Градовский А.Д -Собрание сочинений. Том 5

CKOe h nopiyriUbCKoe 8aKoao,ia'reAtcTBa. 9to BHjon3M$!ienie apo- aBMerca bx i o n , raaBnuMx o6pa3oax, OTHOmOHia, n o , Bposrfe CAy- laa, Korja pereuTCTUo nepexOAHTX ex oxay hah Maxcpn icopo.TH, pereHTCTBO OTAiiAaeTca otx oneKH, a aab iuusaoS asx btuxx <t>TESiiifi HasEaiaeTCfl ocoCoe .iau,o. IlojoCnoe xe BHAOH3M$HeBie HutCToi h bx rpeaecKoS BOHCTHTyniB. Ca>Aa othocbtcb ct. 66—73 HcnaHCKoft KOHCTHTynin, ct. 91—100 nopTyraABCBoS a ct. 50—53 rpe- qecRoit KOHCTHTypia. Bx ca.iy stbxx CTaiefl, pereHTx, upusuuacauft ex oTnpaBxeHiio o6a3aHHOCTeS uoaapxa, cbaod sasoHa CTauaTca bx oco6oe noAoxeBie. Ohx BciyaaeTX b x orapaBAeaie npaBX MOHapxa na Ttxx x e ocnOBaninxx, xasx u caiax aoaapxx, bo cx h3b$cthhhh orpatiu'iOHijiMH. 1) PereBTX npa caaoux BCTyu.ienia bx OTnpaB-ieBie ortaaaHHOCTefl aoaxchx apaHecia upacary bx co5iDAeaiu KOBCTHTynia a BX BipHOCTH Bopo.110, o6asaBH0CTB KOTOparo OBX BpeMSHBO OTDpa- babbtx; 2) pereaTX ne uoAxsyeTca THTyjoax a Birfcinnmca npeaMyme- CTBaaa, cruirmnnuMH cx KopojeBCKaax aoctohbctbomx; 3) nymecTBeunoe x e orpaHaieme, iiaAaracaoe aa npana pereBTa othochiiihmhch cuab nocTaBOBAeHiBMa KoliCTirryiinl, coctobtx bx tohx, tto bo Bpeua pe- reHTcToa He moxbtx 6utb CAiaaso aaKauofl KoncTHTynionuofi no- npaBBH, cx^AOBaTeAbBO, bx nepioAX pereaTCTaa ae boxctx apoH3ofiTa HHKaKHXX H3M-feHeai8 KOHCTHTyuia BaKX BX BiAOMX, TaKX H BO OTBO- uieBiw bx ota&ixbh h x ea aocTaHOBAeniaux. TaBoe orpaaaaeaie ycTa- BOB-ieHO bx T ixx BHAaxx, bto6bi rapaarapoBaTb rocyAapcTBO otx bca- khxx nonuTOKx co CTopoau perenTa BHAOHSM-iaaTb rocyAapciBeraoe ycTpofiCTso, a Taaia uodutkh bo3moxho AonycTHTb bx tomx cxyaat, ecAH 6h pereaTX OEasajca caboieohx 4cctojki6hbumx a sarorfcAX 6h B3H'knuTb rocyAapcTBeaHoe ycTpoflcTBO bx cbod noAb3y a bx ym;epfix OBeEaeHoay hmx Ma.io.rtTDCMy aoaapxy.

KHHrA BTOPAfl. HAPOAHOE nPEACTABMTEAbCTBO. O T A fe / T L riEPBblft. OpraHH3an,ia h SHa^teme BepxHHXt najiaTt. MABA I. BhaHEHIB JByBA.lATBO0 CHOTBHH. I. IIoae aapojHUM% npe^cTaBHTejfcCTBOMii pasyiiiBTcit ynpejEAeiiiH, npB3UBaeMua ee viacTin be OTupaBjeHin h3b£cthuxe upairt rocyiap- ctbchiioS BjacTM, 6.iH»afimiiME ofipasoai, be ynacriro be OTDpaB.ieaia npaBE BJiacTH3aK0H01aTe.11.H0a h ke yaacTi» beTaKHXE aKTaxE rocyjap- CTBeBHOfi BASCTH, KOTOpHeJOXKHH6lJTb pa3CMaTpHBaOMUHyTBep*,4aeilH 3aKOHO,iaTeJMBME nopajEOME. CxtxoBaTexbHO, napo.nHoo npeaCTaBK- TejLCTBO ecTt coBOKyoHocTt HapojiHuxE yapextjeHifi, corxacie botophxe be rocyjapCTBaxE, nocTpoeHHUXE no THny orpaHHieuuoB uoaapxiH, Tpe6yeTca *xa HSj&Bia saEOROBE a jx « coBepnreHia ektobe, do CBOet beshocth TpefiyioinaxE 3aE0HojaTejbHaro pascMOTpiaia. IIoae bto 06m.ee onpeataesie nojxoiaTE esee ynpesjeHia BUfiopBHa, teee a He BH6opaua. H60, KaKE h3b'6ctho, uajam pusaaBBU be CBoeuE co- cTaB* h He bc6 npexcTaBXHOTE oxiroaBOBO mjCopnufi bjcmchte. Bh- fiopHOfl naxaToS bo bcJxe rocyAapcTBaxE aBAaeica teke HasHBaeMaa HaacHaa naxaTa; aanpoTHBE, BepxHaa naxaTa astieTE oneHi. paaiHiiiu# coctebe: bjh ohe erat coBosynHOCTb xhhe BacxijcxBeBHO sacijaio- niBXE h npH3HBaeMHXE be CHxy cBoero Hac.rt.iCTBeaHaro npaBa be ihcxo axeaoBE BepxBefi naxara, a.m hse xbhe, nosHSHeHHO Ha3na- aeBUblXE Tyxa MOHapXOME, HXH, HSKOHenE, H3E XHBE BHfiOpHUXE, HO Ha6ox'6e joxriS cpoBE, i I sie AenyTara nasHe# naxaTu, h cyTOME He oduKHOBeHHaro in6pania, a Hs6paHia, o(5cTaBxeHHaro HicKO.ibKOhhuhh

— 199— ycaoBiaMH. HaKonenx, mu BCTpiiaeax na.ianj, npejcTaBaaiomia bx cbobmx cocTaB'h cMimenie sthxx Tpexx naaaax: HacatjCTBeHHaro, bu- OopHaro h no nasHaaeniD. Ho, He3anncnMO oft cocTaBah cnoco6a oflpa- aoBasia ofrfi najaTU—hhxhsm h iiepsiina—oAnnakoBO asaaiorca yaacT- HHK8MH icaKX bx oTnpaB.ienia oflasanHocTefl, Taira u bx ocymecTBaenin upaBi, KOTOpua aaHU aapojnoMy upescTaBHTe.iHCTBy. Hm+.b ABynaaaTBTio k.iu OAHonaaaTHyn opranaaaijiio, HapojHoe npeacTaBHTeaBCTBO saaaeTca bi>j.bobkomx bha4. JlsynaJiaTHaa cucTexa npHHHMaoTca bx (jo.JMiiHHCTBi CBponeftcKHXx h aMcpuKancKHSt rocy- aapcTBb, Kara MOHapxniecKHSb, Taira h pecny6aHKaHCEHXx. JThbib ni- Koropua repMaHcaia rocyaapcTsa, a thkme Cep6ia, Boxrapifl, Bocioa- Haa Pyxeaifl h I'peaia, HMiion, oany naaaTy. Tasx EaKx floabniHHCTBO eBponeflcKHXT, rocyaapcTBX BocnpHHaao ABynaaaTBVD CHCTexy, to bbmx npeacTOHira pa3CMOTp,fcTbI Ra iuikojix ocnonanin a BcaiacTBie Kauaxx HCToptjiccKHx'b npHaanx bbhjocb TaEoe pasABOeHie Hapoxnaro npea- CTaBHTeaLCTBa. Ee3X coxaiBia, bx btomt, OTHomeRiR npasript Abt-iIh cx ea SBysifl naaaTaMB—naaaToio aopxOBX h naaaTOD oflmHHX—Hirtax iipeofljaxaiom.ee SHaaeHie. Ho He caiijyera ayxaTi., tto bx Ahtjih aByoaaaTHaa chctomb ycTaaoBBaacb BCjiaCTBie aaitoS uaflyAb eohcth- TynioHuofl TeopiH: npoHcxoataeHie h pa3at.iCHie aHraifiCKHXX naaaTX ecTt DJOAX HCTopaaecEaro oponecca no-iaTHiecRoB khshh btoto rocy- aapcTBa, a He aaKoro HHflyxbKoncTHTynioHHaro aBTa. Pa3BHTie anraifi- CEaro uapaave.HTa coBepnraaocb aepesx BHAoasaiaeHie Toro (feoxajb- Haro yipeataenia, KOTopoe noax HasBameira commune consilium cy- mecTBosaao eme npn HopxanECEHXx sopoaaxx, h cbhsx EOToparo cx caECOHCBHHH BHTeHareMOTaMB xoseTX 6utl ycTauoB.ieHa. Ho bx BHTe- aarexoiaxx caECOHcaaro BpeueHH yaacTie .idux, Tyaa npa3UBaeMuxx, onpeaiaaaocL hxx xhhhuxh npaBauB, caliaoBaTeabHO, He aonycsaao HHKaKoro npeacTaBHTeabCTBa. Bx BHTeHarexoTaxx npuHaMaan yaacTie: 1) Bucmia ayxonHua jana, enHCKonu; 2) Bucmia KopoaeBCRin xoaa- hocthuh anna, h 3) Boo6me EopoaeBCEie TaHU, bx doji,mHHCTBfc c.iy- aaeBX npH3UBaBmieca ex 3aHaTiio Bucmaxx aoasHocTeS h HOTOMy Ha- 3UBasmieca ministri (HiaTO bx poal) 4>paHUj3CKHXx aHTpycTioHOBX— antrustiones). Hsx bthxx max a cocTaB.ia.ica cobStx kbex 6u Myapiftmnxx (sapientes). Bx HOpMaHHCKyc anoxy floasmoft Kopo- aeBCEifl coBf,TX (commune consilium), bx oTaaaie otx Kopoaes- CEofl xypiH (curia regis), bx csmcai coBosynBocTH cyjefinuxx yape- JKAeHi# h aAMHHHCTpaTHBHipx cob4tobx Kopoaa, coctohxx H3X jihux, npHHasaeataBmHXx ex $eoxaa&HOfi apncTOKpaTin h AyxoBeHCTBy h npa- 3Bannuxx coxa no ateaaHiio Eopoaa h Ha cpoEX, hmx onpext-ieHiiufl. QpH3UBX bx stotx cob4tx o6uehob6hho .itja.ica ocoCumh ROpoaeB- cehmh nparaameHiaMH aaaiAOMy oTAiatHO, hmchhoEopoaeBCKHKa nacb-

— 200 — Maun (per litteras nostras). Bx cocTaBXcoBira bxoah.iii npejcTaBUTC.in Bucniaro ayxouencTBa, Btioiaie Baccara (tenentes in capite) a noofime Bci i t .iana, BOTopuKL (Sura nocxaHU KopojcBCKia uud.ua, nparia- maimiiii hxx abhtlch j.h cOBimaHia no BazHMHx KopojeBCKHMx j i - jaax. MsuincHie commune consilinm’a a npiiBe.ro BnocaiiCTsia bx ofipaioBaHin anrjiScsaro uapjauenra. 9to asHiapaie coBepmaxoct ve- pe3x BBeaeHie bx coct&bx btofo cos&ia npeacTaBHTOJiefi micTnuxx caHoynpaB.MDuaxca ewHHpx, rpaitcTBx a ropoxcKHXx oQiuhhx. IIpeA- CTaBUTc.iH rpajicTBX (ptjuapu rparpcTBx) h npeACTaBHTeaa ropoAOBX 0hjh co3Bauu bx DcpBuft pasx bo npesifl 6opi>6n Eopoaa renpHxa III cx ero Baccaxaaa, bx 1265 rojy. Ho ara nonHTsa coaHBa npejCTa- BHTeraS rpaipcTBX a ropoAOBX, nocayzHBnraa Bnoc-iijCTBia o6pa3Hoax coBUBa AenyTaTOBX bx hhzhioio na.iaTy, na nepcun pa.'it. oKasajacx Heyjaiuon, tskx kbkx cuhx Teupaxa in, fitiamaro bx nxiHy y Ca- Moaa, rpacpa MompopTcnaro (rp, JteflqecTepcKaro), npeABOAHTeaaBoscTaB- maxx BaccaaoBX, 4-ro anrycTa 1265 roja pasSaax boBcko homIixbhxx, ocBo6o.ra.ix csoero oma a BOSCTaaOBgjx bc4 npcporaTHBu KopoaencRofl BjacTa. Cx t4xx nopx co3Banie conunnne consilium’a bx npezaeux cocraBi, T.-e. cobm4ctuo cx npeACTaBaieraBa rpaiJicTBx a ropoAOBX, 3aMeAJmeTCJi. Toaxbo bx 1295 rosy, bx kobh* napcTBOBaHiaSjyapAa I, OHOBO3CTaiiOBES0Cl, TAKE HTO 3TOTX TOAX CltAyBTX CTHT8TXHaia.lOMX nocaiAywmaro pa3BHTia Bap.ianeHTCBaxx yipezAemfi h BoataocTefl. Bx npoAO.rateBie .roxraro Bpexena commune consilium yAepzaiiaJx cboS nepBOHaia.iiHH8 cocTaBx: BxojHBUiie bx aero abb 3JieMenTa He 6uAH pa3AtAeBU HH4>aXTH<ieCKH, BH OpHAUSeCKH. Toaxro BXXIV CTO* ■rtriH upoucxojHTX pa3AiAeHie napxaMenTa Ha sepxHioio a hhzhioio naxara, a KaaAaa H3X hhxx uocTeneuHO npio6pfrraeTX oco6ua npaBa a oco6oe 3HaqeHie. Ho ae caiAyeTX AyiiaTt, hto6u pasAiranocTt 3thxx naAaTx, oco66hbo nepnoBaiajEHO, 6tua ycTaHOBjeaa bx bhabxx h4ko- TOparo paBHOBicia bx Atxaxx 3aKOH0AaTeaxH08BJacm, ebbx to yrnep- zxaeTca ocHosaTeasMa liOHCTirryniOHnoB xcopia. OmaOoTHOcTx Tanoro npeACTaB-ieHia 6yAeTx aah aacx acaa, ecaa mu o6paTaax BHUHaHie Ha HiBOTopaa qepra cauaro nponecca o6pa- soBaHiaa pa3BHTia aHr.riScKaro uapxaueHTa, KOTopup noKazyix hbnx, tto arezgy Bepxnefi h HazHefi naaaT08 nepBOHaiaaBHo He 6hao hh- KAKOfi 60px6H, a TTO, CA^AOBaTeAXHO, He 6lJJ0 najoSHOCTH BH BX sa- EOHXpaBHOBtciH, HHCJX 0 BOTopOMX He MorAa Aaze H HBHTXCa BXTO speMH. Bx caMoax a4j4, aHr.riBcKia KOHCTHTypiOHaua yqpezAenia co3xaAHCXycajiaHH aaraiacKofl apacTOKparia. Magna charta libertatum 6HAa AofiHTa 6apoaaHH, B03CTaBmaHH npoTHBX Kopoaa hoax npeABO- AHT6AHCTB0MX enHCKOUa. Bx HUCjll HOCTaBOBJOHiB 3T0ft XapTiH 8aKJI0- qaaacx cTaTxu, KacaBmiaca oSnraxx HHtepecoBx; OHa oOeaiieiHBara He

— 201 — TOJIfcKO BOAbHOCTH fiapOHOBb, HO Bb 3HaHHTeabH0ft CTeneHH BOJIbHOCTH h npHBHjeriH ortimim,, hto h cocTaBaaao, ynoTpefijaa BHpaxeBie Ma- Eoaea, ocoOeHnyio npeaecTb otoS xapria. Bb 6opi,ijf. 3a BexHKyro xapTin h bt>AajitH-feameMB pa3BHjia napaaMeHTCRHXbyapexAeaifi aopju miaa nepBeHcisyKimee SHaqeuie, Torja Kasx naaara oOihhht, BUcryua-ia He- cMiao a HBaajacb HHOi'Aa noAAepxKoft KopoaescEoft BaacTH. TaEoe ao- aoxeH^e jia x suaweabao Biiaon3M'JiHiiaocb BnocaiiCTBia, Korja aa- aaaacb boBrm Aaoft a Biaoii posu a koi'ab aaraiBcsaa apacTOEpaTia aora6aa Bb 910ft MexaoycofiHoft BoftHi. Bbobb uapOAMjmaacjr apacTo- Kpaxia He coxpaaaaa npcxaaro 3naaeHia a xapaarepa. lispia CTaaa o6o3HaaaTb ae ctojlko HacaiACTBenayiD apacTOEpaTiD, EaKb upesje, CEoatRO coBOKynHocTb aHax, B03BeaeBHbixi bb nspu a npasBaaHHXb Bb BepxHiOD naaaTy MaaocTpi) Bopoaa. H3uiHHaocb TaExe a anaqeaie Bucmaro jyxoBeHCTBa, Bxo.ianniaro Bb cocTSBb aroft naaaTU. HpeACia- BHTeaacraparo EaToaaaecEaro AyxoBeucTBa, EaKi apeACTaBaTcaa aaTe- pecoiib h npaBHaerift caabaoft EaToaaaecKofi aepxBH, KOHeaHO, uai.m Be to 3Haaenie, KaKUMb noab3y»Tca enacKonn aRraaKaacEoft nepKBa, Ha3Haaaeaue Kopoaesn, a npacyTCTsyiHuic Bb BepxHeft naaarfi ex officio. tloA'b A^ftcTBieBb AByxb BbaneyKaaanuuxi npaiaHb BHAOHaat- aaeica cooTHomeHie aaraiftcBHXb naaaTb. Bb peBoaoAioHHyn 9noxy, bt. anoxy CToapTOBb B03pacraeTb 3Haaeme neatneft naaaTbi, soiopaa a,ieTb BnepeAH ABHxeHia h Bcixb cofiuTift TorAanrae# noaaTaaecEoft SH3BH. Ho aaTaroHHSUb, ao BpeueHaMb otmapyjKHBatomiftca uex,ry AByaa uaaaTa>iH no noBOAy cpaBnHTejbHo He oaacHbixb aonpocoBb, BMterb upeAtab: bo Bcixb Baamixb Bonpocaxb aaatnaa na.iaTa acerAa aaxoAHTb noAAcpaKy Bb najari aopAOBb, EOTopaa nocToabBy ae OTji- AaeTb ce6n OTb apeACTasHTeaeft o6m.HHb, nocROAbKy ohh He saTpora- Baxa HHTepecoBb rocnoACTBynmaro Kaacca. CaoBoxb cEa3aTb, he npo- cTpaHCTBt Bcero Bpeaeaa, orb B03HHKHOBeHia anrjiftcEiixb npeACiaBH- TeAbHbixb yapeaEAeaift ao OKOHiaTejbHaro HXb pacuBiTa, mu ae r&- xoAREb npoaBAeHift Toro BpaxAefiaaro OTaonieaia naaaTb Apyrb ab Apyry, soTopoe neoCxoAaao npeAaojaraeTca BHmeyKa3aHHUMb onmCoa- HUMbBBiHieab, npHnacuBanmaub pa3ABoenaocTb aapoAHaro npeACTa- BHTeabCTBa Bb AHraiH Toay, tto 6yAT0 6bi cb TeaeHieMb BpeaeHH hbh- aacb BeofixoAHUocTb ycTaaoBBTb aexAJ AByaa naaaTasia Easoe to paB- HOBicie. BcaiACTBie btoto, cooTHomeHie AByxb naaaTb Bb AHraia a axb acropaaecEoe 3Haqenie ae onpaBAUBaeTb toH Teopia EOHCTHTy- aioHHuxb cAepxeKb, EOTopaa cb ocofieHHofi oCcToaTeabaocTbD ■ npa- uiaaTeabBO Kb acTopia AHraia 6uaa pasBHTa MoHTeCKbS. 9'ra Teopia aaiaa aaoraxb uoc.itAOBaTe.ieft, KOTopue, hcxoah H3b Hea a nrBO- papya H3yaeme ^aETOBb aaraiftCEoft noaHTuaecKoft xesaa, yTBepXAaaa, <rrn conTHomenie jrvtt. tinaan, Anraia RRRirkin (’.rothti'ji kt. r.BOTeM'fv

