Градовский А.Д -Собрание сочинений. Том 5

— 296 — cu-iaen, ohx hex b bx KOHrpeccx). 8th Eoixeria a uu'jHpaKin, npe- SHaeaTa, Taax bto, c.rfiAOBaTejj,HO, npe3HjeHTX H3(>0paeTCH nocpej- ctbohx ABycTeneHBOfi nojaiu toxocobx. Ho bx AiScTBHTe.ifcHOCTH ru- 6opx npe3HAeaTa oShkhobobho npexonpext-taeTca t4xx, bto Kaajoe xhuo. HaaBataenoe bx H36HpaTe.itnyo Boxxerii) axa sxrfopa npe3H- AOHia, aBxaeTca 3&paH'be opyxiem, ^naprifi, KOTopua HMiiDTca bx cpeA* H86apaTexe8. C-rfcxOBaTexbHO, npa rasoft cacTen-6, r o w eoa- xeria ofipaayeica ad hoc, ro.iocOBaHie bx ho# HenpeuhHHO 6yxeTX aa- BHCiTb OTX UpeABapHTeXbHUXX BBldopOBX. — Bx KOH«f, EOHAOBX H aTOTX opHirhpx Mhjiah HeyAaieax. TaKBXx o6pa30nx, b cx touch aptnia xyamaxx KaaecTBx, hxh bo- ofime cx tobkh sptma E&aecTBx BapoAHaro npexcTaBHTexxcTBai xsy- CTeneBBaa noxaia toxocobx He npeACTaBjaerx ocofieHHHxx bhtoax. OHa MoaeTX npeACTaB-iaTbca BurojaoS cx to8 tobbh apima, no npa Budopaxx BafiapaTOxaMH hxh BufiopmaicaHH jibxhdtch t4 sxeMeHTB ortuiecTBa, BOTopBe jrorvTX 6ute npiitHc.jenu ex Baaftoxhe paacyjH- TeXbHBHX, EOHCepBaTHBHBMX H T. A- Cx 9T0ft TOUCH aphllia AByCTe- nennue nu6opu npexoxpaHaxm. ctpaHy orx HhEoroparo paiHKaxHBMa, KOTopufi HoaceTX <5htx npoBCAeHx bx naxaty npa homoihh npaMoS no- ASBh .toxocobx (xora BCTopia o6pa30Bania $paimy8CBaro KOHseHTa 1792 h npoTHBophBHTX 3Tony). Ho aiEOToptiMX noHCHemeMx Axa ia- Koro npeAHOxoseEia o BHroxaxx ABycTcneaaofi noAaiH tojocobi xo- ryix cxyacBTb coo6paxeHia oahoto TaxamxHBaro t[ipanny3CEaro na- caTexa, MapKaaa Ae-KacTexana, pasBBTHB hmx bx cotHaeaia Essai sur Vorganisation du suffrage universel. 9Ta KHara noaBHxacb bx 1872 roxy. HiieHHO bx totx HOueaTX, eotab (JypaHHyau 6a i« aaaxTu paapaCoTEofi cbohxx 6yAymaxx EOHCTBTynioaauxx saEOHOBx, a row noxHTaaecEie nonpocu aoxagoaxH ofimecTBOHaoe HHtaie. Qo.cBoeay HanpaBxeHjB MapEH8x xe-KacTexaHX npHaaAieaaTx ex KoncepBaTHBaoft nap™ a xa®e ex xerHTHHHCTaMx. IIo9Tony HAea ABycTeneHBOfi no- abih toxocobx Aoxaaa 6nxa yxiriaTbca eify: ohx hotx 6h CKa3aTt, bto, uoxbayxch Htcinuax BxiaHieax, seii.ieB-jaxhrfbHU, coxhahho 6yp- xya a npo'rie oipaHHTe.ixH&ro CBoBcTBa axeHeHTbi ofimecTBa HoryTX noxyaHTb nepeBicx Ha BuCopaxx, h, cooTBhxcTBenao BToay, caauS cocTasx naxaTH CyseTx cooTB-hTCTBOBaTb *exaHiaMX KOHcepBaTHBHofi napTia. OjHaKO, aapKBSX btoto He pobophtx. PaaciiaTpHBaa Bonpocx o ABTCTenennofi noxaii toxocobx, HapsH3x KacTexaHX, npeacxe Bcero, OCTaHaBXHBaeTca he BOnpoch, ROTOpufi cx ero touch aphaia HMierx rxaBHoe h phmaioinee aHaqeme, HHeuHO he Bonpocf, o tohx, bx qxHxx pyaaxx bx AaHayi) XBHyTy hexoahtcx bo ■PpamuB aicTFoe Bxianie, tbex Eaax caxo co6od noHamo, bto npa ABycTeiieHnoS no- Aanh toxocobx H86HpaTexa—bu6opbhkh SvaJtx H36apaTxca H3X xhhx,

297 — KOTOpus nojtsynTCH BjiaHieMt Ha irtcTaxT hit asnrexi.cTBa nan ocix- aocTB. „IIpe*xe siicTHoe BxiaHie naxoxnxocR bt pyisaxT M’fecTHHXT KpynHHXi aewjeBxa,vkiLi(ebt hxh CoraTmi <5yp*ya; ho bt HacToncpee iipeMH bto Bxianie nepem-io bt xpvria pyKH a saxopaTca bt pynaxT KJacca, KOTopufl moikbo naanaTi, HenepeBOXKMUHT htsji.bhckhmb bh- paxeaiam „mezzo-chetto“ (no-nameMy: pto to bt port paaHOiHHpeBT), H KOTOpuS COCTOHTT H3T CO,T,ep*aTexeS KHTeQaUXX SaBejOHifi, BeTO- pBHapoB-B, xepenencKHX'B Bpaaeft, npHCxH*aBDmaxc» kt 3Haxap«iT, xhpt, itoTopua ofipa3oaaHie canoe DOBepxHOCTHoe, h KOTopua, BcrtjCTBie BToro, CTHTaBTT ce6s choco6huhh a KOMiieTehthumh pa3- ptmaTb Brt Bonpocu a roBopuTb o npexMeraxT, o KOTOptixT ohh He hm$idtt HHRaaoro noHaTia\". Mosot-b 6uti, Kapraaa, •napncoBaHHaa MapKuaoin, KacTe.iBHOMt, h He ntpsa, ho hucjib ero saaaroaaeTcs bt crtxywmeMT: ecxH BHjtTb bt XBycTeneHHot noxart toxocobt cpex- ctbo yiipoBHTB Bxacii. hi BufiopaxE 3a Kjaccom., kotopuS caaraPTCH KoncepBaTHBHHsrB, tosecBHa tocto npaxeTCa omaftHTtca bt. pascaeraxT., h6o BufiopntHKauH oca'sijnaroTca hhohho r t xapa, KOTopuxT Haafio.ite onacaioTca. 3to coofipaatenie, xf.ltcTBHTejii.HO, HMien. pimanatee 3Ha- aeme npa on’feaa'fe BuroxT XBycTenennoS noxaw roxocoBT, TaKT bto, crtxoBaTexBHO, bt. noxbsy nocxlsxneft nf.n> bosmozhocth nposecTH naxie xn<5o co.thxbbio xobojbi. VI. HaycxoneHHaa cacreaa nojaaa roxocoBT cymecTByerB, xexxy npoiauT, bt. HfscepsaxT rocyxapcTBaxT a xaxe bt t.tkhxt, aoTopua XOHycKaiDTT ueim., TaKT, oHa npHMfinaeTca bt BaRapin, r,rt Hsliapa- TCJIbHHB 3HK0HT 6UXT BT DOCX^XHlft paST DOpeCMOTptHT BT 1881 TOXy. Ha 5.022.390 atHTexeS no cnncnaxT 1875 roxa bt BaBapiH nasna- aaeTca 159 xenyraTOBT, KOTopue pacnpertxaDTca Jtezxy 63 aafiapa- TextHHMH ospyrana, ciHTaa ho oxRony xenyTaTy Ha 31.500 jKHTexeft, npa ae»T Ha naatxHB HrmameKTbt 15.750 xHTexefi hmt npa6aBjaeTca no oxHOMy xenyTaTy. Ho Bufiopu bthxt xenyTaTOBT npoaaBojHTca bt XByxT CTenenaxT, HKenno: npaBO 6htb HsSnpaTexeHT 1-fl CTeneHH npHnax-TesHTT 6aBapnasrt, xocrnrniHHT coBepmeHHortTia n uxbthb* mHHT, no KpafiHeft nip4, aa 6 MicapeBT xo nponsBOxcTsa BtiflopoBi, Kattofi nu6jnb hst apanuxT Ha.ioroBr, '). KaKOfl 6u hh 6hxt aaxorr, Bcasifi 6asapepT HMf.eTT npaso yaacTBonaTbbt pepBinHuxT cofipaniaxT. 3artHT bt BHCopninitH M0K6TT 6htt HsfipaHT 6aBapenT, xocTarmiS 25-rtTHaro Bospacia n nrtxiniifl ortxxocrt bt o6maH-B, rxt nponcxo- xam nufiopu, a paBRUHT ofipaaoMT yxoRxeTBopaiotpitf n npoaaMT ycxo- BiaHT. .lenYTaTOMT MOzeTT 6htb BcaKifi fianapepT bt Bospacrt 30 ji4tt.





CTByDH* uojte cTporia nocTauOB.ieHia. Taxi, ecjH bx nepBUfi paax V* uufiopmHKOBX OTcyTCTByeix, to HeaBHamieca fieax yBaJKHTe.ibiiHXx npairax (bx H3f5HpaTo,iLHyio Koaxerin) oSasanu yaxaTHTb B3Jtep*KH, u caxue BiiflopH 0TKJiaiUBa«3TCH Ha apyrofl jeHb. ((aa oncpuTia bto- PBhho, tbkhmx o6pa30Mx, naaHaieaauxx BuCopoBXTpeCveTcanaxaiHocTh npocTOro 6o-n>mnHCTBa HfcifiopmaKOBX (a ne.s/<, Kara j.ia nepBHXx bu- CopoBx); canoe me HsdpaHie bx .tcnyTiiTU ciaTaerca coBepmHBmaxca, ecaa bx no.Txsy nam aTa liucKamyTca J/a roaocoBX bx nepHtiB jeHb bh- CopoBx, hah npocxoe CojxniHHCTBO bo BTopoS AeHt, 6yne naaiiaaenu BTopuHHHe Bu6opu. 8to npabH.io, oxaaKO, ycTaHOB.ieiio, Kara mh cna- aaja. u r n a.ia bu£oph(ukobx, Wahlmanner, a He a-ih nepua'iauxx H36upaTejieii, Urwahler. J,BoBnue iiu6opu ycTaHOBJieHU TaKate bx HopBerin. Hsx Bcfcxx rocywtpcTBi, rxb npHnaxaerca jnycTenennaa uo.wia rojocoBX, naH6o.itmee BHuxaaie oOpamaeTx aa ce6a Ilpyccia. IIpyccKoe 3aKOHOAaTexxcTBO tohhoTaKX ate npHHHMaCTXcaciexy Aoycrenemiofi no- jaaH rojocoBX, ho, CBepxx toto, 8Ta cncTeMa MOAHittaanpyeTCH 3jict SpyraMx HaaaxoMx, HneaHO t-6mx, hto H36apaTeJH pasAhaaioTca no HsCapttTejihHiJMX rpynnaMX paaaaHuaro oKonouaiecsaro SHaiema. Octb- H&BjiHB&Hcb Ha A*BcTBynwefi bx Ilpyccia cacTeat, BuOoponx, mu bctp’Ii- aaenx bx npyccKonx 3aK0H0AnTeaxcTBh cxi,iys3iniH nocTaHOBaeaia no 3Touy npejneTy: 1) IJpaBO yiacTBOBaTb bx aepBHiHbixx nufiopaxx npaaajAeatHTx bcbkomt npyccaKy, coBepmeaaoaiTHeny h iijuthiucmv KaxoS Cu to hh Cujo apaxoS na.iorx (sto yc.iooie neHaa HacTo.ii.KO HesHaiHTexbHO, hto Bu6opu npoH3BOAHTCa KaKX Cu BceoCmefl aojaneio rojocoBx). 2) Hbx ahkx, yAOBjeTBopatomaxT sthmx ycAOBurax, co- CTaBXHiOTCH nepBHHHUa H36npaTe.ibBHH cofipaaia, KOTopua nijfiupasiTX BuCopmaKOBx (Walilmanner) no OAHOMy Ha KaatAue 250 ataTeaefl. Ho, CBepxx toto, aepBUHHbie aaOupaTeaa pa3;;t.iaioTca aa HSEhcTHue K.iaccu, cooOponiro KoaaiecTBy njaTaxuxx huh noAaxeS. Bx KaatAonx H3(iHpa- TeabBoux OKpyrfc bcb Ko.iHiecTBo npuHaTanutaxca cx Hero noAaTefl Ah- ahtch na 3 nacTH, a npH cocTaBaeaiH cdhckobx aepBHHHUXx H36Hpa- Tejefl (Urwahler) bo raaBii cnacfta iioniinaeTca Juno, KOTopoe iiakthtx 6oaf.e Bcero noAaTefl; sa iihmx c-iiiAyeTt H36apaTe.ib, naaTamifl neHbmee KOAHHeeTBO HXX, H T. A-, AO TfcXX IIOpX, DOM CVMMa HOAaTefl, BJttTH- xuxx janaMH, ctobiuhhh bx chhckIi no nopaABy, He fiyAeTx paBaa V, Bcixx noAarefl, npanaTanmaxca Ha B36apaTeAbHufl oapyrx. Cna- cokx, AOBeAeHHbifi ao »to0 '/„ saKaHHHBaeTca, h anna, bx Hero no- naBmla, cyTb H36apaTe.ia 1-ro Kjacca. .Tohho tbkhmx ace ofipasoax cocTttD.iaeTCH cdbcobx H36apaTeae8 2-ro oacca, Koropue cboumh das- TeatanH noKpuBaBTx BTopyn */3 ofimefl cynnu Haaora. Bet ocTaabHue H36apaTe.ia, T.-e. ae nonaBinie bx 1-9 u 2-8 K-iacca, cyra HsSupaTe.ia

— 300 — 3-ro K.iacca. OieBHjno, hto npH orofl cacTeni Hanfio.ii,nice n.iinuie jocTaeTca Ha jojiio KpynHHXB maTejtm;HK08B, tbkb kbkb Kaatjufl hbb bthxb paapmoBB naaTejbiHHKOBB HuieTB npaBO BUfinpaTE o'xanaEOBoe HHCXOBLlGopmHKOB'b, H HOTOMy KaiEJUit paiipSJB HMieTB paBHOe HHCJO tojocobb. CaixoBaTeJi.RO, jBa Kxacca, nxaTamie Haa6ojbmee Koxa'ie- ctbo noxaTefl npa MeHbmeHB mc.ieBHOMB cocTasi, HHinn nepeaicB uaxi. naaTejainHEaMH 3-ro Kxacca, bb KOTopoM^, oieBHxao, othochtch boh Macca Hacexema. Tkkhmb ofipaaoMB, 9Ta CHCTOMa BOXBopaert kerb 6a OJHrapxHiecKoe aanaxo: 06'i.em. HOJbSOBaHia mjfiopnuMb npaeoMB copaasrbpaeTca cb KOJHiecTBOMt DjaTHHUXBnoxaTefl—npaHiiaiiB, 6uTt KOaten., roxHHB x.ia opraHH3aniu KOMMepnecKHXB npexnpumfi bb poji, Hanp., anuionepnofl KOHnaHiH, r j i o6bcmb npaBB aicnionepa cootb4t- CTByeTB KOJBiecTBy pasBepcTaHhhxb aa ero xojto hjh Ryn.ieHHbixB hmb axuift, hoHeyirtcTHafl bb ofijacTHnyfijHRHaro npana. 1’ocyxapcTBO He npecjiiayeTB tojibko sKOHOMHiecKin nixa; oho ecTt cojo3b, bb ko- TOpOMB, paXOXB CB BKOHOMHTCCKHMH HHTOpecaHH, HMilOTB DHa'ieHie H HHTepecu nojHTHRecEie h npaBCTBOmrue. IIpiiHlsnenie kb rocyiapcray TiXB npHHHHDOBB, KOTOpue npnM'liHBKJTCH KB aEHtOHepHOfi KOHnaHiH, ne npexcTaBxaeTCH no.ieantiMB h Buroxnum,, thkb hto, cb btoS torrh aptaia, TpexRjaccHaacacTeaa cb xanHHXBnopB cxtxaxacb npexacTOMB BeCBMa cnpaBexjHBuxB nopanaHifl. TaKB, bb yipexHTexbHOMB peflx- CTari ciBepo-repMaHCKaro coc3a 1867 roja, BHCxapKB, npex-iaraa npastybo h Bceo6wyio noxaiy tojocokb, do hoboxv npyccKofl Tpextiac- CHOft CHCTexH CKaaaxB, rto ohb „He SHaeTB HHioro fioxie Hexinaro a HecnpaBexJHBaro, lir a oth cacTeaa”. Bb npyccKofl TpexEjaccaot) cacTeirfc coxepxtBTca, oxHaao, HanicrHaa nojBTHRecKaa mhcjj,, KOTopaa bb xpyroi $opni Morxa 6u aaiiTb CBoe aHaneuie. HaeHHO, npexcTaBHTejBCTBO bb x8hhomb cxyiai pac- npexijaeTca aeiKxy asBicTHBHa oSmecTBeHHUMHrpynaauH, ho caaHa ocHOBaHia xxa BTOro paenpexixeHia suCpaHHHeyxaaHo: nexb3H xixHTb oCmecTBO Ha rpynnH no KoxaiecTBy ujothmuxb noxaTefl, h6o bb btomb cjyaai He npaHmiaDTca bb pa3CRen, a kbkb 6u yhhRToacarorca xpyrie ottAhkh oOiucctbchhuxb rpynnB, ottIihkh, npoacxoxainie otb panjaiia BB BaHHTiaXB, BB EaieCTBi CO(5CTB6HHOCTH, BOTOpOR) BjaxiDTB (36- xexBnaa co6ctb6hhoctb, coSctbchhoctb <i'a6puKai!Ta a np.), otb pas- JHRia Meaxy ropoxcKHRa a cejBCKHaa pafionaMH h t. h., cjobohb, ae nPHHH«ia»Tca bb pa&cieTB Ti shbuh ofiinecTBeaHiia pasxHiia, KOTopua xoryTB a Xo.iikhu hm* ti. BHaaeBie npa o6pa30BaHia napoxHaro npex- cTaBHTe.ibCTBa.

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302 — peaxiauxi DHTepefOBt CTpaHH. Bi STOirb oTHomeHiH P. Mojfc ora ce6a npexxaraeTi oieat cxoanyi) cHCTCKy npcflCTauHTfijiBCTBa, npratHeeie BOTopoft ejsa xa ooymecTBHMo; bo 3ato xpHTHaecsaa cropoHa ero pa- 6oth npejcTaBjaeTi 6oxbmofl HHiepecs. Mu roBOpairs o P. Moxi h ero CHCTevi uoxoay, mo Bi aliEOTOpHXi enponeftcKHXT, rocyxapcxaaxi 3Ta cacTeaa bi H3BicxH08 ijiopat xMcTBHxexbHO npHHxxa. II. Taxi, Bi BacToainee Bpeaa oaa jiftcTByera, Bi ABcrpiH Bi chxv HBfiHpaxextHaro 3aK0Ha 2-ro anpfcm 1873 roxa. Pan'iie aioro, cucTeua npexcTaBHTexiCTBa Bb A ncTpia Gu.ra couepnieHno unax, Taxt sari xenyTara neHTpa.ibHaro npelcTaBHiexiCTBa M3Cnpa.iacb npOBHH- piajibBUHB ceSMaiiH (no saiiony 1867 roxa). SanOHi 1873 roxa 6uxi npoBexeai. napTiex) aeaxpaxacTOBi a, KOHeiBO, Bi HHTepecaxi btoB napTia 6uxo ycxaBOBHTb npaayc cbbbb napoxa Ci aeHTpaxbHHHi npexcTaBaTexbcxBOHi. 9xa a ix i Gn.ia oxxacxa h xocTHrayTa, xirai Basi nepBuxi pe3yxbTaTOMi saEoaa 1873 roxa hbhxocb io, bio xe- uyxaxu penxpajacxcxofi uapxia 6uxa H3(jp8.HH Bi EoxaieciBli 218. Ho aia napTia, oiHaso, coxpanaxa HSBicTHOe npexciasaieaiciBO no rpyn- naui. He yciaHOBxaa BOHueaxpHpoBaBBaro H36apaxexf.naio npasa bt, oxaofi 6e3paainiHo8 aacci H36apaTexefi. Haerao, bc6 npexcxaBHiexB H36apaiOTca mi lexupexi rpynni: Ki nepBofl rpynni oxhocbich spynaue co6ciBeHHBBH; ohh bt. 6oxbmnHCTBi upoBUHUifl ABCipia o6pa- syiora, asi ce6a oxHy KsdHpaTexbHyDxo.ueriio; noexoxy ohh H36Hpai)ri cbohxt. xenyxaxoBi nocpexcTBoMi, xara Has., scrntin de liste. Ho bi raxania, a xaxxe Si Tapoxa a ByEOBHni Banxufl xenyxara, Esdapaeicx Bb oco6oax>oxpyrt (HXi 20 Bb 1’ajHnia h no 2 Bb Tapoxa a EyBOBHH-i). Bxopaa rpyrnia H36Hpaxexefl cyxi ropoxcKie H36apaxexH, x.-e. asfiapa- xexa Tixx ropoxoBi, koxojiumt, xaao npaBO nocuxaxi xeayiaxoBi bt. naxaxy. Bt, EaaxoMi ropoxt, ofipaayoTca ojna R36apaxexiBaa Boxxeria (aa HCBXBjaenieKi Tpiecxa, rx i TasoBHXi 3). Tpeiwo xpyany H36apa- xexefl cocxaBxxDii ToproBua a npoaunueHHua naxaxu. 9th yipe- axeHia m iiim oxeai caxiaoe pacnpocrpaHeaie Ha saaaxi Ebpohh; OHH HBXHDTCX BaEi 6U 0C06HSIi BHXOMi TOprOBHXT, H upOMHIHXeRBUXi accoaiaaifi, opraHH3yeMuxi xxa. caMoexoHxexbHoft saaiaxu xoproBuxi aaxepecoB'i h xxa noxpoBUxe.ibcTBa uxx. ToproBua a npoMuinxeHHua naxaTU BOTapycra, axa caaocTOHTexiao a oxxixbao, hxh coBMicxHU ct, roposaaaxH Toro ropoxa, r j i HaxoxaTca naxaTS. B i nepooin, cxyxai axeau bxbxi naxara, o6pa3ycra, oxHy H36apaTexiayD Boxxerin; BOBTOPOBT, cxyaai OHHBXOXHTi BT, COCTaBi rOpOXCEHXi H36apaTeXbHHXl OKpyrOB'b, BOTH BOTHpyiOTi H OTXiXlHO OTi JOpOlKaHi. Kt, TOTBepTOi rpyrini apaaaxxexaxi cexacEie H36HpaTexu, KOTopue oSpasyiDTi oco6ue H36HpaTe.ii.HHe oapyra ce.itcKiixT, o6ihhht, (npa hcmi caaue oapyra o6pa3ynTca Hat HSBtcTHaro aaexa cyxe6auxi yaacxKOBi). H36Hpaxe.iH

