTepcTBo ®»)aa ‘t’eppa, rbho rK.ionaact otx B036ywAeBiH aryiH xx npannHnia.ii.- hhxx BonpocoBX. 3aKAB)naBniHxcH, HeaiAy npoRHMx, a bx npc.i.ioseBiii PaBe, ate.ia.ro npHHjma toalko nonpaBKH, BHecenHofl hex chhbxx h orpaHHiHBaioniefi jamb npaBo poenycita bx ero noc.i’tACTiiiaxx. BcAiA- CTBie aroro, jOKjaATORx komehccih otx hmcrh nocAiAHeS npocH.tx co- Opanie ycTpaHHTb aonpaBKy, BneceBRym AenyraTOMX Pane, nocpejcTBoax t8ex HasbiBaenaro npeABapBTe.iE.Haro Bonpoca, RattoBofi h 6h.ix ophhbtx

— 541 — Co.ii.iiiHucmoMt 455 to.iocobx uporanx 183. Tbehxx o6pa30Mt, apaso. iipean.ii'iiTa pecuyo.iBKii pacnycitaTb uajraTy cx corjacia ceaaTa octsjocl CH.rk, noABeprmar.1. toabeo iif.EOTopuxx orpaBHaeaiiiMx. 3aT’fexx ipe3Buiafljio naatHoe H3M'liHeaie npousouijio a bx saitouA 124 iJieBpaja 1875 ro*a o ceaarfe; HMeano ct. —7 SToro 3aK0Ha npej.ioxeno hckjosbti. h.ix aacaa KOHCTaryniOHHUXx BaKonoBx, ito oana'iajo, ito OTDuni uopaAOKt asCpauiu bx cenaTopn CyAeTX onpe- AijaTbca npocTO aaKonauu. HHAanaeMuMH oOuaauxx 3aK0H0AaTC3bUHKT. uopaAaoxx, a A3a HairliHeHia aocTanoBjenift, OTHOcamaxca ao aioro 6npeAMeia, ne ipeCyeTca, Kaax npeauxe, lacTHaa bah o m,a« peBH3ia 6KOHCTHTynia (co cTueauo: KuucTUTyuioauuxb aaKOHOBx). 4to sto upeAAoateHie HaHHCTepcTBa Be mao npoi'BBx cymecTua ce- BaTa, AOKasuBaercji lix x , ito HtitoTopue AenytaTH, hmciiho Dyaa a Damo, apeA-iaraBmie ynpasAHMTb ceiiaTx Earn, yipeacAenie, ae aataa ycntxa, a AOKAaAiHSb Eouxaccia BTopuaao upoca.ii coSpanie ycTpaoaTb a 3Ty noupaBKy uttcxx npeABapaTeAbaaro sonpoca, ito bdoab! co- 1'Aacoaa.iocb a cx xejaaiaxa UHHacTopcTBa. CoCpauie hcuoahhao apocbfiy AOKAaAiHKa, a npeAAOBieuie AenyTaTOBX IJy.ia a Ilmno Chao OTaeprayTO upeABapHTC.n.HHMx Bonpocoax. HoupaBKa xe, BaeceHHaa MHHucTep- ctbomx, h BCKAtoiaBinaa ct. 1— 7 3atcona 24 ipeBpaja 1875 roAa o ceaaT-b asx unc-ia KoacTHTyuioHHuxx aaKOHoax, 6uja npanaTa 6ojb- IUMUCTBOMX 509 TOJOCOBX npOTBBX 170. TaaoBU raaBBHa uo-ioxema ifipannyacEofl noHCTHTyaia, Koropua 6uau BcpecMOTpiHu a if3xtaeau bx aupJiiri 1884 toab a oCaapoAOBaati ape3HACUToax pecnyCjHKH 15 aarycTa 1884 roAa bx caiiAyioniefi ({wpHi: .HaaioHaAbHoe co6paaie npanajo, a npesaAeHTX pecny6AHKH o6Hapo- Ayerx (promulgue) aaaoax, coAepxanie Koero caiAyeTx: (toectx)“. TaKHMx oOpasoMx, mu paacuoTpiiAH xoax pa6oTx no cocTaBAeHix) <j>paauy3CKoft sOHCTHTyaia 1875 roAa a noApo6HOCTa ea AoaoAHBTeAb-' a m x CTarefl, upaHaraxx bx 1884 rony. Teaepb nepeBAexx e x ofisopy rocyAapcTBeaHuxx yupexAeaifl 4>panuia bx tomx bha£ . b x kskomx obh upeACTaBAanicn no AtScTByiomeay bx bto# crp aai opaBy. rJIA B A II. OB03PSB1E yaPEUAEHI8. I. TaEX ehkx au pascMOTpt-iH pasAuaaua (fcopau apeACTaBHTeAbCTsa a yqeaie o6x acuoJHHTeAbuoft BAacm, nocEOAbEy oao cocpeAOTom- BaeTca bx pynaxx ROpOJJi bab xoaapxa, to aah n36txaHia noBTopeHiS au ae 6yA«MX ocTaHaBAHaaibca Ha o6m;hxx Bonpocaxx npeACTaBHTe.ii>- ctbe a acuojHHre.ii.iio8 B.iacxa bo 4*paimiB. Mu ocTaHOBHMca toaxko

— 542'— aa rjaBBHXt nepraxt, kohbb xapaKTcpH3yeTca HHnf.inaee rocyAap- ctbcbhog ycTpoSmo <5>pann,in. Llpa paaaoTp*HiH ara x i lepra Byano liat.Ti. nt Bajy npeiCTaBjeHHfio Bume Hcropis) npoHcxoafleHia eobctu- TyaioHHHSi 3aKOHOBt 1875 ro*a, h, cjfiAOBaTejbHO, rfc HCK-icqnTejtnija Haaaaa, KOTopua npoBejenu nt s iw t aKTaxt, Bt cociauf. BaaioHaat- Haro cofipama, BOTHpOBaBraaro btk aaKOHH, h bs ycJOBiaxt, npa ko- Topuxt 9to co6paHie A'bBcTuouaao. KoBCTHTyuioHHH# 38B0Ht 25 ifeBpaJH 1875 roaa KacaCTca opraaa- 3ai(iH rocyAapcTBeHBHxt BjacTeS; ho coornonieHie uesAy bthhh rocy- AapcTBenBHMH BAacTHMH onpea'fejneTca 3aKOBOMt 16 i»ja 1875 roja „o cooTBOmeniii.l'ocyAapcTBBHHHXt BjacTe#“. CjfiAOiiaTej&HO, 06a stb 3anona aojsho hm4ti. at hhxj npu pascaoTpiaiH 3aKOHOAaTe.ibao4 h HCnOABHTeAiHOfl BjaCTH. CTaTbfl 1 3aaona 25 $eBpaja 1875 rOAa rjacBTt, hto saaoBO- AaTexbHaa BJam BBtpaeTca asyat cofipaHiant: naaarti jeayiaTOBt b ceHaiy. Ho 06a sth coSpaaia o6pa3yiora H3t ce6a oaho HanioHa-iLHoe cofipanie hjh KOHrpecct Bt r fixt cjyqanxt, KorAa npexcTOHTt: 1) pe- BBsia KOHCTHiynjH, 2) Hafipaiiie npeaBABBTa pecnv6.inKn. UpeauesTt BsfiHpaeTCB He naiaTSHH Bt OTAfobHOCTH, a coejuHeHnnHt Hit 3aebAaHieMt, o6pa3ynmnMt HaniOHajbHOe cofipanie hjh KOHrpecct. Bo B cix t Apyraxt cjyia a x t najaTH jtucrnyioTt oTAiubHO, xotk 3a- ctjaHia a it HaqHBaBTca h OKaH3HBaiOTca cobm£ctho. § 2 ct. 1 BaKoaa 16 i»jn 1875 roja nocTaHOBjaera, fro ceccia Hast nepBOfi, TaKt h BTopo# najaTH BaiHHaBToa h osaB'iHBaiOTca Bt ojho a to xe BpeMH; CTaTbH 4 Toro a e 3aK0Ha rjacjira, ito bchshi cofipaHia ojuoS najaTH, KOTopua nxiroTt ic6cto bh$ BpeneHH o6m,efi cecciH, hbaosbo- JHTexbHH h hhhtojkbh de plein droit. HcEJiDHeHieHb H3t aroro BBjaeTCa cjyqa#, aorja cesara o6pa3yera Hst ce6a cyAefiooe npacyr- CTBie ajh cyja Hajt MHHHcrpami hjhApyriaH bhcuihmh aoj* hocthhmh jhiwmh, bhhobhhmh h npeja hhhkh cyjy upesBAeaTOHt pecnyfijHKH. B t BTOMt BOCJtjHeMi cjyw fi ceBara He Moatert saHHMaTbca HHiiift, BpoMi KaKt it.iaMH noAoCnaro poja, T.-e. HCKj»HHTejbH0 OTBpaBjaera cboh cyAeOBua (JiyaKniH. 06paTHMca Tenepb K t paacMOTpiniri oprannaaniH AByxt yipeBje- aifl HapoAHaro npejCTaBHTejbCTM <5paHniH: najaTH jenyraioBi a ceuaxa. Ilajaxa xenytaTOBt mfinpaeTca npsMoS h oceoCmefl nojaaew ro- jocOBt. Tast KaKt nopajOKt btoto H86paHia h n cix t noAroTOBHiejt- HHXt Kt HOMy AtaCTBifl HaMt H3Bt>CTeBt H3t npeAHAymaTO, TO ocTaeTca npafiaEHTb, hto 1) na.iara jenyraTOBt' HafiapaeTca Ha 4 roja h 2) nocpejCTBOHt scrutin individuel. OTHOCHTeJtHO nocj'liAHaro nysKia cjtAyera aaMiTHTt, n o Bt nocjijHee BpeMK no noBOAy ero Bt najart

