Градовский А.Д -Собрание сочинений. Том 5

— 386 — ment partiel, Bb npoTHBOiioJoaHOcri aHTerpa-ibaoiiy, renouvellement integral. Br, 6ojhdhx'b eBpoireitcKiixx rocyaapcTBaxb aonycKaeica hh- TerpotHoe ofiBoaieme najarc,; nacTaaaoe se cymecTuyeit Bb aiao- Topuxii HefiojBniHXi rocya^pcTBaxb Ebpohh, mkobu: Bejaria, CaEco- Hia h jp.; apynaua * e rocyaapcTBa, panp., Upyccia, TepMasia, 'I'paH- nia, Bearpia npH3HaK>Tb ofiHOBjeaie ofinee, upa aeMt jja Bepxauxb aaxaTb Tasib, rai oat Bufibpnua, aonycaaeica aacTaaaoe B03ofiaoBae- me. Taab, $paHay3CKi8 ccaaTb oGHOBMCTCii no TpeTHMb Bb leaenie 9 AiTb, cJiixoBaTeatno, KiuaaHe'rpa roaa Bu6HBaera ‘h cocrana ceHaia, a HasHa'iaBTCa ajih nonojiaeaia btoB Tpeia HOBue nuCopu. Bb noxb3y aaKAoft aab dthxi aoyxb chctgmx BOSoCaoBJieaia aa- jmTb Moryra 6htb npuBeaeaH aouoah 3a a nporaBb. Bb noxi3y qacTaaaaro o6noBjenia naxara odbiKHOBeaao apaBoaarb TOTb cyatecTBeHHufi joBoab, n o aepeab nocTeneHHoe oOuoiueiiio co- cTaBa naaarb apaBBTeabCTBeHnaa aoxaTHaa He Syaen, TepniTi, paja- EaabBUX'b aepesiHb, Koxopua bosmoshh h .vise aeasCtiKHU apH ua- TerpaibEOKb oSHOB.ieniH. Ecxh no acreaeaia 5 hjih 6 xirb hobhc 06- n;ie bu6oph apaaecyTi Bb aaaaTy 6ojbmaacTBO cb nporpaMHofi, npaao apoTaBoaojoaaoSaporpaMMi npesnaro fioabniHHCTBa, to, cooTntTCTBenno BTOMy, a aafiaaerb, aiitciBOBaumift paste, ao.isenb nacib a ycTyaaib aicTO spyroMy aadanery, aoTopufi Syaora Bb'siaaxb yapaaieaia co- raacoBaTbca cb aacrpoeaieaib noBaro nap.iaMCHT0M.ro doxbaraaeTBa. CifipoBaTexbao, npa araxb ycaoBiaxb Bee aaupaB.ieaie BHyipeBaeft a BB^maed aoxaTHKH CTpamx ao.tjkho dyaere, aastaHTbCJi paaaKaxbiio a apHToab Bxpyrl, de3b bcbkoB nocTeneaBocTa. Bb 8T0Mb, oieBajno, 3aa.T*)aaeTca doxbmoe aeyaodcTao. jtpyroR jOBO^b Bb noxbsy aacTHi- aaro o6aoBxeHia totb, bto apH HeMb H36HpaTexbHaa araiania yapaan- BaeTb to 3HaaeHie, aoropoe OBa HMterb apH nuCopaxb oGnraxb. Bps o6maxb Ba6opaxb Bca CTpaaa noABepraeica a36HpaTe.11.H0ft ropaaai, aca CTpaHa aaxojaTca Bb BoadyxaeHia, Toraa-aaitb npa nufiopaxb-aa- cTaaaHXb, ocoCeHHO ecxH BuduBaronjia aacTa cocTana aaxaTb He Be- -iHKH, H36apaTe.ibHaa araTapia orpaHHaaBaeica He3HaaaTe.ibHBMb npo- CTpaHCTBOMb aicKOJbKHXb AeaapTaaeHioBb axa oapyroBb, BcxijcTBie aero aacxo a36apaTex8ft ae aacToxbKO Bejaao, aTo6u apuBCCia crpaHy Bb 6e3noaoftcTB0 a B036ysxeaie. TaaoBU aBa aoBoaa Bb aoxbsy aaciaaHaro o6H0Bxeaia riaxaiu. Ho oaa Moryib 6»rb ycTpaHeau cjrfeayoniHMH cooSpaseHiaMa Bb no.ib3y HHTerpaabHaro odHOBjeaia. 1) Ecaa upoTHBb nocxiasaro mosho Bospa- asib Bb TOMb CMuc.it, aro npa aeab apaBnTe,ibCTBennafl uoxaTaaa, ecaa Be no Bctab, to, no apaBueft nipt, no HtaoTOpuab, ao saTO cyaiecTBeHHbiMb BonpocaMb, aoxsHa H3MiBan.ca h apeTeputiiaTb xpy- thb aepeMtHHBb apyryio CTopoay, to npoTHBb aaciaaHaro oCnon-ieniii

— 387 — ' Mffatno npunecTH to, ito apa tokome ofiHoiueniH upaBHTejECTBO He fiyjeTL hjiW e, TBepjaro no-ioacenia. Be Sysera hh^te tohbh ouopu be naAarfe.a noTOMy He 6yA«TB be coctojuub npoBOAHTb be ynpaBxeuie onpeAtjennUa naxaia bokoS ah6o oGmefi aporpamuj. Upa aacTHMOMS ofmoBjeHia cTpaHa mntorAa He dyAeTE airfcTb noaoaro Bypaaeaia cBoero odmaro HaMpoeHia. Lla.iaTa be otome c.iyia-fe Cyaen. coctobti.' H3E ahqe paBJHiHUXE snoxE H36paaiH. BcutycTBie stoto, be aefi jiBHTca rpynau a- (t>pasuia, KOTopya fiyayn. nefl'rpajiHaonaTt apyrE, apyra a He AaiyTE HeodxojHMarb aap.iauenTcuaro 6ojtniHHCTBa. Upa TaaoHE cotTaB’t aaxaTE AOCTaTOiHO HicaOAbKHME ro.iocaax nepeflTH ce ojnoft cTopoau Ha jp yry», itoOu uch no-iBTHKa HpasHTejECTsa noKOAe6axaci. a noTepaaa cboh jctoh. CaiAOBaTeAbHO, npH TaKoxx cocTasi npaBHTeaBCTBo .inniaeica bo3hobhocth bpcth onpeA^xeHHyio uporpaMHy be tome hah hhome HanpaBjeHiH. Ecah, ce oahoS CToponu. - npn aacTHHHOME odHonaenia najia™ iipaimTc.itcTno ho npHHyatAeao KpyTO HBH’&HHTbCa, TO, CE ApyroS CTOPOHH, OHOHe fiyABTE BE COCTOailill onupaTbca Ha oapeAtjeaHoe Go.iumthctbo be najaTi, aoTopoe ce hhme cojHAapHO, h KOTopoe dyAeTE noACicaaunaTL cay. Mf.py, BuatiBaeMua HaAodflocTHHH CTpaay a Aaauoft MUHyxy. 2) Ecja be aOAbsy aacTaa- Haro j )(j HOB-TCaia naaaTE dphboahte to coodpaateHie, afo aadapaTejb- aaa arHTania npa tokoue odnoBaenia vaeaLmaeTca be cbohxe paswf,- paxE. aTO be npoTHBoaojosHocTb ai-HTaaia, bo3haKaa>mefl npa hhto- rpajtHOME odHOBjeHiH, OHa orpaHHaHBaeTca hsbIicthijmx OKpyroax hah aacTbio TeppHTopiH, u ito catioe aacjio BUdUBaiomaxE jenyTaTOBE He HacTOAbKO Be.iaKO, aTofiu BosdyxAaTb be Hace.ieHia HHTepecE paBao- caxbHufi'HHTepecy, B03iiHKai>n;eay be hcme npH HHTerpaAbHOME odHO- B.ieBia cocTaBa najiaxu, to b e noxbay noc-i^jHaro mojkho upaBecxu TaKSKC BecbHa cymecTBeHHUe AdBOAbi. Hbchho aadapaTc.TBHaa araraaia npa HHTerpajibHOHE odaOB-TOHia, kohoaho, dyAeTE ca-itHte a no npo- CTpancTBy H Ho HHTeHCHBHocTH, no 3aTo crpaHa, aepesHBaiaa ee, 3a- t4me dyAeTE hhI tb noaoiS hh 4 hah 6 a£te h, be npoAOAaceHie stoto BpeMenu, Gyaen, noAiepaiaBaTt najaTy, be Boropofi OHa dyAeTE bh- A$Tb noAHoe BupaseHie cbohxe HacTpoeHift, h ce aoTopofi osa dyAeTE doxie hah Mento coAUAapHa. IIpa wicthihome ate odHOBAeaiK H3da- paTe.ibHaa araraaia Haaoraa He npeHpaajaeTca, h(5o 1) KaHjajiaTu MOI’yTE HBAHTbCH H3E ApVTHXE OKpyrOBE H 2) KaatAafl aapTia; 3aHHTe- pecoBaBHaa be rtpoBeAeaia cbohxe KaaAHAaTOBE, Gy.ycTx araTapoBaTi, be noAbsy axb a be t^x e ota^abhuxe oxpyraxE, Ha jjOAio aoTopuxE be AaHHOe BpeMa BunaAu bobMo Budopy, T.-e. armaain naprift be asdapaTeAbHy^E oxpyraxE npH aacTHaaosiE odaoBjemH aaaaTE dyAeTE BecTHCb TajiE jKe, aaKE a upa odiaaxx sydopaxE. |a i ra aacTL CTpany, KOTOpaa ae yaaoiByeTE be aacranHyxE BuGopaxE, Bce-Taaa 25*

— 388 — dyjera cxijHTb cx airrepecoax sa xojomx m ifxx' BudopoBX a at.'ia'rb es Heiepnimesix axx peayraiaTa, ado ora sthxx Budopoax iioatera : 3anpcira cyjtda MiiHHCTepcTaa. Oaura $pamtiH, no xapria 18J4 roja, npiiM’SiHflBmeS vacTHinoe odnoBjeme CBoefi Hasaefi naxaTil, jOKaraix, Kara aa.io ocHOBaxejtHocTa bx tomb apejaojoateHiH, mo dyjTO du 3Ta cacTOxa vcTpaaaera Boadyacxeaie cxpaHU. Hto uojodaaa cacTeMa a t m&ikhxb rocyjapcTBaxB, khkobij CaacoHia a jp ., jificTBHTO.ii.no ae . npaBOjara, Kara noKaatinaeTT. oiiutx, kb vcajeaHOfi avaTaaiu, odx- acHaeica ho Kara pc3y.11.Tara vacTawaro odHOBxeHiH a tucth'Ihhxt. BHdOpOBX, a UpOCTO BeBHUVaTe.ll.HUMB paSJlipOMX DTHXX rdCyjapCTB'b a TiMX, hto fix sthxx rocyjapcraaxx, HMenno no npuiaai fcxx ho- 0aaaaTe.ibaocTB A aaaaro 3naacnia bx cesibi dojbinHxx CBponoficKirax rocyjapcTBi, nojHTiiKa He noxtera Hacro.ibEo saaHTepecoBaTb aace- xeaie, modu busbutl saKoe nuOyjb HeoduvafiHoe B03dyasjeHie apa bh- dopaxx «x naaaiy. Ho bx TUKofi CTpaai.Kara 'Ppaaaia, omochtc.if.ro KOTopofi a ao cie speMa cnpaBejxuBO Bupaseaie Tokbh.ih, tto <t>pau- ay3u—ionaCHiHaiaa CTpaaa bx EBpoai, B03dyxjaioinaH to vjHB.ieaie a yBaseme. To-cocrpajame a cipaxx, no Haaorja paBaojymie“ , bx nojodnofi cipaai neB03Moamo npajyMaTb TaKofi cacreMH BudopoBX, apa aoTopofi ohu fiuaa 6u paBHojyinaa h ae npaxojaaa du bx cocMJiaie B036y®jenia. Tepaorx Bpo-iba-OTeax $BPypaKbHUMX hshkomx BHpa- 8H.ix j 0B0jn.no BipHyio uucjb: hmohho ohx roBopajix, n o npa ca- ereMi BHTerpajibaaro odnonjicma CTpaHa nepearaBaera ocipuft Kpasacx bx p o ji Taifia, aocii Koroparo- oaa cKopo npaxojaix bx cocTOHHie aosoa; mo ae Kacaeica jo vacTiivaaro o6aoBje>iia, to npa aeax bch cipaHa nepeaHBaerx HBHypHTe.ibByn jaxopajKy (nne fifevre lente). Ho bo bmkomx cjyaat, Ta h.th jpyraa asdapaTeabnaH cacTeaa He joasaa pascMaipaBaTbca cx tobkh 3piaia doxisHH napoja, ora koto- pofi ero caijyera oxpaajiTb. CTpaaa He ecrx dojibHofi, Tpedyorpia yxoja. HadapaTe-ibHaa araTapia, KOTopofi npeaje tukx doaiHCb, nuai yae He B03dysjaera npesHuxx oaaceHifi a.nepexojHTx bx paapajx oduaHuxx HBXeaifi. Tara mto bx cxparoxx, r j i ycTaHOBa.incb kohcth- TyaioHHua yapesjema, Bia cacTeMa He Boadyajaera nojodauxx bsoh- jobx Ha cauue Budopu. I'xaBHUfl ae jobojx bx irojxsy HHTerpa.n,- Haro odHOBjeHia totx, mo npa aioft cacTBMi bx na.ia'ri Moatera odpa- 30BaibCrf KOsinaKTHoe doxxniHHCTBO: j.ia aiaefi npanme-ibCTBa a yapa- B-ieHia HHTerpaxbHoe odHOB.ieHie a odmie Budopn hb3ih[otch .lyvmaHx nojcnopbeiix, viax Budopu 'lacTHraue. Eorja MaancTepcTBO saaera, ito bx npojoxseaie 4—6 .lira 3a hhmx odeaneveHO oapejiaeiiHOe (kubuiaHCTBo bx naxati, oho cnoKOfiao onapaeica na aero a npoBO- JHTX CB0B3 apOrpaMMY. llpilTOMX BUdopU, CH.10B) Bemeli, hb.ihdtch vacTHVHbnia jaate apH HHTerpa-ibaoMx odHOBjema. Hanp., bx AaraiB

— 389 — HHamaa naaaia HMien. 670 xenyTaTOBt, bo 't’paan.ia—532. Tpyxuo oaiHjaTi., hto6u Bet sth xcnyTaTu xoasajB a ocTa-iHCb na CBonxt s i- craxt ao cpoaa oKOHqaaia hxa. uo.iHOMoqifi, btoCu kto nu6y.ii. H3t next .ne yiiept, He Btjme.rt b i orcTasKy, ho npiiHa.it- rocyxapcTBeH- hoS xo.ukhocth u He cioiKB.it 6u c t ce6a, BcrbxcTBie BToro, xeny- TaTCKaro no.iHOMO'iia. B t btoux OTnomeniu j u Cobuthu xbhhub uo- Biamaro Bpeiieaa. $paHuv3CKoe naniOHaitHOe cofipaaie 1871— 1876 roja (yqpe4HTe.11.H0e coGpanie) coctohjo H3t 768 q.ieHOBt. Oho 6hxo Hsfipano Et 8 ifienpa-ia 1871 roxa h Bt Tenerne H-6cKo.ii.KHxt M-ica-. nent, mieHHO Kt ixuno Toro ate 104a noTpeCoBaiocb, npoHsuecTU 102 4onoaHHTeabHHXt BuOopoBt, Bca-fexcTBie BUfiuTia xenyia-roBt H3t co- CTaBa cotipaHia no pasHUXt npuquHaut. TaKuMt oCpaaoiit, ecT6CTB6HHHnt nyTeiit o6noB.ienie najatt npo- HCX04HTt qaCTHHHO. IIoBTOMy H ilt HUKEKOS HajofiHOCTH BB04HTB MS Toro KaKyio HH6yjb HcxyccTBeHHyio irfcpy, Koropaa Et xosiy me Bt pe- syjtTari nopoacxaert Heuyanua a name Bpexuua u,-in6Henia at rpyn- napoBK'fc napaaxeHTCEHxt napTifi. Kc.ih h ynoTpefijiaTi. HCKyccTBeHHua siipu, to Bt jaiiooMt cxyqat Haxxemaio 6u npHH-hnaTb Taityfo, eo- -ropaa MoateTt cnoco6cTnoBaTt Konco.iHiHpoBaimo napTifi, a HHEaEt He Tasyio, EOTopaa, teei cRa3aTL, pasmumaert coc-raBt naxaTU, bboje at past cxoxHBmyiocH rpynuapoBKy napTifi hobejh npioiicH. I to KacaoTca 40 xtficTBVDiqaro npaBa, to HHTerpaJtnoe ofiHo- BxeBie najait 40.1x 0* cqaiaTBca ofimuMt npaBHXOUt. OCHOBieuie qacTHBHoe UB.iaeTCa HCKXtoqeHievt: ero xonycEa»Tt to.jlko HiKOTopua He60.11.miH rocyxapcTaa. III. PaacMOTpiBt, TaitHHt oCpaaoMt, Boopoct 0 cpoK-fe xenyiaT- cKHxt no.iHOMoqifi, mu ao.ikhu xenepL ofipaTHTtca Et pascMOTpiHic orxixBHHXt npaBt, EOTopua xenyTait no.iyqaera qepest cbob noAHo-' Moqia. J,enyTaTt, fiyxyiH aafipant H86HpaTe.iHMH usB^cTHaro ospyra, HB-iaeTca npexcTasHTexeMt nijiofi naniu. CxixoBaTextHO, Bt CBoeat rojioconaHiH u o6pa3i xificTaifi oHt OTB^qaen tojbko nepext naxaTofi h cBoefi cob4cti»d. /(aBaTt me oTqe-rt nepext cbohhh na6npaTexBitH xenyTaTy npnxoxaTca xamt npH. HOBtixt Bufiopaxt (6yxe OHt bhobb noiEexaett 6a4.roTnpoBaTt.ca). 3xtct OHt MomeTt 6htb xameHt CBOBXt no.iHOMoqifi, hxh me ohh uoryTt 6htb npoxoxxeau xjh aero sa no- Bufi cpoKt. Ho Bt Teq^aie ecero cposa, Ha Koiopufi usfipana muaia, xenyTa-rt aiuae-rca jmpoMt CBoOoxnuMt, He3aBHcrabrut o rt CBOBXt. H36HpaTexefi a He CBasaHHUBt hhehehuh 06a3aTeatHHMH HHCTpyEHiauH. BcxixcTBie btopo, bo Bcixt saKonoxaTe.ucTBaxt nocTaHOBxaeTca, no bc4 o6H3aTejn>HHa aHcTpyKniH, xaBaeirua xenyTaraut, He im-ftioTt 06a- 3aTextH0fi ciuu (nnls et non avenus), hto xenyTaTt He oOnsaHt hxx npBHHMaTt. h turn pyaoBoxHTbca.

•— 390 — EfaTiMb jenyrars (ScanpenaTCTnenHaro ornpaB.ieiiiH CBOHXb ofi1i3aHHocTeS aojB3yeica ocofioio aainaioio CBoefi .iuqbooth, T.-e. oco- 6uhh rapaHTiaMH CBoefl nenpmocHoaeHHoanu. Hojb Hueaexi HenpHKocHOBeHHocTH jeayiaTOBb pa3jMteiia co- BOKynHOCTB rapaaTifi, oOeaueqmmiomHxb out npaBo .6e3npenaTeTBOH- naro oTnpaBjeaia hxb oOnsaHiiociefi, saEb napOAnuxb npexcTaBmejefi Bb na-iaTi. ^ja Toro, ito6h xenyTan. non. OTnpaBjan CBok Qdfl3au- hocth Bb KaiecTBf, aapoxnaro npexcTamiTeja Bb najari, exy AOJSHa •6utl o6e3neieHa a) CBoOoxa caoua, caixoBaTeatHO, SjaacaitniUMb o6pa- 30Mb CBodoja rbxi, Hirtnifl, soTopua OHb BHpaataeTb dl najiaj’i otuo- CHiejiBBO saKOHonpoeKTOBb, lipexcTaBjeHHiJXb aa ea paacaorpiHie, 1OTHOCHTeJBHO jMcTBiB HCIIOJIHHTe.TbHOfi BjaCTH, nOAJeaUUHHXb KOH- Tpo.iio•napjaaeirra, OTHociiTe.ii.no npexJoseHifl Bb naxari, xiJaeMHXb «a ucHaMH h t. n. Tnunsib oCpaaoMb, nepstia npinfnmri. iienpuaocno- BGBBOCTK JGnyTaTOBb 3aKJDqaeTC8 Bb TOMb, 9T0 jeUVTaTb HGOIBtT- CTBGBb sa MHnHiH, KoTopuii OHi Bupasaeib Bb n a jari npa ornpa- bxghih cBoaxb o6a3aHBOcTGH; 6) gcxh AenyTavy oCeaneqaiiaeTCii cbo- 6oja MBiHifi, to GMy Tasse AOJaaa 6sti>oOe3neqeHa b CBofiojayqaciia Bb pimeHiaxb muara, itOTopua oaa BUHOCHTb ao pUacMOTpiniu jiJb, efi noA.ieaan(BXb, T.-e. Bb Tixb pimeHiaxb, Koiopua nocTaaoBjaioTCH 'na-iaTofi nocji npeHiS. CjiAOBaTe.11.110, AenyTaTb ae OTBi'iaen, aa uo- Aaqy rojoca aa u.m npoTUBb upex-ioiseHiii; ne OTBiqaew. OHb TaKHse usato, ecra nopaawjMb upaqaiiaMb coqxeTb HyatHinib BOBce-Boaxep- BtaTBca orb rojocoBama. CxiAOBaTCJi.no, cnofioja MHiaiS a tojoco- BaHia ojuaaKOBO ofiesneqaBaeTca AenyTaiaiib a m jyqmaro OTnpaBjeHia HXb o6i3aHB0CTei. Taaoe ofiesneqenie aeooxoxHMo eme a Bb TOMb .cooOpaaseaiH, tto jiSoTBia naaaTU, ea aaciAaaia no o6meny npaBajy nyfijHqHH, cjiAOBarejBBO, xenyTaTH aaxoAaica noAb EOHTpojeMb o6me- CTBeHaaro MHiaia h CBOaxb HafiHpaTOjefl. Jaxie, TattHaa noxaqa ro- xocoBb Bb naaari xonycaaeTca Bb BCKjBqarejLHtixb cjyqaaxb: rojo- cosaaie no o6rn,eay npaBajy npoacxoAHTb ayieMb otkphto# nOAaqa roxocoBb ajb Toro, htoOu xenyTaTH BOoCnje OTtipanjaxa cboh otfa- 3aHHtcik noAb KonTpojeidb ofiniecTBa. CjiAOBaTejaao, rjacHocTt a soBTpojB aBjaiorcH AocTaToqBofi rapaHTieB) apoTHBb BJoynoTpeS-ienia CBOflOAOfl CJOBS. • Ho ecaa Bb cajy STaxb coofipaatemfi xenyiataMb o6e3nequBaeTca CBofioxa-nainiS a jiScTBiS Bb ysa3aHHHXb a'peAijaxb AJa orapa- BjeHia hmh CBoaxb o(5a3aaaocTefi, to acao, bto CBoCoxa 9Ta xojaaa HMiib rpaHnnH, onpeAijaeMua caaoio niitio ^ofl BenpHKoeaoBeH- hocth, KOTopaa oxpaHaeTb xenyTaia. Taki saw, oaa xaerea paxn jyqmaro acnojHeaia AenyTaTcaaib 66a3aHaocTeft, to, cjiAOBaTGJbjio, . sci jificTBia jenyiaTOBb, iiepexoA«mia 3a npejiau uxb o6n3aHHOCTeft,

— 391 — hah He BUKUBaeuug HeuocpejCTBeHHO rfXH, ne MoryTb caiiTaTbca ho- cTynKauH Henpec-itjyoMUMH h HeHaKa3yeuHun, ec-iu TasOBbie uoctthkh BaKasyemj Booftme. CBAa othochtch npeaae Bcero 6paHHua h VKopa- TejbHHH CJiOBa, otfpamenHBia nx, cOTOBapamaMt no naxarS hah k i oprananx, npamrreJibcTBa, a t£ w > Cox-lie ocKOpbxeme rxaBbi rocyAap- CTBa. OTHOCHTeALHO ITOCTVIIKOB'Ii 9TOTO pOAB HHKaKOB napAaiieHTCKift ycTaBb He lapaHTapyeTb jeuyTaTaMb cboOoau cxoBa, h6o cBoOoja cjoBa—He oboGoab OpaHa h HenpHAHiauxb Biipaatenift. OxHocaTexbHO Taaiixx A'tficTBifl, EOTOpHa BbixoAHTb 3a npeA&iu oticyxAemx, apexo- cTasaeHHaro caxaTaMb, 3a apexiAH. rfcxb MHtaiS, botopuh uoryn. BucaaauBaTBCfl Bt aaxaTi no DOBoxy pasouxb sonpocoBb, HMlnomazb .lerajbHutt xapaKTept a no o(5besty cBoeav iiocxaBxenubixT, irt rpa- HHnU CTpOrofl 3aKOHHOCTH, OTHOCHTeALHO BCfexb TaKHXb jiftCTBifl, K8- kobh, Haup., upoTHBOaaKOHHUH B033BaHin, npoTHBoaaEOHHHH npexxoxeHia h xM ctbih, A-feaaeiiHH bt>naxaTi, h t. h. CBOfioja jenyTaTaMb He ra- paHi'apyexcH: Bci Tania a^Bctbui xenyxaTH He MoryTb conepmHTb 6e3HaKa3anno, jaxe npa ycxoBia noxHofi neupHEOCHOBeHHOCXH. KOTopoio ohh noAbayDTCH Bb cbooB cpexi. CymccTBO rapaHTiB, iipejocTaojenHuxx jenyTaiaMb, 8aKJHDaaeTCH, c.rfcAOBaTexbHO, He Bb TOMb, ito CBo6oxa HenpaKocnoneHnuxb xenyia- TOBb fieanpeA’fexbHa. CymecTBenno naxHaa rapanrifl, eotopoB dojb- 3yi0TCH AenyTara, saRJCiaeTCH b i toki, kto sa A^BcTRia npoTHB03a- eohhuh, couepmeauan ^euyraram np» orapaBJeHia CBOHXb ofiaaaHno- CTeS, ohh MoryTb 6htl npHBjeqenu Kb otb£tctbchhocth He HHaie, Easb no corxaciD na to naaaiu h no ea uocTanoB.iemFO. C.rfcxoBa- TeabHO, AenyTaTw rapaHTHpyioTca 0Tb irtpb, KOTopua jtorxH 6u 6htl iipuaaTU npoTHBb iiaxb AiflcTBiaMH Bjacxefl, cioaiUHXb ant uaxara; C.iusaBmHMb o6pa30Mbohh rapaHTapynTca orb npecx-fcxOBaHia bamiihh- CTpai(iH, EOTopaa, Bb CHxy BtinieyKasaHHaro, He MOHtexb apairjSHHTb jipHHyAHTe.ibHHfl cpexcTBa npoTHBb AenyTaTa 3a j-feBcTBia, ioBepmeHHHH HHb Bb naxarii Bb KaaecTBli HapoAHaro npexcTaBHTexa. OTHocuie.ibHO BTHXbAiftciBifl AenyTaTH, CjHacaBmuubo6paaoHb, noATHijeHH ahchhhah- uapHoMy ycTaBy naxara. Kaxxaa naxaTa AOxatHa BHpa(5oTaTb ocoChS ydaBb nap.iaMeHTCKaro A|xonpoH3BOACTBa, Bb KOTopoMb cBepxb apa- BHJb oraoCHTexbHO -roxocOBaHix, npeHifl h yc-loniS npexBapaTexbHaro paacHOTp'BHia 3aEOHoapoeKTOBb, saKXKmnrca Tasate h AHcnanxaaapabia M^pu, apHHHMaeaua npoTHBb AeayTaTOBb, YKxbHaioujHxca o n oCmaxi, npaBHXb Toro aopaAEa, kotophB YCTaaoBxeab axh AaHHoB aaxaxu. HaxaTa Bb caxy sroro yciaBa rtaien. apaBO noxsepraTt CBoaxb ixe- HOBb AHCUHnxHHapHHMb B3bicKaHisMT,: BUroBopy, yAaxem» H3b najaxu aa cpoKb h t. a- Ho He3aBHCHH0 OTb sroro, naxaTa Bb cxyxai naxofi- hocth 3a AiftcTBia AeoyTaTa, coAepacamia Bb ce6i iipH3naKa apeciy-