Kasjaro Taitoro ospyra cocTaBaniOTX ojhv aafiapaTejiHyio Eoaaeri»..Bx COCTEBX 9THXX CeaBCKBXX yaaCTKOBX (KOTOpue npejCTaBJfllDTT. uaCupa- Te.ibHy» ejHHHuy) bxojhtx: 1) n030Meai,Hiie co6ctb6hhheh, KOTopue no pa3Mipy CBoe# co6ctb6hbocth ae noaxoaHTx ex uemy, yciaHOBaeHHOMy j.ia KpyiiHux'L co6ctbchhheobx, Bxojaniaxx bx cociaBX uepBoB rpynnu H3fiHpaTejiefi, a 2) Baa^taxuu seiieju, npHUHcasHUXbex o6u; hhJi. JSuCopu otx cojxcehxx ofiuiHHx npoHBim^aTCH bx jb jx x CTeneiiaxx; ho .ikehh6 COSCTBBHHHKH, H6 UHKOpUOpUpOUaHHfje BX 06lHHHt (KOTOpiJe, EBEX MU ceBaacx csaBa.m, He iioryTX, no ycaoBiaax aeHsa, boSth bx nepByio rpyony HafiapaTeaeS), hhImotx npaao aaiHaro rojoca. Kamaaa ofimnua bx 500 atHTeaeif H3SapaeTx ojHoro BuOopmHKa; net BijfiopmnKH coera- aaaDTX nsx ce(5a H36apaTcabHy» Koaaerin, bx cocTaBX EOTopofi. Tan*e Bso.WTx Henocpe.ncTBCBHO h coOcTBeHHHKH, BMtBinie npaBo .iHBHaro roaoca, i.-e. rt, Eoropue He npanacaHH ex paapajy Kpynnuxx. Coor- BtTCTBeHHO tskoB opratfH3aniH pacnpefltJUieTcs b aacao jenyraTOBX. Ofimee Macao (363)aenyTaTosx aBCTpiSoBaxx 3eueai>paenpei'taseTca Heaay oTAtaxHUMH 3eaaailR a rpynnaHB «36npaie.'iefl bx wbayiomeS nponoppia: Oti ttpyn. On ropo*. On Topro , On, cab co6ctb. •oSm. hnpoii. naaa Boreaia................ ■ 23 32 7 30 j(a.isiania . . . . 12 6 raaania................ 27 Hhkhbh ABCTpia. . 20 13 3 Bepxaaa AncTpia . 10 8 17 2 •7 3aatp6yprx . . . nixapia................ 3. 6 1 KapaBTia . . . . 12 2 lipaHHa................ UyKOBHHa . . . . 4 82 9 MopaBia................ 13 1 4 Ca.«e3ia................ 23 6 Tupoai ................. 3 'I'opap.itfleprT.. . . 32 1 HcTpia................. Tepax a rpa.tnmKa. 9 13 3 11 Tpiedx................. 34 3 65 8 —1 2 1. 1 2 1 1 .2 — 3 1' — _ Bcero . . . . 85 137 131 TaKHUx o6pasoMX. bx 9tomx mu bh^hhx nonuTsy jaTt cpejcTaBii- leaxciBO pa3aaaHUMx afimecTBennuax Kaaccaxx: 1) Epyimunx no3e-

nejhaunt coficTBeaHHKaMi; 2) ropojCKHMt oGHBaTexain; 3) cnepiajLHO upoMuuueaHusit h TOproBum ExaccaML bl edecTBenno Bupa- Goiauaofi opraaa3ania ToproBO-npoaunixeaHUXL uaxan a, aaKoneuL, 4) aeajeAixMecBoay nxacey. Tasura oOpaaom, noBmaMOMy, sci hhtb- pecu TfT% npeiCTaBjeuu, no KpaiHefl a ip i, cl BKOHOHHiecKofl totem apimia. 3ra cacreaa bo bcbeoml cxyaa* mape TpeXKxacCHoBnpyccKoB, hOo 3Atcb npuHuaaeTca bl pascTen totl fiojie xh3hchhuR ^aam, no, nanp., y apyuuui'B 006018688x11081 uaiioxca CBoa ocofiue aHte- pecu, onpex'SjaeatiB u SEoaoaaqecKgKL noxoaceHiem BToro Kxacca, a npeiaaiaaii, KOiopua ohl mart. Be stobl exyaai oaa iyBCTBy»n> ce6a cbo6oabhbh, ae Gyxyiu iipHuyaaeHti cuimaBaTbca cl xaaaaa ayacAuxL hml kxbccobl oomecTua, aaap., Toproaaaaa a np. (Ho npyc-^ CEofi ace cacteai ohh HeapeaiHHO 6uxa 6h coexaaeHH cl iihmh, hb- cuoTpa aa pasxaaie hxl uHTepecoBi).- Ho aBCTpiicKaa cuoxeaa upaHaaaen bl pa3cierb hckxdthtoxlho ssoaoaaaecKia ocaoBaaia oCuiecTBeHauxL pasxHqifi, xotb bxh skoho- MaxecKia ocuouaHia a ae cxuhctbohhij; oaa tojlko apeoGxaxaiDTL a- Bouce ae ycTpaaanTi HajoSHocTH npaBHaaTB bl pa3CieTL a flpyrie BHTepecbi oOmeciBa'). Teel bl Aarxia, aecaoTpa aa ycTaHOBMmiaca rpynnu bl bia* rpa$ctBL a ropoAOBL, CBepxx Toro AOiiycKanm upex- cxaBUTexH.a oil Apyraxx rpymii, Haup., o n yaaBepcuxeTOBL, cxtso- BaxexLBO, apaaaaaijTcx bo BBUMaaie a iiHiepecu ae BEoaoaaBecEaro CBoBcTBa; Me*A)- t$ml bl Abctpih 6epyica bl pa3cxeTL HCExnaaTexLHO BEoaoaaaecEie aaiepecu. Ta s e CHCTeaa6uaa apaaiHeaa a bl PyMuaia no sanoHy 20 ceH- xa6pa 1878 roja, KOxopuB hm'&xl aijLio boatbopabtl 3aK0BL 1866 roxa h o6e8neiHTL cBofioxy bliSopobl. HsGapaiexa toibo tbkl ace h36h- pa»Tea no oxAtxLHUML KoxxerjaaL. Kl 1-fl icaTeropia H36apaTexefi oraocaxHCL no3e«exbBue eoficTiiCHauEH cl aoxoaoitl bl 300 AyKaTOBL a 6oxie; eo 2-8 Eaxeropia—noxyiaximie aoxoal o il 100 xo 300 AyKa­ TOBL; 3-D Kaieropiio cocTaBxaxa xaas, npHHaAxeaam,ia e l ropoACEHBL KoxxeriaaL, BMeBao: ropoacaae, Ejnnu, peaecxeuaaEH a T. x.> uxaxa- mie 80 aiacipoBL aaxora (niacxpL=37 caaTHaam,). Bl btoB xaTCropiH pcBoGoacAaxHCt otl oGasaaaocTH noAMHaTLca ycxosiaML neasa xaaa cbo6oahhxl npo^eccifl, Kan to: xyAoacHHKa, npo<j>eccopa, aacaTexa, oTcxaBHue oijmaepu h act noxyaaoipie neaciu sa rocyAapcTBeaayiD cxyac6y. Kl 4-4 EaTeropiu othochxbol ocrajLHiie rpaxcxaHe, uxaTainie KaKoB aa6yxL aaxon. Sbeobl 1884 roAa pasAixaxL asdapaiexeB Ha mpu Koxxeria. Cym- Ulbrich, Lehrbuch des Bsterreichischen Staalerechts, 1883, cip. 345.

— 306 — 6 0 060 0lieCTb uepcBliHU eocTOim. bx tomx, ito nepBue jsa ptt3paja coejH- B HH BX ,HHHT> U H;eH3X AAH HXX lI HH«eHX. III. HpeACTaBBTejri>CTBO nopaapn^Hoe, ocaoBaHHoe Ha paajiueHiH HafiapaTejeS no ofimecTneHHUHx rpynnaMx, HMierx sectsia BaatHoe HeyjoficTBO cx o6ffle-no.)HTaieCKp0 tobkh aptnin. 3aaaia HapojHaro upejcxaBHTe.ibCTBa, ksexBaeueaTa rocyaapcTBCHHaroyupaBxeHia, aaKJB)- laeTca He bi> tomx, ito6u aepenocHTb rtopi.(5r, KOTopaji hpohcxoahtx siexxy ofimecTBeHHUMH waccaMH bx OTHOmeniaxT, bkohomhtcokhxb,\"h» HOJHTHHGCKyiD DOBBy, KBRX TO MOatCTb CAyHHTbCH npn npejCTaBHTeXt- CTBi nopaapjiflHOJix, a bx tomb, tto6u nyieiix ofiigyxx foeyjapciBeH- HUXX V6p\"b H aaSOHOBTi. npHMHpHTI. H COlUaCHTb OTHpaBAHHHHe HHTe- pecB, yciaHOBHTL B03MoajnocTb cocymecTBOnaHia ueasxj OTAixbHHMH ofimecTBeHHUMH rpynnaHH, HHTopecu KOTopnxx He toabko paa-iHiHu, ho xa*e Bocbna aacro hpothbohoaoachh. OxtioiiaTeABHO, ojjid nai cymecTBeHHHXi aaA&ix aapoAHaio npexcraBHTeibCTBa aaKawaaeTca bx B03MOJKHOHX COrjameHLH H npHHHpeHiH 9THXX HHTepeCOBX BX o6d(BXX saHOHOAaTejrxHuxx Mip&xx h bx oCuemx HanpaBjeaw, hoahthkh. Ho,, CBepxx Toro, sajaia napojHaro npejcTaBHTextcTBa aaKxcjaeTca bx. yiacTia ero bx rocyiapcTBeHHUxx A&raxx h bx Be*emn kofitpoj^ h m i o6merocyaapcTBeHHH>ix ynpaa.ieHiexx. Mips h bbsohu, np'nni- HaeMtie bx otohx oTHomeniH napojntiMx npoAcraBaTeabCTBOiix, aoaxhh 6htbtjCcyatAaemi He cx toxbh .iptnia HHTepecoBXOTAiAbHLixx KxaccoBX oCujecTBa, a cx toikh apinia ofimerocyAapcTBeHHtixx HHTepecoBX, ko- Topne He npeacTaBxaiOTX coCoki toaxko cyMMH HHTepecoBX oTAiAb- hhxx ofimeCTBeHHHxx rpynnx. BcAiACTBie e-roro, uouhtuo, hto oahod hbx n'kjeH Bufiopnaro npaaa, hah 3aK0H0Bx o au^opHOMX npan'Ii, HBAH6TCH OTAixeHie H0AHTHH6CKHXX BHfiopOBX OTX TfixX BllfiOpOBX, KOTopue HM'feiOTx bx BHUy oCpaaoBaTb ynpaBAenie m%cthhxx, HHTepe­ coBX, MiCTHHXX OSmeCTBX HAH C0W80BX. Jinaafi CKa3aTb: HOAHTHTeCKie Bbfiopu aoajehh Curb HesaBHCHHH otx opraHHSaniH mIicthhxx npex- CTSBHTeAbCTBX, HHTepeCOBX KiCTHHXX HOpnOpaiji# H C0D30BX. Ec.th, cx OjhoS ctopohh, AHija, atexasomia BHA*Tb bx- Hapojrfoirx npeACTaBHTeAbCTBi cpejcTso. a-th npoBejeaia Ka*jo» H3X o6mecTBeH- auxx rpynnx cbohxx HHTepecoBX, uphxojbtx kx jonymemio npejcra- BHTeAbCTBa, OCAH H6HOC0CJ0B1HHX, TO, HOKpaftHeft Mipi, HOKAaCCaHX, ■to, cx apvrofi oropoHH, HUH-fnnHaa opraHH3ania napoAnaro npejcraBH- Tejbc^Ba aBAaeica npeAnceTOMx acaaoCx cx Hndfi totKh apima. [Ipn yc.iOBiaxx npeXCTaBHTe-iLCTBa „orx bu om “ He bc4 uoAHTHHecEie hhto- pecH, ne Bci r i HHtepecu, bobpjtx Koropuxx rpynnHpyBTca He sttcT- Hua, a noAHTKrecsia naprin, HaxojaTx cefi-fc Micro h BupaateHie bx HftpOAHOMX npeACTaBHTeAbCTBi. HanpOTBBX, HOAXAiftCTBieMX MicTHHXX BAiaHiS He TOAbEO npeACTaBHTeAH onenb BaaiHuxx noAHTHiecKHXX hh-

— 306 — Tepecom. ae Baxoiart cefli MtcTa bx naaaiaxx, ho doax bthmx *e saiaHieux naaaTH o6pa3y»Tca •H3X ahux h6choco6hhxt. h.ih Heaocia- TOBHO HO^rOTOBaeHBHXS XX nOAHTHHecEoS jiHTejBHOCTH. Haaae cxa- saTi.: hoax AiUcTBieifi m4cthhxx BaiaxiS h ihcjoboto floatULHHCTBa HOHH*aeTca io n cpeAHitt ypoBOHb cpocoflaocTeft, xoropuB Tpe6yeTca orx napoAHUXt npejeraBHTejeS. TaxHxx oflpaSoax, >w upiixojum, at Bonpocy, KOTopuS npejcTa- xaaeTca cxoahumx cx BonpocoMt 061 opraHH3aniH npeACTaBHTeatcTBa no OTAiatHUMi oflmecTBCHHHMX rpynnaMt, bx to8 (fiopat, bx eoto- pofl mu Ha6.noAajf »Ty oprauHBanio bx Abctpib, PyuuHiH h jpyraxx rocy.napcTBaxx. PascMaTpHBaa btotx Boopocx cx lucro no,iHTHaecxo0 to<uui 8'piEia, mu npHxoAHUx xx Bonpocy o Taxx BaounaeMOMx nponopuiowumoMi npedctnaeumexwmen, hah o6x ofleaneaenia HHTepcconx MeHtnmHCTBa, Taxx xaxx 06a bth Bonpoca rtcgo cBaaaHu jpyfx -cx APyroMX. Ho aaa DOHUMania Bonpoca o uponopnioHaxtnoMx npejcTaBHTe.itcTBt a ;oflx oflesiieaeHiii npeiCTaBHTejtCTBa MeHtmHHCTBa, nasix, npeasje Bcero, HajaeaHTx yacHHTt ce6$ rocnoACTBycruy® RUHi cacreMy upeACTaHB- xejbciBa. l’ocn.OACTByBmaa. cacietia npeACTaBhtcalctbx, xaxx mm 3aMiTMH Buuie, ecTt cHCTOMa, npn xoiopoB oflpasoBBHie Bu6opno8 naxaiu HBaaeTca peayjbTaiOMX roaocoBairia aflcoaioTHaro floatniHHCTBa HsflBpaTeaeS bx xaKAOHx AanBOMX uaflHpaTc-ibHOMx oxpyri. flaa niaefi auflopa, xaix- Aaa cipana pasAiaaeTca Ha onpeAiaeaHMe oxpyrH; Ha xaasAufl oxpyrx noaaraeTca oahbx hah hIicxoabbo AenyraTonx, h bx easaomx H3x bthxx oxpyroBx hcxoax BtiflopoBx pimaeica aflcoADTHUMx 6oAtniHH- ctbomx toaocobx, DOjaHHUix sa AaHHaro AeuyTaTa. CatxOBaTeabHo, bch na-iaia, BMtcri B3aTaa, HBAaeica Btipa3HTeatHHiieD flojunHacTBa H3flHpaTeje8, mnaxm n- tcao/cdoM* omdnMMommpyrn. Ho Tytx aBaaerca Bonpocx: HacxoAbxo sto flo-iununcTBo x36xpaTeie8; iisaToe bx xasAOMX OTAiatHOMx HsfiHpaTejbHOMx oxpyrt, cioaseHHoe BMtcrt, npeACTaBaaars Ai8CTBHT6ABH0e flOAblDHHCTBO HaUIU. , I’ a3ptnieHie>ix3ToroBonpoca3aHHMaAca,Mei«Aynpo'iusix,A-C.Mhjai. xoTopuS no sToxy nosoiy roBopHTX catAyiontee: „HHHimHaa ACMOxpaTia opraHHsoBaHabx xacToamee BpeMa Taxx, ito ona ho AOCTHracTX Aaae CRoeSfl.iHatafimeSIrian,cocTOamefi bx tomx,btoAh bobcbeokxcayaai npa- ■ BHTejbCTBOHHaa BjacTt fluaa npeAOCTaBaexa aflcaeHHOMy floatiHHHCTBy. JleMoxpaiia AtaaeTX HinTO Apyroe: oha aaorx aiy BaacTb floabinmi- CTBy>OTX floablHHGCTBa, npH BeMX 9TO CoabBIHHCTBO, BMtCTfi B3HTOe, HoateTX fluTb aacxo HeHbmHHCTBOMx uiaaro\" (yx. coa., r.iaBa VII). Aaa noacaema atoro BOstMeMx iaxo8 apaMtpx: Bcixx H36npaTeae8, aanucauuuxx m nocaiAHBXx BuflopoBX bx naaaTy <t>paHU,y3CKO0 pec-

— 307 — nvfuHKH, Cujo cnunie 10 i h u . 3a BcxiDaeBieiix jam., He yiacTBO- BaBmaxx bx nuGopaxx (okoao 30%). sa iicBjinieHieiii laame toaocobx,' pas6nBmnxcMxex ij pas.TH'iHUMii BaHAHAaraHH,osaauanerai, ito Huatm- hhh naaara nufipana 4‘/, h k m . roaocOBi asx 10 m u x . ■ )• 3toti npa- Mijjx, TaKHMX oOpasoHX, a^JUDcrpapyen. mucjs Mh j.ih ; asx Hero bhiho, hto Bee aiao cbojrtch kx Tony, tto'-bx aaaioax oapyrh 6epeT|ja fio.n.IUHFICTRO OTXfio.IUUliHCTBa, H9TO tjOJLlUHBCTBO,C.IOiKCUHOC BMtCTi, oiasuBaeTCH aenbinuHCTBOax naniH. Taaoa pe3y.ibTaTx asaaerca aep- bhmx it sectMa cywecTBeBHUHx BoapaseHieax dpothbx rocnojcTBys>- mefi CHCTCMU npeacTaBHTejbCTBa, KOTopoe Moaen 6uTt noacHeao eme Apyrasix cooOpazeaieux, uphboahmumx repaancEUMX yqeanMX Koa- OTaHTHHOMX <tpaHTHeiix. Ohx roBoparb, ito xaate npH HopMaxbHuxx ycaoBiaxx naaaTa qacTO HB.iaeica BupaaieoieMX caopfie MeHLuiHHcnta, qiMX OoabQDHHCTBa. Taax, npeanoaaraa, tto Bufiopu oaHOCTeaeaau, mu Moaeax c^i.ian CJiiyamiB pacqert: Baaa npa6.iH3BTe.ibHo°/0jhhx, yajoHaiomaxca on. bhSopobx h.iu ne yqacTBynnuixx'bx hhxx, moxho caasaTb cx AocTaToqHO# BtpoaTaocibi), tto oSukhobchho bx Bu6opaxx yqacTayeTX s/4 roaocoBX. lIpaHHiaa caxutt xyqmi# hcxoax nu6opoBi, AOnyCTHMX, BTO AOXyTaTU H3fiRpnBITCH 6o.IblBHHCTBOMX ‘ I, TO.IOCOBX BirSxx HaAuuHun H36HpaTe.icfi. Buxoahxx, Taaaax oOpasojfx, qroneuj- T8TH HBfiapaioTca V, otx % Bcixx BHeccHHHXX bx CHHcoBX asOapa- Te.iefi, T.-e. TaaaMX hhcaohx MsfiapaTeaeS, aoropoe no OTHomeHiio ax ■ o6meny hxx iHc.iy Bupasaxca Apo6b» */,, (*/»X'/*=8/l,). Tenept aofl- Acmx ja.i'fce. UpeAnoxaraa, tto AonyTaru AoctaTOTHO peBHOCTao otbo- caTca kx cbohmx o6a3aHHOCTHMX bx najarfi, AonycraMx. tto aaxAoe ptmeuie, npHHHToe ex Hefi, npHHHTO 6o.ibmaacTBOMX Toate V* Aeay- TaTcaaxx roAocoex. IIo OTHOineHiD kx o6nieMy qacxy Bcixx H36apa- Teaefl sto pimerne osaaetca npiinnTUMx ’ /• otx ”/io, T.-e. xpo6b»,' KOTopaa yae ne fiyaerx npeACTaBJHTb So.ibniHHCTBaBofexx H36apaTeae8, a, Hao6opoTX,npeAcraBHTX Mcni.iifhhctbo hxx (,/'X*/,* = 27/**<'/«)*).