— 202 — BSaHMHHXX CjepateEX, EX TOMY, TTO .Sjtcb H3THCKX DJaMeHHHfl, a Tam omopx cypoBuB” , ebex Bupasajca aanix 0087%. Ho H3T>paacMOTpinia (paKTOBX HCTopia paaBaria KOHCTHTynioHHHXx yapeatAeaiS Aur-iiu craaoBHica HecoMHtnHUMX, Tro nn.TaMcnnufl Ha- THCKx“ BX 6ojbmHHCTB’tl CjyTOOBX HCXOflBAX H8X najaTbl JOPAOBX, a _OTnopx cypoBuS0 duax ofipamgHX Be- bx CTopoHy najaTU oCiuhhx, a opoTHBX aenoMlipnuxx npaTjmmS KopoaeBCKott B.iacTH. I to sq>tbkx, ctohtx tojbko bcdokhhtx cyjibdy reapaxa III, Hiyapjia I h apyi'axx Kopojiefi Anniu. TaKBMX odpasostx, aBjaeTca Ta aecoodpasHOCTb, yto „HaTHcax“ npoTHBX Kopo.ieBCKofl B.iacTH HCXOAnJX OTX COC.TOBia, EO- Topoe no KOHCTUTVUioiIHoS TCOpifl JO.TifinO flUTb, CX OjnoS CTOpOHU, ouopofi npecioaa, a cx jpyroB — wwpatEoS nan HUSBeB najaTU. Ho SToro to noeaijHaro aHiuiScKaii HCTopia a He npejcTaBaaeTX, iasx wo, cjiflOBaieabHO, 3aaaeHie, npHnacHBaeaoe Bepxaett naaart bx CMUC.l’h BOHCTHTyniOHBOfi CAepiRKH, eCTb He HTO HHOe, KBEX MOJX Teopia. II. MoHTecsbB bx X I Knari, bx 6 rjaBi Do Vesprit des lois, rjrfc roBopaTca o pa3jtjeaia BjacTefl, ranx onpeji.iaeTx 3Hatenie BepxaeS na.iaTbi. Bx Baajoa cTpaHt, roBopaTX ohx, ecTb couosyuHocTb jbhx, OTMaaiomaxca 3HaTH0CTbio a 6oraTCTBOHX, EOTopua aojjrhu duTb bh- li.ieHU otx xpyrHXX, u6o odmaa CBodoja duaa du m b huxx pad- .ctbomx. Hobtomy ohh Aojatnu cocTaBBTb ocoduft coBf,Tx bx rocyjap- ctb'I;, KOTopuS jojzenx anepatHBaTb bbshdio naaary totho tbex ate, kbex napoiHue npejCTaBHTeja cjep«nnaBrb HeaaKOHHUH CTpeMaeaia aanx SToro Ejacca. Bra Teopia duaa BOcnpHHaxa d.iiiataSnniMT. bctoj- KOBaTeaeHX aBraiScEoS EOHCTHTyaiH— ie-JIojbHOMX, Koropufi bx CBoeS Constitution <fAnglettere, 1771 r., c.vfeiyBJinHMX odpasOMX odx- aceaert SHateHic BepxHeS uajaru: BeodiojtHaocTb, roBopaTX ohx, AByxx naaarb BUTCEaeTx H3X neoSxo.taaocTH -orpaHaraTb Bjacib 3a- KOHOjaTexbHyc, ado HHate OHa bbbtcb TapaHHiocKoio a BO.ii Hapo*- hhxx npeamBBTeaeS ae dyaert nocTaBJCHO HHKaBHXx nperpajx. Ha- npacHo HHatHsa naaaTa dyjeTx cTaBirn, nperpajH cBoeiiy caMoBjacrin; ea aocTaHOBieBia bx btohx OTHOmeaiH ae MoryTx 6utb ero orpaaa- aeHieax, ado ato oitaaaaeHie asaaeTca aaToax ea codcTBeaaoB bojh h, aaEX TasoBoe, nosers duTb oraiBeHO. OrpaHHienie BjacTH neab3H HCKaTb bx caxoS BxacTu; nonUTaa Tatcoro poja aeB03MOsaa, mex He- bosuosho Cano ApiHxejy ABHHyTb aeajno, Haxojacb aa ae>ui. RiacTb HaatueS naia™ mokotx duTb cjep*aaa .iamb caaofi, Haxo.yaaieftca bh4 ea. TaKO» BHimHen caepatHBaBmen cbxob a aBJtaerca naaaTa xopjoBX, KOTopaa Batcii cx HaatHeS naaaioft pa3a*aaerb tfiyHimiH aaKOHOjaTejbBofi bjhcth. Pa3fl*aeHie 3aK0B0*aTejbH0fl bjbcth ecTb Tasaa ate HeodxojwMOCTb, Kasx a cocpeiOToaeuie acnojHHTeabHoS

— '203 — B.iacTH bx oahomx jHi(i hah bx oahomx vqpeatxeHiH. Pa3ieiHHennaa HcnojHHTejibHa« B.iacTpi ae 6yAeTX at cocToaniH ynpaBaaTB rocyiap- ctbohx; MesAy pa3xeAHBeHBHHH npeACTaBHTeAaaa Hcno.iHHTeJtHOfi babcth HoateTX B03uuKuyTB 6opt6a, -KOTopaa bi aotmi kohbobx apa- Bexerb ax jecnoTiu OAHoro. HepasAtAeHnaH saaoHOAaieaBHaa babctb upHBOABT'B Tazoee kb AecooriH, ho toabko ne anna, a yapesiema. 9th coofipaaienia qepe.ix nocpeACTBO B.iiaaia, khkemb hoabbobbahcb MOBTeeBBe H ae-JOABMX He TOABEO BO 'I’paHBiB HHa K0HTHH6HT$ E bPOHU, ho h bx A htaim, no.ioata.TH aanaAO Tofl Teopia caepaceKX, KOTopaa ofixacHHAa neofixoAHMocTh cymecTBOBaaia itepxueii na-iaxu. Bx cauc-it BTofi Teopia OuaO uohhto sHaaeiiie BepzHea tia.iara a bx Axepiixt, npH BUpa6oTK’fc bx 1787 roAy KoncTHTyniu CtB.-Axep. Coes. IUthtobb, ho KOTopofl KOHrpecci coctohtx H3X abvxx naiaix—coHaia h naaaTH npeACTaBHTe.ieS. CeHaTX, no caucxy soncTBTynia, uMteTx bx AMepaais ABoaKoe BHaaeBie.Ohx, BO-nepBiixx,ecTBcoBtTxoiAiABHuxxmiaTOBx,h6o gaatAUfi mTaTX, ho3&bhceiio otx cBoero upocTpancraa h napoAOHace- jeaia, u uterx paBuoe aab Bchxx mTaTOBx npaoo nocuaaTB cnjia oah- BaKOBoe iBc.io AenyiaTOBx (no 2 otx Kaauaro anaia). 9thmx o6e3ce- BHBaOTCH He3aBHCHM0CTB OTAtABBHXX UlTaTOBX, TaKX KaivX MBOrOABA- humx mTaTaMX ne Aaeica hhkhkhxx upeuMyiuecTBXOTBOCHTOJbBO npaBx na yiacTie bx 3aB0B0AaT0AbB0fi babcth nepeAX mTaraan Ma.ioiiace.ieH- HHMH. CAtAOBaTOAbHO, CeHaTX OCTb BpeACTaBHTeAb BHCTO ({leAepaTBB- . hhxx HaaaAX. Csepxx Toro, BO-BTopuxx, ceHatx o(5pa3yoTX co6o» BcpxHBio najaTy aacpifsaECEaro soarpecca. yitaateMX Ha MHiaie oaeub aBTopHTeTHaro .iaua, yqacTBOBaBmaro BX COCTaBAOHiH aMepHKaHCBOfl KOHCTHTyniH, MaABCOHa, KOTOpuS pa3X- acHaeTX sBaqeaie aaepuitaHCKaro ceBaTa HMeHHO bx CMHcai CAepataa npoTBBX npoBSBOAa saROHOAaTOAbHofi R.iacTH. 3asrtqauic bto saatBo fiyAOTx aab Hacx BnocAtACTsia, KorAa au CyAeMx pascMaTpHBaxb Hcropio KOHCTHTynioHBHXX ynpeatAenifl 'I’paimiH, h6o Taax seBipaoe noHHManie aMepaaaBCKofi KoncTHTynia CAi-iaxocb apryMOBTOMX npo- thbx BTopoS naAara. Bx sypnaai PedepaMicim (CTp. 285 a ca*a., asiaaia 1857 r.) MaAaeoax roBopaTx, bto bx pecnyfijaitaHCKHxx npa- BHTe.ibCTBaxx, no Hecqacriio, cAyqaeTca, xoth a aoBte, qtMx bx jpy- raxx npaBUTeAbCTBaxx, qTO npaBBTOja safiuBaDTx cboh oChsaHHOda no oTHomeniio ax cbohmx B36npaTo.iaMx a Hep&AKO ofiaaHUBaaiTx ao- Btpie nocjtjHHXx. Cx bto8 tobkh sptsia, ceHaTx, xaax BTopaa OTpacAb 3aK0H0iaTeAbHaro coCpaaia, OTjaqRaa otx apyrofl ero otpacab a pas- AtAaiomaa cx Hew 8asoHOAaTeAbHyio BAacTb, mosotx 6nm bo Bctxx cayqaaxx cnacHTeAbHoft CAopatKoft bpothbx npoa3BOAa upauHTe.ibCTBa. Taaoe ycTpoflcTBO rapaaTapyeix (iesonacHocTb rocyAapcTBa, thkx Kaax AJh ocymecTBAOHia BAaHOBX kakhxx .ia6o asatnenifi ero hah ysyp-

— 204 — nanin Tpefiyeica cor.iacie jByX'b pas-iHiuuxi yqpeaijenifl, Torja uauB npa hhhxb ycAOBiflXB j m ocymecTB-iema sthxb nxanOBB (Shao 6a jocTaTonno HcnopnenHOCTa u necTOJffiia ojHoro. C boh cooSpaaenia MasucoHB saKaHiHBaeTB yBipenieMB, ito ohh ocHOBUBaBTOi Ha cto.il acHuxi naiaxaxB a. tbkb xopomo a BipHO 6jnyn noeaTti bb C4b.- Akbp- Coe*. UlTaTaxi, tto £>h.io 6u h3.ihihhhmb pacnpocTpaMTBca o6b 3TOMB Aax'te. Ho bth cooSpaaeHia OKa3a.iHCi. ne hmhiubhiih npu nepenoci eoh- CTBTynioHHUii yqpeasxeuifl na KOHTHHeurt EBponu, nanusaa cl 1789 roja. HpH cocTaa.ienia <J>paHny3CR0fl EOHCTHiyniH 3-ro ceirraGpa 1791 r. .antHia bb yqpenHTeJBHOMB co6paniB pa3xtXH.iacB neatly npHBepaoH- naMH KOHCTHTynionBofi Mouapxiu, Koropue MMf.jH bb finny coxpaneHie MOHapxnnccKnx'B yipexAemS, a npejcTaBHTe-iami pecuvG.iHKanCKUXB HanajrB, hcxoahbbihhh usb npunnaua Hapomaro cyeepeHUTeTa. Hep- BHe noBTopa-iH rfc apryMeHTH, KOTopue h&mb yae hbbIictuij; no cto- Pohbhkh HapoAHaro cynepennTeTa OTsepraa BTOpyB naaaTy, na tomb ocnoBaHin, tto yapesjeuieitB ea bhocutcb litKOTOpufi apHCTOEpara- aecsifi saeneaTB, KOTopuB ne mobctb Gutb nonymeuB npu yCTaHO- Bxenin rpaKjancaoB paBHonpaBHOCTB. Ho btotb apryneuTB n ero bh- AHMaa BaataocTB uoryTB 6utb Aeruo ycipaHeHH, ecjn mu hpbmcmb bo BBHMaBie to. tto HHorya BTopaa nanaia bobcb He Bax-HonaeTB bb ce6i . HuuaKnxB apucToapaTHaeCKHXB aaeMenroBB; tbeorb. BanpuM-6pB, a»e- pHKaacKift ceBBTB. r.iaBHOe a e coofipaaenie, upHBOAHBmeeca bb 3amiiTy OAnonaaaTHofi chct«mu 3aKxciaJ0CB bb tomb, ato iiapoAB, uoiopoMy npuHanAeauTB caMojepataBie, ao-ikchb hm$ti> cahhuB n HepasA'tJB- nufl opraHB; oauiiuH, HepasA&ABHUH n caMo.iepaaBnuB napojB moikctb HMtTB saKOHOABTeABByRl B.1BCTB, COCpCTOTOTCHaTK) TOABKO BB eAHnoB u HepaailubBoS naxari. Ct. 3 AeK.iapaniif ipaBB rxacHTB, mo upBn- nunx Bcuuaro cyBepeeixeTa cyntecTseHno (essentiellement) aaxoABTca bb HaiiiH. HaKasoe yqpeaueaie hah anno He noaeTB OTfipan-iaTB BxaciB, KOTopaa HenocpejCTBeiiBO hohcxoahtb otb uapona. Otcbhjbo, wo H Biopofl apryueHTB npoTHBB BepxReS ua.iaxu osaaeTca Heco- CTOHTCABHHMB, eCAH DpUBflTB BO BHHMaHie, HTO U BTOpafl OB-iaTa M0- aeiB 3aHMCTB0BaiB cboh noAHOKonia on> napona, khkb h nepBaa. UoBTOMy sonpocB o6b ynpeanenin abvxb mahtb hbahach nocTpoea- hhhb Ha npnnnuoi ntiecootipasnocTH fioxte, qiMB Ha npuHnant npaBa. M e»jy t4mb, Bepxnaa naaaTa Hosera 6utb OTBepraeiia ahihb npu tomb ycAosiH, Bio oHa ycipaHaeTB hah orpanutHBaeTB napojHuS cyBepeHHTeTB h npHTOMB He cb tohkh 3ptBia nixecoo6pa3H0CTH, a npaBa. Bb 9tojib oieonieHiH BoopocB o abvxb naaaTaxB onpeji-iaeTca He t6mb, kto je.iempyeTB miacTB, a t4mb, uaKB ocynecTBAaBTca npaBa Haponnaro cyBeperaieia: ocTaeTca au ocymecTnxenie bthxb

— 205 — npaBX HenocpejCTBeHHO bx pvKaxx napoja, hah oho MoaieTX dun. upcjociaB-ieno upejciaBBTejjiai. napoaa. AddaTX Cieficx roBopnix, hto napojnaa bojh do cymecTBy e,n«ua h Hepa3.it.is.Ha, kbhx eAHHX h HepaajsijeHi cyBepeHin'ers,, npHHaweaamifl Hapojy. Ho bto 6hao du BtpHO,ecjH Cu napojT, HenocpejCTBeHHO OTnpaBAH.ix cboio BAacTb; Ha- poAHoe codpaHie Aohhx hah iuoeBaapcKHXb staHTOHOBXAtficTBHTejbHO iiepa3At.ss.H0. CjiAOBaTC-ibHO, reopia, rocnoACTBOuaBniia bx yspeAH- TeAbHOBrs. coCpaHiu 1789 roja, oCTHBaacs. aa TaKoS dodbIs, AOxacHH6h 6lijh BOBce oTpnuaTL napoAHoe npeACTaBHTexbCTBO, KaKX to cOBep- nieHHO nocjstAOBaTe.ii.H0 h cAtxaxx ocHOBaTexx STOfi TeopiH, Pycco. Ho ero Bar.™Ay, AeMoaparia AO.iatHa 6htb HenocpeACTBeHHofi, hah, no KpaBHeS nipt, napoAHue npeACTaBHTejH aoaehh outs, CBasanu oda- saTexxHMMH HHCTpyKuiHMii (mandats impdratifs) cbohxx H86apaTe.ieft. Ho yapeAHTeABHoe codpauie OTStasaAOCB on. iioc.itACTBi8 cbohxx TeopiB h oTBeprAo stain. nenocpeACTBenHyio jeMOKpaiiB, TaKBh o6n3aTe.ii.HUa HHCTpyKHiH: Aenyiaiu hbahbtch ho npeACTaBHTeAHMu cbohxx Mdepa- Te.iefi, a npeACTaBHTeAHUH nauiit, T.-e. yipeAHTejBHoe codpauie npe- AOCTaBHAO AenyTaTaMB no.inyio CBo6oAy bx cbohxx MHtHiaxx h jtfi- CTBiaxx. TaKHHX o6pa30HX, HapoAX, no aonCTHTyniH 1791 roga, bx AHQt napoAHaro codpamn ycraHOBAHAX He HOBipeHHUXx CBoefi odmeB boah, a yipeiKAHAT, BAacTb, scoTopan 6uaa ofi.ieieua npaBOMX noBext- B3TB HMeHeMX HapoAa. Cx OTOfi TOHKH 3ptBlH HapoAy HpeACTaB.ia.ica He 6espa3AHHHUMx Bonpocx: saEx dyxoTX opraHHSOBaHa bakctb, eoto- paa AtflcTByeTX ero Hiieuesx, n dyxyn ah HMtTBca naAAe*amia CAepaiKu aah uapoAHUxx B.iacTeft, ecau 6u ont noKe.iaxH cocpexoTo- HUTB BX C80HXX pyKaXX BeCB HajHHHHfl CyBOpeHHTCTT,, OCTaBHBX 3a HapoAOMX caHOAepataBie ahihb bx TeopiH? ynpeAHTe.ii.noe cofipauie 1789—1791 r. jaao OTBtTX Ha »Ton TpeBosHufi aah HapoAa Bonpocx HMeneMx HapoAa. Caxo oho abao npairtpx, Easx (faKTHiecKH caao- boabho 8X0 codpaHie HapoAHuxx npeACTaBHTe.iei MOjseTXcocpeAoroiH- BaiB bx cbohxx pysaxx ba&ctb: HMenein. Hapo.ia H3x nepBOHaiaxb- huxx seMCKHXx hhhobx (dtats gdndraux) oho npeBpaTHAOCi. bx Ha- AioHa.iBHoe codpaHie; BueHeux HapoAa obo hphcbohao ce6t ynpoAH- TeABHyn basctb h co3Aaxo KOHcxuTyniio 1791 roAa; hhohomx Toro se napoAa oho BBtpuAO 3aKOHOAaTeABHyso babcti. oahoS naaaTt (assemble legislative). Cyibda aroro saKOHOAaTexbHaro cofipania yKaateTX Haax Ha 8Ha- HeHie h pesyABTaTBi npaKTnnecKaro npHutHeHia OAHonaxaTHO# chctcmh bo 'i'panisiH. III. 3aKOHOAaTejBHOe codpaHie cxopo saxBaTHAO bx cboh pysn Bet fjiyHKHiH BAACTH, odpETHBX BX HHHTO BAaCTB KOpOAeBCKyE). Ho Cano codpaHie noAna.10 hoax B.WAunecTBO noAHTunecEHXx Kxydobx h napHS-

ckoB K*oM.wyhh. Bccr.ia pacnoxaraBnie# BoopysenHuan eaxaiiH npej- **cTifi. naaerne Koaapxia (10-ro aarycia 1792 r.) nonexo ex ycTaso- Bxeniio yapeueaia, Eoropoe HaBcerja ocraaeTca tbuohx BceMoryniHxx codpauifi, T.-e. EanioHa.it,Haro KOHBCBTa. IIocxtAHift a^Bctbobbib 6esx BCHEHXX kOHCTHiyuiOHHUXS OrpaHHieaiS, XOTB H BfjpadOTBJX OCTaB- uiywca ua 6ynart KOHCTHTynito 1793 roiu. rposa Eoa.inuiOHHOit boAhh u BHyipCHHia BoacTaaia o6x *chhxh ero BCeaoryineCTRo, both ne onpaa- AUBaxa ero TeppopnCTHiecKHxx Hfipi. Ho, necMOTpa Ha csoe BcfiHo- rymecTBO, KonBenrx Oh jx nopa6omeHx co6craeHHHMH KOMHTP.TaMU h 0*5 ocodenHocTa kombtotoh'B „ofimecTBeHHaro cnacenia\" (PodecaLepx, C. JKioctx, KyroHx). TeppopH3Hpya $paHifiio, KOMBTerx noTpedoBaxx ce6$ nojiHOHoaiB a OTHOCHTeaf.no caaoro kohbohtjiv nocEOjfcsy b1sko- TopHa ero napTiH npenaTCTBOBaxH BeeaorymecTBy soaHTeia. yBxeHea- HH9 BOBHTeTOMl, KOHBeHTX' OTMf.HHJX HeHpHKOCHQBeHHOCTB JfeuyiaTOBi, T.-e. pasBH3a.ix pyKH KOMHTeTV, ny6.iHaHoay o6BHHHTe.iH> ('Pyabe-Ten- bhxb) a peBOXBttioBHOMV Tpadyaaxy (1-ro anph-ia 1793 r.). Bcaopi nocvTt. Toro norad-ia napria yuipenHbixx pecnydjHKaHifeBX (*apoH- jHCTu). 3aT$MX jfom.ia oiepe,i,h h jo Apyraxx napTifl. JJorHrt.ia jaa- tohhcth h reSepTHCTB. OjHa napTia uua Ha rHJiLOTHHy sa .wojepan- th3mx“ , ipyria—sa aTCH3ux, TpeTBH—sa paaepaTHoe HanpaBJieHie. Tasoe „OHHBieHie“ KOHBeHTa BHMaxo, naKoneryi,, nepenopoTX 9 repauiopa (27.-ro inxa 1794), noxosHBHiiB aoHenx uxajuaecTBy Po- fiecuLepa. KoHoeHTx, ocBodoatjeHHuS otx Po6ecnbepa, npHCTvnaxx kx cocTaBxeHiw hobo# BoncTHiyaiH, ocHOBaHHoS, Ha 9totx pa3x, Ha ao- BOXbHO BocxtjOBaTexbBoxx pasAlueHia BxacTeS. Cx sapoifx peBOMeH- jobsxx AOKxajfHKX npoeBTa, Bvacca j ’AHrxa (Boissy d’Anglas) yipe- *A6Hie deyxb naxaix. ociaHOBxccb He Aoaro“ , roBopaxx ohx Keasjy upoanax, „na B3o6paseHiH onacHociet, HepaajixbHHxx cx cymecTBOBameax ojhoii naxaTH. 3a Mena Bania codcTBeHHaa acTopia h oame co3Raaie. Kto xynne Bacx mosctx csasaTb, saEOBO aoserx 6htl Biiagie ojhoto aexoBiEa bx codpaHia.\" Eaax HoryTX dun. bbocohh bx Hero cTpacra, saBX HoryTX poiHTf.cn bx Heax pasiopu, kbkx HHTpura maSsa, iep- socTb ntcEOxbBHXX HerojfieBx (scdldrats), KpaCHopiaie HicEOXbKaxx opaTopoBx, joseoe odmecTBenHoe HHtaie, BOTopuux tsbx xerso bo- opyatHTbca, — sioryTX' B03dyiHTb jBuiseHia, kotophxx hHeto He ocTa- HaBXHBaeix, npEBOiaTb ex hoch^dihocth, He Haxoiante# hhihiko# sa- iepsKH, noposiaTb AeapeTH, KOTopue Moryix norydiTb acerb a cbo- •6oiy, eexa hxx coxpanaTb bx caxi, h othetb y npeicTaBHTexbCTBa ero Month h yBaiaenie, eexa axx OTainaTb? „Bx OAHHoax codpaain, TapaHis BCTpiaaerx conpoiaBAeaie tojbko aa uepBuxx maraxx. Eexa HenpeiBHitHHoe odcroaTexbCTBO, 8ary-