— 392 — it.Tenia, nozeit npejaTx ero 'ofiuKHOBeHHOny yroxoBHOMy cyay, ho He Heave, Kant no ocofioay o6x btomx aocTaHOBxeHuo. TaKHBX o6pa30MX, jenyTara, BCTynaa bx naxaTy axa OTnpasxeHia cbohxx otaaHHocTefi, Haxojarca bx nojimieHia ea ,*HcnHn.THHapHo8 b-mcth a, CBepxx toto, uoacerb 6htb npejaHX cyjy 3a npoiHB03aKOHHua jiiflcTBia bx crfeHaxx naxaTH. Thkobo 6.iaKaSraee onpeaixeHie nenpHKOCHOBeBHOCTH lenyraTOBX. Ho bth npHBaieriH pacnpocTpanaDTCa h na TaKia atficinia jenyTaTa, KOTopua cojepzaTX npasRaKH oOuEHonenniJxx npocTynsoBX h npeciy- n-ieaifi, a eotophh coBepmeau jenyTaroHx ae upn oinpaBjenia cbo­ hxx ofiaaaHHOCTe^. J,enyTan> Hozerx coBepmaTi. npecrynxesie hxh npocTynoKX, xoropue nojxeaarx onpejixeHiH) oCmaro yroxoBHaro saKouojaTexxcTBa h kotopuc noaxeaiart Btainiio o6ukhobchhhxx cy- jobx. Hanp., bx cxyvaii spaatH, vniHeHHOft ^enyraTOMx, noc.i'lwiift He cyjHTca cy.ioMX naxaTH, a aixo nepeaaeica Ha paacMorpime ofiuKHOBeHBHxx cvjobx no upHaaaxesHOCTu. JtonvcKaa upeanoxozH- TexxHo, no h aeuyxaTH MoryTx coBopnraTi, pa3sua npecTynxema, 6uxo 6h, oxaaEO, secma onacno, cx tovkh aptaifl ncaairai niiorni na- jiaTH h OTjyixtHHXx aenyraTOBX, eon 6h upHBxeveme Boc.vfcsHHxx KX OTlltTCTBeHHOCTH <5HX0 HpeAOCTaBXeHO 06fJKH0BeiIH0My CyaefiHOMy nepcoHaxy, ocolSeHHO bx to Bpeiia, noraa naxaTH naxoaaica bx c(5op4. OTHOCHiexxHo npHBxeHeHia kx cyae6HOny cxiacTBiio h npejBapBTejb- Haro saapeCTOBaaia .mnx, noaosptmenHxx bx upecTyoxeHiaxx, B03- moxhu omufiKii, EOTopua Huoraa oCxacaaioTca pasaHHHcoo6paseHianH, h nacTo, bx QpoTHBHOCTx .lorHK'fe, 6HBaDix bo.iluhmh. Bo3hozho npej- ctbbhtx ceCt TaKoS c-iyvafi, no, Hanp., jenyraTx, roTOBainiiica upou3- necTH bx onno3HuioHHOHX j y x i pint, npHBxeKacTca npoKypopcEHtix naj3opoux iuh opraHOMX ajMHHHcipaiiiH no o6BHiieHiH>, hoxozhmx, bx npecTynxenin h apeciyeTca. HavBHaeTca cxijcTBie, KOTopoe TaHeTca, KaEx paax ctoxieo BpeuenH, cboxxeo nysno, vto6h apecTOBaanuft xenyraTX nponycMxx cecciro naxaTH. Bx peayxtTaTf, t&kob BO.ibHoS obihSbh noxya^eica to, vto onacntifi dpotbbhhex AanHaro Ka6HHeTa yxaxaexca. Bx BBAytbehxx BosMozHOKTeB, nooGmeny npaBHxy, nociaHOBxaeTca, n o bo Bpeaa c6opa naxarx hh oahhx jenyiaTx He mozctx 6utx npHBxeneBX kx cxiACTBiD h apecTOBasx anave, kbkx cx paaptmenin h no nocraHOBxeBin naxaiu. IIohxtho, ecxH naxaTa y6izx,aeTCH bx bhhobhocth jenyTaTa aa ocHOBaaiaupeACTaBxeHBtixx efi xoKasaiexxCTBX yHHHeHHaro hhx ydiicTBa, BpaacH a t. n., ona 6eax saTpyjHeHia jaeix paapimenie noxBeprHyTx npoBHBHBinaroca ienyiaia cxi>flCTBi» a jaae apeeiOBaTi ero; bo ecaa naxaTa yfiizaaeTca, n o ofiimHenie, npeacia- BxeHHoe npoTHBx aenytaia, maTEO, bto 3a hhmx ctohtx no-umnecKie

393 — mothbij, oaa OTKMUBaeTi. ftjyay h aaMiraHCTpanin bb npocHuouB paapi- meBiH. Bb TixB » e caynanxB, Koraa jenyTam sacTHrHyTB Ha M id i npecTvn.ienifl, en flagrant ddlit, oht, Moaers Cura apecTOsaHB HeMej- jieHHo, kbkb u BcaBoe apyroe anno. .lenyraicKia npH8Haerin He aa- s n euy npaBa 6e3ycaoBHff ocBofioaaaTt. ce6a on. aiflCTBia ofimHXB yroaoBHUXB a rpaaaancKHXB :«ikohobb. Ho OTnocHTejuio xnJbHifimei npoucaypu, HMiomeft 6utf. no noBOay apecTOBauHaro Ha M id i npe- dynaenia aenyTaia, aoj* ho 6htb ucnpomeHO coraacic naaaTii. Bb rix'b cjynaaxB, aoraa naaaTU He naxoaaTca bb cdopi, Boraa aWy- tbtb yhhhhtb npedyn.ienie, nanp., bb BaKanioHHOe Bpeua, ohb moxotb fiuTi. npHBJieneHB kb cjiacTBii) u cyay,, no cb TiMB, >ito6u TOTiacB nocai cfiopa na.iara ao ea CB-iaiHia 6hjh aoBeaenu Bci Mipu, npa- HHTtia npoTHBB aenyTaTa, (tin Toro, uto6h oBa xor.ia oScyaim. hxb npaBHJBHOCTB. TaKHMB oCpasoMB, BciMu 9TUMH ycaoBiaMH oOesneauBaeTca HenpH- KOCUOBeHHOCTB Be TO.IbEO OTAi-TbHblXB AOHyTaTOBB, HO Bepe3B HHXB h Bcefi uaaaTU a-ia ayamaro h CesnpenaTdBCHHaro oTnpan.ieBia e » cbohxb oSaaaHHOCTeS. IV. ienyiara no.ib3yioTca HHoraa npasoMB ua B08Harpa»aeHie sa oxnpaBaeHie cbohxb ofiasaHHOCTeft. 3ro npaBOh bb npunaani amaeTca cnopHUMB h npHiriBaeTca aa.ieiio He bo BcixB rocyaapcTsaxB. Bb Ahi'Ji'h, Hanp., aenyTara He noansyioTca BosHarpasacHieuB, xoth nepBO- HaaaaBHO, bb XIII h XIV CToaiTiaxB, npa paaoHTia aHraificnaro napaameHTa, C.THsaftniHsiB oCpaaouB npn nepBonaiaabHOMB paaBHiiK naaaTH o6h;hhb, aenyTara, nocujaeMue ropoaaHH, uoabaOBaaucb otb hhxb coaepsaHieHB, T.-e. hub Buaaiia.iuci. 1) H3BicTHaa cyxna Ha nyTeBua HaaepatKH bb to MicTO, ra i cofiHpa.ica napjaMgnrb, 2) cyron- hub, T.-e. cpeacTsa aaa coaopaania ce8a bo Bpeua 3aciaaaia napaa- MeHTa (apoicTH). 9to coaepxaBie naaaao aa r i oCiuhhh, KOTopua nocu.ia.iH aenyiaTOBB. Hamero Bpcaena coxpaHHJiHCb .uo6onurnue‘ aoKyM6HTU otb XIII h XIV ct. o Topri oCihhhb cb cBOHUH aenyTa- TaMu. t)K0H0MHHa oGuiuhli BhiroBapHBaiH ce6i, Hanp., ycaonie, ttouh nocuaaeuufi hmh aenyTaTB ne CBiaaaB 6oaie no.iOoneHKa ce.ibaefi bb Heai.no h t. n. IIpn Torjamaefl GiaHocTH ropoaoBB h. oGihuhb, cyM.ua, upeaHa3Haianmaaca na coaepatauie aenyTSTa, 6iua aan hhxb HacTO.ibKO TH»e.ia, n o HixoTopue ropoaa a oCihuhij oTKuaunajucb otb lecTU uocuaaTb aenyTaTOBB bb aapaaueBTB h noKopHiftnie npocHan Eopoaa OCBofiOAHTb HXB OTB OOCU.IKH AeilVTaTOUb, ll6o HOCaiaHie C.THHIEOMB aoporo o6xoasTca- IIotomb, Koraa pa.3BH.iocb SHaieme naaaTu ofimHHB, siicTenKH cTa.iii npoaaBaTbca h ropoaa CTaaa 6paTb Goar,min jeni.ru 3a Micro bb napaaiieiiTi. J(o 1832 roaa aenyiaTCKia uicia HaxoaH- .THCb BB pVKaXB n03eMe.II.H0ft apHCTOKpaTiH, CBKOTOpoft OTiaCTH KOHKV-

— 394 ■*- pHposaja aeaeKHna apHCTOEpaTifl bb jbiuJ Ha6o6oBB. Uohetho, mo juua, upnHawe*aainia at sthmb kjOccam, o6mecxBa, ne HyamaxHCb bb KaKOjcb jh6o B03uarpaKfl.eHiH sa Kcaoiiienie o6H3aHH0CTefi jeny- TaTa. 3asOHb 1832a I£167toaobb ifiaKTHHecKHoctbbhab npaso upeicia- BHTejtCTBa bb pytcaxb Co.ite h.ih xeefee aasHTOiHuxi. Exaccoiib. CsepxB Toro, npa T in ycaoBiaxt nponejypu csmuxi BufiopoBi,, o KOTOpaxB mh roBopHJiH Burne, noxyaaTb ^enyTaTcsia MbcTa noran to-ibko aioah aaatBTOBHUo, last naat a.jh bh6opobb TpeComuiicb fioAbnria HSAepacKH. Bc.4fijcTBie btofo, bb Amnia He to-jlko He ycTanoBAeno B03iiarpa?KjeHie jenyiaTaMb, ho ora uhxb caMHXE TpefiysiTCH H3Acp®KH no BuftopaMb h no orapaBjeniB) hxb o6n34HHOCTe8 BB BecTHHHCTepf,, T.-e. bo spena 3actjaHia nap-nasieHTa. , Ha Apyrom ocHOBaBia at btobl OTHSineniH ctohtb ippaHny3CEoe aaKOHOjaTextcTBo. Hocab npoBOsrxanieHia suffrage univevsel, ocofieHHO ace, norja bb 1848 rojy Cana npoB03rjameHa npimaa h Bceo6maa uoAaaa tojocobb, Earn ecrecTBenuoe c.rfeACTBie Tasoro npoBoarjameHia AOAWHa Cu.ia HBHTbca h mucjb o BoaHarpaatjeHiH jenyiaTOBT.. Iffut, npjiMOfl h Bceo6meS nojaia roaocom, 3asJDBaeTca bb tomb, mo hs6h- paTeabHoe upauo ao.ikho pacnpocTpaaHTtca Ha bcIixb rpaatWHCKH upaBocnocoCHtix-L rpaacjanB. Otcdas cxbjyerB, bto Ka»Au8 rpaxja- hhhb Hoxen fluii, nsfipaHB, Buaae npauaa h aceoGmaa noiaia roao- cobb He AOCTBrja 6a CBoero HasHaaeHia, CBoefi nbxH. A past jony- cKaeTca bo3uoxhoctb HsGpama bb AeavTara KaacAaro rpaacjaaaaa, HeoCxoAHMe xonycTHTB a boshoxboctb Taxoro c.iyaaa, kotas bb .yeny- TaxB Oyaem Hs6paHO jhho, no.ibsyonceeca aBTOpa'reTOMB bb ospyrt, BOTopufl ero H36Kpacn,, ho naTepiaxiHO nioxo o6e3neieHHoe hah xaxe 6bAHoe. BcatxcTBie BToro, 3ai;oH-b 1849 roja ycTaaaBAHBaera cojep- waaie AenyTaTam, h npuTOHB ycxoBia B03HarpaxAeHiE oGcTaB.isoTca bb 38K0Hi ciporuMH it TOHHUHH i|)opHa«n: l) coiepxame, ysaEOHaewie . '4>paHKyscB8in> saEOHOAaTexbCTBOHB, ecra He toabko B03Harpaa«eHie aa nyTeaua HSAepaxa a npoicTH bo spena ceccia naxara, ho.oho flBXHerca EaKi 6a onpexbjieHHUM'i auuoBaHtem,, xanaeMUMb hbi rocy- AapcTBeHHaro KasHaaeficTBa; 2) aaKOHt 1849 roja, CBepxb roro, onpe- Abxaen., <rro bhxto mi, jenyraTOBi He aosen. oraasaTLCH o n na- snaieHHaro e«y no aaKOBy coAepaaBia. IIpabubo 8to HHien xoraBOCKia ocHOBasia. KoHewo, fiorame aenyTara no HyajaDica Bt jOBOJbHO cEpoMBOHB no pa8HipaMi xajioBaHbb ienyTBTa aaaioHa.ibuaro cofipaaia; ho, A03B0JH81 xauaiTB CoraTKiMX, 0TK&3WBaTbca ora BoaHarpaaienia, 8QB0HB nocTaBBjB 6a xinx. bb HexoBKoe nojoseme HesaacHTOiHHXB AenyiaTOBB, EOTopae He xoryTB o6oBtbcb 6bsb tseoto B03Harpaj«eHia. BcxbjCTBia 3roro, 3aE0HB h onpejbjHeTB, eto bhkto H3B AeayiaTOBB

— 396 — He xoateTT OTnaauBaTi>CB ott BHAaeaeMaro hst rocyjapcTBeHHaro na3na- HeBcTBa no3HarpaxAenia an oTnp&BxeHie AenyiaTCKHXT oCaaannocTei. Stott. npHHHHiTB up 6u.it. npxHHTT bt repxaHia upa npaxineiiiu 3jici. upaxoii h Bceo6mefi uoAaia toaocobt s i uxuepcitHMT ^eaepaji,- roAy).89X1 BuOopaMT, ((jteAepaABHaa KOHCTHTyiua\"tfiua Bupa6oTana eme bt> 1867 Bt yipeAHTejBHc^i'fc peBxcTart Oh.it npoBejeaT 3aKonr o npaxofl x uceo6ineft uoAaili toaocobt, BHeceHHHft BncxapKOMT on HxeHH cob)3Hhxt>. upaBUTeji.i'TB’B. Ho bt 3toxt npeAAOxemn, rA* tobo- pa.iocb o npHMoS a BceoflmeS iioxaii ro.iocoBi, He 6hao hh caobb ynoHHuyTO o B03HarpasAOHiH AciiyTaTOBT, He toabxo bt bha'6 acaao- BaHba, ho h bt cxhca* B03HarpaxAeHia aa nyiesHH HsAepxKH h npo- ■fecTH (Diaten) bo lipexa ceccix peSxcTara. IIpoO'feiT btott 6hat Bcaop'fi MUf.aeHT OAHHHT BBTepaHOHT AHHOKpaTHHeCKOfi napTlH, yH'fe.rliBlUUM'b cr 1848 TOAa, hbohho AenyTaTOUT BaabAeitoMT, KoTopufl BHecT npej- .lOaeHie o tomt, hto6h AenyTaTaMT 6hjo Ha-waieHO coAepxaHie, co- r.iacuo AHKOKpaTHiecKoxy iia'm.iy Bceo6u(eS H upaMofl iioahih rojio- COBT. JttflCTBHTeJIbOO, pa3T BBOAHAHCL ECCOOUpifl H IIpHMan HOAaxa tojocobt, neofixoAHHo 6hao upHHHTb H ea loriiiecKoe uocjlsACTuic, T.-e. BosHarpaatAeHie AenyTaTOBT. IIpeAAOxeHie Bajiaena Oujto iiphhsto coxyBCTBeHHO H npomAO bt peftxcTarli; ho ott KOHcfiepeHuia co»3HHxt npaBHTe-ibCTBT (Bnoc-iiACTBin eoiosnaro coBira—Bundesrath) Chat ho- AYH6HT OTBiTT' BT TOMT CMHCAi, HTOIipeABapHTeAbHO HVHCHOHCDHTHTb, 06KaKIH nOCA^ACTBlH MOryTT nOAyHHTbCH OTT BCe w.eS B npHMOii nOASTH toaocobt, a hotomt yae xoxho nepeflia et pascMOTp’iiHiio h o6cy- xAeHin Bonpoca o BoanarpastAeHiH AenyTaTOBT (oieBHAHO, n o TaKaa UpeAyCMOTpHTeAbHOCTb HA6H0BT K0Hl|>6p6HniH fiuja BT CBH8H CT Hiso- TOpHHT CTpaxoMT nepeAT BceoSweft noxaaeB toaocobt h nepeAT rpos- HHXH pesyAbTaTaMH, EOTOpue OTT HOH OJEHASAHCb). TaKHHT o6pa30MT, npeAAOseaie AenyTaia BaAbAexa 6hao otkaohoho. Oht BHecT ero bt CAiAyromyio cecciu pefixcTara, ta* oho tbexo norepnixo KpymeHie. Ba-ibAeET yMepT, saB-tmiaBT cbohmt TOBapamaxT bhochtb bto npeAAO- meHie bt saacAyo cecciD, h ero npoeETT. HacTO npexAaraAca. Bt 1884 r. ato upcAJoaeHie npHHHTo bt peSxcTart fiOAbinHHCTBOKT 188 TOAOCOBT npOTHBT 90, HO TART HAKT AAH H3AaaiH C0B3HHXT 3aE0H0BT Tpe6yeica corxacie peixcTara h coioanavo coBlTa (Bundesralh), to ecTb Aeny-ocHosanio AyuaTb, tto h Teoepb npeAxoxeHie o B03uarpaatAeniH TaTOBT, npHHHToe bt peflxcrari, O^aott oTBeprHyio cobwhhmt co- bStomt. Hena3HaqeHie coAepxaHia AenyTaTaMT hbahotch kocbchhumt orpa- HHieniexT Bceofimefi a npHMofi noAaiH toaocobt,.KOTopaaBBeAenaaah repxaHCRHXT codsbhxt bh6opobt, T.-e. l'epxaHCRiB H36HpaTe.ibHufi 3asoHT orpaHHHHBaeTT HsOnpaTeABHoe npaso He bt Haxaaii, a bt

KOHivi: H86apaTejaiiH aoryTX Ganx Bci, a (paKTHiecKii HsCpaHHUUHbx jenyTaTU aoryTX 6im tohlko t$ .inna, KOTopua HKiiJTX HacroatKO MaTepiajbSO o6e3HeieHHoe noaoxcHie, ito xgrym OTopBanca oxx CBOHXX OGUIHUXX SaflHTifi U yji.lHTL laCTb BpeaeBH h cpejcTBX HXX yiacTia bx 3actjaHiaxx peftxcxara. Cjobomx cxaeaTb, OTCyTCTBie B03- narpaxaenia jenyTaTaMX peftxcTara papHOCH.ii.no ycTpaaeHiio u3X ero cocraiia iicIijx .mux, HeaocTaTOiHO saxHTOiHEixx. Buao 6h BecbMa noaesHo $asTHBecKH npoBiipuTi. cnpaBe*iBB0CTb BToro no.ioj«eH!ii, T.-e. Toro, nacKOJEBO OTcyrciBie BOSHarpax,jenia bx jMcTBHTejbHocrH orpaHHiHBaeTx KpyrxjenyTaioUx; boCTaTHCTHiecKia .jaHHHH BX 9T0MX C.lViafe HeMUCTHMU, Il6o HpuBIJOCb6u CBHTBTb .1MUX, KOTOpblH BX Biuy 6e3B03Me3,JH0CTH OTIipafUCBUI .ICUVTaTCEHXX o6a3an- HOCTeii h CBoeS frijHocTH ,jaxe u ae nuxaaBCb cxaBHTb CBoefl saBjH- jaTypa, bto oxenHj.no HeBOSMOxno. Tyxx no3Moxnu tojxeo rajaTejb- hhb npejjuo-ioaeHia. Ho, cy*a no nocatiHHMX BuGop&ux bx repvaH- CKifi pefixcrarx, Korja bx nero HBHjaCh SHaiHTe.ii.Hafl rpyniia conia- jihctobx—jiO.teS,’ bx GoaxuuHcxB'h cayiaeBx acHByojHxx xpyjoBUBii cpejjcTBaMH—MoatHO ,jynaTb, bto orpaHHieHie xpyra jjenyTai'OBX, bh- Tesaioinee* asx OTcyTcxBia B03aarpasjeaia, He bo3uu%jo ocoGeaHOfi cbxh. BooGue cyAHTtopeay.ibxaxaxx axoro orpaHHiema bx HacToamee BpeiLB BOBTH HeBO3M0SHO. Hid xe Bacaaxca <t>pamjy3ciiaro saEOHojaTejfcCTBa, to, saKx HSBicTBO, nocxaHOBxeBie ero o BOSHarpaxjjeniH jjenyxaxoBX He ja.io HHKaEHXX OC06eHHHXX peSy.JbTaTOBX BX CHElC.lt KaKOfi Hfloyjb I10.IH- THBecKOfl onacaocTH, h6o i|)ohj,x aapOAuaro npe,jcTa8BTexbc™a bo '{•pauuiH bx oGhjchx cocxairfi Beta, naa&TX, KOTopua cMiHaxHCb bo ^paaniK, aB.ia.ica npHnajaeaanjHMx, no KpaSuefi nipt, bx CBoeux Go.TblHBHCTBi, BX saXHTOIHUMX H, CjijOBaTejLBO, yMtpeBHUJIX KMC- caax HaceaeHia. 1'pynnu pajHKa.ioBx, neirpnaapuabixx, 6oaie h.ib aeate He3uaBHxe.ibHH, b6o b bx cauoS cTpant xpaSHia MHfcuia lie bbI kijx GoxbmuBCTBa. Tojlko HesHaiHTejbHaa xacxb Haceaeuia aoxerx CToaxb Ha CTopoHt sTHix KHiaiB, no KpatHefi nipt, jo rfexx nopx, HOKa ohh giHTafoxca KpatBHna. TaKHMx oGpa30nx, uoxuo npnauaTb cnpa- BeAJBBHMX to noaoxeHie; 9to pesyabiaTX bhGopobx—6yayxx ie no.ii.- 308aTbca AenjrTaTH B03BarpaxA«alenx, hah oGoftayTca Gesx aero—bx o6ohxx cxynaaxx npn6.iH3HTe.ibHO Gyjeix oahhx h totx xe. V. KpoMt npaax, BOTopuuu Hb.ib3y»Tca jenyTam npa oTiipaB.ieHiu* cbohxx o6a3aHHOCTefl, Ha hbxx B03aaraoTca h onpe^t.-icnaua oGasaH- hocth. 3a BCKXDieBienx ■I’pauijiH a HtsOTOpuix Apyraxx rocyjjapcTBX, jenyTaTbi, npHcTynaa kx OTnpau.ieHis) cbohxx oGasaBBOCTet, npBHH- MaiOTx KOBCTHTyuioHHyu upHcary. OpHHeceaie aTofi npHcara boshoxho TOXbKo bx rfcxx rocyjapcxEaxx, KOTopua He iiepexaBaaii rayGoKHXx

— -397 - norpacemfi a uacTuxx u pii3Kaxx iiepentn-j. <J>op»x QpaBjeaia. Ilpa- HeceHie nojiHTHiecKOii npHcaru bo 'I’pamiiH, Hanp., 6ujo 6a HeHUCjaao bx HacToamee Bpexa bx Biuy papHoofipasHuxt -tio-rttTHuecKHxx napriB, irpmmHuiajLHo- pacxoaainHica Apyrx cx npyroax, KOTopua Ayaarora ae ctoaxeo o sasoHHoB oiraoauijiH cymecTByBuneMy yapaBaeHiio, ceo.ilko 063. u3M'iiHenin caaofi ipopau rocyiapcTBennai'O ycipoficTBa, a npaTOax Kaauaa Ha cboS %6paseax ‘). BcrfACTBie aroro, HHHiniuee saiionoja- TeatCTBo 'PpaHpiH He Tpe6yeTX ora AenyTaTOsx upHHeceuia no.iHTH- aecKofl npHcara, pasciHTUBaa Ha to, ito (JiaKTHiecKn pecnyfiaiiaa, npoB03raameHHas KoncTuTypioHHUHH aaKonaMH, nepefiAera bx oOmee co3nanie a 6yjera upH3nanaa aapiiaaa. He npanaiaeatantaMH ex thcay ea cTopoHHHEOBx. Ho bx rocyjapcTBaxx, rai nojaraaecKia yupejEjeHia caojehahcx HCTopiiaecKH, r,vt Bonpocx oOx H3ntHeHiH (jiopiiu npaBjenia ecaa 'HOAHaHaeTca, to jhbib HesHaaaTeaBHUHX mchbdihhctbomx Hapia, tbmx upaHeceme KOHCTHTyaioHHofl npHcara AenyTaTaaa aa-feera cy- mecTBeHHoe ocHOBanie, h6o sthhx kbkx 6u eme fio-iie saKpimaseTca HHTHaa CBH3B Kaatiaro ienyiaia cx i-fesix rocyAapCTBeHHUMx ycTpofi- ctbomx, bx yc.iOBiaix KOToparo ohx npu3BaHX AHflCTBOBaTt. Ha btomx ocHOBaaia KoncTHTyuioHuaa npacara TpefiyeTca a bx AHraia. 3flicL KaatAHfi aenyTara, ECTynasupiit bx buhchdio naaaTy, ofSasadx bphhu- MaTB apacary. HcTopia aHr.iiftcicoB KOHCTHTyoioHHoB npacara HBaaeTca AOBO.TLHO caoacHOD. Uepeonaiaanno AenyTaTCKaa npacara 6naa Easx 6a BocnpoBSBeAeBieuxanoBTopeHieax ofimeB no,ijannHTeci;o0 npHcara, xo- Tppaa npaHtHaaaci, bx tpobkoB efiopifii: 1) bt, bha^ ofimenoAAaRHHiecKofi npHcara (of allegiance), 2) bx BHA'fc cyapeHaTHBHoB npacara (of supre­ macy), T.-e. npacara na npn3Banie Eopoaa rxaBOD aHraaKSHCKoB uep- kbh, a 8) bx bha4 npacara Ha OTpe-rema otx aBTopHTeTa Apyrofl uepKOBnoftBJiacTa(of abjnration). 3ia nocaiAHHa npacara Enina otchb BaatHoe 3aaneaie, h6o eo ycTpaHaaacx otx yiacTia bx aapnaaeaTi kbkx KaToaaKa, Taax h ahccha3hth. BBeAeaie bx npacary, KOTOpym npaHauaja s.iena aaraificKaro aap- jaaeHTa, saeHeHTa peaariosHaro bx stoS ijiopat ycTpana.io otx Aeny- TaTCKaro 3saHia jhux xoth a xpucriaHCKaxx BiponcuoBixanifl, so ae Jijijnenpanaj-iexamaxT. kx rociiOACTBynme# ana, cKaaaTL, ex rocy- lapcTBeHHofl nepKBa. C.itxoBaTe.n.no, He toabko KaTonanH, ho a Bet AUCcajeHTU, T.-e. Aaqa, npiiBax.icHtainia Tasso ex npoTeCTaHTCEofi uepKBH, ho npn3Has>m,iaca sa ceKTaHTOBx, kbeobbi EBasepu a aeio- AHCTH, flU.IH OABHSEOBO TCTpaHeHU OTX jenyTaTCKHXX nOJHOMOlifl. Cano co6od pasyateTca, tto aana aexpBCTiaacKaxx acnoBtxaHifl TaKxe ycTpanajiacb ora npaaaTia Ha ce6a xenyTaTCKHXx aojHOMoaifi

bb BHjy roro, n o ycraHOBxeHBaa npaeara npHHoeaxacb a m i eBaHte- jiean, CxtxoBaTexbBO, jana, He npHHaxaexaBmia kb xpncraHCRoa uepKBQ, ycTpaaaiB*. BapaBBt cb apyrnira .iHHaMH. no.iBTHaecaaa BM»HCHnaain xhub, ue npHHaxxexamiixB kb rocnox- CTBymmea nepitBH, mxa nocseiieHHo h npoxoxssaxaci, aoboxbho xo.iro, , Taai. n o , Hanp., aaTo.iHHH 6hxh jonymeHU kb iiauHTiio xenyTaTCKHXB irtcTB to.te.ko BB 1829 roxy bb caxy fouixa, kotopuS 6hxb npoBexeHB PofiepTOMB riuxeMB. Buftcrfc CB MaHCHtianieio khtohhkobb xoxxra 6uxa BHAOB3MiHBTi.ca h (jjopMyxa upncara, icoTopqa, BcxtxcTBie stdro, 6&rxa npmiopoo.ieHa ko bcIjmb xpHCTiaHCKBMB BipoHcnoBtxaHiHMB. Ho BaxonsMtaeHBaa npHcara nonpeaiHeay saapuBaxa xocTynB bb napxa- MeHTB HexpHcriaHaMB. Ho BCKopt H »to saTpyxHeme 6u.io ycTpaHeHO, BcxtxcTBie MHoroapaTHaro K36pama bb xenyTaTu jh h b eBpeficxaro HCuOB'iaania. Hxeiiiio, jOHjOHCKoe Chth (aacTb ropofla, iiace.ieHima no •ipenMymecTBy Kynaa«n, BeroniaHTaMH. (iaHKnpauH a xp. npexcTaBa- TexauB CoraioB 6ypxyasiH) ns6npaxo CaxonoHca a PoTmH.ii.xa—jkub espeBcKaro HcnoBtxaHia. IlepBOHaaaibUO, oxhoko, napxaiieHTB He co- rxamaxcH _xonycaaTt hxb kb aanaTio xenyiaTCKHXB m-Sctb Ha tomb oeHOBauiu, bto npHcara aoxxHa npHnocHTtca xeiivTaraMH corxacao HCTHHHOfi* xpHCTiaHCKOa Btpt, BTO, 016BHXH0, 6bIJ0 HeBOSMOJKHOXXa 9TUXB .IHHB. BcjfijCTBie 3T0T0, BU'SOpH CaXOMOHCa H POTIDHXtXa X0.1- roe BpeMa OCTaBaxHCi. 6e3B nocxtxCTnift. Ho, HaKOHeHB, a sth Aaiia 6hhh xonymeau kb aaHBTij) xenyTaTCKHXB MtcTB, h, BcxtxcTBie stoto, (fiopMyxa npHcara, npagocHMoi xenyTaraMa, Cuxa bhobl BaxoH3atHeua, HMeHHO: noc.it ofitmania hcctho h xofipocoetcTHo hciioxhhtl cbob o6aaaHHocTa cxtxOBaxo Bupaxeme: „ bb nexi xa iiomojkctb aHt Borx“, npH aeuB ara,$opxyxacxixaaa 06me06a3aTe.Ti.110a. C.TtxoBaTejibno, set .iHga, npasHaDinia 6uTie Boxie, xora 6u ona npiiHax.ieJKa.Tn kb paa- hhmb acnoBtxaniauB, Morxa npaBaaaTb btj o6myio npneary a bthub njTeuB noxyiaTb’ xocTvm, bb napjaaeHTX. Ho bb nocxixnee speaa boshhkxo H0B06 8aipyxHeHie BCxtxcTsie annHxeaTa Epaxxo. Obb OTKaaaxca npasecia npacary, tbkb kbkb He npH3HaBajiB 6aiia Eoxia. Ho, oTKparo oCbhbjhh ce6a aTeacroMB, Epaxxo Batcrt Cb TiaB aa- CTaaBaxB Ha CBoeaB npant saaaaaTb xenyTaTCKoe Micro, bb CHjy B36paHia, xaBmaro eny xenyiaTcKia noxHoaonia. HasHaa naaaTa pi- maxa He xonyewm. ero bb cbo# cociaBB. Torxa Epaxxo oCbhbhjt,, n o ohb totobb npHHaTr. ycTaHOB.ieiiuyio npacary no ycTaaoBxeHHoir <t>opnt, ho tto caua npacara xxa Hero Sespaa-iHiHa. Hhxhhh na.iaTa ycaoTptxa bb btomb BOBoe ocKop6.ienie co cToponu Bpaxxo cbohhb pexario3HUHB BtpoBaHiaMx. Epaxxo 6hxb BHBexeHB hsb saxu gactxa- •Hia 110c.1t Toro, kskt. naxaTCKiS SKseKyropB bos.tohch.t'l Ha Hero pyKy,