— 308 — Ecaa ae btotx pacien, BpaaiaaTb ex CHCTeMi jEycTeneunuxi bu6o- posx, to jpofit noiyiHTca eme Mentme, tout. kbkx npu axonx Burae- npaBejesHaa MaHiiuyjaain cx ApofiflMH yBeiHBBTca jhbihhmx aao- aHTejesi'B. Tbei bio, bx iiRoTBHTCjbHOCTH, HrfHie .najara, BupaaeB- Hoe, aanp., bx 3aKou4, ecaa mu npaieux bo BHuvaaie bhcjobub jan- npa, flaaeKo ae Oyjon. A4flcTBHTe.aF.HHMx aH4aieux CTpaatJ. iHCJOBaa caeieBa npeacTaBHTeatcTBa, x.-e.. pasA'fiaeHie cxpaau aa H3sicTBoe bhcjo HafiapaTeainuxi, oEpyroBX, BpeACxaBaaexx to aasHoe HeyaoCclTBo, tto uc ToabKO Heaaia (jipaitaiH, t.-c. aapTia, KOTopua bx caay cbohxx KpaflaHxx y6Iiaacai8 ae 6yayTx fihi'a4 HMiTB CoaLaiBHCTBa, bo aarne a Tania napxia,. caaa KOTopuxi apafiaa- SHieaBHO ojaHaaOBa cx caaoio apeoxoaiBBiefi bx aaaayio MHHjTy aap- xia, BcaijCTBie Toro, tto hxx roaoca nponaianrB, 6yayoa paaoiaaB aoOTa'kibHinrEOKpyrasiL,aaaiaiOTcabo3mosifocthhh4xb cbobxx apeaCTa- BaxeaeS bx aapaaaeaxi a, raKHMx ofipasoax, cocxaBHTB oanosaniio apoxBBx AHKxaxopcKBXx M'hpx So.itraHRCiBa aa Bufiopaxx. H3X Aaanuxx, Eoxopua mu bpbboahjh Buaie, cxaHOBHica Heco- mh4hbhhx, 3T0 jaae cx pacmHpeHieax H36apaieaBaaro apaHa oaeat aacTO noHHaaexcfl ofimifl ypoBOHbiipaBCTaennuft, yucTBBHHufi a bojhtb- accKifi jeayTaioBx, aocuaaeuuxx bx aaxaxy. H3X aehhuxx BHinenpii- BejeHauxx aBCiByexx xaiate, hto AenyTara asfiapaioica boax Aaaie- aieMX uicTBHxx Bxiaaifi hjh co CTopoau sameaucTpaaia, hjh co cxo- poau Micrauxx COlSciBeBBHKOBX, npeAnpHEHMaxe-iefl, SaBOAXHKOBX, (JiafipHEaHiOEX a t. b . Bx BHAy btbxx cJiaKiOBX Mb jjb , 6uib MoateTX, fiuax bx apasi csasaib, bio necieciBeBHoe crpe«jeaie coBpeMenHaro npe.iCTaBHTe.iF.Haro apasa, kokx a coBpesieHHoS u.HBH.ra3aaiu, ejohbtcb KX Co6npaTe.TBHOfI nOCpOACTBOHHOCTBu *.-6., 1TO BpeACTaBHTOJbCXBO BupaataeTX cofioo cpeAaifi ypoBOHb 108 aaccu, EOTopaa H36Hpaexx a aocuaaerx AeByxaiOBX, xor*a kbrx jHiia, A48CTBHTeji.no BUAaBmiaca, HM-fetomia BHCOEia rocyAapcTBeHHua cboco6hoctb, yexpaaaioica, h6o ne aaxoABXx ajb ce6a bobbu bx suOopaxx no OEpyraHx, KOTOpue co- BM4maE)rx bx ce64 fiojbBiHBCiBO nocpeACiBeaHOCTefi. Bx btomx cmucj4 Mu jjb a rOBOpnix, tto Apennin AOMOEpaxia (aeBoopeACTBeaHua)ABBaJiH ropasAO 6ojbmi8 opociopx A48cTBnieabno rocyAapcTBeaauMx jidahmx, KBEOBUMH (>UJH-ApHCTHAX, 0OMHCTOEJX, AjKHBiaAX, ^eMOCOOBX B Ap. 6a8th jHaa, roBopaTx Mh.uj,, npa coBpeueBHoax ycTpoficTB4 oufiopnaro npaBa aoiepnian Epynxeaie, a coCapaTejbHaa nocpeACTBeaHOcib fie noseaaja 6a 6htb-npeACTaBjeanoa hub: aaa nocpeACTBesHOCTB aysao Juno, jyxme Bcero npeACTaB.ianmee cpoABie; BH3MeuBue HireJ pecu cpeABaro B3(SHpaxeaa. IV. Bx BHAT TOTO, BT0, BO-BepBHXX, (SOJIBIBBCTBO BX COBpeMOBHUXX Bufiopaxx HB.iaerca qacxo mhhmumx, tto napxia aacxo Bi^CbMa uaoro-

— B09 — iHCJeenHn h panhuh no caxaa® c® napTieft, b® xaHny® MHHyxy oxo- jiiBnieS Ha nutiopax®, TepaDT® bosmojbhoctb hmIstb cBoe npejcTaBH- Texi.CTBO b® naxart; bo-btophx®, hto BHxaMmieca xx>xa Tepaion. boskoxhoctb noHBHTbca b® naxaT* b® BHjy o6m;aro HanpaBxeaia aucxeft H86apaTexe9, c® btbx®, roBopaa®, totok® spiirifl, Bosnaano- BBHie Muc-ia o npoiiopaioHaxBBOM® npejcTaBHiexbCTB't, axa npexm- BHTejbCTB'fe MeHbinHHCTBa, HBxaeTca uohhthum® a jaae aeofixo^Haua®. IlpejcTaBHTettcMO, aaa® roBopaT® saniHTiiHSH btoS TeopiH, xoxsho Cut® nponopuiowutHO, T.-e. aaxxaa uapTia, mitnmaaca b® CTpaai, XO.mHa nocuxaTb Tacoe KoxaaecTBO xenyiaTOB®, aoTopoe cooTBiT- CTByen. ea xtftCTBHTexBHoay BHaieaiD b® o6mea® cociaBt aace- xeaia. BcitjcTBie btoto. npexcraBHTexbcTiio (naxaxa) 6yxei® Torxa AicTBHTexBBUM® OTpaxeHieK® ofiiaecTBCHaaro an±ai« h aoxaTaaecaaro aacTpoeaia cTpaan. IlajaTa aBHTca aaa® 6u cTpaaon b® BHBiaT»pi, T.-e. BC’fe Teaeaia aucxeft a ac6 Huxepecu, Boapyr® KOTopux® rpya- aapyioTCa pasxaiBHe axeueaTH oSmecTBa, aaftxyT® ce(5t aicTO a bu- paaceHie b® btoS naxart, a acnoxHHTexBHaa BxacTB 6yxeT® bh4tb ne- pex® coCon j ’feflcTaaTexBBoe aatHie cxpaHu. 3arfiM®, Taa® aaa® npex- cxaBHTexBCTBo apa bthx® ycxoaiax® 6yxeT® nponopuioHaxbHO, to oae- bhxho, hto, Haap., aapria aeabiaHHCTBa b® x^8ctbht6xbhocth 6yxeT® aaxoxHTBca b® Taxon® xe aeabaiHHCTBt a b® aaxarfe h, Taaaa® o6pa- 30M®, eft 6yxeT® ofiesaeaeHa BBB'bcTBaa xo.w b® npexcTaBHTexbCTBi. Kaaxaa aapTia, npeTeHxymnaa aa aoxaiaaecKoe saaaeHie, upH btoS cacTeui BUCTaBxneT® copaaatpHOe csoaa® jiBcTBHTexBHUM® caxaa® <aacjeaHOMy cocTaBy) xacio xeayTaioB®. 3thh® nyTea®, oneBaxao, ofiesaeaHBaeTca a npaso aeHBBiHHCTBa. Taaaa® o6paBon®, npuauan® apoaopaioaaxBHaro apejcTaBHTex&CTBa to« x6Ctb6h® c® npejcraBHTejB- CTBOM® HeHBBIHHCTBa. ripa ycxoBia npoaopaioaaxBaaro npexcTasaTexbCTBa, aaa® roBopar® Maxx®, bobmoxhu eme fidxbmia Buroxu, aaeHao: H8(5paHBBie, xymie BxeMeHTBi oOmecTBa, a® aaaau® 6a noxaTanecaan® aapTiav® oaa hh npaHaxxexaxa, 6yxyT® b® cocToaaia BiiCapaTt xan®, kotopuh, ae3a- bhchmo ot® ax® aoxaTaaecaaro aanpaBxeBia, no cnocofiHOCTBM®cbokm® XOctoAhu 6bitb xenyTaTaaa b® aaxarfc, bt6 a noBexeT® aa co6o» BOBBUmeHie ofimaro ypoima Hapoxnaro npexciaBHTex®CTBa. TaaoBBi, no BToft Teopia, aixa a aaxaaa nponopaioHaxkaaro-apex- •CTaBHTexBCTsa hxh apexcTaBBTexBCTBa aeaBaiHHCTBa. IlpexaeT® btot® b® aacToaaiee-Bpeaa-o6pan;aeT® aa ce(5a oichb 6ox®moe BHBMaaie a b® apaaTHK'fe, a b® XHTepaTypi. Ecxa an 3x*cb Be nocRBTaa® ear ctoxbko BHHaaain, ckoxbko no BaxaoCTa cbobS stot® npexneT® sacxy- xaBaeT®, to exaacTBeHHo noToay, hto aama fixaxaftmaa 3axaaa a rxaBHaa ntx® — asxoaeHie X’iflCTByiomaro rocyxapcTBeanaro npaBa,

— 310 — Mjoaceiiie h ofeacacHie Toro, ito ecTt; npHMiHenie ace h&s&ib opo- nopnioBaasHaro npeACTBBHTe.ibCTBa iiona elite Be bubuo H3BnpeA'kioB'L. nepBOBaaa.iBBaro onuia h po6khxb maroBB. IIodtomj roBopMTt o Hem, kukb o A'tfi'cTByDineiiB npanf., nhTB nonojia. 8thmb caxo co6ok> onpe- jt.iaDTca npejt-iu, bb KOTopuxT. sra fiytcMTi H.uaraTi. cHCTexv npo- nopnioHa.ibHaro opeACTaBBTeabCTBa. Ho HMia cjiaCoe npHMtHonie, ona bb TeopiH ofiHBMaetb co6oo rpoMajHyo jmepaTypy. Oco6eaao hhto- peci. sb 3tom_taonpocy ycBJHJCB co upeueHu Taps (Hare), KOTopuS bb 1869 rosy bb coBBHeiuH cBoeMB, Treatise on the election of repre­ sentatives, Aa-iB fio.ite h.ih MCH-fce oca3aTe.ii.nyio iJiopHyanpoiiKy npo- nopnioHa.ibHOMy npeiCTanHTejitCTBy ')• Bb HacTOamee epeicn MTepaiypa no otomj' npc.tMCTy rponajaa, ho npasTHiecKoe npHirhneHie chctcmu nponopnionajbnaro npetcTaBHTem>cTBa Becma c.iafio, h ajh o6BHcHeHi« BToro, oneqb hosctb Sutb, bo3hosho, Bpon'6 o6m;efi cch.iku Ha CH.iy ofiniecTiieimuxB npejpaacyjKOBB, cocaaTtca h na H'feiTo jpyroe. 0 tomb,. saBB npHMtnuTb ary cHCTesy Ha npasTHKh—npejwaraeTca MHoncecTBO ujaHOBB. UosTony mu, npeawe pcero, pascMOTpnuB, bb ieMB ohh 3asjBDianTca. yio6cTBa ofioHpinia bthxb nxaiioBB mh pa3.tfeaHMB hxb Ha AB'fc ecTecTBeBHO upejcTaB.Hiora,iHca rpynnu: 1) aa npoesTH, KOTOpue BB BKAy •yHHHTOXHTb H86HpaTeJIl>Hbie OKpyra (sto Haii6oaie paAHKarbHue h noc.i'hjOBaTejbBije n.ianu; bb aacay hxb . •npHHajiJesHTB h npoesi-b Taps), a 2). Ha n.ianu, soTopue orpaHnm- BaDTB npmrhHeHie HanajB uponopniona.ibnaro npeACTaBHTe.ibCTBa bb npejhaaxB ojaoro HaSHpaTo-imaro ospyra. Haro saMhTHTb, n o uocaiA- Hie miaHH, sasoBB, Hanp., bashb xopAa Kepnca, npexHoacenHuB hmb bb 1867 r., HMtciB npeHMymecTBeHHuB ycnixb, ht6 oCBacHaeTca, rxaB- BBMB 06pa30MB, TtMB, HTO 9TH npOCRTbl HO BCAfTB KB pajBKa.IbUOft nepeMtni Bcefi H36npaTe.ibHO0 CBCTemj. V. OcraHOBHHca, npeaiAe Bcero, Ha paacMOTpinia npoeKTOBB nepBoft ') H31covBBesiSnooroiiynpeXueTy ysascai citiyDnia: 1) n 1860r.Bum.ia6po- mcpa * occ»t»: (Fawcett): Mr. Hare's reformbill simplified and explained; 2)A C. K a iitn numeysasaoHoabcosHBeaiao □peACiasaTOxscisisi rxast VII npejcrauiere losojbao.BoaeymrcopiomorospexcrasHTexbcTsacosciaa ucoOxoAnauieodMcaesiain; S) lecsna doraiiu'iBrepatypaiu yaasani* 061 arot cncTexi »ox«o na*re n yxa- saHBOMi mime Souodn o eceo/haeii nodam toAocom Mapsaaa xc-Kacreaaaa (1872_ro»); 1) sraxisaoms xa^rypa apsseiesa bx KOHHesrapiaxs sa BOBirt sax* „ X I X Century• aa 1884 rota aoatmeno sicreiyxo stdjobi no aroxy ao- 06paraBaxacb acconianin.innponaraHju ejen nponopnioBaamaro npejCTaBHreatcraa; 9iaacconianinsaunueTl naceSi, »eajy nponn, 170ueuosa napnaMeara. llpex- rtxareji ea aantcTiiue JMlSoav

— 311 rpynubi, T.-e. hs pascMOTpiHia cHcreaH, Koropaa yHHiTOjKaeTb bc4 H36HpaTejtbHbie oitpyra. Ho btoS chct6u4 H3t Bceft nauia oOpasyeTca Kara 6m oauhtp H36HpaTe.iLiiuft OEpyr-b, h Bb stomt. oTHomeaiH caaaa nocjfvTOBaTC.ibHnH cncTeMa npHnaAJiesaTX CeHt-jltBCTy, aaeay aaiiio- naji,Baro 4>paany8CKaro KOBBCHTa a KOMHTCTa o6u^cTBeHHO0 6eso- nacRocTH. Cjf.,iOBaTe,ibHO, ajea riponopnioHa.it,tiara npeACTaeaTMtcTsa 3apo.Tn.1acf, Bb to peBoannioHHOe Bpeaa, KOTopoe Tara 6oraT0 Chao HOBHMHMUC-IJIMHHDAaHaHHpCi}l0pMT,. 06b 9TO0 CHCTeMi, Kara H3BtCTB0, BenonymanieS aHKaaoro npaMtHenia, hoxbo 6hjio6u bobco He roiiopHTfc, ec.in 6m hash C.-iKwcTa tit iciMliiieH(tout Bust ae 6hah Bnoc.itj,CTuin BocnpoH3BeAeHH Bt yqeHia I’apa a bo <l>paaoia9MHjenb ,/KnpapAeftoxt. CynTHOCTb chctomu C.-JKncTa satutonaeTcn Bt tyrli.iynmeMt: bch dpaHa o6pa8yeTb ojHHb H36apaTe.itnH0 oapyrt, cniAOBaTCAbHo, bc6 H36apaTeAu o6pa3yioTb oj.tiy HsCHpaTeabHyio KOJiaeria). Ila-iaia npe.icTa- BMTCJiefi Bb btoS CTpaHt HM’lieTt onpeiiABHHOe ihcao jenyTaTOBb (C.-atocTb no.iaraeTb ero Bb 500; ho hoxho ero .onpejiAHTb Bt 400, 600 a t. A- neJOBira, a6o ora 9Toro cHCTeaa He HsaiHaeTca). Ecjh ■m Bostaeab oCmyn uatjipy as6apaTejeB a ee aa npe.Tno- AoxeaHoe ihcao AenyTaTOBt, to aojiyiaMb cpeAHee ihcao roaocoBt, Heo6xoAHMOe aaa H86Hpatomaroca AenyTaTa. C.ii,TOBaTeAbHO,' bcbko6 aero, nojyTHBniee 20 tuc. roaocoBt (jonycTasit, ito no pacieTy BBJaeTca HeoCxoAHMtixt tnieHno sto aojaiecTBO roiocoBb), ta4 6u sth ro.ioca hh Cu.m doabbu sa Hero, ciHTaeTcs H36paaaHMb Bb AenyTaTH. H3t STHXb roaocoBt o6pa3yeTcH TOra KBOTyai, KOTopufi neo6xoABMb Aar Toro, tto6h 6uti AeoyiaToabi Ho npa Taxoat cnoco64 Bafipania BosHoxeab CAynaft, no Anna, Bb ocoOeHaocni Anna nonyAapaaa. Bb CTpaHii cBoeto 3HaneHHTOCTi,to, DOAynaTb.6o.r6e 20 thc. roaocoBb, aanp., 50 thc. a 6oa4e. H iMcTBHTeAbito, mu MoacMb yBasaTb Ha Taitie c.iynaa; Tara, Tiepb, Ha BHCopaxb 1871 roAa, 6HAb H36paat Bb 16-th Hs6MpaTe.ihHMXb EOJAeriaxb, h o6m.ee iecao roAOCOBb, sa Hero nojaH- HMXb, paBHH.iocb 2 mhaa. CnpanmnaeTCA, ito AixaTB cb sthmh ro.ro- caan? Ohh, oieBHAHO, nponaAaiOTb h He npHsocara noAbSH TOay. 3a koto noAaHH: aah Hero Tpe6yeTca toabeo 20 t. roAocoBt, h AenyTara, UllfipaHHHft BaeHHO BTHMb KOAHieCTBOMb TOAOCOBb, UM'teTb COBepiueHHO paBBMH upaBa ct AenyTaTora, no.TyiiiBDiuab, 'no.iexuMb, 600 T. roAO- cosb. •9to npaBHAO ochobsho Ha Toab coo6paateHiH, ito bc6 Anna, rpAoca BOTopHXb oxaxyTCR Bb h3abbik6, „no0AyTb, jtaKb roBopHTea, Bb *Hpb“, Moryra, eCAH saxoTflra, Hafira ce6t, Hosaro npeACTaBHTeAH; CA'feAaTb x e 9to roAocaab, ihcao soTopuxb aoxoahtb, atrim, gp yca- 3aHHO0 nopau, OieBHAHO, HCB03M0XH0. y * e H3b9T0T0 cnooofia „o6pam,eHiB Bb <KHpt“ 8THXb AHDIHHXb ro- AocoBb bhaho,*ito CHCteaa, AonycKaK>man TaaoS cnoco6b, co.iepsHTb

— St2 — BB Ce6i H3BtCTHUfl HG^OCTaTOKT*. Ho A*JO He CTOAbKO BB 3T0MB, CKOABKO BB TOMB, TTO 9TJ CHCTGMJ qpeSBHqafiHO TpyAHO OCymeCTBHTb bb bhw cjribjiyiDmaro cooCpaxemn: cTpam, kbkb mu ctiasajH, npex- CTaBjaerB oahhb HsfiHpaTejiHiifi OKpyrb, h najaTa jenyTaTOBt coctohtb hsb onpejluen^ro lacaa qjeHOBB (nanp., 500, 600 a t. A-). DpH Ta- komb uo.icuKeBiH Aixa HajaesHTB paspiman BOnpocB o tomb, sa Kaaoe HMeUHO KO-MieCTBO EaHJHAaTOBT, KaaiAUfl HS6HpaT0JIk aoasohb nOAaBaTB CBofl rojocB. Ec.ik jonycTHTb, bto saaiutt auteTB npaBO boasts toaocb sa OABoro, to BOSKOaeaB cjyaafl, koto bcIi rafiapaTejiH Bu6epyrt bb AenyraTH ojeo it o z e ahuo, KOTopoe bb btomb cxyqai h abhtcb npeACTaBHTe-ieMB Bcefi cTpaau. Ec m ae 6utb nocA'SxoBaTe.n.HHMB, to Mtiy en , jonycTHTi,, too na*Aut H36HpaTejb ao-ixobb noAaBaTi, cboS toaocb sa bco KOXHqecTBO AenyTaTOBB, onpejijeHHoe aah na-iaTu (t.-o. 500, 600 h t. A- tcjob4kb). Ho bto, obobhabo, aeB03M0BB0, tbkb kakb H36npaTl'.IH BB MOryTB BABAilTb TaKHMB BllfiopOMB. TaKBMB o6pa30MB, ecjH aah upuB'lmeiiifl scrutin de Iiste npeACTaBAHDTca 3HaiHTejtHM TpyABOcru, TOMX cHCTetu C.-atncTa hxb OKaaoTcaaecpaBHeano 6oaie. Mhcab C.-JKiocTa, KaaB mu ckhshah, jerja bb ocHOBame chctcmu Tb pa. Chctomb Tspa npeACTaiiAJieTB iitqTo o6mee cb cHCTeaofi C.-jKucTa bb toMb cMucai, bto roAoca, noAaBaeMue sa rfcxB bah Apyraii khh- Ahabtobb bb AeoyTaTEi, hm£idtb 3HaqeHic a m Bce8 CTpaHU, a ae aah OABoro H3fiHpaTeAbnaro OKpyra. Ho, t£mb ho sieHie, rap t yAepaa-ik pasA^Aeaie cipaHH bb HsCHpaTeAbHue OKpyra bb tomb cmucaI , bto Ksa ju fl H360paTe.11, BOTapyen, HenpeMiiHHO y ce6a bb oapyrli hah Aaae BB.oduHHi. Task bto HanioHajBHoe sHaqeme bhOopobb HaiH- HaeTCH ABIBB npH CTOTt TOAOCOBB. CyiHHOCTb CMCT6MH Tspa 3aKAB- qaeTea bb cxis.jomfia'b. 1) KaxAufi H36HpaTe.11, bb npaB-h noxaBaTb CBofl ro.jocB He tojbko sa saHAUAaTa, BucTaBAenHaro bb ero OKpyri, ho h sa KaHAHAaTa, BiicTaB-ienHaro bb mkomb 6h to hh 6u.io H36«pa- TeAbBOMB OKpyrt. C-rtAOBareAbHO, r j t 6u ahno hh buctbbhao cbocS KaHAHAaTypu, H86HpaTeAb Ai)6oro OKpyra Moaen, noAasaTb sa see cboB toaocb. 2) IIpn cserfe toaocobb npHMtaeTca npieMB C.-JKocTa, T.-e. cpeAHee thcao roaocoBB. Hanp., bb Ahtaih noAaraeTca 670 ao- uyTaTCKHXB MiCTB. CAtAOBBTeXbHO, THCAO TOAOCOBB, H606x0AHM0e AAH HsOpaHia saHAHAaM, no'xyqHTCH o* l pasAiienia o6maro Thcas bcSxb HsfapaTeaefl aapHcfcpy670. JiHno.noAyqHBmee6oAbmetoaocobb,q$MBTpe- 6yerca, CBBTaercA asOpaHHUMB, ho bbcb H3AHmeKB toaocobb oinajaerb, K3KBBenyjKHu*. 3) Bb ayoMB ckbiCAt cscreax I'apa cxosa cb chctomo# C.-®DCTa,' ho, CBepxB' Toro, ohb 3aKABiqaerB bb ce6i ortAynmyD nonpaBKy: ecAH opu cqert OKaateTca usahibokb noAaBHbiXB 3a kbhah- AHTaTOAOCOBB OpOTHBBCpOAHcS HOpMH, TO, BOCHCTent Tapa, HHOAHHB H3B bthxb jheihhxb idaocobb He. nponaAaejB AapoMB. 3xo AOCTH-