— •207 — 3ia3Ht, HapoflHOe 3a6jyzjeHte uojioi'yTB eMy nepeciynaTt qpesB nep- Boe npenaTCTBie—OHa Be Bcrp4qaeTB ApyrnxB npenaxcTBiS. Ohs bo- opysaeTca Bee®ch.iok>upej.CTaBHTe.ae8 Hapoja hpothbb canoro Hapoja; oaa ycTaHOB-iaen, na ojibhomb h iipoqnoMB ocHoeaHiu npecToax, Tep- eapopa, h a caMue jo6pojliTe.ii.nije Bcaopi CuBaain. BUHyatjeHLi ocBamaTB npeciynjeiiia, jouyciraTi, .ihtbch uoTOitaMB kpobh, npesje aiMB B03MOHU10 CyjeTB COCTaBHTb CqaCT-llMUfi 3arOBOp-b, CBCprRyTB THpaBa H BOBCTaHOBHTB CBo6ojy“. EoHCTHTynia 1795 roja pa3jt.iH.1a BJiam Mezjy Myna ua.iaTaMH. IlepBaa noayquaa HasBauie coBtia Uhthcotb (conseil des Cinq-Cents); Biopaa—coB'feTa CTaptSmHHB (conseil des Anciens). Ilocaluiiift co- ctoiijb H8B 260 qjeHOBB. UpaBO 6litl n36paBHUMB bb totc. h apyroft coB in o6ycjOBjBBa.iocr, pasaaqHHMH TpefioBaniaMu. On. KaHjHjjaTOBB bb coB in IlaTHCon Tpe6oBaioci>: 30-jtTHi8 B03pacn u jecaTH- jiin e e upeax. Bu6opaMH zHTe.ii.cTBO (domicile) bo d>paHi(in. Bb saena cosiTa OapMniHHT. Mor.iH 6htb Hafipanu .inn.a, jocTHrroia 40-.itTHaro B03pacra, JKCrraTUil HJH BJJOBHH, u ZHTO.IfcCTBOBaBIllia Ha TeppHTOpiH pecnyfi-iHKH bb TeqeHie 15 jin. nepeiB BuOopaMH. Cym,ecTBeHHtflmHMB pasjeqieMB Mezjy coBtiauH HB.injocb pas- jHqie bb cf>yBKqi«xB. Bb AarxiH o6t najaxu noJbsyuTca uph6jh8h- Te.itho paBHUMH opaBaHH; OH’b o.THnaKOuo ciHTaiOTca paononpaBHUMB o.ie«euTaMu 3aKonojaxe.ii.H0il b-ibcth; sa HCK.injiGHieMB i{>iih&hcobuxb 6Hj.ieB, na.iaTa jopjobb mtteTB Tasoe ate npaeo HuimiaTHBtj, aasB a naaaia o6ujhhb. HanporaBB, KOHCTHTyqifl 1795 r. npejocTaBH.ia hhh- aiaTHBy 3aKonoBB HCK.HoqnTe.3BHo coBiTy Uhthcotb, a npaao o6cy- ZjeHia H opUHHTiH SaBOHOnpoeKTOBB—HCK.HOqHTe.IBHO COBiTy CTapiS- ihhhb‘). Ilpejjoatema o hobuxb saKOHaxB, dphhhthh cob* tohb IIhth- cotb, Ha3UBajHCB peao.HOHiflMH s); OHk otcm.i8.ihcb na paacMOTptBie COBf.Ta CTapkfluiHHB H, HO yTBepSAOHiu HXB HOCjtjHHMB, Oupama-IUCB BB 8BK0HBI ’ ). IIpH BTHIB yCJOBIHXB, DO CH0B8HB BySCCH j ’AHrja, CO- Bkn IlaiHCOTB HrpajiB 6u po.ib BOoSpaoiceHia pecny6aHKH, a cob4tb CTapkflntHHB—ea pojym. Tasaa HCKyccTBeHBaa opramiaapiu jByxB cob'Ltobt. He co3jajia j.ia hhxb iipoqHaro noaozeHia h He ycTanoBHxa HopMaabHUXB Meatjy hhmh OTHomenifi. BnpoqeuB, j.ia oqtHKH jayua-iaTHofi cHcieiuj bb aiy anoxy, jojukho npHHHTb bb paacqen Be touko nejocxaTitu opxaHH3anin cosk- tobb, ho h niaTKoe uo.ioateHie pecny6.iHKaHCKnxB yqpesjeHifl Boofiiqe, no.ioatenie, HMtBnioe dotth HeH36katHUMB cbohhb noc.it.jcTBieMB ycia- HOBaeme bo6hho8 jHKTaTypu HanoxeoHa. >) Cr. 76 >)0r. 79. •) Cr. 92.

riepeBopon. 18-ro 6pnnepa VIII r. pecnyCuuEu(9-ro Hoafipa 1799r.) npHHecx <l>paHttin noiTH HeorpaHaaeaHys) BAacTb nepnaro EOHcyja, oficTaBjeBHyio joBOatHO cjobhhmh yipeacAeniiiMH, He npenaicTBOBaB- uiumh, oAiiaao, ero casioBjacTitti. HiiHuiaiaua aaKouoBX Cu.m npexo- CTaBieHa „npaBHTe,ibCTBy“, T.-e. nepBOMy Boacyay *). Ilo pacnopnacenii) nocatAHaro, saEOnonpoeKTU Bupa6aTHBa.incb rocyAapcTBennHMX cosi- toms a); o6cy*A6Hie hxx npeAociaBaaaoct TpHfiyaaTy, eocroaBniesiy H3T, era weHOBx; nprasTie hxx, no BHc.iyniaHiH 3aKJwneni6 opaTO- PObx on. TpaCyHaia n rocyAapcTBeHnaro coB’IsTa, npeAOcraBAaxocb saKOHOAaToai,BOMy Kopuycy, cocTaaieaHOMy hsx 300 HAeHOBX a). llpn tokomt. pa3,vtueniH ijiyHKnift, pou aaKOHOAaTeatHHXT. yipe- acAemft 6u.ia yua.iena ao uocatAitHXb npeAiAOBx B03Ho»Haro. CaMoe saacnoe npaoo, npaBO HHimjaTUBbi, (Sujio npeAocTaBjeHO npaBHTe.ii.cTny h npesx oto Tpu6ynaTx n 3a1conoAaTc.11.uuft Kopnycx ycTpanajacL on itaTe.ii,Haro ynacria bx. 3aK0H0AaTe.iiHuxx paOoiaxx. Bu£cto Toro, ohh npHsuBajncb xasx un kx OAHoft KpiiTHKt npoeRTOBx. BbipafioiaH- nuxx 6esx hxx yiacTia. Ho H STa oTpHnaTeatuan pafiora He Morja nniTb cepxeanaro sHanenifl, Tasx khkx o6cy»AeHie npoeBTonx 6u.io OTAt.ie.iio otx 1'o.iocoBaHifl; oth A»a npaBa Otuu npeAOCTaB.ieHU pa3Bunx ynpeaEAeHiflMX, jtficrtioiiaBiiiHMx OTii.ibao. TpnOyHaTX o(>cya«aax npoeKTx Bnt upHcyrcTBia saKonojaTeiLnaro Eopnyca; nocxiAHift npu- Buua.ix hju oTBepranx npoeKTx, no BHCnymaniH opaTopoBX, KoxaBAH- poBannuxx TpHlSynaToax h rocyAapcTBOHHUHx cobLtomx, EOTopue numb OTiaCTB MOl'JH B0Cnp0H3B0CTa HOTUBU 8aB0Ha. Ecjh npHiSasHTi. ex oTOuy, hto uenu Tpn6yHaTa h 3aKonoAaTe.iL- naro Eopnyca uasmveuucb ceHaToux H3x thcae .ihax, saHecenHuxx bx Aontpegnue cnncaH, mo canx ceaaTX He npnsHBaxca kx saKOHOAa- Te.n,Hoft A'feflTejLHOCTH h Morx jumb npoTHBHTbefl oOHapoAunaHiio He- KOHCTHTyfllOHHUXX SaKOHOBX, TO AerKO CyAeTX HOHflTB, HTOBpeufl npa- BAOHin Hanojeoaa I 6hao BpeHeHeux, bow HeBOSMoatHo 6hjo cvabtl. o AocTOHHCTBi He toxxeo ABynaxarooft chctcmh, ho h o EaiecTBaxx KOHCTHTynjoHHaro nopatKa noofime, ao Taicoft CTeneHH aaia.ia sroro nopHAKa 6uah H3Bpamenu Baxx KOHCTHTynien 1799, tbex ■ no8AB*ft- mHMB KOHCTHTym'flHH KOHCV.lbCTBa H HUnepiU. MeaEAy rim , BJiaCTb nepBaro EOHCyxa, BnocitACTein nmnepaTopa, 6u.ia ocHOBAHa Hatohx ®e BceHapoAHOMX nopyneHin, Kasx AHETaiypa eohb6ht&. Hchoo A0Ka3a- TOAbCTBO BX HOAbjy Toro, MO npBHOHlIX HapOAOBAacria, BX TOHX CAy- nai, Eorxa ohx BupajtaeTca npe3x noxHOMOiie, He ycTpanneix nonpoca o pasAt.ieHiH h paiiHOBkciu B.iaoTefl.

— 209 — IV. Uepioit KOHCTHTyn,i(IHHOH MOHapXiH, OTKpHBluiflCH BO “IpaHHiH do HUSBepseaiH Hauejeoua, Guat BpeveneuT, xorja iipejCTaBirrejitHtia yqpeaieHia, no <j>opMi no Kpa&Hefi M ip i, Ghxh ycTaHOBxeHU bo sceft HxmojHOTi. XapTin 1814 h 1830 r. yipeatw a ABi naxaTU, npn tout BTopaa aajaxa Cu.m ofipaaoeaHa bt bha* naxaTU nopom. HosTovy mu B03BpaTaMca k t . humt npu paacMOTp-hniH btoS tfiopau axopofi naaatu. Ho 3*icB. bt cbb3h cr upeAUAyfflHMT, no-ieauo 6yxeTT pa3CM0TpiTL cxyiafi aOBaro npnirfcneHLH cbctomh npoTHBonoxosnoft bt AejJOKpaia- qecKOfl KOHCTHivnin 1848 r., T.-o. bt Ton, noMenn, Korja yqenia control social BOCKpec.iK bt, yMaxT <J>panny3CKHXT pecuyCxHteiimeBT. ITaaenie in.ifcCKoft MOHapxin h npoBoar-mmeme pecnyGxHKH rpeGo- Ba.io a cocTanaenia uoboh KOHCTHTyniH. BpcMeanoe npaanTexTCTBO co- BBaao yapeAHTeXLHoe .coGpaHie, KOTopoe Bcsopi usfipaao iwt CBoefi cpeju xoMHccin Axa cocTaBxenia KOHCTHTyuioHHaro npoeKTa. Bt co- ct3bt Kounccin Bonua: Oahjoht Bappo, Tobbb.il, Bhblobt, ICopMe- HenT, ApuaiiT Mappacrr, aGGan .lanenHa, naciopr KoKepexi, Jrojtopr, Bomoht, DasecT, Typ», ^uneHT, KopGoHT, KoacnAepaHi, Mapiem, BoJiaCa.ii. h Byapra (Voirhaye). TaanuT o6paaoMT, bt cqctkbt ko- Hnccinsoman npeACTaBHTejm cbmhxt pasAHinuxT uanpaBaenin, Kpo.ul jerHTHMHCTOBT. Bt. Hefi HaXOAHXHCT CTOpOHBHEB KOHCTHTypiOHHOft MO- Hapxin h, caiAOBaTeasHO, AByxT naxaTT— 0. Eappo, Tokbb.ii,, Bhblcbl: pecuyCxHKaHnu yuipemiue, KaicoBU A. Mappacn; paxmtaxH, KaKT •laMenHB, coniaxHCiu, Kant Konouepam,. Bt oGntesir, komhcciji 6u.ia cocTaBxena hbt BUAanninxca AenyTBTOBT npeatHefi uajaxu. Taaosu iKjijiopi, J,b>uoht CTapmifl, Typ9 n AP- 9to oCcxoaTejiLCTBO npnAaBaxo ocoGemiufi HHTepecT cyatAeHijiMT Kounccin l).- 0. Bappo, npn oGcyxAenin Bonpoca o HapoABOMT npeACTaBHTCALCTBt, OTKpu.IT 8aC$AaHie KOMHCCill ptlhio, BT KOTOpofl A0KaBUBa.IT HeoCxo- AHKOCTb BTOpoft IIAAATH, BT KOTOpOft 0HT BHARAT HeoGxOAHHyiO CAepjKKy BceuorymecTBy BiUKHefi ua.iara n cpexcTBO axh npeAOxpaHeHia ott yBxeienifi, kt eohht test ckaohoht Hueirao <J>paHiiy3citifi y«T. Mn^Hie Bappo Guao noAAepaaHO ToKBHAenT, BHaMesHTUMT sbtopomt Jlewr xpamiu n Ajuepuim. „Bo bcbmt n ip i*, roBopiuT onr, „ecTT toxlko OABa AexoKpaiHqecKaa pecny6xHxa—pecuyCAaxa anepHEancEan, u OBa ycBOHAa cHCTOuy abyxt naxarr. B He roBopio o (peAepaxTBHXT yqpe- ajeHiaxT, KOTopua ne HMtBTT snaneHia Axa $paHnin. Ho bt Aue- pnKi HKieTca xpHAaaTL pecnyCiaKT, T.-e. ota^athuxt mTaTOBT, n Bet ont aniiOTT ab$ naxaru... Bo 4>paHUin ofimecTBeHHoe iisime bbo- AeHo bt 3a6xyxAeHie HeAopasyMimieMT: noxaraDTT, tto CHCiena AayxT *) flOApofiauS oSaopi ea paCon, noxao BaSin it oieat jixSoohibiijt xeiya- paxi 0. Bappo (pax. 1875 r.), t. II, exp. 316—885.

— 210 — naxaTi ecu yipeatjeaie apHCTOBpauwecKoe, bh Ha tto He npHroAHoe. 9to—3a6xyzxeHie. Btopua naxara Moryrt (ebbi bto mu bhxbmi bi AHepHidj) npexcTaBXHTi, r t a e Kaaccu Hapoxa, h noxbsa.irxi,irecMOTpH Ha BTopocTeneHHoe hxs noxozeBie, BecbMa BexHBa, OHa ofiHapyza- BaeTCH Bi XpOHKOMb OTBOHieHiH. Bo-HepBHXl, HCnOXHHTOXbHajI BAaCTb AOxzHa 6utb cn-itHa, ho axh xoro, bto6h ROcnpenflTcffBonaTb e# 3xo- ynoTpefi.THTt cbohmi worymecTROMi, hozho nocTaBHTt hoax$ ueti yapezaeme HeuHoroiHcaeHHoe, ceBpexHoe, Bsaxoe h s i Bxopofi naxaTH h oCa3anHoe KOBipoxapouaTb BazHiSmie aura hcboAHHTexbHofl BxacTH, KaKx, aaupr, Ha3HaiOHic h& Bucmia aoxzhoctb, saEJUteme jorOBopoBi h x. x-, Bo-BTopux’b, ecxa HcnoxHHxejbHax Bjiacxb 6yxeTi nociaBaeHa xhhomi b i jiHHy c i ojHofi iiaxaxoit, noxoseHie 6 y je n onacno: ecxb CTOJIEHOBOHifl BeodXOAHMHH, B l HCXOA't KOXOpUXl HAH HCHOXHHTeAbHaH Bxacxi paspymKxi 3aKOHoaaTexbHyi), b ib noc.rtjHHa norxoTHTi CBOero conepHHKa nocjt HenpoAojzHTexbiroS 6opi6u. Bi-xpexbHxi, naH.iyime ycxpoeHHua Tt>xa hmIid t i cboh 6ojrfcsHB. XpoHHaecKaa do.rt3Hb, yfiu- BaDinaa oOilKBOBeaao BaKOHOAaxejbHHH B.tacTH, ecTb „3aK0H0aaTe.ibH0e HeB03nepataHie (1’intcmpdrance legislative)” , bto neBUHOCHMaa xnpaHia yipezxeHifi, acejasimaxi HenpepuBHO aaKOHOjareabCTBOBaTb. Btopax naxara ecxb npOTHBortcx btoB onacHoS . MaMiu. Beal cOMHioia, jB-fc naxaTH He Moryn BocnpenaTCTBonaTb peuojCHiaai; ho oh4 npenaT- CTByuxi AypHHMi npaBHTexbCTBaMi, Koxopua npaeoxan b i peBOXD- hU x i . B e3ji, r j t miieTca oAHa naxaxa, OHa dyaera nrpaTL npeuxx- cxBiaMB, Koxopua saxoTHXi cfl nocTaBHTb. IIpeACTaBXHH net cxpacTa, bc* HHTepecu, ona bco TOXBaen, xanaxi h cTaHOBHTCB HenpeoaoxHuoii. HTofiu cx'txaTb Biy sxacxb MeHte chxehoS bchbcth ee o ti Hex caMot, Hvxtao pa3i'fejHTb ee Ha an t naxani, cocxaBxeHHUH hsi oxunaKonuxi BxeiteHTOBi, ho npejcraBxaiomHXi, ojHaKo, He Bcerxa OAHy h Ty ze Hucxb. PaaxHiie hxi tobcei 3piHiH hphhochti noxbsy bc6m i: noxy- BaDTCfl ABa pa8CM0Tp*Hia, coBepmenaua pasuuuH ynaxH. OpeACTa- BxaeTCH em,e h Ta Buroxa, bto boboH xhCo EpyzoEi (faction) ae mo- z e n BH*ApnTbca bi OAHofi naxaTi h aaxBaTHTb b i cboh pysn bocb cyBepeHHTeTi. I'oBopaxi o rapaHTiH, npeACTaBxaeMoi AByMHhxhTpeMH BiciiiaHH 3aEOHonpoeKxoBi; ho bto cpeAcrso 6e3naoAHO. Iieeia, npo- HBseAeHHua npexi t* hh ze xbjabmh, ne 6yAyxi j'fcflcTBBTexbH'fee anexxania, npuHeceHBoS xkiaxhi, nocxaBOBHBHiHiii npezHee pimenie. Tani'AeMOEpaTiH — cTpeMHTexbHOCTb, to, tt6 hozho Ha3BaTb saaoHO- AaTexbHUMi xerKOMUcxieMi (dtourderie), h bi Hcxoai BToft Heoday- HaHHoii cTpeMHToxbHocTa—yrneTCHie. a ydtzieHi, bto pecny6xHna hxh noradHeTi, hxh apaxeTi b i chctom* AByxi naxan *). >) HaBtciHo, im Cl pecuyCjHKOit 1848 roja cjyiaiocb nepBO^

— 211 — Jl060nUTH0 COnOCTaBHTt Cl STOUT, MHtHieHT. BeJHKarO Iiyu.IHUHCTa MH^Hie MappacTa, T in t (forte, qxo mu HafljeMi b i Heat cTapyio h 3HasoMTK) Haul apryMeHTauis) Cifleca a npoqHXi TeopeTHKOBi yqpe- *HTexbHaro codpaHia 1789 roja. A . Mappacxi aaqaxi c i aaHBxema, qTO obi ciaraeTi cncTeiiy jB y x i naxaTi norufimen (perdu), h-b i OTOKi OTHOmeHiH o6mee HHiHie corxacHO c i xoraKofi. „Bi caMOMh rt-i'b\", nponoxasaxi Mappacxi, „k i qexy fun npej- CTaBBTextcTBa, jna cyBepeHHiGTa edunoMy Hapojiy? B i jrtScTBHTexi- hocth, cHCTOMa paBHOsicia, KOTopyD rnuen. r. 0 . Kappo, nmiorja n Harrt He cymecTBOBa.ia. Bcerxa H uieica ojoa no.WTHxecKaH cHxa, KOTopan, n o ji rhwt hxh xpyrHm HMeoeMi. rocnojCTByeTi H a ji jpy- rHHH caxana cTpaHU. B i AHrxin »Ta CHxa— apacTOKpaxifl, b i Aiie- paat — jeMoitpaxia. Uartiii, a dohumuk) xb4 naxaxu npH Moaapxiu, Koxopaa Moaten. jaxb nepeBici oahoS cxopoHi bx>cxyqaii cnopa; ho b i pecnyCxmrt bxo saaonraxi pacnpu? CnpaBexxHBO, qxo c i oxnoio naxaxoio nonBepraemica cxpacTam, yBxeqeHimii aauiero xapaaxepa, BHtmBHMi AaBxeHiaxi, Baiaaiio coftuTift ahh. Ho npoTHBOBici BceMy STouy Moatexx, 6uxb HaUxeHi b i caxoS naxart, bx>xpeCoBaniH, aa- npnMf.pi, xpexi axeHifi, aaiti axo rtxaeTca bt> anrxiflcKOMi nap.ia- Meaxt '). 9ih m i nyxeai mojxho fiyjexi npoxHBOCToaxB yBxeqeHiaiti, noxxepatHBaa, nx, to ate Bpesm, nanionaxLHOe exHHCXBO. Cxobomi, ho- odxoAHUo HMiTb ojHy naxaTy, Tam Kant octb toxbko oahhi Hapoii\". Miif.nie Mappacxa aoiert 8a ce6« to aoctohhctbo, hto oho corxa- coBaxoci c i npHHnHnaiiH opaTopa. He to aoxjsho cxasan o 6oxldihh- cxB’fe npoBBXi qxeaoBi. IIoxth bc* obh „bi iipHHiwtif.“ npHSHauaxH aeofixoAHUocTi xByxi naxaxi, ho b i to ate dpomji yitaaiiBaxH Ha bo- o6xoxHMOCTi ycTynBTb o6ii(cmt xeqeHiio, b i naxex.rt, qxo coBpexe- Hexi 'I'paHniH B03BpaTHTca k i cucTeM’t joyxi naxaTi. B i HTort, orpoMHoe UoxiniHBCTBO axeaoBi komhccih BUCBasaxoci 3a o,iht na- xaxy; toxbeo rpa roxoca (0. Kappo, Tokbbxb h BiiBbeni) noxaxH ro- xoci 3a nob. Hocxt pa3CM0Tptnia npoexTa bi 6npo yxpejHTexBHaro coCpania, hb- aaxHCB ropaqia lipeHia b i nocxtjneMi. ^nsepsie je-I'opaBHi h Pyspi (Bouher) BHecxa iioupaBRy ki npoexxy, TpeftoBaBinyx) yapexAenia jByxi naxaxi. B i bhcx4 opaxopoBi, roBopaBmHxi npoxHBi nonpaBEH, BHXHoe MicTO npaHaAxezaxo .laMapTHHy, HrpaBmeiiy Taxyio poxi bo Bpe- MeHHOMi npaBUTexicTBi 1848 rona h bi yxpeAHTOJbHOMi coCpaBia ’). spaxBHiri npeji npaBom, oiuaiu ofiuuan «eomj<acHOCmt (urgencc) aanoiia, «w*x- CT»ie xero npocun aojocpraerca to»xo oiHOMy xieirio. ^ ^ politique de Lamartine, Paris, 1878 r., t. H, exp. 885 b Cali*.