Ho Tasie sonpoca. East Bonpocx o aenyiaTCKOfi npacari, hphhhh- nia.«,BU u ae iioryrx noway paapimaTLca cxyqaaaa bx poa'S npiiBe- aeHHaro. IIoaTOMy I'xaacTOHx bhccx upejjoKCHie oSi iisMbHeniii casiofl (Jiopayau rrpacara h uphtomx cx rfeax, <ito6h npucara i i a xaux, ae »e.iaiomnxx npuaocHTb ee, 6ajia aasrfcneua TopaecxuOHHUM'L ofiiina- bicmx, BTO fiuxo 6a BCCbHa y#o6eo aim HtsoTopuxx npoTecT&HTCKHxx ccktx, KaKOBU, uanp., EBaaepa, KOTopue He itpH3iiaa)TX npacarH bx pa3cyxjeHia cbhtocth aaena Bonds a Ha ocnonaimi cxoux CnacHTeaa: „ue ExaHUTeca bchbo h np.“ , Hcno.iHfleauxx hmh rtyKBaxbHO. Bx (Jiop- n yii npacarH, upuiiocHMofi iipe3aaenTOMX Ctn.-Aaep.-Coea. ITh-aTOiix, ecxa ohx iipHHa.uexHTT, at uepKBH, ne npaBHaiomeB npacarH, aanp., ecxu onx EBaEepx uau MCToaucTx, uponcxoaaTx H3irSuenie ax tohx cmhcxIj, ito OHa 3av*HaeTca TopaecTBeHHUMX yaocTOBtpeHieax.' Dto Topaie- crBennoe yjocrontpenie, ho mlic.ih rxaacroHa, aor.iq 6a ,6htx pacnpo- CTpaHeHO a Ha jhhx,- KOTOpuMX qyatau pe.rarioanuo. anTOpecu, hju EOTopae oraocaTca ex hhmx MujaitupepenTiio. rxaacTOHx saaBaxx, tto caul. ohi» npanaa-ieKHTi kb xaiiaMX rxyfioKo nipyfomHMx (qro ctohtx ant, Bcasaro coMBtuia; ex TOMy Me h nepBoe ero coaHHeme 6a.io HauHcaHo Ha TeHy o6x OTHomeHia uepKBH kx rocyaapcTBy). 3arfiux I'aajcTOnx aoKastiBaxx, ito cx totem apiHia cbhtocth npacarH 6tuo 6h He TaKTHHHO ycraBOBBTL TaKyto (popayjy npacara, soTopaa Tpe6o- Baxa 6a XHuea'ipHaro npH3Hania pesario3HUxx joraaToax co cropoHa xhhx hjh paBHoaynmuxx ex pexariosHuax BonpocaMX, msh HoBf.py- ihhxx, a bto b x noxoatCHia lipaa-io HaxoaaTca sraoro xhrx, jactjaK)- naxx b x HHwneS na-iart. Ho, necuoTpa Ha bth apryMOHTH, na-iaxa Re npHHHJia npejxoaeHia raajCTOHa a sonpocx o upiieari ocraeTca Bepasp’fenieHHHMX bx Aariia h ho cie Bpeiia. Ha stomx nyHBi-fi h ocia- RORHxacb nosa pacnpa napxaaeHTa, BaHBauaaa uHnajeHTOMx Bpa&io, KOTopyn cxiayeTX cqaTETb caopte ycTpaHeHHofi, rfexx pa3p*nieBH0fl. Jpyria KORCTHTyniu caxH ycTaHOBXaiOTx $opxyxy KOHcTHTynioHHOB npacarH, throbbi EOBCTHTynia IlaaepjaHjoBX, BupTex6epra a uaoraxx apvraxx rocyaapcTBX, npa ieax 3Ta apacara HMieTX o6mift pexarios- kafl xapasTepx, T.-e. oaa xoaeix 6bite npaHHaaeaa xauaxa a aexpa- • CTiaacEHXx HcnoBiaaHifi. TasoB xapaETepx ea rfcMX 6oxie aBxaeTca hco6xojhmumx, bto po-iurioiiHaH paBHonpaBHOCTb ycTaaoBaeHa u i Bcixx Hcnoii'fe.naHifl h ceBTx bx tomx cmhcj6, .tto npaHa^aeaiHOCTb ex toB aaa spyrofl peaaria He Moaterx cayasaTb npenaTCTBieax ex BaHaTin rocyjapcTBeHHUxx ao-mHOCTeB. CxiaoBaTextHO, upacara, rai OHa cymecTByeTb, aoxsaa 6htb ^opayaaposaHa bx Tasoux Baai, aio6bi ee tiorxa npoasHecTH xana octxx BtpoacnoB'BaaHifl. 3arIiMx, aa aenytaTOBX B03xaraeica o6a3aHHOCTb npacyTCTBOBaib Ha 3aciaaHiHxx naxaTu, T.-e. ex iiaBnaneHHOMy cpoEy npa6uTb bx to

— 400 — Micro, rxi coOpaar, napaaMeuTb, h HB.iaTbai Ha ero sacixama, npa rein, pa3pimenie oraycBOBb upejocraB-iaeTca na-iari, a paeno h npa- HHTie oicTSBia xenyTaTOBb Bb cayrai hxb uoj'1>3hii hjh .ipyraxi, iipuruiiL; Bci rasie cayxau npejociaB-iaioica Ha pa3CM0Tpinie a paa- ptiueHie uajaru. Ho coO.iBxeHie axoro npaBH.ra npaKTHiecKH Heocy- uiecTBUHo, u bio ciyisHX'B npuuHEoS ycxaHOBjema bo Bcijb rocyxap- ctbbx'b jobojbho Hn3Karo quorum’a racjicnnaro cocTaBa uaxan,, c'tummcnKOTopufl xpeSyeTC* x-wt bukohhocth hxx>3acixanift. Br. fioxbitiHHCTBf, rocyxapcTBb sacixama coctohbihhmhch, ocjh hbhjocb a6co- 'hXBTHOe 6o-iliuhhctbo>Bcixb r.TeHOBt naxaTH, i.-e., ecxii Bb aacijaHia upacyxcTByKirb no KpaSneS n ipt acixb xenyxaTOBb+l. Bt au- MincKoB uaaari oOihhh'b, xxh sasoHHOCTHea sacixaniB, TpeOyexca npacvTCTBie Bcero 40 HexoBiitb. 9xo npaBHXo He.ib8a oObacHim, hhhsjt,, Kara iicTopHiecKHirt ofimacMb, h6o HHKaKoro pa3yn- saro ocHOBaBia xxa nero npincaaTi, He.ii.3a; nanpoTHBi, npaBiuo axo, aB.ianmeeca uoompenieMb jiiHH bi x ix i nocimeHia xenyraiaHH napjaxeuTCEHXB aacixaHifl, opexno oxauBaeica Ha xoxi. nap.iaMCHT- ckuxt, A't.n., h b’bcasiofi Anr.iin racxo saxyioTca Ha to, tto aacixaaia, HaoaepeaE BOTopHXb ctohtt, pascMOTpiHie uaatHuxx. rocyxapcTBeHHHxi xi.it, nocimaoTca aumb h6mhoi'hmh xenyraTaMu, xorja Kara naxaxa OuBacTx, nepenoxHBHa, Korxa roTOBaxca npenupaTe.itcTBa no KaxoMy HHfiyxb jHBHOMy Bonpocy. Ilpa TaKOMb OTHomeHiH Kb oCniecTBeHHHMi Xixasib 6oxbim)HCTBa anrxiScKHxx, xenyTaTOBb, oueBHXHO, Hepaaa, npaKTHiqcKaa pafioTa xeatHTb na cpaBHHreJBHO He6oxbmofi rpynni EOHHOHepoBb, Koiopue h CepyTb Ha ceSa Maccy BceB03MO»Hixxb pafioxb. Ha KOHTHReHTi GBponu b'l sTOMbOTHomeHiH npexbaBaaioTca (ioxie CTporia Tpe6oBaHia, rtoxocTHraeTca, r.iaBHtim ofipasoMb, xpefioBameMb 6oxie BbicoKaro quorum's, onpejiaammaro saKOHHOCTb 3acijani8 napxaxeHTa. Huaxe cita3aTb, Ha KOHTHHeHTi EBponu ycranoBieHO npamuo, -rto ocjh HiTb Bb HaxHiHOCTH xpe6ye>iaro no aaitoHy racja xenyxaTOBb, to aacixaaie naxam craiaeTca HesaKOHHUMb. Tasaa Mipa, sasb ycTaHOBxeHie 6oxie h.ih Meuie Buconaro quomm’a, secbiia cyiuecTBCHHa h snoxHi joruma: OTb Toro, kto HsGpaHb BbxenyxaTH, hojkho Tpe6oB&Tb, hto6h OHb HcnoxHa.ib B03xo3K0HHaa Ha Hero o6a- 3aaHocTn; o6bBB.ieHie, npH HapymeniH ycianoBjieHHaro quorum’a, 3a- cixama HesaKOHHHiib aB.iaerca, xaEiiMb ofipa30Hb, BOCBeHHUHb no6y- acjeHiesib xxa xenyraxoBb nocimaxi, napxaMeHTCKia aacixaHia. 3aTiab, xenyTaTH, He uocioiaBmie (5e3b aaaoHHHXb npHiHHb imicTaaro RHCxa sacixamfl, craTacTca cxosHBmHMH cb ce6i noaHOMonia h t. j.

401 - OTil'BJI'k HETBEFPLIH. EoM nereH D ;iH n a jia T i. rJfABA I. OcOBEHHUH IIPABA. ' Mu pa3CKOTpi-in npana h o6a3annocTH ota^jibhuxb AenyTaTOBX. Teuepb mu oCpaTHMca ex paacMOTptniio upam h ogasasnocTeB na- aaTH bx u'b.ioMx ea cocraBli. llpn ceMx uOAxeaiamie aameMy pa3CM0- Tp'feHlD UpeAMeTU MU paaA'f-JHMT. Ha AB-Il qaeTH HAH OTA&ia: BX OJBOMX O T jij'i XU pa3CXOTpHMX CO(>CT8eSHO EOMOeTeiipilO ua-iarx, sasx opraHa rocyaapcTBeHHofi babcth, a bx xpyroMx — nopajoKx aM ctbiB na.iaTu, T.-e. ycTpoBcTBO, oprammitifo u ai.ionpoHSBOicTBo mu&TH. I. I to Kacacica KOMneteHniu naxarx, to, onpexiAHa ee, mu AOXJIHH HMlsTX BX BHjy t£ 0(5inifl litAH, AXE EOTOpHXX yCTaHOB.lBeTCB h opraHHsyeTCH Hapoxnoe npexcTaBHTexLCTBO. Obo, kekx vbhahmx RHaie, ycTaHOBAaeTca aah o6e3neieHia HapoxOHacejeHifo h3B$cthoh Aojh a HBB'fiCTHaro cnoco6a yiacria bx 3aKOHojaTeAbCTBt, bx jluaxx ijmflaHCOBUxx, bx KOHTpoxt naxx axMHHHCTpaiper) h bx 3ain;HT& hs- BtCTBUXX 061HHXX Dpasx, DpK3HaHHUXX H rapaHTiipOBaHHUXX eohctb- TynieB jab bc4xx nouannuxx xannaro rocyaapcTBa. 3ra cxesca uoaceix AaTB BOHflTie o6x ofimeux itpyri aIi i x , soropua noxaeatarx BixtHic naxaTX. Ho npeaxe, aiiix pa3CMaTpaBaTi> OTxtxbHue npejMCTU, bxo- Aamie bx Bpyrx btoB komuotohiuh, mu aomchh ocTaHOBHT&ca Ha pascMOTpiaiH oahoio ofimaro Bonpoca, cBa3aHHaro cx uphhuhitomx caMO0 opraHHsaiuH napo.inaro npejcTaBHTexhCTBa. HapoxHoe npexcTaBUTOAbCTBO, Easx hbmx H3BtcTno, uoaeeTX 6htb opraHH30BaHO bx abobkoB (fropM'fe: 1) bx (jiopM-6 oxHonaxaTHofi h 2) bx $opiii> AnynaaaTHofi chctohu. •Tasx reex 6oji,hiurctbo esponeflcEHXx rocyAapcTBX upHnaxaeix xBynaxaTHyE) cucTBMy, to ecTecraeH^o o6pa- THTbea EX pa3CMOTpjHIB TOTO OTHOmeHlA, BX EOTOpOHX HaXOAHTCA saaiAaa H3X xsyxx naxarx ex TOMy 06150,My Kpyry xixx, KOTopufl noxxexHTx Bi.vkuis) h paaptmcniio naxarx. Bx 3T0MX oTnomeniH o64 naxaTU ( hhshbb b uepxHaa) ABxa»Tca paBHonpaBHHMH R-TCHaMa napoAHaro npexcTaBHTexbCTBa. CxixouaTexbHO, o6i naxara o6xaxaioTX OAHHaKOBUUx npaBOMx othochtoaxho ounutro A. tfAIOBOKlS, T. T. 26

— 402 — KonTpojfi Haai WMHHHCTpanies), OTHOCHiejrtao 3amaTU rapaBTBpoBaH- huxi upaBi rpaniAam a t. n. Bi btohi chhca4 ooi uajaTH ebah- lorca KOJueriaMa hah coSpaHiEMH, oCcjiKjasairuiMii h pinianiniiMU npe- XOCTaBJieKHue hxi e tiim n Bonpocu, ota4aluo; ho npn btomt. KaKjoe piraeaie nap.TaaenTa jojisho 6utl peayABTaToai corjameHia ofiiaxi naaaTi. BcjtjciBie .BToro, ofii naaaxu jo.iainLi AiScTBOBaTb 1) paho- upeMCBHo h 2) b i ysasaHHOMi Bume caucAii cobh^ctho, xote pa3- CMOTpinie h ptmeme jfc n , npoaciojan. h nocTaaoBJiHeTCE Kaxjofl naaaTofi ota$abho. EcTecTBOHnuMi DOCAiACTBiem btoto EBaaeTCa to, ■no oahb na-WTa ue aomen dim. cossaHa 6031 APyrofi. 3to npauaio yCiaHOBHAOCB Bl AHT-liH KOBCTHTyipOHHOfl UpaETHKOH. IlepilOuaia.lliHO bi Anr.iiH 6ojlibo8 KopoxeBCEiS coBin, coBnuune consilium, co- CTOH.Il, BBKl MH BHAijH, H31 Bpe.iaTOBl, dapOHOBl H HA6H0BI EopOAeBcsofi KypiH, curia regia *). Oh i HMi.11 SHaieHie Hanio- Hajibuaro coBiTa, ci kotopumi eopoab conimaxcn no 'ndsMi At-iam BBTTpeBHaro ynpaBEenui h nirhmnuxi cHomeitiB. 9toti coBin saAOAro AO noaB.ieHia nepsuxi 3aiaTKOBl HapOABaro BpeACTaBBTe.itCTBa, T.-e. aaAO.iro ao npeACTaBHTeAicTBa o n rpai]icTBi h ropoAOBi, y»e bochai iiasnaHie napjaaeHra. B i nepnuft pasi oho ynoaaHaeTCE doai 1246 roAoai y MaTBia llapHKCEaro, KOTopuB rOBOpHTi, hto Kopojrt TeH- paxi coaBajn nap.iaaeHTi. llpeACTaBHTeJH oti rpaipCTBi a ropoAOBi BBOAHTCH Bl DapABMeBTl BOSAHie, HMCHHOQpHChH0h4 MOHcflOpTCKOMT, bi 1265'r. Ilpa 9AyapAi I HapoAHoe npeAfiTaBUTOAiCTBO (xnuiiaeTCB b i 4>opirt commune consilium'a, h tojlko uoai eohohi HapcTBOBania BTOrO KOpOAfl, HM6HB0 Bl 1295 T. npeACTaBHTejbCTBO OH rpaiJlCTiil H ropoAOBi BBOAHTCa b i o6mee HapoAnoe npeACTSBUTeABCTBo nasi ero HHTerpaxbHaa Tacit. B i uapjaaeHTaxi 1295,1296 rr. h napaaMeBTaxi uosAHiftuiHxi mu bhahmi coBuicTBoe ywcTie, EaKi npeACiaBHTeAeSon rpa<j)CTBi h ropoAOBi, tbki upexaTOBi h OapoHOBi. Tojeko bi XIV cr. npoH3omjo pa3AiJeHie aopaobi a upejaTOBi, ofipasoBaBiuHxi BepxmtiB na-iaTy, o n EOMMOHepoBi, hah npeAcrasuTejefl oti rpacpCTBi b ropo­ AOBi, KOTOpUC BOfflAH Bl COCTEBl HHaaefi DBAaTH J). Ho HeCAiAyen AyMaTb, hto lepest sto napjaMenn pa3AiAHAca b i cBoeai cymecTBi: oOi najaiu OAHHaEOBO hochah Hassame nap.iaMeaTa. 'topMa-iLHoe ero Ha3BaHie 6uao TaEOBO: ,jopah AyxoBHue a CB&rcitie h o6®hhh, co- 6paHHUp bi napja«eHTi“; H3i BToro echo, too o6i naAaTU paacaa- TpuBajHCB saEi oahoHepa3AiABHoe yipeaweHie, H.TaKofi B3rxaAi TTBep- AHACH KBOrOAtTHeE) npttKTHKOiO. TaEl, EOTAE Bl 1640 TOAy EOpO.IL Kapjl I XOTiAl C03BETB OAHHXl AOpAOBl HnpeAaTOBl AJB 66cy*AOHiH

— 403 — B03HHKniHX'b BHVTpeHHuxT* ycaoJEHeBifl, to aopau h npe.iaTu oCbsbi n cefis H6K0UB6T6HTHUUH pimam sth aiaa He bb ofimesiB cocTani nap- jaHenna. II. AHTaiBcKaa nap.ianeHTCKaa npasTUEa nepemaa h Ha kohthhchtl Enponu bb tomb cmhcjS, Mo h saicb ycTaHOBmocb npaBHao, no ko- Topgay oiHa naaaTa He Moaten, ( a n cosBaHa CesB jpyrofi. Hceab- qenie H3B btoto npaBHaa SBaaexca tojbeo bb tomb cayiai, ecaH, no soncTHTynin, BepxHC# najari npejocTaB.iauTca cyae6nua npasa. ^aa OTnpaBaeHia npaBocyaia, T.-e. fianataflmnMB ofipasoMB jaa cymaenia no noaoay ofiriHiienift, bthhphiiuxb dpothbb unnncTpoBB, BepxHaa naaaTa, bb KaiecTBi ocoCaro cyananina, mojectb ompasaaTi cboh ofiaaaHHOCTH h 6eaB HHstHefi naaaTU. Tbkb, iJipaHuyacKifi h lmubancicifl cerara MoryTB OTnpaBaaTb cboh cyae6ima oOasannocTn h 6e8B coausa naaaTU aenyTaiOBB. Ho bto eaBHCTnennuS cayqaS, now oana naaaTa MoaeTB saciaaTb 6e8b apyroft. OjinaKO, coBMicTHOCTb hxb co3una h coBirtcTHOCTb hxb ceccifi ne yr/rpanaeTB OTaiabHOCTU hxb oOcyaiaeniS n pimenitt: Ka»^aa naaaTa oficyajaeTB j i a a ocoSo a OTi'kibno. Ho hsb »Toro npaBuaa hmIidtch h3b’I>cthuh HCK.-iroqenia: 1) npn OTEpbiTia ceccin EopoaeMB o6fe naaaTU coeaHHaiOTCa, npn tomb nnamaa naaaTa npHraamaeTCn bb BepxnBB, rail Kopoab h jh ero KOMMaccapu OTKpunaiOTB ceecio tpohhoio piano ‘); 2) otfi naaaTU bb coejuHeHuoMB 3aciaaHin npnHnxa»TB npncary bb BipHOCTH KOHCTHTynin h .KopoaBD, a TaK»e n peremy, rjli lanaa npn- cara yciaHOBaeHa; 3) naiara bb coeanHennoMB aaciaaniii naCnpaioTB pereHTa n onesyHa, ecan no KOHCTHTyniH hmb npejocTaBaaeTCH Tasoe npaso (TaKOBa SeabriBcKaa KOHCTHTynin) s). Bo 4*paHnin coeanHennoe cofipanie naaaTB o6pa8yeTen: 1) nan bh- 6opa npeanaeHTa pecnyCianEH no HCTeneniH ero no.inoMonifi nan no caynaD ero CMepm nan OTCTaBKn; 2) aaa peBH3in KoncTHTynin; nocai Toro, naKB BonpocB o Hefi oficyjEaeHB bb OTaiJBHHXB aaciaaHisxB Eaujoft naaaTU, OBoniaieabBoe piineHie n roaocoBaHie coBepmaexca bb cpeAHHenHOHB saciaamu ofiinxB naaaTB'). 3a 3TUMH hciudtohuinh Hantaan U3B naaaTB aojatna no BcixB ■cayiaaxB jiScTBOBaTb OTaiabno oana otb apvroS, npn bomb Hantaan H3B hhxb HtiieTB paBHun upaBa no aiaaMB, noa-iewainuMB Biainii) napoanaro npeacTaBHTeabCTsa. Ho h oSmee npannao o paBHonpaBnocTH naaaTB HMieTB HCKatonenia. Cbmumh BaatnuMH HCKatoneniaHH, no saa- hocth cakaro npeaneia n no pacnpocTpaHeHHOCTH 8TOro OTCTynaema >) Cm. ctP, 186. *) Cm. cip. 194. 26*

— 404 — o n odmaro npanu.ta, aBxaeTca to, hto uukhhh naxaTa Haien npa- BBxeriro OTHocHTejBHO pa3CM0TpiHia h odcyjRAeHia 4>HHaHCOBHXi 3aao- hobi. Bet ifiHuaBCOBLie aaKOHH, cifeaoBaTOXBHO, BCii Bonpocu » noja- m i i , o hobuxi Haxoraxi hjh odi OTuiirfc cTapuxt, bc* nocTawj- B-ieHifl o rocyxapcTaeHHOMT, d»A*eTi hjh rocyxapcTBeHHoB pocniicH nepBOBaTOiBHObhochtch b i naxaTy jenyiaTOOT.. 8to Bupaneme „nepBO- BaiaiBao BHoeaTca' cxhbikoiii mapoRO ax* Toro, HTodu oho casio no- cedfc Morao odiacitHTi. cymnocib b.iucth HaatHeB naxara OTHOCHTextHO i|)HRaHcoBuxT, BonpocoBi. OrpoMaoe 6oxubhhctbo enponeficKHxi EOH- CTHTyuift nocTanoBxaeTi, hto bc4 (JiHHaHCOBue npoesra tjepBoaaHaxbHo- BHoeaTca bi BHXHDfo naxaTy. Ho bi npniitHeHiHoToro npaBBxa mojkho BCTpinrn, pa3XH0Hue ott-Iihkh. Huorja HHatnaa naxaTa eciH ho de- jure, to de facto BBxaeTca e.tMCTBOHBLtMi, ptmaTeaeni Bctxi <j>HaaH- cobhxi BonpocoBXh Atxi, Earn, Hanp., BiAHrxia. 3arlsMi mh Moaeai. BCTpiTHTica h ci TiiKHMi npHMtaeHieMi odiuaro npHiiuana, hto tfia- uaHCOBue Bonpocu h aaKononpoeKra nepBonaiaxbHO bhochtch bi hh« - aroro naxaTy; ho BepxHaa naxaTa Tasate mi-hen npaBO pa3CnaTpHnaTb h odcyatA&TbTaxie npocitTbi uo hxi cymecTBy. HaKOHeui, uu naso;;uu7. u TaKyio np&RTHRy, hto rocy.tapcTiieHHHit OioxaceTi hxh cfianaHCOBuft 3aE0H0np06KTl, pa8CM0TptBHHS H npHMTHfi Bl HHJKHe0 UaxaTt, M0- jRen 6uTb npHHaTi axu OTBeprHjn bi aepxuefi naxaii, ho He Huaie RaKi uixBKom h de3i nonpasoEi, xixaTb KOTopua OTaoczTexbHo Bcixi xpyraxi 3aKoaonpoeKTOBi, He iJiHHaHCOBbixi, OHa eaten npaBO. Ho EaEOBU 6a hr Chjh ott4hkh bi npHatneHia BtiineyK»3aHHaro odmaro npaBBxa, bo bcheoui cxyiat hhhchhh naxaTa HBxaeTca n,6H- TpoMi, b i ROTopoai cocpexoToneHa rxaBHaa ijiHBaHcoBaa Bxacib rocy- japcTBa. B i ABrxiH Tasoe noxoateHie xtx i odiacHaeTca HCToptitecKH, a oho ycTaHOBuxocb cpaBHHTexiHo b i Hosoe Bpeua. Ilpa nepBOHanaxb- Hbixi cpexHeBiKOBBixi tJtopMaxi HapoxHaro npe,iCTaBHTexbCTBa, aHrxift- CKiit uapxaueHTi aBxaxca codpamcsn otx6.ii.huxi, cocaobiB (ordo, dtat)- npHdXH3BTejbHOBl TOfi ate (fiopirt, Bl ROTOpoS Ha KOHTHHeiITt Kuponu npexcTaBxaxHCb tski Ha3. 3eMCHie hhhh: etats gdndraux, Eopiecu a t. a. CxiAOBaTexbHO, KasjuS ordo aoxsohi d u xi odcyaytaTb ocodo u OTAixbHo Apyn oti Apyra act Bonpocu o cydcHfliaxi h noAaiaxi. Bi uapcTBOBaaie 3AyapAa I mh BCTp-itaeaca c i i t u i ijiaKToui, hto no npocbdt aopoxa dapoHH Aaron ll-ro aeabry; odirtHnu Aaron eo- poxro 7-ro ABHbry c i HeABHatHMUxi HBymecTBi; AyxoBencTBo both- p yen cbod cydcaAiro ocodo. CxtAOBaiexbHo, KaatAHft H3i ordo, cobo- KyoHocn KOTopuxx cocTaBxaxa napxaMeHn, BorapoBaxi cboio cydcaAiro OTAtXbHO. ftX0B6HCTB0316 BOodlI(e Ultt.10 CBOBOCOdblHSac'lijaHia, KOH- BOKauiH, aa RoropHxi odcyatAaxBCb eeki odiuia AyxoBHua ,v6-ra no ycTpoficTBy nepKBH, toei h npeAXoaeHia cb\"6tckhxi BxacieS, nocsoxbuy