— 543' — B036yzAeHx fionpocx. Hkcbho, 24 itapTa 1884 roaa AenyTaTX KoHCTaHx BHt'cb upexjroiKeHie o scrutin de liste; 22 im h 1884 roM npta^oxeaie 3to OtiAo npanflTO a nepejauo na-iarofl aa HpeiBapaTe.Ti.aoe pascao- Tpiaie bx KOMMRcciio, bo Aa-ibHffiniifi hcxojx aroro Afi-Ja nosa ae HSBiCTeHX. Ceaaix, oOpaavinniii BepxHun naxaTy, Ha ocHOBaniH KOHCTHTTUiH lodupaeTca ocoCwm’b nopajKOMx. Cnenia.ibHi.iS loncTHTynioHiiui 3a- eohx, Kacaiomiflca opranaaania ceaaTa, Ci/jx BOTapooaux 24 (jidipajm 1875 roja. Bx aatToamee speua CTaTtH ero otx 1— 7 acEioaeau aaxaHCja aaaouoBx KOHCTiiTyaioaauxx. CxiAOBaTejibHo, OTHhini caoco6x o6pa3onaniji ceHaTa OyieTi oapeiijiaTtca 3aaoR0iaTejibBUMx nopajKOMX, a HHHimuiH (1884 r.) na-tam H3Mf.Ha.iH npeatuifi nopHAOEx. Haiaaie aoBaro naKOHa bx HaCTOarn.ee npeMn npeACTaBJiaeTCji BaxaUMX, h6o TpeTba cepia ceaaTopoBXAO.TatHabbixo^hti. a3x cocraBa ceaaTa 5 aanapa 1885 roaa, a HOBHe mjOopu bx cenaTopu, cocTOaBiuieca ajut sailiHU Bti6uBaioinefi TpeTH, aojbbij duTb ripoasBeieRH na ocHOBaaia aoBaro 3aKoaa. noHauaaiR H3MfHeHi6, npoHSBeAeHHUxx bx Hacxoamee Bpesia, cafjyeTX paicwoTpfti. cTapufl aopaioax Hsfipania ceaaTopoBX. CraTba 1 cTaparo aaaoHa 24 (fieBpa.ia 1875 ro.ua raacHTx, no ceaaTX coctohtx H3x 300 aaeaOBx, hsx kohxx 225 aadapauica *e- napratteuTauH u 75 uanioHa-ibHHMX coOpaaieax; sth 75 ceaaTopoBX necMinaeMu a noatasacHnu, a bx cjiyiaf uasaaQia, eenaTx aaiifmaeTi nxx Mfera caxx. 225 ceaaTopoBX H36npaa>Tca jenapTaMeHTaMH Ha 2 jIitx cx aacTBBHHHX B03o6aoBieBieMX 'I, cocTBBa bx aaatioe Tpex- jiTie. TaaaMx odpasoiix, HtiHfmaifl ceaaTX bx 1879 rosy 5 sroapa bo3o5hobhjix nepByn cepiw CBoero cocTaBa; BTopaa cepia bohoObob-ih- Jiact bx 1882 roiy, a ipeTxa, saEX mu cKaaaxH, iOJiatna 5mb B03o6non.TCHa bx 1885 roxy. Bx nopajKf H36paaia ceaaTa caixyeTX pascMOTp^TX Aaa Bonpoca: 1) pacnpeA'baenie ceHai-opoax no AenapTauenTaHX a 2) ycTpoftcTao H3fiupaTejibHHxx Eoj.ierifl. Ho npejBapHTejbHO c.TiuyeTx yicasaTt na to sHaaeHie, KOTopoe iysajH npmaTb ceHaiy. Korxa EOHCTHTyqioHnue Bonpocu ocofieuno ch.ilho aamiMa.ni h npa- BHTeabCTBO, h naaaTy, h atypna.iHCTHKy, a aorxa pin. rnja cueuia.ii.Ho o ceHaTli, to Kaax bx naaaTaxx, Tattx a bx sypHaiHCTHEf bx no.ibsy ceHaTa npaBOAHjacb oCmie aoboah, KOTopue Boo6me uphboahtch bx noabsy BepxneS nanara. Cx arofl touch sptaia HacTaHBa.iT Ha Heodxo- AHMocth BepxneS uajaTU h Txepx, EOTopufi ex Toxy me BecxHa Taro- thjr'jt Ti«x, hto hm1i.it nepeAX co6oeo cAiiiioc cyBcpennoe codpaHie, KOTopoe no.ib30Bajocb cbohmx BceMorymecTBom, ja.ieEo ue bx eohcth- TjuioHHOMx Ayxf. Il03T0>iy Tbepx Ayxaax, hto nepxnmi najaTa bx jhh* ceHaTa fiyAeTx H3BfcTnoft cAepatKofl A.ia HanioHajibHaro cofipaHia.





545 — pa»Ti no 1 cenaTopy (Tome h TeppHTopia Eeiib<|)op», OTnoeBamias Ti.epOM-b y BECMapaa AHU.ionaTnuecEHMX nyiexs). 3a [icK.iouenieax 3TUX* wbcTh, nocu.iMoiuuxt no 1 cenaTopy, Bet ceuaTopu Apyraxi n i d i H.s6Hpa>0Tca bx Koaaeriaxt no scrutin de liste, T.-e. naatAaa Koaaeria naOHpaeTi no o6meny jyia Rdsxx H36npaTeae8 chbckj imh- XHAaTOBX. Porbhshtu, TpeCyeaue otx ccHaToponx. KacaioTca, r.iaBKUMx o6pa- somx, BOspacTa: ora ce,aaiopOBX TpeCyeTca ue uente 40 a i r a ora poxy, Bx nacToamee npeiia (1884 r.) Tperaa cepia ceaaTopoax H36pana yase no noBouy saaony. CymecTBeHHua MSM-tHema, BHocennua umx, aacaioica, so-nepBUXx, cocTasa ceHaTa. Baeiienra nojKHaueunuxi, ceaaTopoBX ycTpaueHb. OrapuBaiomiaca BananciH nosnsneuauxi. cenaropoBx 6y- Ayra paenpeA'fcaaeMU ae«Ay jenapxaiieHTaMH cenaxoMX no *pe6i.io. •Bo-BTOpuxx, yBexaieno a upouopnioua.ibHfee pacupej.'fe.TeHO KO-iaxecTBO AeaeraToax ora o6n(Huhuxx cobJitobx. 06i uaaaTu bx OTaomenin cuohxl npaBx ojHHanonu; ho cenaTy, KOToparo npeAnojioateno CA^aaTb KOHCcpnaTHBnuMX y'lpeasAeHieMX n, c.vIiAoimTe.il,no, nocraBHTb bx boate dxHSKia oraomeuia kx ncno.um- Te.iLHoft BaacTH, ahum n'fisoTOpua upeaaymecTBa. CcHaTy, Bo-nepnuxx, npeAOCTaBaeBbi cyjeOHua iipaua, kotopun BupaacaiOTca bx iipaot cenaTa a) cyABra npesuAenTa pecnyCjUKH 3a Aiaa, uOAcyjHbia stomt yape- acAcnin; b) cyAHTb uhohctpobt, bx cxyiat ofisnuenia hxx, B036y»Aen- naro co ciopoHU na.iaTbi AOnyTaTOux, a c) cyAHTb no iia*HtfimHxx noanTuaeCKHHx upecTyiueniHMx, ecaa jiana, noAo:ipf,iiaeMuji bx cosep- meHia axx, CyAyra upejauxi c j a j no pacnopaaeaiio upe3HA0HTa pec- iivojhkh. CeaaTy, BO-BTopuxx, coBMtcTRo cx npesHAenroira pecnyfi-iaKa npe,iocTan.THOTCJi npaBOpacnycaara hhwhioio riajaTy.Bthmx npauoMx.KaBX H3BbCTH0, Bocno.ib30Ba.ica Jiapiua.ix Jlaax-Maroax, ho poenyeax na- •larai, o6xaBJieHHH0 «nx cx coraacia ceHaTa, 0Ka3a.ic« neyAainuax, h6o HOBbie RbiCopa npaaecaH to xe onnoBHiiionaoe 6oJtmniicTB0, ko- Topoe asduioci. a bx pacuynxeuHOa na.mTt. II. TpeTiS ajoieara $panuy3CBHXx roeyAaptTuennuxx Bxacrei ecTb npesHAOHra pecny6.iaau. JIo.tjkhoctx npesHAenTa nacTOJi.Ko Banina bx CTpofc <J>pamiy3CKHXx rocyAapcTBeHeHxx yapewAeinfi, bto ua Hee caiAyeTX odpaTHTb 6o.ite noApodHoe BHBMaHie. □ peacAO Bcero paacaoTpaMx cnoco6x HsOpaHia npeaHAcma ippaH- nyscKoS pecnydAaaa. Cnoco6x Hsdpam'a pro onpeAbaaeTca CTaTxeio 2 saKona 26 cfeiipaja 1876 roaa, KOTopaa raacara, oto „npe3HAeara pecny6AHBH H3CapaeTca a6cojH>THiiMX 6o.ii.njHncTBOHX ro.iocoux ceHHTa u na-iaTU AenyTaiOBx, cooAHneiimjxx bx nan,ioHa.ibaoe co6pauie“. Hsx 3T010 BHABO, BTO H36paaic r-jailbl HCUO.lBHTCJI.HOft BJiaCTH BO 'I'paHBiH npeAOCTaBjaeTca saaonoAaTe.ibHOft B.iactH. Bx btomx OTnomeniu nu-