— 313 — raeTca rtux, ito kssjo kj MfiapaTeA® npexcTaBiaeTca npaBO aacaib Ha CBoefl HB6«paTejbHoa Kaprons* nan ae oaboto toaxko KaiiAiWTa, a Taaoe tkcao abux. sasoe ora cnaraerx HysHtiax, a ae cBume nacAa AeayxaTOBx bx najarfc. Ha nepBoax ruaut Hs6RpaTera ctaBBTX na CBoe8 KapTo'iK't ana awAaeaaro aax KanAHiara, Koroparo ora seja.ix 6u bba* tl HsfipaBHHui; ecia 3TOTT. KaHAHAarx owiseTca yate H36paa- humx ApvrHHH aoAaanbiHH sa aero roAocaHa, to OKaaaBmiflca ahiiibbmx ro-iocx H36apaTejH ncpexooHn, aa cA*Ayroaiaro aaHjHjaTa, CToamaro bx KapToircf. HaCapaTOM aa btopomx u ieri, 3aciHTUBaeTCa bx ero no.ii3y a cyMMHpyeTca cx rojocaaa, noAaaHunH sa stoto BToporo KaH.ja- AaTa ApyrHMH H36npaTejSMH, 6yje bth roioca AMcTBaTeabao 3a aero nojaHU. E cab a BTopofi EaHABAara OKaxeTca HgfipaHaiJMx, to roaocx H36MpafeAa, OBaaauniiBca, TaRwax oGpaaoMX, onatt JHmnHMx, npHcsn- THBaeTca b i uoAxsy naHAHAaTa, cxofimam bx BsSapaTeAtao# RapToiici Ha Tperaeax aicrii, a f. a- Hsx btoro mi bhahmx, tto ro.ioca as6a- paTe.iefl, asxamnie bpotbbx cpeAHeS nopmj, ae nponaaaBTx, nro ao^ CTaraeica rfeax, no naxAifi B36apaTeab BHCapaerb Kara 6u ycjOBao ecaa ae btoto aanAHAaTa, to Apyroro, ecAa ae Apyroro, to TpeTftaro a t. A- Hpa BTOfl cacTeai aaaiAoiiy npeAOCTaBAaeica BHCEasaTb, koto ora xeaaeTX BufipaTb no npeauymecTBy, a ecAH thcjio roAocora, no- AShhhxx sa nepBaro saaAHAaTa, apeBoexoAarx yxasaHHoe aab bh(5o- pora 10C.IO, to Becb BHaen, npejcTaBAAeiini8cn agxaniKojix, npBCiH- TmaeTca bx noAbsy Apyroro aauAHAai'a, hah, ecxa nocjixaiS bx btomx ae Hya^aeTca, bx noAwy TpeTbaro h t. a- 8thmx nyTeax, CAijOBa- TeAbBO, HH OAHHX KPAOCX H3X HHCja AHUTEHXX TOAOCOBX, IIOXaHHHIX sa KaHABAaroBX, He npoaaA&eTX Aapoax, nrd, Kara mu bha* xh, Henpe- a*HHO CAyaHAOCb 6h npH CHCTeirb C.-2K»cra. Cnexx roAocosx apoasBOAHTCa b x aeHTpajbHoft KOuaacciB hoax HenocpeACTBeHHUMx aaASopoax asGapaTexe# a Boo6me npa ycAOBiaxx rABCHOCTH a KOHTPOJK CO CTOpOHU BSfiapaTeAeS. TaKUMX oCpasoMX, HsOapaTeABHiia onepauia npoB*pHK>Tca a, Tara caasaTb, saBepmaDTca aoABOABMUMX neaTpaA&Bqt) Komaccien HTorora. VI. IIpHsrSHeHieax sto# chctomu, Kara roBopaTx Mbaax, aoryix 6uTb AOCTarayTbi secbaa BasHue cx tobkh sptBia Hapoaaaro npeACTa- BBTeibCTBa pesyAbTSTH. 1) Dpa btomx npexcTaBHTe.ibCTBo aM ctbh- TeAbao fiyxeix apoaopaionaAbao ’ nacxy roxocora, KOTOpuax hapTia pacnoAaraiDTx b x CTpaHi. Tt roAoca, kotopuo npa HUHimHe# cacTeat aponaAa»TX bx KasjOHx H36apa*eAbHOMX ospyri, coeABHeaBHe B aicrt, bx cy aa* aoryTx aoSth ao aopau, ysiKoaeanoS a jb BuCopa bx je- ayTaTH.' 2) Ilpa stoS cacTea* aapoAaoe apeACTaBHTeAbCTBO, Kara Ay- aaeTX Mhaax, aojyiHTx fioAie pegAbHOfe saaaeaie bx tomx cmhca* , mo KaatAM* AeayraTx CyAeTX npeAcxaBJBTb AiScTBBTeAxaoe BHinie

— 314 — cbohxb n36apaTejeS, rorxa ttaKB bb nacroamee BpeHa jenytaiB npejcTaBjaeTi He toxbko Gojihuhhctbo ospyra, ero H36paBmaro, ho h rfixi, KOTopue BOiapoBaxa bb stomb oapyri npoTHBi Hero, Tasi MKX jenyran, roBopaiB a xificTByeiB bt. naaaTi HMOHeMB nixaro OKpyra. 3) Dpa cacieart nponopuioHaJauaro npexcTaBHrexbCTBa, no- cxijHee, no MH-baiK M ain, 6yjen. Tasze ante, 6oxiie peaxtHoe 3HaqeHie a bb tomb cmicxi, hto imisahB jenyTaTB fiyxeTB npejcTa- BXHTb COfioB He H36HpaTeXbHHft OEpyrB, RBEB TaKOBOfl, HOiaHHllfi ro- po*B, He „khpuhth jaHHaro ropoia\", ynoTpefixaji aupaseme Mhjuh, ho zhbhxb Jioiett; Torja saEB npa HUH*mHoB CHCTeai reppHTopiaat- hhxb oapyroBB xenyTaTB HBXaeT&K npexcraBaTexeMB 6ojiBmaHCTBa H36apaTe.ie9, zaBymaxB HaonpexixeHHoS leppaTopia ospyra. 4) Bu- 6opn, coBirpniaeaue npn othxb ycxosiaiB, roBopan. Mkjjib', He 6y- ayrt irpoHcxojaTi nojB xaBxeaieMB HicTBHXB Bxuraifi, kerb Tenept, ho noxyiaTB HanioHaxbHoe aaaieme, tbkb ekeb xxa Toro, ito6h 6htb as6paHHHHB bb xenyTKTH, uyaao 6yjeTB coo^hhhtb bb cbod noxt3y Cojbhihhctbo poxocobb He. toxbeo bb oapyti, ho a bb nixofi cTpaHi, M i aero, oieBHxno, HexocTatonho noxasoBaTbca xanib mIicthumb axia- nieMB, a HeofixojHMO aapyiHTBCH HapiOHajbnoio h3b4cthoctbd. Huh4, KOrxa MicTHoe BjriaHie OTEpbiBaere. mnpoKiS npocTopB xiiny, KOTopoe bhb noxbsyeTca, b4tb nanero aerie, ebeb coejaaaTb bb cbod noxasy xcchteh TucaiB poxocobb. Ho.sto noxozeme x'txB aaMtiurrca, ecxa BH6opHCyayiB npoacxo^HTb bb ycxoBiaxB ofimeHauioHaxinaro yracria bb Bs6paHia, bb t4xb ycxoBiaxB, Korja H36apaTexH cana xoxanu Gy- ayTB HCKaTbxx* ce6* 6ox4e bbjhbxb npejcTaBKTexeS, tkehxb, KOTopue 6h.ih 6h bb CHxi coeiaaaTb ub cbod noxbsy roxoca He toxbeo csoero, ho h xpyraiB oxpyroBB. IlapriH, naxOAHmaiica bb MeHbmaHCTBi, npH bthxb ycxoBiaxB no hooCxoxhmocth joxsHa 6yjeTB HcnaTt Eaaxaxa- TOBB H3B XHHB, 6o.lie HXHHeilie BUXaDDiaXCH, TEEHXBXHHB, KOTOpWH Morxa 6u coe«HHTb, He toxbko roxoca csoeft napTia, ho a roxocajpy- tbxb napTifi. 9to oScTOHTexbCTBO BxeieTB sa co6o» ?pe3BHiaflaofl BantHocTa nocxixcTBU. no xniHio Maxxa H^pyraiB, Botopue Boofime eb coCapaTexbaofl nocpexcTBeiraocTH oihochtch ipesBUiaSHo npespH- TexbHO, MeHbniHHCTBo, BHCTaBXHfl cbohhh xenyiaTaMH xhub, npHHajxe- saniHXB kb paapaay BauioHaxbHuxb 3HaaeHHTocTeS, Ti*B caauaB, TasB cKasaTb, pacraeBexan. Baccy cpejHHXB H30apaTexeS h sacTKBHTB nocxijHHXB, bb cBOD'onepejb, nocHxaTb bb xenyram xhhb6oxte cno- co6hbixb: <cofiapaTexbHaa nocpejcTBenHocTb, B3B Koxopofl coctohtb HbininrHee 6oxLinHHCTBO xeuyiaxoBB, .othmb nyTexB 3aatnmca 6o n- HmHCTBOMB.fioxie npuroiauxB xDxeS, aaeaHO bb naxy EoaKypcHnia cb t4hh, Tenepb yze no.iy'raompMH xocTynB, xenyTaTaaa, KOTopue noxbsyDTca sacxyseHHofl HanioaaxbBoB H3n4cTnocTb». 5) OTCDja,

— 315 — naxoBeiix, BUTeKaert a tott. pe3yjii.TaTT., no aaiecToo aaaioua.ibHaro upoacTaBHTejtcTBa HecosiHiHBO yjiyiuiHTCJi, i.-e., tto cmon BemeS ypoBeHb TpefioBaHiS orx KaajHiaTOBX bx xenyiaTa dobuchtcji, h bthmx nyTeui, bt. najaTy HoryTx no-iyunx nocTynx to.ti.ko anna, Bnojnt *octo8huh tooth 6htb apescT&BBTeJHXM cTpaau a to.tkobumh Bapa- 3HTejaMH ea anTepeconx. TaKOBU peayatTaTU, KOTopue oxa.jaioTCH otx nponopitiona.n.uaro npeACTaBHTO.ii.cTBa, Hast cHCTeuu, o6e3neTBBaioinea HBrepecu MeHb- JOHHCTBa. Ho npOTHBT. 9T0fi CBCTOMH, BeCLMa BOjpOtlBO pa3pa6oTaHHOfi, MoryTT. 6utb npejcTaBjeHU Bectna cymecTBOHabia sospaxeHUi, k.tkx ijjopHaJbHUfl, TaKT. h no cymecTBy aiaa. 1. 'I'OpMa.ltHllH B03pajKBHLH0TB0CHTCH BX TpV.THOCTH 03X00 T6XHHKU BU6opOBT. npH BTOfi CHCTeMt. a) ^axe npu auatniHeg cHCTexi usCpaBia no OKpyraxx ctotx ro- jocobti, noiBejeHie htotobx .h Boofime npoiripita pe3yjbTaT0Bx Bufio- Pobx npejcTaB-iHOTT, jOBOjbHO TpyjHyw onepaniD. Kb 9T0»ty upufiaBja- K3TCH Cine HOBMJf TOXHmeCKiB TpyflHOCTH, B03HHKaB)mifl BCJ-fejCTBie Copbfiu napTifi h HOjofipocoBlicTHaro OTBorneHia kb jt,ixy KOMMHCcifl, pyKOBOABipilXT. .T'luoM'h BblfiopOBX, TTO, HecilOTpH Ha BC’ll Mfepu, npH- HHliacMUH upOTHBT. 9T0T0, BejOTT. TaCTO KB <{iaJbCBl()HKaniH BHGOpOBX, eine fiojiie oaTpypiniioinett nojBeaeaie liTora. Ecjh, tbkhmx ofipaaoxx, jaate npu cHcreirf. HaCpaaia no ospyraux K3fiHpaTejbHaH tgxhuss BCTpiiaeTCa ox uaccov aaTpyiHCiiifi, to Tint fioaie BCTpiTHTX oaa uxx npH cacTex’b Tapa, rxk ko bc£ht> Tpy.HHOCTHHx npH6aBHTca eme TpyjHOCTB 3acTHTbiBanin ronocoBX.. TaKi>, nanp., bx Aarjin cTBTaeTca 6 hbjji. HaCnpaTe.Tefi, bo $paHmn — 10 mum.; npu caCTexi Tapa, neHTpajibBaa Koxxaccia, nojBojainaa htoth Bufiopanx, uomumooOuTHaro cocTHTUBaaia bthxx hkjji’ohobx roJocoBx, no.ixaa TaExe cocTHTaTb, CKOJbKo roaocoBX aa Taxoro to jenyTaTa nojaao bx h3.thiuu6mx npo- THBX riO.IOaOHHai’O KOJHTeCTB$, CKOjlbKO H3X 9THXX T0J 0C0BX CJ'fejyeTX sacBHTaTb bx uojbay jpyroro jenyTaxa, cko.ji.ko bx noanay TpeTsaro i t . 1.: Ho/ioCmaa paSoTa kohmhccih npejcTaB-iaen. onepauin dotth .HeBosifoxHyn. b) BTopaa, Taitxe TexamecKaa, TpyjHOCTb saKjxmeTca bx. tomx, tto npu iipHM'bHeHin CHCTeuu Tapa neo6xoxuuo npe&noxoxHTh, n o Bet nenyiaTu, H36paHaue npouopnioaanbHoB nojaaei) tojocobx, OjiyTX khbu a aeapejuMbi jo Koaija) cpona neayiaTCKiixx nojiaoMoaifi, T.-e. bx upo.T,oj«enie 5, 6 a t. j . aiTX, Ha KOTopun uaSnpaiOTca jenjTaiu; auaae CKasarx, hoo6xokumo upeano.ioaiuTb, tto bx kobh’6 ceccia coeraBx ciustu 6j&erb totx xe, tto h bx HaTaat. Ho upeAuo.ioxaxx c.iyTaS, tto, nanp., okhbx nenyrarx yHHpaerx, h nocnoTpaNx, kokhmt. 06pa.30.Tix SyjeTX aaMluneno ero Hicio. Bx HacToantee apeua btotx c-iyaaft

— 816 — npencTaBjaeri aerKiB Hcxosb. Bb cayiai cMepra senyTaTa, naaaTa nopyaaerb CBoeay npo3HseHTy HamcaTB yaa3x, hto bi m om to ospyri, 3a cMepnn' Taaoro to seoyTaia, aoasHti 6htb npoMBeseHH noBue, TaKTi Has., jonojHHTejii>Hue Btifiopn. Ho npa cacTeui r»pa Tasie AonaiHHiejfcHHe Bufiopu npe^CTaRflrc. naxnuH 3aTpyjHeeia: pa*H hxt, npMeTca hjth coauBan bcd CTpaay, hjh riiT. 20 t. h36h- paie.iefl, Koropue parie noflajH cboh roaoca sa yMepmaro jenyTaia. Ho »th rofapaTe.iH He cocTaBaaaa KaaoS nufiyjb nocToanaoB KO-uerm, bt. poA'fe HHHiniHHXb HaOnpaTe-ibHUXb oapyroBb; Moatetb CtiTb, aaate, hto 9th 20 thc. roaocoBb, BOTopuxi. Bb jauiioMt cayiai TpeOveTca paBUCKaii, COCTBBlLIHCb H3b TOIOCOBb pasaHHHHXb H$CTb CTpaHU. OqeBHXHO, TpyjHOOTb npOH3B6CTH lOnOXHHfejbHHe BuSopU H TtMb H Spyram cnocofom osunaKOBa. BicicTfc cb rtMb, Bonpocb o aoboihh- TejiBHuxb BHtiopaxb npeACTaoxaeTb Soxtinyn BaatHOCTi,, h6o jenyTaT- CKia M'bcTa jcbaaDTca BaaaHTBUMH ropas.no name, Tfcxb no* ho Ayxaib. CxepTt, oTCTaBKa. npraaiie rocyjapcTBenHoB aojxhocth—OTEpyBaDTb 9TH M'llCTa Bb fiOJbHIOHb HaCTO EOJHieCTBt. TaKb, BO 4>paHHy3CKOHb HanioHaxbBoxb coftpama, H36paHHOMb Bb 1871 rosy (®b ipeBpaai) h cocTOHBineMb H3b 768 senyTaTOBb, Kb itixt) Toro * e roja noTpe6oBa- -TOCb 102 SODOSHHTeSbDHXb BlfOopOBb. 2. Ho, ocTBBxaa bth TexHasecRia TpysHocTH h npeanoaaraa, tto Bc i HXb *o* ho npeosoatTb, npH 9T08 cacTeaii mh Bce-TaKe oeTpt- HacMca cb osBHXb BasHUMb BOopocOMb, KOTopuft 3acTaB.iflCTb o6pa- THTb BHHMaaie Ha canoe cymecTBO stoB chctomh. B ci cfiyHKnin npejcTaBHTesbHaro cofipaHia, ocofieHHo toro, xoropoe HMeHveTca naxaTOB senyTaTOBb, Hxtarb sboskob 3Haaeme, sb* cto- poHbi: 1) naiaia HsOapaeTca H3b .ianb, npHSBaHauxb BupaaaTb naiHie CTpaHU BO BOBOjy pa3HUXb wfipb: IpHuaHCOBHXb, aSHHRBCTpaTHBHHXb h np., h 2) csepxb Toro, naaaTa npH3B8Ha Kb sfeBcTHio, T.-e. naaaia SOSJKHa 3aBOHosaTexbCTBOBaTb, yTBep*s»Tb- 6ns*eib, BupaaaTb sob*- pie hsh HesoBipie MaaHCTepcTBy, npHBxesaTb ero Bb csyaai HajoO- HOCTH Kb OTBiTCTBCHHOCTH, HBSaBKTb 3aK0HH H o0jI3aTeSbHHa HOCTa- HOBseHiH, KOHTpoJiHpoBaTb sisa ynpaBaeHia h np. CHCTexa Tepa Bb siScTBHTexbBOCTH u oxen ysoBseTBopHTb sanib noTpeOHocTH, Bare- KaBineS rob nepBoB tojbko hto yKasaHHoB cfiyHEnia nasara: npH bto8 CHCi^Mi Bb na-raiy nojyurrb socrvnb bchkoo Mninie, ec.ra toabko sa Hero fiyserb sepaaTbcai citoibKO HHtiysi 3HaaHTesbHaa (ppasnja (aanp., ecjm -HHCJO.ea WH0Bb>6oate 20 thc.). Ho npescTaBHTeabCTBa BiHtm8 eme He socthtotoo saa oOesneoeHia s^aTeabHocra naaaiH, npHSBaHHoB ynpaBaafb. Ecaa 6u npaBirre.ibCTBO cosubmo naaaTy saa coBtmanm, HHaae, ecaH 6u naiaia akiaa aanib cORimaTejbHuS roaocb, BbBTOitb cayaat, kohmho, 6uap 6h BecbMa Heo6xos8aHMb, -ifofiii sci MHtHia,

— 317 — cymecTBynmia bl jaimoS cTpani, hopak HkiTb 'aoctjbl, ocofieHHO, ecja bl cipaH't riirL jfpyroro cnocofia aobccth ao cBiaiHia npana- TejitcTBa o ea nysAaxL. Ho najaTa, kbkt. cuasano, He HMien, tojbko cOBiiuaTeibHaro aHaaeHia; ohb, HanpoTBBL, BHten ptmaioineo saa- Beuie: HSiaeTb saaOHu, iipHHHxaeTb paaauaHua utpu, cyAHTL hhhh- CTepcTBo, HanpaBjaen- BuinBUtoo a BayipeoHDiD iiojhthbv u t. a. „Pa3i uiuaTa upHsnana e l TaKOft. a'ShtoalboS poaa, ohb, no hboCxoah-, hocth, aoajbhh saiwuo.iaTti bl cefii Tasoe EoauaKmoe Oo-ibuihhctbo; BOTopbe oCeaneiHnajo 6u, no EpaftHeft nip i, Ha HSB^CTHOe speiiH AiaTeAbHOCTb KHHHCTepCTBa. CoBpeBeHHua npeACTaBHTCABHua na^ara bcah h ctp&ahiotl aiML, TaKL hmbhho ipeaBUBaaitun. nCjt.iiesn, napTift, npa tohl, kbel yKasano Obi.io HaMH ajih npyccKaro AaHAxara, hh oahb h3t>hhxl hc HHterb npeo6jaAaK)ui;aro CoatuiHncma, KOTopoe, ecus h o6pa3yeTcn bl naxart, to Be HHaae, kekb bl cany coiosa pasnuxi napTift. Kl 9TOMy*cjt- AyeTi npnOaBHTb, no b canue cok>3u , nopo»Aannpe napxaueBTCEoe OoAbuiHHcTBo, no BpeneHain, Oubukitt, Kpafiue neecrecTnenHW, Tara tto cjyaaeTcn, Hanp., bto KAepHKaAL sompyeix bm4ct4 cl copiaAL-Aexo- ItpaTOM’L, HAH lOBEepOBL. HpB TBEOML' BOJOateHlH napTift, BOJIHTHEa BHHBcrepcTBa, ecxH oho saxoaeiL 6un A’i'aTeaLHUtiL, no ueofixoab- mocth jcaatea bath cbohml hophakoml h ouapaTbca uonepesiiHHo Ha KaatAyi) napTiio. Bl stoml OTHOBiesiH BHAiAaeTca xopomeft ctopohoS H3Aaena ycTanoBBBmeeca bl Am-iia npaBBao, ato nhhuctcjictbo BcerAa, h mcto Aa»e HanepeAL, AonatHO saaTL uapjaMenTcuoe Coalibhhctbo, HaEoropoe 6MV npHABTCHHABDpBXOAUTCHOUBpaTLCH, HKOTOpOB AOA2HO AaTt upoaHocTL u ycToftaHBOcil sceft boahtkk£ MHBHcrepcTBa. OicyT- CTBie Tasoro npaBHAa, SesL cOHHtBia, ecTL cymecTBenHaa norpta- boctl CHCTeau nponopniOHaxbHaro npeACiaBBTejLCTBa: oaa a'Ishctbh- TejLHO npnHOCBTT, pa3noo6paoHUB MatHia; ho najaTa He Hrpaerb Toft poAH, el EaKoft npH3BaHa, HanpaM., aKaAeMia Hayel, ta'6 pasHO- oCpa3ie Mataifi bhfoaho h ea»HO. Eotas dpaaa HaxoAHTca bl cocto- HHiH BOflHN, bah eofas ee boothraeTL toaoal, iHBOAHeaie, ann^eaia a Apyria SiACTsia, oOxoabtlcb oaiihkh pa.icyajeiiiaMii na.io; bl othxl CAyaaaxL hbao A'feftcTBOBaTb, hjikho npuHanaTb aHeprHieyEia Mtpu, a Aah 3Toro Heapeuiaao noTpe6yeTca KOMuasTiioe 6oAbmuHCTBo, eoto- poe, npaBHAbBo b.ih oiuHdoiHO—ace panno, ptinuTeAbao HanpaBAHAO 6h cboh) noABTHKy bl OABy ciopoHy, bCo npacyicTBie KaEofl finCyAi. CHCTCHH BL AifiCTBiH BCerja HBAH6TCH 38A0rOML ero CHAU: jijime KaBaa ah6o CHCTeHa, t£hl HHEaBofi. Bl stoml, Ha eamL B3rA«AL, 3aKAAiqaeTca cymecTBeHHoe B03pa- *eHie upotbbl cucTeau iipouopnioHa.ii.Haro npeACTaBHTeAbCTBa, koto- poe e l Tony » e OAHOBpeaieHHO uopaataeTL oaulAaesiua otl sen bhtoau