— 405 — ohh KacajiHCi, ayxoBeBCTBa. IlaupuH-fept, Bt 1282 ro.xy, Korja 3jyapjt I ayaaaaca bt, cyOcHjiSxt, apsieimcsont KeHTep6epificRi8, KaEt npaxact sopoiieBCTBa, c'osuBaen. ocoSyio EoasoKapia) jjh o6cyncjeHifl »Toro bo- npoca. 3aTi>Mt Kopoxt ncKyccTBeaao npHBjeKa.ii, npcjcTaBHTejeft bhc- nraro h BH.unaro jyxoBencTBa bt, napjaMeint, rajaBaa ocoCua npa- auBHua rpaMOTH ke jyxonencTny, c t ocoCumh clausolac (praemunien- tes), Bt icoTopfjs'L npe.xnucuna.iocL enucKonairt npejynpejHTt npiopost, bto6h ohh pacnopaxajHCL BuCopaMu npejcraBurejeft on. RaQHTyjoBt ji Huauraro .yyxoBeacTBa upn BuSopaxt Bt napaaMesTt. TaEHMt o6pa30Mt, npunnunt owfutnaro oftcyajenin pasHHXt bo- OpOCOBt CO CTOpOHH OTJ&JtHHXt COCJOBifl, Ordo, HOCHOTpa Ha HtpH, nanpdBjeHHHa, nporaBt Hero, jojro ocTasa.ica HeTponyraMt. Ho Bt HCTopHiecKout nopHjKi npoH3omjH 3aTiMt 6o.ii.niiH nepe- MiHH Bt BTOMt oTHonieniii, Bcjitjcraie cjosnuxt npHHDHt. 1) Ilepsaa H3t DTHXt npHHHHt SaKJtmeTCfl Bt TOMt, HTO XapaKTepi, aHIMificaoB apHCTORpaiiH pa.iHKa.iBHo H8jrisHH.jca co Bpeneut Boflnt A.10B h Bi.ioB Posh, Rorxa CTapaa apHCTOspaTin nom6.ia Bt mat, a hob\"an HBHjaci. apucTOKpaTioH) atajoBannoft. Ct axoro BpeueHu napia HBjaeTca cobo- RyuHOCTBio fio.ihmancTBa rocyjapcTBeHHHxt jOHatHOCTHBixt jupt, Ha- anaiaeMBixt Kopojext, h Bt OTont nn.it ee hosho pascuaTpHsaTB, RaEt opyjie Kopo.ieBCRofi bjbcth '). 2) Co spejieHH peifopManin h npeamee KaTOJHHecaoe jj-xobchctbo TepaeTt csoe anaieme: npejaTOBt, no Ha3naneniK) nans, cMtuaioTt enHCKonu, HasHanaextie Kopojext h 3actjaE)inie Bt Bopxnefl naxaTi ex officio *). 8) EjHHCTBenHtiMt 3.ie- HeHTOMt, Ct KOTOpHMt lipHXOJHJOCt CUHTaTLCH KOpOjeBCROS BjaCTH, 6hjh KOMHonepn, East npe.icTaBHTe.iH rjasHuxt njaTeJi>n;HROBt. ^$8- CTBHT6JBH0, BC6 BjaTeSHHH CpejCTBa HaXOJHJHCL Bt pyKaXt HUBtHCft najaTti, 11C0 r.iaBHaa vacca n-iaTe-iLmHEOBt naxojnjact Bt rpaifcTBaxt u ropojaxt, a bth nocjtxHie, noc.it pasjtjemii aHrjiBcKaro nap.ia- neBTa, npejcTaB.iJuiict hhkhoio najaToio—ofimunaMii Ero BejHiecTBa. BcjijCTBie SToro, Bt AarjiH HCTOpniecKHUt nyieiit ycTaHOBHjea TOTt npHnnant, ROTopufi eme Bt 1766 rojy BocnpoH3sojHHt Dhtti Ciap- mifl (jropjt Haia«t) Bt piiH CBoeft o ne38K0HH0c™ofi-ioJEeniji Ko.ionig H0BHMH nOjaTHUHH c6opaHH. Bt BTOfi ptlH IlHTTt TOBOpHJt, HTO net cyMMH, KOTopHMH pacno.iaracrt Kopo.it,—japt ofimnHt Ero BejH- neciBa, T.-e. npnHomeHie ,rpa<j>CTBt u ropojOBt, npejwaBjeHHuxt Bt HHsnefl na.iact. ■ Bt Ahtjih npano pascuorptHiH (fiHnancoBUXt saEOHOnpoeKTOBt, RacawmaxcH KaKt ycTaHOB.ieHia nojaxeS, tbri h yiBepajeHia 6ioj- ') Ch. Cip. 200 H201.

— 406 — zeTa, cocTaBjaera, Tauum odpaaom, ocodym npHBH-ieriK) nasneft. najara, npa lem naxaTa oient pesnuBo OTHOCH.iaci h OTHOCHTCa ko bchkhui nonuTsasii na-iaTU aopiom. bhochti Basis jh6o H3Mf,HemH bi ijiHHaiicoP.uo 6hj.ih, BOTnpoBannue saaaToS odiHHni. Tara, in, 1860 roxy, no noBony otmIihu nnaneio naaaToo nrreMuejBnaiK) naxora Ha dyjfary, na-iaia xopxoai iioscTaHOBiura stoti Maori b i cbobmi 8aKOHonpoeKri; hhshhh naaaTn ho toxiko 0TBeprnyaa_ BTy nonpaBny, BHeceRHyio aopAaBK, ho, no npenaoscniB)' aopja HaabMepcToka, npii- Haaa pe8oaioniio, bi aoTopoft odumwa, too npaBO flasan Kopom cydCHjua h H3HCKHBaTL nyra Hi cpexcTBani ami noKparia rocyxap- CTBeHHHSi H3jepateKi cocTaiuacn HeoneiueMyi) npHBHJieriio HHSHefi naaaTH. Bepxaaa naxaTa, TaKHMi odpasoni, $aKTHiecKu, no KpafiHefi H%pi, He anion, ananeiiin h B.iiania bi pa3pimeHiH i{iHHaHCOBUxi BonpocoBi. III. Ha KOHTHHeBrfe Enponu, rjtf> oraomeHia Heis^y na.iaiauii pe- ryxHpyDica EOHCTHTynionHHMH saKOBaOT, a He npeneaeirraHH a o6ej- qajiMH, nasi b i Ahmih, biotb Bonpoci Hosera 6h ti paspimem oneHi paarasHO, CMOTpa no nociaHOBnemaMi OTflixiHHxi koh- CTHTyii,ift. Tasi, ct. 62 npyccsofi KoncMTynin rxacHTi, too iJiHHaH- cobhb saKOHonpoeKTU h rocysapcTeeniiaa pocnHci npexcmxaio'rca npeacje BTopoft na.iarfi (T.-e, uusneit), npH seal rocyxapcTBeHHaa pocnHci npHHOMaeTCa hjb omepraeica BepxHefi naaaTofl bi nixoMi cocTaah de3i noapaBOKi. Ho ecxa nepxraa naaaia He m ien, npaBa bhochti H3HiHeHin b i rocyxapcTBeHHyio pocnnci, to otcioxs cxiayeTi, too (JiaKTHiecKH 6bjs6tb iipnanna»TCH HHSHefi HHJiaTofi, ado ne- npHHaTie 6H)iseia npesje Bcero OTpasaeTca Ha rocyjapcTBi h Ha ero HHTepecaxi bi toh i cuticxi, too oho xmnaeTcs jaxiirfifiniHXi cpencTBi axa ynpawema. Ho HejaBaa BepxHefi Da.iart 3naieHia npH odcysjemH $aHaHC0Buxi BonpocoBi, craiiH 62 npyccKofi KoncTUTypin npn stohi ne yKaasBaem nyTefi h cpexcTBi Toro, hhkuhi odpaaom paapimaBTM eohiJixheth aesjy hhshc3 h BepxHefi naxaToio, ecxu OHH B03HHBXH. npndxBSHTexiHo b i TasoMi ae noxoseniHhexo^htch diojseTHoe npaso h nocTaaOBaeHiao ([lunaiiconuxi 3aKononpoeKTaxi ni imniuiiieit $paHny3CK0fi KoncTHTynia. KoHCTHTynionnue shkohii ‘E’paania duxu BOTapoBaHH b i 1875 rojy. 3artMi, .bi 1877 r. du.io cxi-mno nepBOe npmrlsHeBie npaBHxi, asxo'SeHHHXi b i „33Koh'Ii o c'ooTHomeniH rocy- iapcTBeHHHxi BxacTefi\" a „3aKoai o cenari*. Ct. 8 3aK0Ha o ceHarfi raacHTi, too ^HnaHCOBHe saKOHonpoesTH upejcthb jhfotch npesse aa- jart xenyTaTOBi h BompyjoTcn e». C.rljOBaiejiHO, chhcji sioro nocTaHOB-ieBia saEjoraeTCH b i tomi, too hhshhh naxaTa anfieTi nep- BeHCTBO BI paSCMOTptniH (])HHanCOBHXI BonpocoBi H 3aEOHOnpOCETOBI,

— 407 — h hto nocjiii BOTHponaHiM bb imatnefl najarfc <f)HHaHCOBHXB npoeKToist h fiBjateTa, uocjt^nie URjvb Ha pascxoTpiiHie. cenaxa. 1Ito atfe aa- caerca npaBB ceHaxa- bb btomb OTHomemH, to onpeA'fejeHie hxb 3a- KjKiiaeTCH bt. pa3p4raeHin Bonpoca o tomb, mosotb -ih cehhtj, moah- 4>upnpoDaTi, npocKTii 6a>AseTa, BOTHpoBamiufl nuajiefi na.iaTofi, ynHUTO- aaTt Kpe.THTu, en paapiraeBHue, hjh B03ciaH0BHTb KpeAHTH, ea ot- BeprHyxue; paap-fcmeDicMB bthxb BOirpocoBt oupejijHTCH, KaKaa BJacTt DpHHaA-neiKHT-B ceHaTy bb xii-i'h pascMOTpima <f)HHaHC0Ruxt nonpocOBb, H bb kskomt, paaM'hp’fc eMy jaeTCfl yqacTie bb <J>nnancoBOsn> sasoHo- AaTGAf.cTB'b. IIo atficTBy»mejiy (ppanuyscKOMy npaBy ototb Bonpoct He upeACTaBjaeTCH jocxaTOiHO mchumb, , h6o ct. 8 yKasaHHaio 3aKona He roBopHTB ofit atomb npaxo, no.ii.o6no cTaTti 62 npyccKofi KOHCTHTyqiH. 06pamaijcb kb upanTHK-fc, mu mojkomb yitasaTb Ha cj-tAyromifl AaETt: bb 1877 rOAy xesAy cenaTOMB H najaTOfl jenyrarOBB BO.3UHK.ta pacnpa, h '1’ pana.iji roTOBHjact nepesHTt kphshcb, tkkb kbbb Mapmaat MaKB- MaroHB, Tor.iauiHifl npeaHjCHTt pecuy6jHKH, Haxo.jH.ica He bb JiajaxB cb HiDKiieft uaaaToS, onnommia KOTopofl npoaBHxa CBoe HeynooojtCTBie, Meatjy hpohhmb, h npa pascMOTpiHiH CiOAaeTa, vhhutojkhbb p-feKOTopua CTaTbH paCXOAOBB BB UpoeETt MHHHCTpa iflHHaHCOBB H BUeja HOBUH CTaTBH pacxojjoBB, BOTopua He 6hjh npeaycMOTpliHU bb btomb BpoeKTi. CeHaTB npH pascMOTpiHiii axoro 6»A*eTa CTa.it bb HiKOTopoe nejo- ysiiHie, h, BcxiACTBie Toro, npejRapHTe.itHoe pascMOipinie bc4xb ot- hochhjhxch CBDAa BonpocoBt 6u.io nopyueao ocofioti kommhccIh. Ojhhb H3t qaeHOBB btoS KOMMHcciu, Ilya-KepTbe, fiuiimiii mhhhctpb i]>HHaH- cobb npa Ttepi, HacTaHBa.it Ha tomb, hto cenaiy npaHajaeaHTB ne- COMH’feHHOB npaBO OTHOCHTC.II.HO (f)HHaHCOBUXt 38KOHOBB BB TOMB Hte 06teMi, KHKB M OTHOCHTejtHO BCllXB APyBHXB, He (JlHHaDCOBUXB, sa- kohobb. Bb CBoefi apryaeuTaniH ohb He ocTaHaBABBajica Ha Teopera- aecBHXB h HpHHqHDiaatHUXB -Bonpocaxt. Opei.ioaeHie, KOTopoe a4- AaeTB KOMXHccia ceHaTy, rosopHAB ohb, HMiext tf&AtD oCesneHHTt noAAepatauie cymecTnyromaxt 3aKonoBB h nojAepatanie aificTBifi u upaBHAtHflro xoqa ynpaBjema. OpaeciB DuKapt, To»e Cusmifl TtepoB- CKifl: MHHHCTPB, BB 8T0MB OTHOHTeHlH HOme.tB ja j i e OTHOCHTejtHO apaBTHuecKofl tohkh itpinui. Ohb npeAocTeperajB cenaTB otb Bosfiy- atAeHia iipHHijHmajtHUXB boupocobb no BTOMy noBo.jy h, B3aMtnt toto, npeAJaraJB 3aHHTtea pa3CM0TpiHieMB Kaajaro Bonpoca no cynjecTBy: tojbko H3B pascMOiptHia cymecTna bthxb aonpocoBB mojkho 6yjeTt, no ero cjobsmb, cjiaaTb saK-imuenie o tomb, aaKau iiMenuo CBCTeHa npHMbHHMa kb AaHHOMy cjynaio. Ho ycTpaHenie TeopeTHtecKHXB bo- npocoBB 6ujo saTpyAHHTejtHO, h6o ceHaTB, o'leBHjHO, hm4.ib nasitpeBie B03CTaHOBHTfc H^KOTOpue KpeAHTH, BUHepKHyTUe BajaTOlO AenyraTOBt, h BHHepKHyTt BHecenuue e » KpeAnra, kotophxb He 6u.io bb mhhh-

cTepcKOMt npoeBTi. Bc.iiACTBie BToro, u b i bhav bo3hoshoctb hAaze HeH3(tt®H0CTB E0B4.aijKTa, cenaTopi T oabhi, B03pa*aa SpHecry 1J*- Kapy h nya-Kepue, cnpaniHBa.il, wwo* bhxo« i H3i saTpysHema npeAiioj^raeTca cchbtoui Ha toii KOHem, ecJH naaaTa aenyraroBi oeraHeTca npa npe^HeMi piniemn, HecMOTpa Ha HSMiHeHie craw* fi»x»eTa coCTopoHHceBaTa, ec.10 6a TaKOBoe hm4 ho Micro? Aok-m iibki KOMMHcciH, ceaaTopi BepHapi, xasi o6ibchhhi OTHomenie ceraTa ki naxaii aenyTaroBi: MHi Ka»eica HecoMHiBHHMi, rooopHJi obi, no, Koraa naaaTa lenyTaTOBl OTEasanaeTi in. H3BicTR0Mi Kpejari, i Korja pascynoBie 061 btomi Kpejiaii no3o6Hon.uieTca b i ceaaii, to b i tomi CJiyiai, ecaH ceHan, BoacTaHOBJiaen bth KpeflHTH, TaKOe BOSCTaBOBHesie aoazho uoHHuaTtca b i cuac.ii Kani 6a ane-uania 11 Huzneu naiart h bi cMucai npHriameHia ea E l HOBOMy paacBOTpi- hib) a o6cy»*enin. Chuc.i i bthxi pa3i«cHCHifi BepHapa Ton,', no ceHan, nojBsyact cbobmh 3ai;oHojaTe.itnuMH npaBaMH. HcnpaBiaen BpOOKTH, BOTBpOBaHHUe BHSHBD HajaTOK), H 6T0 3aMiiailia BH3H- BaDTi b i najarfe jenyTaTOBi hoboo pascMOTpiaie; ito 6yjen s i tomi cjyi&i, ec-iH bto Hosoe pa3CM0TpiBie hh k i qeMy Be npHBeien, h na.iaTa ocTaHeTca npa npesaein mhIumh— b t o t i tipminHuiaibHufl BOBpOCl CCHaTOMl HB MOPl 6UTb pa3pimeHl, H60 BI KOHCTHTyiliOH- HUX1 3atcoaasi 1875 r . no BTOjcy npeAneTy Be HMieTca BHKaEHXi TKa3aHifi. Kam 6u to hb 6uho, ho cenan, H3MiHHjii, ojHaKo, BHeceH- hhB Ha ero pascMOTpiaie fio iz e T i, BOTHponanaufi npe.wapnTeii.HO BHZHea najaToS, h c i cbobmh aaMiianiaiiH npenpoBOAHJii ero oCpaTHO p i naaaTy jenyiaTOBi. Ito oCmeMy npanH.iy bc* nonpaBKH h BaaitaHia* ceHBTB, cAiiaHHHB Ha 6 » x se T i, nocTyna-iH b i 6»A *eTH y» koumhccud, Koropaa HMieTca npa HHzaefi naiaTi, h npeAciAaTexesn EOTopoS BI TO speMB 6h jh BOKoitHua raM6eTTa. HocaiABift b i cboomi y - r i B036yAHJi BI najari AenyTaTOBi no OTOMy nonony npunnaniaatHH* Bonpoei, xoth h Aa.ii eMy He ono-mi npaBHaiHoe HanpaB-iesie. lip ero MHiHiio, ciaibH Sdazotb, BunepimyTua najiaToft, nepeorann cy- mecTBOBaTb; cenan Moaen H M in b i mAy a oOcyzAaTt wabeo to, BTOC0A6PHBTCH BI BpOBKTi na.iaTBI, a He BI UepBOHalaABHOMl npoesri HHHHCTepcTBa; BUiepEHyTUH h b i nocaiAHaro ctutih He noAiezan odcysAemio cenara, HHane ceH an AO.iaein. 6a 6a n mciTt npaso BHHniaTHBU BO $HBaHCOBHMl A i« M l, TOrAa K aK l no KOBCTHiyniH TEKOBoro npasa om HM in ne H o*en. B i 8T0m i caynai ceHan Hon 6u BHOCHTB BI 6«>A*eTl, BOTHpOBaHBHft HaAETOft, CT8TBH KOTO- p u xi BI npoeETi He coAepatHTca. o™ », „ „ „ Pl „ or,»™ \" \" ‘ “ w p*™ c««™ ,

409 — iiony Bonpocy KoncTHTfnionHHXB sanoHOBi '[’paimiu. Hmchho, ct. 8 ' saKOHa o ccnaTi roBopnrB 6 Tomb, eto iJiHEancoBue sasononpoeETH npeiCTaBjiai >tch npeotcde bb najaTy fle'nyTaTOBB, ho oTCDfla eme B e'cji- jiyera, etoCw bhpcbhhuh upaBHTOJibCTBOM'B m, nee (JntHaHCOBuft npoearx. He npenpoBoatflajca bb ceHaTB, a eto ceHan, npHoOcyacfleHiH 6»flseTa ho jojseH B HM-feTt, bb BHjy npoesTB MHHHCTepcTsa. CeHaTT* npa oficy- auenin (itojaccTa ne tojbeo MoaceTX, no K AOJitenB hh^ tb 'bb. BHjy npoeETB MHHHCTepCTBa BB TOMB BHflil, pB KUKOMB OHB fitl.TL BHeceHB bb na-iary flenyraTOBB, bb ero nepBonana-itnoaB BHfli. Hnane, cenaTB aoase^B oficywaaTB fiioxateTB no xebhumb npaBHTejtcTBeHHaro npoeETa. 3arfeMB, kohoeho, Kaauau hsb naaaTB—naaaTa flenyraTOBB h cenaTB— • MorvTB ocTaTBCH npa CBoeMB Mirinin, h apyi'oro Buxofla ajih ycTpauenin B03nnKaBJmaro bb btomb cjynai KOHifijHKTa, eekb*KOMixpoMucca, niTB. □ ajaTa upniia.m dth pa3Bncnenia JEnaa Cnnona bb tomb CMHC-rk, eto HiKOTopBin 6fl>fl*eTnHE ctbtbh, BUiepEHyTua npeatfle naaaTOft, no npeAJOatemfo cenaTa 6hjih BoacranOBjenu. 3a btoS ycTynKofl nocjiijo- Ba.iB h BpeMeHHoit KOMnpoMuccB Meatay npaBBTeatcTBOMB a naaaToc.‘ KpOMh H’feKOTOpUXB KOHCTHTynifi, EHKB, HKIip., HBCTpiBcKOfi, HHTflfc h$tb toehuxb nocTaHOBjenifi OTHOeaTeflbHO Toro, Easan cyflbda oatH- jaeiB OtOflateTB npn BomfunKTi;, T.-e. Korja Meatfly flByMA najaTaMH He nocjiuyeiB cor.iacia, iota Bet KOHCTHTyniH oflHHaEOBO nociaHO.- BflaiOTB, eto ilmuaucoBue aaEOHOnpocKTU npeapoBoatflaDTca npeatfle bb HnatHEOK) najaTy. ABCTpi&CKift 3aEOHB tobophtb, eto npn pa3H0- raacin, BoannKmesiB no nosofly Coflateia Hesay na.iaTaMH, nojyflauTB cnjiy h upHHHMacTca iientmia na<i>pu BompoBannuxB craTefl, eto 6a usb hh npeflJOSHJB: hh:khhh h jh BepxHaa najaia. IIoHaTHO, eto bto noCTaHOB.ienie HBjneTCn uectMa yjo6HUMB u jci'kuub cpeflCTBOMB flJE yctehobjeHifl EOMnpoHHCca Meatfly ABytta uajaTaMH. 9totb KOMnpo- mhccb 3ipaHie ycTanoBJenB KOHCTHTynioHBUMH saKOHaMii, h nOTOMy iiasaTaMB, HasgflamHMca bb koh4>jhkt'£ no noBOfly CiOflaceTa, hStb HaflofiHocTH BXOflnTi, flpyrB cb flpyroMB bb xaEiH jh 6o corflamenia no BTOMy noBOfly: eeeb 6h oh-6 hh pacxoflHjHCb Meatfly co6o», bb cayflai EpaiHocTH cehtektcs ycteeobjeHuuuH HH3mia nncfipH CajflateTa, both- . pOBHHHBIJI TOtt h jh jpyrofi na.iaTOto. TaKOBBi ocoCeBHua ifiyREUin, npHHaxjeatamia eeeb nepxnefl, tbeb h nnsHeft najaTi. Mu npn6aBHMB, eto no HiEOTopmtB EoncTUTyniaMB, bb Buji BcEjnoEenin, BepxHEE■najaTa He nirfeeTB iranniaTHBU •bb sa- KOHOflaTejbCTBi. TaEB, no HHflepjaHflCEoft KOHCTHTynin npaBO nnania- thbu npnnaflfleatHTB tojbko HuatHeft riajiarb. Ho EOHCTHTynin HopBerin, rfli jarTHHTB He xojxchb pascuaTpHBaTBcn, ebeb nepxnnn najara bb toehomb cMHc-ri, HEHfliaTUBa saKOHE npuHafljeatHTB oflejbCTHHry ')• >7Cm. CTp. 288.

— 410 — 3a 3thhb HCBjnieHiHMH Bet npaaa oMhxx‘ naaaTx .RBanDTca pan- HHMH II O.tUHaKOBUHH. o a b a n. OfipaTHMM Tenepi. kx pascjJoipiHiB) cawwxx npaBx, npHHax.ieata- n;nxx naaaTf, bx yKasaHHofl BUine uxx rpynBBpoBK'fc. Mu uiu’Iuh, bto 1) na.iaTW npHSHBaOTca kx yiaeriio fit saKOHOxaieabCTBli; 2) h’xx co- •rjiacie Tpe6yeica j.ia ycTaaoBaenia aaaoroBX h Ha ynoTpedaenie rocy- iapcTBeHHHxx cpejcTBL j u uoKpHTia H3jepateKX no RHyTpoHHesiy a Bninraeay ynpaBjemK), *npn bomb bx cbbsh cx bthmx (jmnaHCOBHXX npaBOMx ctohtx h niiKOTopua cHeasaua npaBa, nanp., npaBa othoch- Te.TBHO BoeBHaro ynpaBaenia h t. n.; 3) naaaTaax npcxociaBaaoTca npaBO BOHTpoja najx j-lScTBiaMM ucno.iHaieaxnofi B-jacTa h 4) naaa- 'tbmx npejocraBjaeica 3aniHra o6maxx npaBx, rapanTHpoBaiiHtjxx koh- CTHTyniaMH rpaa^anaux to8 huh xpyroS cipanu. Taax no, bx btomx CMUcai, naaara hbjjiiotch OaHatafimsHH 3amiiTHHKaMn rapaariB, veTa- noBaeBHaxx xm Bcero naceaema, h hcthbhhmh napoxHUMH npexm- Bi(Te.wHH. Bo Boixx araxx OTHonieHiaxx mu pa3CMOTpHMx cosepmanie npaBx, npejociapMeMuxx naaaTaax. A. SaxoHodame.tbmm* npaea. I. Ilpesxe Bcero na-iaiairt npanax-ieaiBTx npaBOynaeria bx saKOHO- xaieixcTBi. CojepzaBie BToro npaBa onpextaaeica riiiix, no iiwtaKoft 3aKOHX ne noserx 6utx nsxanx iuh OTMineHX 6e3x coraacia naaaix, u RaoOopoTx: tojlko t4 npann.ia, Koropua H3jaaH cx coraaciB oanaxx, mrfeDTX eBay 3aaona b, BcaixcTBie Toro, nuinTX npexnonenie uupe- HMyipeCTBo, bx cayaaaxx EoaaBsiS, nepejx pacnopameHiaMH, Verord- nungen, aopoaa nan upeanjeiiTa peony6aBKH, aaax mabh HcnoaHBTeab- noft BaaciB. UpaBBao, no KOTopoMy HHxaxofi 3aKonx ne moskbix 6htb B3xaHx Baa oTaiiHenx Hnaae, icanx cx coraacia naaaTx, bm4btx bco- ofixeMjmrnee 3HaieHie. CaijOBateaBBO, mmtcuzi H3MiaeBi8 ne moxotx nocaijosaTt bx cynecTBi aaKOHOnaieaicTBa 6e3x cor,iacia naaaTx, 6«3x coraacia napojHaro npexcTaBBTeaxcm. He to.b,ko jia asxania bobhxx 3aK0H0BX a onrfiHH CTapuxx Tpefiyeica coraacie naaaTx, ho b X-ifl nacTHHxx BsaiaeHift ono neo6xoiHHo bx paBnoft nipt, bm€Hho « a HSMineHia pejaKnia daTeft, HaH hxx HSaosoBia, jaa otm£hu itx x nan xpyrnxx TacTHiBmHxx npaBaax, cojepxainHxcH bx saxonli, Bfio Kaatxaa ero sacra aepa3puBiia cx nf.iUMx. 3aK0HX nenpaKOCHo-