— 546 — Hiuraee 4>paBny3CEoe 3aK0H0jaTejtcxB0 piano oTjanaeicB o n aae- puKaHcuaro, a paano pacxojHTCa h cl t$hl npHHpanoML, KoropuS <5hal upunarL KOBCTHTypieS 1848 rOA* bo 'I>paHAiH. Bl Aifepnat npesHjeHTL co»3a nafiupaeTca ho aoHrpeccoMi, h ho HapojoML, T.-e. He Bceofimegnonanen toaocobl. S'cTanoBjaa ocofiufi cnocofib H3fipaHia npeaHjema, aBTopu aaepHKaHCKoS KOHCTHTyniH ate-iaaH bthml H3- 6'ferHVTB abjxl 3ojl: uo-nepBtixL, npsaon 3aBHCHM0CTH apcsHieuTa pecnyfi.iHKH otl 3aK0no4aTe.11.noB naacra. Ecah 6u upeameBTL pecuyC-iHKn H3(HpaiCB 3aKOHOAaxe.ji.HoS BjacT&D, T.-e. Eonrpec- coml, to ohl hbujch 6a upocTUML Ae-ieraxoML iiocA&AHei u hchoa- HHTexeML ea bojh, nb npoTHBoptiHJO 6a pa3.iiaeHiio Baacrefl, no- Topoe BOCnpBBHTO aHBpHKaHCKOH) KOHCTHTyi^ieB), H DMO 6u npOTHBL nanionajibHaro HHxepeca, hOo npa tbkuxl ycAOBisxL oaBOHOWTejbaaa BxacTb upioOpiaa Cu thkoo MorymecxBo, otl aoxoparo TBopnu aMe- pHKaHCKon KoiiCTHxyniu cTapa-racL npejospaHUTb CBoe otoboctbo. B0-BT0puXL, aBTOpU KOHCTHTyUlH BBX$JH HOyAOlScTBO H ODBCHOCTb h otl Hafipanix npe3H,ienTa pecnyfijiHKH napoxoML, T.-e. BceoCmeS no­ nanes toaocobl. He3aBHCHM0 otl fioabmofl TpyAHOCTH coejuHHXb aa- pOAHUfl BMfiopL Ha OAHOHL HsSpaHHOe BCeuapOJHUML TOJOCOBa- nieML -ihuo, oti.ieaeHHOe babctlb) npe3HAeHTa pecnyfijHKH, hh* ao 6u TaKoe 3HaieHie, bto HcnojBHTeAbnaa BjacTb .lerKo vorxa 6h saXBaraTb AHKTaxypy h nopadoTHTb 3aKOHOjaTejbHyio BjacTb. Bcj^actbio stoto, aMepHKancKaa cacTeaa H36paHia npeameHTa pecnyfixHBH coctohtl bl toml, tto HacexeHie xaxAaro mTaTa u36apaeTL throb thcao ahal, KOTopoe paBHHJocb 6h incay AenyTaTOBL h ceHaTopoBL, BMteri bsb- THXL, nOCHHaeHUXLKaSAUML IUTaTOXL BL KOHrpeCCL. C.ltAOBaTeJbBO, KamAUfi DDTaTL H36HpaeTL AByXL AHAL, COOTBtTCTB6HHO BHCjy HOCH- xaeMHiL hhl cenaTopoBL h, cBepxL toto, Taxoe nnc.10 ahal, EOTopoe cooTBiTCTByerb hbcjj AenyTaTOBL, BOCHiaeMbiXL otl KaaiAaro nixaia, h Boropoe aab pasHHXL uixaToBL pasiHBBO (UbD-IopEL, Hanp., HOCH- AaeTL 35 AenyTaTOBL). Hsl othxl ahal, mhcao eotophxl paBHOwciy AenyTaTOBL-fiHcio ceHaTopoBL. iiocu.iaenuxL bl EOHrpeccL, a cocTa- BaaeTCH HafiHpaTejbHaa Eojueria, EOTOpaa BuSHpaerc. npe3HAeHTapec- nyfiAHEH, npH neHL am asCpama Tpefiycrea a5coj»THoe ihcjo rojo- cobl. Ecjh ae hh oaho ahao He noAyiHTL aficoxiOTHaro (kubniHHCTBa TOAOCOBL, E8EL OEaSeTCH no BCKpHTiHHCOCAHTHBaein fiBAAeTenefi, TO saEOHOML npeAOCTaBiaerca naxaii AenyTaTOBL bl npHcyxcTsiH ceHaTa npoASBecTH nepeGajxoTHpoBEy Me*Ay Tpena .iHAami, nojynHBiUHMH ot- HOCHTexbHoe 6ojbmancxBO toaocobl. CaiAOBaTexbHO, saKOHOAaTeAbHaa 006B-iacTb npHSHBaeTca toabko el npon3BOACTBy nepeftaj-iOTapoBKH a TOALEO BL TfcXL CAyAaHXL, KOTAa CA C l, y3aK0HeHHblB AAfl H36paHiH npeaHAeHTa pecnyfiAHKH, He upHeexeTL el pe3yALTaTaHL. TaKBML o6pa-

— 547 — 3oht>, saKonoAaTejtnaa B.iacTb bl AMopuKi He npHHHMaeTL ngsaKoro aKTHBHaro yiacria in , H36paniH npe3iijeHTa pecnyO-amai. Bl lOneSnapia Hcuo.iuKie.iLHHfl cOBirb, tsel naauBaeuuft <J»ej,e- paabHBifl cob'Iitt,, uafiapaeTCH cJte^epaJbHUMt coCpaHieua Ha cpoEL nojiHOMoiia nocjtjHaro; ho Bl IilBeflpapiH u tn , eAHHOJiHaiiaro rjiaBbi HcnojHHTejiBHOd bjwcth; ero 06jiaanhocth hcuojhhctl Kojueria—ipeAe- pa.ibHiJit cob'Bt l. 3j\"6cb sonpocL noeTaBjeHb npaao: <J>eAepaJbiiuft co- litTT, paacnaTpHBaeTca Earn. HcnoaiiKTC-itHufl KOMHTeTt, AeaerapoBaH- hhh jaKOHOAaTc.iiiHOH B.nacTbK). .I hho, HMeHynmeeca npe3HjenToab cosraa, ecTb npeActjaTejb 4>eaepaamaro coaiia, cocToamaro hsl 7 ahhl, HaimpaeMUH npHTOML Ha oahhl rOAL. C.rlijOBaTe.u,uo, h'Iitt. HHKBKHXb ocHOBaHifi npoBo^HTb napaaaejb, cl ojhoS cTopoiru, neatly npesHAeH- toml raBeSpapcKaro co»3a h, cl jpyrofl — Me*ay upe3HAeHT0Mb CiB.- AMep. Coea;. UlTaToub, n3(>HpaeMbiMb na 4 roja, h npe3HaenT0ML iJ>paH- nyacKoii pecnyCjHKH. UpHTOML aocafrAHifl iiaowpae-rcji Ha cpoHL, koto- puS He coBDaaaeTb cl cpokoml noaHOMOvifi naaaTU AenyTaiOBL u ce- naTa. 11a.iaxu jenyraTOBb HaflapacrcB, keel h3bBctho, hs 4 roja; ceHaTL Ha 9 atrb c i lacTHHHUHL o6nOBJenieML lepeaL KaatAue 3 ro^a; npcsHACHTL ate <f>paHuy3CK0ft peciiyOAHKHnsCwpaeTca Ha 7 a-fin.. Ct Sao- aaTe.ibHO, uo-inoMotia npesHAenTa pecnyfiaaKH upoiojacaioTca h Ha to BpeHH, KorAa najiaTa AenyTaTOBL, npamniaBinaH yiacTie bl ero H3- 7>paiiia, yace He cymecTByeTL no opngnat Hcreieniji cpoica ea hoaho- Moaifi. TyTL, ohcbhaho, bl canoft uocTaaouKi uaOpama HMierca H3- BicTHoe HCAopasyMiHie, KOTopoe ofrbacHaeTca casrtiML xoaoml kohcth- TyuiOHHuxi pa6oTL, oiepsL Ko'roparo mu upeACTaBMJiH Bume, a ot- cyTCTBieiiL y TonauiHHXL aaKOHOAaTeaea BbiAepsaanaro n-iana. H s l CTaTbH 2 aaKona 25 tpeBpaaa 1875 hcho, hto npe3HAeHTL pec- nyCAHKH H36npaeTCJi 3aKOHOAaTe.tr.Hoio BJacrbo, T.-e. uaAaTOto AenyTa­ TOBL h cenaTOML, coeAHHeHHUMH BMicrfc. Bl btoml oTHomeHiH nuH'Bm- Hia nocTauoBAeHia $paHiiy3CHaro npaBa npeACTaBJHtoTL uo.iH’hfiuiiS koh- TpacTL c l toS cHCTeMoft, KOTopaa 6uaa npHHBTa itOHCTHTyuiefl 1848 roAa. \"JpaHayscKaH KOHCTHTyuin 1848 roAa npeAOCTaBaaaa HsCpame apesH- AeuTa pecnyCaHKH HapoAy, T.-e. TOMy a e suffrage univcrsel, KOTopufi rofiapaAL h AeuyTaTOBL HanioHaALHaro cofipama. BnpoieMb, HeAbsa He ynoMaHyTB, hto bl TorAanineuL HanioHaAbHOMb cofipaniu 3Ta cHCTena BCTp'flTH.ia B03paateBie H OTHOpL CL pa3.»H1HUXL T0H6HL aptHia. BpH BTOML napTiH yw-fepeHnua a paAHKaau, bl p o jt ieaHBca n ia , com.iHCb h ch.ti.ho Bospaaca.iH upOTHBL H36pauia npesHAeHxa HapoAOML bl Ta- Kofi cTpaHt, KaKL 'I'pahuia, ripuBUKiuen bl neHTpa.TH3anin. CymaocTb xospaxeHiS cBOAHAacb kl TOMy, hto nafipanie upesHAeHTa bthml cho- coComl npHBeAeTL kl Tony, hto ohl, HafipaHHuS BCeoOnefi h npaMoio noAaHew roaocoBL, fiyaerb, ecja onpeA^aaTb cu.iy no KOjiuiecTBy no-