— 212 — PacnpocTpaHHBmacb o6x othochtojxhocth bcIixx noAHTHiecEHxx hcthhx, JlaaapTUHi nepemejx ex A0Ka3aTexi,CTBy HeoSxoAHMOCTa oahoS na.TaTu xml aahhhxx yciOBiS 4'paHHiH. Tanoe babhctbo npejciaua- loot eay neoSxoAHMijKx , j n pesoMmiOBHaro nepioja, aah aepioAa ocHOBaBia, cHBTeaia a caaGocm pomjaiomefica pecny6jBaa“. 3 tb roaaa aptnia rocnoACTByeTX, Taax caa3aTi>, aajx Bciau spy- i’hmh cooSpaaeaman opaTopa. HosTOMy nocj&AHia ORa-iaiaci ne oco- 6eauo chabhumh b He o6napyauua fijH3Karo 3BaaoHCTBa ■taMapruva cx Teopieu h HCTopien yipexABBifi. 5'aa3UBaa aa HCTopuaecEifi xa- paaTepx aHrxificKofi naaaTu jiopaobx a 'ioaaanBaa, hto bo $pami,in hIitx apHCTOapaTHBficKHXX* aaeuesTOBX, cuocoShuxx oCpaaooan, bto- pyu uaaaTy, JlaaapxuHX sa6njx, hto BTopaa na-iaTa He AOJKHa 6utb aenpeutHHO ,apHCiOKpaTHaecKQio“. ^.OBaauBaa, hto ciBepo-aaepHicaH- CKi# ceHaTX ecTt ynpeamenie, cosjjaBBoe w 2 atje fl (J>eAepaTHBHUxx, JavapTuax 3a6uxx, hto BazAufi oTAiABHU# mrarx a n ion , ABi na- JBTU, U HTO COD3HU0 CeHBTX COSAaBX, KBKX 3aflBAAAH CHMH aBTOpbl soHCTiiTyijiH 1787 roja, Be am oahSxx (fiesepaTHBHfcixx u,ixefl. Ho bc$ apryaeBTu, npHseAeBBue JlaaapTHHOMx, kaobiubcb ex ojBoft Bunieyna3aHHofi ni.iu: AOKasaTB, hto 'I’paHuia, bx Aannyw MKHyTy, He- o6xoAUHa AHKxatypa, h h^o 9Ta AHKiarypa jo-iama 6utb BBipeHa exu- homv coCpaaio. llpoHCKB EpafiHHXx p6B0.5H)H,ionEUXB h coHiaxHCTHHecKnxx naprifi bo 'tpannia, oupasHBinieca bx fiesnopBAsaxx IS h m 1848 i\\>Aa b bx CTpaniHOMx iioHBCKOUx BoscxaHiH; <5opx6a peBo.i»nia h peaKnia bo Bceft Esponi, raaTKoe MeaaynapoAiioe aojoaeeie $paHn,ia, rpo3a Koaxaiua h BByTpeHHHXx pa3AopoBx,— Bee 9T0 TpeSyeTx ynpesACHia babcth CH3BHO0 H oO-ieHCHEoS AHETaTOpCKHHU BOAHOMOHiaMH. 3tA BABCTB Be M0JK6TB6bitb codABBaABJMa uaxaTaMH, saaeAMioniiHME AiScrsie BAacTK. „ECJH BU yCTaBOBHTeu, rOBOpH.IX .laiiapTHHX, ,MeAA6HBHa 3BO- jBniu bx KoaSanaaia Aoyxx hah rpexx BAaCTefi, Hero mu Morin Sutb 6e3HaKa3anuo CBBAiTejaaa, nosa Mipx fiuxx cnoKoeHx h 6e3opyseax, to ht6 Moseix ciyHBTBca Tenepb? Moseix ciynaTLca, hto Poccia6y- A6tx Ha PeSHi (I), hto Hia-iia OyAeTX uoriom,eHa cisepoMX *), hto npoTHB0o6mecTBeHHua niafiKH hm£ah 6u bosmobhoctx rpynnapoBaTi. caMtia onacHua crpacTB; CTpacTU, aanpaB.TCHHua bpothbx ocbobx bcb- saro o6me*TBa—cbmbh, co6cTBeHBOCTH, rocyAapcTBa,—a hto bth OTHaaa- UBia HAea ABiABaTB pa3X Bo6BiBaja 6u Ha SappaKaAaxx, noaa sama rpH ynpesAeuia, ypaBHOBtmeaHHa oaho Apyraax, CTapaiacB 6bi bphath crpien, b „ejHooe“ i)ip»BojMsoe coCpauie pa3nrpiuo »» BTauaacEOMX i-fcjt bmib& Xypayu porn.

— 213 — kx cor.iauieuiB) j.m Ooptfin cx bthmh ii.ieuMii a juh cnaceHis oieie- ctbji, o6inecTBa a nHna.iH3aniH“. Cofipaaie pimajocb BBipHTb „AHKTaTypv“ e^anoMy co6paniio; ho H3B$CTHO, 1TO BX A'MCTBHTe.IbHOCTH ee B3AAX OAHHX 'iCJOBiflX, BCBO- HHHBniiS o6x 18 6pioMepa h DOBTopHsmifi ero 2 aeEafipa 1851 roja. „ElHHoe co6paHie“ ycTynn.ro Micro annapaTy noacTaaoB.ieHHofl aaaepia. Ha cauoMx ii.ii, raasaufi apryneHTx jlaaapTuaa npejcTaB-iaeTca snoaHi HecocTOHTeJtHUax. Kcjih 6a ohx, bx bhiv yKaaaHHtixx oSctoh- TejacTBx, Bpejaoata.ix npoAOJSHTb noAHOKonin yqpeAHTexbHaro co6pa- Hia 1848 roxa—bto 6mo 6h noHaTHO, xoth, 6uTb MoxeTX, a nenpaa- thbho. Ho npeA-aojSHTb nocToaHHoe yapeweaie,. apanopoBaenBoe kx niJHMX peBO.iejuioHHofl AHKTaTypbi, a ocBaTHTb 3to yqpexA6Hie kobcth- TyiiioBHbiBX 3aKOHOMx,—botx bx aesix 3aK.iK)qaxocb 6e3CMiicaie apry- MeHTaaia, aoTopoe cosnaaa a HliaoTopue n.ienti cofipania. Bx lacai axx 6ujx O. Bappo. ■ „To, it <i fiawx upeA-taraDTX, ecrb ne.iHiaftmee, AepsocTHoe a canoe 6e3y»aoe npeAnpiaTie. KorAa Hama othu, — rohxx npHMipx Bcerja npnBOAaTX h botophmx noApaxaiOTx scerxa aoxho, — yciaHOBxa.ia peBOADuiOBUOc npauHTeabCTBO, ohb roBopujH bto OTapoBOHHO h o6xa- bmah o6x btohx rposnio npejx xanonx Bora h aiOAeB; ohh o6pama- JHCb BX KOBBeHTX; HO OHH He HaMipeBajHCb CjtjaTb H3X 3TO0 fivpHOfi B BpeueHHofi AHETarypu oCuKHOBCHnaro DpaBHTejbcTBa cTpaHU. Ilo- CTOHHnua KOHBeHTx!.. Ba.7i.ia .th bh bo Bcetfx Mipi xoTb oauhx ero npaHipx?.. Ec.ia bu cocTasxxeTe EoncTHTyniio, to, BipoaTHO, a ah Toro, HTOtfbl OCHOBaTb DpaBHTe.tbCTBO UpaBHAbHOe, HOpMa.lbHOC, AOJXeHCTByB- in.ee ABaraTtca npanaibRO a uapHO, bx Kpyry aTpafiyTOBX orpanaaen- bhxx, toiho onpexiieaHhixx. Ec.m bbmx nysuo bto ah6o npyroe, cKa- xht« bto, OTJOXHTe Barny soHCTHTynin ao BpeweaH fionie cnoKoflaaro; bo HeABBaflTe bbmx, hoax HueHeux KOHCTHTynioHHaro npaBHTe.ibCTBa, Koneenma, 6e8x Tofi neofixoAHMOCTH, KOTopan fin ero y3aK0Hiua“ '). 3ajr6iaTejbHie Bcero to, bto, kbkx mb BHxi.JH, AHRTarypa 6u.ia HOAroTOBjeHaBeaxxcoSpaHia. KoacTHTyninTpeTbefi pecny6ABKH(1875 r.) yqpeAHaa, khkx mu yBHABMxbx cBoeux Micri, ab* nanara, xoth cto- pOHHHKaMX BTOft CHCT6MBT npHBIAOCb BHCAVmaTb aprVMeHTU BX H0Jb3y oaho8 naaaTbf, aprysrenTti, He BHAOHSMiaaBHiiecn ex Tixx nopx, sa*x Cifieex BHCKasHBanx hxx bx yapeAHTeAbaoMx co6paHiH 1789 roAa, a MappacTx a JlaMapraHX—bx co6pamH 1848 roxa *). ') Memoires, D, 428 a cat*. a n. 1848 r.) OTBOcaTeuuo yapes,Tenia ceaaia ■> ero oocneprnosn. comneeia Bistoire de la constitution du 25 F ierier 1875, crp. 114 11c.riji.

— 214 — V . UpHBejeHHua Bums coo6pa»eaia Ae-jfoaxiia, MajiacoHa, Tok- bhah h O. Bappo, onapaUTCH, raaBHxmx oCpaaostx, Ha otiniia eaiaja pa3aijeHia BjacieB, T.-e. ohh naxoAHTca nx tJ choB cbhsh cx ieopie» KOHCTHTyijioniiHxxcjepaeKX h rapaaiiB. Ho Bra Toopia npejcraBjaeTca He eAHHCTBeHHHHx ocHOBaHieax, no kotopony MoaeTx Obtx peKoaeHAO- Baoa cncTeaa abjxx naJiaTX. BTOpaa najaia MoseTX bbhtbch He toaxeo h3b,6cthoh) CAepatKOD AAa yBaenemS AenospariH h <iecT0AD(iia HcnoaHHTeabHofl bjhcth (npH qeax ara poax He Bceraa iioseTx 6utx Bunoanena en cx ycirfcxoMx), ho OHa aBaaeTca Tattae cpeACTBOMX ahtx ytacTie bx 3aKOHOAaTeaLCTBt h ynpaBaema aaeaenTaMX, otjuihuhx otx saeneHToax, hsx eohxx cocTaBaena bhxhhh naaaTa. Bx btomx mosctx coctohix noMneum&ur hox noax3a, npHHOCHHaa BepxHeu naaaTou, ec.in cocTasx ea SyABTX COOTB$TCTBOB8TX3TOfi wklll. 9tB HUC.1LpaSBHTa, AOHSBiCTHOS CTOneHH, bx Tpyai H. C. Mhaah, PaaMnnuMnix onpedcmaeumextiHOMtnpaexexiu '). (ra. XUI). UpKAHHa, no KOTopofi Mn-i.it hb ocTaHaBanBaeTca Ha no- Apo6hohx pa3CM0TptHiH Bonpoca o AByxx naaaTaxx, coctohtx bx tohx, hto btotx MHCJHTeab hbibtx rapaHTiB npoTHBX BceMorymecTBa aomo- EpaTuHecsaro Oo.itraiiHCTBa raaBHunx oSpasoHX bx nponopaioHaaxHoux npeACTaBHTcatcTBi, o6e3neqaBaiomeMX h npeACTaBHTeaxcTBO Menrmm- cmea 3). npeAnoaaraa, ito HapoAHoe upcACiaBHTe.ixcTBO bx HH»neS naaarfe (SyAOTx opraHHSOBaao utaecooOpasno h cnpaBeaaHBO, Mh-i jl aaerx, aa- TiHX, Maao SRateiria Bonpocy o sepxHeS naaart, otboah eiiy BTopoe MtKTO BX pHAy KOHCTHTyniOHHUXX BOHpOCOBX. Ho Tasx kbkx bosmoxboctx opraHHsaiuH HapoAHaro npeACTaBirre.it- cTBa Ha aaqaaaxx, npeAaaraeuuxx MHaaevx, npeACTaBaaeTca cohhh* TeaxHOD, to AJa Hamero iipe,i«eTa bahchxi cooftpaateHia stoto mhcah- Teaa othochtoaxho BTopofi uaaarH, xora ohx n ocTanaBJHBaeTca Ha HHXX K8KX 6U HeXOTH. Bo-nepBuxx, ohx hc OTBepraeTX SHaieHia. BTopofi naaaTu a ah aIs- ae9 CAepsKH BceMorymecTBa nepBofl. „Coo6paKeme, Goalie scero tobo- pamee uoeuy jmy bx B0AX3y AByxx naaaTx (h sa btbux aoboaomx a npH3Baio HtKOTopoe SBaaeHie), — sto AypHoe jliflcTBie, npoasBOAHMoe Ha BCHKaro o&iaAaTeaa Baacra— Gyax bto ojho anno hah cotfpaHie— co3HaHieux, n o ohx noxerx cnpamHBaTx tojxko caxoro cefia. B&xho, htoCu HBaaaoe coCpaHie ababB He Morao, Aaxe BpetteHtro, ocymecTBHTX CBoe sic volo. He cnpaniHBaa coraacia soro xu6o Apyroro. Bojxbibh- ctbo bx eAHBOHX cofipaHin, KorAa oho CAiaaaocx hoctohhbuhx h co- ’) John Smart Mill, Considerations oa representative government. *) 06* «»** npejner* nojpofiHO6yaer* cuwano none.

— 215 — CT&B-icHO Hat M ilt, 'itflCTByiomHXt •oCukhobhhuo BMtCTii, h Korja oho Bcerxa yntpeno Bt nofiliAi, jerEo jijaeTCH AecnoTnqecBHXt a BUcoKOMtpnuMt, ccjh ono hsGebjicho otl hco6xoahmocth paacyxjaTb, 6jnjTh jb ero hoctbhobjobIh ojoGpeHti jpyrHMt yqpeatjenieMt“. „H yse yiBepxAaJt“, roBopBTt Mh.uil Bt jpyroMt Htcrti „a no HoeMy dto— ocHouiiaa hcthhu a j a npaBHieatcrBa: bo bceboS koh- CTHTypin ao.iaseHt Cutl qeHTpt conpoTaojeuia rocnojcTEVioineB bjicth n, caijoBBTejiLno, Bt EOHCTHTyijiaxt AeaoEpaTHqecEHXt jojatcut 6uit fleHTpt coapoTEBjeHui jeMOEparin. E cjh Hapojt,'ofiaaaaiomifi jeno- EpaTiiqecEHMt OpejlCTaBHTeEbCTBOUt, no CBOHMt HCTOpnqeCKHMt ycjo- ltinMt Goalie cK.ioHent Tepnixb xaEoS uenTpt conporaiijenia Bt cfopali BTopoH uajaTu hjh najara -lopaoBt, qtnt bi apyrofi (pbpMi — bto laeTt chjbroo ocHOBaaie Kt Tony, qio6n O3HaqenHH0 neHtpt cyme-\" cTBOBa.it Bt BTott $opMi&. Ho B t BTorfc OHa saxeTca mh* eh jy q ie n , hh HaaGojie npHrojHOE ja b btoS nl>jH“. CpejcTBOMt, Hanfioate rojHHMt a-ih h$jh . Miij.il cqnraeTt, East mu BHjijH, npasriHciiie Haqajt nponopniona-imaro npejCTaBHTeJLCTBa Et oGpaaoBaHiio EHSHeS najaTH. Ho nosa uaqajo upoaopuiona.itHaro npejcTaBHTe.u,cTaa He Bunrao HSt oC.iacTH noaejamfi h poGsaxt onu- TOBt, sonpoct ofit ycTpoBcTBi BepxneS najaTH coxpanaeTt cBoe 3Ha- qeHie, u Bt otomi oTHonreHin bb®ho CJ$jy»mee sauivasie Mh jjh : „H3t Bcixt npRBiiHBOBt, no KOTopuMt Moaeit 6htb yqpeKjeno paayMBO KOHCepBaTHBHoe cofipasie, npeAHasHaqeHHoe yirfcpaTt a pery- japoBaTt BAiaaie jeaoKpaTia, HaajyqnmMt ebjectch mh1i Tort, eoto- puH.cjyaHEt ocHOBaaieut paMCKOMy ceHaiy, HaaSoaie MyjpoMy a npo- sopjHBOMy aat .coGpaHiH, Eorja aafio ynpaBjaBmaxt rocyjapcTBeHHUMH Ai.iaaa. HeAOCTaTEK jeaoEpaTHqecKaro coGpama, npejc.TaBjaiomaro see oGmecTBO, cyTt HeAOCTarKa caiioro ofimecTaa: OTcyTCTBie cneniajt- Haro BocnaTanifl a 3HaHia. J,ja acnpaBjeBia btoto HeAOCTBTKa HeoG- xoahmo npHAaTt 03HaqeHH0My coCpaaiio apyroe, xapaETepacTaqecEHMH qepTaMH KOToparo 6uao 6u cueniajtHOe BocuaTaHie h iHanie. Ecjh uepsaa najaTa npejcTaBjaert HapojHtia cTpea-ieHia, to BTopaa aoeshb 6u npejcTanjaTL jeehuh jocToancTBa, acnmaHHua a yjocTOB'Lpeauua aiflcTBUTe-iLDUMH rocyjapcTBeHHUMH aacjyraHH ayKpinjeHHUa npaKTa- qecEoe onuTHOCTtn. Ecjh nepoaa najaTa bctb najaxaHapoAHaa, jpy- raa aojhchb <5h 6htb naaaTOB rocyjapcTBeHHuxt aioAefi, c0B*T0Mt, COCTHBjeHHUMt HSt BC'liXt rOCyAapCTBOHHHXt JDAeB, 3aHBMaBmaXt BaxnuH nojHTHqccKia aojxhocth. Hojofinaa najaTa xorja 6u Guts fio.iune, q ia t coGpanieat yaipaDmaat. Oaa 6uja ou He tojeeo cjepxKoa, ho h ABHrawmcK) chjod. B t nefi npano cjepatHBaTt m- pojt npHHajaexa.10 6u .isjjaMt, HanCojte cnocoGHuat a. aooGme HaaGoj^e xe.iaioinuMt jmiraTt ero Bt HanpaBjeHiH noje3HOMt. Co-

— aib — Bin, KOTopouy 6ujo 6h nopyqeHO HcnpaBjaTt 8a6jyatjeHin Hapoja, Be npejcTanja.il. 6u ajacci, sanojospiHHHfl bi anTiiiiaTiu kt. Hapoj- hhmi uo.ifcaaMT, apncTOKpaTiffl), bo ohi coctohji <5h H3i eere- CTBeHBUsi. BoajeS Bapoja Ha nyra uporpecca\". YL IlepeaeceHaua aa 3Ty noiBy pa3cyajeaifl Mh.i.th opejcia- BjaioTi cxojctbOci HjeaMH nacaTexH, aoTopoMy npHBajjeatHTi oOrnap- huB m cneniajBHuft Tpyji o ananeniH h cocTant, nepxnefl najaru, Hueuuo c i HjeaMH AsrycTa Baaiepa, Ha.ioxeaHUMH b i ero Tpyji 061 ycTpoflcTBt BepxBHXi na.iaT'b bi repMaaia *)• IIojouho Mb j.ik), Bairrepi ae upajaert ocofiennaro suaqeuia Bepxuefi najaii, Haiti BaeueHTy „cjep*M “ Hasaeft najaiH; hojoCho Mhj.id, BaaTepi apHaaaert aeyjonjeTBopHTejtauin. cocrani Bepxoaxi na-ian ‘ bi pa3JHBHUXi rocyjapcTBaxi Enponij. Ho b i OTjaaie o n Mbjjb, npUHWm.npejjaraeTca Mnajeai b i bhj* npocTofi nonpaexu cymecTByomaro, B03B0JHTCH BHHTepOMl BI J.JW HOBHKaHia Teopia btoto nacaTeja, mu ocTanOBHicca npeatje Bcero Ha ojhomi H3i apuxtpoBi, aoTopfinca ohi sejaera oOihchhtl OTHOCUT6JBHOO3HaieHie a cmuc.it, jByxi na.rarc,. Ilpaatpi btoti B3flTi HMl H31ofi.iaCTH BpaBOCyjiB HM6HH0 BpHMipi Cyja Cl npacaBBUMH. »B i cyj-fe npHca*Huxi“, roBopan Bhhtopi, „npejcTaBaeHH jsa BjeMOHTa, Ha cobm^cthomi jiflcTnia eotopuxi boeobtcb joctohhctbo btoto yipesjenia. Hapoji HMten bi homi cbo8 3jeneirn, npejcTa- Bjw»mi8 pyaaiejbCTBO, tto cyjefinaa nponejypa h npHrosopi Pyjyn corjacHU c i jyxoro a B033ptaiaMa Bapoja. Ho hh ojhhi paayanufl aejioB’feKi ae noBtpHTL, bto HapojHH# sjeaeHTi Moaten ojhhi ofipa- sosaTB c yji npHcaasHuxi. B i homi HeoCxojaMa jiaTeji.HOCTB npa- ctobi no cneniajBHOCTH—cyjeS, npoaypopoBi a ajBOBaroBi. Ecjh bi HapojBom BJeaeaTt cojepsHTca pyqaTejtcTBO, bto c y ji He OKaMe- a ten bi hhcto Bpajaaecsaxi ijiopaaxi, to DpajaaecKift BjeMean jaen yBipeHHOCTB, bto npociua HapojHua MHiaia He ofipaTarca bi cyjefiHua piunoaia. HapojHuS sjeMeHn bocbojhbet i c y ji shshbc aapoja, BxeMeHn »pHjaaecaifi jijaera ' bosmokhuhi onpejixeaie npaBa“ ... »Ho jyMaBii jh, hto bcjh Hapojaaa BjacTt b i jix a x i cyjWrauxi joxaiHa HuiTB nojji ce6a bphctobi, bi aaaecTBi cobmSctho pima»- mei chju, oHa aoaen ctohti ojHa bi j i j a n -rocyjapcTBeHSuxi? ') August Winter, flier die Bildung der ersten Kammern in Deutsch­ land, Tubingen, 1870; ctp. 1—624. ’) flpyro* opnKbpi mars rat ust o6j»cih ucpnomato vepaueeur, no ero

OTBf.iaa Ha BTOTb Bonpocb, mu ctohmt, y h4xh. OahoR naxaTH He Moacera 6un AOCTaToiHo: Reofixo.yiiMu abIi naxaTH. .IlajraTa npeACTaRHTC.iefi Hapoja (Volksmanner) ecTt ojHa; najiaxa rocyAapcTBeHHUxx cctl Apyraa. „UaxaTa npcACTaBHTexefl napo.ua npeAHaSHaieHa axh toto, ito6h o6cvawenie rocyAapcTBeHHHXb Atxb npoBCJOjH-io bt, cor.iaciH ci> Ha- pojHOB) s h 3Hbh>, cb HapoAHUMH atexanimiH, y6f,*,ieiiioM'h, BOaeiO h bt, napoAHOB'B Ayxt. ,.Uaxaxa rocyAapcTBeHHHXb .uoxeit (StaatsmSnner) upexaMuavena A-ia Toro, tto6u rocyjapcTBeHHua Atxa o6cyajaJHCb corxacno w B033piHiaMH -THHT, onuTHUXb B-b rocyA&pcTBeBHOMb ynpaBxemn, no TpefionaninMi noxHTHiecKofi Haysa, rocyAapcTBeHHofi- MyApocTH a bt, jy x i rocyAapcTBeHHUxi, xiOAefi. „0(rf, naxaTH OAHHanoBo HeoOxoAHMH, OAHRaKOBO uiniiu. hm4iotl oAHHaaoBoe npano Ha yBaaceme h BHanemc, BazAaa ecTb Heo6xoAHHOe AonojHeHie APyroS. Bt, hhxx cb ofimcio napoAnoio sh 3hbk> coaeTaeica ocofieHHaa rocvAapcTBennaa xhshb. Hapoinaa na.iaTa noAAapaiHBaerb bt, rocyaapcTBi shbob ayBCTBo ofinjeR HapoAHofl jkhshh, rocyAapcTBennaa naxaTa AaeTX Hapoay rocyMpcTqennoe HanpaBxeHie* '). Ob-bhcoth Taitoro noHHMaHia saxaib BepxneR naxaTH, BaHTepr, xoxefa noABepraTt crporoiry pasflopy ycipoflcTBO cospeMeHnuxi na- xan,. BepxHaa naxaTa Aoxatea npeACTaBxaTt oco6ufl axeiieHTb bt, opaBHTexbCTB^, h coctbbx ea AoxxeirB cooTBtTCTBOBaTb ea oco(5ouy rocyAapcTBeHHOMy naSHaiemio. Ho ero He yAOBxeTBopaepB hh oahb bbx . coBpeueHHUx'b BepiHHXb naxarb. Bet oh* nocTpoenu hxh na Hanaxt HaextACTBeHHoR apHCTOEpaTiH, hah Ha Hanaxt nufiopHosrb, hxh Ha hphh- HHnt sopoxeBCKaro HaaiianeHia. Ho „apHCTOKpaTHAecKaa“ naxaTa He HMiera 3oanenia rocyAap- CTBeHHaro. Bb cTpanaxb, HMiioinHXb apHCTOKparaiecKie exeiieHTU, ne TOXEEO H*Tb Hy*AH c03AaBaTb ocoSyc apHCTOEpaTHaecEyio naxaTy, ho nocxiAH.aa HoxeTb. 0Ka3axbca BpexHow. ApHCTOKpaxia eeib necTb na- poxa, a noxoiiy Aoo«Ha heRth ce6i Hicxo bt, HapoiHOfl naxarfc. Bu- AixaTb apHCTOKpaTiD bt, ocoflyra naxaiy anaian, HCKyccTBeHHO npo- THBonoxaraTb Hapoiy oahht, H3b ero axeiieHTOBb; HCKyecxBemio co3Aa- BaTb nocxtAHexy Ocofiufi ott, HapoAa HHTepecb, ncKvccTBenno nprau- B8TB ero Kb joatHOHv KOHcepoaTHSMy h Kb hhhmoR CAepsiti HapoA- HHXb cTpeM.ienifl. liuSopnaa cHcTeMa Bb TOMb bhaIi, Kaitb ona cynecxByexb, Haupa- utpb, Bb Bexbrin, Bb AMcTBHTexBHOCTH co3Aaexb ABt HapoAHuxb na- xaxu, Bb cymecTBt He OTMiamn,Exca xpjr% o n Apyra. Hh xpe6o- ') Ela3». cot., cip. 85 a cj*i .