— 318 — no OTHomeHiD h i ofi'feHKT. ijjyuKuijiMi. naxaTx. 1) Chctchs nponopuio- HaxbHaro npexciaBHTexbCTBa yxoBxeTBopHerxVpeSoBaHiD, Taa-bcaasaTb, TeopeTHBecKO# cnpauex-iHBOCTa: xuinia uapTifl ho ' noxaBxaima bh- cxcbbumi feiMUHHCTiiom., Kaax npH xpyraxx cHCTeuaxx, a bc4, Tasx ujh HHaae, bx ToS hxh xpyrofl CTeneBH, HiciiOTX jo in bt. npejcTaau- TeatCTBi;- cx TeopoTHBecKoB tobkh 8piai* bto oCcTOaTeatOTBO HBxaeTCfl HponpoBeparauin. apryiieHTO«x bx nojbsy Biofl cjurresra. Ho, cx touch apt.Hia aoOBeuuuxx uoTpoCuocreii, npeofi-iaxauiuee BoaBBRie hm-Sptt, Xpyroe Haaaio. MuliHia xoj* hh 6htb npeicraaieau a 6y*yrt BticKa- BUBaTLca h, Sooftme ronopa, i t a t m i 6ojn>me, r t a i jyBUie; ho j M - CTBie Moacen onHpaixca to-ibbo aa komhukthog a onpextiennoe 6oaa- dihhctbo, HeBoaaoKHoe npa pasHoofipaaia napTiS. 2) CBepxx Toro, 3aa- Beaie toS if>yaenia iia-iara, do EOTopofl ooa npHSBaua 6utl nupaaa- Te.TbBapes) MHiuiB uapTiB, 3HaqnTe.ibHO orpaHHBHBaeTca apypaMH oScTifciTejbCTBaaa. HapoxRoe BpeacTaBHTejicTBO, npa nojHTBBecKnxx a oCin,ecTBenHHxx ycjoBiaxx coapcaemiaro oGmecTiia, hb ecTb ejan- ctbcbbhB nyTi, ijh aaasaeHia aHtai# a o6mecinennuxx ey®xx: bx CTpaH’h, xoTopaa, iorfcen> mapoEyn cuofioay ueqaTH, soTopaa npouo3- raamaeTX upa&o ueTauia a mhthhtobx, TpyxHO roaopaTB o TapaHia CoaxniHHCTBa, a6o nyTOHX neqaTa, bctbiuS a MHTanrOBX rocnoxcTByc- me« fio.itiDHHcTBO bx BtKOTopuxx cayqaaxx voseTX 6uTh ofipanjeBo BX MeHbBIHBCTBO, EaKX 9T0 BOEaSHBaeTX eaeXHeBHblB ODBTX BC'txx eBponeficKHXx roeyxapcTBX, rapairrapyiomHxx CBodoxy neBaia, mhtbb- pobx B neTHpi#. TaEHMX ofipasoax, eciu xaae r xonycTHTb Boci.Ma B03M03KRUfl [JCJOCTaTOK'L upexCTaBBTeJIBCTBa* BX naJiaxii 8C$XX Mill.uiil CTJiaUH, TO 8TOTX HGXOCTaTOEX 6TjeTX EOMneHCHpOBaTBCa cbo6oxoB neqaTH, cofipaHifi, acconiapifi, neTBipfi, cjobomx—cboOoxoBt6xx mboto- pa&IKBRUXX CnOCOfiOBX, KOTOpHMHofimeCTBCHHOe MHllHie CTpaBH HOXeTX HaaiBaTbca a OTpaaaTBca bx poayjbTaiaxx hobuxx bu6opobx. Bx BHxy bthxx jbjxx coo6paaceai8: 1) loro, bto aatnTca xpyrie cnocofiu xih aaaBaeaia MHinifi CTpaau, h 2) bx Buxy bcoBxoxhmocth HMiTB bx iHijt naaaTH opraax chib, npmBaHHufi ex xiflcTBiu, cucTeaa iiponopaioHa-ibHaro npejcTaBHTeatcTBa exBa jib caopo Byxetx BpaMiaeHa.aa npaETHEi bx ifcxx pasaipaxx, o kotopuxx xyMaxa Mwjx, Tspx h xp. OixaBaa xoixeyc jaHB aoBTesix bthhx xioxanx HayKB, mu xojkhh cKasa’A, bto OTBocHTexbHO 3aHHMaoinaro aacx Boupoca ohh 6epyTx oxHy croposy xt-ia, hmobho Boopocx o BupaseniH MHiHifl cTpanu, a ae o6x ynpaBxeHia rocyxapciBOMX, rxt, cBepxx Bonpoca o cnpasexxHBocTH, BoaBHEaoTX soupocx h o MorymecTsi h CHx i rocyxapcTBeimoS bxbcth. Ecxh, cx oxhoB cTopoau,^npH cyme- CTnysomeB cacTeiit HyMepHaecsaro SoxbmHHCTBa npnxoxHTca npaHOCHTb bx atepTuy Harepecu cnpaBexxHBOCTH OTnociiTe.ibHO DapriS, to, cx

—'819 — Apyrofl CTopoau, oto8 CHCTe*o8 oGeaneiHBaeicH ,B03X02HOCTb e6pa30- Baaia ycaoBifl jwa cmjiii npaimTe.ii.cTBa, KOTopoe nnaae 6yAen o6e3- CHjeHO •BBCTemesn. bobhx’l napTifl h MHinifl BT. na-iaTy, ofipasosaB- myioca uepesb nponopnioHajbHoe npeACTaBHTejtcTBO. ITpH o6aiiu napnS upaBHTejitcTBO He xo*eTb onepeitca hh aa ojHy H3b hhxt>; upa 8THXS ycjOBiaxb HepijKo oaMH napriH saHCKHBaioTb ecJH He nepeji npaBHTeafcCTBOMT.; to, no apaSHeS nipt, nepe^T. uepBCHCTByD- maui. MHHHCTpOMb, H Meatjy HHMb H napTIHHH yCTSHOB-iHHITCH Tt OTSomenia, KOTopuau HciepnuBaeTca coxepasaaie HSB'hcTHfciXT, 4>op- Myjrb wh.ioKi, h o6a3aTe,ibcTBT> pHUCKaro npaBa, do ut des, do ut facias etc. ’). ■■ 3THMH (jiaKTHieCKHHH TpyAHOCTHMH, a He OAHOS TOXbKO CH.IOK) oCmecTBeHHtixi npeApa3cyAK0Bb, ofibHCHseTCH apHiaua, no KOTopoB nponopnioHaxbHoe npeAcraBHTexbCTBO npmchiuicTca noaa Bb bha4 BecbHa'8anaTonHHXi ochtobi. VII. Bb 1867 roxy Bb AHrAiH, upu oCcyaueHiit 6uaxh o pe^opsit, Ana .inna npejJoaiH.iH BOTapoBanie cb oCe3neieaieMb HHTepecoBb steHb- HHncTBa. DepBaa H8b npejjoatenHUXT. chctcmt 6n,ia npeAJioatena JIo, muc.ih KOToparo OTHOcHTeji.no ototo bo $pannia 6ujh noAAepatanu QpeBO Oapajojesib, Bb ero conHHeHiH La France nouvelle Bb 1-8 r.iani,: „Droit de suffrage\", a BTopaa jopAOHb KepHCOMb. CacTeua Jlo, paijno sasb h CHCTeiia Kepnca orjanaDTca T^Mb, no oai ne npe^nojaracTb OTMiabi HstfapaTe-itHUXb ospyroBb, ho npH- niHeHie Hana-Jb iiponopnioiiajbHaro npexcTaBHTejiiCTBa orpaHHHHBaiOTb ojiiuM'b OBpyroub. Jlo npnnajueJSHTB Kb EOBcepBaTHBHofi napxia h, pa:icTuTuBaa, n o Ha apexcToaniHXb Bufiopaxb BOHcepnaTopH fiyjyrb uo6htu, CAi.iajb cb bto8 ni-ibio Ty uonpasuy Kb AificTBOBaBuieS Bb Annin cncTeui nuCopoBb, wo Kaasjufl Ha6npaTe.ii,, BOTapyioiniB Bb OKpyrt, HMiien, npaso coejHHHTb cboh nsfiapaTeAbHiie ro.ioca Ha OAHOMb JHict. IIo.iojKHMb, Hanp., tto kukoS HuSyjb OBpyrb nopuxaeTb ipexb xenyiaTOBb, H86npaemjxb no scrutin de liate, T.-e. no cymecTByionieS Bb AHraiH chct6m4 aaajufi n36npATe.11, Taxoro ospyra noAAOTb rojocb 3a Tpexb KaH^HjaTOBb. Ho ciicTehrfi 4o H3fiHpaTC4b, npHHajJtesamiS Kb napTiu, Koropaa naxoAHica Bb MenbrnascTBi, BatcTO Toro, nofiu noAasaTb cbo8 roxocb aa ipexb KaHAHAaTOBb, Haters upaBO boasts 3 roxoca cBOHXb 3a OAHoro KaHAHjaxa. 3iHMb, ouobhaho, Co3Aaerca (pHKTHBHOe 6)0X1,IDHHCTBO. TaKb-, 6CJH Bb ASHHOHb OKpyrfc'BCllXb H36h- paTexefi 30 t., h ecxH OKpyrb nocu-iaen, 3-xb jenyTaTOBb, to Bb ofimexb htoi-6 nojynaeTca 90 t. roxocosb. ’) rpa$i BacaapKt Bakii.cjryiaB oiapuTo saati... uu u.ooracHii) at uap- Tia«i peSxcrara a xasurara oni jepznca upaHUBoa: do ut des.

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— 321 — CooTB$TCTneHHO TasoMy pacnopaiKy jenyiaTOBi h OKpyroBt, m 6h- paTe.ibHufi sasoHt HOCTaHOBxaeTt, tto Tam. r j i ua oKpyrt noaa- rae.Tca 5 jenyTaToub, aasauB H3fiHpaTe.it inrien, npaBO BOTHpoBaxt To-iLKO 3a Tpext; Tam, r j i Hxt mecTt—3a Tempest. Tasaut ofipa- 30Mt, ueHtmHHcrsy Bt oapyri npenocTaBiaeTCa B03uoaiaocTt coejia- HHTt cboh ro.ioca Ha 2 a-ia 3 jeuyTaraxt, csioTpa no KOjimecTBy axt, apaTHTaion;eayca aa ospyrt. Ho Bt Hcnaacaofi cacTeui ecrt a HiaoTopue 9-ieneHTH cucxexti . f t pa. paBno saat a aepTU, aB.iaio- miaca oTpaateiiieMt Mticaefl Majua. ftaBaaa ast safioTt Mn.ua, aaat aaMt HaaicTiio, BHTOKaaa ast Toro, tto npa cymecTByiomefi CKCTeat Bt najraTy He aoryrt 6htb npoBejciiu -iHua, npanaj.ieaamia m pa3pa^T HCTHHHUit nanioHa.ii.HHXT. 3HaaeHHTOCTe0, KOTopua ae HHi»Tt MicTHaro tuiama a He KoryTt fiopoTt.cn npoTHBt epejCTBt, yuoTpefijaeauxt aiCTHtiaa B.iiaTextHHHH xauaaa. Ho Bt uoxt3y ia- Kuxt JHUt MoryTt fiuTt cojaHH ro.ioca Bt pa3Huxt aicxaxt rocy- japcTBa, xaat tto Bt ofimefi cxoshocth, thcjo roxocoBt, nojiyiea- Htixt hmu Bt pa3Huxt sctcTaxt, GyjeTt jociaToiHO Be.iHKO. Bc.rfc.i- cTBie SToro, H3finpaTe.u>nuB 3aKoat Bt Hcnaaia opejcocTaBjaeTt sopTecaut (ceaait + naxaia aenyiaTOBt = xopTecu) npaBO CBoeio BxacTtB npHOaBxaTt at ofimeay THCJiy xeayTaTOBt eme 10 xaat, BOToptia Bt pasHuxt OKpyraxt no.iyin.iit Bt ofimeS cxobehoctb He Meaie 10 t. rojocoBt. Taat tto xoHrpeccy upejocTaBjaeica caaoMy bbocth Bt caxaTy xenyTaTOBt Tixt xaat, npaHaxiesaniaxt xt paspaay naniona.it,nuxT, 3naMeHHT0CTefl, KOTopua uoTepiri.m Kpy- meHie aa ofiipaxt iiufiopaxt Bt pasHtixt H3fiHpaTextHHXt OKpyraxt, He fiyjyra Bt coctoshih fioportca c t mIicthuhh BxiaHiaMa. Xoth 3Ta npufiaBKa, jouymenuaa Bt HcnaaiH, a BHAOiWHiiHaeTt HicnoJibKo ca- cxeay Kepaca, i* a t He Menlie BajoasMiHeme bto HacTOJtKo He3Ha- ime.ii.no, tto cyajiiocTt ea ocTaexca toe> ate. H3t cymecTBa btoA ch- CTenu noHaTHO a Ha3BaHie, KOTopoe eS ycsoeHO, uaeHHO aa3BaHie ca- CTeaH orpanaiennaro roxocoBaua, T.-e. ro.iocoBaHia, orpaaaTeHBaro to.ii.ko H3BicTHBiMt THcxovb aeuyTaxoBt x,jH OT^f.-ibnuxt H36HpaTeje8, npa KOTOpoat H3fiapaTe.ib HirieTt npano nojaBaTb CBOfl roxoct ne 3a Bee thcxo aenyiaTOBt, 3aBeceaabixt Bt cnacoKt jenyTatOBt, npaxo- KapTarcat a Toiaaa............................................. 8 xenji. Ita.ii.Ma Ha Mafiopni a xp. rop. ocxpoBa...................... 8 „ Xept-Cb xe aa ftpoaiepa a HiaoTop. APJT.. saicrt . . . . 8 „ Baaeapia, Maiara a Mypcis—saxxaa n o ...................... 3 „ OcipoBt Teaepn$i............... 8„ Caparpcca a Bopxa................................................ 3 „ 1'peaa.ia a Cama-®e................................................ 8 „ Tpaaauan jpyraxi oxpyroBi—xaiMHfi u o ...................3 „ a. rpA,iPBCKifi, r. v. 21





2 oapyra (Kapjcpya, Mauurrfisn.) H3oupaio'i !Isii 1*I !Ii1 i.lSSSIg'I (4>pe86yprt, nijiopprefiai h reflieJii>6epn>) - I f ® I | ! “ I -12 a I'S S g £ * | fi s1i lil*'isgIeai f §a 1It\" Is | : r s al! iiSai -?s|&si Bg |g §i g- jsj &s Ia gg.g g ; g g 2 1 & I 2 I *r 1 - t fl i 33 S - § « . ! g1 &« ?a g || oa §o ? «I S? Kl S8t 3g 2Sl g* ' g, gS.' S« | | § g S og 3I ^gSa' '& g S l § § S - S . a g a - m j l !!! !“i i S | ' § | g e* A g - - s g a S H O d i s 5 « g g g | ! s 1, - g ^ l ' § s g a l •s»=2SSg«S §®\". rg f53g \"tBa,g§S' °iS° !s? 5§« Sp' i'.' BcS a». a“» S9* SSs ,e|3P aSililRe SI zZt sei iSa g* a! Sa 's. oSg8S Sp a! fg eM* e, «f B1 85 gS .\" st--

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— 324 — HeciacTHoe, if,Mb bcurie oCnecTneirabie p»3jopu; bctb oflcTOHieib- ctbo, ifdocodHOe BiisBaiB fioxtnria onaceria, h Ha aero a ateiaix flu ofipaTKTt BHmarie. lib cpext HaraeS jeaoapaTiH, CTOib flxaropoxaoS a lecTHofi, B03HBKaH)TB aBjeria xvimia, lesexa Ti, KOTopbiMBfluia CBHiiTejbHaaeS Aarjia jo fiaa.ia o peijKipai 1832 roxa. Ift! poflso h Tanho 8Haia.it, ho yase HainHann. uoiynaTtca roaoca. PaaBpameHie h nopoiHiipoBojiHTca bt, HafiMpaTeiBHyBMaccy... (opaTopanpepuBaniB rpoMKia BOCKjHnania onuo3uuiH). He npepHBaflTe Mena, aaaie a Ha- aoBy HMesa! (boxb yrposoft Je citerai“ otrao3niiia yMOXKaerB).-KaHXH- jaiypa AtiaBTca npeineioiiB nyfliamaro Topra. Bo3HHKaen hobhS npexMeTB ToproME (indnstrie nouyelle), noBaa noxHTHita $HHaHCOBaro noMimenia KanirraioBB bb H30HpaTC.ii.Hufl OKpyn,. Ja, cctb ospyra, aa EOTopue HaflpocHjKCL pa.niue npoiiunueHHHEH, pasciaranaa, ITO pacxoxx Ha nuftopuoce-Tasn flyxen, ctohtb xeBte, i t mb rt butoiu, Koiopua MoryTBnoiyiHTBca jaa hxb <{>hpmb. F.cjth bh xomTe yxep- BtaTB btotb nopaxoKB lia BHflopoBB, to noxKynu flyxyTBpa3BHBaTBCa; HacTyiiHTB iiobuh Bpexena a hobue HpaBU, eon bh aaxoTHTe apraan, Ha ce6a OTEticTBCHHOcTB nepexx HcropieS aa to, ito bh upnon.ni ie- neatHyio raBrpeHy kb 4>pamiy3CKofl jeMOKpam0. Xoth, MozeTB 6htb, oth cxob& Ahih h npeyBe.iHieHU, ho B03pa- zaTb raM6eTri, nocit ero ofitmaria citer, fluxo TpyxHo, h6o h no CBHXtTeiBCTBy ipyPBXB -ihqb, jtflcTBHTejtHO, bb HacToainee Bpeaa bb Aeiiy-raTHiacTO HxyTB cb irt.TLionpOBexeria II.111 cbohxb jihihuxb xixx, H.IHxtiB BiiaTejBHaro xaua bb xenapTaHeHTi, iaKB to: xia BUx-TOnoTariaBoaneccin, xia npoBeyeria xopomnomutcTHOMyyiacray, Xia ocnOBania 6e3i Kanirraxa flama a t. n.; cxobomb, xcHeatnaa raH- rpeHa, o KOTopofi roBOpMt I'aMCerra, jtflcTBHTe.sbHO bb 3HaiHTexiHoS aipt npoHHBia bb cpexy iJipaHuyscBoS xeMOKpaTiH. EcTb h xpyrie ynpeKH, KOTopue itianTca CHCTeat hhxhbhxyaib- Haro H36paria (scrutin indiyiduel). Hmohuo, yuasHBaioTB Ha to, ito trpH He8 do 6oibine8 tooth ocTanica bb CTopoHt cooflpazeHia o no- IHTHieCKOMB HanpaBIBHlHH0 nWHTHICCKOfl npHTOXHOCTHHjlJHpaCMUXb xenyiaTOBB, BciixcTBie iero bb Canos naxaTt cb TpyxoHBo6pa3yeica Tanoe CoibnrancTBo, KOTopoe 6h.io flu chocoAho cxyacuTB onopon xia ■MHHHCTOpCTBa, B, .ODHpaaCb Ha KOTopoe, 3T0 HHHHCTepCTBO HOT.IO 6u ocymecTBXHTB CBOB nporpamiy. flMcTBHTeibao, oxHa hsb cymecTBeH- HHXX npHIHHB HOTCTOfilHROCTH KaflliHeTa, Hanp., BO <I>paHIUH, 3atIB- laerea bb tomb, ito npH scrutin indmdoel h, cxtx<WaTMbHo, npa . rocnoxcTBt a pimanmeMB snaieriu MicTauxB BxiaHift na hcxoxi BuflopoBB-, noiHTHiecKia napria He Moryrb hm^tb opraHHsaxiH h Ha- CTOXbKOcrpynnHpoBaTbCB, itoAh oflpaiosaTb xtHTexbHoe h ySroSiBBoe flo.ibntHHCTBO bb naiart.