— 548 — AaHHbixx roiocom,, cujhuie, b4mx net AfiajTZta, bm4ct4 B3«thc, TaKX. keex 3a Hero, no nentmoft Mfeph, fiyAeTx noAaao otojbko ace rojocoRX, cko.ilko aa bc4xx BaenoBx 3aK6no.WTejn.HO# naxaTBi; ecn> .tame nt- poHTie, bto 3a Hero OyAexx uoAauo Coawne i'o.tocobx,. h6o npn H8fipa- 11in AenyTaT08t, rojooa pa86HBa»TC(i n Hepiaao nponanaiori te x aojb3H. Bosmobhoctl tukoto cjyqaa a xaEiixx nocaijCTBi# onpaBAa- .ihct, BnojH'h aa JIoaobhkIi Ilanojeoiri, KOTopuii 6aax asfipaax npo:ia- ABHtomx pecnyS.TiiBu iiobth (I-k) Mii.i.iioaaMa roxocoax. Oepexx thkhmx rpoMUAHUMt EOAHaecTBOMX toxocobx, oqeBujHO, uaaiona-iuiiie cofipanio oaa3aaoch 6e3ciubHbiMX. Ho muuonaxbaoe co6paaie Ouxo yBJeneno na ary Aopory HeAOBf>BOMX, Koropufi 6lux ne cto.ileo hoauthkohx, ckoalko uobtoux, auenno -Tamapth11oa x, soioparo HctM-fcabe. pa3CnpaTb a pasptmaib noAHTHBecsie nonpocu AOcxaiOBHo h3b4ctho. Ilo nOBOjy ii36pama npe3HjenTa pccnyO.iHKU onx npox3necx pf.Bb, noTopaa noni- mei'.a bx cfiopHunt: La politique de Lamartine (t. II, ctp. 405—433), H OTBOCHTeAbHO KOTOpofi UOKHO CE83aTb, BTO-'TO, BTO BX Hefl npejBH- ;iax JlanapTHiix, ae c6h.iocl, a to, qerooaxHe iiOAOspiaa-ib, cxyuMocb. I II. Bx CBoefi pf.BH JaaapTHnx oTBepnux Eox.ieria.7!,mj8 coctebx ucno.'iHHTeJbHoS B-iacTu a upiiTOMX bx aboaeoS (Jtopiifs: 1) bx ijiopM'k (icymecTB-ieHin 3’jofi BjacTH oaHofl najaToft a 2) i;aiinnx .mOo komhtc- tomx najiara. Ho nporanx HeiiiwMoatuocra ocymeOTBjenia hciiojnih- TeJIbHOH BJtaCTU 3ilK0H0AaTe.il.HO10 nanaTOK) HHKT0 II He CUOpHAX, THKX KEKX A-TJI BK'IiSX ECHO 6blA0, BTO COlipailie BX 500 H fiO-lIio BeXOB’/lKX ne HoaceTx ynpaa.iaTL hmoiiho 110 npuBiiH'fc ceoefl MHorojEOAuocm Bx btomx OTHOineaiu JlaHapranx 6lijx npanx, ij ero cyatxeiiia no BToay npejMeTy Moryix cBHiaTbca fieacuopHHMii. Ohx Chax npanx TaKwe h bx tohx yTBepsjeuiH, bto Hcno.i8HTe.ibHaa ujacTb’ ue Aojaaa 6uTb BBipaeMa n EOBHieTanx ua.iaTU. Kasx uoKa3HBaeri, ohhtx, nepuaa cHCTeua, T.-e. ocymecTBAeHie ucuojHHTe.ibEoS baecth cauofi na-iaTOD, ipaKTHBecKn Bexert ex ofipaaoBam'io EonnreTOBx, KOTopue, xiUcTaya 11a ea cTpaxx, nopa6oma»Tx uaaaTy n ycTaBOBAiuoTx cucTexy reppopa. 3aTiax, bto Eacaeica BTopofl chctomh, to Bpyqeme HcnoABBTe-ibHOfi BJiaCTH KOMHTeiaMX CO'JjaeTX IipaBlITe.IbCTBO „aHOHHMHOC, 6o30TBiT- KoaaeriajbBbifi coctbbx HcnoaBHTOabUoit u.iacTH BoaMoaccux bx niB’eSnapiH, ho tojibbo CjiaroAapa' Tony, bto BTOxy rooyAapcTBy ra- paHTupoBaHx iieaAyHapoAHUMX corjauieniexx b-IbhuS iieiiTpiuuTen,. Bx HIneanapin upaBiiTeabCTBO, uoaoShos iJiejepaabHOMy cOBtTy, no- 9T0My npeACTBBJiaeTca aoctbtobho cnabiiuaix; ho bx TaBofl 6oabinofl CTpani, Kasx 4paimia, exna ah raKoe anoHBHHoe h caaOoe npanHTe.ii,- ctbo 6luo 6h toaho. .laxapTunx ysasuBa-ix 3aTfeax Ha totx EpH3ucx h tL onacHOCM, noTopue rwpcxuja <tpa«uia bx 1848 r.

— 549 — H xotji, KSKt u0r.-a3a.iB btott, nocjixnifl omjtb, peBOJionifl 1848 row He duaa TaKHMi. rposauuB peBoaionionnuMi, nepeBopoTOMt, kukhmb CuJia nepnaa Beiunaa rtrpaHuyscsaa peBO-ironia, ho norm,, HAeruHaapya ■cboio arroxy h bha« b-b neB rrptisHaKu uejHiaBaro repoftcTBa a aoninofi aHepria, l-OBopa-iB, ito „aHeprHiecKin snoxa ae xothtb cpeAaaxB npaBBTexhCTBV, oat xoxktb axac-TH, coaAaHHofl no CBoewy ooiofiic: SHepra'iecKHMi, BpeiieHaMi AO-iatna cooTBliTCTBOBaTi, aHepraaecRax BjaCTb” . Ho. sax-!,mb B03naKa.li, BonpocB: KarvurriB odpaaoMB dyaexB C03A&na OTa eAHHOXHHHaab auepraaaaa njiacTbV dyaeTB jth oaa asdpana 3aKoao- jwto.if.hoio naxaToio hah nocpeACTBOXB Bceo6me# noaaia i-oaocobb? .la- aapTHHi, OToepraxx asfipanie raamj HcnojHHTeabuoft BjracTii uaxaTon no pa3nuMB coodpaxeHtaiiB, am-luwaon, cbob HcxoAayio touev bb npa- poj-t .(rpatitiysertoft jeMOKpaTia. Ho aatniio JaMapruHa, (fipaHuyacrax AeMOKpaTia iiyatjaeTca bb upanrtTejrr.cTB-fc, Koxopoe hcxoahao da H3B nea caxofl, coxpaHajo du nepesB to cbod uonyxapHOCTB a ayBCTBO- ua.io fiu ceda coxa;(apauMB cb hhpoaohb, hsb KOToparo oho bhid-to. Meacay r k i upaBHTo.ir.cTBO, usdpanBoe ua.iaxoft, do ncodxoAMxocTH Ao.iiK.iio pars.pluHTr, cboio cyAbdy cb cyxbfioro 3aKOHOjaTe.ibHaro codpania. Mto AixaTh cb UToft BjacTMO bb tomb c.ryraf., ec.iH saKOHOiaxe.ir.uoe codparrie rioie&iy .iado xnmHTca nonyaapHocxa a yTpaTHTB AOBlipie cxpaHuV OueBHjHO, uto HcnoxnHTexbnaa BxacTB AO.iacrra HMiiTb cboki codcTBOHHyiD caxy. npa asdpaKiu npe3HAenTa pecnydaHRa najraxoB, obb oAlj.ia.icu 6a, no nupaatenito JaMapxrma, „.irruiHofi npyacanoB bb KOHCTHTyuia; obb odparaxca 6a bb CTpii-isy, upeARaiuaueHiiyro nosa- .luuaxi, nacB Banieft bojh a KanpasoBB na partrepdAarii Barnett kohcth- Tynin“. Ho HecsioTpa na ary (fipaaeo.iorito, HecMOTpa na kaca-ihcthio- cxoe BacTpoenic, yB-iertmee HapionajibHoe cofipaHie, caymanniee .laxap- Tana, nociTfeAHiS bcc TaKH ne moi'b odoltxa poxoBoro bb bthxb cjy- HanxB Bonpoca o xorymexB dutb 8-ioynoTped.ieHia b.iuctmd, rinfipernrolt npesHAeHTy itapoAHUMB roxocoBaHicxB, 3a ito hmoiiho h ctoh.ib ,1a- MaprnnB. T'6mb oo.rke BacToa.ia HeodxoAnxocTb xanB hjih mra-te paa- plininxb btotb BonpocB, hto bb to Bpeaa, Kor.ia JlaMapxunB npoaano- chjb cbok) ptub a sadpacuBaxB pBlmxH CBoero KpacHop-fcqix Ty npo- nacTb, kb KOTopoB obb, no nepasyMiio Be.iB ^paHpin, bb bhcjiIs ero cxymaTexeii du.iB JIdaobhkb BoHanapTB, XRTepaTypnufi ApyiB npoxe- xapieBB, MeuraemiS o BpeaenaxB csoero BexHiaro sn sn . H Toria vxe nacToftiHBo xoahxh CJyxH, hto KOHCTHTyuia jo.iro He npocyntecxByeTB. Ho BTOMy noBOjy JIaMapTHHB CKaaa,iB ca-feiytimoe: „iTodH joBth .no 18 dpiOMepa, bb Hame npoMH Hy»HH ab* sema: ,'t.iumiau scoxa Tep- popa — caaAH h MapeHro a AycTepxHUB — BuepeAn\". OueBH jho, Jla- MapTHHB npeAnoaarajB, uto h to a APycoe oahhokobo 110110:010* 110.

— 550 — Ho 6hjo 6h BecLMS yuno jo6aBHTb, ito a.ih noBTOpenia 18-ro 6p»- aepa Moaten. oKasaTtca aocTaTonnuMb, cboauofl cToponu, crpaxa ne- pesb peBOjcnie® a Bb ocoCchhocth uepesb peBO-iunieft, Cb coniasa- CTHaecKOft nporpaMMoft, a Cb xpyroB CTopoHU, nepcne.KTHBH ecm no AycTepxaua, to, noKpafiHefl nipt, Ma-iaxoBa Kyprana. Kara 6« to hh 6u.io, bo noTpeCoBa.ica onuTb HafipuHin upeanaCHTa pecnyfuuEH nce- o6mefi nosaneio rosocoBb, ito6h HaaenaTb ippaHiiyaoRi on, yBaoneHin ptnajia, oo.ioSnuMH TOJbKO bto liepejaHuoB pine .laMapruHa, vt bott, npuiBBa, noway no iiUH'b s'liftcTBymneay bo <I>paHninnpaey Hafipanie npeaaaeHTa pecnyO.tnEn BBtpeHO samlHosaTeabHOfi mbcth, t.-o. coesn- HOHHOMy 3acisamD naiaTU aenyTaTOBb h cenaia, ii.ih HanioHan.nony co6paaiio (Konrpeccy). HcpeB.teM'b Tcnepb Kb pascaoTptHiio aipH6yTOBb, npHHasje*a- maxb npeaaaeHTy (jipannyacKoft pocnyfi-insn. IV. E(MH npeanjenTb pecnyCaHKH H36HpaeTcn HanioHaibHUMb co- 6paHionb. h, cnfcsomiTeJibHo, Kara 6u aaiaeTCH ero yno.iHononenHUMb, to, cb apyrolt cTopoau, eMy o6e3nenBBanrca H3oiicTimn npaBa, KOTopua ho upncBoeou npe3aseBTy anepHKaHCK0H pecnyfi.THna H Koropux, cort- CTBeHBO, OTHOCHTCX Kb KpVI’y Tfexb npOBb, KOTOpiJH IipOJKl.y.TOOulTT, MOHapxaMb. Casa, npemse Bcero, othochtch upaBo aaKOHOiaTeabnoS HHHiyiaTHBH. Craibn 3 3anona 25 ijieBpa.iH 1875 rosa rjacMTb, ito npesiiseBTb pecuyfi.vHRH HMlieib cobmIsctho cb n.ronann ofiiasb na- •iaTb HHHniaTHBy saKoaa. Bb AMepasli Tanoe npaBO npmseHTy pec- nyfixHKH bo npaHasaeatHTb. AMepHKHHCKifl npe3asenTb noaeTb o6pa- THTb BHBuauie nasarb Ha asBiciaue Bonpocu Bb cooeHb eaerosnoMb nocsania, aspecyeaoab Bb KOHrpeccb. Bb worn. noc.iania npe3aseBTb OTsaerb OTierb o cocToaaiH CTpanu a yKaauBaeTb aa Bonpocu, Tpe- fiywiuie noneay jiifio bhhMania 8aitonoxaTe.ibHoB bxscth. Bo 4>paHioa »e upe8naenTb pecuytsHRH HMierb Bpaoo bbochtl Bb naxaTy sasoHO- npoerau aepesb HaBHcrepcToo, h, no yciasy nasara, saKOHonpoenTH, BHOcavue npaBHTejbCTBOMb, nosbayioTca xaate asBitcTHHMb npenayine- CTBOMb npa Hxb paacvoTplBin. Ho, cb spyroficTopoHH, npeanseHTbi{ipaHny3CKoit pecny6sHKHnaieTb npaBO pacnyciarb nanary. CosHBaTb nasary eMy ne npesocTaBsxerca, h6o ctstm 1 saKOBa 16 i®xa 1876 rosa nocTanoBjaerc,, ito ce- aan, h nanaxa senyiaTOBb coCnpanTca kskshS rosb bo btopoB srop- BHKb HBBapfl. CjfcSOBaTeSbBO, Bb BTOMb OTHOIlieHiH pecnyflJHKaHCBiS npHHBHDb caxocTOBTesbaaro cofipaHia nasaib Bb nasHaneHBijtt 3aso- HOMb cposb coxpanaeTca a bo (JipaHuyscKO* KOncTHTynia. Kohcthty- uioHHbinb nopasKoxb onpesisaeTca h cpoKb ceccin; CTaTbs 1 Toro aie saKona nocraHOBjnei'b, ito 064 nanaiuso.ianbi ociasaTbcn Bb cec- cia, no apafinefi Mipfe, Bb TeneHie 5 aicanesb eserosao. Ho npe3«-

