Градовский А.Д -Собрание сочинений. Том 5

— 148 — meuie o tohz, ito6m ohz cofuaroBoxHxz ii3iaTb saKonz no t£hz h.ib XpyrHMZ cxynajucz n bz H3B'icTH0irz csiuc-ii. Otck>A8 a Bupa6oTaxoci> npauo casiocToiiTejtHoa HHaniaMBU naxaiz. llpn nepeaeceHiH aHraiftcKHiz BOHCTHTynioHHBixz ynpesAOHia Ha KOHTHHeHTZ Ebpoiih, npaBO HDHniaTHBU 6uxo paBAixeao neaxy Ropo- jeuz u naxaiaxH; no mozho ysa3aTB ofipasiHKH EOHCTHTynifl, no roto- puaz npaBOsaEOBO^ai&iLBOgHHHniaTHBHhckxiohhtcxliio cocpeaoToaeno hz pyEaxz nonapxa. Tanz, no (fcpaanyscBoS xapiin 1814 roja (ct. 16) nnnniaTHBa3aK0H0BZ npnaaajoaw-ia HcooiHrenzHO Kopoxio, Tattz ato bthhz uocTanoBjenieMz xapria noBTOpxxa HanoxeoHOBCEyD KOECTHTy- i(i», no KOTopofi npaBOHHaqiaTHBU npHHaxxezaxo HCEwraTeJizHO npa- BHie.ncTBy, i.-e. nepBOMy KOHcyxy, a hotomz annepaTopy. Xapria 1814 roaa, cpaBHirre.itno cz KOHCTHTyqiCK Hanoxeoea I, pacmapaia, oqaaxo, bz btomz OTHOmeHiH npaBO naxaiz: huz <5uxo npeAOCTaBxeno npaBO npocHTB sopoxa o BHeceaia saEOHonpoeRTosz no hbbI cthuuz Bonpocaaz (or. 19—21). Bz cymHoern bto6hxo saaacBnpoBaHHoe npaBO EEBniaTHBH, H(50 KOpOAIO 6HXO BOCHta TpyAHO OTKaBHBaTb bz npocz6i , npeACTaBxeHHOfi otz hmohh Bcefl naxaTH. 6) CAiayDmifi MOHemz ABHxenia aaBOHOBZ eciz onpeAixeHie ero coAepwauia. IIopaAOKz onpeA'ixeHia btoto cojepxania ycTanaBXHBaeTca ncnuMH nocTauoBAeHiflau EOHCTUTynifl, no Eoiopunz xxa nsxania 3a- xona TpeCiyeTca corxamenie Mesxy Bopoxeiiz n abjxh (hah oahoS) naxaiauH. Ecxh, tbehuz ofipaaosiz, KOHCTHTyqia Tpe6yn>rz corxameHia KO»Ay Bciuu (JiaKTOpaMH 3aKOHOAaTe.llHO0 BX8CTH, TO BTO Tpe60B8Hie othochtch npezAO Bcero kz coqepaaHiD sasoHa, hCo npaBo HHaqiaTHBU, KaKz HU bha4xh, paaAixeHO ueaAy HOHapxonz h naxaTaxH. CxixoBa- TexzHo, coAepzanie aasoHa ycTaHOB.iaeTca corjauienioMz neasAy Bopo- xeuz h naxaTaHH, no ynacrie nopoxa bz ycTaHOBxeHiu coAepsama 3a- eobobz npoaBxaeTca bz npHHaAxexameS eay aaKOHOAaTextnofl uuiipia- THB$, T.-e. BZ TOMZ, TTO OHZ TOpeSZ CBOO MHHHCTCpCTKO BHOCBTZ BZ naxaTH 3aKononpoeETH. CaMZ ae Eopoxz OTcyTCTayeTZ bz cofipaHiH h, cxiAOBaTexHBO, ho noxerz npHHHHBTZ EBnaEoro yzacria bz napxa- H6HTCKHXZ npemaxz, a noTouy, h bz cocTaBAeniu coAepaumia saKona, BaKonoe cocTaBxenie BcerAa npeAOCTaBAaeTca naxaiaMZ, npa tomz OAHaKO yexOBiH, tto naxaTU Aoxaau upHeaxaTz bz pascxeTz n o6a- saHu BucxymHBaTz bc£ oGzacHema MHHHCTepcTBa, npeipraBjaesma HHZ KBKZ BZ 88IUHTy npaBHTeXZCTBCHHUXZ 38K0H0np0eRT0BZ, T8BZ H OTHOCHTexzHO saKOHoiipoeKTOBz, Koropue BHeceHu bz naxaTH no HHH- niaTUBt HXZ OTAixZHUXZ MXeHOBZ. MHBHCTepcTBO OtiajaHO BUCKaSHTZ B3TXHAZ npaBUTexzcTBa na coAepmanie BneceaHHXz npoeKTOBz a ofiz- BBHTZ, BZ BaEOS Mipfc HpaBHTCXbCTBO (5yA6TZ COI'XaCHO CZ HHMH. .Ihi- Boeae ynacrie aopoxa ycipaHaeica, h, terhmz o(5pa30HZ, qenTpz tk-

— 149 — xecTH npB ycTaHOB-teHiH coAepjKania aaaoHa upuHaj-ieacHTt na.iaTanx, KoropuMT. pajh 9Tofi ni-iH odesneiHBaoTca no.raaa CBOfioja uninift npa o6cyata.eHin ueeceHiiaro aaaOHonpoeKTa. b) JIhiho ocymecTBaaeHoe Kopoaeux npaBO ecTb upaso cauauia; caHKiiia■ecTt a m , nocpeACTBOMx KOToparo Kopojrt yTBepaAacTx 3a- kohx, upeAJioateHHuS uaaaTaMH, hah uepepadoraHHufi Ha ocHoeamH npejCTanjenHaro saaoHonpoeKTa. Ecah, TaicHMX odpasoux, Kopo.uo npHnaA.ieacHTX upano camtniH, to euy ase upnHaj.ieanT-t h npaBO HeyTBepaijenia saaoHoux, npeACTaB.ien- hhxx najiaTaHH, h.ih raux nasuBaeuue npaBO adcojDTHaro hah cycnOH- CHBHaro veto. a. IIpaBO veto npHHaxAeatHTX Monapxaux bx chav- hxx npepora- thbu, h oTupan.ienie btoto npaiia bx OojaniHHCTBi MOHapxu'ieciuixi. rocv- iapcTBT. He odcTaiaeHO xasnuH Ando orpaHHVHTeAbBUUH yc.ioBiaun, T.-e. ono HBjrAeTCHCBodoAHUux npasoux MOHapxa. Bx ofimeMl, CTpoli KOHCTH- Tynionnofi uonapxin npaBO caHKpiu h veto HB.iaeTCfl, no-nepauxx, cjepatKOK 3aK0H0AaTe.ij.HuxT. opranoBX, desx vero B.iacTb othxx 3aK0- noAaTe.ibHUXT. opraHOBX pacupocTpaaa.iacr, du ne tojlko na xpyrx AtAi, hut. HenocpeACTBeuHo nOAAexamifl, ho h Ha bc* tocth ynpa- BAeHia h cyxa, tbkt. kbet. nyieux 3aaonoAaTeju,Huxx nociaHOBje- Hifi MoatHO du.io du oupeiiaHTi. bc6 qacTnocTH ynpaBAema h nutniH- BaTj.cn bx OTnpaBaejjie xante opauocyaia. BcA^ACTBie btoto, He toabko bx MonapxHvecKHix, ho h bx pecnydjiHKaHCKHXX rocyAapcTBaxx, rjana HCnOAHHTe.TE.Hott BAacTH HuteTx npaBO ecAH HeadcoADTHaro, to 3aAep- SHBaioujaro (cycneHCHBHaro) veto. Bo-BTopuxx, npaBO veto nenocpeA- CTBCHHOBUSUBaeTCHTO0JOpuanveCKOfl HAHMOpaAbHOfl OTBiTCTBeHHOCTblO, KOTopyu Hecexx rxaBa rocyxapcTBa bx odxacTH npHutiHenin n hchox- HeHia 38K0H0BX. SaCTaBABTb TAHBy HCnOAHHTeAbnoS BAaCTH HCnOABHTb set saaoHu, BOTHpoBaHHue aaKOHOAaTe.iLHOH) BAacTbu, He flaBaa exy npasa BupaxaTb no noBOAy nxx cboh MBisin, B08paiBaTb npoTHBX hhxx h odpancaTb hxx kx hobomv pascuoTpiniio nocpejciBOux cycueiicHBHaro veto, BHavHAOdu odpaTHTb raaBy rocyAapcTBa bx naccHBHOe opyxie sano- HOjaTejIbHOS BAacTH, OCTHBAHHHa HeHXDpHAHVeCKyu HAH HpaBCTBeHHyH) OTBtTCTBeHHOCTb3aCOCTOBHieCTpOHU. Bx MOMpXHieCKHXXrOCyAai>CTUaXX Honapxx, KaKX I'AauaBcixx BjacTeS bx rocyaapcTBt, Hecymifi MopaAbnyn OTBtecTBeHHOcTb sao6m.ee noiosenie CTpaau, odjenaeTca upajjOMx cbo- CoAHaro yTBepjKAOHia h HeyTBepjKjeHia saEOHOBX, npeACTaBAeHHUxx euy opraHaMH saKOHOAare-ibHoS bjocth. Cj-fiAonaTeAbHO, veto He noAAesHTX AtftCTBin npaBBAX odx OTBtTCTBeHHOCTK HHHHCTpOBX: OHH He OTBliT- CTByiOTX sa noyTBepxAenie aouapxoMx uautcTHanj saxoHa, a, paBuuux odpasoux, h BX TOHX CAyiai, Kor*a MOHapxx yTBepatAaeTX ero. TaKHMX odpasoux, 9T0 npaBO caHupin aBaaeTca HCK.jjouiTe.ibHUux npaBonx

— 150 — (jus reservatum) MOHapxa, bb OTnpaB.ieaia soroparo ohb He cbhsu- BaeTca neofixoAHMOcTtio jf.ScTBOBaTt vepesx OTBiTCTBeHHoe mhbh- CTepcTBO. Bb btomb BaiuffiTaeica cmhcib npaBa aSco.iBTHaro veto, KOTopoe upuHas-ieaHTi Moaapxy bb SoJtraancTB’fe wOHapxaieCKaxB rocyjapcTBB. p. Ho HiaoTopua KoneTaxyniH npejcraBaaiOTB oTcxynaeBia otb OTOro npaBHja. Tain,, nopryra-iLCKaa KOHCTHTynia naerB iipaso aopoaio supaaiaTB CBoe cor-iacie h,ib aecoraacie Ha asxaHie shkohob'e jhhib bb Teaeaie onpejfiaeHHaro cpoaa, aaeHHO ojhoto xficana. BpaaajbCKaa KOHCTHTynia, ycTaHOBxaa totb xe cpoKB xxa BupaateHia cor.iacia, bb ct. 66 h 67 onpe.vfeJiaen,, bto npaBO npenocTaB.ieHHaro HMnepaTopy' veto HM-fieTi jHan* orcpoiHBaiornoe 3Havenie, T.-e. saKOHOnpooKTB, He yTBepsaeHHH® HMnepaTopoMB, o6pamaeica h i pa3CHOTpiHiio hobhxb na-iaTi, bb ciixyam yn cecciD, h6o ohb ee x oxen , 6htb bhobb apej- CTaB.TeH'B naaaraaB bb iy » e cecciro. Ho ecira bb AByxB cecciaxB 8aKOHoapoeETB OyaeiB uphhhtb, to ohb, HecaoTpa aa otk33b minepa- Topa bb eamtaia, aonyiaeTB cn.iy aaaoHa. TOTB me UpaHUHUB BOCapOHSBOiHTCa H BB HOpBeKCKOtt KOHCTH- Tyaia, BOTopaa npeaciaBJiaeTB Haafioaie piasoe oTCTynaeaie otb MoaapxHaecKaxB KOHCTHTynift Boofime. fax noHHMaHia oiaocaaiefica CDna ct. 79 btoS KOHCTHTynia bb HUH-tiBHefi ea penasuia Heoftxo- 3HMOyitasaTB Ha i i HSHtHema, KOTOpua npoH3oauH aocai 1814 rona bb nopaxat cosBaHia h jiaTeaBHOCTH ofiiaxB naaaTB cropTHHra. Ho KOHCTUTynia 1814 roja cropTHHrB joaseaB cosaiBaTBCa aepeaB Basque 3 roja; no H3niHeHiB xe 1869 roia ohb cosaiBaeTca eseroAHO, npa tomb nojHOBOvia jenvxaTOBB npoxojjKaioTCH bb Teaeaie TpexB airr. h, crtnoBaiexBBO, nenvTaTti H36npafOTca Ha totb so TpexroAaiHufl cpoKB. 9to sairtqaHie Heo6xonH>io i.ia noHHaaaia ctbibh 79 bb hh- HimHeft ea pe»Knia a TixB koh(|uhktobb, KOTopuo 6u.ih aeauy CTOpTHHroMB h BopoaeMB. Ct. 79 pjacHTB; ecaa peaoaronia (T.-e. peso- aonia, hb KOTopyio Kopo.it ho BupasaaB cBoero coraacia) 6yjeTB npH- HHTa fiesB n3M$HeHia Tpeaa CTOpTHaraaH, co3BaKHUua nooi rpeiB nocaiAOBaTeaBHHXB HafipaHiS (t.-«. bb Teaenie 9 j* tb) bb TpexB o6hbbob6hbhxb cecciaxB, OTnkieHHHXB npyra otb npyra, no apaftHefi aipt, xbjxx cecciaaH, a ecxa bb »totb npoMesyTOKB BpeiieHa aa- KaKofi npyroS peso-wnia He 6jxen dphhhto CTOpraHroMB, to 08Ha- aeHHaa pe3o,nonia npeacTasaaeica Ha yTBepsneHie sopoaa; npa bomb, Haase bb cayaai HeyTBepaAesia ea Kopoaeai, OHa BonpeKa ero ate- aaBiu nojyaaeTB caay sasoHa. Ht8bb, cycneHCBBHoe veto no aopBea- CKofl KOHCTHTynia otScraBxeHO cymecTBeBBHMB rapanTiaaa j u Eopo- JieBCKOfi B.iaCTB, T8KB KaKB pesOJIOnia CTOpTHHra H03K6TB noxyvHTB caay 3aKosa, ecaa oaa SyneTB 6e3B u3MineHia npaHHTa Tpeaa CTop-

— 151 — THnraMH, cosBaaHHHH iroc.it Tpexx noc.itjOBaTe.n.rnjxx aaCpanifi, bx Tpexx oCHKHoneHHHxx cecciaxx, OTjt.ieriFuxx npyn> otx Apyra, no KpaHHeR n ipt, jByna cecciaHa, r o w , CAtxOBaTexxHO, ctopthhtx osoHiaTe.ii.no yStiHTca bx HeofixoAHMOCTH aajania saKoaa, aecMOTpa na Heste.iame Kopoxa yTBopat.iaTB ero. Ho, HecHOTpa aa stotx aahhuuS apoiieayTOKx Bpeueau Aaa paa- CMOTptuia OTBeprHyTaro Ropoxeaix BaKOua, bx 1880 rosy bobhhkx KoniftaHKTx Meat,iv CTopTHHrOMX h npaBHTeaBCTBOMX, KoniHnmiftca bx 1883 roay BecxMa iparHiecjca a-»« MHHHCTepcTBa. OopaTjiMx BHHMaaie Ha npoHcxoatxeaie btoto EOH^aaKTa. CToprHHrx, pe30.iB)n.iaiin 1874, 1877 b 1880 toaobx, HMtxx bx bhaj npHBxen, mhhhctopctbo, T.-e. AByxx rocyAapcTBOHHUxx mhhhctpobx h ixeHOBx rocyAapcTBeHHaro coBtTa kx C-iirataftmeiiy yiacriio bx ntaaxx CTopTHnra a kx tamaSaieS nepeax aitMX OTB$TCTBeHHOCTH. llo HOpBeatOKOfl xe KOHCTHTVpiH, rat pasAlueHie BxacTeS npoBeAeHO cpuBHHieAXHO crpoxe, cob* thiikh ko- poxa (no kohctbt. 1814 roAa) ae npacyTCTByiOTX bx aactAaaiaxx CTop- THHra. Bx 1880 r. eiopTHaroux 6iJAa upaBai'a cxt^yKnn.au pesoxioaia, AonoxnaBmaa ctutlio 74 Hopsexcsofi KOHCTuxyiuH: Korja ceccia ciop- THara oTKpuTU cor.iacHO ct. 74 KoacTHTyHia, rocyAapcTBCHHHe mh- HHcipu ( 2) a ixenu rocyAapcTBeaHaro coBtTa Hjitiorx npaao bbhtbch bx coOpaaie cTopraara a bx ny&iHiaoe sacbjiaBie Anyxx ero naxaTX (oAOAXCTHHra u xarTaara) a yiacTBOBaTX bx hxx ptaieaiaxx, ao 6eax npaBa roAOCOBaaia. Upaoo yiacTia bx TaflHHxx aactjaHiaxx AaeTca hmx cooTBtTCTBenntiHH naxaTaMH. Bx btohx BHAt peaoajoaia cTopTaara aBxaeTca ae o6uRHOBeHno8 BaRonoAaTe.ixHOfi peoo.iioniefi, ho KOHcmumyuioHHou nonpamoii, tbkx kkkx e » HBMtHaeTca iipmmuiix KoacTaxyaia, bx cajy KOToparo i.ieHU rocyAapciBennaro coBtxa h hhhhctpu He yiacTByioTx bx aaciAaniaxx CTopTHBra. BcxtacTBie sToro, no OTaomeaiio kx 03naiennofi pe3o.iron.in, B03HBKX oco6u8 Bonpocx, KOTOpuS Ha CTpOrO-DpHAHieCKoS UOIBt He ao,iyiHJX pa3ptmeHia. OraTxa 79 HopBexcKofi KOHCTHxynia, othoch- T6AXH0 nOCAtACTBlS 0TKB3a KOpOAH, OTHOCHTCfl KX TtHX CAyiaSMX, KorAa HAeTx pint o6x oChkhob6hhwxx sasonaxx a hc aacaexca ctbtxh 112, TAi roBoparca o pcBasiH KOHcTHTynia. 3Ta cTaTxa 112, ycta- HOBAaa nopaAOKx peBH3ia KoaeTHTynia, aaiero He roBopaxx o upaBgxx Kopoxa yTBepacAKTB hah He yTBepxABTB ptnreiria ciopTHHra, yciaHOBAaa ButcT't cx Ttax, no HHKaEaa nonpaBKa KoacTHTvniH He aoateTx H8Mi- hhtb o6ihhxx ca upuHiiHuOBx, a ahhix KacaeTca lacTBOCTefl. CatnoBa- TeABHO, CTaTxa 112 (aaeHHO aoToay, n o oaa yaaaiHBaeTx o npaBaxx Kopoxa yTBepxAaix hah He yTBepatxaTE ptmeHia CTopTHHra) joaxhr TOAKOBaTXCa BX T0MX CHHCAt, 1T0 KX KOHCTHTyuiOBBXlMX nonpaBKBHX npaatnaeTca a6co.iiOTU(>e veto Kopo-ia, TaKX kkkx HHaie oahhx CTOp-

— 152 — THHrx uon 6u aairtaaTb soHCTHTyiUm 6631corxacia apyroro ((iSKTopa 3aKOHOaaTe.!LHOfi BjaCTH, HMeBHO—EOPOM. 3ai&HX, CT. 82 KOHCTHTyniH ycTaHOBJaen, no RautMX npejiteiaux ae TpefiyeTca coraacia Ropoxa, hmhhho: 1) no nocTanoo-ieHiHMi aacaiejiHO ofiMBaeaia sacijaHift CTopianra otephthmh; 2) no nocraHOBjeaiaHx, Koropua Kacaorca oonpocoBX o caopHuxx auOopaxx, T.-e. t>6x yTBepataema BufiopoBx, npabh.ilno npoH3BexeHHUxx, n o aaccaioH BbiOopom., npoH3BeieHHbixx aenpaBHJihMO; 3) no Bonpocy o iipaBjenema MHHHCTpoBX kx otb4tctb6H“ hocth; 4) o BaTypajrH3anin HHocTpaaaeBx, n 5) o aopajRi aijoapoHS- BOACiBa. Pe30inniH no othmx npenteTanx He TpeOyifn. coraacia (caHKuia) Kopojfl, no bx qacjii asx ae vaoiianyTiii ROHCTHTyaioHHua nonpaBKH, cjtiOBaTeitao, oh4 -( bx npuMtnenia kx hhhx npasajx ko- ponoBCKOftcaaRaia), no zeabmeft nipt, noiaezaTx jcfeBcTBio ctrtlh 79 (xotr, coficTBeaao rosopa, 8Ta cTana Racaexca TOJbKO o6uEnoBennuxx brkohobx). Ho ciaTLfl 112, onpejluauiaaa aopaaoRX peBH3ia a oSxomx KOHCTHTyaioBHHXi nonpaBOKx, ycTRHOBJHCTX, krkx HU BHJtiaa, a6co- atOTHoe npaBo KopoaeBcicaro veto OTHOcafeJt.no bc-Iixx noofiiae boh- CTHTyaioHHuxx noupaBoux. BcjijcTBie 3Toro, Ropo.it, ntBejcaiS OTKa- sa-ix cTopTHary bx yTBepataeaiH apeacTaB-ieeHog hhx pe30JBn,ia, jo- nojHHBoiea CTaTtB 74. 3ar6aix, bx xpexx nocj'tij.OBaTe.TtntJxx cxop- Taaraxx axa peaoJDHia npuaaMaa&Cb 6esx scaxaro HSM-fcaema a nowti TpeTBaro pa3a oaa (corjacao ct. 79) 6uaa uoc.iana upaBBTe-iBCTBy aaa onyfiaaROBaaia. DpaBBTejBCTBOoTKa3aaocb ayfiaaEOBaTb o<i>(l'HHiajbHHMX nyieMb n y peaojniuK), nojyiHBmyc cu.iy sasona a, cji.tOBaTe.ihHO, OTKasajocB ero apaataarB. Bcatacrsie sioro, boshhex 3aasieHHTufi eob<()jhktx, apoAOJzaBDiiAca ao 1883 roaa. Ilpexae Bcero bosbhrx Bonpocx o npaBJeqeaiH mhhhctpobx ex otb4tctb6hhocth sa Heacnoa- aeaie toia cbohxx EoacTBTyaionHuxx o6a3aaaocTeS no onydjHKoBaHisj aaRonOBX. Ho apaBBTejBCTBO npea.ioza.io OTa&TB btotx Bonpocx aa paspimoHie BpHaaqecsaro <J)aKy.itTeTa yaaBepcaieTa bx XpacTiaaia. tOpnaHtecHiS <t>aKyjbTeTX bx XpacriaHia paspiamax ototb Bonpocx bx Tom cmhcj-6, no pesojDnia, HHiBtnaa bx BHay aonoaaeHie ct. 74 aopBOzcBofi KOHCTiiTyaia, ecTB noapaBKa KOHCTtrryaioaHaa a, cjiaosa- T6JBH0, OHa, KaKx TaROBaa, He aoaxOHHTX aoax jiftCTBie ct. 79 (a aoaaezHTx atScTBiB npaBnax aopoaeBCEaro veto), a no, bphhrbx apyroe rojKOBaaie, a ae apaH^Haa kx ct. U2 (rrkx bubojx, asx aea BHTeRa*>iaiS) o6ntee apaBaao veto, hozho apajTH ex saRJEieHin, no ohh% hsx B-iacTefl HozeTX pacmapaTb C80H apasa bx yatepdx apyroSi Ho Taicx Kaax bto npoTHBop4qn.io 6u ocbobboxj npaanany KOHCTHTy- niOHaaro ycipoBcTBa, to, cjrtjoBaTOJbHO, bx OTHoateaia ROHCTHTynioa- auxx nonpaBOEX Ropoaio npanaajieiKHTx npaBO a6coja>Taaro veto. Ha

— 153 — ocHouaBiit BiiniensJtoxeHHUxfc cooSpaxemi, QaxjnTvn irpHSHajt, hto jtflcTBia npHBHTe.tfcCTBa, OTKa-saBinaroca ouyfijiuKOBaTb osHaieHByio pejo-iiouiio CTopmnra,' 6h.ih npaiiH-imu. .BHavaxii axony pfineiiiio 1104ahhh-ihcl o6i CToponu, tbkt. KaKx onno3Hnia hb n«i.ia eme 4001a- ToaHaro 6o4bniHHCTBa jjh (SopiiSu. 3to 6ojLnmncTRO aojxhh 6h.hi npHHecTH h npHHecjH efl hobhc nuCopu, bo sariiMb BCKopi uocjiio- Bajo Bpe.ianie cyjy rocy.iapcTiienBuxx XHHHCTpoBb, tbei* hto cnopHUft BonpocB paapf.111n.1cn CKopie hb noaHTHiecKoit, linn Ha K>pH4HTecKoB nowfc. no HOpBeXCKHXb 3aK0HaMb, MHHHCTPH•npexasiTca cyxy oco6aro BepxoBHaro cyiHJHina (Kigsret), cocToamaro: 1) H8b hjchobt. Biicmaro cyxa (Hoiegte Bet) h 2) ixeHOBb aarTHHra. Mhbhctph oKaaajnct bh- hobhhhh E Chje HpacyxAeHH Kb cxtmeiiio, cb .muieuieMb upana 3a- HHHaTfa EaKy» Jh6o AOJXHOCTb H T. a. Ha40 3ttlltTHTb, BIipOHOMb, 110 Ha bto phraeiiie BuianH 4pyrie, doate odmie mothbh. SarltHb 1100x 640- Baio corxameHie Mexxy ouuoaHuieio bb cropTHHri a Kopo.ieMb. Koh- (Jixekt'b, TasHMt oOpaaoMb, 6uxb ycTpaaenb, bo cymecTBO fopiiAHve- CKaro Boupoca (HiKorxa paspltmeuHaro i|iaKy.ibTeTOMb) ocTaxocb 6e3b u.iutnenia. y. JlpaKTBHecKoe npaMiaenie npasa xopoaeBCKaro veto Bb rocy- 4apcTBaxb, rx t cymecTByeTb nap.iaMenTCKoe ynpaBxenie, He xoxexb HMtTb TOB CH4H, KaKb Bb rOCyAapCTBaXb C06cTBeHH0 KOHCTHTyHiOH- HblXb HXH 4ya4HCTHieCKHXb. Bb AHrxia KopoHa xasHo yxe He noxbsyeTca CBOHMb npaBoxb a6- cojuoxHaro veto, xoth oho ocTaeTca HeoTx^HeHHHHb h ho cie spexa. Hocx^Hie cayvaa nojbsoBaHia STHHb npaBoxb othochtch Bb ROHUy XVII z Haiaxy XVIII ct. Taitb, Bb 1693 r. Ropoxb BHXbreabXb III OTBeprb TpexroxHTHuB 6h4jb, HBbaBHBb, 04Haao, CBoe corxacie Ha Hero aepe3b 4Baroxa. (Stott. TpexroxaTHbift 6axjb npx Teopri I 6bUb 3axi- HeHb cexHroxHBHHXb 6H4xexb, h Bb HacToarpee speMa HHXHaa anrxifl, CKaa' naxaTa H36HpaeTca Ha 7 xfiib). SaTtxb, sopoaeBa Anna Bb 1707 roay oiBeprxa .6h44b o6b opraHHsaipH moTjaHACKoB MHxaniii. Cb BTHXb nopb aHraiBcEie KOpoxH Be upzxiHaxH 6o.r6e CBoero npaBa veto h He ynoTpe64aiH cxapHHHoB hopxhhhckoB tfiopxyjbi, ynoipedH- TeaiHoS Bb TaKHXb cxyvaaxb: „Ie roi s’avisera” (npH yTBepxxemH 6haxeft npzH'&Haxacb xpyraa, Tapxe cTapHRHaa, HopxaHHCEaa ijiopxyja: „lfe roi le veut“). Ho upHiana Toro, hto 6hxxh Bcerxa VTBepxxaxzcb, COCTOHXa Bb TOMb, HO 60,lbIlIHHCTB0 SHXXefi BH0CH40CB KHHHCTpaXH, KOTopue npe4aap1iTe.11.no sapyvaxHCb corxaciexb Eopoxa; c.iiAOBaTOAbHO, Kopo.ii, H3bHB4H4b cBOe cor.iacie Ha npexnoxoxeHHHB Kb BHeceHiD Bb naaaTbl fin.i.n. aapaaie h, c-if.40naTe41.HO, hoboah Kb HeyTBepxxemio