— 325 — 111. 8tu HexocTaiuu, nans npexnojaraiOTS upaiiepaeHUH iiaOpaHiu no cnHcnau'i, ao.ukhu fitiTb ycrpaiieHiJ nocpexcTBOMS scrutin de liste. 9to npeAUOJOxeaie ocuouuiiaeTca Ha1 eji^ycmrai coo6paa>euiaxt. l)CaHo co6ok) oaeBajno, tto npn scrutin deliste pacniHpaexca npo- CTpaBCTOo H:i6npaTc:if,H,aro ospyra (onpyrs, nocujiacuuft, nanp., apex's AeuyTaxoBs, npn scrutin individual pas6njca 6u na 3 onpyra). 1to6u Cuts «36panhums, nanp.‘, us AeuapTauenrb, ueAOCTaroiHO antos m£ct- Hoe BJiflHie; aa« aroro ueodxoAHuo BJiaaie Ha uijuft AenapTauenTS, n o Aocrynuo to.isko -Tuny, nojt3ya>meMyca suaieHieas us Oojie 06- niupnoS ccjiept n, cjtAOBaTexbHO, oCAaxatomeMy Goj’te bhcoehmu sa- secTBaMH yncTBeiiHUMH. npaBCTBeHnuMH a noJETHvecEHMH, Torxa nans bs rfccnoMs paiiont sanofi jh6o mI'.ctuocth BcaEaa nocpeACTBennocis bs raa3axs oCiiBaTe.ieS noateis B03HecTncs na nenoAodanuiya) efl bu- coTy. 8te nocpeACTBeHHoc'rs, 6yjyin BSiAunuyTa Ha fioJte ninpoKyn apeay, eekobs, nanp., AenapraueHTs, xoTiacs me uphxoahxs, rass CEa3aTs, es CBoed HaiypajsnoS Bejuximi, nfio, mtoGh BbiAepmaTt ne- iipuuunuoe efi HcnsiTaaie bs nenpHBUHHot a jib uea oGcTaHOBKt, nyatuo ort.iaxaTL uTO.it me nenpuuunmsiH xaji nea KanecTBaua: yitoxs, ofipa- uoBanieMS, EpacnoptiieHs, no.ihth*icckhms Hanpau.ienieMt H t. n. 2) 3aTtms, npn cHcxext uoxani roxocoss nocnacEaus npnH36pania paaons hIicko.iikhxs AenyTaTOBS, bo3mo» ho usfipaaie Kaatxoio napTieu OAHopOAHaro cocTaua xenyraxoBS. IIpu scrutin individuel coctbbs mots Homers 0Ka3aTtcn ipesBUiaSno pa3HOo6pa3HUMs: bs oahohs. ospyrfc HsOupaeTca ExepHEaas, bs coctiAHesit—coniaxHcxs, paxons cs hums— aerHTHHiicTS n t. a- HaupoxHBS, npn scrutin de liste, KorAa nt-TUft AenapTaneHTt H3finpaeTs 6—7 lexoBisKt, BuGopu flyxyrs oAHopoAiiu, rant kees napria socTopatecTBouaBmaa nomexs npouecTH Bctxs cbo- nxs KaHAHAaxoBs. 3thhs nyiens o6pa3yexca i5o.ite hah Meaie eom- uasTnoe 60Abiuhhctbo bs cajaTt, KOTopoe nocjyaHTS onopon aah A*fi- CTBia oxBtxcTBeHaaro nepexs hhhs MHHHCTepcTBa. 9to Basuoe nociix- cTBie Hs6paiiia no cnacEaus ofisacHiteTS nans aexaHie raxdeTTti npo- necTH npexAoaeHHyi) has uo6iipaxe.i£,uyK) peijiopuy. Ohs bhaIias, vto Axa sonco.iUAOu.iu peeuyfi.iuKH napaanenTCEia napria, nocToanuo KO.ie- CaBmiaca, He roxnAact, h, bto6h ynpouHTt pecnyfiXHEy, xocTaBHTt efi cooTBiTcTBvcinee npexcxaBBTeAscTBO h nepe3s to xaxt cipaHi TBep- xoe npaBHTeatcTBO, ohs h cxpeMU-xca npoBecTH cacTeny scrutin de liste. B s 3T0HS, kuks H3BtcxH0, I'anGerra He ycnixs h, noTepniBS nopa- ateHie, upnHyaxeus 6u.is bm'Set'6 co Betas uuhhctcpctkoms noxaTt BsoTCTaBEy. T in s ueueuie, bs HaCToaipeeopens(1884 r.) uod’paimin saMtaaeTca uobopots bs H0Ai.3y ero MH-fenia n, cyxa no nocaixHHMs HSBtcTians, scrutin de liste, no KpaSHeft nipt, bs npaununt, upauars MHHncTepcTBOMs aKbah d>eppH.

liiuneyKasaHHHH iaHHua a coofipaacemaTOBOpaTX mhotobx no.11.3y scrutin de liste. Ho B03paseaia, aoTopua aoryTX 6axa npHae^enu npoTHBt scrutin de liste, Tanate naiaiTX cnoe 3HaneHie. 1) HeoTpMwa.iTOnpascrutinde listeaiflcTBHTeatHOMiciaua Bjiauia fiyjyn. ecAH He ycTpaneHH OKOimTejLHO, to 3HaiHTeatH0 oc.ia6jeau, mokuo CKaaaTi, hto, cx Apyrofi CTopoau, npu srofi CBCTeM-fc BUlSopu CAiaaiOTCaopyxieitxbmkhxx riOAHTHiecraxinapTiSh.th, AVHtnecm&Tb, axx BoasaEOBi. Bx sthxx ycaoBiaxx Bufiopa 6ysyn, pyKOBOjuTwa neHTpa.n.HUMu KOKHTeTaMH, oco6eHHo bx crpaH*, KOTop'aa cuoHHa ko Bcaicofi uenTpaju3anin, hto mojkho csasaTi., Haup., o $paHniH, na ko- • Topyio BaiaHie liapaxa Bceraa 6mo bgjhko. Bx siofl crpaat lies- rpa.ii.HHe komhtcth: fioaanapTHCTCKi#, op.ieamicTCKifi, coniaracTH?ecBifl h np., Bcerja 6yayTX Cespa-iAiasHo pyaoBojHTX BirtopaMH bo BceS <I>paHHin, uepeax hto, nomrrno, OTKpHBaeTca B03aoatBOCTb MHoraxx 3JoynoTpe6.ienia no OTnomeniio kx rofinpaTeaaMx. Tukhmx ofipaaoax, ec-TH, cx ojHofi CTopoau, upn scrutin de liste CHja srtcTBHXx BaianiS' ocaaSiBaeTx, to, cx Apyrofi cToponu, yMeHtniaerca bo3mo* hocxb co- 3uaTe.11.Haro oxnonieBia HtifinpaTeaeS kx cbohhx ofiasaanocTaux. Bx npeA'fc.iaxx xicHoS o6.iacTHH36upaxejLHaro ospyra, Hs6apaTeaB 3Haexx, HaCKOABKO OHX MOSeTX BBtpHTbCa xoMy hah Apyroay jhhj. Boo6me roBopa, bx oKpyri bh6oph dyxyTX npou3BOAHT£ca Bce-xaKH co3HaTejt- Hie, iiw b bx tomx ciynai, ecaa stotx ospyrx oSpaTHTca bx ntAuB AenapTaMeBTx, T.-e. ecAH HsfiapaTeabHHMx ospyroax 6yAeix ca*a8hx AenaprawenTx, ht6, kbkx mh bha^jh, Henpesinno aoajkho cavimtsca npa cpnsrliHeHiK H36paRia no cuhckuhx. Heaxsa TpefioBaib, hto6h HAeBH KaKOfl AH6o ACpeBeHCKOfl OdlHHHH C03HaxeAbHO A*A8JH BHfiopx aeaAy KaHAHAaiaMH. ^aate a bx Hacxoamee apena, sorAa rasexu a tao6ctbo nyieS cooCmeHia 3HaiHT6JSH0 cnocodCTsynTX odainy mhcac# a nepeAaat CBiAiaifi, HanioaajtHHa 3HaneHuxocTH h3b^ctbh ahbis orpaHHHeHHOMy Kpyry cjymanntHxx hah HHTa»miixx rpaasAaHx: aacci aaceAeHia OHt HeasBlicTHH. Ho npaaiHeHie scrutin de liste 6hao 6u snoAHt yAodHO, ecaa 6a canaS Kopnycx H36apaTe.ieB 6hax aeuHoto- HHCA6HX, ecAH «H, HHSHe CKasaTB, Hs6apaTeAbHoe npaBO 6hao orpaHH- neHo HessoMx. Bx btomx CAyiai KasAufi ospyrx bah AenapTaxeim., Kasx to 6hjo bo 4>paHniH npa i«)AbCK0fi MOHapxia, nocu.iaxt fin na- BicTHoe hhcao AenyxaTOBX, HsCpaHHuxx aepe3x scrutin de liste a, CAiAOBaieAbHO, 6oAte hah iienie cosHaxeAbHO, trkx kskx caauS apyrx HsCapaxeAefl «hjix 6h orpaHHHeHx. Ho npa pacmHpeHia hs6h- paie.ibHaro npana, oeoSeHHO npa BCeo6me8 hoabh* toaocobx, cieneHb coaHaxeAbHOCTH AoaaiEa 6htb odpaxao nponopnionajbHa pasMipy bh- 6opoBx, htoHeptAao OTKpHBaeTX Aopory rjaBimax 3AoynoTpe6AeHiaiix, Koiopua BCTpinaBTca npa scrutin de liste, a Karopua KAoaaica kx

— 327 — tomj, sto6h 3acTABHTB H36apaTe.iea AiflcTBOBaiL noat jaiueuieMi cxopoBHHXT. BHymeuift. 3aoynoTpe6.ieHia, npaBTHKy»miacH npa scrutin de liste, cboaatca, r,iaBHurii o6po30HT>, Kx, catayromeMy cnocofiy: ecah, uoaohchme, Kie- pHKa.n>uaa napTia ace-iaen, npoBecTH KananaaTOBt CBoero cnucsa, to bo rJOBt ero ouhkhobciiho mnneica hub anna, EOTopoe nacTOatKO nonyaapno, ito h 6c:n, Toro fiuao 6u Bufipano aio<>od uapaieio, a 8a- t4he be cdhck'6 HAyTE y«e aificTaHreatBue laeim napTia, Hfaurae AJB hob bioah. IlepBoe n«a npaicpbuiaero, co6od sect ocTaatnoS cdh- coke, Koropufi npa uohouih siofi KOMCaBania, coraacHO npaBaaaa'L scrutin de liste, h BOTapyeTca h4ahkome. 8thme uvresiE be AenyraTH nonajauTE jaua, CesywoBHo BpeAaua aah uoabsh a uBTepecoBE as- fiapaTe.iefl, uoAaumaxb 3a uhxe cboh roaoca. 2)3axfiME, hto aacaeicaao aaiecTna aapoinaro npcACTaBHTejtcTBa, Hejtsa caasaTE, hto6h scrutin de liste nno-THi o6e3ne<raiiaAE 6o.ile Bucoaia aasecTua u86apaesiHXE aenyTaTOBE, h6o HeptjKO cayaaeica, ito upa H36apaTeai>BHXE MaaeBpaxE napTia npoBOAHTE He Hauioaaji- huxe 3HaMeHUTOcTea, ho bo npeaMymeCTuy TtxE, xoTopua cocTaB.iaBTi, TaaE CKa3aTB, miafiE sthxe sHaMcraTocTeS, KOTopuS ao KaaecrBaaE cbohhe coBepnieHHo hhe npoTHBonoaoaceiiE h bo 6oAbuie£ iacTH co- CTOHTE H3E JHIJE BHHTOacHHXE, yrOAAHBHXE, TOTOBUXE Ha BCe, He toabko paja HHTepecoBE napria, kb itoTopoS ohh npHaajaewarB, ho paja Ksaoa BHdyaB aoAaiaa hah jaace CAarocKiOHHOft y-iufixa CBoero npuHnana.ia. ,'I.aaie be jyimeME c-iysaii sth jiojh cooco6hh OTneprHyTB BCflxoe no.ioacenie, sa KOTopoe, no hxe ace pasyMiHisi. ctohtb npaBAa a pa3VME, pasE toabko sto nojiomeme ne bxoahte be nporparay napTia, CAt-raBineft hxe cbohhe hocajhihuhe opyAieHE. TaKE ito bo3- moshocte o6pameHia HapoAaaro npeACTaBHTCAbCTBa be Hrpynuty napiifi a aepe3E to BOBHoacaocTb canoft A«ETaTypu BoacaxoBE ota^abhhxe napTiit, AOA*Ha npejCTaBAATBCH pe3yAbTaT0HE, CTO.ib ace rposHHHB h yacacHHME aah CTpaHU, kake a to, Ha ito tske KpacnopHinBO yKa3H- BUAE raurterra, roBopa no noBOAy scrutin individual. IV . IloABOAa htoi*e BceHy cKasaHHouy 3a h dpothbe toS h Apyrofi CHCTeSbl BUfiopOBE, HU AOAaCHH CKa3aTb, STO BE HaCTOBlUee Bpeiw BecbMa TpyAHO OTBiTHTb OnpeA^AeHHO Ha BOnpoCE 0 TOME, KaKOfi cao- co6e aaCpaHia caiAyeTB csaraTb AyanraHE: scrutin individuel hah scrutin de liste. OKOHiaTeAbHoe cyacAeme no stohj npeAneiy yae noTOHy ueuo3MoacHO npoa3aecTH, tto c&ttn 3aK0H0AaTeAbCTaa HapoAOBE, OUUTHUXE BE 3T0MB OTHOinenia, HOCTMHHO KOAefi.ilOTCa RE BH6opf. cnocodOBE HsUpania: d'pannia Hf.ciio.iLKO pa3B nepexoAHAa ote oahoA chctchh ke Apyrofi. Tske, do 3aK0Hy 1849 roAa, npa BBeAOHia suffrage universel, ou.ie npaHSTE scrutin de liste. Hauo.ieoHE I II a id cbohxe

— 328 — ntxeS otb-Iihiiji ero, rtio scrutin de liste, KOTopuS HanoxeoHb na3U- Biii fausse Election, 3HaTaTexbHOsitmaxb pa3BHTii>Ttxx ajMunacTpa- THBHHXb H KJICpHHa.lbHUXb MtCTHblXb BXiaHiS, OpH nOMOIUH EOTOpHXb MafiapaTejiH nocuxaxn eny 3aK0n0xaTe.iE.au8 Kopnycb, TaBb mboto no- cxyatHBmiS, ecxa ae CBoeft xtaTe.ibHOCTbD, to, no Kpaiiaefi nipt, nac- cbbhod noKopHOCTbB, xtxy B'ropott uMnepiu. 3artMb, pecnyfijHKaacKoe apaBxeHie nb 1871 rojy npoB03rxamaerb sceofimyro noxavy roxocoBb no HaaajaMi 3aKoaa 1849 roxa, T.-e., cxtxoBaTe.ibHO, no scrutin de liste. 9tott, cnoco6b Hs6paaia npanoca’i-b naxarh KOncepaaTHBHoe doxbuiuH- ctbo; nat Hero Bbimxo to HanioHaxwioe co6pame, noiopoe Taub x°lr° coxpaaaxo xnBTaxypy bo d’pauu.ia a toxbso vepeab 4 roxa ptmnxocb, aaKoaen'b, H3xaTb HixoTOpue KOHCTUTypioHinje 3aEonu l) n pa3oSTacb. 3th 3aKOHH nocTaaoBjnxH, ato BbiSopu xoxanu npon3noxuTbcn no scrutin individuel. Dumb, noHBTao, oTspuBaxca mapoaia apocTopi xieTHHMb Bxianiaub, nytesib EOTopbiXb napTiu xortxa vnpaixaTb BufiopaMa, a aaTtnb a seed cTpanoB. Ho w* nt.ib ycHXenis iricTnHXb BjiaHifi He ocymecTBnxacb. Pecny6xHnaHCKaa napTin h m. cTpant, a Bb naxarh poexa see (Soxte a 6oxte, u necnoTpn Ha BceBOSnoxauH aiiTHpecuyfijaKaiicBui nonuTBH l>H»i)>d>e, repnora Epoxba h Manb-Ma- roaa, noiopue Torxa ctohju bo rxaBt B.iacTBviomeS aapria, aecMOTpn aa coayBCTuie KbTawoib nonuTsaub xnxb, HevTaBmHXb 0 „pecnyG.iHici fiesb pecny6.)HKaHneab“, necMOTpn nasonexb na to, tto nb 1879 roxy naxa-ra no coBtTy BpoxbH a cb corxacia ceHaia 6u.ia paeny- meHa repaoroHb MaxaenicKHSib, noaue BuOopu OKOHiaTe-ibno o6es- Kypaxa.TH KoncepBBTopoBb. Oaa noxasaxii, tto scrutin individuel ne Bcerxa BexeTb Kb rinb pesyxbTataiib, KOTopue oaaxaxa OTb uero naxaia, n6o doxbmaHcTBO pecnyfuHaaaneBb cTapofi naxaTU, Bb aac.it 363, nasb oxHHb aexoBiKb, Bet 6uxa asSpaHU BHOBb. H Tandem Bb STOMb OTHomeHin BMixb npaBo cKasaTb, tto bch crpaHa, npou3Hoca cboS nparoBopb, o6paTuxact Bb oxnnb H36apaiexbHu8 OKpvrb, u tto liste, EOTopufi ohs BotupoBaxa, cocToaib H3b 363 HMeub. 3THMb HcnoxHHXOCb apexcKaaaaie l'an6erru, tto Maib-MaroBy npnxercH jh6o noxTHBHTbca, jh6o oTpimHTbCfl, T.-e. bu8th Bb OTCiaBKy (il n’aura Qu’a se soumettre, ou a se ddmettre). CxoBOMb, pa30TapoBanie napTiu Epoxan fiuxo noxnoe: scrutin individuel, Koropouy oHa TaKb noEtpooa- TexbCTBOBaxa Bb 1876 r., OTBtraxb Bonpesn osuxaaijiub btoB napTiu, pa3CTaTUBanmeft aa CHxy MtcTHUXb BxinniA. H ecxH BnocxtxcTsiH

— 329 — caaaTa He npejCTaB.ia.m Toro (kubniHHCTBa, aoioparo aanpacHO HCKajB bb Heft l'an6eTTa, to bto oficToaTeabCTBO sauacLio, 6htb MoateTB, He CTO.UKO OTB c[)OpHU H3fipaHia, CKO.ILKO OTB APytHXB npHTHHB. TaKHXB ofipa30HB, hsb 9Toro oiepKa cofiuTiii h u bhjhmb, TTO d'pannia HO CHXB HOpB KOjefijieTCH BB BUfiopfl Meatfly TOft H flpyroft CHCTeHOft. He jyime nojoseHie j^jb h bb HTa.iia. 3flicb, kbkb an BHfltau, cHaaaaa npHM'fnia.iocb HHflHBHflyaabHoe H3(5pame (no sattOHy 1882 r.); 3arfiMB >iepe3B irf.KOTopoo Bpewa bhxoahtb HOBeua, KOTopaa bboautb scrutin de liste, h otb nocjrftjHaa CHCTeua san^uaeTB coCob scrutin individuel paHbnie, qtMB o n hhIijib uonoflb npautirnTbca Ha iipaKTHitt. TaKOBa npanuua, KOTopaa He n03B0flaeTB, bb HacToamee, no Kpafi- ueft )itpl>, Bpeka, BncKaaaxb naTeroputecKoe Mirfeflie :ia hah npoTUBB toB H.iii apyroft CHCieHH: pimiammee snaieme bb stohb oTiiomeuiu caiayeTB npusHaTb 3a fiyiymHMB ouutomb. 3tHXB HU SaKaH'IHBUeBCB paacMOTpLuie o6h(hxb BOUpOCOBB nufiop- naro npaBa, KOTopue saKanqanTcu bb BOnpocaXB o ((jopMasb a ocho- ianiaxB stoto npaBa. 'l'enepb ubmb c,rfcjyeTB odpaTHTbca kb vcjoBiHMB ocymecTB.reHia BuSopHaro npaBa, T.-e. kb caHouy npomBOACTBy bh6o- Pobb h kb Ha3Ha>ieBi» AenyiaTOBB. O T Z m rb TPE Tlfi. y c n o B i a h (JiopMBi B u S o p H a r o n p a B a. rJIABA I. A ktubrua ycjOBiH. Odpauiancbkb yeaoniaMBtnfliipaTe.ibHaro npaBa, mu AoaacHH, npeatfle Bcero, ocTaHOBHTbCH Ha t6xb ycAOBiaxs, kotopuhh onpeatjaeica yia- crie Kaauaro oT.;f..n,naro H36HpaTe.ia. Cb 9T0ft totkh 3p$Hia bcJ>ycjo- iiia HoryTB Cut*. pasfltaeHu na 2 KaTeropie: 1) Ha ycxoBia, KOTopua jntmaioTB jhho npaBa yiacTia bb BudopaxB, h 2) Ha Tania ycaoBia, Ha-THTHOCTb KOTOpUXB TpefiyeTCH fl.TH 8T0T0 yiaCTiH. UepBUa MOTVTB ClITb HH3BaHH tjmpuuamc.li,HbIMH yCAOei»MU, T3KB KaKB UpH Ha.lU?UOCTU hxb mno ne HMieTB npaBa irpanuMaTb yiacTie bb BudopaxB n 6utb BHeceHHHHB BB COHCOBB H3(5npaTe.ieft. HanpOTHBB, HaXHHHOCTb APyrHXB

— 330 — yc-iosifi ?pe6yerca j,ih -iHua, ae-ianmaro 6utb BHeceHHbiiiB bb cnn- cokb H36HpaiejeS, a uoTOMy bth ycflQBia aoryra 6htb uasBAHH ntm- omme.wtbvm. PaaHima, KOTopyw mu sautraein. Meatfly pasatreHUMH cscTeMaMH auOopoBt, oSuKHOBeHHo 3aomqaeTea bb pasrani bthxb inuosiiTe.ii.Hijsi ycaosiB, T.-e. 81 pa3imut i-fcxB uo,iu*HTe.n,iiux-i. TpefioBaHit, KOTopua CTasaTCa flna H3CitpaTeja, Baocauaro bb cnacitH a oeymecTBaaninaro npaBO B3(ipaHia bb us6apaTe.ibiiHXB EO-ueriaxi. HaupoTBBi, oTpnnaie.itHua ea ycaoBia asaaiOTca fioate aia neirie oflHEaaoBUMH npa iirtxi CHCTeMaxt bh6opobb. C t bto8 totkh 3ptaia h* tb pasaaiia Meatfly cacTeMoB nceoSnjeft uoflaaa tojocobb a cHcre- srofl Bu6opoBi, orpaHateeiinxt aeH30MB. Ilpa Bceo6aiefi nojaai roao- 008^ Taai ate, ebeb a npa CHCTeaaxB, bb eohib H36Hpaxeai,Hoe npaeo o6yc.iOR.ieHo neasoMB, yciaaoBaaioTCH asBicraua Tpe6oBaHiaora H36a- paTejefl, Koropua 3asaioBaDTca bb tomb, bto ora BcixB OflHBaaoBO Tpe6yeTca joKasaieatCTBO rpaatflaacKoB 'iecra, He3anaTHeBH0CTHHMeHH. Jasaa rpaawauain, npaBO vaacTia bb Bu6opaxB, 3asoHB ycTaaoB-iaera to ycflOBie, bb easy EOToparo nojt30Banie sthmb npasoMB npanafl-ie- tKHTB aunaMB, VflOB.iemopaBIUHMB B3B^CTHUMBQpaBCTBeHHUMB TpeSo- BaBiaMB, T.-e. uesauaTHettHOCTH rpaatflaHCKofi hocth. Ob stoB totkh 3p'(taia Bdi chctcmh usOpaitia ape.iCTaB.iiiiotch oflBHaEOBUMH. IIoaTOMy CHCTCita iiceodineS nojaia tohocobb OT.iniaeTca ora flpyraiB tojbko OTCyTCTBieMBEiKOTOpUXBnojOHCBTeXLHUXB yCJOBiS, HOHeOTCyTCTBieMB yc.iOBia oTpauaTeabBUXB. Bo HBCt.atanie noBTopenia mu h3J0JEhmb sth TpedosaHia upHMtiiu- Te.itno ko bcSmb crpanaMB oflanaitOBO, ne ofipamaa BHHMaHiaHa pa3- jHaie ijiopin. opaBjeHia, h6o h bb peciiyfijanaxB u bb xoHCTHTyflioH- huxb MOHapxiaiB OTpnnaTe.il,huh ycaoBia npH6.iH3HTeai.H0oflanaEOBU. HaaSoate pa3pa6oTaHHUMB bb btomb OTBomeaiH aiuaeica sasoHOfla- TeaBCTBO iJipaHflyscxoe, h6o bo Spaania cacTeMa Bceo6mefi noflaia tohocobb 6uaa apBMiaeHa paHie, t£mb bb npoaefi Espon*. a, bb CHjy KipHAHiecEoBchoco6bocth ijipaenysoBB, sth ycaoBia a bb aaEOHOja- TeJBCTBi, b bb cyfle6Ho8 npaxTHEi Bupa6oraaaci, cb apesBHiaflHOD tohhoctbd. OrpanaTe,iLaua yc.ioeia 6ujh ycTaaOBaenu eme 3aK0HaMa 1849 a 1852 rr., Ta*B bto huh* jMcTBy»in,ia bo ^pasflia saaoHB 1876 rofla o Bu6opaxB bb hhjehdio naaaiy Bocapoa3BOflHra nociaHO- Bjenia, H3flaBHa cymecTBOBaBmia h pa3pa6oTaHHua 3asoHOflaTejibCTBOMB BTopoB pecny6jaKH a BTopoB HMnepiH. 3aEOHOMB 4>paaflia bb cbhcokb B36apaTeae8 ne Moryra 6utl BHe- ceHu: 1) aHfla, ocyatfleHHua cyfle6auMB nparoBopoMB, ecja ohh npH- roBopeHU eb HaKa3aaiaMB, KOTopua ipso jure Baeityra a aameme H36apaTeataato upaBa. C»Aa othochtch HaKa3aBia, kOtophmb $paa- uyscKoe 3aK0H0flaTe.ibCTB0 (Code penale ci. 6)ycBoaeTB TepManu: peine