— 561 — AeBTy pcc.ny6.TRER upHRajjieatHrb npaiio cosHBaTb uajiaTbi bx sacTpa- opAHaapByio cecciro, h— rto eme 6oaie— exy npHnaAAexHTX npaBO OTcpoiHBaTb aacfeaanie naaaTx h pacnycEaTb bhjkukro najiaTy. Otho- CHTejibHO OTcpoaKH CTaTba 2 aaKona 16 te n 1876 roja liocrauo- bjsotx, tto npesRAeRTi, pecny6.TBKn HxieTX upaBOOTcpoiBBaTi,(ajourner) 3aciiAanie naaaTx; ho, bo bcrkomx c-iyiaf., oTcpoma He MoaseTX npo- AO-iataTbCji Ooji'te ojhoi'o wfecaua h bobo6hobabti»cr fiojiie AByxx paax bx Tenenie oahoS b toB ate cecciu. Hsx iiuuien3j6aeHnaro roubtokf, cbucjix Tofi BJiacTH, KoiopaH npHHaj.iexBTT. npesHABHTy pecnyfljHEH OTHOCHTPJbHO OTCpOBKH. YBOHBHeMX TOJIbKO, ‘ITO BX TUCK'S pa3HUXX Apyrnxx M’fepx upoTHBx 0BB03B1UH bx~najari xeuyraTOBx Masx-Ma- roHx npHSirajx h kx BTOxy cpeACTBy. 18 siaa 1877 rofla ohx boc- aoab30BaacH upeAOCTaB-ieHHijMx exy npaBoxx OTcponca, tto, oAHaito, He npHBeao ex ateaaTeahauMx pesyabTaTaxx. 3arfcnx npeBHaeHTx hh+.ctx npaBO cx corjacia ceaaTa pacnycEaTb naxaTy, ho cx ycaosiexx, btoOu iio OKonvaHiH jnyxM+.rafnaro cposa co aHa pocnycKa 6hah HaaHaneHH HOBue BuOopu, h tto6h no ftKOHia- hJb nocJif.AHBXX naaaTH 6ij.th coOpaHH vepesx 10 AHefi. TaKHMX o6pa30MX, <f>paHny8CKaa KOUCTHTyuia npejoCTaoxaeTb npe- BHAenTy BaatHua npaBa no OTHOnreHiio ex HapoAHOMy npeACraBHTexb- CTBy, npaBa, EOTopua abahbitch 6o.rte noxoataxH Ha npeporaTHBU mo- HapxHtecKofl BJiacTH. OAHaKO, npeanAeuTy He npHHaAAeatnTX canKpia aarona: aaKonu. BOTHpoBaHHUe bx AByxx naaaTaxx, t £mx caxiiMX npi- oCpf.TaroTX CH.iy b aojkhh 6htx ofinapoAOBaHU npeaiiAeHTOMX. Upe- SHAeHTX oflaaam, oSHapoAOBbisaTb aaKOHU aepesx Mhcaux nocjt hex npHMTia naaaTaxH a nepejaiB exy. Sskohh, nptcnrannue naxaTaxH BeoTAoatHUHH, aoakhh 6hti. o6napoAOBaHH vepeax 3 a m . IIpe3HAeHTy 4>panny3CKOfl pecnyfiAHKH,oahoeo, upaHaj-ieatHTxnpaBOsaAepacuiiaiotnaro veto, EaKx h BCAKOxy npesHAeHTy pecnyS.THKit. Ho ct. 7 3asona 16 iio.TH 1875 roAa bx lexeme cpoKn, HasHaqeriHaroaab o6HapoAOBaaia saKOHa, opesHAcnTX MoateTX nocpeACTnoMX MOTBBHpoBaHHaro nocxamH Tpe6o- BaTb HOBaro pascuoTp^Bia, bx soTopoxx Hejbaa OTKaaunaTb (ne peut Ctre refus6). IlaiaTH neuexxenao aoasbu npHCTynHTb ex pa3CMOtpi- itiD aaifSTamfi npesHACHTa Ha HSAaHHufi saEOHx, KOTopufi ociaeTca bx CBAt , ecAH na.iaTU, HecxoTpa Ha nocxaHie npeaHACHTa, ocTaoTca upH npe»HeMX mnt.niu. 3ar6xx npe3HAeuTy npHHaA.ieatHTb npaBO uokbao-. uania; no, Kasx mh yace SHaexx, otx nocaiAHaro aoabcho paa.invaTb npauo aMHHCTiH. Ambbcwh mos^tx 6htx AapyeMa toji.ko 3aE0H0xx, aaEX raacHTX CTaTbfl 3 3aE0Ha 25 (j>enpa.Ta 1875 roAa. OAHaKO, a bx btomx oTHonieain (ftaETuqecKH npaBa npe3HAenTa 6hah pacuiapeHH: 3aK.onaMH 3 Mapia 1879 roAa a 21 i»Ha 1880 roxa 6hjo nocTanoBAeHo, bto naaaTH hxIiotx npaBO, He hbm^hhh EOHCTHTyniH, onpeA-faaTh, bto

aKTH noMHjioBaHifl, .rapyeitaro npeaHjeHTom, xoryTT. hm^tb SHaieaie aMHHCTiH, Bt CMHC.lt Be TOJIbKO BOMHAOBaHia, HO Bb CMHC.l1> B03CTa- HOBJit-Hifl bo BCtxt rpaauaHCKHXi upauaxb jrmja, noTcpaBinaro ohhh no cyay. 9th 3aEonu 1879 b 1880 roaoBi 6hah hbahhu bo c.itayn- meMy noBOiy. Jlt.ro ibao o noMH.rouaniH cocAamiHXT. ROMxyHspoBi, 18-ro MapTa. npejiAosenia o0i> aMHHCTiH, naannan c* 1878 TOAa no- CTOanHO BOBTOpHAHCb, BO HH npanHTe.1I.CTB0, BH OoAbUIUBCTRO ua.ian, He xeAajiH AanaTb' no.inofi aMHHCTiH. Hto6h bo#th Ha komopomhccb H OblAO TTOCTaHOB-reHO, HTO najaTU, Re HBXtHHH ROHCTHTylUH, HOrVTa. cooSmaTt a m x i noMUJOBaain upe3Hien-ra cn.iy aMHHCTiH. Bc-it^CTBie SToro, MHOro KOMMyiiapon, fiu.io BOSBpauieao Hat Micro, rxt. cchakh AaJiie npeaHAeHTy pecnyfiaaKH npHHajaeatHTa. upano BHinumx-R CHomeuiu: ohl upexcTaiiHTe.Tb 'I'pannm bo Bctxi BHtuinnxi Af.jcaxa.. QpaBo BecTH nnf.innia cnomenia pacnpocipaHaeTca Ha iipeACraBHTC.ieft Bcno.inHTe.il,noff n.iacTH bo Bcixx Bootime pecnyfi.iHFcaircKHXT rocyxap- CTBaxTi, noToxy no npaBHTejBCTBax'B nnocTpairauxT. sepsasb He»03- moxho BecTH CHomcHin aenocpeACTBDHiio Ci napojiiijMi. npo.icTanH- TeJiLCTBOxi. h.th Ht.iuHi. co6paHieMb> neoOxoAHxo -1HH0, At.flcTByroiaee HxeHexT, cTpaBU. Bc.r(>ACTBie btoto, npeaHAeHTy (JipaHuyscRoS pecnyfijHKH upHHa.r- ■iieiKHTT. upaBO BBtmBaro npeACTaBHTejtCTna '1'panuin m, ea CHome- Hiaxi. ct. apyrHHH AepmaBaMH. IlonTOMy ect uoc.iu u noc.iannHKHipy- raxi. AepataBi aapejHTyiDTCa kt, npesHAeniy peciiyfiaHSH. Bt CBH3Ucb 3thm% npesHAeirry npHna.i.ieiKHTT. npaBO '.laK.itoqaTi, KottBeHniK, Tpas- tbth, AOroBopu H up. CraTbs 8aaRona 16ima 1875 ro.wroBopuro,, mto upesMAeori. ne.ierb neperoBopu, aaKAoiaerb a yTRepawaorB ipaRTa™ h coofimaerb o hhxt, uanaraub Toroaci, khkt. toabko B03Bo.iHrB GesonaceocTB h MHTe* peca rocyaapcTBa. Ho h 3jtci, mu BCTpinaeuca c% Ttxn are orpann- qeniflNH, o KOTopuxi xh i-obopham BBiuie, piscxaTpHBaa npaBa nopo- aeBCKOft B.iacTH *); iixenno TpaxTaTH h Aoronopn o MHpt, TpaKTaTH ToproBue, TpaRTaTH, B03jarar>mie odflsaTe.iBCTBa na easily hah KacaD- mieca Boofime status'a h npam. coficTBennocTH tpanny3CRBXT nojuaH- HuxT, bs xpyraxb rocyAapcTBaxb, noxynacn, ca.iy toabbo aaROnoAa- Tfi.lBHHM'B nopmKOMb, T.-e. UOC.lt BOTBpOBaHifl HXT. ofitHXH BajaTBXH. CBepxi, Toro, BRKaKaa ycTynxa TeppuTopin, ofixtai, ea, hah npafiasAe- Hie hoboS He xoryro rioc.it.iOBaTb Hnaae, Garb bi, ca.iy sasoHOAaTeAb- Haro oiipeAtienia. T. Hbahhcb r.iaBoS HCBo.ionTe.ii.Ho8 b.ibcth, npesHAenro, pecrryiUHKK