— 411 — geH6HT» BooCme b-e tomb cMucxb, mto hh exmax ero nacTb ho mowotb 6hTb H3M%HeHa Seat cor-iacia naxarb, ero H3jaBaBmHX». Cxobomt. csasaTb, HenpuKocHoueHHocTh riaKona pacnpocTpamieTca Ha Bcb ero AyieHTHMecBOe ToxKOBanie saitoHa.Tasate npaHax.ieiKHT'L naxaTam., h6o ayTeHTHiecKoe ToxKOBaHie no. TOMHOuy omcxy ototo Bupaxeum- \"ecTB TOJiKOBaHie, Hcxoxamee otb aBTopoBT. aasona. ABTopasni ate 3a- KOHa hbjhtotch coBMicTHO ofib na.iaTu n Kopojtt. CxbxosaTexbHO, 1) BCHKoe ayTenruqecKoe ToxKOBaHie, no o0a3aTe.n,rtocTU 3«aqeHi« 9Toro TOJiKoitania, xoxxho hcxo.-i.htt. o n TOfl miacTH, KOTopoft npn- naxxeacHrb caMoe Hsxania 3aaoHa; 2) no CBoefi o6aaaTexbHOfi cHxb ayreHTHHecKOe TOXKOBSHie xoxjkho Cute paBHOCH.ibHO sasOHy: ono ecfb TaKOfi x e aaKom*. ■KaKT. h x*>6oe 3aKOHOjaTe.ibnoe npaiiji io, i t koto- pony BTO TOJROBBHie OTHOCHTCH, H6o. ayTeHTHTeCKOe TOjIKOBaHie BT. Tofi ace CHxb npHMiHaeTca axMHHHCTpanieo a cyxosrb, KaKT. H caHufi sauon-E. npejocTaa.ieiiie npaitTr ayruHTWteciiaro TO-moBaiiia Kouy jh5o, KpOM-Jl TOS BJiaCTH, OTT> KOTOpOft HCXOXHTT. 3aK0RU, OTKpNTia.lO Cu B03MoacHoeTT> napa.iH3oaaTL xbflcToie cymecTBVDmHXT. aaKoHOiiT.. Ecxh 6u npaBo ayTeHTHBecsaro To.iKOBaniJt 6u.io npexocTaBxeno, nanp., iicnox- HUTe.tT.HoH BJiacTH, to osa cbohmu paaToicneniaim Mor.ia 6u tukt. us- m1;utiti. cmhcxt. oaKona, BTO xbfiCTBie ero 6u.ii) 6a napaxnsoBaHO, T.-e. 3aK0HT. cymecTBOBa.iT. 6u cawT. no ce6b, a Ha npaKTHK-fi npiiMbHHxca 6u xpyrofl 3aK0HT> bt. bhj-6 TOJiKOBania, h oto TOXKOBaaie, KaKT. D03jHbfi- mee, no oCujeMy upaBH.iy 6ij.io 6m o6a.-iaTC.iT.HO xxa BcbXT. B.iacTen bt rocyaapcTBb. II. HTaKT., nsxanie 3aK0Ha h ayTeHTaaecKoe ToxKOBaHie He iioacew. hkIitl ubcTa 6e3i. corjiacia na.iaTT,. Ho BarbirE HBXfleTCH BOnpoca: bt. tent coctohtt. <[iop«u. BupaBaumiR 9T0 corxacie—bt. tomb xh, tto na- .laxasi't npeAOCTaB.iaeTca BupasaTb CBoe cor.iacic oTHocuTe.ii.no npoeKTa, npexxoxeHHaro npaBHTO.rbctbomt.. h.th xe bt. tomt., mto najianj caua HubioTB npaBO saKOHOxaTexbHofl HHHniaTHBH? Bt btomt. oTHomema .iiofionuTno noCTanoB.ieHie ct. 62 npyccsofi KOHCTHTynia, KOTopoe no- BTopaeTCH h bt. xpyrnx'E KOHCTHTyniiixi. u KOHCTHTynioHHuxT. aaKonaxi.. 9ia CTaTBH r.iacHTT., tto aaKOHodameAbHan e.tacnib OTnpaBjaeTca COBM'fcCTHO KOpO.ieMT a XByMfl niUaTHMH. HoXT. aMCHeMT. aaKOHOjaTeat- ho8 BJiacTH 3xbcb He pasyabeTca BxacTb, aMbiomaa upauo toxeeo o6- cyKjaTB 3aKOHonpoeBTH, BupafioraHHue npaBaTejibcTBoaT.. 06b naxaTM coBMbcTHO c t Kopo.iesn. o6pa8y*)T'B 8Ty BJiacTb. C-Tb.ioBaTexi.HO, naxa- TaMT. npHHajxexaTb BCb (JtyHKHin 3aKOHOAaTexBBot BxacTH, bch noxHOTa 3aKoiio.iaTe.iT.Hofl BxacTH, sa HCKxmqeHiea'B, KOHeiuo, upaBa caHKipa, 6e3pa3.i-li.ii.Ho npuna.i.ieiKairiaro bt. 6o.n>nibHCTBb cxyiaenT. Kopoxio. IlHaie CKasaTs: aa/iaia>n. npnna^.iexHTi npaao aaconoxaTexbHaro no-

— 412 — qnna bo scixx oTHomeHlHXX, kukx bx cMucxt OTMtHUdaparo saitOBa b BupafioTHB BOBavo, Tasx u hx c>iuc.]rt H3ntHBnia cymecTBy»mnxx aaKOHOjaTejtiHux'* Hopax h ayTeHTHiecxaro axx TOAKOBaaia, bah, ro- Bopa Boo6me, uaxaTaMX npnHaxxe*H'rx' npaBO AtxaTb npejjoateaia OTHOCHTejibBO bcxehxx .HButncmS 3aKOHa. TaKUMx oGpasoax, npaBo •3aaoBOflaTe3bHo8 HHHniaTHBii 3aK.uoiaeTcn bx tomx, bto naxaTaux iipHuaj.ie*HTX- npaBo caMoeroaTexbHO npeAxaraix Kopoxn sakoHO-- npooKTH, hmh oGcyjExcnaHe, s&sx a Kopo.no upeaocTaujjieTCH npaBo npnr.iamaTb naxaTu ex oficyataeHio saioHonpoeKTOBX, RHeceHHuxx ex’ ero corxacia npaBHTexbcTBOiix. Bx btomx OTHoraeniH a xopoxeBcnofi BXacTBh najaTaMX DpMHaAxaaiuTxojanaKOBoe npaBo npeAxaraTbsanoHO- n^oeiiTu, BcxtjCTBie iero sopoxx b naxaTH oahhekobo jirajwtcji o6xe- leBBuMu npasoMi HSMtHarx 3anoHH. Mh BBAtXH, aTOTOXLKOBXH'fKOTOpHXXeBpOBOfiCBHXXKOHCTHTynisXX ifajiaTH ho nacToainaro bpcmchh ocraioTca npu oabomx iipant neram'S, 6eax npaga $opxa.ibHoft 3aKOHoxaTexmo#HHuuiaTHBbJ. Takobo noxoxeuie A ixx bx- Bajeni, BHpTCHfieprt b ottoctb bx CancoaiB, r j t sasoHO- Aaxe.ii.uaa HuaiiaTHBa upHBaAxesBTX RopoxD bxh boahkohj repaory. PasxBiie Keatxy neTanieS ji aaKOBOAaTBXbHoS HHHuiarHiioB saKAiouaCTca bx tomx, hto neiuuia ecTb He uto hhob, khbx nponienie, o6panieaHoe ex Moaapxy hxb aapxaMeaTy cx ntxb» no6y«AeHia ero bhcctb aa oficyzAeaie uaxaTx sanoaonpoesTX, KacaiomiSca Boupoconx, EOTopue bx Aaaaoe npeua npHBHaioTca BaxtHuxB a HeoTxoxauiiH. Ho sopoxx, BexBKiS repuorx hxb napxaHeHTx, xoTopoiiy npaaocHTca neTuuia, mo- 3K6tx He npHBaTx ee xx cBtAtHiio h HcnoxHeaiio u ocraBUTh Ge3x no- cxtxcxBifl, ecxB bx apocBKOiix 3aEOBonpoeKrt, no ero Mataii), He opeACTaBxaeTca hcoCxojhmocth. Qpaso xce aaEOBOAaTexxHOfl Hannia- tmbu, npHHaAxeaameS aaxaTanx, octx npaoo npeACTaBXHTX Eopo.no oficvsjeHHue a Bupa6oTaaaue naxaTaau 3aKeuonpoeKTu, EOTopue ko- poxb mobcbtx npHaaib bxh OTBeprHyTb, ho EOTopue bhocutca bx na- xaTH a .pa3CMaTpHBax>Tca hmh HesaBucHMo, a aaorAa a BonpeKH xe- xaain sopoxa. Bo Bctxx MoaapxHiecEHxx rocyAapcTBaxx bto npaBo BaEOHOAaTexb- aofi HuimiaTHBU pasAixaeTca Meacxy Ropoxeax a naxaTaMa. Bx peeny- fixHKaHCKaxx rocyxapc-TBaxx npaBo HHBQiaTUBu ho npHHaAxexKTx npe- 3BA®HTypecny6xBEH,xaEX rxaBi HcnoxBHTexbBofl babcth. Teex, npe3B- AeaTx pecay6xHEHCtB.-Axep. CoeA- UlTaTOBX ae axtcxx 3aE0H0AaTexb- B08 HpHAiaTHBB, XOTHeMy k npeAOCTaixaeTca npaBo AtxaTb coo<SmeHia bx CBoeHx eaeroAHOMX nocxaHia KOHrpeccy, nyTeMX KOToparo ohx mo- *eTx yKaauBaTb naxaTaux aa npeAMeiu, EOTopue, do ero paaysitHin, TpefiyioTx BHHNaaia. 9to' aocTaBOBxeaie aiiepHuancEoft KOHCTBTynia Guxo BOcnpoH3Beieao a bo $paaaiH EOHCTHTynieio 1791 r., no KOTopoft

— 413 — sopoxb, aj h B'bpate BjacTt, aoeuBinau Haananie itopoxeBCKofi, Toate 6iua jiHnicHa aaitoHojaTejbHoS HBKiiiaTHBU, n M «iax aero e8 61110 npejouTabueHo npaBO Bb cbohxt, nocxaaiaxb oSpama-Tb Bmmanie na- xaiH Ha npeAMeTU noieny xh6o Baatnue. Co6ctb6hho roBopa, 3T0ib npHHmiui., yuaxHBmifi npaBa rxaBhi Hcno.iHB-rejn.HoS BxacTH HecOBMi- cthmt. cb nauaxaKH KoncTHTyuioHHaro NOHapxBiecKaro ycTpoScTBa: Bb rocy,T,apcTBax-L cl KOnapxH-iecKOfi (JiopMofl npaB.-ie.uiji sopoxb xdx- jkcht. cBHTaxbCfl puBHOnpaBnuMb oxeucuTOH-b cl o6-6hmh naiaTauH (hxb oxhoS). Bnpo-jeM-b, btot-b npuauHn-b u el pecny6xHBaacBHXb ro- cyxapcTBaxb He BHxepatHBaeTca CTporo h xonycsaerb HCK-uoaenia. Tam., no <|>paHny3CKHHb KOHCTHTynioHHbiMb saKOHasib npe3njeHT'b pec- bvCxhkh HM-fieTb npaBO saKOHOxaTexbHoS HHHniaraBbi, ocymecTBjaeMoft HMb -lepeab MHHHCTepCTBO, KOTOpOO OTB^TCTBeQHO HepeXb naxaTaMU. CxSxoBa-rexbHO, bo (JipaHxy3CKO0 pecnyfixuni npmiiHaeTcu napxaMeHT- cxoe ynpanxenic, h Be npoBOXHTCH Tanx CTporo npiranmix pasxfcjieniji BjacTeS, sax-L Bb Cie.-AHep. Coex. IIlTaTaxb. III. Oco6chuo BasHoe aHaienie naxaxb ofiHapyKBBaercH Bb npanf, pa3cuaTpHBaTb h BupafiaiHBaTb aaitononpoesTu . 3to npaBO,—Bb ciuy xoro, uto sa naxa-raMH npusHaeTCH upauo 3ait0H0xaTexbH0fi HHHuia- tbbu,—npu oCcyxtxeaiH naxaTaMH saKoaonpoeaTOBb, BHOCHiuixb. aopo- xeHb, hxh uoouiue npaBBTexbCTBOHb, npoaBJHexcH Bb npaB-fc nonpaBOKb (amendement) hxb lisMineuiS Bb nepDonaaaxbnoMb naicoiionpoeaTt. 3HaueHie axoro npaBa secbMa BaatHo. IIpaBO nonpaBOKb hxh ucnpaBxeHiS Bb saKOHonpoeKT-6, npex- CTaBxaeuoHb Ha oOcyatjeHie naxaTb, npHuuHuiaxbno BUTeitaeTb H3b npaBa saKOBOxaTextHoS HHimiaTHBH, npeaocTaBxennoS naxaxaxb co- BMtCTHO Cb Eopoxeub. EcXH Kopoxb, HXB DpaBHTeXbCTBO OTb UHeHH Kopoxa, HM'feeTb npaBOnpexxaraTb aaBononpoeKTu, to naxaTEl, cb CBoefl CTopOHbi, Bb CHxy Toro, 1T0 saKOHOxaTexbHaa nunniaTHna cnHTae-rca paax^xeHHoS Meatfly hhhh h Eopoxeub, umIhotl upaBO npexxaraTb no noBOxy npexxoateBHaro 3aaoHonpoeKTa T i asiriiHeHUi, EOTopua npa- 3hhk)tch noHXb paayMtHin ueofixo.THuuuu. BcxijcTBie btoto, T i koh- CTHry«iH, KOTopua orpHqaDTb sa naxaiaMH npaso 3aK0H0xaTexbH0fi HHHxiaTHBU, oTpHnaBTb 3a hhhh h npaso nonpaBOBb. Tasb, uanoxeo- HOBCKaa KoiicTHTyuiji 1852 r., Boiopaa fiuxa B0cnpoH3BexeHieHb koh- CTHTypiu 1799 roxa u cxtxy»mHXb aaTtHb KoBcT-m-yniS EOHcyjbcxofi a HMnepaTopcKofl, npexocTaBxaxa npaBO HBHHiaTHBK BCEiiOBHTexbBO npaBBTexbCTBy: saKOBOxaiexbHOMy Kopnycy npexxaraxca roTonuS aaKOHO- npoeKTb, BbipaCOTaiiHUfi Bb rocyflapcTBeHBOMb coB-fc-rf, npH tenb aaKono- X8Texi,HH0 xopnycb hp Morb x-fexaTb Bb npexcxaBxeHHOMb eMy npoeKT-i BBKaBHXb nonpaBOKb 6e3b corxacia npaBHTexbcrBa a rocyxapcTBeHHaro coB-fcTa. Tobho TaKb ate 11 no xapTin JtoxoBHsa XVIII (1814 r.) naxa-

— 414 — tbmb He npejociaBMJOCBnpaiio caaocTonTeaiiRoB HiiHuiaTHBHbbaaaoHO- jaiejECTBi: mis jaBanoci. npaBO xoASTaficTBOBaTb nepeAB Kopoxesre, o BBeceHiH bb BaaaTH Toro ii.TH jpyroro saaoHonpoeKTa. IIoaToay h apaso nonpaBOKB 6hxo othsto y naaan. bb tomb cMUC-rf,, ixo BCflKia nonpaBKH a H3Htiiema bb 3aKononpoemi> Moron noc-itjonaTi. to.ii.ko no coraameHUD cb rocyjapcTBeiniuiiB cobStomb u npaBineatcTBOMB, BBecnmuB saKOHonpoeKTB. Ecoa, ct. oahoS ciopoHH, npaso nonpaBOKB -aoraneCKH BUTeKaeTB hsb npasa 3aBOHOflaTc.itHofi HHHHiaiHBH, npejocTaB-Menofi naoaTasfB, to, cb apyrofi cropOHH, npaBOnonpaBOKB nuieTBoieui, 6o.ii.uioenpaKra- qecKoe aHaqeKie, h6o nyrevs ocymecTBoenis btofo npana h upn no- moihh nonpaBOKB, norja tukobuh OKa3UBaiOTcn HeoftxojtHMumi, moikbtb cocToaTBca coraamenie ae®Ay npaBUTeobCTBOMB h na.iaTaau otboch- Te.11.no BHeceHBaro 3aKononpoeKxa, a cassS 3aKOuonpoeKn> bb stojib coynab aBHica .TiflcrBUTe.iBHUMB pe3y.iBTaT0MB Tasoro cor.iamema. BesB npaBa se nonpaBOKB scaKaa rama a.th corxainenin 6u.ia 6h oraaTa. JlHraeHie npaBa nonpaBOKB npneejo 6h naaaTB kb TaKOMy noooseHuo, no oHi jo.iatuu 6a Cam hjh npauuiaTB 3aKoaonpoeKTB bb nt-iOMT, ero cocranh, en bloc, hjh OTBepraTB ero TaKaie nb.niKOsrj., tto necoraacHO cb noob3aMa rocynapcTBa h tto npenaTCTByeis ycnbm- hoS 3aKononaTe.ii.noit HbaTeuLnocTii. Bb casiOMB Abob, bb dtomb coy- nab naaaTBi npHnyataenu 6u Cu.m nun nnor;ia npunauari, aaKono- upoeKTB ToabKO noTOMy, tto onb cor.iacBu cb o6u;mmb ero iiphbuh- homb, a npoTHBB CBoero yCtatnenin AOuycKaTt TaKoe npaMineuie 3Toro npnmiHna bb tbcthocthxb, npn KOiopoXB 3asoHB, iio yObsieniio na- jaTB, He 6yneTB nubia ycnbxa, nan onb npHnysneHU 6m 6h.thOTuep- rai't sasoHonpoeKTB, no nnbuiio naaaTB, nocTaBjemmS na ooikhmxb oSmnxB ocHOBamaxB, ho, MoaseTB 6uib, OTein, xopomiB bb thctho- CTaxB,'KOTopua Moran6m noayTaTBnpaKTarecEoe npaabHeHie, eora 6u ■tony He noifbmaoH o6mia. ocHOBanin 8aKOHonpoeKTa, BcabnciBie koto- Phxb nocaiHHiS He noaexB 6htb uphhbtb. llpa TaKOfi aabTepHaiaDt naxara a xrpaBHTe.ibCTBO, bo bchkomb coyrab, He nsrl-.-in 6u nimaKoit noxBH a cpencTBB am coroauieniii a ociaBaaacb 6h bo Bpa»Ae6HUXB OTHomeHiaxB spyrB kb flpyry; Torna aaKB npn npanii nonpanOKB onii aoraa 6u coroacaTbca bb TacTiiocTitxB, HK'biomHXBcymecTnenno naatHoe 3HaneHie, tekb caaaaTt, bb o6mefl aaoHOMiH saKOHOAaTejbCT'na. BcabacTBie BumeHS-ioasennuxB coo6pa$enit, oameHie naaaTB npaBa nonpaBOKB Aooasno pascaaTpaBaTbca, kheb Bpejnoe a 6e3noae3Hoe orpaHHTenie npaBB HapoAHaro npeACiaBHTeobCTBa. OrpaiinneHie dto iicxoahtb a3B oGmaro cTpesuenia npanaTb HSBbcTHHH aipu npeA- OCTOPOSHOCTH npoTHBB YB.ieTenia HapoAHaro npeACTaBHTeabCTBa.

— 415 — utpy 6ea%Ho pesyjibTaTU Be oopaB*binaion> oaitAanifl, KOTopua B03.iaraoTca aa 3Ty npeiocTopOKHOCTa, nflo npaea nonpaBOEx, saKX no- Kasa-ix obutl, onnosHqia na.ian,, yseaH'iHBaeTca xaate Ha cten. npa- BepseHqesx cyiqecTByEiiqaro Ka6HiieTa, h6o ohh, coraamancx, Hanp., ax . ofiiuoH't h pacxo,wicL tx npaaHTejbCTBOMX no noBojy nacTHOCTeS n uoipofiHocTeft aaiooHonpoeKTa, nptmyjKACHu fiyiyn. BOTHponaTb aaoAHo, Kasx cx iipHHn.nuia.ii.HUMu upoTUHHHKaMu 3aEoaoapoeBTa, Tanx n cx npoTHBHHKaMH caMOi'o Ka6naeia. OcBOBBoe naiajo, icacaiomecca paa- cvaTpHBaeuaro naau aonpoca, oueaa xoponro oCxacHeHo Txepoxx bx ero Histoire de Vempire (t. IT, CTp. 197), r*S oax, xapasTepasya a» h- Dyg) Jlidaobhkomx XVIII xapTiB) 1814 roja h ocTaiianjiiaaflCb Ha npaBt nonpasoEx, KOToparo 6n.iu jiHiuenu ToraaniHia naxaiH, tobophtx cai- Ayioiqee: ,3xa npeAocropoaKBOCTb upoTHBX npaua nonpauOEX fluja 'ipeaMipHa, moo oCcysAeaie saKOHOBX Ceax bosnoxhocth hex Hsifine- Hia ecTx He ito HHoe, Easx CeanjiojHaH anrraqia. IIocTaBHTb naaaTu Hesqy ajbTepnaTuiioit bphbbtx huh ne npHiunx saKononpoeKTx 6e3x BeaKoS MOAHiJiHEaHiH—3aaiHTx npHB.ieiL hex ex EpaitnHMX p'bnieniflMx H ynHHTOxuTL (dutruire) totx jyxx Eounpouucca (transaction), eoto- pufl AoaaceHX 6utb bcthbbuhx avxomx cbo6oahhxx HapoAOBx“. Bcu-feiCTBie ipaETaMH AOEasaHHofi 6eanojie3HocTH orpaiiHBeHiH na- jaTX bx npaB£ nonpaBOEx, noc.iijwee npH3Baerca 3a hhmh bcJ.hh, Taxx CEasaTb, cepbe3HuuH EoncTHTyqiaMU, Koxopuu npH3Ha»Tx aa na- .laraMH npaBO noupaBOKX, Easx npH3Ha»TX 3a bhhk npaBO 3aKOHOaa- Te.lbHOH HHHniaTHBbl. Ecxh, tbjchmx o6pa30nx, naJiaTu noxbsyDTca upaBOMx nonpaBOEx, to OTCUAa CA^AyeTX, m i nepiioHaaajibnuS upoeuix, e£ hx 6ti oax bh 6hax BHeceax, Moaseix 6htb BHAOHSMineux najaTann Aaae camuhx cymecTBeniiUMx o6pasoHX. ITpu cejix B03HHEaeTx sonpocx: He npoTu- BopiiHTx JH 8to upaBO uonpaBOEx t4 mx npaBaux, botopumh oCua- Aaerb MOHapxHaecKaa luacTb bx rocyAapcTBaxx, nocTpoeHHUxx no THny npejcTaBHTe.ibliuxx Monapxifi? Kopo.iL, noBejisaioiuifi Bnecm orb CBoero nueHu 3aEOuonpoeETx bx naaaiy h no-iyiaiomifl ero ofipaTHO BX H8H'IiH6HHOHX BHA'fc, He 6yA«TX AH DOCTaBAeHX BX Heo6xO-. AHMOCTb npHHHMaTb npeA-ioateme, HBHqiaTHBa KOToparo hceoahtx otx naaaTU, h aaiconx, HCXOAantifi Kasx 6u ae otx Hero? Ho Eopojb bx rocyAapcTBaEX KOHCTaxyaioHHuxx poopyaeax upasoux veto. Bx ciijy BToro, uonapxx uoaeTX He aetb CBoero coraacia aa sasoHX, hbho, no ero HB^HiK), upoTHBoptiamiS Hluaux npaBUTeatcTBa. CalsAosaTeabHO, npaBO caHBHiH a veto aBaaerca cymecTBeHHUMx npaBoax Koponu, ko- TopuMX OHa o6e3ne?HnaeTx cboSoav cbohxx phiuenifl h noo6me cnofioAf CBoefi AiaTeAbHocm bx oSaacTH saKonoAaTejLCTBa. IIoaTOMy npaBO

— 416 — nonpanoK-t, Eotopoe DpejoeTaBjaeica na.iaTaHx, He MOzeTX pa3cna- TpHBaTLca, ebex npoTBBopinie KopojeBcKHMb opeporaTiftaMb. Bo bchromx cAynai npaao nonpaBOKXasaaeTca a* » najan, neodxOAH- mhhx oteoeaeHieHt Toro uo-ioaema KOHCTMTyniH, nx ch.tt EOToparo BCHKifl saEOHX noxeTx 6utb H8^aHi ae anaae, saEx cx corjacis hb- poAnaro npejcTaBHTejxcTBa. UpacymeCTBOBaHiH npaBa aonpasoEXaron. iipunimm, Moxerx fiuTb apoBBACHx BDoant, Huo corjacie aajaix iiupa- zacTca He tojxeo OTHOCHTejxno ofiiqaro npBHUHniajbHaro coAepxaaiH saKoaa, bo h OTHOCHTeJibHO Bcfcx otxLm h x i. ero nocTaHOBaenifl, BLipadoTannuxx bx najaii h pascMorpiHHUxx eio aaKx OTHOCHTeJbHO $opnu, tekx h OTHOCHTejxHo’ co^epaaHia. Thkhhx odpasojix, opaoo aaJSTx Bupazaix csoe corjacie ujh ue- corjacie npu HajaHia saaoHa m iierx to npaKTHaecKoe aaaseHie, aro caMoe cojepaaBie 3aK0Ha onpeji^seTca no corjaraeHin Kopoja h aa- aaTx, T.-e. npa ynacTiH Hapoinaro npeACTaBHieaxcTBa. OficyasAeaieux saKOHonpoeKTOBx HciepnHBaeTca 3aK0E0iaTe.i!,HaH ’ bjectx aajaix. KoBCTHTyiiioHHun nocianoBjeHia rjacaTx, bto hhkhkoS 3aKoax He Moxexx 6htx iiajaHx 6esx corjacia HapoAHaro opeACTaBH- TejBCTBa. Ho sto corjacie ae oCpamaerx 3aKononpoeKTa bx sasoHx. 3asoHoopoeKTX ofipamaeTca bx aaKoiix tojxeo nocji ero caHEqii, T.-e. A’feficTBiesix KOpoaescKoS bjbcth, Koiopaa 3aiiax nonejiBaeix ofiHapoAOBaTb hobliH aaKOHX. 3to cooTHomeeie Meatjy ota4jbhhsih (|)aKTopann saEOHOAaTejBHOfi BjacTH o6aapyzaBaeTca h bx 4>opityjji o6aapoAOBaHia saKOHa. Haop., npyccEaa <J>opnyja TaKOBa: „Mu, Bhjx- rejxax, Boxien mhjoctxd KopojL Upyrcia, yiBepajaenx a nooejf.- Baeax cx coraacia ofrfenxx na.iaTx jaHATara uoHapxin HH»ecjtAy»- mee“ (... verordnen in UebereinBtimnrang mit den beiden Kam- mem der Monarchie, was folgt...). 3arfsj!Xbabtx H3Jozeiiie cojepacaHia saKOHa '). Hsx 3toS $opnyau bujbo, hto corjacie aajaix KacacTca tojbko coaepsaHia aasoHa; caMufi ae saKOHX nojynaeTx ofiaaaTejBnyi) cajy no KopojeBCKOMy yTBepajeBie, Ha ocHOBamH aero Kopojt h no- Bej-feBaert, wasfolgt, ho »to was folgt (eto cibayerx) aojkhoOyKBajb- 80 COOTBiTCTBOBaTB H OTX CJOBa AO CJOBB HOBTOpflTB nOCTEHOBjeHHOe aajataHH. B. <PuHaHC06btn npaea. I. BTopaa oSjacTB, bx KOTopoft Tasate Tpefiyeica corjacie najaix, ecTX ofijacTB diHHaacoBaro ynpaBJcaia, KOTopaa, jjh yjoficTBa pascao- TpiBia, Mozerx 6uti, pa3Ab.ieHa na 2 lacra.- 1) Ha ycTaHOBjesie aa- ') Ch. p. 154.