— 154 — Gw.ueft KopojeMt.vCTpanajiHCh. Ecxh 6hj.ii. nosSyatsajica qacTHUMH XH1WMH, BB CHJy HaCTHUXt. MOHiS HXH Iipej.IOKeHifl, TOSHHHCTepCTBO, pacno-iaraemee fioxbrnuncTBOMB bb na-iart, xPteo moimo ycTpanHTb Tanya) Mouin, cb.EoropoS, KaKB ewy h3b4ctho, Kopo.ii. HHKor.ia He co- MacHTCH. 9thmb ycTpaHaeTCa casiaa boshoshoctb raKHXB 6H.ije&, eo- Topue MorjH 6u ae noxVHHTb HopoxeBCKoS caHKiuH. TaEHMBo6pa30XB, upu TicHofi cbhsb npaBHTexbCTBa cb naJiaTaHH, no.n,sonaHie iipaBOMB afico.remiaro veto asxaeTca npaKTinecaa h3jhdihhm'b. IlHaae nocTae.ienB btotb BOnpocB bb jyaXHCTiiiecKHX'L, KOHCTHTy- HIOHHUXB MOHapxiaXB. ,'JjtCI, EOpOXH MOTJHBOXbSOBaTbCH H n0JB30Iia- xhci npanoMB noyTBepjK.nenia seeohobb, no 3aTOmomh BOSBHKaTb koh- 4>abbth, noio6Hue nopneaicKOMy, hto, hohotho, aeCxaronpiaTHo otsh- Bajoch Ha TeTOHiH rocysapcTBeBHOS xbbhh. r) 3aK0HB, no.iymnmiii KopoxeBcxyn caHKpiio, oCHapoAHnaeTca ko- poxeira. Emv npHnaxxexcHTB HCBXDTBTexbHoc npano ofinapoAUnaTt sa- kohb; ohb ofiHapoAHBaeTB hxb otb CBOeroHMenH. Aetb ofiHapojueaHia saEOBOBB aBxaeTca pacnopaneHieHB rjaBH rocyAapcTBa. Hepe3t o6Ha- poxunauie 3&xohb bphboahtch bb AMcTBie, h Bci noA'JHHeHHue op- raHU BjacTH h rpasiaae oftirauBaDTca HcnoxHHTb bbkohb, botbpo- BaHHUfi najaTaHHh yiBepatAemu# HopoxeHB. OfinapoAUBame 38eohobb nocTaB.ieao bb HSBicTHua ycjOBia: bb eopoxobckohb pacnopaateHiH, o6HapoAHBanmeiiB seeohb, aoxjeho 6biTb noxoxtHTexbHO yKa3aH0, Mo H8Aa»miflca saKOHB H3AaeTca cb cor.iacia naxaTs, a saTiMB saEOHB AoxseHB 6uTb nepeneaaTaHB 6yHBaxbHO, otb cxosa ao cxona, nOAHHeaHB KOpOxeKi H BCtMH OTBiTCTBeHHHMH MHBHCTpaMH, EOTOpae 6epyTB Ha ce6a orBiTCTBSHHOcTb 3a apaBHXbaocTb coAepxaaia sasoHa, T.-e. 8a TO, TTO saEOHB A*ScTBHTejbHO C00TB4TCTBy6TB TOHy, 1TO6H.TO BOTapoBaao naxaTawi, h aa to, ito corxameHie aaxaTB h xopoxa, 0 eotopomb yaoMHHaeTca bo BBOAeBia, A^flcTBHTexbHOcocfoaxocb. 38kohb o«HapOAUBaeTCH bb tbeoB (jx>pny.rt: „Mh, Eosies) hhxoctib) Kopo.ib, 1no corxameHiD cb aaxaTaMu (hxh naxaToS), ycTaaoBXfleHB noBc.ili- BaexB HHXtecxiAy»mee“... 3axiHB HAeiB caMbifl TOKcn. 3aE0Ha a Aaxte: „AaH0 TaMB-To (KopoxeBCKaa pe3HAeHnia), aa co6cTBeBRopyqHo» Hameu noAUHCbto, cb apaxoateHieiiB rocyAapcTBemofl neiaTH\\ 06BapoAHBaHieHB sasoHa 38EaHiHBaeTca ABHxteHie 3aKoaonpoeETa bb ccjiep'fe 3aK0H0AaTexbB08 (BHeceaie 3aKoaonpoeETa, pa3CMOTptaie ero, aoxyneHie hub caHKnia, ofiHapoAUBaHie aanoHa), h bbtIiiib aBxaeica BonpocB o npaiitHeBiH saKoaa upesje acero bb c$ept cyAe6Ho8.

— 155 — B) Upaea xopojta n oCAacmu eydeSuoii. I. IIoBKjHMOMy, npeporaTHBii aopo.ia bx ofijiacTH cyja hbmdtch BGcaua orpaHHaeHHHMH, h(So, kbkx mu yxe bha* jk, cyjcxH OTnpaBjiaiOTx npaBocyjie Ha ocHOBaHiH aaBona h hoahbhbdtch amopHTeTy tojlko 3aKOHa; cjrfiaoBaTejbHO, npH H63aBHCHX0CTH cyjefi, odesneiHBaeMofi HXX HeCMtllHeMOCTtB, HfrrX, HOBHAHMOMy, UpejHeTOBX, HO KOTOpUMX MOHapxnqecKaa BiacTb Mor.ia 6u jificTBOBaii bx oO.iacTH cyAa. Ho, o6paTHBx BHHMaaie Ha iioapoShocth npn OTHpaBAOHia npaBOcy^ia, mu 3aMiTHMX, 4TO H*KOTopue npeAHOTH Tpe6yiorB HenpeMtnnaro *ifiCTBia BopoaeBCEofi saacTH am BooOme babcth HcnoanHTeaxHoft. npHHHHnx HesaBHCHMaro OTnpaBaenia cyjoMx cbohxx o6a3aHH0CTefi KacaeTca tojbko OTupaiuenia coSctbchho npanocyjua, T.-e. Toro, hto HtMuu HaBHBaiOTx Rechtssprechung, hmbhho—pasp-tuieHia upajuae- caaro sonpoca, nocTaBjeHHaro cyAOMx Ha ocnOBaniH EiflcTBynmaro npaBa; tbkx, bx o&iacTH rpaacAancsaro npana—paaptmoaic oonpoca o tomx, KOMy npHHa,i.ieatnTx cnopHoe npaao Ha Bemb, h bx o6jacTH yrojOBHon—onpe,vfc.iCHie, Kaaie npiiBHaEa npecTynjema HaxojaTca bx AannoMX ,yf,0CTBiu, a Kaaony HaKasaHin noa-iereaTX anna, npH3HaHHua bhhobhhmh. Bx 8to0 ofi-iacra cyxx,—nponcxojHTx jh ohx cx yaacTieMx cpucHJKHUxx .saci^aieaeS, h.ih Oesx hhxx, bco paBHO,—noAiHHaeTca aBTopaieTy tojilko saKOHa, ranx hto bx ofi-iacra Kechtssprcchung CyjbH OTIipaBJHIOTX CBOH OfllliiamiOCTH HesaBBCHXO, BX He8 HO MOXerb hu£tb m4cto h cwy HHEanoe nocTopoHHee pacnopaxenie nocToponHcfi cyjy BjacTH. Ho otx o6jbcth oTnpaiueHia npaBocyjia (Eechtsspre- chnng) Hyatno ortmatb oG.iacTb cyAedHaro yapas-iema, (Justizverwal- tung), KOTopaa cocTaBjaeTca hsx paaa aiTOBX licno.THHTe.ibHofi Bjacra, hhckoixko ho Kacaioffluxca oTnpaB.ienia npaBOcyAia. 1) Kx odaacTH cyAedHaro ynpaBAeHia othochtca: npaBO aa- SHaaaTb cygefl a jumx npoKypopcRaro H&A3opa. 9to npaBO HBjaerca BecLMa oduiHpHUMx bx KOHCTHTygioHHtixx rocyAapcTBaxx. Bx AHrjin Ha3naqenie Kopoaeax cyxei pacupocrpaHaeTca raaBHUMx oOpaaosfx Ha BeCTMHHCTepCEifi, T.-e. BHCrniB BX KOpOAOBCTBt CyAX, H Ha MHpOBUXX eyxe# bx rpa$cTBaxx h ropojaxx. Ha EOHTHHeHTt Ebpohh Bia cyjed- naa opraaH3ania asaaerca dojlie caoxHOfi, r-iaBHUHX odpasoMX, bx ot- HomeniH Ko.raaecTBa cyAedHHXx HHCTaHHifi bx odaacTH rpaxA8HCKaro h yro.ioBHaro cyAa. CpBOxyoHocib cyjeft bo sctxx bthxx HBcraimiaxx npeACTasjaeTx Taicoft anaauTejLnuft nepcoHaax, hto Baianie K0po.ia aa bthxx cyAefi ae-iaeTea npH3HaK0MX, yKasuBaioiHiun, na ero cpaBHH- Teji>HO OoJiLinyR) BjacTX bx od.iacTH cyAa. Ho eige 66jbtnyio babctl HirfaeTX aopojb OTHOCHT6JBHO npoKypaTypu. npoKypaTypa bo Bcixx rocyAapcTBaxx opraw»30naHa na bamh-

— 156 — HHCTpaTHBHHXB HaiaXaXB BB CTpOrO iepapXHieCKOfi 3aBHCHM0CTHJ C.lfe- AOBaTe.ii.no, OHa bb cbohxb A'feflcTBiaxB noflinnena He toabko aBTopH- TeTy o6ihhxb sskohobb, ho h pacnopaaieHiauB Bucmaro cyAe6Haro ynpanneHia, 6AH«afimnMB o6pa30MB HHnacTpa DCTHUjn. BcxiACTBie btoto, o6in.ee BafijnoAenie saAfeflcTBiaMH npoKypaxypn aB.iaeTca oaohmb H3B cyrnecTBeHHHXT, npan-t kopohu, aoTopoe ohs oinpaBxaeTB qepeai oTBtrcTBennaro MHnacTpa. 2) UopojD nocpeACTaeHHO hah HenocpeACTseHHO npiraaAAeacHTB npaao Bucmaro naA3opa 3a OTnpaBAeniera npanocyAia. Upano bto bb npuM'lmenin kb cyjy aBaaeTca pe3yjbTaiOMB oOmaro upana Kopona, i::ikl r.iaBH rocviapcTBa, Ha BHcraiS najaopB (Oberaufsichtsrecht) sa AtflcTDiaMH Bciit. R.iacreit, noAyqHBmHXB ots Hero cboh noAHOMonia. 9to npano nopoHH, co6ctbchho roBopa, He KacaeTca oCascth ompa- B.ienia npaBocyAia: bb ofiaacTi. MaTepiajtHaro upana KopojeBcttaa B.iacTb He BCTynaerca, t4ub He aente efi nocpeACTBBHHO hah Heno- cpeACTBeHHo apHHaixeaan. h3B'6cthuh npaBa. Upaso Bucmaro HaASopa 3a AfeScTBiaMHcyae6HUXB Bjacie8 3aKA»- naeTca: a) bb tomb, bto hopoab h OTBiTCTBenHonv npeACTaBHTe.roero no cyAe6Hofi uacm, MHHHCipy lOCTanin, npeAOCTaBAaeica npaao pesusiH cyAe6ntiXB niciB, He cb iyfeju,B> npoBtpKH npaBHAbHOCTH cyAe6fluxB pimeiiifl, ho cb nfeabio npoB'fepKH cBoespeMeHHOCTH bb TeieHin cyae6- UUXB At-IB, T.-e. yAOCTOBipeHia bb tomb, ato OTnpanaeHie npaBocyAia He Tepntao 3aMeAA6Hia, h npoiit.pKH cocToania ynpexAenifl, Haxoxa- ihhxch bb BiAiniH cyAOBB, Hanp., cb ntabD npoB’fepKH kbccb npa pa»- AMIBUXB CyAefiHUXB yCTaHOBXeHiaXB h t. n.; bb cbhsh cb sthmb CTOHTB H npaBO KOPOHH Ha OCMOTpB H pCBUSilO TIOpCMB K8KB AAH noACAtACTBeBHHXB, T3KB h aah ocyatieHHBXB no cyAy ahhb; 6) AAa HaA3opa 3a AiaieAtHOCTbro cjaobb, HcnoxHHTeabHoa babcth npexocTa- BAaeTca npaBO Tpe6oBaTb otb hhxb cBiAiaia o bhiki*hih a^ab, pt- meHHUXB cyAOMs h HepfemennuxB, no kotophmb mojkho 6hao Cu cy- AHTb o6b HCBOAHeHiu cyAbAMH cbohxb o6aaakaocTefi, a Taxse npuRH- MaTb ataaoCu tocthhxb ahhb aa MexAennocn. hah otkbsb bb npaBo- cyxiH, T.-e. bb CAynaaxB, sorAa cyxsa He hcho.imiotb bo3AOS6hhbixb Ha hhxb o6asannocTeS noiB npeA-iorami HesasoHHbiMH. Upaso npieua npomeHit cboahtch, caiAOBaTeabHO, kb npaBy bthmb nyreMB co*4ft- CTBOBaTb axaA06muB8MB BB noxyneiuH npaBocyAia hocpcactbomb tskb Ba8UBaeMaro mandatum de administranda jnstitja, npeAnacaHia o ao- CTaBjeHia npaBocyAia ahhamb, KOiopua noxyiHAH HenpaBiixbHHft ot- Ka3B bb npaBOcyAiH, hah A'fexa kotopbxb ocraiDTca 6eas ABnaenia Aa.ifee HaanaqeHHaro kb TOKy epoKa. CaepxB upaBa BHcmaro HaAaopa, KoropHfl co6cTBeHH0 He Ka­ caeTca OTnpaBAenia npaBocyAia, bb pyKaxB MOHapxnqecKoS bascth Ha-

— 157 — xoahtch BaatHoe npaso—npaBO nouajOBanui Bt A*Jaxt yroAonnuxt. FpaacAaHCKOc npaBOcyjie oxnpaRjaexcH BnoxHi HesaBHCHMOoxt Kopo.™ u BOoOme HCUo.tHHTe.ibHoa H.iacTH, n p'fcmeuiH rpaxAaHCEaxt cyjoBt hh bt> KaKOM'B cAyiat He nocxynaiDTt Ha pascMOTpiHie nopo.ia. Ho Bt oOxacxu yroaoBHot aiaTejbHocTu cyja HHaie: yrOAOBHaa ncTHHia je- aerapyeTCH cyAaMt Bt fioaie orpaHHieHuuxt ycAOBinxt Bt Tout cHHcjt, ixo cyjefiHufl uparoBopt, cocxoauiniflcH ho onpejvfcjieHHOiiy xixy, Bt CHay iipomeuia o noMHjOBamH, Mosert nocxynHTb Ba pa3- CMOip-inie Kopoafl, KOTopufi, He H3Miuaa ero no cymeciBy, nomen. HBM’bHHTb ero HOCjiACTBia, Upano iroMHjoBaHiH BusunaeTCfl tbkhmh yc-iOBiaMH npHKiHeHia yroaoBHbixt naKOHOBt, KOTopua He MoryTt 6uib ycxpauenu B.iacTbn cauHXt cyAOBt. Hhchho, npecxyujeme noxext 6uxt coBepmeno npa xaKHXt oficxoHxeabCXBaxt, h ahho, coBepmnBmee npecxyn-ienie, Morxo HaXO.tHTbCJI Bt XaEOfi OCcxaHOBK'6, upu Koxopofl cxporo ((jOpMajbHOe npnrbHeHie saaona hbahjocb 6a HpaBcxBeHHOD HecnpaBeAXHBOCibio. Meatjy xiwt, cyAbH cnoeu Bjacxbio HOryxt cManaib naKasanie Bt hs- BicxHbixt xoabko npejiuaxt; rant, b i cjyqat npHBHaHia Bt noJb3y ofiBHHHeMaro CMariaiOlHHXt BUHy oCcToaxeAbOTBt, c yjt Momen. ahhib nonHSHTb naEa3anie Ha OAHy hah ju t cxeneHH. Bjacxt cyja aciepnu- Baexcfl npousiiecenieMt npnronopa; noaxoxy Bt bihxb cjyiaaxt npasrfc- nenie nana.it HpaBcxBCHHOfi cnpaBeAJHBOctH bo3mojsho npejocraBint Aiunb BJiaciH, CToautefl Bbnue cyja a nocxaBjeHHoS HaAt cy,ie6HUMu yipe»AeHuuiH—uueHHo mzah rocyAapcxsa, HOHapxv hah npesHAeniy Bt pecny6AHBaxt. B t npairfi noHHAOBania aoaxho pa3AHiaxb ab* pa3- AHiBna $opHbi: BO-nepBUXt, npaBO cxariaxt hah jame BOBce oiirfe- Haxb npuMineaie HaKaaaiiin no nociaHOBjenHosiy npuroBopy, x.-e. npaBO a) caariaxb HaKa3aHie cBume x *x t cxenenefl, Ha KOTopbta oho *orAO 6uib hohhxccho caMofl cyAeSHofi - BAacxbD, a 6) npaBO coBepmeHHO ocBo6o»Aaxb oxt upHM’lHeHifl Hana.-iaiHa, ycxaHOBAeHHaro cyAeOflunt npnroBopoHt. 3xo h ecxb xaxt naaiiBaeitaa adgratiatio, npaBO hohuao- BaHia Bt T'hcHOMt chhcaB cjobb. Bo-BTopuxt, AificiBieut BbicmeS Bt rocyAapcTBt babcth Moxera 6uib npiocxanoBjeHO jaxe iipmueieeie BHHOBHbIXt E t OXB’fjTCXBeHHOCTH, T.-e. upHB.ieienie Kt caBactbieo h cyAy; CAiAOBaTejtHO, BepxoBnaa BAacib Moxext npespaxHTt h cahuh npeABapHxeAbHbia a^Scibih. 3ax£nt, aah .iHnt, noABeprmnxcH Hasasa- Hiio no cyAe6HOHy upnroBopy, oho noxeit Cutb ne toabeo cxaneno hjh oxniHeHO, ho, CBepxt xoro, bth AHHa sioryxt 6htb aEiOMt Bep- XOBHOB BAaeXH BOSCXaHOBAeHH BO B C ixt rpaBAaHCKHXt H HOJHXHie- CKHXt npasaxt, Eoxopuxt ohh .ihiuhahcb BC-iijCTBie cyje6Haro npHro- Bopa. B t 3T0H t h saKJBiaexcH aKTt aiiHiiciiH, hh^dihcB 6oA-te ma- poKoe snaieme, liiMi npocToe npaso noKHAOBania. Ho cyiuecTBy cooeMy

— 158 — airaHCTia bi 6oai>uihhctb1i cjvaaeBt njaeTCH 6oaie aKTOxi nojHTH- qecBHMi, bIjmi aKTom, npax'feHHeMHMi B7» ycaosiaxi oCuiBaro npano- cjrjia. Oaa o6uEHOBeHHO aBaaerca cpe«CTBom Aah yxapoTBopeHia cipaan hah aiaoB ofi.iacTH, nocpejCTBOMi ocBufioaEjeHia ora cyiefi- Haro npecjtiOBaiu'a aani, npoTHBi eohxi xorao 6a 6 a n B03(5ys^eB0 npecaiflOBame. AxnacTia aBaaeTcii TaExc anorja a aKTOxi xonapmea xhaoctr no noBOjy aaKoro ahOo paAOCTHaro aah rocyAapcTBa co6uTia, uanp., 3aiuioaeHia Burojnaro Mgpa, socmecTBia .Ha npecTOAi a t. a. Orcwaa BUTCKaera Kopeunoe pasaaaie cymccTBa a nf.aeB neat*)- aM- HHCTieB, ci ojnoS ctopohu, a npasoHi aosnuoaaHia b i t 6chomi chbicaIi —ci Apyrofl. EBponeficKia 3aKOBOAaieAicm He b i OAapaaoBofi CTeaeaH apeAO- CTaBasDra BepxoBHofl rocyAapcTBeaHO# bjectii npaoo noxHAOBaHia b i o6$hxi ero i(>opxaxi. B i Aaraia sopoaB npaHaAAesaTi bck boaboth npasi bi otaonie- aiu noMHAOBama a axHHCTia; ho bto apaBO OTupasaaeTca Eopo.iexi aepesi oTBlrrcTBeHHaro miaacTpa, CTaici - ceapeTapa XHHHCTepcTBa BnyTpeHHHXi AiJi, aepe3i nocpeACTso aoToparo npeACiaBAaioTca sci npomcHia o nOMH.iOBama, h b i BiAiHia noToparO uaxoABTca tbpbxh a .iuua, noABeprmiaca aaKasaniio ao cyiefiHOxy nparoBopy. QocTaaoBAeaia apoaaxi eiiponeficKaxi BOHCTUTyuifi o npaet noxa- Aosaaia npcAcraBjabti BHaaaTeABHOe pa3aooopa3ie. Taxi, cr. 73 6eai- riBcaoit BOHcraTyHia nocTaHOBjaen, bto aopoAi axiera apaBO OTMi- Hara hah cHArian Baaa3aHia, Baaaaaaexua no cyAetiaoxy nparoBopy (prononcees par les juges). C.if.AOBaTe.ifcno, ct. 73 rouopara hck.tio'IH- tcalho o npaB* noxHAOBaaia b i TicHOxi cmucai caosa, Taxi ebri b i cRAy btoBcrana jtBcTBie KopoaeRCKoBba&ctr apocTapaeTca toabko aa aam, ocyzxeHHuxi no cyAe6H0xy aparosopy, a bto apaBO Kopo.ia aacacTca jhdib cxaraeHia a oTnymenia aasasaHia. Ho b i Ecabhu, saEi h b i Aaraia no asry of settlement 1701 r., aopoa*) He npe- jocraBAaeTCA npano noxHAOBaaia xaBacipoBi, ocyataeHBUxi no o6bh;- aeniB HaSHeB naaaTH. Bto sanpeipeiiie c.vt.iano b i Ttxi BBAaxi, aro aaano otiBaaeaie xhhhctpobi oKasaaoct 6u ({ihetbiibuxi. UosToxy bi Be.it.ria npaoo noMHJOBania xanHCTpom oSycaoBAHBaeTcacoraacieui naaara. B i stoxi cxuc.it> a roaopara cTaraa 73, apeAOCTaBAauutaa Kopojio npaso noxBAOBaHia ci oroBopaofl 061 HCEAK>neHia caynaa no- HaAOBaain ocyxAeHHUxi ubbhctpobi: „acBA»Baa Toro,' bto nocTaao- BAe.Ho oTHocaTeabHO xaaacTpoBi“, Earn rOBopuTca b i HeB. Ecaa H3i cxHcaa ct. 73 OeatriflcKofl KOKCTHTynia mosho BUsecTa 38EJK)BeHie, bto Eopoaio ae npaaaaAexHTi npaBO axHacTia, to hsi 6yKBaatHaro cxucaa ct. 66 BHAepaaHACEofi KOHCTHTynia Taaoe sbeaio* lenie aBjaeica ci oieBHAnocTuo. 9t» crana roBopara, bto Kopoaio

— 159 — iipHHa.i.ieauiT'i, npaoo uoMH-ioBaHia ocyxxennuxx upecTynnaKom, no BHCJiymaaia MHima cyjefi toS uucTaHiuH, bx soTopofi ohh ocyxAenu. H 3aT$MX ct. 66 npafiaBjaen.: aMHHCTia Momert 6am AHpyeaa-TOAbKO 3aKOHOAaTcaRHUKi. nopajKOH-b. Bx STOatf HHAOpAanACKaa KOBCTHTyuia OTauaaeTca o n abtckoS, Koropas no ct. 26 npaao npasnaen, saaopo- xenx npaBo aMHHCTia. IIocTanoBAeniii nraeACKoft (ct. 25) h nopBeatcKoft (ct. 20) KoncTHTyaifl OTHOcuTejiBHO npana noMHAOBania cxoahh ex no- CTaHOBaeHiaMH 6ejtrificKo8. Taiix, no HopBexcKOft KoncTaryaiH sopoxb HirteTX ApaBo, BHcaymauT.MHiHie rocysapcTBeanaro Confcra, noMHAOBBTb npecTyithhkobt. hoca* npoaBnecenia HaAX bhmh cy.neCHaro npuroBopa, npa ieMX noMKioBaHRony a«uy npeAOciaBxaeTca npano ah6o nocao.n>- BOBaTbca noMaaoBaaieMb,ah6o OTfiuTb onpeAixeHaoe zjw Hero HaKa3anie. HcnaacKaa aoHCTHTypia (ct. 64, ri. 3) xaen. sopo.m npaBO mhao- BaTb iipecTynHHKOBb, „coo6pasyacb c t 3anoHaMaa. IIopryra-itcKaa (ct. 74, nn. 7 a 8) ocofio ynoMHHaoTX o npairb caarBesia Hana3aHift a homh- AOBaaia ocyxxeHRUxx npecTynHHKOBX, ct oahoS, a o npan'll aMHBCTiu, cb ApyroS CTopoau. Ambhctih xapyioTca cbo6oahhmx arrosn. aopo- jeBCKofi boah bx BaxHUxx cAyiaaxx, aoraa Toro ipe6yeTx HexoBiKO- .no6ie a 6aaro rocyAapcTBa (cp. 6pa3H.?bCEyn KoncTHTyniio, ct. 101, §§ V III H IX). UpaBO aMHHCTia npcAOCTao.iae.TCH MOHapxaMX kohcth- TyniaMH ahtckoS (ct. 26), rpenecKoB (ct. 39, ho toaxro a ah hoahth- leciiHxx npecTynHHEOBb). Uo npyccKoft KoacTHTypia (ct. 49) aopo.iiD npaHaAAexaTX npaao cMaraeuia (Strafmilderung) h noMHAOBania (Bognadigung). Uto xe aa- caeTca aMHHCTia, to ct. 49 rOBopan. o Heft eocb6hho; hmchho bx TpeTbeMX afean'h CKasaHO, hto OTHOcaTeitbHOahijx, dpothbx KOTopuxx B036yaA0H0 cyAefiHoe cniacTBie, noMa.ioBaHie bah aMHHCTia aoryTX 6uti. lipoasHeceHU toabko 3aaoH0ahtoabhmmx hop'haeomx, auf Grand eines besonderen Gesctzes, T.-e. na ocuoBaHia cneniaabHaro Ha btotx cayaaft B3AaHHaro saKOHa. TaKuax oOpasoax, TpeTift adsaux cTaTba 49 ne OTpapaeTx npaBa aMHacria OTHOCHTe.ibHO bcAxx ahpx, KOTopua eme He iipaB-ieHCHH ex cygedHOMy caiACTBiu.. KopoAb Moaceix aapaiiie npeKpaTHTb Bcaaoe npHBAeneme hxx kx CA’bACTBiw a npeAaTb 3afiBe- ni» Bcfe A’b-'a h npocTynEH, hmh coBepmeHBbia. TaKHiix odpaaoMX, npaBO aMHHCTia He ^OTpagaeica 3a npyccKHMX Kopoxeax, ho orpaHHHHsaeTca bx tomx cBucj’b, hto AHHa, KOTopua yxe iipHB.ieaenu ex ca$actbiio, AO.IXHU CHanaxa HOABeprHyTbca cyAefinoay npHroBopy, a yxe hotomx uanaaaHie, hmx oiipe.vfi.iennoc, MoxeTX 6utb caarneHO. Bx btomx oGxesii npaBo Kopo.m HM'beTx saxHoe noAHTHHecKoe 3HaHenie. lloc.ri cayix a rocyAapcTBeHBHxx nepeBopoTOBx, KorAa cA-tACTBeHHHa AMcTBia cyAe6- HHXX H aAMHHHCTpaTHBHHXX Bjacieft MOrAH 6h HOAACP®aTb BOSfiY- xAeHHoe cocTOHHie crpaHu h t^mx yBeAHHHTb CMyiy, Eopoxb Moxexx