— 553 — A>a BHVTpeHHMX’B h BnirnHHXi. HaAOfiHOCTefi HoateTX pacna.iaraTL bo- opyateuHUMH CH.iaMH CTpaBH. CxaTba 3 saxona 25 ieRpa.ia 1875 r. roBopuT* MMeiiHo, bto npe:iHAeHn. pecayfijHKu pacnoAaiaetm noopy- xeHHoio chxod (dispose de la force armee). Bupaacenie „pacno,iaraeTT.“ TpefiyeTi ofibucneniH. AMepiiKiiHCKaa KOHCTHTvnia nocTaHOBjaerb, hto npesHAeiii-b pec- uvOjhkh KOMaudyetm BOopyaseHHtiMH chxhmh co»3a; cxiAOBaTe.ibHO, no cart aToro liocTasoBjeHia oht. noxssyeTCH npacawH He tojibeo ajMH- HHCTpaTopa, ho a rxaBnoKOMftn.yyioinaro. •t’paimyacxaH xe KoacTHTyaia nocTaHOBjwcTCB, no npesiixeBTX paciio.iaraert BoopyateHHOio chjoio, u, c-iiAOBaTeai.no, He KoxaHAyero. en. 9to nocxijHee orpammeHie OTpa- naeTCH h Ha npaBi upeiiHaema Ha RoeHHua aincTnia. Mu bhaumt., tto npe3Haenn. narierb npano aaBJinnaTL Mnpi,, ho ne nuicTB npana 061HBAHTJ. boShu. OraTLH 9 3axoHa 16 iioxa r„iacHTE, hto npesHAeHTT. pecnyGjhkh ne Moaterr. o&bflBAHTbboUhh Oe:n. npc.ynapuTeai.nai o corxacia aa to AByxt ua.iarB. Kb arOMy DOcraHOB.iemio hhkhkhxb npn6aB.iefnft He HMieTCH. Hsb nero crt-nyera, hto npe3B,ieHn. ne Mosera de facto o6lhbjijitl BOtiHy, a sarixi. CA'hxaTb coo6rneHie o6x stox-l naxaTaxi. 9thmb oSbacnaeTCH, nonexy npesHAeHTT, pecny6xHKH l'pcBH h mh- HHCTp’B-npenHAOHT'fc SC. d>e.ppn, naxoAHCL hi. 4>axTH<iecBoft noflni cl IvHTaem., npHKpuna-THee paanuMU HenoAxojHmHMH HasBaHiauH, b-l poxi rapanxin (J)piiiinyacKHXT. uHTepecoHT. h t. n. Mothbt. sroro nocTaHOB-ieflia totb ace, hto h m. axepHxancKO& KOHCTHTyniH, no xoTopofi npe3HAenrb coiosa totho Taxi ase xoacerb aaxaiOHaTb mhp’l, ho Heo6t.bbxhtl boHht. AMepHxaHULi 06'LncHfliorL »T0 npocTO Tint, hto aaK.TmnaTL MHpr. ne- mesae, H im BecTH Boilny. Ho (JipaHnyaoRie »pncTH, BTaflni coraamaacL cl HyipocTLio auepHBaHHeB'B, oG'bacHJuorb mothbu aroro nocTaHOB-jema linaie. UpH ceMT, ohh paa.iHnauT'L iio.ihomo'uh npe.HHAeHTa pecnvd-iHXH Bi OTUomeHin pacnopaaseHia BoopyacenHuan cHaaxn npH 0G0p0HHTe.lL- Hoft h HacTynaTeabHoB Boflni. Korxa npeauAOHrb bhaht’l, hto Tep- pHTopia rocyaapcToa yace HaBo.meHa. h.ih xoacerb 6utl HaROAHena HcnpiaTC-LLCKUHH BOScxasiH, oht. .nojiateHL npnnHHaTL Mips jaa orpa- acema: ho btott, caynafl ecib c-iyaafi ogopoHU CTpaHU, a He 061- HBjeHia nofinu. B'l CHJy § 3 ct. 3 3axona 25 iJieBpaaa 1875 r. npeaH.xeHn,, pacno- aaraa Boopyaceneoio chxoid,ecrecTBeiiho xoancenLnpnaaraTb Bci ciapaHia, TrofiH OTpasHTb BpaixecKoe HaniecTBie. CxixoBaTexbHO, cthtl.t 9 saxona 16 iioaa, iianpeinaBmaa npe3H4eHTT ortuinjaTL Bofiny 6e3T. cor.iacia o6inxT. naaarb, xacaerca toblko BHtuniefl HacTyuaTexLHott boAhu. Bt. 3tomt. CMHC-ii BHcxasuBaacH JIa6ya8 bl 0806X1 Aoxaaxi: »6esi coMHinia, r-naim rocyjapcTBa” , roRopn-irb oht, .cai^ya ct. 3 3axona 25 ((leRpaan 1875 roja, iipeAOCTaBAaiome8 eny npaBO pacno.iaraTb

— 554 — BoopvxeHHUKH cwaMH,' Hxieri npaBOh ofiaaaHHOCTh upanHMaTbbcheih MipH, Tpefiyexua o6cToaTexlctbbmh, tto6h ho aonycTHTb aaxBaTa((ipaH- ny3CKo8 TeppHTopiu a OTpasHTb Bpaaecsoe naraecTBie. Bx Hacroainee BpCMK (Jlafiyia roBopHxx bx 1875 r.) arc <5oxie Heo6xoxiiMO, t6mx Borja xh6o. Mu He xothvx ocxafimb npeporarHBU, otfesaewBaromia HeaaBUCHMOCTK h 6esonacHOCTb crpamj; hu Tpe6yeMX, tto6u 'I'paauix ociaxact pacnopHXHTexbHHneio cbokxx cyje6x, h tto6h He 6uxo bos- MOKHOCTH o6XHBXflTb BOftHy 0e3X 6H COrxaClfl\". USX 9TOTO OieBHJlHO, hto cTaTba 9 sacaeTCH TOJbKO HacTynaTexbHOft bo8hu, ho He Toro c.iyqaH, Korja 4>panniH fiyaert HaxojaThca bx uo-ioateniH nfioponu. Sarhxx npe3HjeHrb pecny6xnKHaBxaeTca rxaBOio Rchxx iOjffiHocT- huxx xhiix: euy bx npimnnn-t npanafl.ieaiHTX npaBO HasaaqaTb .THna Ha Bcfc hoxjehocth BoeHHaro h rpaatnaHCKaro BiiOMCTBa, n bx btohx OTHomeHiH ohx hctothhkx noxHoxoiiB flpyraxx BxacTeft bxycxoBiaxx, yKaaaniiuxx bx aaKOH'fi. TaBHHX o5pa30Hx,coBOKynnocTb Bctxx npaBX, npeaocTaBxeimuxx npeanjeHTy (JipaHny3CB08 pecnyC.iHEH, jtxa»TX ero EaRx 6u HOHapxoMXHa 7 xIitx. BxTeaeHie btofo BpeMemr ohxHBXHerca 6e30TB,tTCTBeHHUxx nepejx naxaTaxH aa nanpauxenie cBOefi uoxhthrh h 3a oh yctrfexH, h(5o EOHCTHTyniOHHuS saEOHX nocTanoB.iaeix, tto npe3H«eHTX pecny6.iHEH stoateTX 6htx npaB.ieieHX ex otb1»tctbchhocth ToxbKO bx cxyaai rocyjapcTBeHHoS H3Mtnu (haute trahison), bosmohc- HOCTb KOTOpOfi BeCLXU TpyxHO npeillO.IOKHTB. Ecxh, tbehhx o6pasoicx, npe3HieHTx pecnyfixHKH iJaETHiecEH ne OTBhTCTBeHx, to tcxobih napxaMeHTCEaro vnpaB.ieniji TpefivoTx, tto6u ohx aiBCTBOBaxx tepesx OTBi&TCTBeHHoe MuHHCTepcrBO. H s48ctbh- TexbHO, bx orxHiie otx npcBHACHTa anepHsancKO0 pecny6xnKB, KOTopuB HBXHeTCH XHTHO OTBtTCTBeHHUMX JHHOMX 3a CBOB) A'kHTeXbHOCTb, npe- 3HJteHTX (JpaHpyscEoS pecny6xHKH jifiCTByexx iepe3x oTBtTCTBeHaoe MHHHCTepCTBO. Cxaiba 3 aaKoaa 25 iheBpaxa 1875 roja saBxmaeTX bx ce6t to * e nocTBHOBxeHie, soTopoe coaepaaica Ha stotx Kopepx h bx KOHCTHTyuiaxx xoHapxHuecEHXx rocyjapcTBX; HxeHHO, tto RaacxuB aETx h pacnopaseme npesHxeHTa xoxshh 6uti. EOHTpacHrHHpoBaBu mhhhctpobx, t4mx caMa coCoio ycTaHaBJOBaeTca OTBiTCTBeHHOCTb no- cxixHaro. 3thkx$opxyxHpyeTCHnOTBiTCTBeHHOCTbmhhhctpobx;hmchho, no CTaTb-fi 6 3aEOHa 25 ijiespaxa 1875 roja mhhhctph cojajapHO oTBtTCTBOHHH nepexx DaxaTauH 3a ofimee HaupaBxenie hoxhtheh npa- BHTeXbCTBa H HHXBBHXyaXbHO 8a aETU, XHTHO Hcxoxautie otx hhxx. Hsx toto, no xHBHCTpu OTBiTCTBCHHB, oTeBHjno cxixyeTX, TTO OBH AOXshu HxhTb jocTym. bx naxara h ,yase cocTaBXHTb hxx dht6- rpaxbnyn qaerx, tto npH CHCTeuh napxaMeHTCEaro ynpaBxeHia acerxa h fiuBaeTX. CaMx npe3HjeHTX pecny6xHEH no CTaTbh 6 saEona 16