— 417 — xofobx h 2) Ha ynoTpefiieme cpeACTBX rpcyxapCTBa Ha HOKpuTie pac- xoaobx no pa3HHMX npexMeTaux rocyjapciBeHHaro ynpaBxema. □ paBO ycTaHOBJeHiH na.iorOBX ecTt npaBO, onpejiuiiiiomoe, Kaaaa Aoxa HMymecTBX, upHHaxxeiKamHxx rpazAananx, Ha ocHOBaHia Toro hxh apyroro npaiinana o6.io»cnia, Aoxzna nocTynaTb bx pacnopaxe- Hie yocyaapcTBa. IIpaBO SioaateTHOo bx coficTBeHHOMX cMtic.ii ecrx npaBO naaHanaTb cpexcTBa, BaxoAHiniaca bx pacnopaateHia rocyxapcTBa, aa DOEpHTie pacxo/OBX oo OTA'S.ixh ijiix npeAMexaux I'ocyAapcrncnuaro ynpau.ieHia. TaKUMx o6pa3.oux, npaBO ycTaHOBxemx naxoroBX hah npo- cto npaBO HajoroBX u CujzeTHoe npaBO bx cymecTnt csoeux pa3JHHHu h HCxopuiecKH xaze He csa-taHid siextAy co6od. ITpaBO yiacxia u corxa- cia Ha ycTaHOBjeHie naxorotix hctophhockh pa38HAocb parrfie, Hexe.iH npaBO ynacria naxaTx bx cocTaBJieniH h yTBepatjeHiH rocyAapcTBeHHoi pocnacH. 9to CBBiiiejitcTByeTCH ejiaKTanH H3X cpeAHeBittOBofi HCTopiH AnrjiH, a paBHO h hsx ncropiu B cixx cpe.pieBliKOBuxi, rocyxapcTBx, r j i mmS ahce saxaTKH cocxoBHaro npeACxaBHTextcTBa, nanx EopTecu bx Rename, gtats g6n£ranx bo ’J’paHHin ■ t. a. Ho HaH6ox ie cvme- CTBeHHun npaBa bx stohx OTHomeHiH 6u.ni ycTanoBxeHH jjm aHrxifi- cnaro npejcTUBHieaiiCTBa. He ocTanaB^Hiiaact Ha anrxocaECOHCKOMX nepioa'i, h u ysazeMx aa Baatnxia xannua hbx nepioja HOpuanncKaro h c.iSjysHnitxx, n6o bx bth nepioju ycxaHOBHAHex nanaxa, KOTopua xerjH bx ocHOBanie huh-S xSficTByiomaro bx Amain npaBa. II. Kopoxn bx nepioAx HOpuaHHCEifi noaxsoBaxHex mhothmh cano- CTOHTeAXHHHH HCTOHHHKaMH AOXOAOBX, KOTOpHe fiUAH ycTailOB.ieHH BaEOHaHH HAH o6fJiafll!H. Bo-nepBHXX, KOpOXH UO.lbbOBa.THCl, AOXOAaXH cx co6ctb6hhuxx KopoAeBCKHxx aeMejb, T.-e. cx .itcoax n yroiifi, co- CTaBAHBmaxx KopoxeBCKie Aouenu, nacTH EOTOpuxx 6uah pa3ciaHH bx pasHiixx M-fecxaxx Amato h yupaBJia-iHcx aa ocofiuxx ocHOBaHiaxx. Eo-BTOpuxx, KOpoAio, KSKx rxaB'S (JieoAa.ibnaro oumecTBa, uhkx p.iaBi xepatamHxx otx Hero 3enaH BaccaxoBX atxobhuxx h cbIitckhxx, Dpa- HaAAesaxo npaBO na aoxoau cx aohobx bx pa&nnHiixx cxyHaaxx. a) Hpn nepexoAi aeHOBx hsx oahSxx pyEx bx ■ Apyria, T.-e. co6- CTB6HH0 npH uojTBepjK.ieniu npaBx Hosaro -leBHaro BJaASAxpa cx Hero fipajoex Taex Ha3. relevium. 6) Kopoxx hbxhach oneEyHOHX MaxoaiTHHXx Bacea.ioBX ofioero noxa, npa qesix eMy npHHaAxezaax HSBicTHHfl aoxoax cx HnymecTBa oneKaenuxx. b) Kopo.iio npHHaxaeaaxo npaBO Bujain 3a- ny»x Hac-iiADHnx ..teHHaro HMymecTBa; bx cmucjS HCTOiHHKa KopoxeB- CEHXX AOXOAOBX 8T0 npaBO 6HA0 He H3X MaAOBaXHBIXX (HHOrAa OTX Hero OTEynaAHCb, h xa*e 6uAa ycTaHOB.ieHa oco6aa TaKca cx ahax, buxoahiuhxx sanyaix cx npHxamJnx bx bhaS Jena), r) KopoxescEie aoxoau nonoAHajHCb HHOrAa h KOH<|mcKauieiO jenoax bx cxyial; Hapy- meHia BtpnocTH Baccaxa hxh yxuHeHHofl mix rocyAapcTBeHHofi hshShu. a. rrAjoBCKifi, i. r. 27

— 418 — f) 3atinb EopoJb anixb npaBO xpe6oBaxb OTb BaecaxoBb. bohiickuxt, noBHHHoexe#. o) Ho cBepxb Bcero axoro Kopo.ro npHHai-iexa.io ome npaBOTpefiomifccyficHjifi, auxilia, aids, KOTopuaHorXH 6htb Ha3naqaeMH Bb Tpexa, cxyiajixb: 1) npn BUKyni Kopo.M nab njrima, 2) npn nocBame- Hin cxapmaro ltopoaeBCsaro craa BbpimapH n 3)' npn BHjtaii cxapmeS joqepa aauyaib. Bee axo 6hjh Becbna cymecTnennae hctoxhuku \\OiO- AOBt, KOTopuMHnoabsoBaJHeb nopMaHHCKie KOpOJH. Ho CBBpXb Toro ko- pojH noabsoBaJHCb bchkhmi, cxyqaenb, xto6u bboahtb hobhc noBHunocxn a c6opu, HenpcjycHorpiHHHe saxonaMU h ofiaqaasm. 3ariMb KopoJB npHaajyieaaJH efiopu, coejuHaeMue cb orapaBAemenb npaBOcyjia, T.-e. pa3HOo6paanua cy.ieOuua nonuumi. Sna'iiiTeAbHiiMb HCToqaiiKOMb ao- xoAOBb cxyatmo xasace axh Kopoxa npaBO ero Haxaran aAUHHncxpa- TKBHua BsucKuaia u.m mxpa(|]H (amerciament), soxopue aB.ia.iacb qpe3BU'iaBao oCpexeauxeAbHbiuu a npoH3iio.ibHiJMH, a KOTopae, sieatAy npoqaub, (Suah nOBOAOHb Kb R03MyiaeaiK) upoxHBb iiopoxa Ioanna Ee33eMe.n,naro. He 6uxo H3baTO OTb KopoxeacKHXb nofiopoBb n iyxo- BeHcxBo: npH BaKanniH AyxoBnuxb xoxxHOCTefi, HMymecxBa, Kb nHHb oTHOcamiaca, 6eHei|muiH, Gpaxucb Kopoxenb Bb cBoe ynpaBxenie, h Aoxoabi cb HHXb nun Bb ero noxbay. TanuMb o6pa3onb, Kopoxb uep- BOHaqa.ihHO nH$Xb caMocxoaTextHHB nci'oqHHKb aoxoaobt., uoxopHXH h noKpuBa.mcb pacxoAu, KaKb Ha coOcTBemioeero coAepatame, vara h no ynpaBxeiriio rocyAapcTBOMb. Ho bth nepnoHaqa.itHue hctobhukh aoxo- AOBb, KOTopue hocilju HasBaHie ofluKiionenHUxb aoxoaobb nopo-ia, BnocxiACTBiH omaincb HeAOCTaxoqHUun. BcA-fiAcisie sxoro, Kopoxb npnayzAenb Stub upnOiraTb Kb qpesBuqauHbiMb cyOcnAiasib, cnaqaxa noayqaenmi. orb AByxb Bucmnxb cocxonia, ABOpaHcma n AyxonencxBa, a saitMb n OTb o6ihkhi Bb -jHUi napxaxenxa. 9th cyficHAia na3uaqa- xHCb Bb diopnt nsBiciHaro nponenraaro c6opa cb aoxoaobb u cb HMy- mecTsa h BOxnpoBaxHCb cocaobuihu, co6paunuMH Bb napaasieuxb, cua- iaxa oTAixbno, a noxoHb cobm4 ctho. 9th5h> nyxeMb ycTarioB.wxncb a nocTOAHHue naxorii, TaKb, Hanp., nb napcTBOBanie 9AyapAa I 6uxx, ycTaHOBaeHb ocoOuB Haxorb Ha mepexb, KaKb na raaBHHS npeAMMb BbiB03a h ToproBXH Bb AHrxra, a Tanse u smoro Apymxb naxoroeb, ho He HHane, KaKb cb corxacia napxasiCRia. QpHBimaa bo BDHHanie HeodxoAHMOcxb axuxb oco6uxb Aonoxaa- bHHXbcCopoBb h cyficHAig, Baccaju AnraiH, Bb BHxy 3Xoynoxpe6je- HiS KopoxeBCKon aAUHnucTpapiu „ cxyqaenb npoiuBOiibHaro oCxoateHia h passopHTexiHuxb xpe6oBaHiS, ofipanieHHUxb Kb Baccaxasib h oSihh- Haub, BnocxtACTBiH CTajxH CTpeMHikca Kb orpamineHiro npaBb Kopoaa. TaKb, y*e Bb 1215 r. Bb ct. 12 Be.iHKofi xaprin 6h .io iiocTauoBxeHO, qxo HHKaiiaa cyficHjia, KpoMli Tpexb BHmeonncaHBuxb c.ivqaeBb (uxiHb BoseeAeHie BbpunapnH e«Aaqa 3a»y*b>ne MO.eib 0yTt ycxaHoexeml

— 419 — h D:iucEunaeua iinaie, kskx cx coraacia upejaTosx 11fiapoHOBX, cosBaH- hijxti bx commune consilium. OrHOCHTe.iiHO ate nocxiiHaro ct. 14 xapTia nocTaHOBluert, n o ad tenendum commune consilium, T.-e. i m ofipasoaaaia fioxhinoro coatoa „mu (Kopo.it) fiyneicx nparaamaTt npe- xaTOBX, apxienacKonnBX, cuhckomobt, h aOCaTOB-t, rpaipOBx a fiapoiioBi, BeuocpeACTBeBHHXt Bacc&iOBX KopoHti, .tenentes in capita, 0T,vtui,H0 saatjaro ocoOumk npHr.iacHTc.ii.HUMn rmcbvaMH (sBaBniHHHca BnocirM- ctbih upH3UBHBiMH rpaMOTaMu), a Bcixx npoiux'b puuapeft fiyxeMx nparaamaTB icpexi. niepwfiOBXu fia.ii.ii TaEHMXofipaaoMX, bthxx uu.io noxoseno naiaxo npH3UBiioro yiacTia cocxonift bx paapbuieHiH cyficH.iiS. ' ID. ^axbHiftinaa cyjbfia .rroro Haiaxa aasuci-ia ott, pasBHTia ofimuxi no.iHTHHecKiixT. upaBx a o n . o6meft cvji.fiu pa3Bnxia uapoA- uaro iipeACTaoHTeuBCTBa, KOTopoe ui.io ohcbb mpa.tbhho, h6o Bexuaaa xapTia uocToaBBO uapyuia.iach Kopoxami, h fio.if.e 80 xIitx m.ia fiopbfia 3a boaxhocth, japoBaHBua eio KaKT, bhcbihmx cocxoBiaax, Taxx OTiacTH b Bcefi Banin. To.ibko b x KOHU’t napcTBOBania Snyapja I, 10 OKTufipa 1297 roia, coBepmHxocx OKOBiaTe.ii.noc., yTBepaAeaie 3Tofi xapriB, Confirmatio cartarum. Bx cdh3h cx stbmx Haxo- jhtch h H3naHHHfl Torxa ate Statutum de tallagio non concedendo. 8totx CTaTyTX ee ecTt ayTeHTmecKaa rpanoTa 3jyapna I; o Heft TnounnaeTCB bx o.ihoS coBpeMeHHOft xponnr£: ona no.Tymxa 3HaieHie •iiinn. bx 1628 roxv no noBOjv „neTHniH o npaBaxx\", noxHeceaHofi nap.iaMeHTOMx Kopo.iB Kap.iy I , r j t 6uxa ccuxKa Ha stotx CTaTyTX 3xyapja I , a Tasae h bx 1637 roxy, Korja KopoxeBCitift cyxx npa- SHaxx ayTeHTHiecKoe 3uaieitie 3Toro CTaTyia (no x txy j(. raunAeaa). jliflcTBHTe.iBHoe ae SBaienie uu4eTx Confirmatio cartarum, HanacaHHaa na CTapo-<|>paHny3CK0six h3hk$. PasHBna iiea.iy bthhh saitOHOxaTexL- bumh aKTaMH, T.-e. aieaay Confirmatio cartarum h Statutum de talla­ gio non concedendo 3aKnoiaeTca bx tokx, <rro craTLH 6 Confirmatio carlarum roBopHTx o tomx, hto „nnKaKaa cyficania, Ha.iorx a cfiopx He fiyaeTX ycTaHOBaeHX h cfiHpaeMX HHaie, kskx cx coraacia npexa- tobx, fiapoaoBX h npexcTaBHTexeft otx o6h; hrx (Boofime uapxaMenTa), Kpoimi. ofiuiHuxx (bx crnicxi CTaparo TepuaHa) h catnyeBtixx aaux (nopoxaj) no 3aK0Hy“. Docj i n naa oroBopga Becsua cymecTBeima h noBxeiua 3a co6od bx 6yxyineux fioxxmia nocxixcTBiH, tkkx kskx ea neonpei'k.ieiiHOCTbio uo.ib30Baxncb kukt. Kopo.iB, tbkx b KopoxeBcsie cv.iu npa BOBHHKHOBeHia xfixx o HesaKOHHuxx nofiopaxx. 'I to ate na- caeTca Statutum de tallagio non concedendo, to b x h6mx CKa3aH0 opaMo: hukhkou Haxorx (nullum auxilium) ae mosbtx 6utx cofipanx HHaie a np. HHEasoft oroBopKH h^tx. 3to cyinecmeHnoe paa.uiiie AByxx hktobx noJiyiH-io cajry sasoBOxaTejbHaro npaBH.ia To.ibico 000x4 Aoaroft fiopi.fiu Meatnv KopoxescKofi BjiacTtD a uapjaMeiiToiix. 27*

— 420 — H TO.ibEO, kofa&MHiiyjB cpejHie B^Ka, b i AarjiH na stotb pa3i. yae npouio ycTaHOBHviocB to ofimec npaBnao, n o BHaaKoft Hajore. u efiopr, ero He iioaera 6htl ycTaHOBaeHi h npoHSBexeHX . anaie, Kasi ct. corjacia napaaueHTa. 3Haaenie bt. paacyaaeaiH Torox hto bt. TorjaraHefi Anraia HHaaKOii npaBHJBHoB chctomh HaaoroBt He cymecrBOBajo: napaaMeHTti cobh- B&3HCB ad hoc h no nnno^y OTAtabHUXT caynaeBT. BOTHpoea-ia tott> hjh apyrofl HajorB. Tam,, Haup., 9AyapAi III BejteTB qacTbia boBhh ct d’paHaieBD, ct ifloTJaHAieio, KOTopua Tpe6y»TT> 6ojihuhxt H3jep- xeKi, npeBuraaB)in,nxi pa3Hhpt „o6HKHOBeHHHXT“ KopojeBCKHXT'jo- xoaobt,. IIpiixoAHioct npuCtraTb et „TpeaBuqaflHBMi“ AOJOAaMi, T.-e. e i cyficHjiaMT m i nap.ianenTa. Faj(H sto# ut.iH 3jyapjT bt feneHie 50 airs cnoero napcrBOBania cosuBaen, uapaaveHTi He Me- ■ Hie 70 paw. 9th MHoroKpaTHOCTB cobubb yKa3UBaerb, tto bt ero napcTBOBaHie HapoAHoe npeACTaBHTejbCTBO nojyiHJo Co.ibUioe SHaqe- Hie. UapaaMenTH BOTiipoBaan EopojD cyficHAia, no, khki 6h bt DOBHa- rpaaiAeHie 3a sto, BUioaapHBaaH cedi pasHua npHBHaeriH a ycTynEH co cropoHH Eopo-ia. Ho cy6cHAiu, payt oat fiujH BOTHpoBaHbi napaa- MeHTOMi, Ha3Hanaa*cb bt GesoTieTuoe pacnopaaeaie Eopoaa: obt yno- Tpefiaaab hxt 6e3KonTpoai,no. Uohhtkh napaaHeHTa ycTanoBHTb eoh- Tpoab H aji Tiara ynoTpefiaeHieMi, KOTopoe Aiaaxb Kopoab H3Tcy6cH- AHpyeMuxi eMy AeHeri, bcakiS paaT TepniiH itpyinenie. Bcasiir pa3T Eopoau yM'haH OTCTaHBaib HesaBHCHMocTb CBoero ynpaaaeHia. IV . TanHMb odpasoMi, CHaa oapaaMenTa, uchtpt thjkccth ero 4iuBaH(xiBoft BaacTH, nosoHaacb HCKannETeabHO Ha npairli BupaacaTb cBoe coraacie hjh Hecoraacie Ha cyficnuH hjh Apyria ncnoMomecTBO- Bania EopojD bt t4 xt cjyqaaxi, sorja coficTBeHHHXT cpejcTBT y Hero He XBaTaao, ho He na pacnpejiaenm bthit cydcHAifi no npej- MeraM’b ynpaB.ieaia h He Ha KOHTpoai bt ynoTpedaeniH EOpoaeHT BTHXT A6He»HUXb CpeACTBT. MbI OTMtqaeHT STOTT. (paKTT, TTOfibl ymaTb Ha 3Haqenie AajbHiflmaro paaBHTia anrjificEaro cpHHaHCOBaro npasa, 'rani khkt bt. ocHOBy sroro paaBHTia BnocaiACTBin Cujh noao- *eHH, Kant yBHAHMi HHae, Apyria aanaja. Ho Mhpi pa8BHTia chctomh hoctohhhuxi h npaBHJbHbixi Haao- roBi, no M tpi Toro, Earn coSctbchhuh cpeAcma sopoau, BcaiACTBie pa3HO06pa3HKXT. upHTHHi, CTajH Haao DOMajy HCHesaTb, 6pesa rocy- AapcTBeHHaro ynpaBjeHia aoj« hh 6hjb bhhochts HCEJD-niTejbHO na- JOrH, BOTHpOBaHHUC napjaMeHTaMH. llpa TCMT, o6HEH0BeHHHMH aoxo- AaHH rocyAapcTBa cjiaamcb He Bpeacnie .ofiuKHOBeuHLie\" aoxoah Eopoaa, a coBOEynHOCTb rfixi najoroBb h nonuHiib, uoTopue (Shah ycTaHOBjeHH h peryjHpoBaHH ocoSu m h saEOHSMH, h coBoiiynnocTt kotc-

— 421 — pux-L 6ujia, HaicoHein,, upauejeHa bt, cacTeay Bt XVID CTOjifrriH. CoBOKvuHocTb rbxt cpexcTBt, kotopun nojyqajiHCL o n BTaxt bmo- roBt, h oCpasoBajia Taut na3UBaeMHil KOHcoAudupoeaHHiaii fpowh. Cxi- .VmaTe.itHO,KOHCO^HjapoBaanuS(ponji. eerbcoBOicyniiocTi, rf.x?. cjic.uctbi, Koxopua rocyAapCTBO no-iyiaen. OTt boctohhho • cymecTuyioinHX'b Ha.ioroBX, ycTauoiiaenuuxT, aaKOiiaMH, BOTopue HSAaBaxach uapxaMeR- tbxh Bt paairaa BpenoHa, a BOTopue upHBeaeHu bb cacTeMy. B t KHAy noeroaHHUxb pacxoAoat rocyxapcTBa' no pa3HHMt npax- MeiaMt ynpaBxema, pacxoAOBt, KOTopwe hco<5xoahmo k ojik b u 6ujw noKpuBaTtca, cpeAHeBliKonoe npaBO OTKa3HBan> b i cyCcaAiaxt noTe- paxo sHaiene. B t cpeAnie Etna 3TO npaBO napxaitCHTa 6uxo CKOpiie cpeACTBOMt peBoxBKioHnuat, B in t BopMa.ii.nuMb. X otb HHKaKo® sa- EOEt Be HBMiHHxt Toro ofimaro ,a ycTauoBHKiiiaroca Bt AHrxia npa- Baxa, no Boiopoay Ha-iora cyTb Ao6poB0xbHHS ja p t oOihhhx (mu Buiue BHA’fe.ia, bto eme Bt 1766 r. bto Haaaxo 6uxo npoBOsraaraaeMo QBTTOMt CTaptBHMt Bt ero p tlH BO BOBOAy 06x0Z 6Hia aMepBRaBCKBXt KoaoBifi), T'tut He venfie bto, E ast roBopBTt ToAAt, ca.ii.Hoe opyatie (T.-e. 0TKa3t B t cyfeaAiaxt) nuHt CAaeo b i apxaBt. MozeTt 6uib, xorAa HoCyAb oho b Syxerb usBaeteuo oTTyja bhobl, ho Bt aacTO- amee BpeMa cymecTBeaHaa poxb aap.iaweiiTa cocTOHTt yae He Bt npeaHeut npaai Bupazarb cuoe corxacie h.ik aecor-iacie Ha cy6ca- Aia, a B t pacnpeA'fcxeHiH cpexcTBt rocyaapcTBa no npeAMeTaMt yopa- Bxeaia a Bt KOHTpo.rt aaAt ynoTpcOxenieMi. pacnpeA’fexeHHbixt cyMMt. K t Bioiry npaiie.ia a Bt STOMt saBAwraioTca rh hobijh saaaxa, hoxo- aeaHua Bt ochobv pasaaria •f>nnaHC0B0i» ba&cth napxaneHTa, o eoto- puxt mu ynoMBHaaa aeMHoro B an e. ycTaHOBxeHie KOHcoaaAapoBaH- aaro d>OHAa nepenecxo neHTpt TaaecTa napjaaenTCKaro aaiaEia Ha Boopocu o pacnpeAtxeaiii cyuMt, nociynaiomaxt a t pacaopazesie rocyAapCTBa Mezxy orjlubHHMH qacTaMH nipaiuenia. Ho a at btoto He cjrfcAyert, bto BxaCTb uapxaMeHTa Bt caMOMt HasHaienia oiaxt cyMMt npHAHiecxH Bt neat ah6o yMa.ia.iacb, h6o roeyAapcTBeHHaa pocnacb, upeacTaBxaesiaa Ha paacMOTp’bBie a yTBepzxeHie nap.iaMeiiTa, saEABnaert Bt ce6i HcurcxeHie E a st aoxoaobi, ia K t a pacxoAOBt rocyAapCTBa a , cxiAOBaTexbHO, npaBHTe.ucTBO aaieT t npaBO no.ibso- BaTbca ToabKO t6mh HCToaHHEaMH AOXoaoBt, BOTopue yTBepzxeHij napaaifeBTOMt. Ilpa ezeroAHOMt yTBepacAOHia CiOAzeTa, umjipbi Ha.iu- roBt, ycTaHOBxeBHUxt Bt paBABaHuxt (fopMaxt, Moryit Chtb yueat- meau a ynexaienhi. a.ia xaze HBue na.iora, no npeACTaBjenin npa- BHTejibCTBa, Moryrt S u it BOBce OTM’feHeHu a, caliAOBaTexbHO, coBOByn- HOClt rfcxt HCTOBHEBOBt AOXOAOB'b, BOTOpUMH BOAbSyeTCB npaBHTeab- ctbo, KOropije nocTynaja Bt pacnopjiaienie rocyAapcTBeHHaro Ka3Ha- aeflcTBa, Bee tbeh ezeroAHo yTBopzAawtca napjaueiiTOMt.

- 422 — T. $aimnecKH rjaBHuB npejMeTx xfcScTBia napjaMeHTa ecTb pacnpeaijeHie cyMMx no OTAdMtHUHX qacTHMx rocyAapcTBenaaro ynpaaaeHia. Mu bba&ib, hto bx cpejaie Bfeaa, Eorja uapaaueHTU upejocTanaajH bx pacnopaaceaie aopoja jamb oupexfuennua cv6cmia noJHoS oyMMOfl, aa6j»AeHie 3a pacnpesi-ieHiein.■ h ynoTpeAienienx hxx 6ujo ho bo B.iacra napjaMeHTa, xots aeoAHoapaTHo A^Jajacb doduteh BOAiBHaTb STOTT) npeAuerx nap.ioMCHtcsomy na,T3opy. J,ta- Cl'BHTejbBHfl KOHTpOJb napjaMeHTa BX 8TOMX OTBOmeHlH B03HHEX BX AapcTBOBaHie Kapja II, ado bx bto nupcTBOBanie AonycKajBCb MHoro- THCJeiiHUH a BaxHua aioynoTpefijeaui bxpacxoAOBaniHcyuHX. Cyuuu, OTnymeHHua aapjaireHTOMx, pacxoAOBajHCb He Ha Tt npejMeTU, aa KOTopue onli aasaaiajmcb. 9ro odxaeaaeTea odpa30MX »cii3nu Kopo.ia. iotophB OTJaqajca aeofiuqaBHUMX motobctbomx, h EOTopuB tpbthjx rponajaua cyMMti aa cboh yAOBOJbCTBia, a Taaate a BJoyaorpedje- HiaMa oTAtJbHuxx ero mhhuctpobx. BciriiACTBie sroro, oapjaueHTX onpeAiaHJX, tto cymsu, oxnycKaeMiia hhx, aoryTX 6uTb ynoTpefiaeau sopoaeux T'ijxeo aa rf, npeaxteTH, aa aoropue apeAHa3aaaeHH aap- aaueHTOux. Cj*AoBaTeJbHo, aaXAaa BHAaaa, accarayeMaa napjaMea- tomx, 3aKp-fcn.ieHa du.ia 3a toB cTaiben pacxoja, aoTopaa npeAycao- iptiia bx rocyAapcTBeHaofl pocnaca. Aktx, nocpeACTBOMX KOTOparo DapjaMeuTx ycTaaoBjaeTx 8Ty cbhsb mc* a)' BUAaaero a npeAMBTOMX, Ajb Koroparo ohb npejoasnaaaeTca, aasuuaeTca Appropriation act. CoBOEyaHOCTb ae bktobx napjaMeHTa, nocpeACTBoux eotophxx ohx BorapyeTx oTAi-ibHua ciaTba pacxoAa, HaauBaeica Appropriation bill. OdUEHOBeHHO OHX BOTHpyOTCB nOCji Torn, KHKX Bet CTaTXH pUCXOAa b npeAMeTu, AJJ aoTopuix OHi npeAHa3Haia«)Tca, i.aacMOTpiiHij nap- jaaeaTOHX, a aocit Toro, Kasx CAtjaaa o6maa cboakh rocyxapcTBen- hoB pocnaca. Do OKuHTSHia KasAaro roju nap-iaiieHTX nojyiaeTx ot- qeTX o AbfieTBHTejbHOKx HcaojaeHiH cmBth otx ocodaro yapexAsaia, HMiiomaro cxoactbo cx rocyAapcTBeaauiix KOHTpoaeMX—audit. Max aroro nopaxsa cjijyerx, tto pascMOTpiaie cm* th rocyAapcTBeHHUxx pacxoAOBX (dDAxera) coBepniaOTCa no CTaTbHMX. Pa3x BjacTb napja- aeHia upocTiipaeica aa HasHaaeme cyaxx cneniajbHHxx, aa onpeA*- jeHHiie npeAMexu rocyAapcTaeaHaro ynpasjeHia, EasAoe B3x Taaaxx Ha3aaqeai8 aojmho 6utx paacMaipHBaeNO bx aadManin napjaMeHTa, BOTHpycmaro sth Bujara. 9 thmx onpejt.iaeTca caMuS nopajoEX Ta- Koro paBCBOTpiaia. HaeHHO, Ea*Au8 rojx nepeAX HanajoMx cecciH napjaMeHTa, aaBHiiepx xasHaieScTBa apeACTaajaeTX napjaaeaTy npo- eEix rocyAapcTBeaaoa pocnaca, hah thkx HastiBaeMuB C»aje4tx *)•

— 423 — 'I'Hiiaucoiiue 6hajh bboaatch bb aarjificaift uapjaneHTi. Be neaie. sasT. qepeaB uajaTv, oftpameuayR) bb KosiHTen,. Ha stotb EOHenB bb Heft npejctjaTeJibCTByeTT. ae cnasept, a upeact.we-ib TauB Baau- BaeMUXB 4>HHaacoBUXB KOMHTeTOBi.—AspsieHB. HaaaTa ofipaayeTB hsb ce6a 2 tbkhxb KOHHTexa. IlepBOHaiaji.Ho oHa ofipamaeTca bb eohh- Ten. eyficBAift, bb KOTOpOKB pascHa-fpmiaiomi ofimia cyxnu Baaaaie- sii, upejcTui'.jeuuuxb no rocyAapcTBOBHoft poenHCH, a Tanxe h to, mckoabieo t4 hah ipyria pySpHKHpacxoAOBBneofixoxHMH, a iiacxoAbKo OHi cooTBtTCTayiori rocyAapcTBeHBUMT, norpefiHOCTauB. Eorja o6mia cy»MU no CTaTtHHB paacMorptHu, na.iaTa oftpamaeTca bo BTOpoft ko- MHTeTB, B’B K0MHT6TB nyiefi H CpeACTBB ilB pa:iCBOTpf,uilI Toro, na- bumh cpeACTBaun aoashh 6utl noKpuTU pacxoAH, BHeceHHue bb pocnncb. Coofipaaao rocyAapcTBenHott pocnncH, bb EOTopoft nciHc-ieHU hctoahhkk aoxoaobb, accHrayioTCB Ha fcaxAUft upeAMGTB oupejiAeu- 11BUH cyHMbl CB J'KasaHieMB, H3B KaKHX'b HHeHBO HCTOA HKOBB 3TH 6CJMMH AOASKHU paTbCa, HAH KaKHMH HCTOABlIKaMH AOASHH nospu- BaTbCH T i HAH APyrie upeaMCTIl poCHHCH. IIpH 3T0HB HapABHeHTBMO- seTB BOTHpoBaTb h qpesBMiaSHHft caoco&b uoKpuTiapacxoAOBB, Hanp., rocyjiapcTBeHHuft aaeHBbb t* xb c.iyAaaxB, BorAa (|muancoBOMy ynpa- BAcniw no AannuxB pocnncn yrpoxaeiB ao^hahtb. 3aTinB, ijuiHanco- 6Bue komhtbtu ofipamasjTCH bhobb bb naxaTy, rAt h BOTHpyeica npeABapHTeAbHO pascxorptHHuft »A*eTB HapaBHt, co bchbhmb ipy- thmb aaitoHOMB. Hoc.it BOTHpOBaniH finAateTa naAaroD HSAaeTCH Appropriation bill, BOTopuHB onpeAtAHKirca n yTBep*Aa»TCH Bet bu- Abah no OTAtAbnuHB upeAHOTaHB rocyiapcTBeHHHXB pacxoAOBB, h KOTopbiHB OTEpuBaerca npaBHTeAbCTBy speAHTB Ha caxAuft toab B3B Ba3HaneftcTBa hah H3B uaniona.ibnaro anr-iificKaro 6ansa na nOKpurie TexyninxB HSAepxexB. TaaOBO 6»A*eTHoe npaBO bb AhtaIh. T L Ha EOHTnBeBrt EBponu, npH BBeAOHin KOHCTHTynioanuxB 6yqpesAOHjft, ochobhoA npHnnnnB aHrAiftcitaro GioAaseTnaro npaBa hab B0Cnp0H3B6A0HB BCtMH rOcyAapCTBaHH 3B HtKOTOpUUH, BnpOneHB. HC- KAwneHiaHH. Moxho caasaTb, ato npH BucAeniu KoncTHTynioHHHXB ynpcfflAeirift na KonTHHeuT* EBponu, cyinecTBOBaBmaa bb Heft chctcxb noAareft h CTapaa cHCTOna cyGcHAift HcnesxH BHtcTt co cTapunn cpeAHCBtKOBHMH yqpexAOHiHHH, xaKOBu 6hjh (Stats gGnlraux bo $paH- Hin, Kop'rechi bb HcuaHM n T. a- ■ tHHancoBaa axHHHHCTpania pasBK- jacb yse bb nepioAB aficoABTHoft MOHapxiu. Bb bto BpeHH pasaa.iacb a ycTanoBHAaCb chctcnu HajoroBt, ycrauoBAaexuxB rocyAapcTBeHHOio BAaCTBD. TaKB ATO CB 1789 rOA8, KOrAa CTaAH BBOAHT&CH KOHCTHTy-