— 160 — o6taBHTi, ito6u HHnaKHX'B j i n , cBflaaHHUxt ct HeB, He no3f>y*ja- jocb h hto6u Bee Clieo npejano saOBeHiio; ho no iiuain. stun, yse npBB^eieHHiixt Et cjpfcacxBiio, nomuoBBHie iiosen npmriiHHTLCH.miub no npoH3Hecenii> najt uumh 6yje6Hafo npHroBopa. Cxojno ct Brant ho- CTanoB.iHioTT,KOHCTOTyniaflaBiipCKan(tht.VIII, ct.4), caacoHCEaa(ct. 52) a BHpTeM6eprcKafl (ct. 97). AscrpiBcxiB saEont 21 aeaaSpa 1867 r., DocTanoB.iflumitt o6t ornpaBjemH cyiefinofl B-iacxK, cxaTtei) 13 npe- ,pocTaii-Me™ aanepaTopy East npaso noKH.ioBaHia, sast h npaBOaaHH- CTiu 6est oroBopBH, iiocTaHOBjutesiofi ct. 49 npyccEOft KOHcrafryniH. B) Upaaa kopoah n oC.tacmu ynpaejteuix- I. HaHfSo.iLinaH cyxxa npairt npHnajje*HTt kopojio Bt oO.iacTH yiipais.ieiHH, xaitt KaKt oHt npa3HaeTCHrxaBofi HcnoEHHTextHOfl Bjacrn Ilijcoxopua KOHCTirryniH iipa.no BiipaataiOTt axo; Tast, Bt nopxyra.it- caofi KOHCTHTynia roBopaTca, iTO HcnoanHTejtHaa Bjacxt npHHaj-te-: xan, ojHOMy aopoJD. IIo npyccsoB KOHcraTyniH npana Kopoaa nepe- mc.iHKiTca Bt OTikit nocTaHOBjeaiB oCt- acnojiHaxextHoB bmcth. ABCTpiBcsift saKoat 1867 roja o6t Hcno.iHBTejtnoS Bjacra nepeaa- cjaext npaBaaopoHU. HxaKt, HcnoxaaTQXbaaa K.iacxt pascaaTpaBaeTca, East aTTpafiyrt zopoaeBCEofi Bjacra, aoTopyn copo-ib ocymecTBxaert apeat mhaucxepcxBO a npoaaxt SojatnocTHUXt .rant. Bt btomi oxno- mesia aHrjiScEoe npaoo jlu^eTt pasaHiie Meacjy Eopoaeut Bt nap.ua- aeaTi h Eopojext at coBiTi: 1) aopo-it Bt napjauCBTi bctb tfmBTOpt 3aKOHOjaTe.ntaofi B-iacxa; 2) Kopo.it Bt C0B$Ti hbjuictch BiicmejD Bt EopojeBCTBi acnojHHTejtaott bjectbe), jiicTeyioaieE) nyTeat pacno- paaceBifi a npejnHcanifi aa bcb coBOEynaocTt h.ihctpB, nojynaionHxt OTt ae« cboh noEBOKoaifl. Ho xoia cKasaaHoe a nontext jaTt nomiTie o no.iHOX’h npeporaTBBt Kopo-ia Bt oCjacxH acno.iiiHxejBHO0 B.iacTH, ho 9T0 Be yEasHBaext aa OTjijtHHa orpacna BnyTpenHaro a bh4di- raro ynpanjeaia, Ha Koropiui ohe npocTapaeTca. Mu jo.i* hu pacno- .io*nTb npaBa acnojHaTejtHoS B.iaciH Kopoja Bt iepapzHxecEOMt no- pa^Kt, T.-e. no oxHomeBio h Bt cbhsh ct apaBava aopoja Bt saso- HojaTeEtHOfi BnaciH, EOTopofl ohh ciyataTt East 6u jonoEHeaieMt b.ih .xa.itHliBiiiHMi. ex pa3BBxiext. ; UpaBoBcnojBHTeEtHofl bjhcth pcryjapoBait jiSciBia nojXBHeaHuxt opraHOBt, x.-e. ycTBHOBjaTt ripaunjia h peryjaTHBH, EacaTejtHO ocyipe- CJB.IHHinlJ)HHaHCOBUIt, UO.IHneftCKHXt Bjp. ntiefl rOcyjapCTBa, HC0CT8- BJiaeTt coAepmaHietbei aaauBaeHaronpaBapacnopaatenia, Verordnongs- recht. KopoaescEie npaKasu, jeKpeiu, sjhetb, opjonaacu—iekobh pas- jmhhub Ha3BaHia,oCosnaxaiomiii pasaHEHiie bbju o6m,Hxt pacnopaatenia BjacTH BcnojHaTexLHofi, KOTopua npejcTaBjaBTt LiHaxHxe.itnyB ana-

lorio Cl. sklCOBHMH BB TOMB CMblCjt, BTO OHM HBJHDTCa OOII[HMH H oOM3aTejbHiJiiH iipaBH.iavn jjh BciXB opraaoBB. rocyjapcTBerniofi aiacTH a BciiB Jam, HaxojHmaxca bb uojuaHCTirt jannaro rocyxapcTBa. Pacnopaateaia hbjhdtch ofimaMa HopMaaa, ofiasaTeaiaaa cajia koto­ phxb ofieaneiHBaeTCfl: 1) corjacieMB hxb cb cymecTByiomHMB. saKoeaMH a 2) HajaoieMB hxb eombotchtboS BjacibD, hmchuo EopojeuB iepe:n. ero OTB'hTCTBeHHoe MHBBCTopcTBO.. Bet Boodme pacuopaatenia no yjo6- Hofi h noHaiHofl oaccaitiHKania JI. (JiOHB-UlTeflHa HoryiB 6utb paa- jijeaH aa 3 Kaieropia: a) acnojHHTeaaHua pacnopazeaia, Vollzugs- verordnungen; 6) pacuopaaenia bb co(*ctbohhomb cauc.it> cjoba—eigent- liche Verordnungen, a b) apesBUHafiHua pacnopaateoia, Nothverord- aungen. - Hojb HCnojBHTeJLHHMH pacaopnxeaiaMH pasyMtiiOTca TaKie yaasu, bjhkth, op^onancu a Kopo.iCBCKie'npHKaau, KOTopue noBe.itaaioT't npis- BCCTH BB X^ftCTBie 3aE0BB. HVTeMB 3TBXB HCnO.1HHTeas.HUXB paCBOpfl- ateHifl: 1) oOHapoxHBaDTCa saKoau, 2) yEa3UBaeTca nopaxoKB npeat- Heaia saBOHOBB, nocKO.ibRy ohb He yKasaHB bb hhxb h nocKo.is.sy npe- XOCTaBaeHB acnoJHHTejbuofi bisects. Bb caaoai. aaKOHt ofiuKHOBenno rOBopaTca, ato onpextuemc nopaxna npaatHeHia jaHnaro saKOsa upexocTaB.ineTcn B.iacTH acaoaHHTe.is.Hofi. CjijoBaTejbHO, ona o6a- 3ana yaasuBaTB nopajoEB a ycaoBia npaaineeiH sanoaa, ae npejy- CMOTp-iHHue caauMB saKOHOMB. Htekb. acnojnuTe.Ti.HHH pacnopaaseHia uacaTe.Ts.no nopajssa npaHtnenia saxoaoBB ae HHtsoTB ntjbio ycTaao- BjeHie KaiciixB jh6o oCdihxb npasiH.iT,, otjhhbhxb otb aanona; ohh uatsoTB bb BBxy .luuibjocTaBHTb saEony tothob a oucTpoe acnojHenie. IIojb pacuopaxeaiHUH bb coOctbshhobb cMHc.it. cjobe (eigentliche Verordnungen) pasyutioTca Taaia pacaopaxteHia acnojauTe.ii.nofi B.iacTa, KOTOpUH HMtsOTB BB BHjy B0CB0JHHTBHSBtCTHHfi HeXOCTETOKB 3aB0Ha, BocnojnaTL npotiiju 3aKona bb t±xb cjynaaxB, bb kotophxb ohh ofiaa- pysKHJHCb, U, HaKOBCUB. paSBHCUHTB CMHC.IT. 3aK0Ha JJH BCtXB nOJTH- aeaHHXB opraaoBi ajMHHHCTpauia, 6yje hmh BCTptaasOTca saTpyjHeaia bb noHHMaHia 3aK0Ha. Bb jaHHOMB cjyiat HCiiS.inaTejLHaa bj&ctb jo H3BtcTHofi cTeneHH aaMtHHen, 3aK0H0j,aTe.ibHyB BjacTb bb npexijaxB, yaaaaHHHXB sebohomb. PacnopasseHiH qpe3BHnafiaHa (Nothverordnungen) cyTt Taxia pac- nopaateHia, aocpexcTBOMB kotophxb HcnojHHTeJbaaa Bjaei'h keeb 6a cTaHOBHTca Ha MicTO sanoHOxaTejbaofi bjecth bb rfcxB cjyaaaxB, Eorjd OHa yno-THOMonena Ha to KoacTBTyuieio. HcaojaaieaBHOfi bjecth ape- XOCTaBjaeTca bb ainoTopHXB cjyaaaxB npaso MjasaTb pacnopaaceHia cb chjob saEoaa, Hanp., bb rixB cjyaaaxB, Korja na.iaTH He c03BaBH, hjh ecju coOpaHH, ho He pascMOTptua ewe Bonpoca, no KOTOpoMy pasrte Toro coctohjocb H3B\"icTHoe pacnopasKenie. 9ro ctohtb bb cbh3e





— 163 — 1paspinreno sonpoca: 1) eonpocE o npani ceraiiifi h 2) nonpocE o jiacneHciiBHOfl BjacTH Kopojrs. B e 1689 r. hbhjOci, o6mee doct8ho- B.ieme, raacHsmee, ito npeano.iaraeMoe miHMoe npaBO paspbrnaTb on 3aKouoin. hah orb HCiiojneiiia hxe, Kant oho ycBoeno ou.io Bb no- caiiHee Bpens KopoaeocKot BjacTbU— ho bokobho. Kpyi-b rfixb npeAJieroBE, kotophxe MoxerE KacaTbca pacnopaxe- «ie, ricsojamee otb KopojieBCKofi uaacTK, pa3ameHb. Thee, no 6e.it- I'iScsofl KOncTHTyniH a no ,ienjapaniH npaBE 1689 r. be AnraiH, pac- nopaxeuia aoaxbh aepzaTtoa be npejtjaxb kbke KOHCTHTypioHnuxE, raai a ofibiKiioueHHhxe 3ats0H0BE. Bx tome ze cmhcx6 nocTauoBjaeTX a aopBezcKaa KoncTHTynia, be CHay KOTOpofl Kopo.no upeAOCTaB-ieao npaso HSAaaaTb pacnopaxenia, Kacatomiaca no.inuiu, ToproBJH, TauosnH, npoMunraennocTH a t. a., ho ce rfisix yc-iocieux, htoSki ona Be npo- THBoptau.m KOHCTHTypiH n saEOHaiix, yTuepxAenHHHE cTopTHBrom. Bojlie mHpoi;ia no.iHoMoaia be btohe OTaomeniH upejocTaBjaeTE npyccKaa kohcthtj’pia, 3-8 nynKTE ct. 45 KOTopoS r.iacHTX: nopojn npHKaaliBaerb ofinapoAuaaTb saKOBH u naaaeiE HeoCxoanaua aah hxe BcnojHeain pacuopaxenia. 9Ta CTaTaa 45 KacaeTca co6ctbohho hcboj- HHTe.ibnuxE pacDOpaxeaiS. H no lyxy a no canc-iy ea Hirx ocao- BaniS npeAOCTaBJHTb aopo.no oco6uxx no-iHOiroaiS OTHOcnTeabno cauaro coiepsania ero pacuopaxeuifl. EoAtme npaBE upCAoCTUH.nieTE exy ct. 63 KOHCTHTyiiioHnaro aaxa. Ohs HBaaeTca npoxo.ixeHieuE oOihhxx uocTaHOBaeHiBo6e n;i,iaHinaaaoHOBE.Ct. 62 aoHCTHTypin nocTaHOBaaeix, ’itoaaaoHOAaxeabHaaBjacTt ompasaaeTca cOBsefccTHOaopo.ieME a na.ia- Taun, h ito ajib Hsjania aaaonoaE Tpe6yerca cor.mnienie ocixx ((iueio- Pobe saKOBOAaTeabHoB BjacTH, T.-e. naaarb h aopoxa. Ho ct. 63 jaeTx uoc.rliAHeMy oco6aa noanouoqia be c.iliAyiOniHXx BHpaxeHiaxx: .to.tlku becaynaaxE,kotab noAAepxaHie o6maro cnoKoBcTBia h ycTpaHeaie qpea- BuqaftHHXE onacHoeTe® toto BOTpe6yiOTX, MoryTx 6hte H3AaoaeMu pac- nopaxenia ce chjod 3akona doae otb^tctbobhoctek) scero MHBHCTepcTBa npHTOME.iamb be cxyaai, ecnunajaxu He co6paHu. 9th pacuopaxenia, OABaxo, be 6aHxa8meHE co6paBiH naaaTx aoaxhh Suit BHeceau be na- aaTU A-Ta Hcnpomeaia hxe coraacia (dieselben sind aber den Kammern bei ihrem nachsten Zueammentritt zur Genehmigung sofort vorzulegen)”. Tskhue o6pa30ME, npeat.in nxacTH, upejocTaaaeHHoft Kopo.no doae OTBllTCTBeHHOCTblO BceTO MHHHCTepcTBa, OBpeA’tXHIOTCa CxtAyBipHIlH noaoxeHiaira: 1) boboae, no KOToposiy AonycKaioTca Tasia pacnopaxe- Hia—Heo6xoAHnocTt noAAcpxaaia 6e3onacaocTU be HCK.noqHTeALBiixE CJyaaaxx; 2) pacnopaxeaia AonycKaiDTca .ianib Towa, KOi'Aa na.iaxu He coCpanu; 3) pacnopaxeBia He ao.ixhu upoTHiioptBHTb KOHCTHTyiua. Ilpn cofijiOAeHiH 9THXE TcxoiiiS pacnopHxenia hhIidte cuay 3fiK0Ha. CatAoaaTeabHO, luacra aciio.iuaTC.ibuOH npeAocTaBAaeTca npaso aaMt- 11*

— 164 — hate 3ftEOHOAHTeji>HyK) b-ihctl a UBjaBaTb BpexeiiHhie SaEOHH. Be btome OTHOinegiH an ojna esponeScKaa BOHCTHTjnia He men xaAtaie DOCTaHOBjeHiS npyccsofl, a He MHoria Aaron. panHua npaaa B.iacTH HcnoAHHTe.iBHoft'). Caja npHBeieEBaro nociaHOBaema o6aapy*HTCa npH pascMOTpiaia loro, kiieume coocoCohe nojuepziHBaeTca coraacie 9THXE BpeXeBHHXE 3aEOHOBX CE 3aKOnaMH KOHCTHTyHiOBHHHB. III. Pa3CiiaipHBaii ncro coBOEyaeocTt TixE nocTanoB.icHia, BOTopua npeiocTaBjarort Kopo.iro npaBO H3AaBSTi. kske pacuopaxeHia be npe- AiaaxE aaKoaa, tube h pacnopaaema, imcTynaiomia aa upeitau ero, hh Aoxasiiu paacHOTpfrrb ABoaaoe cpeACTBOrapaHTia bbkobobe b kou- CTMTyHiH, T.-e.: 1) i k x noAAepxHBaeTca eor.iacie pacnopaateaiS ce 3aKOHauu h ce KOECTHTyniero 'H 2) i I he QOAAepacHBaeTca Taxoe co- r.iacie pacnopa»eni0, BEi3BaHHEixx be caxy npe3BEiaafiHHXE oSeroa- TexhCTBE, T.-c. uMiromaxE CH.'iy BpeaeiiBUXE saKonofiE. Bci 3tn cpej- CTBa Moryn 6hte noABeAenu boae abS EaTeropia: a) omtaa pacno- paateHifi, npOTHBOptaanjaxE aaKoay a EOHCTaTyipa. C) HenpaaiBeHie a neacno.iaeaie pacnopaxeuifi, npoTHBoptaanjaxE 3aKonauE. 06a oth< cpeACTBa npeAnoxararoiE A^ftcTBia pasAUBHUXE BjacTCfi: BaKoaoiaTejh- Hofl, cyAeCHofi a Aaase, be h3b£cthoB CTeneHH, HcnoAHHTexEHoS. UepBoo cpeACTBO, T.-e. OTMiHa aporuBoaaEOHHEiXE[lacaopaseaift, aroseis Curb npaMtneHO toaeko ua.iaiaMu, a6o cyAefiaaa BxacTt. npaaiaaromaa sa- kohe toaeko in specie, He Moserx oraiaaTE ero in genere, T.-e. aah BcixE cjyaaeBE, EOTopue aoryn bei3bbte ero apHutaeaie. Maaie, cyAe6Haa baacte.He Hosen. ahibhte pacnopaateBia ero o6a3aTeALHofl chah Boofime; oaa aoaceTE ahbie ae upairbHHTB ero in specie, ee OTAiAbuiJME CAyaaaaE. A . TaEHME o6pasoHE, nepBuS aonpocE, noAaexamiS aameuy paa- CHOTpiHiro, saKAroaaeTca be tohe, hbceoaeeo naAaiu HMiron cpeACTBO oTHtaaTE pacnopaaceaia, npoTHBoptaamia saaony?. Be CHAy fie.ii.riB- CKofi KOacTUTynia, EOTopaa Aaen acaoAEHTeAEHOfl babcth noAHoaoBia HSABBaTE pacnopaaeHia ahuie be npexiaaix sasosa, bchkoo pacnopa- ateHie, BtixoAamee aa 9th apejiju, ipso jure aoajbho noaaTaTEca HesaEOHHHHE, H, TAKE EEEE Ha BOAAHHeHHHA M'ijCTE BOSAarABTCA 06fl- saHBOCTE ahbie saEOHOX'ipHaro noBHHOBOHia, to Bci Tasia apHSBaHEbia He3aE0HBUHH pacnopAxeaia He MOryTE 6htb npaMieaeHU noAaaaeu- beimb opraHaHB, h6o bc6 baecth, BiOAamia be cocTasE boca£abhxe, npacarajH KOHcrKTynia k ochobhhme 3aE0HanE ’). ') Ceja OTBOcaicanoCTaHOBjesi* EOHCTeryiuB CajeocsoB (ct. 66), casconcEoB <cr. 88) b BupTeafieprcno* (ct. 89 b 90). !) BeawificKaa iobct., ct. 107. „Les cours et les tribunaux n'appliqueront lea arr6t6s et reglements gSneraux, provinciaox ct locaux, qu’aatant qu’ils seront con- formes aux lois'.

65 — Ho HO Bci KOHCTHTymH coaepinaTx CTOJL oupejiueiraua nocTano- BJnyiia, h6o pasa^-ieme Bjaerefl He y Bcixx npOBCieeo Tanx tobBo, Kara bx OeatriflcKofl h apyrHxx, cxoaHuxx ct. aefi, KOiicTHTyniaxx. 3aTO bx next hmIhotch 6o.i$e noapoOHua onpeaiaema riirx nyrefl a CpeaCTBI, KOTOPHHB OS-iaTH JOCTHraDTX OTHtHH upOTHBOSaKOHBUXX pacnopaateHifi. Taira, no OajencKOfl aoHCTHTyaia (ct. 67), pacuopnsenia, aas.noiaioiHia bx ce6I> uocTanoBaeiiia, no kotophbx naaaTH CHHTaDTx cboh npaBa HapyracHHUMH, aoxstHu 6htx, do npeacTasaeHiH hmh ocbo- B&TejiMiofi ata.ToOu(noapasyatBaeTca: sea. repnory), tothocx OTutneau. Ho ct. 67 «Tofi KOBCTUTynia, coaepata bx ceftfe BupaateHie: „ocnoBa- TejfcHaa ataao6a“, ae oupcai-men, oasaso, kto bx janHOMx c.iyiai HBJaeTCH cyaxera ocHOBaiejbnocTH ataao6n' najan., IIo npvccKofi koh- CTBTypiH Bonpocx o cpeacTBaxi uaaaTX kx omtnt HesaKOHHHxx pac- nopaaeaia Be paspimaeTca hhkhkhhh onpeat-ieHiaun. llpn thkomx no- aoseHiH aiaa, eanacTBeHHBMx ana Toro cpeacTBOMxnorao Oh iibhti.cii npau-ieiOHie otb'6tctiichhijxx itHUHCTpom. ra yro.roBHOMynpecaiaoBaaiio; ho n TaKaa ntpa He Hoxcrx nirim, npmiiHenia bx Jlpyccin, hOo, saKX mh BHafejH, oCimaHHua cTaTben 61 npyccEOfl KOHCTHTynin cnen.iaai.BHfl saKOHx, aoaateHCTByniHifl onpea^anTb nopaaora otbIitctbchhocth mh- HHCTpoBX n nopaaora npoaeaypu cyaa a naKa3ania, He noaBHaca. Htskx, oTHOcnTe.ii,no HpycciHTpya^o yKasara nyra n cnocoOu, nocpea- ctbomx kotophxx na.ia'ru Moran Oh ocymecTBHix npHHaaaeacamee axx npaeo KonTpoaa Haax a^flcrBiajiH ncnoJHHTejxHofl Baacm. B. BTopoe cpeacTBO oxpaHKTi cu.iy 3anoHa, Boraa e«y npoTHBO- ptauTx pacnopaateBie, oaKaciaeTca bx ueiipuuiueniH nesaEonnuax pacnopaseHifi bx kohkpctuuxx caynaaxx, T.-e. bx OTHiui nxx ae in genere, a in specie, bx cnay toto oOmaro npHnnnna, n o nocTaao- Baenia saKOHa HHi»TX npeunyin,ecTBO nepeax Bcinn nocTanoBaeniaHB, ucxaaHiHHMH hsx apyroro ncTonHiisa, h tto am nocaiania aoaatHH coraacoBarxca cx atflCTBVioinBHH oaKonaMH. 9to npaBO h, bx to ae npetia, oOaaaHnocTi, ycipanaTB npoTHBosa- BOBHUa pacnopaatenia in specie ycTaHOBjaeica pasafliHo: 1) othoch- Teaxno M'fic.TX cyae$HUXx a 2) othochtcjeho opraHOBX u aunx aavH- BHCTpaTHBHHXX. 1. CyaffinHH MicTa pyKOBoacTayoTca bx cbohxx pftmeaiaxx npa- BB-iaMB 3aK0Ha H, caiaoBaieaxHO, bx Ttxx cayiaaxx, soraa hmx npea- ctohtx oxpaHHTK ciov pacuopnaceiiia Ha ocuoBaniu saKOHOBx, nepBufl Bonpocx, noa.iexara.ifl HscjiijoBamio cyan, saKanaaeTCH bx tobx, na- cko.ii.ko bto pacnopaxenie, Ha ocHOBaHih'KOToparo 8a HSB’flcTHua aifl- CTBia anna noaaexaTx uaKasaniio, He npoTHBoptiHTX aaKonaMx a co- raacHO cx hhmh. TaKBHX oOpasoxx, a-'H pacnopaxenifi B03HBKaeTX TaKx aa3HBaeuoe npaso cyaeOnoft npoBtpKH, Prflfungsrecht. Ho oho

— 166 — He bx oAHBflitoBofi cTenera npHSHaerca ota4abhuhh eBponeicKHMH KOBCTHTynjHMH. Oho CeSCBOpaO OTHOCHTejBHOCyAa BX Alir.liu, KOTOpuS bx cjiyqaflxx HaAofiHOCTH Bcer^a ocymecTBAaen iipaBO cyAefinot npo- sipsH. Tomo tbex se, no ct. 107 CeJbriScBoS KoncTHTyuiii, tojbko Ti pacnopaKcaia upn3naK)Tca ofiasaTeaBHUMa ja a cyAe6Hbixx Mien., KOTOpblH COr.iaCHH Cl lifiCTByiOIUHMH SAEOHEMH. DpyCCKaa BOHCTMTynia npeflcTaBjaeix no Btoay npeAneiy cymecTMHHfcia oTCTyiuenin: OHa xaKx 6a BOBce sanpemaeix' npHMiHeaio cyAefiHoS nponipaa. CxaTBa 106 3to8 EOHCTHxyuiH r.iacun: .aaaoim a pacnopaatenia oOaaaTejtHij (sind verbindlich), ecxH ona oCnapoAOBami cx coO-xiOAeBleiix ipopMU, ycTauoB.ienuofi saKonoux. IipaBO npoBipKH. aaKOHHocTH pacnopa*euiu npHHaAaeatHTi Be yapejEAefeiaiix, a uaxaTaax. CyniecTaenHufl nynKTX nocTaHoajKiFiia ct. 106 cocTOan bx tomx, too pacnopnateuia o6a3a- TeiBHU AJH Mien noAranennuxx, T.-e. cyAeCmjxx a aAMHHHCTpaTHB- anxx bx Tixx cayaaaxi., ec-ia oOHapOAHuaHio hex conepmn.ioct bx ycTaaOBaeBBOS ipopai, T.-e. eexa f.uaa cofj.injenu <j>opna.ibnocTH H3aaHia, asieniio, ec,in hoax pacaopasKeHieMX Haxojaaacb uoAnacb KopOJia H KOHTpacBrHOBKa OTBiTCTBeHHarO MBRHCTpa. CaijOBaTCABBO, npaBo npoBipKn pacnopaseBift, npeAOCTaBaenHoe npyccKHMx cyxefiHHiix a aAMHHHCTpaTHBHUHi yipexAenunin., HCKJnoinTe-ibBO Kacaeica ip'opMH ofliiapojbJiiaBia: eeja aa pacnopasenia ne BHaqaTca noxnaca a HOHTpa- caraoBEa, to noAqaacnniiH .MicTa »oryn ero ae upuMinaTb. Ho npe- AOCTaBAenHoe aax npaao npoBipaa Be Eacaerca cauaro codepucamB pacnopaaceBia, hCo no 2 afiaaTny ct. 106 npaBO apoBipua saEOHHOCTa (Priifung der Rechtsgtlltigkeit) pacnopaateHifi npaHSAaeacMn He cy- Ae6auMi a aAsiHuacTpaTHBHiJMx yapezAemam,' a toai.ko naxaTam, KOTopsa, Bam mu Bajiaa, ae Bnoaai o6e3ueieHu bx ynoTpefiaesia aroro npaBa no Tofl npaqaHi, bto MHHHCTepcBofi OTBiTCTBeHiiocTH bx Upyccia ae cymecTByem. 2. Eme bx fioatmeB cTenena npaMiHauica bth npaaiua otboch- TeiBHO MMHHHCTpaTBBHHXx BAacTefl: 1) cyAefaaa babctl npa orapa- B.ieHia cbohxx ofiaaaBBOCTefi doaie noABBsaeTca sasoay, aim bamh* HHCTpaTHBHHe opraHH, TEKX KaKX jisTejBHOCTI.'uOCjiAHHX'b aaupa- BiaeTca HHCTpyKniaaa, pacnopaaeaiaMa, papxy.iapaaH h t. n., aexo- AHiuhmh o n axx aaqaxBCTBx h.ih otx ofimeft HcnoAHHTeatHOH BjacTHj 2) cyan BX OTnpaBxeBia cbohxx otoaHHOCTefl, HeaaBHcaao o n paaiaaia HHCTannig, uesaBHCHMu; cjixoBaTOAXHO, cygx nocTaeo- Bjaen caMocTOHTeaBBO cboh nparoBopu, KOTOpue Moryn 6hti. aenpa- BaeHbi HAH KapcapoBaau Bucinaux cyAOHX, HO na coAepataHie so- Topuxx BHcmaa cyAe6Baa HHCTaHnia, a Tiax 6oaie Hcno.iHHiejbBaa BaacTB He HMien BxiaHia. HanpoTHBx, aAaaBHCTpaTHBnua AiSeTBia ofiycaoBAHsaioTCA iepapxaqecKaMx cooTiiomenieux bmcbihxx h hbsidhxx