— 555 — inaa 1875 roxa He HMieTX xociyna bx muaru; ohx chochtch cx hhmh repeat nocxaHia, KOTopua Hirramrca cl TpHfiyau ojuhmt, hbx hhhh- CTposx, Ha to ynoxHOMOieHnuMX, thkx n o upesHxeHTxpccnyfixHEH.ihiho craBHTca BHi fle6aTORT>. Mhhhctpu hm'6iotx bxoxx bx ofrfc naxaTu, f)espa3.inqHO hsx KaaoS 6h na.xaTU mhhhctpu hh 6hxh B3HTU: mhhhctpu, aasHaqeHHhie hbx xenyTaTOBX uaxHefi naxaTu, nut,k/ix Aocrynx bx nepxinoFo naxaTy h uaofiopoTx: mhhhctpu, HaBHaiennue H3X ceHaTO- PObx, noryTX yqacrBOBaTL bx npesiaxx HHacHeft. Htbex, mhhhctpu HM'fcKiTx xocTyux bx 06$ na.ia'nj h xoxjbhh 6htl uuc.iymaHu, xorxa ohh Toro uoTpefiyoTX, cxixoBaTexi.HO, oiih xoxbbu 6uth BUCJiymHBaeuu bo BOHKift MOMeHTx xcfiaTOBX, noieiiy xh<5o liofiyatjaioinifi hxx roBopaxL. CBepxx Toro, xxa iiomoihh ceCi mhhhctpu MoryTX npHr.iamaTL accncTCHTOBX, HaBHaqeKHUXx oCuKHOBeHBO xeEpeTOHX npesHxeHTa pecnyfijiHKH. 8xo SuBaerc, bx r t x x c.iyiaaxx, ecxH bx naxaTaxx paacMaTpHBacTca xaKofl HHfiyxx cuenia.ii.Hufi 38kohx h xxh pa3XHCHenia ero rpe6yK)Tca cnepiaxHCTU, hsx kotopuxx xespeTOMx a iiasHaiaiOTcH aCCHCTOHTU. VI. Ho nesaBHCHMO otx MHHHCTepcTBa, xepeax KOTopoe xificTByexx npeBHxOHTx pecuyo.iHKn, HUHtuniiHa ippnHnyncKan KoncTHTypin a opra- HHaecKie 3HHOHHcoxpaHH.iii o,iho yipeaxenie, HMtrunee BecbMa Baahoc 8HaH6Hie bo ‘I'paHuiH—9T0 conseil d’etat. yqpeajeHie conseil d’etat, rocyxapcTBeHHaro coBiTa, othochtch kx KOHCTuxyuiH 1799 roxa, 0 ohx, KaKX h caua KOHCTHTyuiH, Cu.ix paapafioTaHX no nxaay u npoeaTy Cifieca. 9to oxho H3X yqpeasxeHifl, KOTopoMy cyxxeno Oijjio coxpaimTL xojrroninnoe Biiaqenie, HecMOTpa Ha bc$ n3M'I>ueniH bx no.iHTHiecKOMX ycTpoflcTB* <l’ paimiH, kotophh ohh nepeatH.ia cx Koena XVIII Biaa XO HamHXX xnefi. Dpn HanoxeoHi I, Korxa HCDoxHHTexxHaa Bxacrx no.iy«Hxa nrapoEoe SHaxeme, *orxa bx ea pyaaxx cocpexoroHH.iacb HHHHiaTHBa aaitoHa, Bucmee npaBO ynpaBxeHia u raupoKoe npaBO pac- nopa*eHifi h xeKpeTOBx, rocyx&pcTBeHHHfl coB'ferx aBxaxca neHTpaxt- hhmx yqpeacxemeMX, xyxa bhochjhcl Ha opexBapHTexxHoe pa3CM0Tp*Hie saKOHonpoeETU h net, pacnopaaceBia r.iauu rocyxapcTBa h xenpem, Kacaiomieca khkx oCmefi axHHHHCTpaHiH, Taax u otx^xlhuxx ea qacTefi. Ho, CBepxx Toro, eme npa HanoxeoBi I 9T0TX rocyxapcTBeHHHfi cobIitx noxyiH.ix HOByio BaacHyio i(>ynKniio, ocTaniiivnca 3a hhmx h no eie Bpeua. bmchho, saB-fexunaHie xixaMH axHHHHCTpaTHBHofi hcthuih. I]pn cTporoMX pasxixemH BaacreS, EOTOpoe bx ocofieHhocth 6uxo npo- Bcxeuo bx ccfept axMHHHCTpaHiH a cyxa, utxufl paspaxx x'iu’B, no xapaKTepy hxx fioxie hxh Menie nyfixHinoMy, X’fexx, BoaHHKaBmuxx no cTOJKHOBeHiro npanx qac'rnuxx jihux cx HHiepecauu kbshu, 6u.ih H3XHTLT H8X Bix^Hia 06mHXT, cyXOBX H pa:tptnTCH]e chxx xixx 6u.io npexocTaBxeHO— bx xeiiapTaneHTaxx cyxy npeijjerrypu, a bx ueHTpt

Bucmeio HHcraHiuero u a pascHOTp'iHia araxx li-ix ca^jmch rooyjap- cTBeHHH#coBfcrx. BodixcTBie sTOro, rocyjapcTB0HHH8 cobIitx 6hax pas- SlueHX na OTXtueaifl, cooTB-feTCTBeHBO pa3AHqiiHMX npeAMCTaMx ynpa- Bxenia: napoanaro upocB'&inema, 'banancoiix h t. a- Oo.o6hmx otaIi- xenieiix rtu.ro cysefiaoe bx KaqecTBi cy.iefinofi ano.Tamiiu no .vfuaaT, aAMHHHCTpaTBBHoS ucTHniw. $paniiysciult rocyjapcTBeHHuB coetTX no- caystn-TL oSpasnoMi ajs ocHOBaHia boaoSbhxx ynpexAeniS u bx jipy- nixx rocyAapcTBax'B. IloHaTHO, bto BHaaenie rocyAapcTBeHHaro cob-Iith naAaeix cx yape- SAeHieux EoncTBTynioiiHoftMOHapxiB:eMyyxe ho nopyaaerca patpafioixa saKOHOB'a; paBHB>re oSpa30M'L,Bca iicno.jiiHTe.uHaa r,i»ctx cocpeAOTOiH- BaeTca bx pyitaxx xHiincTepcTua, h xora Mnbnia rocyjapcTReHBaro coB^Ta cnpaiBBBaBTca no noBojy pasuuxx Mbps h pacnopaaeniS, npea- noaoateHBHXi kx nsjaniio o n hmchh BCero npaUHTe.TBCTBa,- Tiiix He xeHie (faKTHqecEoe ero BHaqenie bo npewena BypSoeOBx a OpieaHOBx (iioabCBQfi aoHapxia) 3BaqH‘re.ixno noHH»aeTca. Ilpa HMnepaTop'b Ha- noaeoH.i III auaqe.Hie rocyjapcTBeimaro coeliTa cBona noBumaerca. HHnepavopx, rakx HSB'iQTHO, ' ynpaB.ia.ix yepeai mhbhctpobi, uoibh- hobhhxx -ihihO e»y, h npx peax rpCy 9Pi:tRCHh)Jft cobIitx, Kanx coe- niaahBoe yqpeajCHie, no<yi«it»-fJabmo6.3Haqeriie. Uocai nepeBopoTa 4-ro ceHTa6pa 1870 rn^a rocy.iapcTBeBpuS cob'Iitx Shjix ynpa3AaeHx, ho no BacToaniio Ttepa B03CTanoB,ienx 24 xaa 1872 r. Bjo chxx nopx upOAOjacaen, arpaxt,Ba»Hy» pon, KaKxbhcbb* aAMHBHCTpaTBBHuftcyAX- rocyAapoTBeBuui) cob4tx bx aacToamee Bpean coctohtx hsx 32 iiit&t- HHXX B.ieHOBX U.1HCOBliTBHKOBX<3T0COlSCTBeHHOHCyTX BAOHHTOCyAap- cTBeimaro coBtTa) a 18 CBepxnmTBiixx q.ieaoBX rocyAapcTKeBHaro co- B'feTa (en service extraordinaire). 3Baniev.ienarocyAapcTBeBHaro contra aaeTcn .ranasix pasHuxx cnenia.ii.Huxx b1>aomct8x, Korxa obh npuraa- maiOTCa aah npncyTCTBOBaaia bx BeMX. Hax btbxx 32 cobStbbkobx cx npHCOeABHeaieMx kx bumx nojqmieHiiuxx aojijkbocthuxx jhijx h o6pa3yeTca rocyAapcTBeHHufl cob4tx, menu KOToparo pacupejIuamTca no paanuMx ero OT.ytueaiaax. nepequcxaix hxx He npe.ycTaiuaeTca BBTepecHUHX, a6o bx RancAOux OTjfueniH cocpcjoTOneHU npc,:aoru B^aoMCTBa H'bcKo.iBKaxx MHBHCTepcTBX, coeAHBeHnue no rpynnaMx. 3th OTAinenia 3aH«TU npeAnapuTejhHUMx paacMOTpiaieMX pasHUxx npo- eKTOBx h vbpx, ecAH TaxoBue OyAyTx npenpoBOXAeHU aa saE.iDieHie TOcyAapcTBeHBaro costTa. Csepxx roro, boae.iaHim nanaraAenyiaTOBx tv.ia MorvTx Putb npenpoBOB«eHB H8aKOHonpoeKTU,'paapa6aTUBaeHHe bx naxaTi, noto# npasaHt. hto am najara anona CiiBaerx qpesBU- qa#BO BajKno, npexAe paap'bmenia BonpocoBx, CBaaanuuxx cx ofey- WAaeMUMx 3BKOBonpoeKTOMx, BucxymaTt no btomv npeAMery xniaie vxeHOBx rocyAapcTBeHBaro cob4t8, cocToamaro, kbkx CRasano, rox