— 424 — uionuuH yipeajenia, HMb Be npaxoaa.iocL coSAasarb KaKoii HH(Sy» hoboB opraBHBaaia aapoABaro u rocyjapciBeHHaro xo3aScTBa, ho hbh- aacb naioSnocTt toabeo bb Toub, hto6u eojihbhti. rocy^apcfBCHHoe ynpaBxeme Boofime a rocyjapcTBeitHue pacxoju Bb lacTnociH boh- Tpoaio h HaAsopy aapoAaaro upeACTaBiiTe.ibCTua. BcjtACTBie BToro; bo $pamuH, no ietiapanin npaBt, 6i m npaaeaHb tott. npuunHirL, bto, TaKi, aaKi cyBepeiiHTBTx npHHaAAezHTb HapoAy, npeACTaBHTeiaHb ero AOAsho uptiHa.uezaTb npaBo iiaBan. CBoe coraacie aa ycTaHOBAeaie HaaorOBt. 3to Haaajio BOcnpoH3BOAnaoct nocTanonjeninan a Bcixb oTAtJbHuxi (|ipaBny3CKHX-b KOHCTHTynifl. Oho fiujo BocnpoatneieHO Taitze h KOHCTHTyniefi fie.ibriBcKofi. Bnpoaeai., npaaiHeHie btoto Ha- iaja Be acKAioBajo toio iJiaKTa, bto tfiopau naAoroBb cymecTBOBaAH a OBpeAtiHJHCb Bb CHAy cnen;ia.uHijxb 3aiOHOBb, H3jaBaBmHics no btomv iipeAMeTy. Hajora npnirae, KocBennue, cfiopu noaeae.iL.nue, cb zHABnib, axnaMHue a ap-i bc4 ohh cymecTByitn. bt. cHjy cneniajb- 6HHXb 3aK0H0Bb. Ho no DOCTaBOBAeHiaMb ifpannyscKaro a e.ibrittcKaro 63axoHOAaTeAbCTBbcaaoe npaBo B3Hnauia 9TBXb na-ioroBb saBHCHTb OTb npaBa naaaTb ezeroAao yiBepzAaTb finxzeTb, a o Bb npumauft Haxorb cymecTByen. AHmb Bb Tenenie catraaro nepiOAa, T.-e. Cb roAy na roAb. CA^AOBaTeabBO, npaBHTe.ibcTBo aozen. noAbaoBaTbca AHmbtoabeo Tbaa Ha.ioraMH, aoropue noATBepzAeBU naABTaira npn pascuoTpltHia 8rocyAapcTBeHHoa pocnacH, h AHmb Bb TOMb pasxftpl, Bb aaxoab 3th HaAorn Bb He onpe*tAeHH. He3aBHCHM0 OTb KOHCTHTyniOHHHXb U0CT&H0BA8Hift BO BTOMy npeA- aeTy, Bb omomeBia d’paHnia, hozbo vKasaTb Ha oco6ue, cnenia-ibnue 3aaoHU, Bocupemaumie Bcasie c6opu, ne BOTHpOBaHHue 3aK0H0AaTCAb- HUMb nopjLAKOMb. Tasb, Bb 1862 r., AeapetOMb HauoAeona III (ct. . 38) „BeltMb AOAzaocTBUHb .iHnaMb BOcnpematoTcn Bcaale c6opu, He BOTHpOBaHHue 3aK0B0A&TeAbHuub nopaAMMb Bb naAarit npa pas- cMorpfeHia 6©A*eTa“. 3to npaBHAo HaxoAHTb co(54 cansniio Bb ct. 174 Code pdnale, KOTopaa HaaHaaaeTb HaKa3aHie 3a BUHoraTe-ibCTBo h ah- xohuctbo ajh Aapb, ROTopuH 6yAyTb BSHciBBaib HeyaaKoneHHue aa- 6TaKHHb o pasoMb, npaHumib, Bb chaj xoroparo naxaTH Bb npaei 0TK83aTb npaBHTeAbCTBy bo BSHMBHiH HaAora, npH3HaeTCB BCtaa eBponeflcKHMa KOHCTHTyninMH 3a HedoJbmHaa HCKHoiemBHa. H Bb aroMb oTHomeHia neAbaa corAacaibca cb oaeHb yicnuab H3CAiA0Ba- BieMb rHeScia: Budget und Qeaetz noch dem konstitutionellen Stouts- recht Englands, rrf OHb HCxojHTb H3b tobkh BpiHia npyccKaro rocy- AapcTBOHHaro npaBa a CTapaeTCH jORuan, bto Bb Aaraia cyme- CTByeTb Ta *e CHCTeMa, uaKb a Bb HpycciH, e bto \"Ppaanin a IieAbris AHinb no BeAopasyHiHin a He3Haniio Ai»cxBHTeAbHux% aHrAificBHXb

— 425 — noptuKOBi bx it r b (fmnaHcoBaro saKOHOAaTeabcTBa, B0cnp0H3B0AflTx npuHiimm, npoTHBoptianue rocyaapcTBeHHOny nopajay. npBHUHUX, Koxopufl mu yaaaa.iH, Kuueiuo, u bx Am-jin u BX ApvrHXX rocyAapcTBaxx, o eotophxx uxerx pin, (4’panuia a Eeabria), ae -mjieTX HopMaxbHaro npaKTHiecKaro npHurfmema. ymepatjeHie cynecTByromHxx HaxoroBX u paaphiueuie Ha hxx B3HMaHie (to b ,ipy- roe bx cn.iy UHineyEa3auiiaro upmmHna upeAOCTaBjaeTcH topuAHiecsu muaTaHx), bx 6o.ixniHHCTBi c.iyiaeux ecTt (popiiaAbHocrb. Hh oaho ito6uaapoABoe npeACTaBHTejBCTRO He corxaCHTca xonycTHTt, rocyjap- cTBeHHoe ynpatuenie, xotb 6u ua aopoTEOe Bpeua, npeicpariuo cBoe jMcTBie, ttoOh oho, BcaljCTBie omasa bx 6»xserii, ocTaaocx 6esx Boflcsa, 6esx uikoax h t. a- Hto (J>panny3CKaa npaaTHKa noHHMaeTx Bunieyna3anHua iipHunmix hhchho bx btomx cMuarii—xoKasbuiaeTCa HCTopieo pasxaaa ifpaHnyscKHXx na-iarx cx xapmajoiix Manx-Maro- homx bx 1877 rosy, o Henx mb vnoMHnaAH sume. Hmshho, bx BHjy oient ocHOBaTejrxHUXx lioAospbHifi othochtb-ibho npoBCEOBX napria npOTHBHHKOBX peCUVCjMKH H MUJO 3aMaCKIipOBaHiiai'l) nOKpOBHTeaXCTBa, KOTopoe oKaauBaxx hmx caMx uapmaax tt ero kkhhctpb, naxara bx 1877 r. plunHxact. npiocTaHOBHTX BOTHpoBanie (jDAaceraao r6xx nopx, nona Majtx-MaroBx He HaauaiHTx mhhhctbpctbs, cooTB-bTCTByemaro kbkx sexasiio naxaiu, Tasx a ycxosiaiix pecny6xHKaHCK0fi i[iopMU npaBjeHia. flOKxaAHHEOMx aroro npexHOzenia 6u.it JKoxt 4>eppa, 6uBmifl MHHHCTpx-npe3HAeHTX ifparmyacBoS pecny&iHEH. Ero bslxhah bx stomx OTHomenia npeACTaB.Taeyrx HHTepecx, h6o U3X Bct.xx mh- HBCTpoBx, Cubbihxt bo $paHiuH cx 1871 roxa, 5Kd.il *l>eppHHBxaeTca caMUMX A't-'OBHTHMb h rocyxapCTBeHHUMX yMoMx. Bx CBoevx AOiuaii obx rosopHTx: ,,Koneaao, BOTiipoaanie najoroBX, npa HopMaxbBoxx TeaeHia Benefi, ecTb Bonpocx hhcto aAMHHHCTpaTHBHbift a ijiHHaHCOBua u He aaajioTaeTX bx cefii BHiero nojiHTHiecKaro. Ho bx HacToamee Bpeua ') 3T0 roaocoBaHie, xaax h bx aocxtAHeux i»H i «4capi, ita- caeTca scero noAHTHuecEaro sonpoca (la question politique toute entire), T.-e. canoro npucnima KOHCTHTyuioHHaro apaBHTeaxcTBa i napaaiieHTCKaro ynpaBaeHia. J,aa nacx, xpaHHTeaefl npaBX naniu, ocTaerca nocatauee iipufliaiHrue bx tohx, bto mu otaohchmx bothpo- BaHie ijiHHaHcoBaro saKOHa ao t4xx nopx, noaa He fiyaeTX HaaHaxeao MHHHcTepcTBo, yAOBjeTBOpaiomee ate.iauiabix CTpaeu“. — H3x sroro cxixyeix, hto iipn HopMaabHOMX TeaeniH a*ax BOTHpoBame HaaoroBx h froxxera asaaeTca BonpocoMx ne noxHTHiecKKMx, a hhcto (jiHaaHco- •) P*n atiua ■Peppa fin*a npomapceiia si o«T»fipt 1877 roja, a si i»ai

— .426 — BHMX II aiMHHHCTpaTHBHMM'b, H 1T0 0TK83X BXBOTIipOBHHiH HajOTOBX B03M0iKciiiL jmmb bx BpaftHHXx C-tyTaaxx a npHsrtHaeTca aaai nocifex- nee npaSiaiHine napoxHaro npeRCTaBHTCXbCTBa, kokx nocjixHaa pt- muTe.ii.Haa atpa npOTHBX rposamaro rocyxapcTBennaro aepenopoTa. VII. Bx xpyria oTHomeHia nocTaBjieno ftiojaieTHoe npaso bx Ilpyc- ciu. [IpOHCiOHjeBie oTxi.ibHHxx nocTanoB.ienifi npyccEOfi EOHCTHTygiH no 8T0My npexMeTy HaxoxHTca bx rfccHoS cbhbh cx camjMx pa3BHTie«x Huiitmuefi npyccaoS RoncTHTyuin. 6HoncTHTynia, OKTpoHpoBaHuaa bx 1848rogy, u npnsHanHaa yipexn- TeJi.niJMx coCpaaieax ne u.ia BiiexenabxgiBcTBie. Haunnaa cx btoto roxa, npyccaaa KoncTHTynia irfecKOJibao pa3x BHX0H3HlsHH.jacb, uoita He noaBHuacx KoncTHTynia 31 aHnapa 1850 roxa, KOTopaa He scerxa OTjuiaeTca tothod pexasnicK) cbohxx nocTanoBjenifl h noc.rfw>BaTe.ib- HOCTXD BX CpmdmeBiH H3Bf.CTHttre DpHHHHHa. BcatxCTBie btoto, bx npyccKoft KoucTHTyniH mu un'fceMX cxixyDmia nocTaHOBxenia, Eacao- miaca fiDxaeTa: npeaue Bcero coxa othocutch ct. 99, aoTopaa rxa- 6 6chtx, tto „bc4 xoioxu (Einnahmen) h Buxaiu (Ansgaben) rocygap- CTBa (T.-e. bc Haxora a c opu) aoxxhu (5htb npegaoxeHU -japan)be (im voraus) Ha sasgua roxx u bhccchh bx rocygapcTBeHHyio pocnacs\". 3artiMx CTaTba 99 rxacHTX, mo .nocaigHaa (rocyxapcTBeHHaa poc- bhcl) ycTaHOB-iaeTca aasoHoax” (durch ein Gesetz) (kbkx onpegiaaeTca no npyccKouy npasy saRonx, mu roBopma Bume '); sgicb npano- MHHMX AHHIb CT. 62 HpycCEOfl KOHCTHTyniH, HO KOTOpoH 3aKOHOgaTeXb- Haa BxacTb ornpaBnaeica coumIictmo Kopo.iewx u najaiaMH, it corxacie hxx Heo6xoxHMO xxa Eaatgaro aaEOHa). Coxa me othochtca ct. 100, 6raacamaa, tto „Hajorn h cfiopu bx rocyxapcTBeHHyio Ea3Hy MoryTX htb B3HMaeMU nocroabEy, nocEOJuy ohh bejudtchu bx rocygapcTBeH- Hyo pacHHCb, hjh ycTaHOBxeHU oco6umh :iaK0HaxH“ . 3th cTaxbu (99 u 100) hht$mx He OTauTaiOTca otx cooTBfrrcTByaHuiixx hmx nocTauou.ie- HiS EOHCTHTyniB npoTHxx eBponeacKnxx rocyxapciBX. Bx btomx otho- meHia hIjtx paMHTia Meatgy ifrpaHnyscBHMX, fieabriScEHMX a npyccKUMx npaBaMH. Ho bx o6bxhxx nocTaHOB.ieaiaxx (allgemeine Bestimmungen) npyccKofl EOHCTHTynia HMieTca ct. 109, EOTopaa r.iacHTX, tto „cy- mecTBymmie Haaora a cfiopu fiyxyix B3HMaTxca u Bnpexx, h set onpegiaenia yaomeHift, OTxiabauxx seeohobx h pacnopameniB, koto- pue He npoTHBoptTHTx cymecTByomefi ROHCTHTynin, ociaiOTca bx 6CHa i , noKa ohh He 6ygyTx OTMlieeHU sasoHOMx\". Mu bphboxhmx sglicx ct. 109 bx hojhomx oOxomIi, tto h uoKaaaTb, mo oha go.iatHa 6uaa HM$Tb 3HaTBHie nepexognoe: bx nefl roBopiiTca He toxheo o Ha- joraxx h efiopaxx, ho h o cfiopHHKaxx OTgixbHuxx 3aK0H0BXh pacnopa- ■) Cm. crp. 83.

— 427 — oxeHifi, uoKtt He orHiHeHHusx 3.ikohomx. OieaiuHO, ?to bt oaho 03X T'liXTi noCTaHOBJieilig, KOTOpblH HXlllOTCa bo BCHKHXXKOOCTHTy(lijlX'L BX nepexoAHbixx nocTaHOBTOHifl, Heo6xoAH*uxx A-ia o6e3neqeHia HBBtcTHaro nopaxaa upa nepexoii ora cncw.nu npewnHst yapeacaenifi KX IKIBHMX. Bx TBKOHX HHOHUO CMHCA* DaxaTH H paBCMaTpaBBAH 8Ty raaTBio, ho uotomx oHa Ouxa BKxnaeHa at oxj,i.ax unuriixT, nocTaHO- BxeHiS (allgemeine Bestimmungen). 0QpH conocTaBJieuiu btoBct. 109 cx nporaMH CTaTtaua Ouao bh- btobcacuo npasHXo, HaxorH, pa3x vcTaHOB.ieaHue, CyayTx B3anaTbCH go oTM-lmu hxx 3aKouoiaTejbHtiMi uopiiAKOMb. Cx^AOBaTejBno, bsh- 6uMaHie aaJoroBx BcerAa 6yxeTX ucynyecrajchh a.Bceria 6yAeTX ofies- neaeHO sa rocyAapcTBennoS aa3Hofl. Xoth aajaTU h OTBepr.iH 6ioa- aerx (no apaay, npeAOCTaBjeHHOuyhmx cthtmwh 99h 100), Bee t.ikh to- cyAapcT8eBHoe Ka3HaieflcTBOCyAeTX uono.THHTbca cfiopuHH, B3H«aeMUMH HaocHOBaaia ct. 109.3aaieHie 9Toro npoTHBopiiia, KOTopoe THeficTx bx apuBeAeauOMx coauueaia tiuctho cTapaeica cr.iaxaTh H ycTpaHHTb HeyAaaHUMH ccuakbmh Ha Aaraii), Bbipa3Maocs cx ocoCeaaofi cuxoS bx IlpycciH bo BpeHH HSBtcTHaro KOaiJuaKTa 1862—1866 rOAa steaxy BacnapKOMX a aaxaTofi. Ototx kohi|)AUKtx 6u.ix BU3BaHXpasHorxacieux He*xy aaHjTaroMX a Kopo-ieBCKHMxnpaBHTe.ibCTBoax oTaocHTexbao aa- npaBjeaia doahthbh. Iloc.ii Toro, aasx KpoHX-npaHax,fiuuuiift pereHToax (cx 1858 r.), CA'taajca bx 1861 r. Eopoxeux, paaABoenie steady asha- TaroMx a apaBHTe-ixcTBOHXofinapyaiHAOCb no cymecTBCHHbisix nyHKTajix. □ocat coOuTia HTajbaiiCKOii na«najiin 1859 roxa, bx 1'epMaHiu ctb-ih npeAiyBCTBOBaTb nepeatBy bx ea codshomx yrapoficTBi, KOTopaa Atfl- cTBMTe.ibHO a npomom-ia bhoca^actbih, ho oraocHTeabHO nyTefl a cpexcTBX AOCTUHb repaaHcnaro oftxeAHHeHia ne«,yy pyaOBOAHKaua ciJiepaMa xaHATara a oOmecTBa, cx oahoB cToponu, a upaBinejb- ctbomx—cx Apyrofi, o6aapyatajacb c0.11,hub Hecoraacia. Taax, Banio- Ha.ix-.jafiepajibHaa napria a napria nporpecoacTOBx (B03HHKAa cx 1861 r.), a paBHO a HaujoBajbUbia cobmx (National-Verein) bhaIo.ik nyTb kx AaabHtanieay o6xexHHeHiio repaaHia bo BuyTpeHHeMX npe- 6uo6pa30Baoia Ilpyccia a bx toB HpaBCTBCHHofl rereuoaia, aoTopofi Dpyccia Aocraraa aepeax cboS HpaBCTBenHua poctx. HanpoTUBx, bx upaBHTeabCTBeHHBixx c$epaxx aaBaca bx miay ApvroS nyTb— hhoh&o nyTb ycTaHOBjema rereMOHia IlpycciH max I’epMaHieKi nepesx BoeuHoe npeo6aaAaHie, a aah btoto HyatHo fiu.io yne-iaaeHie bocuuhxx chjx CTpaoH. Bx reieme 1861 h 1862 toaobx npaBBie-ibCTBo npe.y.iara.io aaBATary npoeaTX o6x yBeaHTeHia BoeHHuxx chax, o peopraHasaniu apMia, ho .laiiAiarx oTKasaax bx bthxx TpefioBaHiaxx, ao »6Tx 6utx noToiiy, 4to bx to BpeMa ohx He npeABaxluix, ayxa saonaTcH CTpe- Mjeaia npanaTcabCTsa, Koropuji o6napy«aaacb bhoca^aotbih. Bto

— 428 — oficToaTe-JLCTBO h 6hjo npHiHHoB Toro, ncrBt 1862 ro*y Heatjy npa- BHTeXbCTBOMt H jaH^TarOMt lipOHSOmC.Ib FieUpHMHpHMLlB pa3jopt. Bt 9Ty KpHTHHecKyu MUHyTy na nocit MHHHCTpa-npe3H,tenia f a n apa- ssaHi BHCHapKt, finBmiS jo Toro noc-iaHHHBOMT, Bt llapHxk. Bca no- calijiyromaa jkaie.itHOCTt Bacwapsa uoita3a.ia, n o ero uoxHimta ho cocToaja H.it ycTynoxt z cor.iamenifl. H Tor.ia yate out noKaaajit o6m,iii nepiu cBoeS nporpazMu b i oTHOmeHiu K t 6iu*eTHOHy Bonpocy. 3to hcho 6hjo bhuho nst p ir a ero, Bt kotopoB OHt ysaBUBajit hb to, ?to, Bo-nepaHxt, no npyccnoB KOHCTHTypin 6««*eTt no-iseHt 6htb yciaHo- BMeMt saKOHOMt (no ct. 62)z, BO-BTOpuxt, n o caua KOHciBTynia Heysa- suBaeTt Bbixoja, ecjm steady ctaKTopasiH rocyiapcTBezBoS bmcth Heco- ctohtch no atony npegHeiy coraameHia. A aaTkMt. oinpaBJiaact ort tpaKia TaEoro necorjacia, B03UHEmaro Meauy sthmh 3jieMeimnn B.iacTH, BHCHapKt yKasuBa.it, n o npasTHHecEHHt ucxoaoMt ust paanor-iacifl h paaaopoBt, B03HHKmHxt Bt cpe,nk 3aEOHoaaTejhHoB Bjacra, aejaaca 6a Kounponcct. Hb ojhb! H3t Tpext 3aKOHoaaTe.ibHUXt {jiamopoBt He Hoatert BHHyjptTt npyroro Kt ycTyiraaitt. KoHCTHTynja yaa3UBaext Ha nyTb KOMnpOHHCCOBt, CtlUOKt. Ho ecja BTOTt nyib 6yjeTt ocia- BaeBt BC-itjciBie Toro, n o Kasaa .iu6o cTopona 6y je it yu.ieneHa aOKTpZHgpCKHMt a6C0XBTH3MOKt, TOHa HkcTO KOKDpOHHCCOBt HBJMIDTCa koh4>jhkth, a nocxtflHie — Bcerja sonpoca cu.m (Machtfragen). Eto HHie T t Bt pyKaxt cwy — totb nokjeTt Bt HanpaBjenia, aasoe out co n e it HyatHHHt, h6o rocyaapcTBCHHaa atuaHb hb HoaKext 6utb npi- ocxaHOBxeHa hh Ha oaHy uuayry. „H.corjaceHt“, npoaoxaaxt BncsiapKt, ,n o OTHOCHTexbHO yroro Bonpoca at npyccKoft KoncTHTynia HMieTca HecoxH'feHHui npo6k.it (eine LUcke). Bo3hozhocti> TaKoro ciynaa, sa- KOBt HHHimHifl, zoraa 6h 6utb npeaycHOTpiHa npn peBH3iH kohcth- TyHiH, ho ost hbhxch Bt HacToamee speza Bt nepBuft past. Tenepa ate He Bpeza nepeczaipaBaTb KOHCTBTyniio, a Hag-iezHTt akftcTBOBaib TaKt, n o 6u rocyaapcTBeHHaa khshb ae ocraHOBHxacb“ . Ipatjit IIlBepHHt, B03pa*aa BuciiapKy yKasHBaat, no apryueH- Tania nocaiaHaro nocipoeBa Ha npHanant: „cilia npeamecTByeTt 6npaBy.“. H xora Bicnapit h He upoB03rjama,rt npano OToro Banana, Tknt He neate czucjt ero pkia hhchho uxt THKOBt h, no eme BaZHke, OHt K jkScTBOBail Bt BTOHt CHHCjk. Bt BHAy cymecTBOBaHia cTaTtz 109npyccKoft KOHCTHTyaiH, Bt easy Toro, n o ct, 61 btoSBOHCTHTyniH, itpoiKKir.mmaiomaa OTBkTCTBeHHOCTt HHHHCTepcTBa, He HHkeTt npanTHiecKaro npoMineHia sa OTcyTciBiexi 3aKOHa o6t OTBkTCTBeHHOCTHHHHHCTepcTBa ’), BHCHapKt nort npoxox- ataTb HaiaxyB HHt noxHTHKy 6e3t 6Bazera, BOTHpoBaBHaro Bt nap- ■) Ch. crp. 129-180.

— 429 — .laueurfc. CCopu h Ha.iora nocTvnaAH bx rocyAapciBeHHyw EMuy; npa- bhtcjii>ctbo axx pacxoAOBajo, a saxiax na-iaTasix npej.iara.iea eate- rojHO 6»AB£eTX, EOTopiifi oai hc yTsepatAam. HepiiOHa'iaaTiHOBacMapitx npHfi’Ijraax kx pacnymeHiu napaaMeHTa,- ab aio cpeacTBO oKasaaoci. BeBpHFOAHuux, Taicx kbex Hbbobb co6paHnaa nbjaTa OTpcpra-aa npaBH-' TeJttcTBeaiiLifi apoeErx CtojKeTa. Tasx &bio -mao ao J866 roaa. npoHsomaa Bofina AaTckaa a aBCTpiflcsaa, uoc-ii (Jhtbh hoax Reaa- rpenonx (CapoBofl), Koraa aBCTpiacaia iioacsa 6hjh domtm ‘acrpeOaeau, a upe.icTaBHTeaH Bcixx ctBepo-repaaacEHxx rocyaapcTBx Cu.ia coaBauu JUa 3aKiroaeaia tfiBepo-repaancKaro coiosa, toaxko Torja noc.rbAOBa.io npHKupeaie aeatAy BacaapKoax a .laHjxaroMx. .lan^Tarx BOTHpona.ix au.icMHHTtwHtiii HaKOHx, T.-6. VTBepjH.ix bc6 pacxoAU, npoH3BejeHuue AO BToro upeaeua np&BHTeAxcTBoax. Hthbx h okohhhacji eohiJahktx 1862—1866 rona,. Ho hcxoax ototx aauMcluj. Coxte otx <f>aKTa<iecKiixx iipaBHHx, abax otx npasHAtaofi lopajaaecKoB nocTaaoBsa cnopnaro 6Boapoca. Bx 1866 rojcy .ian,nTarx HMhAx aepejtx co6ox> aanacTpa- npe3UjeaTa, KOTopuS npuBejx kx jiarono-iyanoay ononaaaiDjB i boShh, ocaoBaix ctnepo-repaaHcKiB consx cx nepcneKTUBOfl BuocjrfcACTBia BBBCTK bx aero DiKno-repaaHCKia rocyAapcTBa, a KOTopufl bx to speaa ctohjx Ha Bepxy CAanu a aorymecTBa. Ho EaEOBX Cun 6u hcxoax KOnijiJiHKTa, ecAH 6u iioax KeHarpepoax Bunua no6iAHTeJiBiraa«c ho llpyccia,— 06% otohx moxho Aiiarx toabko npeAnoAoxeHia, xota no BCeS BbpOBTHOCTH HCXOAX HOHlJuHKTa HOAyiHACH 6b HHOfi, ibaX TOTX, usx&bo.o EOTOpoxxcaa3aBO BLirne, a HUACMUHTCTHaroaaxoHaBe 6h m 6a Cx 1866 toas no nacTonmee upesoi bx npyccia ho fiu.io noaoja bx nojoCuoMy KoaijijBBTy. Ho npofrkxx bx KoncTHTynia, o botopomx ro- BOpaax EBB3b BacaapKX, ocTaeTca a ao HacTomnaro Bpe«ean: HecMorpa Ha yayameaie (JaHaBConaro xosaScTBa llpyccia, HecaoTpa aa yipe- atAeaie oco6aro caeTaaro cyAa, sonpocx o 6s>AJEeTHOax npaBb aaaaix bx npyccia ocTaeTca otkputhmx. H bx stomx OTaomeaiB npyccia cociaBaaeTX acKaioBeHie asx Apyraxx oBponeScKHXx rocyAapcTBX, h6o apa ycAOBiaxx napAaaeHTCEaro yiipaBjieuia kohcPjhktx, doaoShu# BpyccEOuy, aeBosaoseax hh bx Aaraia, aa bo <]>paHi(in, bh aaxe bx HTaiia, rAt mhhhctopctbo aaxoABTCa bx TbcHofl cbjijh cx BapoABuax npeACTaBHTejfcCTBoax. Bx H-kKOTopuxx OTAijXHUXx EOHCTHTyaiaxx, aaap., no cr. 85 eob- CTHTyaia HcaaHCKoa, sopoAD npeAOCTaBjaeTca bx tohx caynai, ecaa 6u no 6n>AxeTBoay Bonpocy Be coctosjocb corjamenia aesAy npaoH- tcjxctbobx a najaToti EopTecoBX, apeacHHo no.iB30Bartca ciapuax 6»AaieTOMx npomaaro roAa. BooGme noBCBAy. saairao zeaaaie paTi- totx bah Apyrofi bcxoax DpepeKaaiaax, bo3uheukhhhmx MeatAy $aKTO- paaa rocyAapcTBeHHOfi baacth.