— 167 — BJiacTefl h npeanojaraBTTi asBf.cTHyio jacnHojimy, ipe6yioinyio hchoj- HCHia npeADHcaaifi Bucmefi BjacxH co croponu Hitirnaxi. Ho 6ea- yc-iOBHoe npn:mauie TaKofl aHcn.Hn.iHBU npoTHBopiiHao 6u cyniecTny rocyaapcTBa a saKonnuMB ycnoBiauB ynpasapaia, h6o Toraa cb noa- HHHeHHHXB JO.TXHOCTHHXB JHIVt li MtcTB cjarajact dbl BCBKaa OTBt'r- CTBeHHOCTL 3a HcnoaHeHie xtmo npoTHDO3aK0UHiJxi. pacnopaxenifl BUC- m^H aiacTH. C-rtaoBaTe-ibHO, u bb bto# odaacra aoxxhh Cute ycra- HOBaeHU npaBiua, EOTopua aaBa.ni 6u bo3mokhoctb noxiHHeHHOuy aoJBHOCTHOMy JHsy YAOCTOBlpuTLCfl bb saKOHBOcTH pacnopHxeHia. Thkobumh OeacnopnUMii npaiinjaMn HBaaiOTca catAyiomia: 1) npeauH- caHie ao-'SHO hcxoahtb o n KOHneTenTHofl BjacTB(aanp., MUHHCTepcTBO pyieB cooCrpeHia ne moxbtb nsaanaTB pacnopaaenin no atjraMB ay- xobhhhb); 2) na ao.i»aocTHoe anno He joakro 6utb Boaaaraexu ho- CTopoHHia o6a3aaHOCTH, Koxopua He bxojwtb bb apyrt ero BtaiBia h HcnoaHHDTCfl apyPHMH ynpesjeHiaiiH-hah aHnaMa; 3) pacnopaxeHia joexhh 6utb H3aanu h ony6.iHEonanti bb ysaKoneoHofl <f>opsr£, T.-e. 8a noanucBB) auiia, wsaaiomaro hxb, h sa KOHTpacHPHOBKOio ahub, fiepyinMXB Ha ceOa otb^tctbchhoctb sa bth pacnopaxeHia. Ho BonpocB o BpHTHK* cojepxaHia pacnopaxeHia .ociaeTca HepimeHHbiKB He tojtbko Ha npaKTHRt, no h bb Teopia. -TaEB, pimaa btotb BonpocB npHutHHTe.ii.no eb repuancsHUB rocyjapcTBauB, TeoprB MeBepB,. bb CBOeMB yneCnHKt repuancRaro rocyaapcTBeuHaro npaBa, npn- saaeTB npaso npoBtpKH pacnopaxeni# no cymecTBy, T.-e. othock- TejBHO saEOBHOcTii hxb cojepatania. Jpyrofl shetokb repuancsaro npaBa, .ladauAB,. bb cbobub Staatsrecht des deutschen Reiches, oTpanaeTB bto. Ho, bo bchkomb cayiat, act iophctu cxojaTca bb tomb, wo, bb cayaaaxB couBtaia bb 3aB0HH0CTH pacnopaxeHia, Ha I0.1XH0CTHHXB -THHaXBaeXHTB 06H3aHH0CTb npeiCTaBHTt CBOHCOKHtHia Ha pa3CH0TptHie u pasptuieHie BHcme# b.ihcth. B. H3aoaeHHua npaBHaa Kacaioxca toB pacnopaAHTejbHO# aaacTH, xoTopaa ompasaaeTca bb npejtjaxB nanoim; ho ohh He EacaiOTca TaKHXB pacnopaxeniB, Koropua asaaioTca cb c.h.iob aaBOaa, cataoBa- T6JBH0, Bor.ia Hcno.iHHTeaicaa BJacTb craaoBUTca aa irfccTO 3a^>no- AaxejbHOfl (TaEB, Hanp., bb caynaaiB, cpexycMOTptHUHXB bb ct. 63\" apyCCKOfi EOHCTHTyniH). IIoHaTHO, BTO BB 8THXB CJyiaHXB cpeACTBa Aja HcnpaB.ienia HapyineHifl BOHCTHTyniH Moryn, npHHaaaexaTb to.ti.ko saEOHOjaTeatHoB babcth, TaEB kerb caua KoncrHTynia (ct.' 63) jaeTB HcnojHHTejLHofl BaacTH no.iHOMO'iie, HsaaBaTb pacnopaxeHia cb#ch.io» saEona; nosToxy, oxpaHenie KOHCTHTypiH otb HapyineHifl ea BpeueHBUMH saKoHauu joaxHO npuHauexaTb ituB yapexiteHiaiiB, EOTopua npa- 3BaiIU KB TOMy CHEOR) TOfi Xe KOHCTHTynill. OfiasaHHOCTb OXpaBHTb ocHOBHue saKOHu.lesHTB cnenia.iuio’ na aapoanouB npeacTaBHTeabCTBt.

— 168 — Xhh msanifl pacnopaxenift c t chaoio aaKOHa TpeoyeTca aajaauocTb H3BliCTHHXt yCAOBlft. UepBHMt VCAOBieMt HBABeTCH ijiaETHaecKoe OCHO- BaHic, Huenuo, na.iaiHocTi, jiilcTBHTejiHoft h nenpejBHaiBnofi onacBOCTU jab rocyiapcTna; cnia OTpocaica, Hanp.,cayqaHnaiexa, boAhh, snaAeiiiH i t. n. BTopuat ycaoBiext HBaaeTca OTcjTCTBie na.iart, BCjtjCTBie Toro, bto oh* hah pacnymeiiu, hah Be naxoASTca Bt cfiop-fc bo cayqaa) 3aspuTia eecciu. Bt 'rpeTLHXt, pacnopaxeuic aoaxho 6wth mho aa noA- nuchK> Bcero OTBiTCTBeiiHaro uaRHCTepcTBa, 3a cojBaapuon OTBiTCTBeH- HOCTMO MHHHCTpOB’I., KOTOpHB Bt AaBBOMb C.iyqai CBOeiO UOiUHCl.B yjocTOBipaioTt, ito obh Bnoanii yctpeHU Bt aeoOxoAHMOCTH pacnopa- xeaia, hmh nomacannaro. B t qeiiiepTuxt, pacnopaxeHie He aoaxho UpOTHBOpilHTL EOHCTHTVHiH, TOKt KaEt OHa, I/pPaOCTaB.lBB HCnO-IHH- TeabHoS B.iatTH upaBo HSAania upesieHHbixt saEOHOBt, He Moxert npe- iocTaBHTb eft Go.ibme npain, qliiit b-ihcth saKOHOAaTeaiHoft: ec.m oftbiBBOBeHHbie saEOHU ao.ixuu OuTb coraacHu c t EOHCTHTyxien, to Tt x t 6oate aoaxhbi Cutl coraacHH ct sen BpeaeaBue saitonu. Ha- Kooeut, uaToe ycaoBie cocioHTt Bt toat, qio Bcfe nojofinua pacno- paxenia aoaxbh 6utb upexcTaB-ieHia Bt uaaaTij Toiqact no axt co- 3hb* aah oAofipeaia bah ote^hu npejnpHBHTUxt aa ocHonania axt UpaBHTeAbCTBOMt Mfipt. CatAOBaTOAbHO, najiaTti, KOr,ja Ha HXt pa3- CMOTp-hnie Cyxyrb npeACTae.ieHij Tania pacaopaxenia, aoaxhh piiniHTt ABa Boupoca: 1) HaCBo.UKo coAepxaaie pacnopaxeaift h (popKa HSAaHia axt cor.iacHH ct KOHCTHTynies) a 2) no cymecTBy A’ftaa: nacKo.iBKO HSAaHie TaEHxt pacnopaxenift 6ujo BH3BaHO ycAOBiasm, upeAycao- TpiaauaH KOHCTHTynien, bockoalko npaBHAbHO Chao ynoTpeCaenie AHCKpenioanoft BAacTH, a HacEoatEO oho bo cociaBaaeTt HeyutcTnaro 3 110h aecBoeBpeMCBBaro HapymeHia oCbiiHaro xoaa aKOHOAaTe. .B ft AtaTeaLBocTK. Ho ct tobehspiBia AiftcTBHTeabaaro oCcancqeHiaKOHCTHTyaianyTemt upeAOCTaBaeaianaaaTaMtpaapimeaia 9TnxtAByxt BOupocoBt.atraoaxhh pa3CMOTp*TbnocaiACTBia,B03HHKaK>miaBtcjyqa'fcaecoraacianaaait npa- 3HaTb a TTBepAHTb stb pacnopaxeHia: ecaa TaEHxt noc.i&ACTBifi Heat3a yica^Tb ct tothocilk), to ToabSo BTO H3.ioxeBHHfl cuocofit ofeneieHia EOBCTHTynia co cropoHH naaaTt—KaEt ne BaeKymift 3a cofiofi BHEaKHXt coc-itACTBift— oaeBBAHO, He HHieTt AtftcTBHTeabHaro saaqenia. Bt OTHomeHiH Kt sonpocy 0 nocjiACTBiaxt, OTA’fcabHua KOHcTHTyxia pap- xoAaTca xesay cofion. Oaat aat naxt onpeAtaaiOTt 'npaBa naaait echo i coraaCHo oCuieuy npuHQHBy iioncTHTynioHnaro ynpaMeeia, Apy- ria ocTaBAaioTt STOTt Bonpoct HepaapinrennuMt. ABCTpiftcEift saEOHt 21 AOKaCpa 1867 roAa Bt ct. 14 roBopHTt, .tto pacnopaxeHia, Bt cay- qai HeoAoSpeHia axt naasTaMH, hah Bt caryqai BeapeACTaBAenia axt Bt yKa3BHHHft cpoKt bh vtMOTpi.Hie naiarb, TepaiOTt cuay ipso jure,

h MHBHCTepcnio otSasaao oTM'feiiHTi, btb pacnopaxema noil's CTpaxom, otb'Utctborhocth. OTHocHTejibHO BTOporo ciyaaa, T.-e. Koran mudu- eiepcjBO Be npejcTaiuaeTT, bb onpeilueBHUtt cpoxx cbohxb pacno- paxeuifi Ha ycMOTptme naaars, aonycaaeTca npeaymniH, ito bb Ta- komb cxytai ca*o hhhhct6pctbo aaKB 6a He aexaeTB, tto6u naxa™ npoxoAXHAHjf.ScTiiie TaicaxB neripe.tBHB.jenirux’i, pacaopaxeuifi, Hcano OTKa3UDaeTca o n cbohxb pacnopaxenifl. Ho Trofiu Tasaa opoaysinnia MOTjia HM'llTL AtiiCTBHTfejLHOe 3HaieBiO, OHa AOUOJHaeTCJI IipaitHJOMB, no aoTopoHy mhhmctcpctbo, ne npejcraBHBmce uaxaTasiB apesHHiaS- hhxb pacnopaxeHii, ofia3aao OTMiiiuTb hxb coScmeHHoS B.iacThio iiojb cTpaxoMi, otb* tctbchhocth. npyccitaa .KOHCTBTynia npeACTaBAaeTB bb btomb oTHomeHiH orcTynxeuie, h ea cr. 63 roRopars, ito Tasia pacno- paaeHia .io-ixhu 6htb npeACTaBjreHU naaaTauB TOTiacB noc-iii xoro, saEB on± cofipaHu. 3arfeMB ct. 63 ho yaasHBaen,, Kaaia nocxigcTBia AOJXHH npoHsoBTH ub tohb cxyiat, ecJH na-iaTU He oaoCpaTB qpeaBbi- aattHUXB pacnopaxeniB. Mexjy t4mb na npaKTHai bb Hpyccia 6hjh CjyaaH, Korja chmh iia-iaTU6tuu cymecTBeBHO saanrepecOBaHHbb pa3- CHOTp'fiHiH qpeBBMqaftHHXB paonopaxeHiit. Hmchho bb 1863 rosy, bo bpomh npyccxaro K0H(}i3MKTa ucxaj mh- HHCTepcTBOMB BacMapKa B na.iaTaMH, no noBOAy Haqanmefica uaoufia- Te.ibHofi 6opb6bi, bb KOTOpoS npHQHAa yqacrie h noxHTHaecsaa npecca n, bb ocoOeHuocTH, l-aseTU, aa EOHTpacnraoBEOio MHHHCTpa noabhxocb pacnopaxeme, BBOjHBmee •bb Ilpycci*) cHCTewy aAHHHHCTpaTHBiibiXB B3bicaaHi8 othochtcxbho neqaTa, T.-e. cacTOHy npexocTepexenifi a Bpe- McnnarO 3aDpemeaia asianiS, nojyiHBHiHXB ocpoj'kaennoe qacao (3) npexocTepexenia. Ota cacTeua Ou.ia saaMCTnouaiia h3b ’I'paniuH). Mipa »Ta npunecxa cboh iuoau, b Kor*a naxaTU taxa co6panu, bto pacnopaxeme 6uxo npejCTaBaeHO zur Genehmigung uaxare,; ho co eToponu nocxfanaxB TaaoBoft, e&eb koxho 6uio npeABHxiTE, He no- c.itAOBa.irf, h6o pacnopaxeme bto 6h.io fieayc.ioBao aeaoHCTHTTitioHHO, T4KB K3KB 2-fi afigagB CTaTbH 27 npycCKoi EOBCTHTygiH rxacHTB: ,die Censur darf nicht eingefUhrt werden\", T.-e. neH3ypa ne MoxeTB Chtb BBejeHa. Ho npH btomb ct. 27 ho tobophtb, aaKaa hmchho geasypa no jonycEaeTca; cxiAOBaTeabHO, no OTHoraeHineb btoS cTarbi. noHSTie aeil3}pu ofiHHMaeTB COfiOD KHKB UCHBypy npCABapHTeXBHyiD. THEB'H getaypy ex post facto. DoBTOMy ct. 27 BnoaH* npaBHJLHO Morjra 6utb npaaoxena a kb o6crxAeBix> 3aEonnocTH pacnopaxenia BHCMapaa, TaKB KaKB hmb 6uxa BBCACHa hmchho neH3ypa ex post facto, 3anpe- xneaHaa btoB ciaTbeio. PyaoBOACTByacb tbeheh coofipaxeniaiiH,- xaHj- TarB ofixaBUB, hto ohb CMTaeTB pacnopaaenie BacnapKa othoch- TexbHO neaaTH HCKOHCTHTygioaHUMB n noToay OTMtHCHHuii'h. Ho it.io yxe fitr.io c.it.iaHo, noaa aangTarB 6iiab bb pocnycKi, aaenno—npo-

— 170 — BSBexeHH gum BHtfopH hoax jjaBJieHieMx sTOro pacnopasema, cue- pia.itHO Ha to paacwraHHaro. • IV. MoHapxx aMHeTCH i'.iaBO» scero ynpaBxenifl. 9to uocTaao- a.icuic airfecTX ae tojbbo cniy OTBxeieHHaro copaxHiecEaro upanuana, ho h peajLHoe npaKTH'iecRoe SHaaeme bx tout. cwHCJii, are nopo.it HBJfleTCfl HCffOBHHKOMt UOJHOMOaifi JM BCtXX ApvrHXX HCDOAHHTeah- hhxx saacTB0. 1. UpaBa, KOTopua aaten. aasioe xojiaHocTuoe ahiio, ochobu- b&bjtch Ha KopoteecKom noAuojmmu, nocKoaucy bto AOxaciiocTnoe ahho dowokhti H83HaaeHi» hah yToepatjeHiro co cropoHU Kopoja. HaaHa- aenie aojzhocthhxx .ihux, a Toano tkkx ace' h yTBepacaeHie hxx, ecTt bktx ■KopojeBCKaro nOAHOMOiia (eohhhccih). Bx tomx h ApyroMX cay- aa-6 noaHOMoaie .hojjshoothuxt. jh« x ocnoBUBaeTca ira EopoaencKoS sOMMucciu HeaocpejcTBeHHO iJa jchhx, EopoxeMX HasHaaaeioixx, hjh HOcpeACTBOHHO nepesx nepeflOB’ipie xopoxa nm jihhx, no(iiipaeutix'L Ha xoxacHOCTi h yTBepacxacHtixx hub. H3BicTHUfl JOXSHOCTHHH XHUa UO.UeiKaTX HenOCpejCTBOBHOHy Ba- 3HaaeHii> Eopoxa. TaKOBU, nanp., hhhhctpu. OrnocHTe.itno hxx hoxho- M0,ai8 Bci EOHCTHTynin roBopHTX. oaho H to ze; hmohho, set out onpextxauTX, bto Kopoat HasHaiaerx a yBojtHaen. mhhhctpobx. Mh- BUCTpbl HBXHUTCa COB'liTHHKaMH H COTpyABHEBHH KopOAH HO Ocyme- ctBXOHiB hmx BjiacTH HCuoxBHTeathoB. Ho. aro*6 npaBiMO HaaaaaeHia a yBoxtHeHifl pacupocTpanaeTCa h Ha sect aepcoHaxx BHcnmxx joak- hocthbixx -ihux, HaaaxtHHKOBx oTjt.itnuxx yapez.ienifi, xiBcTByn- nruxT, no cm i KopojBBCKOt EOHMHCcie. TaKt, jupcK-ropa AeuapTaMOfl- tobx HHHHCTepcTBa, npaBHTejiu oSxacTeB a t.j. oaBHaaanTCH Kopoxexx hah APyrHMH opraHaNa uciro.iHUTextHoS b.iscth no nopyaeHio Eopoxa. 2. Ho He3aBucHM0 on. aroro npaBa, Kopo.no npauasjieiKHTx eme opio«M30MtoHHaa SAoemt. Bnpoaein, stoix Bonpocx bx rocyiapcTBeH- BOMX npaut AOBOXBHO CUOPHUB. OpraHHaaiuoHHOe npaso bx ofixacTa HcuojHUTejtMofl BaacTHhah bx oCxacTH ynpaBXOHia coctohtx bx npaBi yipexxaTt h3b(:cthuk ycia- HOBxeHia h onpestxaTt. to KOJuaecTno jojikhocthhxx xhhx, hbx eo- xoparo yqpezieHie. aojzho coctohtb. CjiaoBatejiiHO, bx btohx opra- HH3aiiiouHOHX npaBi jojzuo pasjHaaTB Tpn HoneHra;' a) npaao Jape- zjeuia AOxaaocTeB, cxtxoBaTejbHO, ycTaHOBjreHia ynpeaxeBia, Ro- TOpuax nopyq'aexca oTnpaBxemp HBBtcTHtixx aAMHHHCTpaTHBiiuxx p6a- 3aBHocreB; 6) upaBo onpeAtxema cociaBa, T.-e. ciyzednaro nepcoHaxa yipeacAeHifi; .b) npaBo Ha3BauaTt eny onpejluenHOe coxepataHie. H3X bthxx Tpexx cyn(ecTBeHHUxx npasx nepBoe xo.isno npHHajjezaTt 3aKOHOAaTe.ixHoS bxbcth. Kaajoe ycTaHOBxesie aoxzho hsi-Iti, csoe noxHOMOHie otx 3aE0Ha h bx saKoaHHXx npejixaxx. Bx btomx CMUc.ii

TpyjHO npimaTb sa HCnojHBTeJtHoro BJiacTED npaBO canoCToaTe.ibBaro ycTaROBjeHia yspeacjenifi. Tperae npaBO, T.-e. onpoiijenie AeHexHHXb cpejcTBi, TpeOyeMHxt Ha »th ycTaHOBJieBia, ecTb Bonpocb rocyjap- . CTHeHBaro 6*>A»eTa, kotophS no ofimeiiy npaBH-iy pa3piniaeTca bt>saEonojaTe-iLHOM'L nopajKt. 3aT'i>u%ocTaoTca Bonpocu: 1) o canons nopaiai Ha3Hanema AoaxHOCTHHXb..iiHnb Bb03HaqeHHua yqpexAeHia, hot, Hnaie CKaaaTi,, o caMOMb so-juaecTot AO-ixHocTefi, yipexAeB- hux'b iiooOiue Ha ocHOBaaiH sasoHa (TaKb hto saKOHoaaTe.ibnaa n.iacTi, onpe,\\i-'iaeTb, .bto fiyaerb yapcas^ena aacneEiiia xeaiiaHHXb jo- por-b, bo KaKoe kojhtcctbo abb® cjrh;i.yeri, HOSHaniTb A-ia raicofi BHcneEiuH—3aKOHoaaTeibCTBO ho onpex^aaeTb); 2) KaKOBO, ecjin bto yqpeaUenie KoaxeriaabRoe, bhcho naeHODb xo-iaerik, h aaKb pacnpeii- HETca neatay hbmb o6ma« cymra, OTnycKaexaa am uxa, coAepniaiiiii. Bb btoMb oTHomeHiH npaicTHKa enponeficKHXi rocyaapcnib bo oh- HaKOBa. Bb Oo.ibinHHCTBt eBpoueficKuxb rocyjapCTBb onpeA’&acHie aHcaa yapeajeHifi, cojepataHia AoaxHOCTHbixb jintb, lucaa AoaxHOCTHbixb iHnb yctaHOBaaeTca saKOHOMb, h Bb Biosib OTHoni8HiH ntTb, caiao- BarojibBo, paBJmaia Meat.iy cyaefianaH a ajMBHHCTpaTHBnuMB yciaHO- BaeHiaMH. IIo npyccKofi’ KOHCTHTynin, OAHaiio, opraiiH3ai;ionuoe npaBO npewcTaBaaeTca HcnoaHHTejihiioft botcth Bbfioabmefi ctcuchh. Ilo yae- Hi® repuaacKHXb yaeauxb, Bonpocb o fijaxaflniefi opraHHsaniH yciaHO- BJeuifi ecTb sonpocb 6»Axeia, a ne sasona. BajxoTOMb onpejiaaeTca o6iaaa cyMMa, omycEaeMaa aa oOmie pacxoju TipexAeniS, a hcboxhh- TeabHofi saacTH npejocTaBxaeTca ycTaeoBOTTb nocpeACTBOMb Verord- nungen TaKoe koxhebctbo Bib, Eanoe npuaHaeTca Hyxenirb. Caao co- 6o® paayMieTCfl, bto bto npaBaao He pacupocTpaBaeTca na cyjwdnoe' B'hioMCTBo, hOo, Bb cHjy upHHHHua HeaaBHCHMOCTB cyaeGupB u.iacTH, coaepxaaie a koahtoctbo aanb, o6pa3y®inHxb eyAefiByn Kooeri®, onpeji-iBBTCJi aaKOHOMb Bb Tixb BHAaxb, htoSu o6e3ueiHTb BTHUb HXb HCBaBUCHMOcTii. 9to npaBujio AtficTnyeTb Bb OpycciH a bo Bcixb TiiXb rocyAapcTBaxb, KOTopua npasHarnTb npHnnunb aesaBHCHUocTB cysefl. Ho Bb OTaomeHiH aAMHBHCTpaTHBHOMb, npyccsaa xopoaa HirteTb ropaBAO flo.ite baacth: eS upanaA-iexarb oprauH.ianionnaji Bxacib Bb onpexineniH nnc.ia yqpexAeHifl h KoxHiecm AoaxHOCTHHXb aanb, Bb pacnpeAijeHiH MexAy hhhh coAepxa?ia, h Taaste EOgOHi npHHaA-ie- XBTb npaBO pa3pimeHia H3B*CTHBXb BonpocoBb o nopaAEi Aia- TBHbBOCTB BTHXb yqpeXAOBiS H.IH Ai.IOnpOH3BOACTBa HXb. J(iAOnpOH3- boactbo cyAefinuxb yqpexAOHiB aoaxho 6htb oupeAtaeno toabeo 3a- EOHOHb, TaKb KaKb ycjOBiH cyA0np0B3B0ACTBa HMtnTb Bb BBAy rapaa- THposaTb npasa -Tasymaxca a ycTaaOBBTb Kasb cpeacTBa aaiiiHTu, TaKb a ycaoBia h cposn aah ocymecTBaeBia iiaotcTHUXb npaBb, aa- npHMipb, cpoKH jjiji BOAaiH aneaxaiiioBBUxb n KaccaiiioHHHXb xaaofib

— 172 — h t. n. I to 'sacaeTcs ji.TonpoH3nojCTBa b i ajMHHHCTpaTHBHHXi yi'pe- KjeaiflXT,, to bi stohi OTEOiuenin pa3.iHqaua rocyjapcTBa, kohcth- Tynin KOTopuxi nojofinu KoucTaxynioHHtixi bhkouhmi AHrjin, Bextria h np., T.-e. rocyjapcTBa 6oaie KoncTHTynionnaro Tuna, onpejixaBrt aaKOHO.iaTo.nnuMT nopajKOMi l'jaBHHH nata.ia b i 0’rnpaBjremn xiuo- npoH3BOxcTBa bo bc$x i yipeacjeniaxi. B i UpvcciH bto npaBO b i 3Ha- THTexbHofi cTeneHH npHnax-ieacHTi rjaei HcnojHHTe.ii.no8 bjhcth, bo- pojx>, KOTopuS nocpejcTBOMi Verordnungen ycTaHOBJaen nopnjoici jtj0np0H3B0JCTBa. Ecjh KopoJB npHnaaneacun Boofime npaBO naananaTL jojzhoct- hmxi jam , ecja obi npH3aaeTca hctothhhomi hxi nojnoxotifi, to OHI JIBJneTCH H HCTOHHHKOMI BCfexi nOTeCTCS HOTJHHifl, KOTOpUHMO- ry n Cun jaBaeuu janasii sa ycxyra, 0Ka3annuH rocyjapcTBy ea cjiyaofinom hjh necjyae6H0Mi nonpmnt bi oCjhcth rocyjapcTBeu- hoS ataTOJiBOCTH. Kopojio npanax-ieaHTi npano noaajroBaHia Tirry- jobi, opxeHOBi h jpyraxi anaKom. oTJBtia, hhcko.ilko ohh npa- SHaDTca b i rocyjapcTBaxi. 9to npano, b i OT.iHiie'o n jpyrnxi npam, ornpaBjaeTca nopojeMi HenocpejcrBenBO b i tomi cmhcj4. tto oho no HyajaeTcn bi KOBTpacurHHpoBaHiH mhhhctpobi. OcymecTBjeHie 3Toro npaim ecTt» sett, cbo6ojho8 bojh nonapxa. KoirrpacnrBHpoBaHie b i 8T0X I cjiynat xoth b Tpefiyo.Tca, ho jhihi b i bhj'8 yaocTOB&peHia hojjhhhocth axTa noaaaoBaHia thtxjobi, opjohobi h t. n. 9to npa»o xoaen, <5htb doxbojoho noji noHarie Reservatrecht — npaBa, oefatomaroca bi HCKJtoniTeJbHOMi nojiaonaHiH HOHapxa. Bnpoiexi, bi AHi'jiz B03BexeHie bi nspcicoe 3BaHie nocTaejeHo b i o6mia ycjoBia HHHHCTepCKOfi OTB^TCTBeHHOCTH, T.-e. KOpOJI HJH KOpO.ICBa B03B0jaTI bi 3BaHie nspa hjh jatOTi 3HaRH OT.inqia no npejwoateHim jHm, bxo- jan^HXi b i cocTam KafiaHeTa. Ilapcsoe joctohhctbo maxyerca no npexJOseBin JOpja Ka-MaieBcTBa hjh Jopja-Kannxepa, soTopui bi jaHHOMi c.iyqat, iipiimiMaeri Ha cefia OTsttcTBennocTi aa to hjh hhoo vnoTpefi.TftHie srofl kopojcbckoB npeporaTHBU. BooOme ace npaBO no- xajOBania THTyjoBi, opxenom h jp. saasoBi otjhhib no esponefi- ckhmi' EOHCTBTyniaxi onpcit-iHeTca Ham npano, hckjbehtcjiho npa- aaxjeacacnee Koeapxy. 3. Hai o6qei ofijacra ynpaBjema xojjbho 6htb nujiueHO BoeaHoe ynpaBjeeie, Tasi KaKi oho npejcTaBjaera SHaiHTejiHyio oOxacTb ajMn- HHCTpaniH, ycJOBia KOTopoft He nojxojaTi non vcjoBia XpyrHxi OTpa- cxefl ynpan.ieHi«. TaKi, ynpanxeme h 3aBtjHBanie apjiiefi, cocTaBjmo- tn.ee upejMen, Bbicinaro ynpaBjemn, npejnojaraeTi npano pacnopa- aeHia BoenHUMH CHjaau, cyxonyTHUHH h mopckhmh, soTopoe, npa asB^CTnuxi ycjcBiaxi, MoatcTi 6uti Becixa onacitUHi jja coxpa-