— 218 — Banie 6oa§e 3p4aaro npspacTa (40 s in ), hh B03BumeHHUfi naccHBHH® OeHSB He cymecTBa jlna. OdaeTca cacieiia Kopo-ieBcaaro Ha3HaneHia. Kopo.n,, npa3HBaa kb BepxHHHO naxaiy s o n , OTAH'iHiunHxcfl na rocyAapcTBeHHOft cjyafii, C03xaeTB, noBH^HMOMy, aacioamyio „rocywpcTBeHHyio najaxy“. Ho osa He HHiert cymeciaeHBiixB vcjOBifi naEOHOjaTejBDUXB co6paaifl: He3aBHCHHOCTH h nmpoKaro rocyjapCTBeHBaro B3MHja. laeHH ea BspocaK bb yaoBiaxs cxyatfiH „BoeHHO-6iopoKpaTHqeeKaro“ rocyaapcraa h yTBepAHBHCB bb noHHTiaxB cxyjKe6aoa jhchhojhhu. KpyrosopB HXB orpaBHBHBaeica noaaTiaMH h HHTepecaira oahoto „BrfejoMCTBa“ , koto- powv OHH HOCBBTH-IHCBOHCH.1BI. ObH upilXlpt.TH CjyasefiHyiO OOUTDOCTB, bo Be rocyAapcTBBBHBi& bstxhab aa coBosynHOCTB no.iHTiinecKiixB ji-it a OTHomeHiS *). HacToaniaa rocyjapcTBeHHaa najara, no Uttinin BaHTepa, ne 110- *eTB o6pa30B8Twa bb ycjoBiaxB BUBinraaro rBoeHHO-fiiopoKpaTHqe- caaro“ rocyAapma. SjeaeaTU axh Hea aoryxB cjokhtbcb tojbko npa hoahomb aaaiueBiH rocyAapcTBeaaaro ynpaeaeBia aa aaia.iaxB como- ynpaasexiH ’ ). TaaaMB o6pa30MB, a „rocy.iapcTBemiaa naxaia” BHHTepa othochtch kb o6jacTH noateaaaiii, xpia Heaisa ae corjacaTtca, bto OHa HBHjacb 6h saeaenroMB, Goxie AtficiBBTexEBUMB .a noaeaHUMB, b4mb 6oabdthhctbo BepxHHXB aaaaiB auHiniBaro ycTpoflCTBa. Mojkho caa3aTt Aaate, wo o6pa30BBHie Taaot najaTti aomjkho 6htb ntoB BctxB penpal. HapoAHaro npeACTaBHTOAtcTBa, xoth ocymecTBJBHiebtoA a ijH bobmozho tojbko bb 6yAymeaB. V II. OcxaBaaci. sa n ow i cymccTByBiaHXB 4>aktobb h OTHomeBifi, MU MOaeuB npaATB KB H'tKOlopHMB 3aM»aCBiflMB OTHOCHTCILHO 3BB- aeHia nepxaeS naxaTH. Hpeacje Bcero aeofixoAHHO ycTpaaHTi. h4ko- Topua BospaaeHia, ocHOBaaHUH aa HeAopa3yMiaiaxB. Hacw VTBep- ZAa»TB, bto BepxBaa naaaTa no cymecray csoeiiy ecu. yciaBoiiaeHie apacTOKpaTuaecKoe a aio, noaTOxy, bb crpaHaxB, He HxiiomBXB apH- cTOKpaTHaecKBXB 8AeaeHT0BB, yapezAesie ea aeB03uosBO. Hp ouutb nosasuoaeTB, n o o6pa30Banie BTopoS na.iaru boshosho h Seat apacro- KpaTaaecKHXB saeaeBTOBB, no npaflaeS a t p i bb tomb csfuc.it, no aepxHaa najaxa ae aaieTB aeapeMiBHUMB cbohmb aasaaaeBieaB apex- craBABTB HBTepecH ocoCaro KAacca bah cocaoBia. HeaB3B He corja- CHTBca cb Banrepoai, n o BUAiaeHie sroro ajexenTa bb ocodyio ua- xaxy CKopie BpeAHO, a t mb noaesao, oco6eHao TaMB, ta* apacTOKparia ae oitpyateHa tbkhmb hckohhumb yBaseBieMB, kakb bb AhtaIh. 3aa4eaie BepxaeS naxaTH oCHapyaHBaercH bb AayxB oraoineBiaxB: ■) Cm. CTp. 32 0 ca**. *) Ck. CTp. 892 a oil.

219 — a) ooa cJiysHTB h3b$cthou cAepatnoio nocniuiHUxi a HeofijyMaHHUXi. ptmeiiiS naanea naxaTU; 6) OHa oficya^aera sanoRonpoenni c i hhoB toikh ap-feiuHb b i Apyrom xyxi, a im bto Afcxaen hhbhbb naxaia. Xotb MBorie uBTopHieTHue HHcaTexH (bt. tomi nuc.ih Mhxxb h Bhht« p i) cTapaoTca yua-iHTL SHaieme BepxHefl naxaTU, kbkt>axe- MeHta, cAepatHBaromaro nopunu HaaHeft, ho bto' ea aHaaeHie ejBa an Moaon. fiHTb ycTpaHoao H3t paacyatioaiS 061 ea HaaHaqeHia. UpHBOja B03paateHia no BTOiiy npCAJieTy kt> hxi npocTifimeny BHpaseHiD, Jtoano Cujo 6u cKiuiaTb, bto BepxHin naxaTU He enaction, cTpany on, nepeBopoTOBt. Ho nepeBopoTU npoiicxoAHTT. on mrothxi h cxos- hhxi npHBurn. h ill mobchti uepesopoia hh oahhi 4>aETopi rocyxap- CTBennofl n.iac'rn He b i cocToaniu ocTaaoBHTi. ero oahhi. Hauoxeoni I npou3Be.li, rocyAapcTBeHHHfi nepeBopoTi upu Aayxi naxaTaxi, Hano- .ieoHT.Ur npa oahoS. jI daobhet, XVI naxi npa oahoB naxarfe, ahktb- Typa Poficcntepa yTBepAaxacb npa oabohi KORBeHT’fe. Eexbria Be 3naxa nepesopoTOBi npa abjit. naxaTaxi,, aucpaKaucEaii KORCTHTynia He HBMliaiixacL c i 1787 roAa npa xsyxi noxaraxi. Aoctohhctbo yapesAOHiB oniiliHBaeTCH npHM4iiHTe.ii.no e i nopMa.it- humi ycxoBiam h e i oOuAeHBOHy xoAy aemefi. O ii xopomaro ycipoB- ctbb n AiflcTBia yapeatAenifi b i Tania snoxa bhbhcrti h bobmobihocti npejynpeJKAeHia „nepeBopoTOBi“ bi CyAynieMi. Ecxa ase yapezAeHia AOXBBH <5htb ofipasyeati b i buaj nepeBopoTOBi, to eARHCTBeHHUHi H3i TaBHXi yapejEAeHiB aBxaeica AHKTaTypa, KOTopaa npBTOMi ci 66xmrhmi ycnixoMi Moateri 6uti Bnipeaa oAROMy XHuy, b4mi co6pa- Hic. ^xa nixefl so HopaaxbHaro ynpaBaeHia AiaTexbHOCTt BTopofi naxaTU npeACTaBiaen Baxaua butoau, EOTOpua ejBa xa BpryTi 6utb AOCTHTRyTti Aaxe npa nanxyameMi ycTpoScTB’b oahoS naxam. Ixa noHMMania strxi bhtoai, aoxxho npesje Bcero ycxoBHTbca OTHOCHTexbHOSHaaeaia cxoBa „CAepxna“ . 8thmi cxobomi ofiuKROBeHHO 03Baiai>Ti apenaTCTBie e i AeaseHiio BuepeAi a noxarann, no BepXHiia naxaia upuaiiana arpaTb poxb KOHcepeamusuaio SAeaeBTa, salepaiuiiaioiHaro npeo6pasoBaT6xbHua cTpeMxeHix uaxHeB naxaTU. IlpHHHMaa,Aa*e bto 3aaaeaie, mo®no caaaaib, no 6tiBaiorc, cxyiaa, EorAa noxesao ocTaHOBHTt nocnbmHua a neo<)Aynaiinua HOBOBBeAeaia. Ho AiflcTBaTexbHoe SHaieHie BepxneB naxaTU ropa3Ao’ mBpe ysasaH- Haro a bobcc He coBnaxaen c i aam. Hhxhhh naxaia xajeKO He Bcerxa nocTaaoBxaerb pimeaia „npo- rpeccHBHua\". Ea nocTaHOBxeHia 6uBai0Ti aaero neofiAyMaHHU, cnimeu, HecnpaBeAXHBH— He3aBHCHHo o n Easoro 6u to hh 6uxo aanpaBxeaia— DporpeccaBHaro axa hohcepBaTHBHaro. B i bthxi cxyaaaxi npaBo xoBTpoxa, T.-e. nepecaoTpa plimeHia bhshcS naxaia oKaauBaeTca Bectua aoxe3Rum, esei noTOMy, n o nocTaHouxeaHua yae peaoxamia

— 220 soryTt 6htb OTBeprHVTH, TaKB h aoiony, m anoria npeAAOateuia He tfyjyii. Aa*e BHeceHU bb hjiskhioio na.iaTy bb BHay npaBa nepecMOTpa, npeAOCTaBjeHHaro najart sepxHoB. 9to npaso BaatH'f.6 KopoxeBcaaro veto, 'rtuB doxie, vro upa pasBmia napaasieHTCKaro ynpaB-iesia veto yrpa'iHBaex'B cBoe 3HaveHie. Ho, mieHHO bb bha)' BoapacTaumeS c m hhxhhxb najan, HeodxOAHMO hbAth nperpaiy hxb aorymeciBy, 6e3B KOTOpofi OBO 0(5paTHTCfl BB Dp0H3B0.1B. He Bceraa, HaKOHenB, HBnacniH noaTH BpencTaBAaiOTcHaxeMeHTaaa „npoi'pecca“. He Bee, Hcxojamee on nufiopoBt, aaaaeTca*ihcthiib h Be3aBHCHMBMi. HcTopia noKaauBaen, vto Suiiaem, cxyiaa, xorja BBZoia na.iaThi, H36paHHua doab jainerrieMB uxacTeS h.th napoAHHXB CTpacTefi, oaa3HBaxHci. yroiWHBise' Bepxneft naxaTU, in, aoTopoS bakb 6h cocpeAOTOTOBaxHCb noc.rt,AHie ocTaiKH He3aBHCnMOCTH Hapojnaro npejciaBHTexi.cTBa. JIpkkmb npmdspoMB Tojty cjivxhtb napxaaeaTCEaa Hcxopia $paHHia bb nepByio noxoBuny napcTBOBania Kap.ia X, aorxa MHBBCTepCTBO BhIXMH Iipil nOMOIHH BOBKO UOATaCOBaHHai'O 6o.II.BIBH- CTBa bb HHataei najarfc, uposejo 6b y-iBipapeaitnioHiiua vtpu 6e3B conpoTHBaeHia, BCTpiveHHaro hb aa-iart uapoBB (aecMOTpa aa aeyio- BaeTBopBTexLBUfi ea cocTaBB). Tass, bb 1827rosy naxaTa xenyraTOBB, 6ojn>nmHCTBOMB !/a m .iocobb, upiimua xpafiHe peaKaioHHuS 3bkohb o ueiiiTB, -ho conpoTMBxeHie, BCTptiCHnoe HaaacTepcTBOHB bb najarfc nopoBB, saclaBH.iO' ero b3htb cboS upoeKTB HaaaAB *). Mo* ho ysasaiB cxyiaa, Kor.ia Bepxaaa naxaia npoTHBHxacb pe- ipopMaMB Heo6xoAHHHHB h ycTvnaxa to.tbko laBjenin KaitB o6mecTBea- naro xhIihui, tbkb h Kopoifti. TaKB, aHoiBcKaa naxaTa .iopaobb ao noc.viiABO? ro3hoxbocth npoTHBHaar.L napaaKeaxcKoS peipopwi 1832r. a OTMinfe x a46bhxb saKOHOBBbb 1846 f. Ho bb o6ohxb MyiaaxB saxpo- rHBaxHcb HHTepecu, Becwia 6xH3Kie .jopjasB^ itaKB luaccy, a noBeseaie aaxaTH bb bthib h jpyraxB cxyiaaxB CBHxiTexbCTByeTB ge npoTHBB BepxHeit naxaiH BOo6me, a apoTHBB caoco6a ea cocTan-ienia, upotubb nspiu, KOTopaa, . kskb rsb^ctbo, BuatiBaelB upoTHBB ce6a chxlhuh sospaaceBia bb caMofi AnrjiiH. Mu nosBasouBHca cb hhmh HH»e. VIII. 3artMB cxixyers HirfeTb bb bhiv, bto BTopaa na.irra MoateTB aBHTbca'Be toabko yapeaiAesieMB, npoTHBamHiica nocpejciBOMBCBoero veto Heo6jTnaBHUiJB, HeaptuuMB b cbIhehumb pimenia«B HiiaRefi naxaTbi, ho OHa Moaen cxtjaTbca cocpexorovieMB -thpb, kotopuhb BpHHaAxexHTB no.io*HTexbBaa poxb bb pasBHTiH 8aK0H0,i,aTejbCTBa bb HanpaBjeniH, noxe3HOHB jaa rocyaapcTBa. SaaBeHie BTopofi naxaTH, cb 9T0# tobkh 3ptiHia, He TOjrbKo He yiia.iaeTca npH TCnepeumeMB cipot napoxnaro iipexcTaBBTeatcTBa, ho jafee yBexHBHBaeTca. Mu vehahhb ') Poxoy, Hcropia tpaHiu», 1. I, cip. 206 a caii., pycct. oep8».

— 221 — mace, ito Ha6HpaTC.ii.Hoo npaBO Hi HacToameo Bpexa nee 6o.i$e h 6oJite pacmupaeTca; bt hIikotophxt rocyxapcTBaxT bb6acha Bceo6n(aa noxa'ia toxocobt, bt xpyniXT, kset., Haup., bt Hiajin, H36Hpare.ii.HUfi 3,0 10Hemr noauxeBi, minimum'a. ^BHaceme bt. btomt HaupaB.ieHiH, - neino, cnocoScTByeTt Tony, no bt. hhjkhiok) na-iaTy bboxhtch BjexeBTu Bnojfffc napoxHuo, tbet ito bc6 HHTepecu napoja xoryn. Curb npej- CTUBJenH bt. 3T0ft naxaTi. Ho o6mifi yposeHt no.inruiecxaro o6paso- BaHia, 0HHTH0CTH K C08HaHMrOCyxapCTBeHHUxi.HHTepeCOBT,, 01CBHXH0, noHiisaoTca irapn.T.Tc.ibiio Odxbmejiy KOJmiecTBy ahht, aoJLByvwnxcB HaCnpaTO-ibHhht rrpaBOMT. Oauako, poxT HapoxHHXT apejcTaBHTejeil ott stoto Be yuaaaeTca; ohh Bcero xyime MoryiT yKaabiBaTb na na- poinuH nyacxu, yxasiiBaTb na HanpaBxeuie oCmecTBeniiaro MHtHia, yEasuBaTB (JiaKTU,. EOTopue 6e3i> Toro He Oujh 6u hsb'Bctubi npaBH- TeaBCTBy; ho H3T btoto ne caixyen., hto6u ohh hook naxauaTb sa- K0HH H npHHHXATB lrflxeC0o6pa3HHfl Mffcpu, KOTOpblH He TOXTKO 6u yXOB.TCTBOpa.YH HHTepecaMi OTX'fl.TBHIJXT. K-iaCCOBT, HO H HHTepecaMT, Bcero rocyxapcTBa, rocyxapcTBcnnoii no.11.3t. ^ah btoB u+>.ih nyacHa na.iaTa, cocToantaa H3T xhut., bt. kotopuxt ciienia.ii.Hoe odpasosaHie coexHHeHO ct onuTHocTbio h. ct. niHpoToS rocyxapcTBeHHaro BBrjHja, ixpio6p,6TaeMaro •xoxroxiTHeB x^HTexTHOCTBio na rocyxapCTBeHHOHT HOnpHOAb. Ha 3T0 MO/KHO B03pa3HTL, HTO ntTT. IIHKaKHXT OCHOBaHifi BU.'lt.MTT, 3THXT. OHHTHHXT H Cnf.AylHHXT. .IlOAefi H3T COCTaBa HH/KHefl najaTU, h ito hxt npHcyi'CTBie thmt Oyxerr noxesHO a-m py- KoBoxcTBa Maccoii xenyTaTOBT, yjicTBeHHuB ypoueHb kotopuxt. no o6meiiy npasHjy ne BtixacTca BnepeAT. Hbao, o.ynaKO, sau^THTb, tto 1) BT COCTaB'il HHBCHCfi HaxaTH 3TH AHHa Horyxi COCTaBHTb JHIUb MeHbniHucTBo, a noTOMy ohh ho Bcerxa OyxyTT bt. coctosmh ocTaHo- BHib yB.teieHie doxbniHHeTBa. TaKt, bt 1870 roxy, Hefio-itniaa onuo- 3Hiii0HHaa napTia (Tbepa a xp.) ij)paHny3CBaro saEOHOxaTexTHaro co- 6paHia TmeTHo B03paaa-ia npOTHBT. saiiBaevoS HanoxeoHoiiT Ill itpaHKO-npyccEoS bohbu; ho ee sacTaBHAH saHoxnaTb (npn noMonm xaace Toro cpexcTBa, KOTopmiT Ha Bofint sacTaBAXDrr CMOAKiiyTb ae- npiaTexbCKia nymEH, nox6nBaa hxt, T.-e. HacaxTHo). 2) Hejbsa no- pyTHTLca, n o Tania Anna 6y&yrh H36HpaTbca bt xenyTaTU, taet ito OTcyrciBie hjh npHcyrcTBie hxt bt naxark 6yxeTT saBHcfcTT ott cxy- TaimocTH BHfiopoBT. 3) Bt Cjyiat H.iOpaniji, dth xaua t Hht csmumt OyxyTT XHmenbi H63aBHCHM0CTH h uacTO 6yxyrr npHHymxsHH nocTy- naTbca cbohmh y6t»xeniaMH bt .yroxy napTin, hxt H36paBmeH h ct Htxuo duTb H36npaeMUMH Bnpexb. 4) Kt aiosty naxo npH6aBHTi., tto bth xima, 6yxy«H bt cocTaBt naviatu, OyAVTT ocbo6oxcxchh ott ttb- CTBa HpaBCTseHHOfi OTB'tTCTBeHHOCTH, TAKT KAET. yMCTBya BT TOJOCO- BaHia HuatHcii naxaTH, ohh bt cxynafe HaxoOHOCTH HoryTT bhoxhH co-