— 430 — T ill. ymaHnue (pan™ oSuichsiqtl Haro 6»a»eTBoe npaBo na- x a n . Ho noBceaicTHO, ho KCK.iH'iaa h Ilpycciu: 1) naxaTam npa- BajcieasHTL HCCoxHtHHoe npaBo BOTapoBan. HOBue Haxoru a oboxbtb B3»iBeHia bl Ha-ioru cymetxByiomie, h6o jaae a CTaTta 109 npyccaofi KOHCTHTym'a xagaerca to.1i.ko HaxoruBi cymecTByBmax'L a ho otbochtch kt, hobhml Haxoraai, •KOTopuc aoryrt 6utk HBOjenu toibbo lepesi corjiacie najan, 3aROHOiaTestHHHi nopajKOBL no ct. 62 npyccKofi K0HCTHTynia;'2) uaaaiaH’f. npuHaxxeffiHTL aocouHianoe npaso otboch- TeatHO oTiiiBH yse cymecTBV»mBXt HaxoroBi, Koropaa coBepmaemut t J.mi. ate 3aK0H0,yaTeji>HUHi uopajKom, u s i u BBeieaie bobhxl aa- xoroBi; 3) najiaTaxi npHBasxesnrt npaBo BOTHpoBaTi, saaoHU, aa- caiomieca ofasaTextcTBL, npHHHMaeMUXL na ce6a rocyxapcTBoai, aanp., npa 3aBX»ieHia aafiBOBL on hmbbh rocyjapcTBa. Bl snout OTiiomeuia yiacTie uaxan, noBCioxy npasHaeTca saBOHOutpHHML a fieacnopuiJMT. T a n hto, sa acmnoienieMi Boupocorn OmjaseTBaro upasa, T.-e. nptvm pocxodoeania cy an , yae cofipaHHHxt bi rocyxap- CTBenHOMT. KasBaaeScTBi, Bet BtinieyKasaHHHa npaBa na.ian, iroBCsoxy aB.IBlOTCH o6qhhh. B l CBH3H CL 3TBMH (pHHaHCOBUMH DpaBaMB, UaXaTHML npHBajXe- xhtl npano yiacTia bl aaKOHOxaTextcTBi, KacaDmexCa naatnt0[ue8 B3L noBHHHOcre#, KOTopua na-iaraioTcfl HaaapoAL, hmobho bobbiiuoctB BOHHCKOfi. Mil BHjtJH BHine, HTO BL KOHCTHTySliOHHHXL rOCy^apCTBaXL B006me HBL 1’epMaBin BL OCOfieHHOCTH, KOpo.lt BB-laeTCB rjaBHOKOHaH- xyiomHML apMia *). To ate npaBKxo hh BCTptiaeMi a bl CiB.-AMep. Coej. IHTaraxL, rjii npaBo r.iaBHOKOiiaBxyiimaro coio3Hofl apaia npu- HaxxexHTL ope3BAeHTy pecnySxaaa. Ho xoth, TaBHHL o6pasoax, npaBO ttoMttHjoBaaia apvieS, T.-e. npaBo BocHHoBaia-iicTBOBaHia a pasptmeHia BonpocoBL, Kacanmaxca HscneKTopcKoS hbcth, xacnanjanu bl apMiH H T. 1., DOXieSHTLBtjtHilO KOpOJS, KOTOpuSOTnpaBXHeTL CBOe npaBO HepeSL Ha3HaHC0BUXL UHL JOXXBOCTHHXL XHHL, TtML Be MeHt.e BO- HpocH BoeHnaro ynpaB.ienia bl 9BaBBTe.n>H0i cieneHU noxxeataii Bt- Xhuw a KOUTpoxD naxaTL. Haefioxie npaBi bl stoml oTiiomeniB BpexocTaBxaeri naxaiaMi anrxificKoe saBoaojaTexLCTao, «6o bl AHrxia nocTOBHaaa apaia Be huteri, xera.itnaro hjh, xygnie CRa3aTb| kobctr- TyaioHBaro cvaiecTBOBaBia. IiaKL bl CHxy EOacTHTyBioHHUXi 3aK0H0Bi, r a n h bl CHxy ofisHaaro npaBa Aarxiu, aamaTa cTpanu BBtpaeTca MHxauia. CymecTBOBanie hoctohhhoS apaia sanacHrt ort eaerojoo noTapyrontaroca bl napxaaeBTi sasoBa, KOTopuB hochtl BasBaaie mutiny- bill. Ohl ecrt 3BB0HL 0 BOeBHOft XBCBHBXHHt a 0 BOBHCKUXL CyiBXL. Ho ohl coxepxHTL b i ce6t nocTaHOBxeBia jBOBKaro nopaxea: 1) bo *) Cm. cip. 172—176.

- 431 — BciynHTejibHoB CTaTbi btoto 6a.u a ofibHB-iaeTca, n o npamiTe.ii.cTBy npeiocranjiHeTCH coaepxaTb Taaoe to Ko.iaqecTBO nocioannaro BOflcKa, T.-e. onpeAluaeTca paaM'kpb nocTOHHaaro BoBcKa, cojepxHMaro be npejiuaxb Kopo-iencTaa; 2) raaBBoe xe conepatanie mutiny-bill aaEJiio- TaeTCii Hb toMb, n o OHb npe.iocTao.meTb upaBHTeabCTBy npano otho- ciiTe.ii,ho ahcwulxhhu Bb apMiu, cjriAOBaTeBbHO, oraocaTe.ibHO ycT8H0- Bjema cneuia-ibuuxb yroaoBHUXb a aacnanjiHHapuuxi n:iucKaniB jus’ apaia, upa qcMb 9TH cneniaabuiae vsaKonenia a ycTaiiu npaMinaiOTca cueuia-iauuMii bohhckhhh cyja«a. Uo 8Tony noBojy mutiny-bill h no- •lynub Haaname „£imah o BoaMyiucnia\", T.-e. o cnenia.ii.HUXb bohh- CBHXb npecTynxeHiaxb. TaBHMb o6pa30Hb, Bb caay mutiny-bill no- CTOaunaji apMifl Bb AHTjria cymecTBVeTb cb roiy aa roAb, Ta&b Eaab casib 6hji.il, ee ycTaHOBaammi8, B03o6HOBnaeTca exerojHo '). Amelia nocTaBxena Bb 9T0Mb oTHomeaiH Bb HCEjiioaHTeibHua ycjioaia, h6o co BpcMOin* BH.ihre.iLMa 3aBoenaTeaa, npyroro aaiiocuaTCAji He fiuao h Bpajb ah Korja 6yneTb, ec.iH npHHHTb bo BHHMaHie oco6ua reorpaipa- aecKia ycaoBia btoro xoponeBCTBa. Taab hto Bb nocTOHHiiofi cyxonyr- aoB apaia Anr-iia pe HyxAaeTca. Ho 3aTo Bb Hefi HateTca a no aa- CTOHiparo BpeMeHH cauufi 6o.ibmo6 ip.ioTb cpaBHH're.ibuo Cb .ipyrnan eBponeficKHMu rocyAapcTBaaa, cb KOTopuMb ae noaten. pannattca 4uoTbCiB.-Axep. Coe*. UlTaTOBb. Bopoaeab, coctupobuaarxHHaHb pas- lanTcn uocToBHHbia xaAo6u aa yMeHbureme ipJOTa; ho, aecMOTpa Ha sth o6h<muh ®a.m6u airrjHiaHb, hbcomhIihho, tto aHr.iiiicaifl ijiaorb—ca- muB 6o.ii.moB H8b Bctxb cymecTBylomHXb. KoHTHHOHTa.ii.Hua rocyAapcraa HOCTaBAeau Bb Apyroe noAoxeme: peaTpb thxocth naiHHTU CTpaHU 3a* cl Aoaxenb 6utb uepeaeceab Bb cyxonyTHyio apwiio. Ha sonTHBCHTfe ap«ia cymecTByeib ne EaKb hceaio- ueaie H3b ofimaro upaBHaa, a EaKb npaBHao, h nepexoAb Eb cucTeui MH.iHuiB mowctx 6utb pa3CMaTpHBaeMb, EaKbHAeajb, hOiimoxhuB .mini. Bb 6yAymeMb. Hpa cymocTsoBaaiH nocToaanoB apaia h BU3unaeiiuxb e«3 pacxoAaxb Ha uoopyxeBie, coAepxaHie h t. d., BoeHnuft Bonpocb npejcTaBJiaerb oco6eHHy*> BaxHOCTb aah saKOHOAaTeabHoft AfcaTeAb- hocth najiaxb. Upa pacnpoc.TpaHema Bb HacToamee BpeHa cacTeuu Bceo6cneB Boaackofl hobhbhocth be toB h.ih APyrofl <j>opM$, aepBuab BnnpocoHb aii.iaeTca; cpoEb Boennofl cayxSu, T.-e. TOTb cposb, eoto- pufl KaxAuii oCaaaHX OTC.iyxiiTb rocyxapcTBy Bb BaqecTBt soaHa; TaEb EaKb oarfiMb He act .nma npasuBHoro BospacTa HoryTb 6utb npasBaau Eb opyxin, T.-e. Bb AificrBy»my» apsriio, h6o rocyaapcTBO He oajep- xa.io 6u TaKoro ipesaipHaro TpeOouauia, to HaA-iexarpee onpeAtaeuie EOHTHHreHTa BoBcsb, T.-e. paeutpa uocto«hhoB apxia hah iHcaa noon-

— 432 — HHXB BHHOBb, XOTOpHe JO.ISHU .BOCTyilHTbHa jtfiCTBHTe.IbHVKIcxyafiy, npejCTaB.iaeTca apyrms BaatHHMB Bonpocoms. 9 th jBa Bonpoca bxo- Ahtb bb o6xacib (JmnaHconaro npaiia, h6o nepBUMB hst. iihxb onpeai- xaerca casmfi pasMipB 0T(5HBaeMHXB noBHBBOcrefi bt. noxasy rocyjap- CTBa, a BTopofi— KacaeTca jeHeiKHUXB cpejeiB’B, HeoOxojiiMbixT, j.ia cojepaania apuin. ' Bet xnna, BaxojamiHca Ha j'McxBHTejBHoS Boemrofi ayatfii, no- CTaujemj uoabjMcTBie HCK.’uoaiiTejbHHXB ycxoaifl, boat. A'tScTBie CUepiajLHblXB saKOHOBb, BOoClHe HaXOJHTCa BBHCKXDHHTeXbUOMBUOJO- aeaiH. Cnenia.iLHu8 SnjxeTB, npeAHa3HaHai>miacH Ha coxepaaHie ap- hih, HBjaeica toctbd o6maro rocyjapcrBeHHaro OioxateTa, ojuok> H3B CTaiefi TocyjapcTBeaHOfi pocnucH, eaerojno npejcTaB-iaeMoft Ha pas- cuoTp'l.nie na.iaTain,. Bo bcIixb sthxb OTHomeBiaxi, ua-iaiu iiaisiib fixHatafimee OTHomcHie at saBiAHBaaiio BoeHHOio HacTbB bb naMtaeH- hhx'b Bume npejtxaxB. TaBHH't ofipasoMB, ijiHnancoBaa Bxacra,npejocTaBjeniiaa uaxaTaMB, HBxaeTca ojhoio H3B BajKHifiniHXB , w sthxb yipeacjernii napoxnaro npejCTaBHTejibCTBa. 3to ne ysiaxaeTB, OAHaso, o6m.nxB saKonoxaTejb- hhx b ijiyasiuS, npexocTaBxaeMbixB naxaii; ho, paacMaTpHBaa noexia- Hia, h h HMiem aixo, Kacaiomeeca 4>opMaxbHot CTopoiiu Bonpoca,Toraa BaKT, npH pa3CHOTpiHiH ijlHHaHCOBUXb H fiBASeTHHX’B BOnpOCOBB, MH IlMieMB jtjO He TOXbKO CB cJlOpMO-IbBOD CTOpOHOD, HO X Cl caSUMB cynecTBOMB, Ci caHbiHB coaepsaaieHB AiarexiHOCTH naxarb naca- T6XBHO 4>HHaHC0Baro yipaBxema, (JimiaHCOBaro finaseia, BoeHHofl aa- B. OxpaueHie Kowcniumyuiu u aaKotmaio nopndxa. I. naxara ABxaiOTCH aanpiTnHBauu h oxpaHHTexaMH t$xb o6whxb npaBB, KOTopua rapaHTHpoBaHH OTjtxbHUMB rpaasxaHaMB rocyjapcTBa; paBHUMB o6pa30MB, oat asxaiOTca 3amHTHHKaMH h xpaBHTeaaMH H o6maro saKOHHaro nopajKa bb ynpaBxemH rocyjapcTBOKB, no fijnsa8- ibhmb oopasoHB BtipasaeTca bb KonTpo.it najB OTnpas.ienieab Retail AOXasHOCTHblMHJHHaHH UXB 06a38HH0CTefi. 9tOTB Hpe'AMeTB ABJaeTCH oahod hbb cnenjaxbHuxB 4iyHW»ft HapoAHaro npeACTaBiiTexbCTiia. Paa- cxiaTpHBaeMoe bb ofimem, cBoeMB siiaaeHiH HapoAnoe npeACTaBuiexb- ctbo HHieiB, tbkb cKa8aTb, ABOHKys) pom: 1) xepesB HapoAHoe npex- CTaBHTexiCTBO HMteTca bb BHAy AaTb yaacrie bb ynpaBxeniH h 3bko- H0AaieaBCTB4 t$hb 8X6MCHT&HB HapiH, KOTopue, no MHtniio ea, apa- anaiOTca 3a xyamie bb crpant; 2) no, cb ipyroS doponu, HapoAHoe upeACTaBHrexbCTBOaBxaeTCfl h cpeACTBOHBaJBrapaHTiH oOiuhib npaBB, npeAOCTaBxeHHHXB OTAixbnuMB rpaxxauaHB, h o6maro aaKOoaaro no-

— 433 — pnjsa bx ynpaBJenia. Mnorie nucaxe^H, ocofieBHO bx Haqa.rfc uunf,m- aaro CTO.iinia, BH*taH bx HapoAHonx npejcTaBarejbCTB’fe, raaBHunx ofipa30Hx, 9to SHaienie. Ohh bha^jh bx najaTaix BooCme, a bx Kaat- Aomx npeAcTanHTe.rli ea bx oco6euHGCTB, cpeACino a-jh rapaHTiu u o6eaneneHia odmaxx rpaaijaHCKHXx npaBx h sskouhocth bx yupaBiieuia, Boropua npeBosraamaiDTca BOBCTHTyqioaauHXasTOMX. Ho, coraamaacx cx tJimx, iTO bx ornpaBaeuid btoS ipyuKiUH 3aKAKinaeTca BaaHan poju. HapoAnaro npeACTaBirrexbCTBa,. ae-itsa He bha^tx bx Hefl oco6oS cne- niaabHoft (pyHKHiH, EOTopaa oTAH'iaeix ero otx apji'hxx oprauoBX ro- cyAapcTBeHHOfi bjscth, He hm4>k>iii;uxx Tasofi pyHEnia. BcrijCTBie BToro, naaa.Tanx no EOHCTHTyiiiH npeACTaBJaeTca ocodoe upaBo, HBAaiomceea cpeACTBOMx Aaa BunoaHeHia aiofl AeaiameS Ha r a il odasaHHOCTii, i.-e. cpBACTBOMX a ah oxpAH6HiH saKOHHOCTH nopaAKa ynpaB.iema, aah oCes- neienin oOiuhxx rpaatAaHCKHXx npaBx, a, panniiHx o6pa3oux, h a.ih oxpanenia cauaro EOHCTHTynioHHaro aETa. ^AH BUHOAHeBia 9T0fi SEABIHIHLiaTH OOAbSyDTCH CXiAyiOmHMH Hpa- BaHH, EOTOpUH HU paCHOAOSEHMX BX nopaAK'b no crenenH HXX Baa- hocth h cymecTBeHHOCTa: 1) Ha-iaTU noAxsyBTca npaBOHx npeACia- Baenia KopoH'h aApecOBX. A.ipecu, npeACTaBjaeHue naxaiaHH, CxiBaioix AByxx pa3paAOBx: oxhh b3x hhxx hbahiotch otbIhohx Ha TpoHHyx) pilb, Kt)TOpy» KOpOJb npOH3HOCHTX HAH-AH1H0 HAH lepBSX AOBtpeH- HUXX KX TOMy' AHHX Hpu OTEpHTiH C6CC1H. Bx TpOHHoS pi>1H, OKI hu bha'Iiah, HBAaraUTCa: a) hoboau rx C03Banii0 uaxarx, b) oCuiee cocroame CTpaHU h c) yEasaiiie Ha Tf. Mf.pu, ex eotopuhx HanipeHO npudiirnyTL npaBHTeAXCTBO, H Ha t4> saEOHonpoeaTU, Koxopue hhx bhochtca Ha pascHOTptaie najarx ')• Tasx EaEX TponHaa pilb coAep- jkhtx bx cedi ysasaHie aa cocToaHie CTpaHU, ua b3tjhah npaBHTexb- ctbb h Ha odmyx) nporpaHHy ero AiaTexLHOCTH, to BU3URaeuuit en ot- BiTHUit aApecx axteTX oco6eKHoe' anaieme, bx ocofieHHqcTK bx AHraiH, urAi AbaTeAbHOCTx napxaMeHTa, npe»Ae scero, HaiHHaeTca cx otb4t- Haro aApeca. Bx cboohx otb4thomx aApeci naxaiu bx npaB'6 Hsxaraib coHHima, BoadyaAaeMua bx hhxx ota4axhhhh MtpaMH ppaBHTeascTBa. pasHUHH cpoO+,.iaMH bx HSAoaceHiHcocroHHia CTpaHU; bx HeMX najara bx npaB% TaEate Boapaasaixhpothbx BsrxaAOBx npaBHieaxcTBa na h3b4ct- bub aBAeuia u Bonpocu h EpuTHEOBaTX npaBHTeJxcTBeHHyio nporpaHHy, HSAoaeHHyio bx tpohhoh p$ih, tbkx keex TpoHHaa p ilb o(>hrhob6hho cocTaBAHeTca hhhhctcpctbomx, HasoAiinuiMcii y babcth. Otx sthxx aApecoBX cxixyeTX OTAHiaTL axpecu, EOTopue najaru HHtDTX np&BO HOAaBaTb KopoH'fe no hoboat ebkhxx ah6o BasHuxx co- CuTifl bx rocyAapcTBt, bx oco6eHHOcra no hoboaj kohkJi.ihetobx Me*A7

— 434 — najaTaHH h npaBHTeJbCTBOMt a no noBojy o6maro uaupau.ieuiu npa- Mnorie H3l TaKHXT* axpecOB* uo.iyin.iH in. iiiKOTopora poji bcto- pHiecKyio H3BicTH0CTt. Taut, b i HOBtfluiefl i]ipaany3CE0fi HCTopin aspect iByx-B ua.iaTx—najiara napoBi a navTaTu’ nenyTaTOBX, npeiCTSBieHaua b i 1830 roiy sopojK) Kap.iy .X no noBojy Tpomiofi piia, BoropoD oht. oTEptut sactiama mi-ian, a hi aoTOpoB ora Bupusara paaiaiuue BBi'jiaju npaBHTe-ncTBaHaonno3Hu;ioHHnB jyxi, uapcTBymiiiiS bi na.ia- Taxi a acByccTBeano noajepatHBaeaafl rt, CTpaHf., na pasaua Mana- ifecTairiH aypHOro xapaxTepa, paaciHTaHHua Ha BoaCyaijeHie xypHuxt hhcthhktobi, KOTopue, ojubko, npaBHiextcTBo uaui>pcuo noflaBHTt Bca- kuhu cnocofiaMD h T. n. Ha BTy TpoHHyc piib noc.rt.yona.iH aapeca o n jByxi, na-ian,. OcofieBHO saMiiaiexera aspect iiaatneg naxaTti, noKpuTufi 221 noanacbio. B i hcm-l ua.iarajiHCb yupean npaBHTe.itcTBy, roBOpHJOci, ito aopo.ib BBepem bi saCayaucaie coBiTaaa japi, ase- xacnjaxx nocexHTb paajopi Heatjy xopoxem a najiaTaaa, h yitaabi- Bajrocb, HacKOXbao asaoaeHHoe b-l ipoHHOfi p-fciH He cooTBiTCTByerb A’ificrBHTeuHOay noioxeniio .vh.ri,. OTBtTora Ha btotx axpecb 6h.io pacnymeHie najan. a aapaHie aaBlicruuxb oppoHaHcoBb Kap.ia X, ko- Topue h BbiBBaja pcBOjEouiio 1830 roja. 3HaiHTejbuy» raisae h3B$ct- HOCTb noayiHxb aspect, BoiapoBaHHHH npa Hanojeoirt IH 116 ure- HaMH 3aKOHOAaT6JbHaro nopnyca, bt>aOTopora ohh yaaeuBajH na ho- ofixoAuaocTb cymecTBeBHbiX’b npeo6pa30BaHia bi HanepaTopcaoMi pe- jbhmIj. Stotb axpecb mnutn nosoiora k i ofiparneiiiio aanepia ra KOHCTHTyniOHHHH'b yipeataemaMT.-, ho t o o yase'nosAHo, a6o nocxipo- BaBinaa Bcaopt 4ipaHK0-npyccKaa BoSaa yaecxa, Kara assicTHO, a asmepiio, a HauepaTopa, a asinepaTopcBifi peaaub. 6Otb npasa Ho.yaiH aapecoBb c-riwyera owHiaib npaBO aiaxo u. 6IIo. aAeHCKofi f BapreafieprcKofl KOHCTHTynUro, aaiaTaai. npejocTa- 6 6B-iaeToi npaBO o pamaxbca ra Kopoxroci ata.io ama b i rtxb cxyiaaxi, 6 06 6Korxa MHHHCTpu a.iH jpyria Bbicmia xoxiKHOCTHHa japa Hapyiaaera xoHCTBTyniio h.ih aaaoHti; xajio Bi sth aoryn conpoBOKpaTLca npocb- od b ypa-ieeiH xapi, buhobhuxi vb btbh HapyrneHiazb, on. aopo- 6jeBcaaro coBt.ra a ynpaBjeHia. II. Axpeca a atajo u hbahiotch cpeACTBora, aoTopoe KOHCTHTypia Aaerb naxaiaab OTHOcarejibHo BepxosHofl rocyjapcTBeRaofl b-ibcth, i.-e. OTHOCBTejbHO KOpOXH. Ho TaKb Kara npa paSBBTia KOHCTHTyuiOHHMX’b 6yipeatxeHi# a KoucTHTynioHHaro peatnaa, oco a aopoaa bhaI mctch 6 6hsi opb u napriR h bc npasuBaeTca k i jaiuoMy BMimaTextcTBy bi 6 6ary opa y, to fiojbmee saaieHie HMiBn cpexcTBa, HanpaBxeHHHa 3npiiMO’ lipoTHHT. COIltTIIHSOB-b Kopo-TB. CpOACTBa'3TH MOTyTT, fiblTb pa - 1 31AixeaH Ha paa pa3paja: ) ojan hsi hhxi BHTeaaiorb H , npaBa

— 435 — ,KOHTpo.M, npe^ocTaB-iemaro najaTaMX, n&xb xbxieibaocTbK) MHHHCTep- c.Tita npH ycaOBiaXT. uapaaKeHTcnaro yupaBjenia; 2) Biopua BHTeKaBTb H3b npaBa rrajaTt npHB.leKaxfc AOXXHOCTHHXb - m i a t otb^tctbbhhocth 3a 3aoynoTpe6aeaia. [IepBufl paspaAb cpeaciBi—ciiocofib KOHTpo-ia . Ha^B hhBHCTepcTBOMB—upojiB.iaeTcji B't npaBi sanpoca ■ ’ MHTepnei- lattia. Oth ABa noHHTia tocto CMinaiiBiOTca; ho AiionpoHSBOACTBO na- •larb; Hanp., (JjpaHnyscKHXb, ycTanoBjaen, pa3jnnie ne»Ay aaupocOMb h HHTepuejja niefl no ifropxh. Uxonno, ji.ih 3anpoca He ycTaeoiuaeica TKKHXb CTpOrHXT. iJlOpMaABHOCTefi, EaKb jjh KHTepneiimniH. llocaij- Haa MoateTt fibiTb cAiaaHa to.ii.ko bt. nacBMeBHOM ijiopiii, h OTBin Ha Hee npenocTaBJaeTca xHHHCTepcrBy aaTt, He TOTnact, a nepesb HiCKoatKO AneS. Ho do cymecxBy cBoeMy, saKb saupoci, Tam. b hh- Tepneajania m .iiim ca ojHHaKOBUHb cpe;;CTBOMb EOHTpo.ia, Tam. Mini tot*b h Apyraa HMtaTb nixaio nparaacHTb MHHHCTepcTBO hah OTAiib- Haro XHHHCTpa oCiacHirn, cbob aoauTHKy u ofipaai AiflcTaia uo oupe- A'iACHHblMb Boupocaax BnyTponHaro hah wrimiHaro yupaBxenia. Ho H BA'ick BHAHhl nllEOTOpue OTT$HBH, paS.IHiaBJmiO SanpoCb 0Tb HHTep- ueaxaniH. Saapocb MOKeTT, 6htb CAiaaHb no H3uicTHUMT. (paaTasn., KOTopue He fipocanm. t4 hb Ha AiaTe-itHocTb MHHHCiepcTBa, Ha MHimciepcaoe ynpaBaeHie; ohb MoateTb 6htb CA'iaaHb Cb niaifo BusBara h muryiirri pa.Ttacireiiie UHHHCTepcTBa no HSB’icTHOMy uonpocy, othocht6xbho koto- paro ua.iaTU HM'iuoTT. cahihkomt. Ma.io nannuxb. Tana., Bb 1877 roAy ut repMancKOMi. peflxwari 6uxb CA$*ailb aanpoci nenyTaTOMb BeHHr- CeHOMb KHH3H> BircilapKy no HOBOAy OTHOIDeilia 1‘epuaHiH Kb pyCCKO- TypensoMy Bonpocy, ,T.-e. kb TornaniHeS BoflHi. IIpeniioAaraBTb, n o BemirccH«r. CAixa.iT. stotb aanpocb no xexaHiio caxoro I>ucnapEa, ko- TopiiS HMijr& naxipeHie paabHCHHTb cbob noAHTasy OTiioCHTejrbno stoto Bonpoca. Otott. sanpoca. na.ni> noBOAb Kb sHawenHTOMy pa3xacHeaiB) HOAHTHKH KHa3CMb BuCMapKOHb, Bb KOTOpOMbOHb COfinpaACH B3HTB H8 cefia pojb „necTHaro Maiuepa\". TasoBo (imo SHaaeHie ototo sanpoca. I to ae KacaeTca HHiepnexAHniH, to OHa,' aanpoTHna,, HBjneTca no noBOAy TaKHxa. ijiaKTOBb BByTpeHHefl h Bnimnefi ooxhthkh, noTopue sacTaBxnBTb AynaTb, ato nuHHCTepcTBO A^fcTByeTb He Tanb, aasb cxiAyeTb, tto oho HenpaBHjbHO BeAeTb xbxo mn CesAificTByeTb Tanb, TAi HysHo npHHHxaTb uipu. HHTepuexiania, cxiAOBaTexBHO, uoxeTb fiuib CAiaana no DOBOjy nHyipenae® h Batmaefi dojhtukh. JI,oixjn in no naaaTii CBiAiHia o SAoynoTpefiaeHiaxb aAHHHHCTpaniH, hah o HexAyHapo^HoMb uojoaceHip, noayaHTca ah CBiAinie o (JiHHaHcoBOMb saniuiaTeabCTBi crpanu h r. u.—bo scixb BTHXb cayaaaxT. ona mo- xera npnfiiraTb Eb uHTepne.i.iaijiH. TaKHMb ofipasoxb, noBOAOBb Kb UHTepne.i.iaiUH uosen 6uti mhoto Bb Tixb c.iyaaaxb, norAa npcACTa- 28*