— 173 — Benin KOHCTMTyijioHHuxi, yqpeatjeBifl. IIo9Toiiy BOeHBoe npaBO ocpe- SfeMBTCa OCOfieHHO BBHMaTe.lhHO H, CO06pa3H0 CB Haqa-iaHH KOHCTHTy- uiouuaro ycTpofiCTBa, He oauhhkobo bb pa3nnxB rocyaapcTsaxi. Bb Anrjiu uopo.iB-^rjaBa bc6xb BoeunuxB, cyxonyTHuxt h MOp- ckhxb cu.ib, apuiu h 4uoTa. Ho yae cb jaBHaro opeuenu soeaHoe ynpiiB.ieHie bohijo hi oOu(ia ycjosia rocyAapcrBOHHaro ynpaBjenia 9T0fi CTpaHH, T.-e. noxiHHeHO fliScTBio roro ofimaro upaBH.ia, hto Bet jo.ixuocTHua -rapa OTB-feTCTBeHHU uepeAB naxaTauH u ompaBAHioTB cboh ofiasaHHOCTii bb ycuOBiaxB btoB OTBtTCiBeKHOCTH. BcatjCTBie OToro, yxe bb papcTBOBaHie sopoueBU Ahhh fiu.ia yHMBToaena bb AHraiu ocofleHiias joaatBocTb, Beebaa saxHaa, uuenHO, aoaxhocte re- Hepa.iB-aAMHpa.ia anraiBciiaro (JuoTa. Hojxhoctb era, nocni ea yuuno- xeais, cTaja BBipaTtca „oco6ofl KOMuccia ajh HcnojHema joashocth reHepa.iB-aAMnpaja\", HHane — aAMHpauTefiCTBy, cocTOauteMy H3B ceMH HABHOBB. llepBilfi JOpjB ajMHpaJITeBcTBa COCTOHTBTjeHOMBMHHHCTep- ctbb h jiftcTByerB bb yc-ioeiaxi, oTBiTCTBeHHOciH. TasB BasB AHr.iia R0o6me He pacnoaaraeTS 3HanuTCAEHo8 cyxonjT- hoS apuieio h BooOrne aeoxOTHO corjacujaet HaycTpo8cTBO.nocTOUHHo8 apuiu, to saB^ABiBaBie apMieo nocTaBjeno 3a4ce bb ocoChh, hI ckoaeko caoxhuh ycaOBia. 1) Canoe cyutecTBOB&Hie nocTOHHHoScyxonyTnofi apuiu Henpu3HaeTCH no aHr.iiilcKHKB sasouaMB. Apuiu cymecTnyeTx bb Anrjiu He bb cu.iy nocToaHuaro saKOHa, a ahhtb bb cujy ocoSaro aKTa, exeroAHO B03o6noBAaeMaro, t. Has. mntiny-bill, 6baah o B03MymeHia. Depsoe ycia- HOB-ienie ero othochtch bb 1690 r. CymecTeo 9Toro 6aabb saK.no- qaeTB bb ce6i oOmee pa3pimeme ucuo.muTe.iLiiofl n.iacTu coAepxaTE OnpeAt-lCHHUft KOMDAeKTB CyXOnyTHUXB BOeHHHXB CtfAB, otjuthm# OTB MHAHUiH, H6o OHa npH3HaeTCa HOpMa.IEHHMB CpeACTBOMB 3BUIHTU CTpaHH OTB BparOBB BHimHUXB H BHyTpeHHHXB. HT8KB, 3T0TB (JHAJE cojepxHTB upexje scero oOmee nocTaHOB.ienie, tto Ha Tasofi-TO toab paapimaeTca apuia bb TaKOMB-TO cociaoi. 2) 3ar6uB, mutiny-bill sa- KAUtuLCTh bb ce<5i aocTaHOBjeHia o npaBu.iaxB bohhckoA ahciiubahhh u o6b yxpexjeHiu cneniaxtHHiB bochhhxb cvaobb, cyAUmuiB aapy- meBia BoeuHoS ahcuhhahhu ho oco6hmb 3aicoHaMB, onpeAiAeHiw ko- TopuxB noAAexaTt set cueniaABHUa npecTynxeHia apMiu. Cjobomb CKaaaTE, mutiny-bill saxADqaeTB bb ce6i Ti HeoCxoAUMua nocTaHo- Bxema, 6e:n. KOTOpHXB HeoftxOAHTca hh OAHa apuiu, u CesB kotophxb cymecTBOBame ea hchucahmo. Ho THTyay 6 btoto 6u.j.ia, ohb bo3o6ho.- BjaeTca exeroAHO, tbkb hto Kaatjuri toab, no ate.ianiK) napaaMenia, apuiu uoxeTB Cute pacnymeHa. YcTpoftcTBO u ynpan.ieuie apuieio, bb BH*y nesHaquTexEHOCTU qucjeHHaro cociaBa cyxouyiHHXB chub Anrjiu (60 thc.), ao noxoBUUH XIX cT. uajo uopama-io Ha ce6a BHuuauie.

— 174 — Tan® n o jaace aomhocts Boennaro MHHHcipa, rAaBbi aAMHHHCTpania Boennux® cha®, 6HJa coeABHOHa j® AOJatHOCTbio ManacTpa koaohiB, npa lexi. HHTeHAaHTCKaa aacTi, coeAHHH.iaci, c® virpaB.TeBieni Kasna- aeScTBa. OahoB o6ineB aeHTpaxbnoB opraHasaaia, KOTopaa aecaa 6u OTBiTCTBenHOCTt sa ynpaBAOHie apaieo, He fiujo. Ho b%Haia-rf XIX ct. 6a.m yapeacAeaa ocofiaa aoahchocti, rjiaBHOKOMaHAyfoinaro, a6o Kopo.ib ho oTnpaBjaeT® hcuojthhto.ibhux® cbobx® npao® no 'sonaBAOBauiio apaiefi, T.-e. He KOMaHAyeT® en. floAZHOCT® r.iaBHOKOMaHjy»maro ibcto BOennaaa Hater® b® BaAy ocymeci'B.ieHie npasa Boesaaro ynpa- lueiiia b® tom® cMHCJi, hto npeAMOTOM® cbobm® hmIict® pa3Mtmeme h pacBBapTapoBKy boBck®, ofiyaeme ax® a nparoTOBJienie k® AtAy, HHcneKTopcayB) racTb, noBbimenie b® aaHax®a t. n. B® biom®cxuc.it, (MiAOBaTejbao, aoajkhoctb rjiaBHOKOMaHiyomaro Cu.ia OTAiAOHa ot® BopoAeBCKofi npeporaTHBU (ao 1852 toas ee aamniaa® repnor®' Be- ABBrTOH®). Ho, HecHOTpa Ha bto HOBOBBeAeHie, ynpaBAOHie apaieio sce- t&kh oc.TaBa.iocb b® HeycTpoftcTBt, Tax® KaK® He 6hao oahoto neHT- paAMiaro opraHa h OAHoro OTBtTcrBeHHaro Anna, n o a Aa.io cbob haoah, BorAa aBrAiScEaa apaia npeAnpHHHAa eyxonyTHyn BoSuy upo- .thb® Poccia nocAt AeccaBTa coh)3hux® boBck® b® Kpusty. Ttt® c® ocofienHon chaob ofiHapyzaxacb HeAOCiaTBH opranHsanin aHrxificKoB apiiiu, Macca KHTemanrcKax® 3.ioynoTpe6AeniB a Epaz®, cymecTBeH- aoe pascTpofictBO opraHaaania h HeB03MOSHbifl cnocofl® KOMnaeKTOBaHia h nonoAHeiiin boBck®, AocTaeaeuia opyzia a t. n. '). Daxaiu b®Bajy aToro npa3Ha.iH hcoOxoahmoctl cocpeAOTOHHTb see yiipaBAeaie apMieio b® oahoh® neaTpaAbuoM® oprant. Tasaa® neHTpaai.iiBM® opraHOM® craja bhob® yapesAOHaan aoakhoctb BoeaHaro ManacTpa hab CTaic®- ceKpeTapa no ynpaB.ieBlio bophhhmh AtaaMH, 3aHUMaeMaH oCuanoBeHHo He BoeHHUMH ABQaMa. 9th npaBa BoeHHaro miniiCTepCTBa pacnpocTpa- hhdtch Ha BOeHHyio aAHHHHCTpauiD, na pacnpeAtaeme h o6MyBAapo- saHie boBck®, aa pacupeAt.ieiiie cyan®, OTnycKaesibix® Ba BoeHaym toct®, a, cBepx® Toro, Ha pacnopazeHie Mii.iHnieio, h6o OHa He bxo- aht® b® cocTaB® BoeHHoS CHAU, onpeAtAeHHOfi no mutiny-bill. 3aTiM®, raaBHOKOMaHAyBiuiS, no npaBHAy, <reo opyzie uoabhehotch rort, noAHHHeH® BoeHHOMy MaHHcipy, He HMteT® sricTa b® Kafia- Hert H He neceT® MHHHCTepCKOfi OTBtTCTBeHHOCTH, XOTH H DOAHH- HaeTca ycAOBiaa® o6®efi oTBiTCTBeHHOCTH 3a npecTynAenia no aoaz-

— 175 — hocth. r.TaBHOKOMaHjyi)in*sMy npHHajjexHTT, (i.iHKanmee KoxanaOBaHie apnici). llHaie nocTaBjent btotx Bonpocx Ha KOHTHHeHTt EsponH, rat apsis Bxf.crL apyroe nnaienie, rat cyxonyTHua ciuu, a .ne $jotx, aaRX sx Aht-oh, iirpaam, nepuencTBynmyio post. OthochtcjiiiHo ynpa- Baeaia sthmh cH.mxu set KOBTHaeHxa-TBHua enponeflcKia EOHCTHTynia ycraiiOB.iMKm. ofimee noaHHaeoBoe npasKao, wo Kopo.it—lAoeHOKOMatt- dymniu apnaen u tpAomom. Bet KoncTHTynin roBOpart oaHO H to Ke, ho ox npautHemH proro npHHUKna HxtsjTca HsstcTHtie oTTtHKH, cxoTps no DOJOateniK) apMia h ynpaBaeni® BOopyaseHHUMH cH.iami b i KasaoMx rocyaapcTBt. Han6ojtmyio nenTpaansaniio bx stout, oTHomeHia npea- cTaBjaen, rfepxama cx ea (popuaan uoennarojnpanaeuia. Do npyccKoS KOBCTuxyniH, ycTaHaB.iHBdCTca HCRaiDHHTeatHaa CBH3t apxin cx Eopo- aexx, HU6HH0 ct. 108 BTOfl KOHCTHTyniH raacBTx: „weHtr otftaxx na- Jiarb h Bet aoaauiocTHua anna upuuocaTt npHCary bx BtpHOCTH H> uoBHHOB9Hin Kopoaio H KjaHyica bx aofipocoBtCTHOMX (gewissenhaft) coOamaemH KOHCTHTymn\". CataoBaTeatHO, npucara npuHOGUTca kekx Kopoaio, tbkx h EOHCTHTynia; ho 2-8 afisanx sto8 ctstih nocTaHO- BaaeTx, wo npHBeaeHie ex npacart boBcex HaBtpHOCTb KOHCTHTyniH He HMteix wtcTa. Tbkhmx o6pa30xx, CataoBaTeatHO, boSceo hck.ho- HHTeatup CBasaao ex Kopo-iexx h to.ibko exy oaHoxf hphhochtx npa- cary aa BtpHocTt a noBHHOBeme. 3artxx, cx 1867 roaa bto otiniee nocTaHOBaeHie, no KOTopoxy Kopoat ecTt raasa apxin, noaynaert 6oaie mHpoKoe npHxtneme bx BHay oCpaaoBaHia ctBepo-repxaHCKaro coma, BOopy»eHHtra chjbi KOToparo OTaaHti noax KoxaHaoBairie npyccKaro Kopoaa, Tasx bto bx nacToamee Bpeua nocataHiB, itanx repxaHCKi'B HMuepaTopx, CBHTaeTca rjaBHOKoxaaayK>n(inix BCtxx BoopyateHHUxx cuax repMaecKoS Hianepia. TasBHx ofipasoxx, repxaHCKiB nxnepaTopx, k8kx h Kopo.it npyccKiB, HXteTX bx btoxx OTHomeHia oauuaKOBua npana, KOTopua Hti n pascuoTpHXX. Ohx aBaaeTca, kbkx CKaaaao, raaBHOEOxanayDinHxx apxieio. Ho BoxaHaOBaHie apxieii He TosaecTBOHHO cx bochhuxx ynpaBJiemeMx, h6o BoeHHaa aaHHHHCTpania HXteTX bx BHay ne ycaosia OTnpanaeHia caya6H u ompaBaenia ofissaHHOCTeB; a ycTaHOsaeme H3utcTHtixx ycao- BiB, ncoOxoaHMtixx ana cymecTBOBania apmia; ciiaOBaTeatHO, BoeHHaa aaHHHHCTpania nxteix cbohxx upeaxeTOHX pacuopawenie xosaBcTBeH- hod b oOxyHanpoBOBHOD aacTtD, ycipoBcTBO Kasapxx h t. n. BoeHHaa aaHHHHCTpania, TasHxx ofipaaoxx, HxteTX CBoe oco6eiraoe HasnaaeHie n OHa ocyinecTBaaeTca Kopoaexx nepe3x lOTBtTCTBeHHoe XHiiHCTepciBO. HanpoTHBX, KoxaaaoBaHie boBckomx, i n ocymeCTB.ieHie npasx soeHHO- Haia.itHHKa, npHnaaaesHTX Kopoaio HenocpeacTBeHno, TaKX wo aas ero pacnopasema* no oTOMy npeaMeTy, a.ia ero npuKasoBx no

— 176 — apMiH He Tpe6yeTcn KOHTpacBrBxpoBaHia noemiaro MHHHCTpa. Bt>exon* OTHomemH KopOAL jtflcTBVCTT. qcpe3x rjannufl mxa6x, yipesjeHie, coBepmeHHo OTitiAbHOe oti. noeiinaro MHHHCTepciBa. Tannin, odpasoxx, bx repxaHix i IIpjcciH cymecTBynix ana He3aBHcnnuxx jpyrx otx Apyra opraaa: BoeHHoe MHHHCTepcTBO a raaBHbifl uiTafrt. Rto aacaeica Hayinuxx Hac.rinoBaHifl doatony npeAMeTy, to, Ha- npHMtpx, Illyjm e h Pfinne OAHnaKOBO npxSHaDTX, mo KopoAh ocy- mecTBjraeTX npaBo raaBnoKOManays)maro BenocpeACTBeHHO6e3x captnu h KOHTpacHruupoBauia MHHHCTpa. Toxho tekx ace h PofiepTX ijionx- Moat AaeTx noioOBoe ceMy TOJKOBaHie npyccKiixx h repxaxcKHxx nocTaBOBaeHii othocutcalho SToro npeAxeia. Bx npxxiHeHix ex aBcxpificEoxy BoeimoMy aaKoaoAaTeALCTBy yab6pHxx, bx cBOexx Lehrbuch ties osterreichischen Staatsreckts (dp. 123 x ca4a-), roBopa o 3uaaeHiH KonTpacHrmipoiiaHia, DpHsnaeTX HeoOxoAHMocTb ea no Bcixx ynpaBaeaia, aah actxx npxxa- 30BX x pacnopaseHiB axnepaTopa x Eopoxa bx A’taaxx ynpaBjeoia (in Regierang8sachen); xo BOHTpacHFHxpoBaxie He Tpe6yeTca aah eo- poaa bx Boeaaoxx EOxaHAOBauix apxix (bei dem militarischen Ober- befebl). Bx CHay CBoero soexHaro EoxaHAOBaHia, xopoAb HSAaexx npx- Kasu x pacaopasesia, Kacammieca opraHH3anjn, pacnpeAdueHia, nepe- ABxateHia h ynpaBxeaia apxix. 9to npaoo sopojia xpxsHaeTca 3a huxx h 3aEOxoxx 1867 roAa Kacare.ii,no opranHsanin apxix. 4. Boennua npaBa, npxnaAJeacamia Eopoxx), imxoahtca bx cna3H , cx ero npaBOUX secTHbc4 MeOKdyHapodmwaunueHix. Bpano BHimHxxx cxonieaiB, axioniee CBoeE) ni-iaiu, rjcaBHUxx o6pa30xx, 3amxTy rocy- AapcTBa otx BainiHaro Bpara, npxnaAAesxTX Kopoxm nanx bx .cxjy rocyAapcTBexHaro npaBa, tbkx h bx cxay upuunuua xeatAyHapoAHaro npaBa, no KOTopoxy net cuouiexia sieacjy rocvAapcTBaxu BeAyTca toaleo cx npH3BaBBUxx taebod rocyAapcTBa x HcnojHHTejbnofl baecth, ko- Topoxy noaTOxy h npxaaAAeacHTx npaeo hocoabctba, xxccifi h t. n. Bx CHAy HaaaAX xeacAynapoAHaro npaBa, Kopo.it caxiaeTca npeACTaBX- Teaexx CTpami bo seixx ea bh^hihhxx cnomeniaxx. HnocTpaHHiia AepsaBH .ne Moryix BecTx cnomenifl cx najaiaxH hah cx Apyraxx yape*AexiaMx; oh* BoryTX odpamaTbca toaleo ex KopoAH. Toaleo BOPOAL HXieTL npaBO rOBOpHTL OTX XUeHU CTpaBLI CX APyFHHH rocy- AapcTBaMx. Bc.iiACTBie SToro, npaao bbIuuhhxx CHomeHift 3aEAunaeTx bx ce6i npaso Ha Bejeme Bcixx neperoBopoBX, HeoCxoAHXuxx aah HBTepecoBx CTpanu, aah paspinneiiia MexxyHapoAHiixx cnopoBX, nix o6e3neaenia xaiepiaALHHxx p Apyrxxx bhtoax cTpairu x t. a- 9to upano ompaBjaeTca KopoAeMX nepesx OTBtTCTBeunaro MHHHCTpa xno- CTpaHHUxx A*ax, npx acxx bx ocymecTB.ieHiH stoto npaBa MHHxcTep- CKaa oTBiTCTBeHHocTL nocrae-iena bx uiiua ycaoBia cpaBHHTCALHO cx

177 — ofiuKHOBeHHHMH, u6o uea^yaapoaHHn cHomeHix no apapoxb csoeft TpeSyKin. 6oate Taira, qiax spyria qacm yupan.icuia. Do OTUouicun ex jpyraax yqpesxeHiaiix r.iacHOCTb ,io.T*na 6HTb ofiinaax npaBHjoMi.; bx oTHomeaiH ate HHOCTpammxx cnomenifl r.iac- BOCTL mojectx anuTbca uccbna ouacuoio, u6o eio hoikctx 6uTb paapy- raeHa aanax HH6yxb noxesHaa &ia rocyxapcTBa EOMCnaanifl; paaraa- meHHNft cenperb Mosexx aaor.ua uojopBait ace laxyaaiiHoe npej- npixTie. Bc.iixcTRie aroro, ofiaaaTejrbaocTX BtaOTOpoS Taftnu x.ih jta- TtMbHOCTH MHHHCTepcTBa HHOcrpanRHXX xixx npaauacTcx BO BCjiXX rocyiapCTuaxx a bhuiictcpctbo uuocTpanuuxx *txx nocTanxeao bx ycxoBia 3ua'iinejibH0 6oxhmeS HeaaBHCHuocm, t 6hx jpyria MHHucxep- IlpaBO BnimHHXx cHomeaii hah npaBO upeiCTaBHTe.iLCToa cipanu bx oTHomeHiH .ipyraxx rocyaapcTBx npexje Bcero Bexerx aa cotiou npaBO na3naqenia ucixx oprauoux, nepesx Koiopue stu cHomeain Be- xyTCH. 9th opraHbi cxtayerx paajijHTb Ha jBa paspnja: 1) opranu, npejna3na<ieHHue u a licjenin aanaoMaTHiecKnxx caonieaiH kx co6- cTBeaHOHX cmucjIi, T.-s. *.ia cHomeaifl, HBtiomHxx noaHTaaecitifi xa- paarepx H oraocantaxca esex ax orpaa^eniio oGmnxx HaTepecoBX rocyxapcTBa, tbex a. ax 3auurr&amepecoBX uojjaHHHXx rocyjapcTBa, Haxo.ymui'xcji bx ayaaxx xpaaxx; 3T0 aasaaqeaic BHno.iHaeTes aa- nxoHaTanecRHHH areaTama bx co6ctbbhhohx cvuuis: nocJiaHH, nocaan- naxaaH, mhhhctpkmh-peaaxeHTajfH a noBipennuMH bx jtxaxx (cMOTpa no paHry, KOTopua saaaaaexx rocyjapcTBO, ay^a HaaHaqaxiTCH sunjo- MaTaiecKie areHTu); 2) opraau, npeflua3Haqenuuc kx samart cne- niajbao ToproBbixx HBTepecOBx cTpaau qepesx noKpoBHTexxcTBo, .OEa- auBaeKoa ayanaiix, npu6unaiDuiBMX bx HHocTpaaaoe rocyaapcTso juh ToproBJtH— Taax aaauBaeMije KOHcyjm..Taauux ofipaaoax, aasaaqeaie bthxx pa:ipa,;oBx jHnaoHaTnaecKHXx areHTOBX n KOHcyjOBX cocpexOTO- qaBaeTca bx pyaaxx aonapxa hjci MHHHCTepcTBa BaocTpaaabixx xtax, qepeax KOTOpoe jriicTByerb aoHapxx. 3artHX, cymecTBeHHHirb npasoax bx oraomeHia BeAeaia BHim- hhxx cHOinenii UBaaeica: 1) npaBO 3aEJi>qaTb aoroBopn a TpaKTaTu cx UH030MHUHH rocyxapcTBaaa a 2) npano oOxkbjxtx boOhj z sa- uioqaTb Mapx. 3aKJt)qeaie joroBopoBx a TpasTaroBX cx HHoaeu- hubh rocyxapcTBaaa aBxaeTca no cynecTBy CBoeay bhaohx 3a- KoaojaTejbHoH B.iacTM, Tasx Kaax a TpaaTara a ioroBopu, nocaoxbay onu o6a3UBaK>TX rocyjapcTBO ex suno-iueniio bsb^ctbuxx rpefioBanift. T.-e. ex ynxaT-6, nanp., aaBtcTHofi cyficajia, ex o6MtHy reppaTopia, ax o6e3neqeqi>o upaaa ToproBuxx caomeaiS, ex acaoxHeHiio Tpe- CoBanifi aaEamqeHHofi BOHBeania 0 EHTepaTypHoft coficTBeaaocTa, 0 Biijaqi npecTyauMEOBX a x. n., HMttoTX SHaqeuie BHyrpeanaxx 3aao-

— 178 — uobx, a6o ucjiKifl xesxyHapoxnufl xoroBopx aBjaeTca o6a3aTexxcTBOHX Eaax xx« DpaBHTejfcCTBa, TaKX h u > noxxaKauxx ofioaxx rocyjapCTBX. IfoyTOMy oil'll uMlien,, cx ojnoft CToponu, 3HaieBie BsaHMHaro ofinsa- TejiiiOTiia jByxx jjepaasx, a aepesx 3io cTaaOBHTCa HHyrpeHHHMX 3a- kohoxx Kaajaro asx KOHTparapyioinHXx rocyaapciiix—cx xpyrofi. Cxi- ;(onaTc.iLno, upaBO saaxiOTaTb xorOBOpu a TpiiKiaTU ecTb k&kx 6u Hf.- KOTopufl bhxx 3aKOHOxaTe.11.H08 BxacTu; upexocxaBjeHiexx stoto npaua Monapxy xaexca otobb Ba»Boe apaso, soropoe bobtomt h Tpeftyen. orpanaieBifi bx lWBtoiHHxx OTBOmeaiaxx. Ho o6n;euy npanaxy, xo- Bapxx MoaieTx saK.HOiaTb xorOBOpu a TpaKTaTu cx anocTpanHUira xepxaBaMa. Ho ecxa sthmh xoroaopaxa naxaraioTca a;iiit.cTaijji o6a- saTexbCTBa aa rocyxapeTBo, ocofieuao xeaeatHua 06a3aTe.11.CTBa, h.th asMtaaioTca npaea nojjiaHBUxx oTaocHrexxao xpyroro rocyxapcTBa, to XoroBopu xoxsbu 6htx o.yoCpoHU na-iaTaxa. Or. 48 npyccKofi KoncTHTynia roBoparx, tto xoroBopu MoryTx 6utb aaRXEiaaeiau Kopo.iexx, bo bth xoroBopu xxa CBoefl jiflcTnaxe.iLnog topaxHTCcEofl emu Bysxaioxca bx cor.iacia najaxx, ec.ia obh cvti, ToproBue xoroBopu, h.ih ecxa aepesx hbxx rocyaapcTBO npaaHMaexx Ha ce6a H3BtcTHua xeHestHua 06n3aTe.11.cTna h bobhbbocth (Lasten), aaa ec-ia sthxh joroBopaua B03aara»Tca h3b1)cthhh oSaaaTe.iLCTBa aa OTX’liabHuxx rpaatxaHX rocyxapcTBa. Bx TasoHx cauc.it BucKa3UBaeTca u 6exxriScKaa KoacTHTvaia, ct. 68 KOTopofl nocTanoB.iacTx, tto ToproBue xpaKtaTU a TpaKTaTii, Ba.1ara10ra.ie Ha rocyxapeTBo a.ia oTxtjbHuxx rpaatxaHX H3BtcTnua 0oH3aTe.ii.cTBa, xoxbhh Cutb npeiaapHTexLeo yTiiepacjeaij naxaTaxa. Moaapxy npexocTaBxaeTca npaBO 3aK.noiaTL TpauTaxu othocbto.ii.ho TeppaTopia.ii.Buxx B3atHeni8 crpasu, ho Taicaie cx corjacia aaxaTx: BCflKaa ycTynaa, o6xtax TeppaTopia rocyxapciBa, a panao a hhkop- nopaaia bobuxx TeppaTOpiB Tpe6yiOTX npe.iBapHTe.ibiiaro yTBepatxeHia aaxaTx. HtaoTopua KOHCTHTyuia, aanp., aopTyraxBcaaa, bx ct. 10 no xo- noxHHTexbHoxy aaTy, aocTaHoaxak>tx, tto sarnie TpaaiaTH, BonaemiiH a joroBopu xoxatHu 6utx cooOnteHU naxaTaMx, aoTopua pascMaTpa- Baioix hxx bx ceapeTHOMx aacixaHia, T.-e. bx 3actxaHia npa saapu- tuxx XBepaxx. KoHCTHTyn,ia uiBexcsaa h HopBexscaaa, axtuiqia, no upaiaat pea-ixHarocoejaHCHia btbxx rocyxapcTBX, 0TH0CHTexi.noueatxy- Hapoxauxx xtxx o6raiaDOCTaHOB.ieiiia, ycTaaOBXHDTXa noxTnepat^anTX Tpe6oBaHie, hto6h npa aaMioieHiu xoroBopoBx Ropoxx xtflCTBOBaxx Tepesx OTBtTCTBeHHOe MHHHCTepCTBO. TaROBb HMeHHO CMHCJX CT. 12 mBexcRoft ROHCTHryuia: Ropoxx xoateTX aaKjBiaTb xorQBopu a Tpas- TaTU no BUcxyiaaBia xatHii HauacTpa HHOCTpaHauxx xixx, ROTopu#, aa ocaoBaaia ct. 107 niBexcKofl ROHCTHTynia, OTBtiaeTx aa cobIith,