— 222 — CAaTBCa Ha TO, HTO IIOMHMO HXE BOJH H HanCpOKOpi HXE 60AB- hihhctbo naxaTH cocraBHJOct, be no.11.3y Mipa, KOTopyn ohk npHSHaxH BpeflHofl. BuAt-ieHauo ato be ocofiyc naaaTy, onn mohh 6h no- AaBaTB cnofi caMOCTOaTejLHua toaoce, bth .mna nox-iema.™ 6a 6oAb- mcfi upaBCTBcnnofl otb$tctb6hhocth 3a tow hah jpyrott hcxoae ji.ia, sa to hah xpyroe pbraenie, Hcxojmneo H3E TaKofi ua-iaTU. BuCpaHuaa be otixe ycAOBiaxE BTOpaa najiaxa uoraa 6a 6utb ne toabko ua.raToit rocyAapcTiiennoS (be CHUCJrfe TeopiH BHHiepa), ho H BBiClHHME BapO*HHMT> COB'kTOME, KOTOpUfl MOTE- 6B HOjaBaTB CBOH sininia He eoae jaB-ienieME Tofi hah jpyroS napTiH, B03o6,iaAaBineft Ha BufiopaXE, ho nojE xan.iemeME oCihhxe qoctohhhuxe coofipaaieHift, hitJiioihhxb be BHjy nocToaHHBie rocyAapcTBennae HHTepecu, a ne t i hah APyria BpexeaHua nysja, soTopua HepiAao aacTaBAaioTE hhb- hidb uaaaTy hsm'Iihhti. cBoe nanpaBxenie, a B36HpaT6Ae8—H3M'fcnaTf, xapaarepE napaaMeHTCsaro 6ojBmnHCTBa ce uopasHTeABHOii OucTpoTofi (be otohe OTHomeHiH oco6cnno ofipamaew ua ce6a BHHuaHie repsiaH- caift peftxcTaw). Toabko hto yxasaHHua cooOpaaeHia ce AOCTaTomofi ocHOBaTeaB- hoctbk) Horyw 6htb npHBeAOHB be noABSy cymecTBOBasia niopoft na- AaTH. OcTaerca aaTiiME otkputuhe BonpocE o ea cocTaai. Ce yxa- saHHofi Bume tohrh apinia, Moatno cxasaTB, hto hohth hh OAHa H3E cHCTeME, HpaHf.naeauxE a m ofipasoBaHia cociaua BepxHeft najaiu, ne yAOBAeTBopaew Hume H3AoateHHHME TpefioBaHiaME othochtcabho utoS Ha.iara, h hto piAKaa naaaTa no caoeMVcocTaBy cooTBiTCTByew sithme TpefioBaaiaME. Bhtb MO»ew, bto hpobcxoahte ottoto, hto npH supa- 6ote£ EOHCTHTyuiOHHaro ycTpoflcTBa Ha ofipaaoBaHie h opraHHsaniio BepxHefi na.iaTU Boo6me ofipamaeTca HeuBQie BHHxaHia, h^me Ha eo- ctbbe BB>6opnoS na.iaTU, TaKE aa*E cymecTBOBKHie BTopoS naxaTH CHHTaeTca He toabko 6e3noje3HHHB, ho ia xe BpeAHUHE. Bo MHorHXE rocyAapcTBaxE npn cocxaBAeBin KOHCTHiyiuH yipeAHTexBHoe coftpame xasE 6a HexoTa, hpothbe cbocto aeaania bboahao b e coctbbe hb- poAHaro upeACTaBiiTeABCTsa BTopyio najaTy. IIpHSHaBaa cymeCTBOBaaie ea no Hemmea nipt 6e3DOAe3HUME, yipeAHTeABnaa co6pama naao oOpama.iH BHHMaHia Ha cocTaBE sto8 naaaTH. Othme othbcth o6e- acBaeTca nparaHa, noaeiry Boofime coraaBE BepxHHXE uajaw otchb aacTO aaiaeTca HeyAOBJie'rBOpHTeabHUHE. Be HixoTopaxE rocyAap- CTBaXE COCTaBE 3THXE HBAaTE HHH'fe HpeACTOBAaeTCa OCT8TKOME ABBH0 MHHyBHicfi CTapaHH, a noTOMy najara Becma na.10 cooTBiTCTByew bc6me ApyrHME I'ocyAapcTBeHHUME yspeatAemanE. Bee KpyroME ea H3MiHHAocB, jaste KopoAeBcitia npeporaTHBUnpeTepirfiAH cywecTBeHHua riepeBiHa; OAHa toabko BepxHaa DaaaTa, HanpHHipE, be Ahmih h BeHrpiH, coxpaHHaa CTapiiHnoe ycTpoSciBO. Be BenrpiH, BepxHaa na-

— 223 — jiaTa ao chxi nopi octb co6pauie siarHaTOBi, KaEHm oho 6too bi 1222 roAy npH Kopo-ii A n p ei U. Toiho tbki ate Rcpxnaa naxaia Anr.rin—yipeacjeHie jaBHee, ByatAatomeeca bi cepbe3nuxt HSM-bHeHiaxt, 1T06tl COOTBtTCTBOBaTb KaKl HOBUUl B3rjt«AaUb, TaKl H HOBHXl 0(5- CTOHTOAbCTBaMl nOAHTHieCKOB XH3HH CTpaHH. Hxaub, cAbAyeTt 3aniTHTb, bto npa pascyxjeHiH o BepxHHxt na- .raTaxi cjrtAyen. OTAiAHTb Bonpoci o anaqeniH BTopoS najiaTH BooOme orb soupoca o tomb cocTani bto0 na.iaTH h o t+,xi> cnocofiaxi ma ero uojiyieuiH, aoTopue hu aaCABAaeirb bi AiScTBHTeJbHocTH bi OTjt.iLiiuxt rocyAapcTBaxT, Enponu. OTHOcme-itHO oOmaro Bonpoca o Heo6xojHstoc,TH Bepxuefi naaaTH, dojbniHHCTBO noAHTHiecsHxi nHcaTe- -left BUCKa^UBaiOICH BI IIOAOSCHTCJbHOMl CHUM'S '). Cl 3THMH npeABapHTe.IbBUMH nOHBTiadH npUCTyUMHl Kb paSCHO- Tptniio oTAbjibBtixi naxart. Tam itaai bcS KOHCTHTynioHHtia yqpe- atAOBia BOAyn cboo npoHcxoxAOHie hbi AHr.iiH, to orcDAa ate 6u.io 3aHMCTBOoaHO h yqpesAeHie BTopoft najaTti, ho toabko b i hbmShbh- HOHl BHA*. IIOBTOliy HU BpOlKAO BCOTO OCTanOBRHCa Ha H3yieHiH BepxHefi iiajiaTti bi AHr.ria. IMARA n. y CTPOflCTBO BEPXHHXl IIAAATI. I. Iiepxnaa uaaaTa Aur.riH, coOTBtTCTBemio hctophiockhmi ycxo- BiaMi ea odpaaonaHia, ecTb yqpeatAOHie cocTasa apHCTOKpaTHBecsaro. bdd‘A&xaTy a nporain oea. ^aiLanjuinaiB(fii 1789r.BucaaaHBaBini&canpomuev),Constitutions detona­ tion frangaise avec un esSot <le traite historique et politique sur la Charts (1819 r.); Constant, Cows de politique conslitutionnellc, bob. B3ju -{abyss (1864 r.); Dablmann, Die Politik, crp. 131 n call. (1847 r.), Escher, Hand- touch der praktischen Politik, H, CTp. 218 h csix. (1864 r.); Bluntschli, Allgemeines Staatsrecht, crp. 56 h cati. (1876 r.); Laboulaye, Histoire des Etats-Unis, t. Ill, crp. 288—314, n Questions constitutionneUes; Naquet, La republigue radicate. (1873 r.), cip. 88 a c«4a. Upomusb (apoxi oacaTeaeS Bpexeai. <(>p. ppiio-oonia, o kobib cm. Mohl. GeschichteundlAtteratur der Staatswissenschaften, I,crp.280): Rotteck, AUge- meine Staatslehre, §\"92; Richter, Staats-und Gesellschafts-Recht der fransO- sischenRevolution (1855r.),t. I;Clamageran, La France ripublicaine (1875r.), crp.75—89; Beriat St. Prie, Theorie dudroit constitutionnel(V-onfuis(1851r.), soropnfi, BDposexa,aonyciaert o6pajonauie ocoCofi najaru m xsrOTOBseHU3aaono- BpoeiiTOBi no □peAueTaxa, DpeAnojaraBnnBxa cueniaatiiHa ciffejiHia (crp. 359); Ba- gehot, La constitution anglaise, (<|>P-nepeBon,1869r.). Asiopi, cojo6ho Mbjjh,

— 224 — BepxHaa naxaia oOpa3jeTCH, no ofiiqeMy npaBHXy, Bb 6oJtnniHCT8i, hsi jihivl, BOTOpua no coGcTBeHHOKT npasy 8 npeeMCTBeBHo Bb no- piijirh nepBOpojcm BMiiDTb npaBO Ha yaacTie Bb stoki cofipamH h npMraamaDTCa Ha naamy» napxaiieHTCKyio cecciio uoaueHHO OTjixb- humh Kopo.ieBCKHMH npHriamemaHH, pasciuaeMHHH Bb BKA'f) BopoxeB- CKHXb naceiib. CaiiOBaTeaBHO, ochobhoS BjeweiiTB, H3b KOToparo co- ctohtb aarxificRaa naxaTa xopnoBb, eoab Hac.i'feseTBeHHoe H9pcTBO--co- BOKynHocxbiiacj'I'.Aci’BeHHUx'LnspoBT.hnapeccb( hxb B'f,HacioameeBpeMa (1884 r.) bx AHraiH 9; oh* xh*iho ho npHHHMaDTb yiacTia Bb sactja- Hiaxb najaro xopxosb). ConoicynHOCTb bthxb uapoBb o6pa3yera co6o» Torb K-iacci aar.iiflcKaro oSinecTBa, KOTopuS nocHTb Ha3BaHie Kxacca fijaropojHHX'B (nobility). OraijbHua Jinna aToro miacea aocan. pa8- xniHue THTyju: repnora, napKiwa, rpa<|ia (cTapHHHoe: earl.), bwkohtb •h net. ocTajbHHH — CapoHa. 9th TRTyxu aiir.iiftcBoft apHCTOKpaiia ycBoeHBi e » cine cb Bpejiem, <{>co,qaxbnhixb. Casio cofioB paayM'beTca, HTO COCTaBb 3TO0 HpHCTOKpaTiu He OCTaCTCH UOCTOHHUHMb, TaBb EBEb Kopo.iL union. npaBO bo3SOahtb Bb 3Bauie irapa, hmohho Bb HacxiA- CTBeHHoe napCTBO (nonpocb o npani icopoxa bosbojhti, Bb aBanie no- atH3neiraaro nopa OyxeTb pascMO’rpiHb HH*e). Biopoft B.ieueHTb, ofiposynniiit aHrxifiacyro BepxHBB najiaTy, cyTb anna, aactaannnia Bb nee ex officio, hhchho: 2 apxieuHCKOna—Kemep- SepiBcKiS h iopBcriS—h 24 eHHCKona, HasnaiaeMue Bb naxary no CTapnraHCTBy. Xots enHCKOHOBb Bb Kopo.iCBCTBi u <5oxbme, ho aierb, npeAHa3HaqeHHHxbhahenHCKonoBbBbuajari,toabko 24; cxiiOBaTexbHO, Kb yaacTiB Bb ceccin npHrxamaiyrca He Bci enHCKonu, a toxbko CTa- piRmie, 3a wacxioieBieMb, BnponeMb,enHcuonoBb: xoHsoncRaro, nyprasi- CBaro h BHHiecTepcEaro, Koropue bo BdaaoHb cxynai jojishu nespe- xbHHO yqacTBOBBTb Bb aacinamuxb Bepxnefl naxaTti. TaxaMb o6pa- 30Mb, Bb neS ex officio sacijaDTi BUcrniajoxAihocthhh xuqa nepKBH. yaacTie npexaTOBb Bb sacixaHiH Bepxaefi na-iam othochtch, Kagb b Bci yipeasxeHia Aarxia,' Kb AaBHiiimiHMb BpeMesaMb. ,2,0 peibopaania, 10 Teapaxa VIII npex&TH KaTOxniec.KOtt nepKBH npasuBajHci. Kb yaa- CTiB Bb 3acixamaxb segxHeft najaTti Bb KaaecTBi npexcTaBHTexeft ocofiaro ordo, xyxoBHaro cocxoBia: 1) Bb cany cbohxt, cocxoBHtixb npa- Baxerift h 2) Bb caxy Toro, mo enacBona a aCfiam HB.ia.iacb Bxa- At.iMiaMn qepKOBaaxb aeaexb. Ha npexaTaxb xesaxa H3BtcrHaa OTHOCHTexbHO rocywpcTBa noBHHHOCTa, Koropaa ona aeeja Cb OTHXb seae.tb h Koropaxa odycxoBJHBaxocb axb npaBO Ha yaacTie Bb aopo- xencKOMb coBt.T*. rioc.ii pedsopitaqia, Korxa sevaa KaToxaaecKaro iy- xonencTna 6axa KOHipHCKOBanu a caaoe iiasnaaenie xapb Ha .tyxoBHaa AoaatHOCTH OKasaxocb Bb pyKaxb xopoxa, npexara nepKBH cxixaxHCb KHKb 6a KOpOXeBCKHMH JOXJKHOCTHUMH XHnaMH. (reHpBXb VIII COXpa-

— 225 — nn-i'i. sa euHCKOuaMH upauo 3acijaTi> nx sepxaefi nanark ax KaaecTBi Bucmaxx AOxatHOCTHUxi. abux aHrxaKaHCEoB nepiBH). TaEHMX oOpa- 3omt., Bt CHjy CBoeft aojxhocth, oo HasHaieHiio h oporjameoiD uo- po-ia, 3TH ope-iaTti yaacTByDTX Bt BepxHeft najarfe. — 9th ab& sxe- Menia—uenu no poiUenin hjh KopoxeBCKOHy noxa-ionairira (oaortx- CTBeBHOHy) h ojieHLj, 3aciAacmie ex officio, ofipasyioTx aHrxi&cxyx) muaiy .lopAOBi, bx coCcTBeHHOHX cMuc.rli aroro c.jona. 3arisHx bt, »Ty najary bxoahtx Apyrie s.ieneHTU, Bx Haqa.1* XVIII0 bx HaBaj-fe XIX CTO-itTig 6hao npespameHO cymecTBOsaoie AByxx OTAfcitHuxx npe»AO napjaMeBTOBx—moTAaHACKaro(1707 r.)-b Hp.iaHA- cxaro (1801 r.), hhchuo bocj-6 BHsopnopanmcHaiaia moTAauAiH, a no- tomx h Hp.ianAiH. Ilpn oupeAtjenio ycxoaift, Ha KOTopuxx mOTjaHA- CKiii h HpAaajcKia uap.iaMeirru coeAHHHJiHCB cx aHPjriHCKMMx, fiu.io no- crauoBAeHO, ito mouaHACKie napu nocuxaiOTX otx cefifl AenyTauin esx 16 ahox Ha Becx cpoKx uapAaoeoTCKoft jeracjaTypu (T.-e. 0a 7 -riix— cpoKX AenyTaTCKHXx no.inoMoqiii). 3to (jhao nocTanoBjeHO bx 5-fi toax napcTBOBaaia kopoaobu Ahbh (1707 r.), bx cxaTti 22 ana moTjaHA- CKOfi yHiH. OTBOr.HTe.ItBOHpjaHACKBXb QspOBXBXCT. 4aETa J’HIH 1801 r. 6u.no nocTaHOB-iciio, TTOnapu HpjaBAiH npn3UBaiOTcabx HHc.rh 28 ahux H3X ofimaro iHCxa HpxaHACKHXX naponx axh noxHSHeHHaro sae-ftASHia bx Bepxseg najarfc. Htbkx, moTxanACKie napu H3finpaB>rcJi na cpoxx napxaHeHTCEoft xerHcxaTypu, a apxanACEie—nosHanemio. C.rt.ioiia- Te-itno, bx THC-ii jh px , sactjaroinuxx bx aHr.iificKOfi Bepxncft naxaTli, hu ne B0AHHX noxHanennuxx nopoBx, h6o e caun HpxaaACEie napu Be uoryTX 6utx npnsBaBaeMU noatH3HeimuMH q.ienaMH nap.iaxnna, ran, Baxx obh pa3CMaTpaBaBTca toaxko kbkx noxHSBeHHue npeAcraBHTexH BCfexx HacjiACTBeHHUXx napoBX HpxaHAin. 3th napu saclAaiOTx bx napxaMeHTfe noxHSHeBHO ae bx coxy xniHaro hxx opaoa; aacixaHie hxx ae ecTt xHHHoe noxH3BeBHoe ynacTie bx homx. Bx xpeBHee speEa 6uxo homhoto cxyiaeBX BosBCAOHix bx no- atH3HOHHoe napcEoe seaHie, h6o hxx BonBOAOHin bx HacjiACTBenaoe napcKoe SBanie TpeCyeraa HsotcTHaa AOTania, npH neux ofitninonenHO anno, sosBOAHHoe bx nspcTBO, HSM’fenaeTx cboio ifaMH.iiio no hmbhh toto MicTeuta, KOTopoe o6pa3yerx ero AOTapin. Taxx, j(H3paaxn, npa bos- BBAeHiH ero bx napu, fiuxx nepfiHMeHonanx .iopaomx BHKOHCiJwxbAOHx; IIhttx bochax Ha3BaHie xopja laTana h t. a. Ho He bc4 xaua MoryTx yAOBAeTBopoTb9THHX ycAOBiaMX AOTapin 0 B03B6AeHinbx Hac.itACTBennoe napcTBo; noaToxy KopoHa eme bx ApeBnee Rpena npnsHBaxa ex yaacTii) bx naxarf napoBX ahhx no hxx .raiHOMy AOCTOHHCTBy, kbkx noxesHuxx coBiTHBBOBx. Ho TBKX eskx ona Ao.iro hc no.ii,30Baxact CBOHMx npa- bohx, to oho cTHTajoer, BfjurCAniHMX H3x ynoTpetijeHia, a Korjia bx 1856 roAy Kopo.ieBa BHETopin BOSBeAa bx 3nanie noxH3HenHai’o napa

— 226 - OAHOro hsb aHr.iiticBHX'L eyxeS, aHaneuHTaro lopucTa Capua, to na- ,mTa aopaobb, HasHaiHBi, nacJif.AOBaHic OTHOCaniHxca ciOAa ofiuaaeBT. h npenejcnTOM,, iiauna, hto uaauaaeuie iiOKHaiieunuxB nopoBB neKOH- CTHTyuiOHHO a, BcaiACTBie SToro, oraasajacb aoujcthtb Uapaa kb npa- necciiim ycTanonaennoS npncarH. Kohhhaocl tIimb, hto IlapKB 6u.it. B03BeAOHT> BB BaCatlCTBCHHOe napCTBO. Bb HacToamco Bpevs bb Anrjin, Birtcrt, cb npeo6pasosaBieuBcyjo- ycTpoficTBa, HBiuacbHeofixoAHMOCTbbbBOBBejeaiHdoxhbhbhhuxb napoBB, KOTOpUe BXOAHAH 6h BB COCTHBB BepXHeS IiajaTU. HxeHHO, no HHH- uiaTHBf, .10pj.a-Kaun.1epa, cb 1873 roja nocatAOBajo H3«$HeHie aH- rxificKaro cyAonpoHSBOACTsa bb tomb cmhci6, hto bc4 3 BecraHHciep- ckhxb cyja: cjab Ka3Haue0CTBa, cyAB oChihxb Taxe6B h cyAB nopo- .leBCKoft cKaxbH 6uah coejHHemj bb oahbb nucraifl cyAB>coxpairaBniift upeatnia naaimnia jjh cbohxb OTjiaeniS (ho qotoxb h oth Ha3BaHia KcneaiH). Bb Hero *e bohuh h jpyrie cyiu, Thkhub o6pa80HB, 6hab o6pasonanB BbicnriS cjab Ahtaih, bb coctsbS xoroparo o6pa30Bajncb ABt HHCTaHuiH: HH3maa, CuBmaa co6ctb6hhuhb cj'aomb naanaro otaIi- jeHia nonpmiajjeznocTH, h Bucmaa—anexiaujonnaHHHeraHHia.Bvbcrb cb 3thmb npeAnoxara-ioci. otmIihhti, CTapaHHoe npaBo napoBB 6htb Bucmefl cyAe6H0fi HHciaimiem aah Bcero KopoaeBCTBa. Bb nonsy TasoS OTMiHu roBopHJH nf.KOTopua coo6paxeaia. OcoCeHHO BHCTaBaaaHCt Tpe6oBania cnenia-»bHO ropHAnuecitaro o6pasoBaHia, Heo6xoARMaro aah ompaiueHia cyAe6ao0 babcth bb A hmih, rxb, no npniHirfi njoxoB koah- (|iKKai;iH, TpeOyerca naoro.iiTHaa npasTHBa A.ia osHaKOMieiria cb npe- ueAeHTBMH no BonpocaHB npaBa. BcaiACTBie aioro, cb 6ojbmefl BtpoaT- uocibio M0KB0 csasaTb, HTO uaABTa AOPAOBB HBAaeTCH neCUOCOOHOfi OTnpaBAaTb npaBocyxie, kbkb to At.jaaa jopAU bo BpeMCHa, nanp., BAyapAOBB I HIII, Korna npaBO hocimoem,e iepru uepBonaua.ibHofi upo- CTOTbl H HeCAOJtHOCTH. H A40CTBHTejlbHO, Uajaia AOPAOBB, EBKBBbicmaa cyAe6Haa HHCTannia, ompaBaaeTB npasocyAie He HenocpeACTBerao, a Hepeas BUAtjaeHHXB H3B ce6a tbbbHa3UBaeMbixB cyAe6nuxB .iopaobb, T.-e. cyAefi, B03BeAeuuuxB KorAa to bb nspcsoe SBarne. 3aK0HB 1873 roAa HMeHHO h 6hab cocTauaeiiB bb Ayxi otmIshh CTaparo npaBa aopaobb 6utb BuenieO cyAe6H0fi HHCTanniefi; Ha Hero npimyatjeHa 6u.ia corAacHTbca a naxara napouB; ho sbtIihb npoMonuo, BCJliACTBie hobuxb Bu6opoBB h uepeaf.HU oCmecTBennaro mduria no 3T0My Bonpocy.HSM'iHeHie hbb HanpaBAemn nap.iaMeHTah mhhhct6pctba. BsHAacb HOBaaapryMenrania bb noAbsy coxpaHeHia sa BepxHeti naa&Tot BUemHXB cyAe6BMXB npaBB. IIoboaomb kb thkoH nepeMtafe BacipoeHia nocayacHAO to, hto Bromie cyAbt HIoTaaHAin h HpaaHAin He noate.ia.in 6uTb noAHHneHHUMH to0 BucmeS aHMiacKOH cyAe6Hoft HHcraHHiH, ko- Topaa, BaKB mu bha^ah, o6pa30na.iacb bb cocianli aHr.iiftcitaro nucmaro