— 567 — CBiAymHii h unurHuxt. C.iiAOBaTejiino, rocyAapcTBeimufl co- Btn. b'i> STOMi OTHOiueuiu bbjhutch cuB-tmaTejfcHUMi yipeasjeHius'b no BaBOHOAaTejbHUHi> a aAMHHiicTpaTHBHHMi A'fe.iaai. Bt rfext c.iy- iujix'b, Korjia Kh neny oOpamasoTca muaxu iuh upe3HAeHn, pecny- 6ahbh. Ho caMOCTOHTe-iLnaji a Baatnaa po.n, roeyjapcTBeHnaro cOB'bTa oeTaeTca nonpeacneMy bi. OTaomeBia aamhhhctp;ithbho& lOCTHHin. Tyrt uh'b a u ja e ie a 1) uepBoft u nocaJiAHefi HHcTaHiijeft a m B03HU- KaHimiixT. no ucEaM’b H acajioCaK'B, KOTopue npeAxaB.iaioTca Ka npe3U- AoiiTa pecnyfijiHEH, na MHUHCTpoBb a Apyraxi. bbicuihxi. areHToot, no paury Baunaaiomuxi, ojuHaKOBua cb uhhh AOJacHOCTH, a 2) rocvjap- ctbohbiiS coutTb MBjaeTca ane.uaniornroIt HHCTauuicB Ha pbuieHia na.nuax'b a;iMHiiucTpaTHBnuxii cyAOBt, KaaoBU AouapTaaeuTCEie coBfrru npe^OKTypu. TaaoBO ycTpoficTBO, nanoe hm'Lkjtb bo <PpaHu;iK les grands pouvoirs de l’etat. MuoateuHaro bubic 6iu o AocTaToano, btoOu ,ibti, nonaTie o<5i opraiiH3aniH h xapaiiTepnuxi. npn3HaKaxb uuH'fc AiflcTByrnneS bo 'I'paimia KOHCTHTygia.

OTJIABJIEHIB. lA C T b HEPBAH. OTJUIHHTEJH.HHH 1EPTU 3A1fA^HO-EBPOnKftCKArO rOCy^APOTBEHHAPO yCTPOftCTBA. BBEAEHIE .................................................................. 1— 2 OTA*AI> DEPBHfl. Paaba iibpba*. Ofimee aaaaeHie aoHCTHTynia........................ 3— 10 JTjaba bxopaa. Pesaaia a rapaaxia KOHCTuynia..................... 10— 19 10— 14 A. Peaaaia uoucTUTyuiu............................................. 15— 19 B. Upucara n orDtiCTBeueoCTb uauacipOBi...................... 19— 24 O T A U t BT0P02. 24— 32 32— 38 HoeTaHOBjeHia o ahbhoB ■ oOiaeCTBeHaott cboSox*. 38— 41 41— 58 Tiaba nsPBAa. 3aaxenie h upoBcxoaiAemo :mixh nocTaROBjeuifl . 41— 46 Tiaba btopaa. nocranoBieaia o ihrbo# CBoSoat..................... 47— 58 Tjaba TPBTta. 0 CBOfkurt atpoucirOBtiaDia h ucaaiB . . . . . 58— 69 TaaBA BtTBBPTAI. rpaaSjiailCKOe paBeHCTBO........................... Pjaba B a m . IIpaBo ueianifl, conaoBi a cofipaaifl.................. 69— 79 79— 97 A. HpaBO BBTBiufl . .................................. 79— 84 B. DpaBO coiobobt. b codpaaiD ....................................... 84-93 Pjaba mbcxaa. BpiociaaoBKa BoncTBTyaioniiuxx rapanxifl . . . OTA'BA'B TPETlH. PaBAfeaeHle B.xacTeB. rjaba nxpBAa. DpoHcxosjcuie hanaaeHie arofl xeopia . . . . Pjaba btopab. npHatneme aaaaaa paaitjeBia Bjacrefl . . . . A. BaacTfc aaaoBOjareibBaa......................................... B. Baacxb cyaefiHaa................................................

— 560 ’lAC Tb BTOPAfl. OB30PT. rOCy^APCTBEHHHXT. yHPEJK^EHlfi. BBEAEHIE. Biiau KOBCTHTyaiOHHHXl. rocysapeTBi................. 98—11S KHOTA DEPBAfl. K oui-t h t } ' uiouuua aoiiapxiu. Pi ABA UEPBAB. UpUUIWIIb BOHCTHTyaiOUUOHMOUBpxiH HBB BU*U. 114-135 Paaba btopab. JIpaBa kopojobcboB ................................... 135—184 A. XIpaBa Kopoia no OTupaBjeuimaaaouojaTejbHoS biocth . 136—154 B. UpaBa Kopoaa b-l o6iaom cyicfiHOii.......................... 155—160 B. Upana Kopoaa bb oOaacTii yupaB.ienia.................... 160—181 P JIutuub npeporaTHBU uooapxa............................. 181—184 PAABA TPETBB. IIpee*CTBO KOpOJCBCKOfl pxacTic. PerenicTBO. . 184—197 KHHrA BTOPAfl. XfapO^HOH npo.lCTHBHTBJffcCTBO. OTflfefllt I1EPBU0. I'aaba iiepbab. 3aaienie AByoaAaiBolt cbmSu^ V ................. 198—323 Paaba btopab. ycrpoUcTBO Bepxniixi. najarb . .................... 223—248 OTAtAB BTOPO0. 248-261 HhbchIb nutTu. 262—275 Taaba bbpbab. 3uaiciiie npexcTaBBTBAbCTBa....................... 275—288 Paaba btopab. PoaBorie Bufiopnaro npaBa bt. Aarjia............. 288—300 Paaba tpetbu. Ha6npaTeAj.HU^8aKouH bo ‘Ppatmin................. 301—322 Paaba ixtbbptab. Ilpajiye HIXycieuennue eu6opu . . . . . Paaba ubtab. PeaAbHotf upeicraBUTejbCTBO................... ... . 322-329 Paaba uiectab. Hripauie cauboab4bob h no cnncxaHi . . . . OTJpkJII) TPETlfl. ycAOBfn h 4>opHU BuOopuaro upaBB. Tjaba btopab. naccnBHMB ycAOBia................................... 347—357 Tbaba TPEiba. IlopafloK'b BhjfiopoBi.................................... 357-383- TaABA 4ETBBPTAS. CyiUeCTBOABIiyTUTCKHXT> UOJlBOBOlifl . . . . 383-100

— 561 OTKbffh HETBEPTHfi. 410—438 Go>inc-(Cui(in u u m . 410-416 416—132 FjABA DEPDAfl. OCOfiCaUUMupABa....................... 432—438 Tia ba btopae. OCmiB npaBa........................................... 460—471 B. 4>HnaiicoBUn upaaa............................... B. OxpaHeHie KOHCTHtyniH a aaKomiaro nopsma . OTA’BJl'B nUTUB. OpraHnaanln naiart h bxt, xlunmpoiBBOACTBO. FJABA BTOPAH. [lapja*eilTCKOe Jl'bAOnpOlIBBOJCTBO................. 0TA*JBE> IllEOTOfl. 1'aaba hepbah. 06mee aBaqeaie n ycTpoficTeo HCuoAHUTeAUiuxi. 472—490 490—512 yapeiKseniii.......................................................... TJABA BTOPAB. OrB'feTCTBGHHOCTEt MilOHCIpOB't........................ OTA*-?'* CEABMOfl. 512—541 4lpaHQf3CSU» KOHCTHTJ'ula. 341—557 r.1aba uepbab. Vqpeaijeiiie Tpeneft pecuy&iHEii............................ r i aba btopaji. O603ptDie yqpeaueniii..................................

COBPAHIE (MHHEHlfl A. A TPAAOBCKArO TOM X nHTHfl C. Ceft<t>yn/1MH aTuH«arw AnMarM oenucrrUK »M6e6an xiTanxaHacbi TaiiAbH,opf3H l,ai\\fiCbl c.-nETEPBypn>. M. Ci ». Bac. Ocrp., 5 jihh., a8.



HiiTuB TOMi coOpania coiHHeaifi A. I’ pajOBCKaro cOAepsars aypci, iHTaHHuft hms b* 1884/1885 asaA. rojy bi>C.-fleTepCypr- ckomt> yHHBepcHTert a nocBameiiHuB uaioxeniio oCmaxs na'ia.n, coBpoMeHuaro KOHCTHTyipODHaro ycTpofiCTBa. 3totx aypcs ciyxaTs npoaojiatenieMt BomejmeB an, I V toms HacToamaro asjaeia acTOpa- aecaoH sacra toto o6mapHaro coiHHema no rocyxapcTBenBOMy npaBy BaacH’bBmnxs eBponeflcsaxs AepsaBs, KOTOpoe 6u.ro 3ajyMano Tpa- AObcrhms bt* 1886 roxy (cm. npejacJOBie k s I V TOMy). BTopaa, AorMaTHaecRaa lacxi, aroro comHCHia ne 6u.ia Hanesaiana npa sehshh aBtopa a Bum.ua yxe noe.rfc ero cuepTB, nojs pejaapieB H . M . KopayuoBa, cjrtxoBaBmaro CTyxcHaecKOMy HSAaHiio 1885 r. a ciiaCjHBuiaro ero, bs ocoChxt. npaMisaHiaxs, ysasaBieMs BaiKH'LfimHxi. nepeMins as aaocTpannuxs 3aK0H0jaTextCTBaxs sa speMa ots 1885 r. no 1894 roas *). B s nacToameMS tom4 boc- npOB3BejeHO bs nepBOHaaaxsHOMs bbaIi CTyAeHiecsoe asxaHie jietcuiB I’paAOBCKaro 1885 -roxa, npn seMi. peAaKpia orpaHaiaxacs HcnpaBAeHieMi BKpaBmnxca bs bto asAame omafioRi. bui oi 1885 r. A. X rpajoocoaui. Hajaoo uoji peiaanieS H. M. Kopayaoia. C.-neTep8ypra. Hsuaaie A. •*. llanreotcBa. 1895. 3+1+628. 8“.

rOCY^APCTBEHHOE IIPABO BAJKH’fiftU I H X 't EBPOnEtOKHXT, JEPKABt. T. II.