— 179 — no,iHHHue icopoAB). To se nocTanoBxeHie aaK-iBJiaoTta OTHOCHTeabHO HopBeria ct. 4 ana yarn 6-ro aBrycTa 1816 r. TaEnax o6pa30Hb, no KOHCTHTyniaMT* nopTvrajtCKofl, mcejCKoS h HopBeatcEofi, MOHapxif OTBocHTe.it,ho upaua saiumeHia KOHnettnift h joroBopoBt uocraB-ieHu in. oahhskobuh ycaoBLH; 3jtcL d4tx Toro paaiaaia bx ofixBiii bthxx upasx aonapxa, KOTopoo jonycKaerca APyrH*H KOHCTHiyniaMH. OcTaxbHHa EoncTHTyniH, CBepxx bthxx cneaiaAXBLixx ltymtrOBX, upcAociamaiOT'E aonapxy ofimee npaao saa-iioseHia bchkhxx AoroBopoBx, COIOSOBX U EOHBeaniS H T. D. Cl Tint, 'ITOfiu OHX COOfiXASAX O HHXX najiaTaux, ecjH Tony ne npenaicTByeTX no.usa rocyjapcTsa (Iieatria). To ae nocTanoBxaeTi a aacTpiScsifi ochobhoB aattoHX bx ct. 5 a 6 OTxfcxa in , orpaaHBHBaa npaBO MOHapxa othochtbjbho BumeyaasaH- naxx bhaobx AoroBopoBx, T.-e. ToproBbixx a aj>. Ocofio cjtayeTx ynoaaHyTb o cenpeTBbixx AoroBopaxx. Bejeaie BBimBHXx CBoni'eniB, bbkx cxaaaao Bbime, npexnoxaraeTx cymecTBO- Buiiie m3b£cihoB Tafiuu bx bhay bobmobcboctb tbkhxx xificraiS e naa- bobx rocyAapcTBa, Koropbie 10 nopti no bpeatbub ae aoaikhij Cutl pa3r,mmae.Mu. Bcar^xcTBie BToro, upH aaKAKtaenia, itanp., Mepnaro ,io- roBopa hah KaEoro-HuCyab ofinjaro TpaKTaia, ex aeay HepiflRO npa- coexHnauTx tbrx BasuBaeHua ceapt-THUa ctetxb, EOTopua rocyaapcTeo o6a3UBaeTca HcnoaBXTb, ae paaraaraaa Apyraax rocyxapcTBaMX. Huorja xa»e 3totx ceKpeTHuft joroeopx aaierx xapaKTepx ofiasareAbCTBa, HCticuHeHie soroparo o6ycjOBjeHO HacTynjcnicMx bsb^cthuxx YCJOBifi, EOTopua, oaeiiHjHO, iioryTX a ae aacrynaTb, Tasx kbkx ohh apexno- jiarar>TM oTaocaieibao 6yAyiaaro. Bx btbxx bhabxx MOHapxy h otbIit- cTBeaaoay MHHBCTpy HnocTpaHituxx A’feax upejocTaBjaeTca npaeo sa- ExnaaTb ccKpuTittrS AoroBopx, He BKAtoaaa ero CTaTefi bx abhhA ao- rOBopx, a -iamb npHcoe.iaHaa hxx ex rtoc-iiAHeay. Ho aah orpaatAenia itHTepecoBx CTpaau, aorymeil a TepirfiTb ymepfix otx npoHBBOAxaaro 3aooBeHia cespeTabixxjoroBopoBX,apasHOhaahycraHOBxeaiabobtpoah HEA'b A'bSCTBiailH aABHHBCTpalUH, HOCTaHOBJaeTca ofiui.ee npaBBAO, no no coAepataaic bvhktu ceEpeiaaro aoroBopa ae aoxsehu apoTBBopt- AHTb BBBOUy AOTOBOpy. CAiAOBETeAbBO, CeKpeTBUB AOrOBOpbl aoajehh coaepataTi. bx cefil .tumb ocofiua yc.iooin a He aoryTx 3aKJto?aTt bx cefit OTM'llHU HAH U3M'ltHeHijt ByHKTOBX SBBOFO AOrOBOpa, npHHBTaro h yTBepsAeHaaro aajaTaaH. 5. 3aT^ax Hoaapxy npaHaAJeatHTx npaBOo6xaBAeaia boBhu b aaEAio- BesiHMitpa,T.-e. npaBOMetabx ofimapHouxcMuc.ii aToro c.iona. Oao bu- TexaeTx hbx ofimaro 3Haaeaia BoaapxHtecEOH babcth, T.-e., H3Xtoto, no aoHapxx HBAaeTca eAHHcTBeaHHMX npeACTaBBTexeax cTpaHU bx Mesxy- HapoAHuxx CHomeHiaxx h, rbkx tekoboS, aaieTx HCKAto'/nTe.ibDoe npaBO ofixaBAaTb BoflHy a oaBjcaaTb aapx: hhkto, EpoM'6 Eopoxa, aa 12*

— 180 najaTti, hh mhhhctpu ae xoryrs 6uti. npHttnanij upejCTaBM're.iaMH cipaHH. H bs stomt* oTnomeHia OTDpamcHie BOHapxii'iecKoft b.ucth AbJiaeTCJi orpaitHBenimsis tojlko h3B'6cthoB CTeneHBio yiacTia na- aais c% n4ab» KOHTpo.ia Hajs aiftcTBiaMa ajuuHBCTpaTHBnoS B.iacTM, npejupHHBMaeMaro, bohbtho, bs BH^axt orpajKfleaia odmaro BBTepeca CTpawi, xorymeS noTepnin ymepds on. Heapanu.it,ttaro oo.u,30BaBiti npaBoxi steta. llpaso boBhli u Mapa eocbobbo orpaiitrtH- Baexca Tins odcTOiiTejbCTBOMS, bto jua Bejeuia bo2hu Tpe6yeTca BKcrpaopaHHapHuS Kpettim., ttoTopufl tie nosers Cutl ymHOMeHS dess BOTHpoBaaia najars, sass h bobsift odtiKiioBetiHuii pacxojs, BK-itotaeMufi bs rocyjapcTBeHiiyio pocnacs. CjiaonaTe.it.Ho, ecaa a,ia neaeHia boSbu aoTpedoBajocb 6u 3aKjtoBeHie 3aftxa hjh ocodoe bcbo- aomecTBOBanie H3S cpeacTss rocyaapcTBemaro Ba3aane8cTBa h OTKpn- Tie npaBHTejbCTBy tpeSBUtaftHaro KpejHTa, to bo Bcixs sthxs cay- aaaxs coraacie naaaTSfiuao 6u HeodxojHHHxs. Ho sarfcMS, ecaH tipa- BBTeabCTBO Eopo.M yBipeno, bto npeacTaBHTc.Tit cTpaBLt, saciaatoutie bs naaaTaxs, npa3Hai0Ts Boftny cnpaBewBBoft h HeoCxojttHoft, a bto TpeCyeMbift jtia ea Bejenia aottoasaTeibBuft ape,tuts 6yaexs botbpo- Baas, to upaBO odsaBjeaia bo&hu npejociaBaaeTca HeoutHTeJbiio aopoaio. Taas, ct. 48 apyccsoft HoocTUTypin tobophts, bto xopojb axiers npano odsasjaTb Boftny a 3aKJK>BaTi> Maps. dTa CTaTba bs aacToaniee Bpexa noKpunaeTca nocTaHOBaeaiexs Hxaepcaoft coto3Hoft Kono.TBTyniit, no aoTopoft odsaBaenie bouhu ots Hxeaa cocsa apa- naj.iesHTs HxnepaTopy, aaas raaBt. coosa. ^pyria KoncTHTypiH npc- lOCTasaaioTS 9T0 apaso xoaapxaxs dess onpe.rfuettia rfcxs orpaHB- letiiS, BOTopHd yctattaiuHnatOTcn aamb niseacKoft BOHCTHTyaieio. Do ct. 13 BToft xoHCTHTyaia Kopo.iL HMien. npaBO odsHBarb hoUhv ae asane. sans no BHcaymaaia BaeHOBS rocyjapcTBeHHaro coBira, koto- pue odaaaHbi BbtcaasaTb CBoe xaiaie a saaecra ero bs npoTOKoas, Boropuft Moaers aBHTbca Bass da oapaBjaTejbHHXs AOKyaeaTOxs Ma xhbbctpobs, bs toms cayBai, ecaa MaaacTepcTBO dyxen. npa- BjeBeBO ks OTBiTCTBeHHocTH 3a jerKoauc.ieHHoe odsaBjenie Bofissi. Ho btots npHBitHns mBejcKoft kohcthttiub aa npaKTHKi cymecTByen. h bo scixs jpyntxs rocyjapcTBaxs, lass saas aopoas aiftcTByeTs Be3si qepess oTirfeTcTBennoe xHHacTepcTBO a, dohhtho, OTBiTCTaeH- HOCTb sa aypno npejnpaHaTyn hjb Heyjateo aaiaTvio BoftHy uajeos aa xaaacTpoBs, Hdo cans xoaapxs aBjaeica deaoTBltTCTBenHuas. Bs 8THXS npejixaxs npaBO Baimauxs CHomeuift a npaBO ods- anjesia Boflitu a 3aKJi>aeHia xapa bo Bcixs xoHapxaqecKaxs ro- cyjapcTBaxs npa3BaeTca 3a xoHapxoxs. Hcoancitaa EoacTaiyoia cojepsan. ocodeaHO odcToaxe-ibBija nocTaaoBjenia no aioxy npej- jteTy. JIo ayuKTaMs 4 a 5 ct. 54 bto8 KoacTHTynia Kopo.iio npHiiaj.ie-

— 181 — shtb toofime npaBO BH'hmanxx cHouieHift, 3aKJK>qeHia joroBopoax, o6x- AB.ieuia bubhu, aaKJiOHeHia naps h t. a-; ct. 55 oupe,vi,.iaeTx cjyiau, Eoraa axa pimeaifi Eopoja TpeCyeica ocofiufi cueHiaabHufi saEOHX, HHaie Qna3aTt, cor-iacie KopTeconx: 1) OTHocHTe.ii.no bchkhxx H3x1i- HeHili bx rocyaapcTBCHHoS TeppaTopiu: ycTjnKH, oGataa, OTiyamema TeppuTopiH H HHKopnopanin hobhxx qacTei; 2) j.ia aonymenii; Ha HcnaHCEyio TeppHTopio anon'paHHuxx cobmhuxx boAckx, h 3) apa 3a: KJKneHiu Kopo.ieMX HacTynaTejLHaro coiosa ex ApyrnecTBeanoB aepxa- bo#, HaxoABiueficH bx BofiH'h ii.iu roTOBHmeHca ex ue®, Eoraa, cjtaoBa- TexxHO, CTpana aojiKsa aETHBHO BufimaTBCa bx BOfiHy apyroro rocy- xapctBa h coafificTBOBaTx esiv jeHbraMH n boSceohx. Tohho thkx me Tpe6yeTCH cor.iacie KoprecoBx Ha 3aEHB)qeHie KopoaeMx ToproBuxx AoroBopoBX, HaaaraoniHxx aa ci'paay aeHeaeoe oda3aTe.ii.cTuo hjh Kasym ju6o aeneatHyc hobuhhoctx. Ta me ct. 55 nocxaHOBjaeTX, qio ceKpeTHue aoroBopu, aaiutoiaeMbie Kopo-ieax, ho ao.ijkuu npoTHBO- ptlHTL HBHHMX, EOTOpue Cu.lH apHHHTH H yTBepiKjeHH KOpTecaMH. T) Jmmvi npepoiamudbi MOHapxa. I. Taxuiix o6pa30Mx, mu pa3CM0Tp$JH npeporaTiinii uoH^pxa bx OTHOuieHiu rocyjapcTBeHHaro ynpaBJienia; pa3CM0Tp$Hie bthxx OTjkib- HtJXX BHJOBX MOHapXHBecKOB B.IHCTH npHBOJHTX EX HaK.llOqeililO, HTO Bet KOHCTHTynin cMoipHTx Ha MOHapxa, KEKX Ha r.iaBy TOCyjiapCTBa H npejCTaisHTeaa iianin bo BiiyTpeHHHXx a BH’bmnnxx oTaomeHiaxx. 9thhx onpextaaioTca jihihuh npeporaTHBH MOHapxa H ero .ihihoc no.TOmenie cpein jpyraxx B-iacTea bx rocyjapcTB't. Bci KOHCTHTyniii rapaHTH- pyiOTX KOpOJHDnpaBO6e30TBilTCTBeHH0CTHHHeiipHEOCHOBeHHOCTU— UpaH- DHI1X, HTMHpaBCMOTp’jlHBUii BUUie, UpH H3YB6HiHTCJOBlfi OCyUieCTBjeHlH MOHapxoii'b npaBX Hcno.iHmejtaofi BxacTH qepesx orsiTCTBeaHoe mhhh- crepcTBO. Gsepxx Toro, Kopojb HMieTx pa3Hua BHtrauia npeiiMymecTBa. 1. Kopojx HMieTx npaBO na THTyax, cooiBiTciByiomiS paHry h MtcTy. 3aHHMaeM0My rocyjapcTBOMx cpeja jpyraxx rocyjjapcTBX eBpo- ue&CEaro MemjyHapoxaaro coioaa. 3th thtv.iu cyTb: HMnepaTopx, ko- pojb, BeaHKiS repnorx, repaorx h t. a- cx cooTBircTByioniHMH npejH- KaTaMH: BeannecTBO, BucoaecTBO, CBiTJOCTb h t. n. Csepxx Toro, bx thty.ix BK-iunajiTca pa3Hua aoieTaua uaHiieHO- Baaia MOHapxa, KOTopua npoBcxomaenia oienb speBHaro h BejyTX CBoe Haiajio otx nancEHxx aoataaoBaaifl, kow nana, HtKorja jyiOB- hu(! rxaBa Bcero xpHCTiaHCEaro Mipa, jaBaxx Eopo.iaMX noaeTHue th- Ty.iu coo6pa3HO Tf.Mb ycayraux, KOTopua ohh osaauBaaH pamcKofl HepEBH h aaacKOMy npecTO-iy. Tasx, aBCTpiScKifi HMnepaTopx, ebkx Eopojb BearpiH, nHinerca auoc'ro.iHqecKHMx Be.iaqecTBOMx. Ilo pesHociH

— 182 — Hcnamii kt, ii-iain. phmcko3 nepaim, HcnaHCnie KopoJiu HMenosanct KaTOjHiecKHMH (majcstd catholique), a (JipaimysCBie aocera thtjj* spacTianniiilniHxi KopoAe#(roi trSs Chretien). AHraiftcicia Kopon ne- HyeTca 3amHTHHKOMx B'fepu (defensor fidei). 8TOTt THTy.it, kskt* H3- BicTHO, W I 6aib Eopoaio Teapexy VIII. Eme CyayiH OTporaHt is- tojihkoui, obi naoHca.n. coiHHeHie bt, aamary KaTO.THiecKoft nepiBH upoiHBt nanajoET. Ha sea JoTepa. IIo STOiiy noBoay nana a sarpa- w xi I'eHpuxa VIII THTyjosct „3am.HTHHKa Bipa\", He noAOspisaa, KoaeiHO, hto 8TOTT :iamnTHHKt BCKOpi cst.iaeTca rjiaRoio anr.raxaH- csoB nepEBH (enHCEonajBHoB). THTy.it „3amuTnnKa B ip u “ A-ia nocxi- jywmaro BpeHBHH AOxseat, cAiAOBaTejbHO, noHHMaTbca Kaict npejn- ■an nopo.ni, OTnocamiSca k i 3amHri anr.iitsaHCEoa B-fepa, a He aa- TOJHiecKoft, KaKT. npesiae. 3aTiMt Bt THTyjfe co.iepacHTca nepemc-ienie 3eMe.11., Bxojamaxt Bt cocTast rocyxapcTsa, ra i napcTByeTt MOHapxt. 8to — oTroxocoxt cpeAHeBiKOBHit nopajKOBt, aorja ocnoBSHieMt rocy,iapcTneHHoB bj&cth CTHra.iocL jus territoriale u nanaaa EOTninnaro rocyjiapcTBa: Tor*a .itScTmiTe-ibUO C0.11.mie a Maaue noTOHTaTU Bt CBoeut Tirry.it. nepe- HnCJfl.lH 3eH.ni, BXOAHBmiH Bt COCTSBE HXt rOCVAapCTBI,. 2. MoBapiT. HMiert npano Ha coxepaiame o n rocyaapcTBa, HaTaut HasbiBaeuyio liste civile. IIoat, liefi paayateTca ocofiaji cnenia.ii.Haa CTaTBH bt. rocyjapcTBeHHOHT. Ctonaterh, BHOCHMaa ocoCo 11a coAepaaaie Eopo.ia h ero ABopa H3T. cpejerirt. rocyAapcTBeHHaro KaanaieScTBa, HcaaBHcHHO 07* xouen* hah EopoHHtixt HMymecTBt, KOTopua pasbMa- TpHsaiOTca East coCctbbhhocti. napcTByiome# AHHacTin. HTaKt, liste civile — oco6hB pa3paAi> pacxoAOBt bt. rocyjapcTBeHiioMT. Otonaert, KOTopuMi. onpentuanTca H3jep»tKH no coAepacaniio Kopoaa h ero ABopa. PasMipt otoB liste civile KoxeC-ieTCa, cMorpa no cpeACToaiit rocynap- CTBa H xp. coofipaseHiaMt. Hanp., aHraiScsaa Kopoaena noAViaeTt 386 t. $yHTOBt cTepaHBroBt, H3T. KoropuxT. 325 t. npeAHa3HavaioTca Ba coAepsanie ABopa b 60 T.—na xhthuh h3acp* kh Kopo.ieBU Pas- nipt conepsaHia Moaapxy onpeA'txaeTca oChkhobchho npH caHOMt BcTynAeHin ero Ha npecTOAt a ocTaeTca noacHaaeHHBiMi.; OHt He xo- atert 6utb H3MiHeHt 6est coraacia Monapxa, n iat ofiesnevHBaeTca HesaBHCHHOCTt ero no-ioxeaia h ycTpaHaeica neoCiOAHMOCTb nepero- uapHBaTbca o npn6aBsaxt Kt conepscanij), vto Bt CoAbiUHHCTiii c.iy- vaest cvHTacTcx croaniHMt nzsc Kopo.ieBCKaro AOCTOHHCTBa1). Cioia *) r»30, no noioi; npocWSn, oOpameanoA u niuaiti AnsoanSoMt ^Biaoioai o npaCaist cmy 18 »».u. tpaaKon, roBopan: „.Ijb tu n n vepeavypr, 6e»noioMca

xe OTHOCHTCJI H UPOBO KOpOJa n0JI.30BaTI.efl KopojeucKofi penHjemiiefl, T.-e. jBopnaMH a bcSmb t'Iimb, rto oTnejeno jjra MicTonpe6HBaHifl Kopo.TH h bb ero no-iMOBanie. 3. Kopojio npHHa^jesHTB npaso hm^tb npe cc6* ABopB, T.-e. COBOKyilHOCTB AOJiatHOCTHHXB JHHB, OTHpaBJHBHIHXB H3BtCTIIbIfl B0- aeTHHH ofiflsanuocTB npa KopojeBCKOMB jBOpnt, h, cBepxB Toro, jb iii, coctobb^hx'b bb ycjyaieHiH y Kopriha no ynpaBjeHiio paaHuuu jBopno- BblMH laCTBMH, X03aflCTBCHH0ii H T. II. ^BOpt Kopo.ia cojepatHTca B8 rocyjapcTBeHHHS Men., XBopnoRHii ho-isehoctk miiiori. cboh paRrn, h aaiia. 3aHHMaromia btb jojehocth, no.n>3y]OTca npaBaMH rocyjapcTBen- Hofi cjyxOu. TaKOBH npaBa, npejocTaiije hhbib voRapxy. II. Ho cooiBiTCTBCnno STOJiy. Ha Hero najaraioTca h n3B4cTHbia 06a- 3BHHOCTH. BHTOKaiOmifl H3B TOTO yCJOBifl, BTO KOpOJB HO HeoCxOJH- MOCTii joaateHB 6htb TtcHO CBB3ain. cbohhh HBTepecaaH u npejamaMH CBOefi jiiHacTiH ci> rocyaapcTBOMi, kotophmb ohb npiiSBaiiB ynpaBjan,. Il03T0Hy HHTepeca Kopo.TH He MoryTB 6htb paajijeHH Meatjy rocy- japcTBOHB, r j i ohb KopoaeBCTByeTB, h jpyraKB, bb kotopomb ohb, Banp., Moatex-L osasaTtca 6jnaa0iiiHMB KaRARjOTOMB Ha npecTOJB, hjh no saKOHy o upecTOJOHacaijiH BToro rocyjapcTBa, hjh bb CHjy npnsBaHia, hjh jaate 3aBoeBaHia bb tomb c-iyiat, ecaa saBoeiiannoe rocyAapcTBO He HHKopnopHpyeTca, a BCTynaeiB bb jhihoo coejHHeHie cb rocyjapCTBOMB Ropojn. Ilpa cobmJicthomb napcTiioBaHiH bb jbvxb rooyjapcTnaxB, HMt.iomiixB cbob caMocToaieabHHfl yapesjeHia h HHie- pecu, B03MOHSHO HtKOTOpOe pa3JB0CHie nOCJ’tjHBXB. llOHHTHO, bto koh- THHeHTajbHoe rocyjapcTBOh MopcKoe, coejHHeHHua hojb ynpaBjeHiexB ojHoro MOHapxa, jojbihu awf,TL cymecTBeHHO pa3JBBHbie HHTepecu no BonpocaMB, nanp., Topron.iH, ToproBUXB joroBopoBB h t. n.; hcto- pHBeeKia Tpajuuia njnoro rocyjapeTBa MoryiB npoTHBopiBHTb ocho- BaHiaMB, cjoaHBmHMca bb jpvroMB rocyaapcTBi, bto Tasace cdoco6bo noposARTb pa3jB0eHH0CTb bb HHTepecaxB rocyjapcTBeHHaro consa. Ha 3T0MB OCHOBaaiH Bet KOHCTMTynin HOCTaHOBJHIOTB, BTO EOpOJb He 110- aceTB napcTBOBaTB bb jpyroMB rocyjapcTBi HHaBe, mkb cb coraacia na.iaiB, T.-e. bb CHay saBOHOjaTeaBHaro aETa. Tskb kerb nojoiBPBie rocyjapcTBa bb pajy ApymxB, HacpaBjeiiie ero nojHTHKH u ero HCTopHBecxoe npnSBaHie onpejiaaioTca h jo Ha- croamaro BpeMeHH bo XHOrnxB oTHomoHiaxB peauriosBHiiH HHiepe- caMH, to, no ofimeMy npaBHjy, MOBapxB jojaeRB npuHajjeataTb kb rocnojcTByxnnefl bb rocyjapcTBt pejnria. 3HaB6Hie rocnojcTByioinefl nepKBH MoaeiB 6biTb omtHeHO no OTHomeiriD kb nojjaHHHMB rocy- japcTBa, kb OTA'bjbHUHB rpaatjanaMB, ho Kopoab aojschb HenpeMliuuo npHHaAJeataTi. kb pepEBR, rocnojcTByiomea bb rocyAapcTBi, upHSHan- ho0 3a pejHriw, KOTopaa HcnOBtjyeTca OojbinaHCTBOMB HapojOHace-

— 184 — .leiiia. Bt HlEOTopaxt rocynapcTBaxt (Hcuania, HopTyraaia, Hiajia) Eopoau hojjkhh co6jK>aaT& o6pa;ih KaTo.iiiaecKoft nepKRii: Bt jpyruxt (HopBeria, HlBenia, Jama, Aaraia) ohh jojanu 6mt npOTecTaBTCKaro (Bt AHraia aHrjmtaHCKaro) BipoHcnoBijaBia naa tojieko He npaaai- aesaTB a t Tasofttope.THriH, aaat tonocTaHOBjaert, Hanpaifipt, 6hjub o upaBasi 1689 roja, KOTopufl r.iacHTt: KOTopoe npuHaj.ie- aaao hjh npHHaj-ieKHT'b Kt BauftHnecKoay BipoacnoBi.iaaiio ujh bctvuhtx iit 6pant ct -ihuoml, Kt HeMy iipHnaa-ieanimmib, Beuoaert BCTVHHTb Ha npecTOAt AHr.im“. llo CoxrapcKoS, rpeiecKofl hcep6cKoft EOBCTHTyniaat, Mouapxt Aoxseat co6.iBj.aTB o6paju rpeEO-BOCTOHnoB QcpEBH. rpeiecKifl aopojB reopra, CHHt jaTCEaro Eopo.ia, Be hwb CBoefi Btpu jpjh rpeaecKaro HpecTOja a ociajca aiOTepaHHHOMt, ho ero a4th jo.iatnu 6utb BocnaTaati Bt npanii.iaxt rpeKO-BOCTOBHOi pepKBH. Caepxt toto, utKOTOpaa KOHCTmyuiH nocraHOBjaiDri, hto sopoat jo-isent HMtTB nocTOaHHoe npe6nBaaie Bt rocyaapcTBi b bo Hosert ocTaBBTt Kopo-ieBCTBa 6est cor-iacia aaaaTt, Ho ct. 77 nopTyraxbcKott KOHCTUTypiu, Kopo.iiH ocTaBHBmiS Kopo-ieBCTBO 6e3t coraacia KopTe- coBt, noBBTaeica oiKasamnaHca OTt npeCToaa. TJIABA III. UPEEHCTBO K0P0.1EBCK0B B.1ACTH. PbTEHTCTBO. I. Ilpaea H upBBHjeria, HOTopuH cpHnajaeatan, MOBapxHiecBoft BxacTH, OTtipaB.ia»TCH on Hac.vfcacTBeHHO, h6o Bt cauoMt onpejiueHiH MouapxaaecKOfi BJacTH 3aEJBaaeTCa toti cyujecTBeanua npHaHast, mo »Ta BxacTB Be le.ierapoBana, a ocBOBana aenocpejcTBeaHO aa koh- CTHTyniH h apyraxt HcropHnectcuxt npaBaxt. XaKHMt oOpasoat, aii- jOBaTe.ibHO, aaiaJia BataiflCTBeHHOCTH cojep»aTca Bt caMOHt dobbtih MOHapxHHecEofl BxacTE. H aiflcTBHTeiBHO, Bci coupeMennuH 3anajH0- eBponeficEia KOHCTHTyuia 6eat HCEjOTeHia upuanaioTt HacxijcTBeH- HOCTB MOHapxHiecKofl BxacTH, OTBepraa a ycTpaHaa, TasHMto6pa30Mt, npeeucTBO opecroaa no Bufiopatit a no aaBtmaiiiaMt. BOHHMaHia HacxtjCTBeHHOCTH B.iacTH Moaapxa hoo6xojhmo npeaw scero ycTaaoBHTt ea npa3HaKH. t. IIpaBO aacatjosaHia npHBaj.iexHTt Bt h3b1ictho8 nocjijoBa- TeatHOCTH, ycTaeoHxeBnoa saaoBOMt, Jimtant, KOTopua cBa3aaiii aesay co6ob KpoBHUMt pojCTBOxt, apa neat sjm ycTaaoBxeHia Taaoro poa- craa, ct toirh 3piaia nyfuiiniaro npaaa, Tpe6y«yrcn ycaoBia, EOTopua ae bo Bceft axt coBoKyaaocTa cymecTBy»Tt Bt lipaBt rpa»aaHCK0Ht.