— 227 — cy.ua. Ohh xorfeAH coxpaaHTb suaienie aToftBHcmet cyjefinofl Hncxanniit sa uajaToB nspoBB. CooTBfcTCTBeHHO btomj, hm1.hii.tii CBoe npexHee Mntaie a cajua Aopju, a .ia hhmh napjaneHTT. a MHHHCTepcTBO, tskb hto npaso Buotaefl aiir.iiRcKolt cyjefiHofl HHCTaHipH 611.10 nonpexHeny coxpaseBo sa na.iaToft nspoBB. Ho bb 1876 r. hsashb <Shjb aaisoHB, KOTopHMB aopojK) npeAOCTae.ieHO upaao BaasaiaTb abjxb bobchshob- hijxl SapoHOBX Hat BHcja cvjeS. II. Bb 3X0111 BHjt na-iaTa xopAOBB jamio vac npeACTaBxaexcH ne- yAon.ieTBopHTe.il,Hoit ae TO-ibKO BBcaTexan xcMOKpaTHiecKaro nanpa- Bxeaia, kskobt,, Haup., 'J’ pHMani,, ho h ahasmb, npn3HaK>mnMB anaienie 3a apBCTORpaTHBeCEHMl a.ieMCHTOMTi BB ABTJliE. TSKOBB, naapMU., Bsa- aerOTT. bb CBOesn, cohhhchih AHuiucxax nommumynia (cTp. 140— 194 $paHu. nepes. n8Aauin). Bon. apryMOHrauia aBTopa: ohb npHSBaeTB 3HaieHie apHCTOKpariH bb Ahtaih h ciHTaen. ee bo mhothxb otho- meHiaxi. noaesHOio, Taut ksei poAoeaa apHCTOKpaTiabb AHrjia npoAO- xpaHaeTB CTpaay otb rocnojcTBa AeueaHOfi apacTOEpaxiH h BOKJOHeuia iMHOBHHaecTBy. Ho, HCCBOTpa Ha bIieoboS aBTopHTen. 8X00 apHexo- EpaTiH, liaaaxa aopaobb asbho yae 3aHBnaoxB BTopocxeneHHoe iriicxo a 3BaieHie ex naAaeiB nee doxte h 6o.it,e. ITpHnniu mtomy, no HBtHiio aBTopa, saK-iBJiaBTca bb catayiomeMB: uaxata jopaobb aorja 6u Hxixi. 3HaieHie bb tomb cayiat, ec.iH 6s ohe cocroa.ia hsb ahub Be tojbeo B.'iiaxe.ibBHsB uojHXHiecKH, ho b cbocoOhuxb EB TOCyjapCTBea- humb AixaMB; ho rocyAapcxBeHiiua choco6hocth He HacxiAyoTCH eskb sBanie napa. HanpHM., repnor-B ^eBOHumpcisiH hah BeA<t>opAB HutKiiB orpoMHoe Hac.itACTBeiuioe Bjiame Ha MicxaxB, r j i naxoAarca hxb HHtaia H 36MXH, 'OTHOCHTeSbHO OEpeCTHafO HaCejeHlH, TaKB BT0 JAH noc.it,Aituro MHtHie repnora /(eBOHuiHpcEaro hah Bex^opxB HxieTB 6o.it,e SHaieHia, t 6mbMBtuie saKoro hhCvai, Be.imcaro anr.iiflcKaro opa- xopa HAH HHCaxeAB. Ho BTH AOpAU, SHaTHbie H BAiaxeAbHbie, UO OA- HaKO He noAroTOBAeHHue eb rocyAapcxBeuHO0 AtaTe.ibHOCTH, sbabhcb bb BepxHK>n naxaTy, taB Tpeovioiof ofipasoBaHie, yuB h cbocoObocth, BC.er.ia ycTynaioxB .ateto nspaMB, buihcadihmi, b3b HiiasHefi na.iaiu (aa- KOBU, Haup., 6hah Tiop.io (Thurlow) bb XVIII cTo.iiTiii, BpyMB (Brougham) h Ehkohcc[>h.ti,ai. bb XIX CTOAtxiu). IlocAiAHie saTMe- BatoiB npeAcxaBHTeAefi crapaxt apHcxoKpaxHxecEHXB (JaMii.iin, ituB oxiacxH h oSBECHaexca yEAOHeaie aopaobb otb HcuoAHenia cbohxb o6a3aHHOCxe0. CpeAHHMB hhcaomb bb nocsiABee AOCHTHA'fexie codpame, EOTOpoe A0.T1KH0 6a COCTOHTb HSB 500 CAHQ1E0MB BOAOB'liKB, COCXOAAO H3B 10—12 AHHB, KOTOpbIK EB TOMy Hie BeCbMa HeOXOTHO H .itllHBO CAymaAH aokasah h noCTanoiuHAHplimemA. 1to5u coxpaHHTb 3a cofioio (|iopMa.ibHoe yoacTie bb A'h-iaxB H CBoe npano noAanaTi, toaocb, .iopAU H3o6ptAH Aaate ocoftua cnocodB DOAanaTi, cboh roxoca no Aoctpen- 15*

— 228 — hoctu, hto H36a&mjo ,Hxb ora aeofixojBMOcTH uBjijiTbca aa ceccii> nap.iaiieHTa xaiao. Busaxa, Hanp., cxyxaH, hto oahhk aaiimuiflcH Bb. sactxaHie naxaTU xxeab npaHbcaxb Cb coCod ora 10 jo 15 noxHO- HoaiB CBOiixb TOBapHiuefl; repmora Bex.iHHrTOHb aBHXCn OAHaaxu, ofipeMenennuB 50 TaaaMu noxBonoxinaa. npaBO nepejOBipniL cboS roxocb noxyxaxo, aaKoneiib, Tasoc nenpHJHTHOe no paavlipaub yno- Tpefixeaie, xto Bb 1868 roxy 6uxo (peaoxBniefi najaxu xopxoBb) npio- CTaaoBJioBO '). T im ae aeulie, npHcymecTBOBaaia SToro npaoa, Maxo- JBXCTBO aepxHeB na.iaTf, 6uxo uopa.'ifiTc.iMiUMX. Tam, Bb I8601 roxy 6tu-ih o vosexejinum, oxaonieHiaxbai HpxaHjia Cu.ibnpaaara in- aepxaea naxaii uO-iuuuhctbomi 7 npoTHBb 6 itixocobi; catAOBaiexi.no, Bctxa. nopAOBb, oCcyasxaBmHXb STorb 6axxb, 6ujio 13; HtcK'oxBKO pa­ ste, Bb 1864 roxy, Testamentary Jurisdiction Bill npomexb Bb oajarfc XOpAOBbOOJbmHBCTBOMb7 HpOTHHb 5 rOXOCOBb, EaKOe BHC.TO, OXeBHABO, HH1TOSBO CpaBHHTejbBO Cb HHCAOMb BCtlb X.TCHOBT. 9T0# naxaTU, BMtnmaxx npaao bi nefl sacixaTb. IIorbtbo, ato npa Tasaxb ycxo- Biax'b Bepxaan aHrxiftcaaa naxaxa He xoraa Hrpara xT.5cTBHTexi.HO bh- xaiomefica poxH. OHa oCpaxaxacb cxopte b%BonTpoxapyumyio HacTaB- ni», nysa nepeHOcaxHCb uocTanoiucnia bhjkhc5 uaxaru, BOopyseHayu OTHOCHTexbHOiixt. HCK-TioaHTexbHo saxepsuBaioiaHMbveto, h6o,Bb KOBnt EoanOBb, BOpXHHH naxdTa Bcerja ycTynaxa nasHefi m> Ttxb, aoaexao, cxyxaaxb, torja ofimecxBeBHoe aataie Chao bt. uoxbay npaaaTUXb srofl naxaxoD ptraenifl. Mextxy t4mt, npa aecoBepmeacTBi Bbycxpofi- CTBt BHKHet naxam, jtficTBHTexbBoe Baiaaie BepxneS naxam norxo fa 6an oxeab 6xaroxtxexbHO a bt. BHcmeft cTeaeaH OxarorBOpno. Ho X-ia aToro aeo6xoxHMO xonycTBTh cymeCTBeaaiJa npeo(ipa3oSaHia Bb opraansauiH a jiaTexbBocTH naxaTU xopjOBb. Baxscerora bo rxani Taaoft pei]>opHU CTaBara pacampeaie npasa Kopoabi aasHaxaTb bobuxs noaB3H6HBHXb napoBb a coiaxiera, btoxopxbi, oTBeprHVBb stonpaBO no DOBOxy xtxa cyxba Ilapaa, Heofixyaanno yaycTHXH cxyxaS o6ho- BHTb cocxaBb Bepxae5naxaTU n r im ppaxaTbefi rocyxapcTBeHHOe 3Ha- xeBie. DpH HacroamHXb ae ycxoBiaxb stoh naxart rposara nocienea- aoe, ao desycxoBHoe naxeaie. To ae HHtaie paaxtxaera a rpaijib ;iahpebeat,, nncaTexb, Koxopafi caMb npHHajxeaHTb Kb cocxoBin aarxidcBHXb uaposb a cocroHTb xxe- aovb Bepxaefi uaxaTti. Bb CBoefi cxaTbt: The house of lords, aoat- nteHHog Bb (fceBpaxbCKOab Jt aypaaxa X IX Century aa 1884 roxb, Kaapeseab, noxofino EsjaeroTY, npasHaera anaaeaie poxoBoS apacxo- EpaTia, h6o sBaKoacTBO Cb aMepHKaacEHMH nopaxEaaa ydtxHxo ero, xxo roenoxCTByximaa TaMb xeneaiian apacTOKpaiia (o KOxopoH, KCTaxa

— 229 — sauiTHTb, HeoAofipHTejbHO OTSHBaeTcjf h BaAxeroTE), a-feficTByen> se- ■cpaBHeuHO xyiniHMM nyTHMH, tSmt. apHCTOKpaiia poaouan, a hto Mia- Hie nepBofi HecpaBHeaBO xyate a BpeiHie B.iiania BTopoft. IIoaoCho BajiaeroTy, ohe ho npaBHaert, rto6h npaBo npHHHMaTB yiacTie be aasonojaTexEHOtt AkaTe-itHOCTa, KOTopoe npHHajwejEHro> na-iari jop- AOBE, Mor.io a .TOjatao 6u.io BUTeaaTi. HCKafOBHTCJBHO use npHBBJeriit Hac.i'tjcTBcmiofi apacTOKpaTia. Oh i AOKaaijBaeTE no.inyKj necoCToaTejE- hocte ycrpoficTBa uajaTH, KOTopaa npeAuoxaraeTE yqacTie be Heft we- hobe no jiaaBouy npasy; xia apryMGHTania sto9 muc.ih ohe noJE3yeTca VKa-ianieME Ha jaBHO H3BicTHne 4>aKTH, be kotopuse o6napyacHBacrca aeycTpoflcTBO BepxHea najiaTH. Hpej-iaraeMua hue pe<f>opvEi . hjvte aa.ibine peifopME, npe«Jio»OHHHXE Bb^jkototome. 1) Upeacae Bcero jio.tsho 6eite ycTpaHeHO aaqaao yiacTia do .iHiHoxy npasy. rioc.rhxnee AoaaiHO 6eite 3asiiHeHo npaenat oco6o xaa Toro ycTpoeHHoft aafiapa- Te.ibHOft Koaaerin, ROTopaa AOxatHa coctohte hbe coBOKynuocTH bc$xe napoBE Anraia ( becjoue 516) h KOTopaa H36apaen. hse cnoefi cpeau ■*/« laCTE qaoBOBE A-ia yaacTia be najart. TaRE KaKE 8Ta a36apaTe.11>- aaa Roxieria Jin.iaeTca bo snioro.TKUHoft, to, j.ia o6pasoBania Buuop- Haro 3-ieMenTa be Bepxaefi aa-iari, ^anpeneaT. npejaaraeTE npuMi- bhte CHCTOMy Papa h Mb.i.th, cacTeMy. TaKE HasuBaeKaro nponopuio- flajEHaro upe*CTaBKTe.iECTBa. CooTiri/rcTBeHno rpyimapoBst napTift be TenepeniHeuE cocraBt najaxu jopaobe, eotoph6 oOpasyeToa H3E koh- CepBaTHBHUXE 1.1PHOBE, 154 4H6epajEHUXE H 14 HeSBBHCBBlEIXE, co- •ctbbe BEi6opaaro aaeiieHTa OToft naaaTU, ec.iH 6u OHa opraHBBOBaaacE bo cHCTeM’fe 11ponopnioHa.11.Haro npe^cTaBHTeaECTBa, nojiynnca 6u be tskome bha+>: BtiSopHuft BjeacHTE Bcpxneft najiaTH coctob.te 6a nai -55 KOHCepBSTOpOBE, 32 JHSepaXOBE H 3 H03aBHCKMEIXE H.ieHOBE. 2) Qoxhmo BHfiopaaro ajreneHTa, BepxHaa ua.rtna, no Mniiiiio ,tanpc- BeRa, .qoaatHa aaK.itO'iaxi. be ce6i a a.ieuoBE, upH3UBacMuxE be yaa- ctib at soft be eBay Kopo.ienoKaro Ba.3Ha.iems. BcaijCTBie btoto, ko- poai jo.tkbo 6biTb npejocTaB.ieHO npaBo, npn h3b4cthuxe ycaoBiaxE, B03B0JUTE be noncH8H6HHoe .maHie nspa .lahe, osasaBimixE rocyjapcTBy ycjyra a npoc-iaBHBinHXE ce6a BaaiHHMH sac-iyraxa Ha nonpami rocy- AapcTBeBBoft AiaTeaEHocTH. 9thmh AByna xtpaxa aBTopE AyMaeTE o6hobhte TcuepeoiHifi njoxoft cociaBE' aHraiftcEofl Bepxaeft naaaTU a ■rtaE y.iyauiHTL noc.iijHioio. HacKO-iEKO pt-iecooGpaseHE btote oahhe hse MiioraxE npoeRTOBE pwJiopME BepxReft najaTH, noKaateTE, KOHeqao, enuTE. Bo BcaKOVE c.iyqai, neiajEHoe noaoseaie na.iaiu .topaobe hbho AOKasUBaeTE, it o ofipasoBame BepxHeft aa.iaTH U3E Haca^ACTaeRHOft apHCTOEpaTin CHHTaeTca uept,.iecoo6pa3HHiiE a HeyAo6RUUE Aaace a be AnraiH, TA'fc, co6cTBeHHo rosopa, apacTOKpaTia BHRorAa He saxuRa-

— 230 — .iaci, bx oOocod.ieaHyi) sacTy h npHBaeEaaa, npa KaatxoHX yjo6HOHX cjyiai, bt. cbod cpeay Bee, tto fiuao aaniiaTe-ibHaro bt, CTpaHt bx tomx ujh hhoht, oTHomenin, DOiHOB.iaacbo8cocTaBX npiesioMx hobujt. unpoiiT. CnpaBeiJHBOCTbDOCJitjnaroyKaaaniaBUTeaaen. hsx caiayiomefl TaO.THTKH: TO.TLKO4 $aMHJOH huh* cymecTsyumefl anraiScKofi apHdO- Kparin seayra HETaao CBoefi poaocaoBHOfi ora [X III Bixa; 5 seayra Haaajo ora X IV b.; 5— ora XV u.; 13—ora X V I b.; 35—ora X V II b.; 95—ora XVIII b. h, Baaoneux, 315 apHCTOEpaTHTecRuxx i[iaMiuiii noflBHjHCb to.ii.ko bt, HuntraHCMi, X IX cmaiTiH. H3X othxx 315 (fiaMH-iia, 166 ofipasona-iHCb BOBBeaeHieMX hxx poaonaTa.ii,HHKOBX bt. napcaoe aoctohhctbo bt. uapcTBOBaaie sopoaeBUBHETopin (he 1883 roax npam.iocb 37 TaEHxx nosBc.ncnift). TasHMX o6pasonx, hsx btoB TaC-inu,bi mu BHaiiMT., tto */a• cocTaBa BepxHeS anraiftcKoS naaam 3aKa»Taera bx co6t nsposx noB-Mmaro npoHCxoataeaia, tto HecOM- hIihho aoKa3HBaera, tto aaraificKOfi apHCTOBpaTiH Tyataa Tepxa saM- KHyTOCTH. III. EejH UpH TBKOMX COCTaBt OTE apHCTOKpaTifl, HM'I.UIUaH npH- tomx ate orpoxHoe BjiaHie bx cTpaHf, h noxb3yioin;aiien nar.iyiseenuMx BBTopHTOTOxx, Bosfiysaaerx cnpaBeaJMBua iiapeKania, to rfeax 6oat© aoasHO BOs6yaaaTbCH hxx OTHOCHTe.ii.HOapacioKpaTift apyraxx CTpaHX, HanpHMipx, R0HTHH6HxaabHuxx rocyaapcTBX EBpOlia, rat apHCTOKpa- tia He noabsoBajacb hhesehiix aBTopHTeroMX, h rat npxBHaeriH h th- Tyau aaBaaacb e# Eaxx 6u bx BocnouHHaHie o crapnxx ea npHBHJie- riaxx h npaeaxx, cymecTBOBaBHiHxx bx ycaoBiaxx apeBaaro ^oaa-Tt- naro CTpoa. IIo dtoh ace upHTHHt, npa upmitHeHiH EOHCTHTyuiOHHUxx yapesaesift bo 'Ppannia bx pcBoaniuoHHyn anoxy, He Mora aaxe a B03HHKHyTb BODpOCX 0 HBpCEOMX SBaHlH. H AtficTBHTe.IbHO, KEKX BX nepBUxx KOHCTKTyaiaxt 1791 h 1793 rr., tokx prbho h npa Hano- .TeoHt I He B03HHKajo p’l»TM o naaarfc nspoBx. Coa.TUHHbift *e nocaia- hhmx cbhetx Hrpa-ix, KEKx HSBtcTHO, apyryi) poax: ohx He lipeAHa- BHaTaaca coCctbchho ex saKOHOAETe-iLHoB ataTeabHocTH, ero Koxoe- TeHiiia sacaaacb aanih KOHCTHTyuioiiHuxx BonpocoBX. XapTia 1814 r. cosaaaa najiary napoBX, tekx Eaxx cx .Idaobhromx x vn i bo $paHHin B03BpaTWHCb npeacTaBHTeaH cTapaHHOfi apacTo- KpaxiH. Ho bx npBxtHeHiH BTofi xapTin nocataoBaax nepepuBX, npo- aoaacaBnriAca ox TeTenie HBBtcTHbixx ,CTa anefi\", Eoraa bo3bpethb_ miftca cx 9aW3u HauoaeoBX yBHaaax, tto ofimecTBenHOe MHinie yate ae AOBoabcxBOBaaocb oaiuiMx BHtuiHHMx CaecEQMx h ycntxauH 4>paH- HyscKaro opysia, ho tto ero homhcah 6hah oOpameiiu ex onpextae- niio ycaoBiS h ycxpoScTBy BHyipenneR cbo6oxn. Bhah TaKy» nepeMtuy bx HECTpoeHiH oSmetTBa, HanoaeoHx cieax HeofixoaHMUMX noayMaTb o6x yapeataemH EoncTHTyaionno® sionapxia. Bx othxx BHaaxx ohx

— 231 — ptmaxca nsxiiHHT(> npexHioiD KOncTHTyiiie) rocyxapCTna nocpeACTBOxt TaKB Ha3usaeiiaro AOiiOjinHTo.Ti.naio aaxa (Acte Additionnel) h npuixa- CH.n> axa costinaHia B. KoHCTaoa, CBoero cTaparo Bpara h nopuua- re.ia. B. Kohctbht., kseb- rxaBHui npeACTaBHTC.ir, KOHCTHTynioHHoS Tcopia, 6u.il ropaiHMi ctopohbheoht. najiam napoBB. Ho HanoxeouB cnpaaeAJHBO ysasunajiT. euj ecxH ho Ha HeBOSxoatHocTi., to, uo apaS- HeS nf.pt, na cymecTBeHHiia saTpyAHeHia axa oopaaoBama Taaoi na- .WTH BO‘J’paHIliH. OHB TOBOpHXB IiOHCTHUy: ,rAt XOTHTe BU, HTofiu a B3HAB apHCTOKpaTHiecKie aieiieHTu, KOTopuxi Tpefiyen nspia? Crapua <(iaMiuin MHt Bpaatie6HU, a hobuh c.mihkomi hobh. Bee 3to He no- xose sa aHi'xiftcKyn apHCToitpaTi», KOTopaa poAff-iacb BxtcTt cb cuoeft KOHCTHTynieio, cpOAHHjacb cb ea upaununaMH. Bear. BOcnoMHnafiii, fie8T> acTopHHeCKaro fi.iccKa, 6esB 6o.ii.moi co6ctbohhocth—Ha ne*B ocHOBaHa 6yA6Ti Hama nspia?.. Hto BOOAymeBxaeTB Haim, napojB u sacTaBAaeT'b ero ci'peMHTbca kO MHt—sto HeHaBncrb kb ABopascTBy a AyxoBOHeTBy. Ohb rpoMKo aaEpHHHTT,, ecAH npeAJoacHTb eMy HacxiA- CTBCHiiyio uspito; ja h ofimecTBO He 6yAeTi yBtpeHO, hto sra naiaTa napoBT. He coctortb hsb reaepaxoBB hah Kaiieprcponi/ (sTa pinb HanoxeoHa I upaBeAeua y Tbepa bb ero Histoire du consulat et de Vem­ pire, t. XIX, CTp. 431). Oahsko, bhobb cocTaBAeiiHaa no AOiioxHHTexb- HOMy axTy h ofiHapoAOBaHHaa 22 anpf.ia 1815 r. eohcthtvhui yciano- Bjaja Hac.itACTBeHHoe nspcTBO bb aunt ynpeamcHnoii BepxHeii na.iaTU, Ho 9ra KOHCTHTynia BJitCTt cb BoaciaHOB-ieHnoi avnepiefi na.ia npeatfle, atm. AOnoABHTeAbHUi aKTi B03UMtxBAtficinie. Cb BoanpameHieui .1»- AOBHKa, xapTia 1814 roAa 6u.ia BoscmuoBxcHa, h bhobb BOSHMtxo cH.iy ycTaHOBAeHie no«H3HBBnaro HacxtACTBeHsaro napcTBa. Do xapriH ko- poxb HMtAT. npaBO npHr.iamaTb b i naxaTy napoBB k<ikb .ihu,b, o6xa- AatowHx'b npasaMii uacxtuCTBeHHaro ynacria bb naxart, tskb h rfcxB .Him, KOTopuxT, ohb saxoBaxB Bi> 3Bade no*H3HeHHaro nspa. Ho npaMtaenie sioro Hanaxa OKaaajiocb HeyxaiHUMB. H, HecMOTpa Ha to, hto, cpaBHHTejLHO roBopii, TorjainHHH na.i.na napoBB o6Hapy«Hja 66.ii.myio caMOCTOHTOAbHOCTb h chav, ntMi najaTa AenyTaTOBB, ona Bee tseh He BiiyinHAa kb certt xoBtpiii, hea aBTopHTeTB OKOHiaTe.ibHo pymH.ica, EorAa IiapAB X, pajH cor/raB-ieHia 6.iaroiipiaTHaro 6oxbnniH- cxBa, epasy na.'inaiHXT, 76 hobuxb napoBB h bbgab hxb bb coctsbb na.iaTu. Ora xtpa ocTaBH.ia c.itAB Taxoro rAy6onaro parupaateuiii, no bo BpeHH peBO.iioniH 1830 roAa Ha3Ha<ieaie bb uspu, npoioneAen- Hoe KapAOMB X , 06BaBAeB0 HecocroaBmHHCH h, tbehhb o6pa30HB, Bet hmb naana'icHHtie nspu CHHTaxHCb KaKB 6j'ato He cynjecTBO- BaBmuMH. XapTia 9-ro aBrycia 1830 roAa, BooCme Maxo OT.innaiom.aacn otb xapriu 1814 r., yxepajaxa 3a Kopo.iem. npaBO iiaauanaTi. noatusHeH-