— 331 — afflictive js peine infamante 2) B% n36npaTejtHue cdhckb ae bho- chtcb Taaate Jana, nparoBOpeHnuK cya;aMH Hciipauirre.ii>HMuu (tribunaux correctionrjels), bt, t4x% cayqaaxi, xorja cneuia.ibuua 38X08% josbo- .raen, Taaoe orpannienie b% MsCnpaTejii.Hosn, upanfi, i.-e. b% cjyvaax'B, soTopue yKa3HBaioTca ocodunx cneniajLeHM% aaKonoxi, a He auaoTca npaxuMX noc.itjcTnieHX Bcaxaro. Eauasanw, khki to ycTaHOB.MeTCJi xxa aaxasaHifi, yxasaHHnxi, ct. 6 Code pdnale. Hnaie cKa3aTi>, H8Ka3aHia, Ha-iaraeuua cytox% HcnpaBHTe.ibHbiMT,, BJieKyn, 3a co6oto .lnmeuie B30npaTe.ibHaro upaua tojlko npa ua-iHiHOCTu hsb£ctkux% ycjouia, yKa3aHHUX% bt. saxoHi (bo $paa(tiH h x i mhoto). 3) 3aT$Mi, jHHiaKTca HudapaTC-ihHaro upaua Bci japa, KOTOpua nox- uepr.iHCi, HaKasaniaM-L (ho bxoahiuhmt. bt. paspajx Haxa3aHifi aftiictives h infamantes) xotb bt, Mem.mefl n ipt, ho ajh xotoplixt, sth aaxasa- iiia 6uab cMJirBCHUtojbko bt, ca.iy cmhraaBmirxT, BHHy oScTOHTejtcTBx, npH3nanHHXi dphchxhhhh 3aciAaTeaaMH. C-iiAOBaTeAbao, cn>aa hoaoS- ayn, jHua, Botopua no saKOHy aoaxhh 6h noAAeacaTb BucmeMy Kami■ 38HiB3, HO KOTOpuMT, cyA't, HBocHOBaHiu nparOBopa npHcaasHUXT,, noBU- no383% aaxasame tojlko novoMy, n o bt> hxt, no.ibay, uubmio npn- casHUXT,, Ham.iHCb cuariaioinifl obcToaTejLCTBa. Tsehmt, odpasOMi,, ecjH ABa nepBbie paspaja jhipl .thiduaiici, Bbifiopnaro upaBa BcxiacTBie Toro, tto TaKoe .iHrnenie bb-ihaoci, noc.rfACTBieM% caMaro CBOflCTBa HaKa3aHiS, to juj) TpeTbaro pa3paja -jam jamesie BufiopHaro npasa aB.iaeTCa pesy-ibTaTOMx cboSctbt, caMaro itpocTynsa, Koropufi xoth no 3aK08y h MoseTt firm ofijOKeHt HaKasanieMx rt. uemmee Mf.pt, ho KOTopua no cBoeMy KaiecTByH.cjiAOBaxeJbHo, ae3aB8CHM0ott, HaxasaHis, B-ieieTT, sa co6ok>JanreBie joetpia aah -inpa, ero coBepniHBmaro. Coxa OTEOcatca -inpa, ocymjeHHLia Ha TiopeMHoe sax-ironeHie sa bopobctbo, MonroHHHiecTno, BapymeHie joBtpia, sa pacTpam oCmecTBeHHUXT, cvmmt, (deniers publics) a HapymeHie odmecTBeHaoB npaBCTBemrocTH (attentat aux moeurs). Kt> btoAxaieropia npecTyajenift Code pBnale, bt, 0Txi.iL- nbix'b cbohxt. nacTaxi, npa6aBxaerb eme mhouo xpymxT, npocrynKOBi, xax%to: ifiaxbCBctiHKaniD npojyKTOB-t aa pfJHiti, nont-iay sruxeTOBT, a TOMy noAodHM npocTyaKa; Jana, ocyacxeHnua sabth npocTynKH, Taxae -lamaioTCH H36apaTeibHaro npasa. 4) Aaxte x%paspajy jhu%, .lanien- hhxt, H36apaTe.ibHaro npaBa, OTHocaTca Anna, noxBeprmiaca ocyatie- ’) HBpesoja 8THST iepjiHHon aa pyccsiS J13UKI, ynorpefiiaioiiueca a n ime- patypi a n caoBapaxi ae npaBaaiaa. Peine afflictive ueataa nepesoiBib, xasr io y aacbitiaexca, „rbaecHHMi aasaiauiein,“, ado y ^panny30B£ ranoBHxnaeaxterca. Totboxaxxze peine infamante neacnepnasaeTca nonaneuxnuo30pamaro naxanaaia*1, ado, codcTBenno roBopa, set HaK33ania cnaiaroTca no3opantBMB. Uo 3io5 lijnnuH' ayame ocTanarB rtipaanyBcxie repaaBMdeax nepenoaa.

— 332 — Him sa pocTOBffluqecTBO (d61it d’usure), a xaitxe t4, kto, Ha .ocHOBaHiH H'feKOTOpUX'B BOeHHHXX 38K0H0BX, npHTOBOpPHX KX UOHUCBHMt HaK83a- niaiax aa ofimeciBeHHua pafiOTU cx 3aK0BaHieMx ax ninja. C jijo - Baxeji.no, orpaHaaeaie H36HpaTejBHaro npaBa bx sthxx jb yx x cjynaaxx HBjaexM nocjijcTBieHX h3b£cthhxi ofimHxx aapymeHifi rpaajjaacEuxx h bochhuxx 3aKOHOBi. Cano codon pasyirieTca, hto jana, HapyinaB- 3mia aaKoim o eufiopaxx h nojBeprmiaca no cvjy npaeaiKHUxx iraKa- •janiiD a nojEjnx hjh aa Hacnaie Haw HafinpaxejaMH h t. n., Taaae .mmaiOTCa BHfiopHaro npaBa hjh HaBcerja, hjh Ha cpoBX. KaTeropia jhpx. .wmaromaxca BuCopHaro npaBa na cpoHx hjh naBcerja. aBJaewa, thkhmx o6pa30MX, otohb MnoroquejeHiioS, Taw axo iiepeiHCjaTt Bci paspajH jh w , bx Hee Bxojamie, ntox e03moz- HOCTH. (Bx 9TOMX OTHOJIICHiH npejJCTaBjaeTCH UO.ieSHHHX npaKTU- aecKifi BTiojx, BUniejmiB bo speHa BTopoSiianepin h npHnaweataraifi' wyax aBTopaax, fflapaepy h 4‘eTB. Bx btomx cobhIsctboux Tpyjt uaieTca niaaa xaG-mna H3J0iKeHHuxx bx ajitiamiTHoax nopajri npo- cxynKOBx h HaKa3aHift, B.ieKyn(Hxx 3a co6o» .imnenie Bu6opaaro npaBa aaBcerja)- C n ja s e jojxh u 6sxt oxneceHU jnaieuia BwCopaaro upaBa, Buxe- Kaninifl H3X BKOHoaaqecKoB Hecocxonxeji,HocxH, ecjia oaa jaexx hobojx c x to ib 3aKjiBaeHie o Heso6pocoB4crauxx hjih hbho jerKOMHCjeaaijxx j M ctbihxx jHna. Bow- bto noH/txie jo Hsatcxiiofi cTeneHH Moryxx 6htb noABe^eau Jana, cxoantia icaiix, 6u Ha rparani aeatjy yro.iOB- hhhx a HOJHQeficKHMX HpaBOHapymeBieMx, x.-e. 1) JHna, npnroBopeH- hhh 3a CpoABZHaxecTBO hjh sa HBJ03B0JBHH06 npomeme hhjocthhh; 3arBux, 2) CaimpOTU, necocxoaxe-ibaocxt soxopuxx oCxHiuena hjh ifipaHayscKHMH cyjaaa, hjh HHOCTpannuaH, ecjH uparoBopu nocatj- hhxx HcnojHSDxca bo $paHiiiH, h, naBOHeux, 3) jan a, HaxojwmiacH dojx HHxepjaKTOHx (les interdits). T.-e. Ha HMymecTBO aoxopuxx no- joxeHO 3anpcn(CHic, HHxepjHaxx (interdiction). 9th nocTaaoBjeHifl ijipannyscKaro saKOHOjaTeji.cxBa, onpejiuaBmiH oxpanaTejBHiia ycjOBia j j h no.ih30BaHia bh(5ophhhx npaBomx u nepe- iHCJHDiitin paaiaqaija Kaxeropia jhhx, jameHHHXx stoto npaaa, boc- npoHSBOjaTca h bx jpyraxx 3aKOHOjaTejbcTBaxx, uHenno bx aaKono- jaTeJacTBi o6ine-repMaacKOMX, Koiopoe, B0cupoH3iioja no btomj npej- aery <{>paHny3CKie 3Skohh, npHOaBjaerx -kx hhhx h* eotopuh johoj- aeHia. Tasx, aocTaHOBJeHia repMaacKaro 3asoHa, Kacanmiaca jhhx, botophh nojBeprauxca no cyjy naM3aHiaax sa yaasaHHHe. Bume upe- CTynjeaia h npocxynKH, cxojdh cx cooTBtTCTBeaHHMH DOCTaaoBjeHiaMH (JipaHay3CKaro saKOEOjaTejtCTBa, ho kx hhhx npafiaB-iaioTca ente ho- bhh nocTanoB.ieaia odx HKymecTBenaoB BecocToaxejbHoexH, soxopaa bx repnaacKUXTi 3aKOHaxx aupaauierca h4ckojxko HHaae.

— 333 — Do repHaucKosiy 3aK0Hy, KOTopuft cxoxj. t% npycutuxb sanoHoja- Te.itcTBOM'L, Bb H36apaTe.ii.Htie cdhckh aah OTupatueHiH upaiia H3fipa- aia b i HHnepcsifi pefixcTare. He MoryTb 6a n Baecenu AHpa, no.jy- aaiomia no npn’ma’6 uHiueTti BcnoMOmecTBOBanie u3t o6in,eCTBenubixb cpejCTBi. Tart Easb uonaTie hhiubtu xoxeTx 6htb 3pe3Buaa4ao OfjIHHpHblMb, TO KaK'b IIOCTaHOBJenill CyAOBb aAMHHHCTpaTHBHOfi K»CTHnia (Verwaltungsgerichtshofe), TaKb- u TOJKOBaHia HjpacTOBb, BpejcTaBMDTca Bb btokt. oxHouieHiu ipesBuqaftno naiKHBJMH aas paaiacHeHia Toro, mo HHeBHO c i i x y e n pa3ynl>Tb boat, tbkhmi bcho- MomecrBOBaHieM'b, KOTOpoe aah mho.*, uocnoJL30BaR[naxca nub, b.ic- lerb noTepio H36HpaTejbHHXb upaeb. 9toti sonpocb pa3biicHaeTca CAijyiJtUHMb o6pa3oa'b.noAi.BcnoMomecTBOBaHieMi(Armenunterstuzung) pasyM'feeTca Tanaa noMoint, Koxopaa noayiaeTca Kf.MT, ah6o a m ce6a hjh j j a CBOero ceaeScrBa, cb niai.» noAAepsaTt aiH3Hb h saoposbe. C.r6A0aaTe.ibH0, noAb nonane BcnoMoniecTBOsama He noAxoABTb: l)no- tiowb, OKaaaHHaa no jipyrHHb cjyaaBMb, aaop., BcnoHomecTBOBaHie na BOcnHTaaie A'frrefi, ocBofiosjeHie nxb orb naani aa yqeme h t. u. 2) BcnoMomecTBOBaHia, H«tioin,ia 6oate 'lacTHHfi, qtMb ofimecTBeHBHfl xapaKTep'b, a noAxoAaiuia boat. noHHTie uoatajOBaHia hah Aapeaia, KaKOBbi BciiOMomecTBOBania, jaBaeubiH bt. cayqaaxx ofimecTBeHHaro 6iACTBia, do ooBo^y, aaop., rojoaa, Heypoaaa, naBOAHenia h t. d. T i h Apyria BcnoMomecTBOBaHin He nOAXoaaib boat. noHHTie Armen- unterstuzung, h6o noAb Hen pa3yMieTca TaKaa nowomi., KOTopaa bh- AaeTCH H3z nocTOiiDHaro ofimecTBeHHaro iJiOHja AHnatix, upHHajae- sainHuz kz onpeA'f..TeHHony Kjaccy okohomuieciin HecocToaxeAbHHxb Eb OTHHb nocTaHOBjeHinMb pasHua aaKOHOAaxejbCTna iipufiaBAmorb h HtKOTopua jpyria orpanineHia. TaKb, no CejbrificKHMb 3anonaKb, He BHOCHTCH Bb H36HpaTeABHHe CHHCKH (KBEb H BO 3>paHUiH) COAep- acaxeaH nyCAHunuxb aomobz h cojepacaTe.iu HropHtixb AOMOBb. Do BenrepcKOMy npasy h, OTnacTH, HTaxbHHCKOMy sanony, .lana, He ynja THBnria rocyAapcTBy nojarefi, HeAOHsrmHKn, He xoryTb 6htb BHecemi Bi HaSapaTeAbHue chhckh. Otz ycnoBifl, koto pHh BaeEyTb sa co6o» AHmenie hah orpanu- qesia BHCopnaro npaBa, HyxHo paa.iHqaTb ycAOBifl, Bb CHjy KOTOpuxb BnOopnoe npaBO npiocTaHae.iHBaeTca. HpiocTBHOBKa Bu6opHaro npaBa BU3HBaeTCfl H OOyCAOBAHBaeTCH TaKHHb status, COCTOHHieMb JHQa, Bb cH.iy KOToparo aBAaeica npejno.iOAteHie, hto oho ho ttoaeTb cboOo.xho oTupaBAHTt BHfiopHoe npaBO, hah hto oho Hoatexb xnuncsi opyaieMb xaa nocToaHHaro AaBAenia Ha H36npaTeAe2. C»Aa othochtch .rana, cocToainia Ha BoeiiHOfl cayaCt. IIo DOCTanoB.ieHinMb repitan- CKOfi KOHCTHTyniH H Ha OCHOBaHiH HOCTaBOBAeHiS CT. 49 BOeHBarO

— 334 — 3aK0Ba (Keichsmilitargesetz), BOenHbiMi, cocTOflmnm ua jiacTBaie-ib- Hofl cay»64, 3anpemaeTea iipuHHMaTb yqacTie Kam Kb HMuepcsaxi, xaKi> H in. MbcTHHXi Bu6opax-b, npii qoiii. IIOA'I. (toeHHiiMi., coCTOa- mirai Ha aiiicMHTP.Ttnuii cayatSi, saBOHi paayMierb -jhijo, cocroa- nee bb noisy (bei der Fahne) Ha buho.thcuj'h cnoofi cjya6u, Ha onpex'feieBHHB cpOKl. 9to HCKXioqeHie CA’fcjano bi> r i x i BHjaxt, qio Boenaue, cocroamie Ha cayatG-h, ne Moryrt cbo6oaho oTnpaBiHTB 06a- 3aHHOCTH HafiHpaieaa, h6o b i btomi c.iynaf,, ci> oflnoft cTopoHH, npa- bo noAaw roaoca mao Gu hi. npoTHBopiiqie cb lipaBHaaira bohbckoh AKCHMUhhh, a c i ipyrob—nocaymaaie BOficsa n x ta i BuGopoBi oTpasaaocb 6u neBuroiHUMi oGpasom xaa He bochhuxt.. Cabaosa- reabHO, 3to orpaBHieHie nuGopnaro npana jjix BoenHLixi aBaaerca noca’bACTBieMi ofimaro npHHpHna, acuo Bupaateniiaro bo $paHHy3- ckom'b aaKouoaaTeaiiCTiib, aoTopoe raacHTi, no „uHKaKaa BoopyseH- Haa caaa ne aoaen, paacy*AaTb“ (aucune force armee ne peut ddlibGrer). 9to npaBHao. aBaaeTca rfeMi oGiuhmi saqaaoMi, H3i BOToparo nyTeMi HHTepnpeTai|iii BHTeaaDTi « j noeHHuxt orpanHieaiii ynacTia aaai B'B upaBll neTBUifi H CXOAOKl, Tam H Bl BUGopiIOMl upaBb. UocTaHOBjeHia.nojobBHa i)ipaHuy3CBHMia repMaHCKHMi.HUnaxojaai h bt. BeHrepcKOKi 3aKonb 1874 roja, KOTopuS onpeA+.-iaert, no Bet. coajtaTH, Hopaaa u tobbsau (ubiTO oi. poii onoAieHia hah aanaca), cocTonmie na jtflCTBaTe.TbBoB cxyac6b, xoth fiu ohh h HaxopH.iaci. in. OTnycsy, paBHum oGpasom qiinu Tano»euaoa cTpaatH, noiHueficaie HHHU H IpaCBiUbHUe CJyKHTeiH He HOJB3yB)TCH IMOHpaTe.ILUHMI. npa- Bom u He bhocbtch b i HDfiHpaTe.ibHhie coHCKH. I[o,io6hijh se nocra- uoiueuia noBTopaDTCfl h b i Apyraxi 3aK0H0AaTeAbCTBaxT>, $ots no BpeveHaKi h 6tun npoTKBono.ioKHua hohhteh, h Boenaue aonycaa-tDCb b i ynacTix) bi BU6opaxj>. Tam, no sanony Hauoaeona III nojobHOe yqacTie laate nooinpaAOCb, h noeniiue 6bub AonymeHti kt>OTnpaBAeHiio BuCopHaro upaBa, eciH, onponem, nocA'iAnee He Hapymaxo npaBHAi BOHHCBOfi AHCninMHHH, T.-e., CKaSBTb Iipome, eCAH BOeHBUe BOTnpOBa.IH corxacHO npeanHcaBiani. CBtirne. TanoBH maBHua H3i OTpanaTeitHuxi ycaOBift ocymeCTBieaia bh- fiopHaro npana, naiHiHOCTi, kotophxi B.ieneTi 3a cofiom AHnreHie, orpa- BBienie h cpiociaHOBEy eioro npasa. 3arbHi, naat. upa cHcieMb Bce- o6mefi noiaiH roaocOBi, Tam h npa cHCTeiii subopoBi, orpauHiea- buxi neH3om, miiOTCa niKOTopua ofiniia ycjOBia, B% BHjrfi noaosH-' TeibHum Tpe6ooaHifi o n Mum, atejafomaxi npHHaTb ynacTie b i bh- (opaxi. E cah OTpanaieAbHua ycaoBia upH6iH3HTeib*H0 oAHnasoBU bo Bcixi cncTeuaxi,, tohHHoria OAHopoAHHauoaosHTe.Tr.ntJa ycaoBis pa3- Hayca MeatAy codow b i pasAanm.ixi CHCTenaxi toabko pasHbpoMi TpeboBaBift.

— 335 1. Cxua othocbtch upeicae Bcero TpeftoBaaie eoipacma. IiecoBep- meuHoaitTHie 6esfcjobho ae aonycBa»Tca Hi H.iOpanin eh o^hhmi sa- KOuojaTeabCTBoai. PasHnqa Bi stomt, o6meMi ycaoBin sawbiaeTca jhiui. Bi TCTanoBjeHin cpoaa cOBepmeHHOjrtTtH Bi pasnuxi rocyaapcTBaxi. 3a minimum btoi-o cpoxa ciuraeTca rpaaxaacKoe coBepmeBBoairie, aacTynauniee no oCmeiiv npaBHjy Bi 21 row. TaBOBO TpeSonaeie ho- Baro (JipaHUy3CKaro a HOBaro HTaabaHesaro saKOua 1882 roaa h aiKO- ropux’b apyraxi aaBOHoaftTejbCTBi. Ho bto TpefioBaaie nouumaeTcii nocTanoBaeaiHMB apyruxi CTpaHi, aaKoiioaaTCJiBCTBO KOTopHXi Bapiu- pyeii Me*ay 21 h 25 rojauu, pbman coBepmeHBo paa.ra'iHo aonpoci o tomb, itoraa HMeHHO nacTynaen. cpoxi spiaocTH (pHauiecKoft n npaB- ctbohboB, iieo6xo.hhmoS Toro. hto6h HeaoBlsKi non. Bnoaai co- EHaTe.ii.no a ceptesHO OTiiecrach kb cbohmb HsfiHpaTeabBiiui o6aaaH- hoctbhb. Bospaornufl cpoai aBaaeicii nonpocoax jobo-ibho Baatimub bb CHcTeM'h o6m.HXi ycaoBiii BHfiopnaro npaiia, Taw aaKi Ko.iHiecTBO amii, Haxoaamnxca Bi B03pacrfe Mexay 21 a 25 rojaun, npeacra- B.ueTi Becbua anaiaTeabHHft \"/„ BaceaeHia, ocofieimo Bi ero oTRomeaiH Ki uace.ieniio OTi 25 atTi nBume, hto bhjho H3i C-rtaytomeii Tatframi. llleeuuapia. Bee ayacKoe nace.ieHie 1 aenafipa 1880. re B i Toni. HHcai ao 20 a i i i BRa»9HTeaiHo . OTi 21 „ 25 „ . . „ 26 j-JtTi a CTapme 689X19 ) 8°»- IS8 MyaHHHu 21—25 jrtii cocTaBjaioTi no OTHOnieaifo ko bccmv Ha- ceaeBin 21 roaa h cTapme 14,n°/0. ’Ppanuia. Ilepenncb 18 aeKa6pa 1881 ro. Bee NyxcKoe saceaeme 18.656.518, H3i i 5.750 HeH3B4cTBaro B03pacTa; ocTaeTca 18.650.768. B i Tom, qaejriao20a-fcTi BKarouHTeatBO . 6.667.312 Ori 21 , 26 ......................... 1.631.612 | 10.341.644 f 11.973.456 T 26 a ir i a crapme . MyacKoe aaeeaeHie 21— 25 a ir t cocrasaaeTi b> OTHomeniej k Bceay Haceaeaiio 21 roaa a ctapme 13^a°/0. PepMania. IlepenHCb 1 aeaafipa 1880 roaa. Bee MyacKoe uace.ienie 22.161.340. Bi Toni HHca-fi ao20air-b BEjnonnTe.ibBo '. 10.118.705 O n 21 , 25 . 1.906.515 1 „ 26 airb a ciapme . . . . 10.136.120 f 12-037.635 Haceaenie ayacsoe 21— 25 a iT i coeraBaaeTi uo OTHOmeiiiD ko BceHy Baceaeain 21 roaa a cTapme 15,«°/0. Cpeaaift a.ia neiixi Tpexi rocyaapCTBi=14,6»0/o.