85 — a) Tpefiveica upoacxuacjCHie o n .rant, Haxoflnmuxcji ut CpaKt, Ha Koiopufi Chjo H3taBjeno corjacie napcTByxnflaro MOHapxa. 9to co- raacie Hxien. ocoCoe SHaneHie npa onpeflijeHM npant BacjiflOBania iipecioja. B t upasi rpaatflaHCKOMt HeAosBOjeHie CpaKa co CTopoHH pojHTejefi BjeneTt pa3HHa HeBurOAHHH nocxiflCTBia ajh jihicb, sciy- nBBmux'L Bb Cpast; bo casmfl Cpast ae pacTopraeTca h HjrfeTt Bet »pmmocBia nocjticmiH. HaupoTHBi, Bt rocyiapcTBennOMt npaBf, ne- corxacie nupcTiiytomaro rocyjapa Ba CpaKt B.ieaeTt 3a coCod j.m •iHijt, npoaaoraejniHXt ora TaKoro CpaKa, jHmenie npant, npncnoen- Hbixt aaeuaMt ahhuctih. CjijOBaTejtno, Tanin .iana .laniatoTcn npaBa Ha nojibaouaHie THTy.iOMt h Tf.MH npeasrrinecTBaMH, kotopun npncBoeHU KopoaeBCKofi ifiaMHjiiH; panHHMt oCpasoxt jmnaiOTca ohh h upaai Ha- cjiflOBauia npecTOja. 6) TpeCyeica, htoCu CpaKt Cu.it samiOHeHt ct .imjara paBHopoAHUMH. PaBHOpoflCTBO flam npaBO Ha nojbsoBaiiie sciHH iipanaMH. npHCBOCHHUBH napcTByiomHMt ocoCant, ito snoc-iifl- CTBtH u oCycflOBflHBaext coCod npaBO Ha npecTOJonacjiflie. EpaKH ct AHflaHH,ae npnHafl-ieiKau(HMHKt napcTuytomnutAHnacmMt.njn Kt Tint ({laMH.iiaMt, 3a KOTopuira HpHdHaeTCH paBHopoflCTBO, Kast, Hanp., Stan- desherren, currawTcn TaBBuau. TaKie CpaRu Moryii cwaTtcH flifi- CTBHTOflLHUHH, ct toikh spinia rpaaaaHCKaro npaBa, ho ct toheh spima nyCanmaro npaBa fici TaKie CpaKH npH3Ha»Tca MopranaTHie- CKHMH,—TaBHUMH Bt TOMt CMHCfli, TO) Cynpyra lie HOCHTt THTy.ia H He HOABSyeTca bc£xh npeaayniecTBaxH paBHaro CpaKa, a noTOMyKaBt caHa, TaKt h ea hotomctbo OTt 9Toro CpaKa ycTpanawTca OTt npe- CTOJOBacjiflia. Epnalipu TaBHXt MopraHaTHiecEHit CpaKOBt MBoro- incfleHHU Bt aanaflHo-eBponeficKHXt rocyflapcTBaxt; ho hotomctbo, OTt HHit npoHcnieflmee, He naten, npaBf Ha npecToioHacjiflie. 2. Btopod rpynoon ycaoBifi aBjaeica npaBO nepsopoflCTBa a cbh- aaHHoe Ct HHMt eflHHOHacifeflie. EannOHacjiflie BUTexaeTt u3t caaaro cyntecrsa rocyflapciBeHHofi bjkcth h ycflOBifi rocyaapcTsenHofi opranH- sapiH. OCtesTOxt npecTOflOHacatflia aBjaeica rocyflapcTBeHHaa BJiacTb, a HeHHymecTBO, Morym.ee Chtb flocToflHieMt xaKoro HaCyfli, ceaeficTBa hjih poja. B t rpaatflaHCKOHt npaBi npaBHjo0 nacjiflOBamH KacaeTca, rjaBHUMt oCpa30Mt, naymecTua, n Koncmaa niat HacaijOBaBis 3a- KvHonaeTca Bt oCeaneqeniH noToxcTBa yuepmaro Tint HMymecTBoat, KOTopuat Bjafli.it yxepmiB coCcTBeimuKt. IIoaTOMy rpaatflancKoe npaBO flonycxaeTt pa3fli.1t HMymecTna aeauy ucnauH ceiitH, ct nijbio oCesneHHTt no boshoshocth acixt ueiiOBt combh. Hanporast, Bt rocyflapcTBeHHOMt upaBi oCteKTOMt npecrojoHac-iiflia aBjaeTca npecTOflt, T.-e. coBoxynHom asBicTHuxt npaBt rocyflapcTBeraoB BaacTH. TocyflapcTBo co cymecTBy cBoexy HeflijHsio, noBTOMy h ro- cyjapcTBeHHaa BflacTb He mserj, Chtb pasflijeHa aeatfly h'Iicko.h-

— 186 — khuk xHuaaa'6e3xpa3A&ieHia caxoro rocyjapcTBa. Ecah, tuhhi ofipa- 30ux, aaax 8to h npa3HaeTca 6oambhectbo«ix KOHCTHTynift, TeppaTopia rocyaapcTBa, aaax a caao rocy^apcTeo HejcSmuH, to a rocywpcTB6H- Baa B-iacTfc nepexoAHra ax .ihu&mx, HacatAyioiuHiix ee, bx tomx *0 nepBoiiaiajiBHOMi, Hepaaj'futHOM’B bha$, bx aaicoMT. oHa npHnai.iciKa.ia uapcTBOBaBineMT nonapxy, a HepasjtaBHOCTi. BaacTH h caMoro rocy- japcTna B03M0SHU tojibko npa ejHHOHacaisia- EjHHOHacjtaie ctohtx, aaax mu csa3aan, in. cbhsh ex npaBOMi aepBopo*CTBa. IIopaaoK'B npecToaoHacalsAia onpejiaaeTca no Hauaxy nepsopoACTBa, T.-e. npaso Ha upecToxx npHRaueatHTx ciapaieMy xHuy bx CTapmeS jiuiiu uapcTBynmaro A°*a (jus primogeniturae), faasaS- hihht. o6pa30Mi—cTapmeMy cany Mouapxa a ero iiotomkhmx; saOTcyT- CTiiieMT. BToro cuaa a ero botomkobx, npecTO.iOHac.rfcAOBaaie aepexo- ihtx bx poax BTOporo CBHa, sa OTcyxcTBicHi aoToparo npaso aa sa- HaTie opecTo.ia npejociaBjaerca TpeTteiiy caHy h ero hbcxoaiuhhmx Do Haaaay nepBopoACTBa, npecToat npeAOcTaBaaeTca CTapmeHy npejcTaBHreaD CTapmefi aunia uapcTBymuaro AOMa. Ho aeocyme- cTiueHie BToro npaBa 6aHaca8niHMX HacaiaHBKOMX npecToaa (BcaijCTBie caepTH ero npa ®h3hm monapsa h.ib OTpeaeaia otx upecTOAa) He ycTpaaaexx otx HacatiOBania ero HHCXOAamee hotomctbo. Ero cuhx hah i o n (ecsH 3to jonycKaeTCa saaoHaaa) otvraioTca npeacTaBaTe-iaMH CTapmeS.HHHiH a ocyniecTBAaiDTX CBoe npaBO no eMepra napcTByKiiparo MOHapxa. TaKHM'B o6pa30Mx, npaso nepaopo/CTBa coeAHHaeTca ex npa- bomx sacTynaenia aaa npeACT&BAeaia (jus representationig), no eoto- poMy aauo, upoa80uieAinee ,otx 3aEOHaaro 6paaa upeACTaBBTeaa cTap- meft ahhih, bx cjiyiat ero cwepTa 3acTynaeTx ero uicTO. Ho npaBy aacTyuaeaia apecToax .lanaaaeTx sayax yaepmaro rocyAapa otx ero CTapmaro caaa, ycipaaaa otx upecToaoHacjiAi* BToporo, TpeTtaro a t. a- canoBe® aroro rocyaapa a axx hucxoabuihxx. II. yaaBaBBufi nopaAoax saaoHuaro npecToaoHacxiAis Be BesA* OAuaaaoBx. TaaBaoe asx ycaoBift, aoropaiix oupeAiJiaeTca pa3Hoo6paaie cacTeMx upecToaoaacaiAia, ecTx creneax AOnym,eHia ax HacatAOBaain upecToaa aaux aeBcaaro uoaa a seacaaxx .THHiS. Cx btoB torch spiHia, bc* cacieMu upecToaoaacAtAia, ycTaBOBaaeaaa uuat a*8- cTByKuuHMH aoHCTHTyniaaa, aoryrc. 6utb pasAtaeHB aa Tpa pa3paja: 1) cHCTeMa araaTHRecaaa aaa cajmaecaaa, 2) cHCTeMa aorHaTHRecaaa a 3) CHCTeMa caimaaBaa. 1. Hoax H*eaeMx chctcmh araaTHRecaofi aaa caaBRCcaoB paayaieTca Taaaa cacTeMa, npa aoropofi ax BacAiAOBaain npecToxa AonycaauTca acaxiORHTeAxBO.tana Mysecaaro boae,npuTonx npanaAAeatamie axMyate- ckomt noKo.rlmin. BcjtACTBie 3Toro, Hanp., OTAasennafi arnan. sioaeix

— 187 — hckabuhtb orb npeciOHac-iijia Betas m m xeHcMTo noaa, bs toms w i t h aoit iiapcTBonaemaro Moiiapxa. Tins fioxie HCKAOiaiOTCH ots HacxfiAOBaHia npecroja anna, npoHcxonainia ots xeHCKuxs doko- Atniit napcTBOBaBmaro aonapxa (Haop.. sayas ero orb joie'pH). 3ts CHCTeMa aa3unaeTC« cajaiecKoA noTOxy, ato ona rmepnue ycTanoBH- aacb y canauecKaxs ifpaHKOBs bs aaBonaxs, OTHOcsniHxca ao sacAt-, AOBania tcrrae salicae. CaxmecKie saKOHH uocTaHOB.ia.ia: „De terra vero salica nulla portio hereditatis raulieri vcniat; sed ad virilem sexum tota terrae hereditas perveniat“, t.-o. ots csahmcboA aeMxii naEaKiui qacTb Hao.vLjOBauia He AOAxaa uepexoAHTb ks xeainaHi; ho bch sexsn uepexoAHTS ks MyxecsoMy nojiy. IIpHKiHBTejbHO ks crapoA TepnaHO- aoriH, poactbo cuHTaxocb no Meuy a no npajntt, T.-e. no MyzecKOMy a zeHCKOuy noKoataim. Stums oSsbchhctcji CTapaa (jipaanyscKaa no- roBopKa: „la couronne de France ne tombe pas en quenouille“, T.-e. uto (|ipanny3CKan KopoHa He naAaers bs npaAKy, HRaae CKa3aTb, Be nepexoAHTs bs xeHCKoe iioicojtHie. Bs HaeToain.ee speMa caxaiecKaa cacTeaa AbficTByeTS bs Kpyccia, Bejbria, Hiaain h bs Tpexs cKaHAB- naBCKHXs rocvAapcTBaxs: IIIBenin, Hopueria a JaHiH. 2. BTopaa cacTeMa hochts naonanie KornaTunecKoft, xoth cautiA TepMuus* A-ia en odosHauenia BuGpans Heyxarao, aCo npa stoA cacTent ks HacxiAOBaHii) AonycKaBTCA npezAe Bcero Anna nyacecKaro noxa a bs MyxecKOMS noKO-rtuia. DopaAOBs HacAiAOBania Boofirne onpext- .laeTca miniem h CTencHbio, T.-e. ks Hac.itaOBaaiB caanaxa npusu- BaeTca CTapmaa AHBia, saTtxs bs khxaoA ahem npeuuyniecTBo OTAaeica OAaxaSmefi CTeneHa, a bs oahoA a toS xe CTeneHH— nyxianaMS nepexs a^eaniUHaMa. Ho xentnHHa CTapmefi ahhih h 6ah- xaAmeA CTeneHH acKAmuaerb ahus MyxecKaro noxa HJi&ione.lt ahhih a 6oi$e OTxaxeHHoA CTeneHH. CataoBaTeAbHO, no btoA cacTeat toaeko npn panencTBi cTeneHeA OTAaeTca npennoiTeHie Annans MyxecKaro noaa nepeAs Aanaaa xesenaro. HaABCTpapya btots nopaAOKS npe- CTOAOHacaiAia, mu moxcms' yxasaTb cxtayninie npnntpH. 7 Kopona reHpaxa VIII 6uas chhs SxyapAS VI a A »i Aonepa—Mapia KpoBanaa (saTOAHHKa) a EjaaaBeia. 06i jonepii 6am cTapme 3Ayapxa, npaana ysibCKaro, ho nocAiAniA, iaas MyxiHHa, asitas upeaMymecTBeHHoe upaso Ha saHHTie opecTOAa. OdpaTHuA npantps: Hunt (1884 r.) nap- CTBycmaa nopoaeBa Bhtropin npoacxoAHTs ots cTapmeB Aaaia, ots repnora aeHTCKaro, O.iyap.ia fyaeps He napcTBya), KoxopuA 6uas cTapmuns, noc.it Bn.ure.ibMa IV, npeACTaBBTeaeMS KopojeBCKaro poAa B sa KOTopuMs HenocpexcTBeBHO catAOBaxs MaaAUiiA ero 6parx SpoecTi-ABrycTs, repnors Kyx6ep.mHACEiii. Ilocjt cMepTU CesAtTHaro BaAbreabMa n sa CMepTHo repnora ReHTcicaro, Ha npecToxs BCTynuxa AOib nocjtAnaro, Bnirropin, hckabthbs, mbs npeACTaBHrejbHHna

— 188 — erapmeft ahem, csoero abaio, reppora KyM(epAaHACBaro, ora npecToao- uac-itiia. TaKHMi. o6pasoMB, bb btohb npHMbpb mm bhahhb, ato ahho ateHCsaro noaaboCT&pmeBAnnin BCBxnaaera siyjsecKaro npcACTaBHTeaa juajmefi ahhiu. Hbb bthxb npHutposi., cBepn loro, mm bhjhsit,, tto h upa cHcTeM-1. BornaTHiecBoa AonycKaerca upaBosaciynjeHia hah npeA- CTaBAenia. TaKl, BHETopia (uAa eAHBCTBeHHofi AoaepsB repnora HeHT- cKaro, h OHa no npaBysaeTynaema no-iyawa h ocymecTBHja set npaBa csoero yMepinaro oma OTHOCHTeALno npecioapHacAbAia. KorBanmecKaa cHCTGManpecTOAOBacA'fcAiaAificfByera bb Aiiraia, Ilopiyraaiu, BpagHAin a Tasae m> HcnaBiM no KOHCTHTypiu 1876 roAa; ao TbXB ae nopi bb HcnasiH AbfiCTBOBaAH othochtoabho npecTO.ionac.ihxin paanue saKOHU. Ho cTapo-KacTH.iijCKHUB npaBaMB, KeamHna HubeTB npaso ua npecro- AOHacatAie, h, 6AH*a8mHMB ofipasoni, oho npHHaAAeaHra AonepaMB uapcTBOBaranaroKopo.ia bbtomb c.iyaai, ecAH y Hero He ( maoCHBOBefi. 9to CTapoe aacnutcKOO npano ( mao aaMbHeno pacnopaateHiexB (ycia- BOMB) 'I'HAHBOa V, KOTOpuS fitlAB lipH3BaHB Ha BpeCTO.lB OOC-li CMPpTH Kap.ia II. KopOAB 'I'hahiidb V , Cunnrifl b Bybomb .IiOAOBHKa XIV 4>paHHy3CKaro, upauecB cb co(o» $paim;;8CBia npaBu.ia o npeCTOAO- nacAiAiH. Cb 1713 roAa, pacnopnaenieMB |t'H.inniia V, bb HcnamH yiKep.iH.ma, arnaTHiecEaa cncTeMa; ho bb 1830 roAy KopoAfc <frepAH- HaHAB VII, BCTynnBB bb HOTBCpTufi OpaKB cb Mapiefi-XpacTHHoil H osafioiBuajicB cyAkCoi) cBoero noTOMCTBa bb tomb cjynab, bcah ora Mapia-XpHCTHHU poahtch aotb, a ho curb, cnaaaja caMOCToaTeAiHO, a hotomb cb corAacia boptccobb BoscraHOBHAB CTapuS KacraitcKifi saKOHB, no EOTopOMy aotb iiac.ibioiia.ia npecTOAB, bcah ho ( mao ch- HOBefl. H AbScTBHTeABHO, 03a6eAAa, poAHBmanca caopo nocab BToro, CAbAHAaci, HacAbABHaei) npeciOAa, ycTpaHUBB ahaio, Aoua Kapaoca. Hunt, Ab&CTayDnUa onpeAbAeHia nopaABa npecTo.iouac.ibAia ucoaHCBob EOHCTHTyuiH 1876roAa coAepsaica bb ct. ora 59—65. CymecTBeHHoe DOCTaaoBAeaie aaKADiaeTca bb ct. 60 btoS KOHCTuTyqiH, uuenno: npecTOAB HacAbAyeica no npaBy nepBopoAcina h no npaBy saCTynAeeia, cb npeAnoiTeBi^HB mpmefi .wraiH nepeAB HAaAmefi, (AnaaSraefl cie- neHH nepeAB i&JbnbSnieio, a at odumKoeoU cmenemi — cb npeAHOne- nieMB ahhb MyaecKaro nona seHCKOMy. OTCDAa bhaho, tto jana seH-> , esaro noaa Moryra saHHMaTB npecTOAB HcnaaiH *). Cxoactbphho cb bthub nocTaHOBjaera ct. 87 nopTyra-ibCKoft KOHcmryniH. HSB'liCTuaro ioBi-Kapioc»

— 189 — 3. IIoc.it;;ihji)i cnciCBa npecTo.iooac^'hjia HasuBaeTca CMimaHHOS. XapaETepHaa ea nepra saKjisjiaeTca bx com, n© npn Heft jaeica npeinoweBie CTporo-arnaTHiecKoft chctoh! npecToaoHacataia nepejx KorHaTaaecEoa CHCTeMOio: Tasix, rjf. iiMiexca B03Moac>iocTb npmrknHTb nepuyc, hh bx iuikohx cxyaai He a+.ftcTByeTx BTopaa, T.-e. npecTOJX npa SToft CM'hraaHHOH cacreHt no odineiiy npaanxy nepexoAHTX kx ih- Haxx nysecEaro noxa bx HyacecKHXx noKoxiutaxx. XeniitUHU ace npH- auBaDTca kx npecTOJOnacatjiB xumi, no H6Hir6Hi» xhhx Myacecxaro noxa bx uyacecmixx uoKoxiHiaxx. Ecxa y ynepmaro xoHapxa ocTaxacx Aom, to OHa ne npasuBaeTca kx nacatacTBy, ecxn oho HoaceTx ne- peftm kx uyacecKHHX npeACTaBirrexanx Myacecsaxx 6okobuxx xiinifl: bx 8tomx cxywfc npecTO-ix nepexoxHTx kx CTapmeMy npejcTaBHTeaio aioft XHBin. Ilpn Taxoft cncTeM±, oieBHjHO, anna acencKaro noxa xarneuu a npaBa npeACTaBxeHia (sacTynxenia), tbkx hto,Hanp., aenmaHa, yjiepmifi OTenx KOTopofl duxx CTapmaMX opeACTaBHTexeHX MyacecKoft crapmeft JHBin h KoTopuft, cxtAOBaTexbno, hh$xx npaBO Ha opecToxx, ue mo- aceix no npanv sacTynxema 3auaTb npecToxa n hckad'chtb, Hanp., n.iexaHHHKa u Boodme Bcixx xhhx Hyacecsaro noxa Aaace bx jaxb- HfeftmHXx CTeueHaxx. Htbkx, no aioft CHCTeni acenmaim AonycKMOTca kx npecToxonac-rfejiio, no to.tbko aa oTcyTCTBieux xhhx MyacecKaro noxa bx uyxecKOMX nob-oxtaiii. Ha3BaHie OToft chctpmfj yKaauiiaeTX HaeA cpaBHBTexbHO no3AHee npoHcxoacAeuie. Ohb ycTaHOBAena snepsae bx 1724 roxy tbkx HaaHBaeiioft npai'MaTHio.CKoS caBKnieio, T.-e. pacno- paseHieMx Kapxa VI, HnnepaTopa repMancitaro, Koropuft ycTaHOBHXX ee axii cbohxx aBCTpiicBuxx aeMexb; uparuaTuaecKaji caHKuia 3aTf,Mx duxa npnHHTa neHrepcKHMX ceflHOMX. Kapxx VI, cbohmx pacuopaxce- HieMx, ycTaHOBHXX 8Ty CHCTeMy npecToxoHac.rbiia bx rfexx BHAaxx, HTodu o6e3nenuTb npecToxonacxiAie nocjrfi ceda CBoefl Aonepa, Mapin- Tepe3in, KOTopaa A’&ftCTBHTexbHO Ha ocHOBauiKupaniaxunecKoB caHKniu h cA^xaxacb xopoxeBOft ABCTpia u Bempia. 3ia CMimannaii cHCTena hochtx naananie rep*aHO-roxxaHAcsoft, tbkx kbkx OHa npmrbHaeTca kx roxxaHAin H AneTpiH, KOTopaa Kona to CTOaxa bo rxaB't repnaHCKoft HMnepin (Tenepx ace nepBua noxoBHBa BToro HaaBama noTepaxa chucxx, h6o, Hanp., Upyccia cnfe- maHHyo cucreuy npeCTO.iOHacxtxia He npHMimaeTx). Huuli OTa CHCTena cyneciByeTX bx roxxaHAin h bx hIieotopuxx repMaHcKHxx rocyAap- CTsaxx, a Taxacc bx TpeiiiH n Poccia (no ocHOBHOHy saKOHy 1797 r.). HI. Monapxx BCTynaeTx Ha npeCTOxx bx caxy codeineHEaro npana, ne uyxAaacx bx kbkhxx xh6o hobuxx noATBepacAeHiaxx cBoero npana, bx kbkomx xndo yTBepacAOHin ero bx npauaxx aacxtjCTBa. HoBoe napcTBOBanie uanmae-rcH ex Mosiema csiepra Kopoxa. Orcioja BexyTX Hanaxo 4>paHiiy3eKifi noronopKa: „le mort saisit le vif“ a „le

— 190 — roi est mort, vive 1« roil* ')• Hiara, nacxiAHHKB (hah aacrtAaaaa) BCTynaen aa npecT0.il> bb c o y coGciBeHHaro npaBa, 6en, Bcaiaro nojTBep»jeHia h, apa BBinoaaeHiH cb CBoefi ctopohh h3B'6cthuxb ycxoBifl, toabeo tto BCTyaaBmiS aa npecmiB MOHapxB aene^aeaBO aosceTB npacTyanri eb OTapaBaeai*) cbohxb o6asaHHOCTe8. Kb HHCjy Taaaxi ycaoBiS apaaaftieatuTi apacara bb tohb cjiyaali, ec-ia HaaaouiiS napcTBOBaTt Moaapxx ae apaHHuajia ee, fiyAyaa HacatAHHEOsiB npe- CTOxa (meb to TpeGyeTB, aaapajiipi, jaicKaa BOHCTHTyaia). llpuHe- ceaie apacarH ecTt ycaoBie a-M HeuexjeaHaro BCTynaeHia bb OTapa- Bjeaie bc$xb npaM. noocymeCTBaeHic HonapxnvecKofl BaacTa. Ho caMoe OTnpaBxeaie bthxb npaox apiocTaaaBXHBaerca bb inuy paaaaaimxT. ycjOBifi. OhoapiocTaHaBAHBaeTca: 1) ecaa hobuS Moaapxx aecoBepmea- HOaiTeHx; 2) ecaa couepuieHHO.iliTuii'i MOHapxB Bna.ix bb Corfxmi hjh aaxoAHTca bb oScToaTCJBCTBaxT., apenaTCTByioaiaxi eMy oxapaBaaTt cboh o6a3aaaocxH. Bb bthxb A»yxB cxyaaaxB yapaBjeaie rocyaap- ctbomb nepexoAHTi bb pyaa pereaTa. Bb cayaali aecoBepaieHHoaiTia, a.ih OTapaBaeaia hmchomb aopoja rocyxapcTBeHHUXB oCa3aaaocTefi yapesiaeTca pereHTCTBO, a a m aonevema o6b ocuOt Kopoaa a oGb ero BOcnaTaHia—oaesa (la rGgence et la tatelle). OcTaaaBJiHBaacB aa pa3CM0TpiaiH Boapoca o nopajat yapejEAeaia pereHTCTBa, aeoGxOAeiio npeatae Bcero oapextaaTB, apa aaaaxB ycao- BiaxB Moaten. apasBasaTBca coBepmeaaoa*Tie. CoBepmeHHOjf.Tie bb upaB'b rocyAapcTBeaaOMB, apaaiauTeABHoe eb aacaijaaKy apecToaa, He coBna^aeTB cb ycaOBiaMH coBepmeanoaiTia, aoxopua ycTanaiua- 8a»Tca bb rpaaiaHCKOMB npaB*. Ho rpa*AaHCKHHB saKOHaMB bto co- Bepmenao.iiTie cb aesanauaxHuXB BpeueHB onpeaiaaeTca bb 21 rojB (aaeao 7, Tpaa*u aoBTopeaHoe). Ho acTopHaecaitt odhtb (toith bc4xb espoaeScKaxB rocyxapcTBB uphbojib kb yfrtaieaiio, ito AOJiroBpeaeHHoe pereHTCTBO cooTBiTCTseHHO AOjroB]>eaeHHOMy cocroamn HecOBopmeH- Hoxteia npHHOCHTB ropbKie daoah a bpcaho a m rocysapcTBa, teeb xto a m aocxiiaaro HecpaBHeuHo BuroAute, ecaa HtaoTopoe apeiia hmb Gy^eTB yapaBMTB aeoauTHuft iioHapxB, h6o ucTopia pereaTCTBB aacTO ecTB HCTopia (SopMSu aapTiS, hpohckobb h hhtphpb co cropOHH pereHTa npoTHBB ocofiu noaapxa, Koxoptifi coctohtb he ero aoaeaeaia. Botb noaeny a hbhjocb aoHaateHie B03pacTa coBepmeanoaiTia jo 18, a, bb HiKOTopuxB rocyaapcTBaxB, saae ao 16 j* tb h BoapocB o pereHTCTBi BOSBUKaeTB aania bb tomb cjiyaai, ecaa aouapxB He ao- CTHrs aroro aospacia; bb stomb B03pacri heca^abheb upeCTOja HAH MOHapXB OGBBBAHDTCa COBepaieHHOA^THHNH H ClIOCOGaUHH EB •) Botpaanii, soua nopoji yaapaai, repoJUl Kwntmaai o erocaepra, oaop., xaitoS <|>pi3o6; „Le roi LouiBXIV est mort, vive le roi Louis XV!“.

191 — OTnpau.ieHiiucbohxx otoaHnocrefi. PereHTCTBO,ycTaHOwaeMoe nohoboay HecoBcpraeHHOjtTia, ajsao OMHaaix o n oneKH hah co6ctbbhho noae- iHTejiCTBa Hajx ahwoctmo h BocnmaHieui aecOBepraenaoJitTnaro no- Hapxa, it6 o6ubhob6hho cmtmHBaeTcabx oj.no o6mce a npmoMb neonpe- Ai.ieiiHoenoHaiie „oneKn“. PereHTCTBo n onesa—nonaTiaCTporo-paaiH- ■nmua h OTjijiiMija: percnroHX uoacen Curt o.ino anno, a oneKyHOMX apyroe. H jiftCTBHTejtHO, ara nonaTia paaAiaaioTca bx uoHCTHTy- nioneoub upant, xoth ne bo Bcixx KOHCTHTyaiaxx ojMHaKOBO. IV. Ilepexoaa kx caoco6am ycTaHOBjeHia pereoTCTsa, mu aoakhh ocTanoBUTBca na CTpaHi, rah stotx Bonpocx He noAyiHJix KOHCTHiy- nioHHaro pimerna, aneHno na AHraia. Bx Aar.iia, bx iipHHaHni, jigcTBOBaao CTapraHoe npamuo: „HHKaKoe iipeaa Be A'fc0CTByeTx Ha Kopoaa\", T.-e. Kopojib, bx npoTHBHOCTt ycjiOBiaax npnpoju, acerja npn3HaeTca coBepuieHHO.iiTHHMX. 9totx npuHniiux bcactx EX TOMy, HTO Bcaaoe pereHTCTBO Hoacexx 6HTb ycTaHOB-ieHO TOAbEO sakohomx h npnTOHX H3AaRnuvx ad hoc, T.-e. npHMt.nHTeai.no ex ycaoBiaax, bx soTopuxx naxoxHTca cTpaHa no Bonpocy o npecTO- aoHacaijin. TaKHMx o6pa30Mx, perenTCTBO bx Am\\iiH aoajkho Cutl yqpcxAaeuo bktomx napaaneBTa, KOTopufi AOAmeiix npeaycMOTptTL cjiyiafi BCTyn.ieHia na npecTOJix necoBepmeHHOjiTHaro rocyaapa e Ha ototx Kouenx onpejiaHTL nopHAOKX rocyAapcTiieuuaro ynpaBjeaia. Bc-itjcTRie BToro, KOHKpeTHue c.iyH«H ycTaHOBaema percHCTsa bx AHraia ape3BUiafiH0 pasHoofipaeHU. Tasx, iiaup., A.ia cuna IoaHHa Be3aeMejii.Haro, MaaoaiTHaro TcHpaxa III, fiujo Ha3Ha'ieno perenTCTBO bx jita i repaora IleMfipoKa, eotopuh ao 1225 roaa u ynpaBaaax rocy- AapcTBOKX otx uMeHH renpaxa III, cx THTv-ioxx rector regie et regni. J,jh 3ayapaa r a ycTaHOBHAOCB pereHTCTBo bx BHai costTa hbx neTH- pexx enHCEonoBX, nerapexx rpa<|>OBX h mecra fiapoHOBX, hoax npea- cfiAaTejbCTBOMx repaora xaHKaciepcKaro. Bx MaaoaiTCTBo PHiapaa II pereHTCTBo 6hao BBt.peno repaory raoqecTepcKOMy. TeHpHXX V na3Ha- hhax Maxo-itTneMy cuHy caoeay, I’eHpnxy VI, abvxx pereHTOBx: oahoto Aah 4>paHay3CEHXx BAaatHifi—repaora Bea^opaa, apyroro jxa AHr.iia— repaora raoiecTepcEaro. Ho nap-iaMenn. OTMiHaxx oto pacnopaxeaie h nopymix ynpaBAeme rocyaapcTBOMX 16-th jHaanx, hoax npe.v'iAaTe.ib- ctbomx BcAipopAa. Cx pa3BHTieMX B.iacTH aap.iaHeHTa, to hah apyroe nocTaHOBAenie o pereHTcmt Hdi.io xapaETepx napaaiieHTCKaro ctb- Tyia, yiBepsAennaro Kopoaeiix. Tbex, 1'enpnxx VIII, bx BHAy Heco- BepmeHHOAiTia npunaa ysABCEaro, Sayapaa, nepBOHaiaabHO coficTBen- HOH) BAaCTbD HaSHaiH.IX eMy pereHTCTBo .H3X 16-TH .max E yCTaHOBHJX nopsAOEX ynpaBAeHia, ho napaaKeHTX otm4hhjx pa3nopnateHiji Kopoja a BBipuax „npoTeKTopcTBo“ CeSaypy. J jh KopoAeau BuETopin nap.ia- ueHCEid aiiTx, H3Aau>iu8 eme npn BuAbre.ibiit IV, oupeaiAMAX pe-

— 192 — reHTCTBo, npa nexx oneBa m ax Belt 6u.ianpyqena ea naTepH. Honon sasoHX He Hi(f..ix DOBOxa BCTynuTb bj> ciuy, h6o BHKTopia ncTynn.ia Ha npecTOAX, hh4h 18 a-Jitx OTpojy. Tasmix o6pa30Mt, oth nocra- HOBjeHia, yapeajaBmia nopajoKi pereHTCTBa bx Ahtjui, 6hah H3ja- BaeHU Ha OTAiALHue ciyvaa m i Tasoro-TO .raua h npa thkhsl-to oficToaTeabCTBaxi. Ho 3Ta cacTeaa HasHaneiriH pereHTCTBa AonycKaen. B03M03KH0CTB Bp0H8B0.ia; H03T0MV fiojblUHHCTBO KOHCTHTVniB yCTaHO- BAneix Ha btotx Men. oco6ue saEOHU. V. K0HTHnenTa.11.nua rocynapcTBa Eiiponu, BaKx mu hhaIiah, onpeiiiaaioTB naKT. cpoKX coBepmeHHOAim HOHapxa, Tatcx h nopnAOitx ynpaBAema, EOTopu# AOAJEeHX 6uti. ycTaiiomieax bx cayna'b necOBep- meHHOjtiia, a Tamse bx caynat, ecjm HOHapxx no 6oa43HH hah jpy- THM'B oCcTOaTejLCTBaMT. He BT>COCTOaniH OTDpaBJHTb CBOK) AOXSHOCTB. IIpa pa3CM0TptHin EHEX KOUCTHTynifi, T8KX H 0TH0CH1HHSCH CBJAB 88- KOHOBX, HU BCTpiiaeMCH Cl SoAbHIHHX pa3H006paaieMX HXX HOCTa- HOBjenift. 9to o6xncHneTCH tI.mx, too npa cociaiuemH sasoaoBi o pereaiCTBi 6hab uphhbtu bx ocnoaanie paa.ninnue npannanu, cx eo- TopuHH h cxtAyen noauauoMHTLca npeK*e, lion , o6paTHTi.cn ex pascuoTp^Hiio nocTaHOBjenifl oTA'IubHUXx EOHCTHTynifl. PyKOBOABIHHHX npHHHHHOMX HpH yCTaHOItaeniH pereHTCTBa MOryTX CjyauTx: 1) o6mee Hanaao nacjijcTBeHHOcTH MonapxHnecEO0 Bjacra, bx caxy KOTOparo pereHTCTBO aoamo npetocTaBJiaixca Jinny, 6iiH»aa- meHy ex Hac-rtAOBaHiu, T.-e. toMy arnaTv, EOTopufi Pnaace ex nacxi.i- HHay upecTo.ia h hbxoahtch bx coBepineHHoniTHeMX Boapacii; 2) na- nano, bx cwy EOToparo ycTaHOBJieHie pereHTCTBa He aoasho 6htb BX 3BBHCHH0CTH OTX CAyiaSHOCTH pOJEAemK HAH 6AH80CTH AHM, DpH- 3Bannaro ex pereHTCTBy, ex Majo.itTBeMy rocyAapio, ho ao.ikho pyEO- BOAHTf.cn coo6paaeHiaaH rocyAapcTaenHoS noAXiH h HHTepecoBX Majo- AdSTHHTO UOHapXa. Ecah MonapxHnecKan BJiacTt H&CAtACTBeBHa, to arc ofixacBneTcs Tim BUrOjaHH, KOTOPUH AOCTaBAHEOTCK rOCyjapCTBy KOHCTHTynioHHOfi HOHapXHHeCKOfi BAaCTbD, EOTOPOE) MOHapXX flOAL3yCTCJI 110H(H3H6HH0 H KOTopan nepexoAHTX aaTiMX bx ero saKOHHHHx iiac.rfiAHHKaHX. Ha- npoTBBX, npH perenTCTBt oinpasAeHie BepxoBHoa bahcth BBipaeTca AHny, xoTopoe 6yAeix n0AX30BaTicn eio He uacAiACTneHHO, ho Ha onpeA'tAeHHH® cpoEX, ao c0BepmeHH0A$Tin HOHapxa. UpH n0Ab30BaHiH BepxoBHOio BxacibB, pereHTX Momerx osasaTbca ahuomx aecnoco6nuMX ex ynpaBAOHiKi rocyjapcTBOMX, choco6humx Ha 3AoynoTpe6AeHie stod BAacTbE) BX BHjaxx AHTHofi. HOAxsu h Aa*e Ha HOHUTKy ycTpaaeHia siaAOA'I.THJiro HOHapxa, EOTopufi BBipeHX ero nonenemB. Ha stomx 0CH0BaHiH, npH yqpeaAeHiH pereHTCTBa, hojeho nepmaTbca Be rfcxx npHHUHBOBX, EOTOPUHH pyEOHOACTByiOTCH npH OHpeA'I.AeHiu yCAOBift

- 193 — opraHiuauiH caMoB HOHapxmecBofi amen, a ipyraxt, hmchho iiphh- niiua BBfiopnaro,' KOTopuft npoaBxaeTca at Aayxt paaAaqHHXt <j>op«iaxt: 1) bi Bust Bu6opoBt, rxi H36paHie peresTa npe.iocTaBJiaeTca no CMepra xopoxa u in u n , h 2) bt. ijiopMi ycTaHOD.ienia pereHTCTBa 3aK0H0jaTe-iBHHsrBnopaAKOMt, T.-e. nepest onpejtaeHie, iiyTestt o6m- naro corxamoHia Kopoxa a naxaTH, Taaofi o6mefi oSasaieabnoit uop.au, KOTopaa aapaHie onpex'bxiua 6u nopaAOKt rocyaapcTBeHuaro ynpa- Bjeiria u npeA’ixH BjacTu pcrenTa. Tskumt. o6pa30MB, ABa BpoTUBono.ioatiiua Haqaxa Moryn 6uti BO.ioKeuu bt. ocBOBaHie yqpeatAeHia pereHTCTBa: ct oahoA ctopohh, Haqaxo, ToasABCTBeaHoe ct HaqaxaMu, onpeAixHinngiiii HacatACTBeH- hoctj, npecToaa; c t APyrofi—naiaao Bu6opaoe. Csepxt Toro, bo3mojkbh a BUAon3KtaeBia btbxi AByxt npHHBHiiOBi bt, pasaHTBuxt Banpasxe- 1) UpHimum. ycTaaoB-ieHia pereaTCTBa npHMtaaTeai.uo Kt aaqa- jaaT, HaCAiACTBeBHOCTH MOS^Tt OUTfc BHAOBSIT&HeHt BT. TOUT CMHCXi, tto kb pereHTCTBy aoryTt 6htb opusuBaeiiu He t4 AHua, EOTopua fixgse kt» upecTo.jy, a it, KOTopua, do ysain po/icina, G.thjk<i kt, uap- CTBvnmeMy uajojf,TBebiy rocyxapK), kskobij nan-h otcut. (Bt cxyqab, ecxa uajo-iiTHifl uouapxt 6uxt cuuomx sapcTBOBasmeft KopoxeBu). IIpHTHsa TaKoro BHA0H3MiHeHia naqaxa HacxiACTBeHHOCTHcoctohtt. Bt TOHt, tto c i pereuTCTBOMt ofiHKHOBeHHOcobauhchb a onesa, Ecab pe- reHTCTBObab npaBBTe.ucTBo cocTOHTt Bt ynpaBxeHiH roeyAapCTBeUUUSU AtxagH, Bt OTDpaBAeaiH (JiyHiinifi Moiiapxa, to oneKa Hubert iplubK> noneieBie o 8A0p0Bt4, o apaBCTBeHHOMt BoennTaHiu, o6pa30BaHiB u t. j. MajoiiiHaro rocyAapa. Ecab 9th ab4 (JiynitniH coeAHHaoTca Bt oxhohi ahu4, to BTHMt caHO coGow oCtacHaeTca OTCTynAeHie o n Hanaji Ha- ca4actb6HH0CTB, Tast kbki Bcero ecTecTBeBBie BBipaii noneneme u BOCBHTaaie HaxoxiTHaro rocyAapa xany, KOTopoe 6AH*e Kt neay no KpoBH, h KOTopoe, no 3aK0H3Mt canofl npapoAH, 6oAime Bcero (SyAeil aafioTBTtca o HeMt, T.-e. omy hjb iiaTepa. Ilpn Tagout coeAHHeHiB BTBXt AByxt (JiyiiKnifi caHo pereHTCTBO xoaceTt 6utb BpyqaeMO omy hah MaTepH MaxoaiTHaro rocyAapa, a sa bxi oTcyTCTBieMt—6xHsa4- raeMy arHaTy. 2) Haqaxo BufiopHoe BHAOHSMinaeTCH Bt AByxt omomeuiaxt: a) Bt TOHt oTHoraeniu, tto bc Bcerxa BuOopu pereHTa npeAOCiaBxaBTca na- xaiajit, bo ycTaHOBxeHie pereHTCTBa coBepmaeTca nocpeACTBOiit oco6aro saKOBa, HajaHnaro ao BCiynxesia MaxoxtTBaro rocyAapa Ha npecroxt Bt npeABHxiHie Toro cxynaa , sorja napcTByiomift rocyxapi, CKoanaeTca paBte, l i n t BacxiABBKt cTaHert coBepmeBHoxiTHHMt. 9th MOAHiJm- Kania Kacaiorca Hanaxt coficTBeHHO BbiSopnaro Ha3HaieBia perenTCTBa. Ho, CBepxt Toro, 6) nopaAOKt ua-'iuaieuia pereHTCTBa He no 3aK0Hy

— 194 — BBAOHSH'feHfleTCa H jpyrHMt HaTOJOMt, HM6HB0 aopHBKOMt 3antlT(aTejt- nuM'B. Bt OTBomeHia CBOaxt nixeS 3antniaTejLntiS nopaaoat npex- CTaBaaeTca TOttjecTBeHHhiMt ct, Havaxoat BUfiopauMt. Ecxa BbtbopHoe iiataxo npHMiHaeTca ct ai.ibto BJtipHTi, pereHTCTBO h oneay ne Toay may, BOiopoe bo 'cxytaSaocTH poajeBia b noroay, tto exy bt, jaa- Hyn MHHyTy ctojbkoto aiTt, aaten. npaBO aa OTnpaoaenie pereHT­ CTBa, bo aany, cnoco6noay at OTBpaBJOBiD BaisHbixt o6a3aanocTefl perenTa, to b 3aBf,inaTe.iLHtJB nopajtOBt yapesaenia pereHTCTBa ape- cjiayeTt Ty ae ni.it>; p&BHana jhbil bi tomt,, ito upa Heat npaBO yapeaaeuia pereHTCTBa nepeHOCHTca aa napcTBytomaro rocyjapa, koto- pu8, upeABHja scTynaeuie aa npecT0.n, Ma-ioxiTHaro Hac.itjHHKa, Ha stott. KOHem h na3BaBaeTi pereHTa a onetiy. Ho sto saBitnaTeasHoe aaaajo, KOTopoe ae Bceraa ofie3nemBaen> HHTepecu rocyaapcTBa a HHTepecu MaJO.iiTiiaro rocyaapa, npHMiaaerca aobojibho piano h ao- nycKaeTca aami bt>HeaHontxt KoncTHTyniasi. VI. 06pa®ancb at paacstoTpiain OTaiatHuxi eBponeftcsHit koh- CTHTyaifi, mu aoaxHH HMiTi. Bt B«av Kant sci Bi,mieyKa3aHHHH aa- taaa, Taut u yKaaannua MOXHiftHKaaia hxl, Tint Ooaie, ito Ha apaa- TBBi bh oaHOtts'bHaiaxt, onpeaiaaioiaaxT. cnocobt h nopaaoat yvpe- ataOHia pereHTCTBa, Bt thctumx Baai He npuainaeTca. Ho Oe.ibriflcKoS xoBCTBTyaia (ct. 81), ecan, apa ctiepTH aopo-ia, ero nacxiunHKt 6y- aen MaaoaiTeHi—o6i naxaibi coeaHHaoTca Bt ofimee saciaaHie (en une seule assemblee) aaa ycTaHOBJCBia percaTCTBa a onera (4 l’effet de pourvoir d la rigence el a la tutette). H8t 9Toro nocTaHOBaeHia hb- cTByert: 1) tto ycTaHOsaeHie pereHTCTBa a oaeBa upeaocTaB-iaeica aa- jaTaM’b, a 2) tto bth (JtyHKaia, T.-e. pereaTCTBOa oaeBa, no CTaTbi 81, aoryrb 6an aaa coeaaHeau Bt oaEOMt aani aaa paaaiaeHU, no ycMOTpiHiB naaaTt. To aw canoe npaBO apaHaaaeatHTt naxaTaat Bt cxyiai boxisaa aopoaa hjh apyraxt d6cToaTeatCTBt, npenaTCTByio- niHXt eMy oTiipaBJBTbcboh sopoaeBCEia o6a8aHHOCTH. Bt STOMt cxyiai, ao ct. 82, naxara co3UBa»ica Hexe^jeHEO coBiTout MaHHCTpost, o6a- saHHUMt yaocTOBipHTBca Bt HeoOxojtHHocTH Tanofi Mipu (apres avoir fait constater cette impossibility). Mhhbctpu cocTaB-iaton, y.iaEOHeimufl npoTottoxt h HeMejjeBBO cosuBaBit naxaiu, bohmi upHHaaxeiKHTt apaBo HasHamiTb peretrrcTBo h oneKy. HasHaieaie pereHTCTBa a oneaa no BOBoay 6oji3HH aopoaa a np. Taaate coBeptnaeTCa’ Bt coeaHaea- aoMt saciaaHia ceHaia a naxani aeavTaTOBt (les cbambres reunies). Bt HHOfl tJiopMi npoHcxojtm, muuavemo pereHTCTBa a oneKa no HHxepxaHacKoa KOHCTHTynia. PereHTCTBO, ycTaaosaaeTca bt. c-iyvai MaaoxiTCTsa, fioiisBH a apyraxt npHoiHt, apenaTCTByanatixi OTapa- weaito ofiasaHHociefi aopojia. PereHTCTBO aa c-iytaii Ma-ioxiTCTBa aa- cxiaaaaa ycraeaiUHRaeTca caxoto sasoaa, cji*08aTe,ibHO, apa ata3Ha

— 195 — napcTBVioiuaro Kopoxii, bx npejBHjtHie Toro cjyaaa, hto kojio.ii, mo- zeix yuepeTt ao .lOCTHsema nacj-b^nasoMt coBepmeHHOJritTiH. Tasx saai no caepTH napcTBynmaro Kopo.ui bah no coBepmeHHO- .liiia uacjiauHKa npecTOxa uoaen> npoftiH aobojbho aoarifi upo- MeayiOKS'BpeMeHH (a4tx 16— 17), h -ihho, 3apaHie Ha3HaienH0e AJH oiupasaeuia pereHTCTBa aozeTX yxepeTB, xo aaaaeTca ueoOxojH- moctb ycTanoBHTi, asBtcTHyn npeeMCTiieHHOCTi. bx caaoiix perenTCTBi, aoTopaa h ycTaHOBaaeTca Taaace suKOHOAaTe.itniiMX nopiiAKOMX. Tanx, cTaTba 41 Hiuep.iaHACKofl KOHCTHTynia roBopirrx: „pereHT- ctbo ycTaHOBjaeTca reHepaatuHMH mTaTnaa bx o6meux sactjaHiH, upu ieMx ycTaHaBJHBaerca u npeeacTao pereHTCTBa\". Bo BTopoax ciy- Ba'b, T.-e. bx cxyiai 6oj-13bh h ApyrHXX uphhhhx, npenaTCTiiymhhxx KOpo.II) OTDpaB.IBTB .CBOH 0dfl3aHH0CTH U MBjaiOmHXCfl VJKe BO Bpeua ero napcTBOBaHia, najara coauBaioTca no npeAaozeaiio mhhhctpobx h rocyjapcTBeHHaro coBiia. Ua.iaTH (reaepa-itHue miam) bx otomx cayiat co3UBas>rca bx abohhomx bhc.i+, npoTBBX ofitiKHoiieriiiaro co- CTaiia, npa qeax itiynsnia uxx BBanuTeaxBO HSMiaaDica; HMenno hhx npejocTaB-iaeTca npaao: 1) npoBtpKH hboOxoahmocth ycTBBOBHTX pe- reHTOTBO H 2) npaBO iiannaqHTi. perenia. Ho bto npaao orpaHHieso TiMX, bto ecan nacaiAanax npecTo.ia (npamix opaacsift) aocthtx co- BepmeaHo.j’feTifl (18 x.), to obx aBxaerai no codcTBeaHony npaBy pe- reHTOnx. CjiiAOBaTejtBO, bx ysaaaHHUXx cjyiaaxx ycTaHOBjenie pe­ reHTCTBa h Bbioopx pereBTa ecTt nino na.iaTx, aa HCK.iniCHie.nx Toro cxyqaa, EorAa coBepmeaHOjiTHift npmmx opaHCKiS BCTyaaeix bx ompaBjeHie o6n3aHHOCTe2 pereHTa no coCcTBeHHOHy npaBy. AHajorHiHua nociaBOBjesiH 3aiunqa»TCH h bx mBeACKofl kohcth- TyniHbx ct. 39—42 a 91 (cooTBtTCTByDmHxx a CTaTtaxx HopBeatCKoS KOBCTHTyqia a ct. 3 yHia 1815 roAa). PereHTCTBo nix o6oaxx eoeAH- HeuHuxx rocyAapcTBX oDpejt.raeTCH Taase npHMtBHieibHO ax Haia- ■laxx, ycBoeaHUMx 6eat,rificK0D aoHCTHTyqie®. Taax, aa cxyqafi ym- BOBAeaia pereHTCTBa, na-iaTu co;iUHawTca rocyAapcTBeHHUva mhbh- crpaMH, a naxaTU JUBeaia h ctoptbhtx Hopeeria cobmI ctho Hasaa- todtx oneKyHOBx (cxtAOBaTc.n.HO, KOHCTHiynia coejjiaefiHaro EopoxeB- CTBa ho upoboahtx pa3juiia Mezjy uoaaTieux perenicTBa a ohbkh). Ha3HaaeHHue oneKyau OABOBpeMeHHo a ynpaiajnoTx rocyAapcTBoax, bx saaecTBt pereaTOBX, h nexyTca o SAopoBBt, BocnHTAHia a np. aa- AOJliTHlr^ KOpOAJI. npH6.lH3HTe.lBHO T t,XO IIOCTaHOBjeHiH COAepSaTCB bx ct. 12 a 13 cep6cKoB BoacTHTyqia. no caepra Kopo.m, ocTaBHB- maro HecoBepmeHHOxtTHBro aacAtAHasa, BpeaeaHoe ynpaB.ieHie ao- pyiaeTca coaiTy mhhhctpobx, o6a3aHHoay bx Teieaie atcaaa coaBaTb BejHKy® CKynmHHy. UocxiAHHH H36apaeTX Tpexx ahhx, eohux nopy- laeiCH pereHTCTBo.’

— 196 — Bb «repuaHCKHXb rocyxapcTBaxb siu naxoAHUb npeofixajaBie HacjiijcTBeHBaro aamua, cb upuutHeHiesix,, oabsko, h auCopaaro Haaaaa Bb rixb cxyaaaxx, Kor^a iiaiaxo HaeitjCTBOHHOCTH He ho- ateTb 6htl npHiitHaeno. Ho cr. 66 nptccKOH EoncTHTynia, aorja Kopo.iL uecoBepmeHHo.i'feTeHi, to ynpaweme hxh pereHTCTBO npiraa- Maerb na ce6a tott. couepmenuoxiTHia smart, Koioptifl 6xHse jpyraxb kt, nacxiABHBy npecroxa (Hanp., poflHofi xaja). Oht. jo.iaieHi cosBaTb naxaTH h bt, coexiiHenuoMT. nxb w6panin ycTanoBiaeTca Heo6xojiH- moctl pereHTCTBa. CxiAOBaTextHO, npyccKaa KoncTHTyuja npauo yita- BUBaeiL xhho, Koropoe no npany mojkotl 6htl peremoHi. Oho no npaBy BCTyuaert Bb OTnpau-ienie oOasaHiiociea percHTa R cosunaerb uajaTH Katcb 6u toxkko ;(.ih Toro, arofiti KOHCTaTuponaTt naxuiHOCTb ipaKTa, noxasmaro noBojb kt. ocymecTBjeain hmt. npcAOCTaB-ieunHXT, euy BaKOHoira npaBb percHTa. Ho ecxa He Huteica coBepmenuo.it.T- hhto arHaia, h ecJH pereHTCTBO ne ycTanoBxeHO ocoOusit. aaKOHOsn., to rocyAapcTBeHHoe mhhhctopctbo (Staatsmmisfceriuin) xo.isho C03B8Tb Ha-iara j .th H36paBia (erwahlen) pereHTa, tto h upoucxoAHTb Bb co- ejHHeHHOU'b hxl BactxaiiiH. Bb npoiiesyTOKb BpeMeim on. OTKpuTia pereHTCTBa so HsCpaHia pereHTa npasa xopoaa no yupan.ienin rocy- sapcTBOMb ocymecTB-iaiOTca rocysapcTBeirauMH UHHifCTpaMH, noxb co- xHAapnoio hxt. oTB’iTCTueunocTi.B (ct. 57). nosofinua me uocTaHO- BaeHia BCTptiaOTCii ii Bb spyi’HXb ntnenKHXT, KOHCTHTynjaxi, npn TeMb bt. BaBapin, no tht. II ct. 9 h 10 SaBapcKofi itoHCTUTyiiin, ca- HOMy Kopo.iio npejocTanxaeTcu npaso HasHaHHTb pereHTa; emu me oht. He Ha3HaiHTB, TOr.ia si.io ujeTT. aaKOHOxaTexbHHHb nopajKOMT., h npu Ha3naxeHin pereHTa npnutHaeTca Btifopnoe Haiaxo. HTaxbaHCKoe 3aK0H0jaTe.ibCTB0 upejcraB-TaeTb bt. btoux oTHomen : Ty HOAo^iHKaniD, tto Kb perenTCTBy h ones* npimuBawTca fi.iumaS- niHHb o6pa30Hb saKb arnaiH, TaKb h oienb h uaTb Haxo.iiiTHaro ro- eysapa. Coja othochtcb: CTaTba 11, onpeflija»maa coBepmeHuojiTie Kopoxa Bb 18 xirb, h craTba 12, KOTopaa onpe.nixaerb, tto Bb npo- AoaateHie sa-ioxiTCTBa nopo.ia perenroMb rocysapcTBa xoxmno 6utl jihho, OxHKafimee no kpobh Kb nacatsBHKy npecioxa. 9to nocTaHo- B.ienie AonoxHaeTca CTETbaMH 14 r 15 Toil me KOHCTHTynia Bb TOMb cuuc.it, hto ec.in Taxoro pereHTa He 6ynevt, no 0TcyTCTBi» nojxosn- mnxb poACTBeHHHKOBb, to pereHTCTBO sojubho npanaxaemaTL nopo- xeBi-uaTepH, h rto Bb cxynai. OTcyTCTBia KopoaeBH-uaTepH,.nocxauo- Bxenieab co6paBmaroca coBiia mhuuctpobb co3HBaioTca naiaTU. ko- Topua h H36Hpa»Tb pereHTa. BnA0U3HiHeaie BumeyKa3auHuxb naBaib 3aKOHHaro npH3Bania Kb perenTCTBy n Bn6opaaro Haiaxa, npHutnaeMaro Bb cay iai oTcyTCTBia jpiUb, auiiomuxb npaBO Ha saKonaoe npH3BSHie, npe,icTaB.iacrb hcubb-