— 336 — TaBHai. oopa3osti, ecan 3anonoxaTe.ibCTBu nocTanoB-raen., wo via- CTie Bi BHfiopaxi HaiHHaeTCii, •nanp., Kb 25 roja, to arani ycTpa- Haerca on. yiacria m, BiiOopaxi jo 15“/„ H36npaTejeii. ycTpaHeme 3to o6ycaoBJH8aerca rfciii npaanojoatemeai, wo: 1) .maa Bi soapa- crt ueatpy 21 h 25 rojamt, eme ne n ito n jocTaToaaofl noaHTuae- caoft spiaocTH; 2) wo HXi BKOHOMHiecxoe no.iozeHie He ycTanoBiuocb, u 3) wo ototb B03pacn. saxaDHaeTi bt. ce6t sjeaoHTu, cnocotfaue yBaesaTbca pasnuMa nec6uToimJMH TeopiflKH, nojcnaBartca amauin h t. p. Tam wo hi. btom-b OTHomeaia npaninaeTCa xaxi 6h cooero poja neH3i, ycTaiion.iiioMuil no HMyinecTneunuxn TpefioBaHiasrx, a ny- TeMi onpeatoenia B03pacTnaro cpoxa. IIoaToiiy Bi r i x i aaBOHOflareat- CTBaxi, Bi Koropaxi Boofime Hntoca neH3i, Tpefiyswca pa3.iH9HHa orpaHHTOTeaiHua ycaoBia a ycTaHOBjaeica jBycTeueHuaa uoaaia ro- jocoBi, xasi Bi Hpyccia, oOumiOBenno h B03pacTBHfl cpoai aBaaeica iobo.tbho B03BunieHHuai; uoofiiue ace OHi xoactaeTca Meatay 21 h 25 rojaMH, sa HCKjnieHieiii, Buponexi, ^ama, no 3asoHo^aTe.uCTBy xo- Topois B03pacTHHB QOHSi onpe^'kanera 30 rojann. 2. BiopaHi noxoKHTeibHHMi ycjoiiieni aBaaeica npHnajaeiKHOCTi. x i HHCay rpaajam CTpana, npBpojBaxi nan HaTypaJiusoBauiiuxi. TpefloBaBie sto oOiacHaeica Bectna DOHaTHiiiiH coo6paaceHiaMn: hsGh- paTeabHoe npaBO ecTb Dpaoo HOJinTHiecaoe, npano yiacTnoBan b i na- 3HaneHin jinui, Bi pyxaxi KOTopaxi flyaen. HaxoaHTbca aaxoHOxa- TejbHaa Baacib, Kompoab napi. ynpaMeaieai, pacuopaacenie ilmnaa- coBaMH cpeacxBaitn crpana h t. n. noHaTHO H3i btoto, wo H36npa- Te.lH BCiHH CBOHBHHHTepeCHMHJOXSHHfilJTi CBa3aHH Ci OTOneCTUOllb. TpyjHO jonycTHTb, wo6a, Haup., ninenKift irafiapaTeab bo 'PpaHpiu BOTHpoBaai bi Hwepecaxi arofi crpanu, n Hao6opoT%. Taxi wo ci 9T0S toteh spiHis TpeOosaHie upiiHajjeaHOCTH Ki qncay rpaatpaHi noHaTHO 6esi scaxHXi noaCHenifi. Ho He3aBacano o n ToatjecTBa xhi- HHXi HHTepecoBi rpasjaHi c i Hwepecam HXi oreiecTBa, mojxho, pascnaTpHBaa Bonpoci ci apyrofl t o w 3piaia, Ki cxa3anu0Hy npa- CaBBTb eme apyroe coo6paateirie, hkchbo to, wo bth jiupa iuaMTi noaaTH h Hecym Bcaxia bobhhhocth h TarocTH ho rooyaapcTBeHHOMy ynpaajremiq. MjoBaTeabBO, Bi cnoeS cTpaHi Toxbxo opnn.oHH sio- ryn 6uti, xosaeBaMn; HnocTpaaepi ate,- xaxi He uiiiiomifi o6a8aHao- cTe$ no OTHomems) xi ayacjony esiy rocy*apcTBy, otobhubo, He joji- ateai HM*Tb n npaBa ka ynacTie Bi Bafiopaxi. H piScTBHTeiibHO, no- JofiBoe orpaiHieHie nocTanoB.ieHO aoboxbho-CTporo bo BC&Xi saxoHO- WTeabCTBaxi, xora y naci cctl yxa3aHie aa to, wo no BpesicHaMi ntxoTopaa 3axouojaTeibCTea _i.epaia.iHCi. npoiaBouo.ioataaro B3r.iaja. Taxi, Bi 1793 rojy, Bi nepiopi neoCHiaHaaro KocMono.wTHnecKaro

— 337 jB.ieqeHia, le genre humain cTHTa-icn Kasb 6a ojmoib Hs6HpaTejbHbiiib onpyroM'B h Bb jeayTaTU HapioHa.ii.naro Koinieirra u3(5np&.iHCb .iHna, ne tojbko He apHHa,i-ie*aBmia Bb hhcjj itipanpyscKHXb rpaataaHb, ho jaate HHKor.ua He 6uBaBmia bo 'I'paHniH '). nocTaHOBaeme o nai(io- Ha-iBBOCTH jenyTaTa Bb HacToamee opeMa HCno.iHaeTC« CTporo. 3. Kb TaKHMt ate oOuimh'b noJoatHTejbHHMb ycaoniaMt othochtch h noit, thkx KS.ET, bc£ 3aKOHoaaTe.ibCTBa KaB-b eBponeScKaro kohth- HSHTa, tekt. h Anrji’H, jaa yiacTia Bb suCopaxb TpeCyiOTb npaHaj- .leaHOCTH Kb atyatcEOHy noay: atenntHHH feiycjioBeo ycTpanaiOToa on. BuCopoa-b. Bonpocb o no.it bt. npiisdsneniH Kb uo.ibaoBauiio no-iuTHiecKUMii npaBaHH cjHHiKOMb o6nmpeHb, hto6li panbacHHTb ero 3,T'tcb no.ipofino, h6o hothbej 3a h npoTHBb jOHyineHia aceHipHHb TpcaBuiafiHO paa.nnaH H CnopHU. IToBTOHy HTJ OrpaHHTHMCH VKaSaHieMb ,l»IUb Ha ((►aKTT. cy- mecTBOBaHia BToro Bonpoca, a TaKace h Ha to, tto yse cb jiaBHHXT. nopb BT. AHr.iiH h ocofiemio bt. Ajiepmtt H,\\eTT, ycu.iennan armania Bb noiii.sy xonymema seHrpHm. Kb HECiipaTe.ibHHMb upaBaMb. Bb Ahimin, ueatay npoiHXb, cTopoHHHEOHb no.niTuiecKHXb npaBb aenm,HHb BBiuca JS,. C. MHJMb, KOTopuS uocBBTH.ib 3T0MJ Bonpocy paste ocofiyn r.iaBy Bb CBOHXb Pa3.mtuueHiHXb o npc.dcmaoumeAWOMb npatuemu,. iTOse KacaeTCH po no.ToatHro.ii.nuxb saEonopaTejbCTBb, to TO,TbEO Bb Anrjin xeHtpHHbi poiiymeHLi Kb BbifiopaMb Bb mEOJbHue cob-£tu ho 38E0Hy 1870 ropa; Kb no.raTHiecEHMb ate Bu6opaMb out ne pony- cKa»Tca h Bb AHrjiH, saKb a Bb ppyrnxb CTpaHaxb. TaKHUb oOpasoHb, TpefioBanie upHHap.ieatiiocTH Kb MyatCKOxy no.iy MOatHO CHHTaTI. OtilHHMT. p.M BctlXb CTpaHb H BO BCtXb 3aK0H0.TKTe.il.- 4. Kb Tuc.iy o6maxb uo.ioiKHTe.ibHbiXb vc.iOBifi upHBCHKOfl CHCText BufiopHaronpaBaothochtchTaaaceTpeSoBadie MtcToathtc.i bctbe,Taitbnan. domicile, CJipoBaTejbHO, TpeGoeame HantcTnoR cbhsh xestpy mSiipaTe- aexb h TOfi MtcTHOCTbio, rpt OHb ocymecTB.iJtexb cBoe BuCopnoe npaBO. TpefioBanie iiToro domicile, h.ih Ht.KOToparo nocTOEHHaro atHTejibCTBa, Hsiterb, KOH6HHO, nijibD ycTpaHHTB on. Buftopnaro npaBa rfe ajexeHTU Hace.ieHid, Koxopue Horyrb nojoflTH nopb noHHTie population flottante, nepexoataro HacejeHiH, He HMtiomaro npoiaoS octpjocTii, OTcyTCTBie EOTopoft MoateTb 6htb ofibacneHo ero SEOHOXHiecKofi oecocTOHTe.ib- HOCTBD. Ho 9T0 TpefiOBaHiO iO.liEHO (iblTb HOCTaBjeHO Bb H3B'tCTHbla ». rPAXOBCKlfi, T. T. 22

— 338 — rpaaanu, npuHHuaa Bt coo6pa»euie t4 ycaoBia, npa KOTOpaxt oho pa3BHBajiocB. B t ycaoBiaxt ee tojbko cpesHeBiKOBoS jkh3hh, ho h upa noasuignraxi. ycaoBiaxt, npa oTcjTCTBia ayTefi coo6meHia, o6aer- BaioiHHxj. Bt HacToamee Bpeua aepcsBHseHie Haceaema, npa OTcyx- ciBia sase cauofl botpoChocth Bt tbromi uepeaBHseniii in Busy uaaaro pasBHTia npoaunueaHociH a ToproBsu, Boapoct o HicxosH- TeatCTBi He aora noayuaTt Tanoro upasTaaecKaro 3Haaeaia, KaKoe Huierc. oat Bt Hacroauiee Bpeaa. BufiopHoe npaBO, ocofteHHO npa ycaoBia HBB'ficTHaro ueH3a, OTnpaBaaaoct Torsa m&cthhhh ofoiBaTejaua, KOTopue HdtjH npoanyio cbhsl ct jaHHoS o(5ihhhoB h coeainia.iHCb bt, Hefi so HaBiicTHOH CTeuemi Bt aaBKBjTyio Kopnopaaiio. Ob a3Mtae- Hiemi. oKOHOMuaecKnxt. yc-ioeifi, cl pasiiHTieMt npoMuni.ieHnocTH, npa HeoSxosaMOCTH Bi. nepesBHseHiH niauxt uacct pa&mro EJacca, npa ysoOcTBt Taaoro, aepesBaseHia uo xeai3HHMt soporaut, nan.iHBt nepexoataro Hace.iOHia Bt HiKOTopue HeaTpu (no npeaMyajecTBy ro- posa) csixajicji neo6nia8BO bcjhikt., h Bc.iliscTBie Toro OTnpaBnenie BuOopHaro npaBa RCTpiiTHjocL on 3HaaHTeai,BUMH npenaTCTsiaua bl Busy BBOseHia Bt H3BtCTHyc oOmuHy uocToponnaxt n.ieueiiToe't, eo- Topaie no cborh'b aiiTepecau-B Cum e8 lyssu. Oxciosa aBaaacb ae- ofixosaHOCTB pa3ptmuTb BOBHasmiS Bonpoct o M'feeTOSHTeaiCTB’f;: r.-e. irocKo.ibKy anna, usutuaiomia csoe MicronpcCuBaHie, Moryn. ocvme- CTBaart, CBoe suftopHoe npaBo bl Baxsofi oftinanf., Bt Koropofl OHH at saHHoe Bpeua HaxosaTca. C t toheh 3P'&hui ofimaro upuHnnua mh uoxeut ycTaHOBHTB caisyioiu.ee upaBHao, onpesi-iaKjin.ee pa3JH$ie uexsy npaBOUi yiacTia Bt uoaaTuaecEaxt BUfiopaxt a npaBOUt yaa Clia Bt MiCTIIUXt oClIlHHUUXt BuCopaxt. а) OraocaTeaBBO npaBa BuOopa uicTHaro, Bt ropoACEie cob-Lth, Bt aicTHOe npescTaBirecancTBO a x. a., ecTecxBeHHO ycTaHOBan Tpe- CoBaHie, hto6u juro, noaytaKiiuee rasoe npaso, apaHasaesaao Et ■ lacay aicTiiuxt saxeaefl a -uui-io Bt Teuesie aposoasHTeaboaro cpoxa ocisaocTb Bt saHHoMt m4ct4, last East npescxaBHTeaeat uiCTHbIXt HHXepeCOBt MOSCTt tibITb TOabEO auno, SaBHO a 6j B3E0 ct bhmh 3Hasouoe. jIbsh, Biepa upiixasmie a sasxpa HaMipeBanmiecn ysaaaTbca, otcbhsho, ne uoryxt sHaxb a noHBMaib HHiepecoBt to8 MiCTHOCTH, Bt EOTOpofi OHH BpOMCHHO upedlJBaiOTt. б) HanpoxHBt, Boapoct ofit yaaeria Bt noaaTHsecKaxt BuOopaxt SoaseHt CuTb paapiraem. c t spyrofl toheh splmia. C t tobeh aptHia noaaTHuecKHXt Bu6opoBt Bca cxpaBa pa3CMaxpaBaeTca East osho ni- aoe: toabko saa ysoficTsa Bt ornpaB-ienia nnfiopHaro npaBa oaa pa3- siaaexca Ha HstfapaxeabHue oKpyra. Ho HSt Toro, hto aapo uepexo- SHTt Hst osHoro OEpyra Bt spyrofi, He caisyeTt, axo ero bojh, saEt rpassaHUHa uiaofi cipaiiij, soasaa noTepnixb Kanofi jh 6o ymepfit,

_ 339 — no ona ae jo n u a hm£tb noanaro SHaqeaia. llosTOiiy rpaiKjaunHi, nepexojamifi BpeneHHo Bi qyatofl OKpyri, He MoateTb 6htb AHUieHi opaBa ynacria Bi uojihtht6ckhx,b BuSopaxi, pa8i ohx. HaxoAUTca Bi iipe.T/Liaxi, cBoero OTeaecTBa. TaKi, jhuo, toabko n o upHOumnee, nanp., jlioHt, ao.ikho 6htb ahhigho npana yqacTia Bi MicTHtixi auCopaxi, ho 3to judo, kskb rpastAaHHHi $paHity3CKo0 pecay&iHBH, BM'ieT'b opaBO BOTHpOBaTB Bi nOAHTHHeCEHXi Btl6opaXi, 6h oho hh HaxoAHJoct, oho MoateTi TpeSoBaTB BHecenia cefia Bi o6mie h8<5h- paTejbHhie cuhckh. ,Ho BTOTi npHHHHm., KOTopufl OTHOCH-rejbHo 3aiiuMax)n;aro naci Bonpoca AOjaceHi 6u tb pyttoBOAHimiMi npaBHJOHi, a tohbh aptHis He npaBa, a npaETHKH, i.-e. Bi npasTHHecaoHi npHMiiieHiu AO-iaceHi uoxyanTb rautcTHUa oi'paHnqenia: 1) A™ cocTaBxeHia HaCupaTe.ii.Huxx cnHCKOBi TpeOyeTCH oupextxeHHufl cpoKi; ohh aojhkhh 6htb cocia- Bxenu, paacMOTpliHU, aojshu noABeprnyTbca pa3HHMi HcupaBAeHiani, HeoOxoAHJiulii BcaijcTBie npuHeceHHUxi acaxo<5i Ha HeupaBBAHHOciH, jonymeHHUB npa HXi cocTaBjeHia; sarhsn,, Kain. aah npuHecenia TaKHXi atajiofii, TaKi a aab hxb paacMOTpiaia Thun, Kony Bijaib cie HaxxeaiHTi, aoaxhh npoTeib HSBicTHue, sapaate oupe.iiaeH- Hue cpoKa; cxoBOMi, Bee uparoTOBJieHie Hi Budopasii npeAnoxaraeii H3R+,c,Tmjfi 3HaqnT6jibHuft uepioA’B BpexeHH, itM'i. rapanrapyeTca upa- BKJbHOCTb BC'Lxi nOjrOTOBHTeXbHblXi A'feflCTBifl. Ci 3T0ft TOHKH 3ptHia HeooxoAiiMo nocTauHTB nsuhcTutiH rpatumu aasi jt,ia Aunt, bobcg ae npaHajueataiHHXi ai qgcay nocToaHHHXi atme.ieft HSBicTHofi m4ct- hocth, TaKi h A-ia rfexi jhhb, soTopua uoaboph.thcb Bi ne& hoa&bho. TaKi, ahao, npn6uBin(’e Bi KaKofi HHtjyAb HaOupaTexbHufi oxpyri Ha- KanyH'fc BuSopoBi, oiesHAao, He Moaten. 6bitb BaeceHO Bi couckh, panto cocTaBAeHHue. Tohho TaKi ate anna, BHe3anuo aBHBmiaca, ae mo- ryrB Outb BHeceHU Bi H3(>HpaTe.iBaue cdhceh, .taste Bi tomb c-nyqat, ecAH 3th cnHCKH eme He cocTaBAeHBt, n6o bcakob npaCuBiuee ahuo AOAsho, npeatAe BHeceaia ero Bi cnacoRi, AOEa3aib cBoe npaBo Cutb HsfiupaTeAeHi, hto, no HejocTaxKy BpeMeHH, He BcerAa B03Hoatao CAt.iaTb BO-BpCMa. 2) KpOMi sTHXi orpaHHqeuiS, BUieKaiomuxi, TaKi cxasaTB, HSi TpeConama TexammnoAroTOBHTe.iBHhixi .rkScTBifl, HuitoTca TaKJKe orpaHHTeHia, ocHOBaHHQa Ha hhhxb coofipaatemaxi. TaKi, junta, KOTopua CHCTeMaTHqecKH He, HMiuTi iiocToannaro atHTeABCToa, 6po- Aaiee naceaenie, tto to cpeAHee ueatAy population llottante n popu­ lation vagabonde, aBaaeTca aaeueHTOHi, Koropnii, no paanuMi npn- HHHaHi, He sexaTeABHo (iu 6a.io AouycitaTb Ki yiacTiw Bi Hsfinpa- TOJBHOMi upaB't. Ha ocHOBaHiu Bctxi BbioieyKa3aHHBiX'B cooGpaateniS 3aKOHOAaTe.1t,- CTBB H yCTaHOBAHBJTi cpoKi npeObtBailia AAH AHKi, He HMtlOmHXi BO-

— 340 — CToannaro aurrexbCTBa, so npeTemymniHxx Ha upaBo yuaciia bx bu- 5opan,. J,.in Hi.iDCTpan;m aroro, npiiBeiem OTHOcaixiaca cmja uocra- HOB.icnin i|ipaimy3CKaro 3aKOHOxarejbcTBa. Qo BTOxy aaKonojaTejbCTBy BX CUHCKH jjn npOHSBOJCTBa UOXHTHUeCKHXX Bu6opOB1» BHOCHTCH, B0- uepBhixt, Bet .Inna, BBeceBBua bx cuhckh o6ihhhu (listes communa- les) h Hirbontfii npauo yuacTBOBaTb bx ofiujHHuuxb Btidopaxx. ,1,-ia BHeceHia ae bx bth cuhckh Tpefiyerca, ciiepxx jpyruxx ycxosifi, ro- jOBoe npe6uBauie bx oGiuhb'6, T.-e. TpeCyeTCa naaipeuie cflijanca rpaatAauunoMx, hoctohhhhmx XHTexeax janaaro ropoja, jaaasaHBoe ro.yoBUMx npe6uBaaieHX bx hbux. Cbopxx Toro, xonoximTexbHO bho- ‘hcaxca bx uhcxo rpaauaux bx ocofiue xonoxHUTexbHbie cuhckh (listes complGmentaires) act xana, KOTopua bx Teuerie roxa uaxojHXHCi. bx ropoxi. Tasx uto no (t>paHnyscKoay aaKOHOxaTexbCTBy noxyroxau- Hufi cpoKX upeCuiiaBia aa oxhomx nt,cr£ cumaeica HeoCxoxHMuax xxa oCeaueueHia upaBH.ibhocth castHxx BufiopoBx. KoHeuuo, mojkho CHOpHTX O HHlJipt HtcaneBX, HO, BX npHHUHlrt, 3T0TX cpoKX cootbUt- CTByeTX TOMy muaxy, tto ocymecTBxeaie noxb30Bama noxHTHiecKuiax imoopnuMt npasoxx xoxacHo 6utl oTjU-ieHO otx ycxoBiB Qoxx30Basia MiCTHUMX BblSopHUBX HpaBOMX. IlpOTHBOUOXOXHaa CHCTeaa 6uja (in HapynxeHieux BiiSopHaro npasa, Kaax sto 6hxo, Hanp., cxixa®) saKO- homx 31 uaa 1850 roxa (no noBOxy H35paaia E. Cm, o uenx CKa3aHO Burae). HauiouaxLHoe co6pame, no HHHuiaTHBf, h noxx xaBxeHieax HaooxeoHa ISoranapTa, ycraaoBuxo HenoMipBoe TpeCosame Tpexxir- uefi ocixxocTH xxa hhhx, KOTopua MorxH 6htb Bnecenu bx HsfiHpa- TexbHue cuhcbh, BcxijcTBie aero xixaa Hacca nepexoxaro nacexeHia 6uja ycTpaHeHa otx bh6opobx. 9ia rfcpa BUSBaxa Tauoe ueroxoBame Hauin, n o HanoxeoHX, k&kx toxxko coup d’etat yaimuaxca ycut- iohx, upnnyaxeux 6uxx „B03BpaTUTb to, ut6 HauiuHaxbHOe coSpaHie othhxo y <|>paHxy8CKaro Hapoxa\", T.-e. npHHysxeax 6hxx OTM'fsHUTb odn;euy3aKOHX 31 uaa 1850 roxa, npeicTaBxaBmifl cofiom KpafiHe aepa3yM- Hym Mipy, Koropaa npaBexa jhbil kx pa3xpaaeHim. Epa oficyaxesia aioro Bonpoca bo <{>paHuy3CKOiix aapioHaxbHOMX co6pamn (1871—1875 rr.) ohx 6hjx oueHb o&TOaTexbHO h uoxpo6ho pa3x- acHOHX yueHunx xouxajuHKOMX napxaHeHTCKofi KOHMHecia, npexcTa- BHBmeS cboh HHiiria nopasamix KOHCTHryuioBHUMX Bonpocaax, EaTfia. Cx btoB toukh 3piuia Tpe6oBanie aicTOSHTexbCTBa ycTaHOBxaeTca h jpyrHMH SaKOHBMH 0 Bugopaxx, H, ecxn BX HUXX BX 3T0HX OTBOmeBlH aaaiuaexca pa3Haua, to OHa Kacaeica HCKxmuHiexbHO cpoKOBx, Hasaa- uaeMbixx x-MnocToaHsaro upeSuBauia; cairaSae npaHPHnx, kotophmx pyKOBOXCTByoTca npn onpex'hxeuiu cpoKOBx, irpn6xH3HTexbHO ojbhx h 5. rxaBHMmee uaxnoxo*HTe.ibHHxx TpeSoBanifi ecTx ycxOBie neH3a,