— 232 — hUxt, h HacjtjcTBeHmjx’b napOBt; cxtsoBaTe.ibHO, coxpaHHxa CHxy ct. 27 xapriH 1814 ro*a. Ho n. 2 ct. 68 xapTiH 1830 r. nocraso- Bjjvn,, tto 9Ta ct. 27 crapofl xapriH jojaiaa 6utb nepecaOTpiHa Bt 1831 ro*y. IlocxiiAOBaBiniii saTtai H0BU#'8aK0Hi 1831 roja BBeat abb HBM'feHeiiia: 1) xopoxn npejocraBjreao 6u.ro npaBO Ha3HataTb nspoBi. TOXbHO Mat xanf. oiipejtienuuxr, TKaaaHHUxt Bb aaBoni, KaTeropifl (hsi Aimi, OT-XHTOBmaxca Ha rocyjapcTBeHHOMT nonpnipt., hxh Ha noDpaaii ToproBJra, npoMbimxenHOCTH, Hayat — cjobomt. ott. notability dupays); 2) aapu, aasHaneHHue Kopoaent, no saaoay 1831 r. nojiywasiTb Tojbuo no3£H3B6HHoe npaBo 3actjaTb in, Hajari. TaKlIBi oSpaaoMk bbojuoci, nosHSHeHuoe nspcTBO. Ho ({ipannyacKaa Bepxaaa iia-iaia He 6uxa BnoxHi npeoCpasoBana Ha sthxt. Haia-iaxi,. H nocxi 1831 roxa, CTapue irepu npcMcm. pecTaBpanin (3a HCKxnneHieirbTixi, KO'ropue 6ujh HasHaTOHH Kap.iOMi X) see eme eoxpaHHXHcboh npasa; hxi 6uxo jaate 6oxtnraHCTBO Bt naxarfe jo 1837 r. iHCxeHHoe otho- menie hobhxt. h erapux'L uapoB'i. n3id,Hiuoct> uocTeneHHO. Task, bb 1837 roxy HasttaieHO 6uxo 50 hobuxb napoBt. Mnorie H3B napont, aoTopue 6uxn HasHaaeHu eiu,e bo BpeueHa iloxoBHRa XVL11, aoxbxh AO 1848 roxa, now peBOXIonia yneexa ci co6o» bc» naxary napOBi. lIpHHHHuu ospiH no xapdH 1830 r. 6u.ih cnoxHa BocnpoBSneaeHU iibeMoHTCEHMT. cTaryTOMB 1848 roxa, EOTopuB, Kast Ban h3b4ctho, cxixaxca hotoht. odnirnn. craryTOMk maabHHCKaro EopoxeBCTBa. B i to Bpena, Korxa co6uTia iioxbCKOft peB0x»uia (1830 r.) bo 4>pau- niH npHBOXH KT> 3a*tilt HaCxtACTBBHHOS IIOpiH nOJKH3HeBHOft, B6Xb- ria, ocBo6oAHBmaacH orb I'oxx»HxiH nocpejCTBOxt peBoxronin 1830 rofla. no o6pa8ny HHiepxaHACKOfi EoncTHTyaia, BBcxa bt. cbod kohcth- Typiso, npHMtnHTejibHo rt, cocTaBy BepxHeft naxara, Budopnoo naiaxo. TaaiiMi, odpasoMi, hu bhjhmt., ?to cymecTsyBTB 3 chctbmh odpa- 30BaHia BepxseS naxara: 1) CHCTeua HacxtxcTBeHnaro irepcTBa, 2) cn- CTeua KopoxeBCKaroHasHaneHia, h 3) CHCteHa Bu6opHaa. Ilpn stomscxi- Ayert saniTHTb, ttu sth 3 cacTeuu ne Besxt hbxhdtch tb thctoxt. BHxi, a HeptAso npa odpasoBama sepxueB naxara npHMiHHBTcaepasy ABfe H3T, HHXTi HXH Aaate BCt TpH CHCTeMU. D03T0MV, nOHeo6xOAHMOCTH, Haul cxiAyen pascaoTpiTb h-6ckoai,ko Dojpo6nte cocranb BepxHefi naxaTU bb OTxtxbHHXi rocyAapcTsaxi, pacupex'fexHB’b nxb npexBapH- TexbHo Ha rpynnu no HiKOTopuHT. cxoactbchhumti npHSHaKaui.. Bt sTOH'b OTHomeniH npe*Ae Bcero BUAixaBxca bt. oco6y» rpynoy hIimph- *ia rocyxapcTBa, ram aask oco66bhocth bt. o6pasoBaniH cocTaea hxx l) Ct. 27 xapriH 1814 r.: „La nomination dea pairs de France appartient an roi. Lour nombre est illimite: i) pent en varier les dignitds, les nonimer h vie on les rendre hdrddit&ires, selon sa rolonte*.

— 233 — BepxHHXT> na.iaTT, TpyxHO HOABecTH noxx Ty i n jpyryn cHCTeuy. I to xe sacneTca ao npoiHxx BoncTHTyuiB, to npa pascMOTpfiHiH hxx mu hoctohhho ao.ixhh HMi.Tb bx BHAy cymeCTBOBanie Tpexx yKaaaHHbixx Bumo CHCT6MX 0l5pa30BaHia BepXHHXX najan. B BOSMOJKHOCTb HXX BOM- CHHaniB bx toS hjih ApyroS cTeneHH. IV*. OrnocHTOJibHO coctqb& BepxHeii najaiu OxHate Bcero kx npaii- UHnaMX anraiftcKaro ycipoScTBa hoaxoajitx Haqaxa BCHrepcKoHkohcth- Tyaia, HMf.K)iuett npwTOMX CTOJib ate ABRHee npoHCxoatAeHie, bbex u aHr-iiftcicaa. Magna Charta Iibertatum 1215 roxa, noxoatHBmaa ocao- saaie uocj$AHefl, toaxeo Ha 7 a£tx onepexHxa 3o.ioTyn Byxxy Bea- repcsaro Kopoxa Anjpea II otx 1222 roAa, onpexfjHBmyjo r.iaBHUa ocaosaHia EOHCTHTyuin BeHrepcKofl. PasHaga MextAv to9 h ApyroB koh- CTHiyuieB OTHocHTe.jbuo BepxHcB uajiaTU aaK.uoiaeTCE ahmb bx tomx, hto BcarepcKaa Bepxaaa naxaia (uaxaTa MaraaTOBx) hochtx 6oxie apacroEpaTHHecsitt xapaEiepx, yHacxiiAOBaunuH otx BpeMeax <|>ecua- XH3Ma, Korja neb ipeojaxbHue uMxbTexii sacixaxn bx KopoxeBCEonx BepxoBHOMX cOBliTt bx cn.iy CBoero cofiCTBOiiHaro upaBa a nparxamaxHCb TTAa KOpoxeMx. Bx aacToan(ee bpcmh cocthbx searepcaoB naxaThi xar- HaTOBx TaKOBx: E x officio bx Hee bxoxhtx cxixyionuH xaita: 1) Bucuiia AOXKHOCTHHa KopoxeBCKia xapa (Bepxonnuft cyxui, boxheiB Ka3HaieB, KpoaTCEiB Caax) a Hlxoropue Bbicmie npnABopHue hhhh; 2) apxiena- CKonu, enHCKonu, set npcxaiu KaTOXHiecxoB nepKBH a 7 upexaxoBx BepKBH npaaocxaBaoB; 3) npaBHTexa OKpyroBX ( BOMHTaioBX—Hihto bx poAi rpaiJ)CTBx), boax HasBaaieHX oOeprenmaHOBX (HcsaateHHoe cxaBHH- caoe cxobo: acyuaHx—BaiaxbHHRX, cx Bhcto HtxeHKOft npHCTaBKofi „ober“). Bx cxxy Hacx'bjcTceHHaro npasa, bx aepxiiefi iiaxaTt. 3act- ASUTx: 1) KHH3bH, rpa$u h 6apOHU (bx 1879 roAy hm-Iuh npano 3a- cixaTx bx naxaxi MarHaTOBX: 18 KHH3efl, 380 rpa^oBX h 208 6apo- hobx); 2) abb xeuyTaia otx EpoaTCKaro cefiMa h 5 AenyTaTOBX otx TpaHCCHXbBaHiH (cBepxx MarHaTOBX TpaHccHXbBaHiB); 3) CBepxx toto, bx 9toh' uaxarb npHHHiiaiOTx yiacTie h bphbbu KopoxeBCKaro xoxia. Bx cecciio 1882 roAa naxara MarHaTOBX cocToxxa: 1) hsx abvxx iipmmeBx KopoxeBcaaro xoxa; 2) hsx 50 AyxOBHUXx npexaTOBx; 3) H3X 678 uar- HaroBx Bcarpia h TpaHCCHXbBaHiH; 4) H3x uhth AenyTaTOBX otx TpaHC- CHjbBafliH, h 5). hsx AByxx HX6H0BXAenyTaTOBX orx EpoaTCKaro ceawa; cxtAosaTexxHO, bx ofimenx BTorfe naxaia cocToaxa hsx 732 ixeiia, T.-e. H3x HHCxa xhhx, npH6xn3HTe.jbHO bx l ‘/a pa3aGu.ibtnaroToro hhcxs ixe- hobx, KOTopue bxoabtx bx cocthbx aHrxiBcsoB naxam Aopxoux. YcxoBia AiaTexbBOcru naxaTU MarHaTOBX rk me, wo h bx AarxiH. IIootomv bx cocTaafe h AiaTexxHOCTH btoBnaxara hh BCTpiraeuxrb ate HeAOCiaTKH, Ty ae HecnocofiHocTb kx BeAeHiK) rocyxapcTBeHHUxx jbxx h kx vnpa-

— 234 — Bjeuin h Ty xe nationhocti ea TAeHOBXyK.10HaTi.ca otx sanaTia a4a8Hh, khkx h bx AHraiH. Bubkbtx saypajx cayaaa, Korja bx naxaii Mar- Haxonx npHcyTCTByeTt ie-ioB4KX 40—50. He Tam. jaBuo BueceHHUfl MHHucTcpcTBOM’L Thccu upoeKTx usritaema cocTaBaseHrepcKOfl BepxHefl naaaTH uokohtch, rjaBHUMX o6paaonx, Ha CAiAyBmuxx ocHonaiiiaxx: 1) npoearx npejnojaraen, npaBO aacjtjcTneHHaro yqacria bx sactja- niaxx na.jatu oi'panHHHTX t4mh hsx MarHaTOBX, KOTOpue■hm4dtx onpejpfijeHHoe thcao aoxojobx (jo 6 tlic. ryatjeHoiix); 2) ocTaBAaerca npaBO sacfejari. ex officio 3a upejaTaMH uepKBeft: xaTOAHqecKoft, rpeso- yHiaTCBofi h rpeKO-BOCToqnoft; 3) npoeexx npejnoxaraetx BBecrH bx najaTy HaiHaiOBX hobhB a.iesieHTX —uoatHaueHHijxT uapoBX, uasHaaae- MHXX KOpOjeMX, HO cx t4mx, hto6u HHCJOHXX He UpeBUBiajO */>BC4XX ueHOBX na.iaTH. IIpHtskoux ycTpofiCTBt, uonpHdaHSHTeabHOMy pascieTy, na.iaTa uarnaiOBx jo.mna fiyjeTX coctohtbH3X260 ahh,x. Dpejaaraeiiaa ThccoA pe<t>opMa ociaeica eme Bonabx npoarri, h Tenepenraifl (1884 r.) Benrepcsifi ceflMX aoasohx npacTynaTB kx ea pa3CHOTp4mi>. EoA'Iie ciriiniaHnHtt, ho Taicse npHfijHaiaiomiiicH kx Eaq&iaMX Ha- c.iijcTBeuHaro napcTBa, cocthbx npejcTaBjaerx nopTyrajBCxaa BepxHaa na.iara (Camera dos pares), Ha ocHOBaniH saKOHa 3 uan 1878 roja. Bx HeB upeaje scero no npaBy sactjaiDTx: 1) h8Ca4ahhkx npecio.ia h npoiie HHtfiaHTH (uieHti KopoaeBCKaro jowa), joc-rarmie 25-riiTHHro BospacTa; 2) naTpiapxx AHccaOoHCKiB, apxieoiiCKOnu a enacKonu Kopo- .leBcraa. 3arfcMX bx cocTaBx naaaTu bxojhtx napu, HasHaqaeMue eo- po.ieMX noKHSHeHHO hah Hac-iIijcmenHO, h AHpa, npoHcxojam,iH otx ynepinHXX napoBX. B.ieaaMH najaru aopoxeMX noryTx 6htb aasHa- qaenu toabko xma, npHHaj.Tewaipia kx onpejfe.reHHMMX KaTeropiaacx rpasjaax (cxojho cx htbalmhckob) na.iaTOD).. Ho upaBy HacxtAOBaHia, bx BepxHeS naaarl jonycBaBTCH bx sactjaHiio ahihe t4 napu, ko- Tupue cooTBtTCTByBTX c.iijy sjinHHi, yiMOBiaHx: 1) upeieHjenTX Ha BBaHie HacjtjcTBeHaaro napa joaaeHX jOKa-iaTi,, ato ohx fixHxaflmift h saKOHHufl hotomokx yMepmaro napa; 2) npn ceax cjijyeTx joKa- 3aTb, hto yuepmift napx A4flcTBHTe.ii.H0 3ac4jaxx bx BepxHefl uaxarfc h npHUHHajx yCTaHOB-ieHHyx) npHcary hah, ecAH hh toto hh jpyroro He 6ujo, to Tpe6yerca AOxasaTt, hto bx TOMy 6hah yBaxHTejxHua npH- thhij, onpeAi.ieHHua bx 3aaoH4; 3) TpefiyeTca joKasaTt, bto opeTeH- AeHTx aocthi’x 30-AtTHaro B03pacTa, jofiparo HOBejeniii, too yAOCTO- Bipae-rcH cbha4toabctbohx Tpexx napoBX, h noAxayeTca bc4mh rpa- HCAaHCKHMH H nOAHTHHeCKHMH IIJIHORMH; 4) TpeflyOTCH AHBAOMX 06x oKOHqauin sypca HayEx bx BHcmeax yqeSaoMX saBejeHina, HaKoaeux, 5) Tpe6yerca yAOCTOBtpenie, >ito iipeTeiijeHri. npHiiaAAeaiHTx kx toS saTeropiu rpaatjanx, hsx KOTopofi aoryTX 6utx HasHaqaeMH napu. Ta-

— 235 — kumi ofipasoMi, noc.itjHHMH yc.ionjBMH h nia nac.rbACTneiiHUSB na- pocT. ycTanoB-incTca imki 6h neHSi. H si pascuoTpinia cocTaiia nopiy- ra.itcKoft BepxHeB najaTH bhaho, too ona nocTpoeHa aa cHimaHHoft CHCTejrfi, nojxoAauiefl, oavsko, Cojie kb HaiaxaHi HacAixcTBeHHOCTH. V. BTOpaa cacTeaa, no KOTopofl opraaaayeTca cocTam BepxHeti na- ■lara, ecTB cacTeMa sopoxeBCKaro HaaaaieHia. Oaa cymecrayen tojlko ba. lirajiH a BoxoopHxacb Tyn BKicri ca nbeMOHTCKHMi CTaTyTOMi 1848 roxa, aoiopuB OTHOcHTejhHO napia BOCnpHBaxi Baiaaa 4>pau- HyBCaaro 3aKOHOxaTexteTBa 1831 roxa. Bi coerain. iiepxiiefi liaxaTH HTaaia, HasHBaeaofl ceHaTOKi, bxoahti wtaymnia .iaaa:. 1) dc jure-. npiiHuu KopoAeBCsaro aom, xocTHrmie rpaacAancaaro coBepmeHBOAiTia (21 roxa), npH vent upaBO ro.ioca ohH noxyianTi bi 25 x i n ; 2) no- SH3neaB2JC napu, Basuaiaottue KopojiewB hsx Kaxeropift rpaauani, yKa3aHHbixi aaKonoax,. 3 thxi KaTeropi# ycTaaoBAeno 21; bo m b yjoftcTBa ahcjio hxa. MoatHOcoKpaTHTt, coejHHaa, KaTeropiH tbra. h.ih Haaxe Meaxy co6ok> cxoxhhh. K i 1-9 KaTeropiH npHBaAJiesaT-i. net uucinia aoa* boctbhb .iHna: HuuiicTpu, CTaxci-ceKpexapH, noc.iu, qpeaBuxaSiiuo noc.ianaHRH (noexi 3-XA, .l I’.Tf, CAy»6tl BI 3THXI'XOX»HOCTBXl) HMilHUrocyxapcTBCHHaro co- Bira (noexi 5-th A in cjyzfiu b i stoma. 3BaaiH). Ko 2-B KaTeropiH ot- hocktck 4Hna bhcoihxi cyxefiuHxi AOJanocTefi (noexi onpeAixeHHaro cpOKa cjyacGu b i hhxi (3-x i bah 5-th A in ), cxoTpa bo BaatHOc™ AO-ikhocth). 3-a Kareropia saKxmaen b i cefii ah« i bhcoihxi xyxoii- huxi AOAJKHOCTefi: apxienHCRonoBi h enHCKonosi. K i 4-0. KaTeropiH npHHaAAeaaTi XHoa bhcibhxi BoeaBUXi ihhobi: reHepaxn, axHHpaxH h t. n. 5-h KaTeropia coctohti hsi xhiii, aaiiHMaiowHxi BbicmiMHicTa. no yieHoft laeTH: a.ieHU KopoxeBCKoft aKaxeuiu h ueHH nuemaro cOBiTanoaapOAHOMy npocBiiu,eniK>( r i hxpyrienoexi 7-mhA i n cjyzfiu). Hauoneai, 6-d KaTeropiH) cocTaBaab>t i BpynHbie DJaTexbmHKH noABTeS: c»xa OTHOOBTca Anna, njaTHBBiia b i Teicaie Tpexi A i n no 3 thc. AHpi (<t>paHBOBi) noxaroR ei HMymecTBi hah npoMHCAOBi. CBepxi Toro, *o- po.iD npexocTaBAfleTca npaBo bobboahtb b i 8aaHie cenaTopoBi xhw, npocAaBHBUTHXca bcahkhmh sacxvraxH nepexi oxeiecTBom. IlpH 3tomi BHfiopi KOPOAJI He 06yCA0BAeHI HHKaKHMH YCAOBiHMH, TaKI kbki HHaae RopoAb 6mai <Sh nocTaBxeai b i doAbuioe saTpyxHeHie, piraaa Bonpoci o sacAyraxi Auua, Roropoe aomen He npHHaxxeaaTb hh k i oahoRH3i yxaBaHBbixi KaTeropifl b Be cocroaTb hh Ha KaitoR cxya6i , a Meaxy T im cxixaTb nojesHoe OTKpuxie, pasBHTb KasyD ah6o OTpac.ib npo- MbimAeHHOCTH h t. a. 06mee ycxoBie aab jhui Bcixi KaTeropifi—bto 4O-AiTHi0 B08pacn, paBie KOToparo ahnoHe Moxen cocroaTb bachomi ceaaxa. I hcao q.ienoBi Boc.iixHflro He orpaHuieHO, T.-e. Kopo-ib uoaen

— 236 — Ha3HaiaTt .irofioe kojhtcctbo cenaTopoBX, jepaacb jhdif. bx npeAixaxx rocyjapcTBeBaaro 6»A»eTa. VI. Tpeiifi BHCTufl bhax ofipasoBaaia BepxaeB naaaru eCTbiia-iaia nu6opHaa, cymecTsynmaa bt, HHAepaaHAaxx, BeixriH h Tpexx crahah- h8bckhxx rocyAapctBaxx: lllBenia, HopBeria h HaaiH, a Taaace H bx Apyraxx rocyAapciBaxx, kohxx kohcthtyiuh cocTaBjenu no o6pasny CeatrificKofl. Tasx rbex KoncTHTynia HMAepaaHACKaa npeamecTBOBaaa cocTaB-ienin aoHCTETynin CexxriflcKOfi, to viaateHx cuaiaja Ha su6op- Hy» BHAepaasACKyiD BTopyio naaaiy reHepajbHHxX mtaTOBi, a 38x6111 h Ha Apyria Bufiopaua na.iaTu bt. CRaHAHpaBCKHxx rocyAapcraaxx, Py- MUBIH H AP- 1. MacHuBHAepaasACKofi eepxHefi uaaaTHHsfiHpaiOTcahsx inc.ia aaH- fioate KpyuBHXT. u.iaTe-ibinHKOBX n^aiiaxi' HaxorOBXbt, Ka*AOfi npOBim- uiH, ci. TaKHMT. paacTCTOMT., woGu hxt, na KaaAua' 3tuchhh KpynHHxx naamiLmBHOHX npaxOAHJoeb uooahomj-. 3arinx8TO ofimee Haiaao npex- CTABAH6TX, cpaBHHTeABHOCXAPyrHMB BppXHHMR lia.iaraMH, 0praHH30BaU- BUHH BO 3T0HV THDy, H'feKOTOJlhia OCOfieHHOCTB, BMCHHO: TOC.10 UeHOBX HBAopAHHACEoK BepxHeB na.iaTu oupeAt.ieHO pa8x HaDcevAa HHi)>pofi 39, KaKOBoe BHc.10 h pacnpeAiAaeTca HesAy npoBHBniaMHnponopuioHaibHo. 3arfcnx, HHAepjaHAcaaa KOHCTHTyuia ho ycTaHOBjaeix hhkrkhxx oco- 6ohbuxx naccHBHBixi ycaoBifl nxa jhhx, Hni»mHxx npaBO 6htx we- uasiH BepxHefi homth. CpaBHHTe.ii.HO cx aaenaHH hhjkhi:(I ua-iam, bx haGhu BepxHefi naaaTH Moryrx 6iitx HsOapaeMbi t6 ace ,iHua h npH rtxx ace yc.ioniiixi, wo h bx bhxudio najaiy, cx oahhmx,Bnpoieax, orpaHBienicMx: .iHpfl, HsOnpaeiiua bx BepxBDio uaxaTV, aoxschu npa- HaAJeacaTb ex lacay apynHUxx n.iaTe.ii,initKOBXHaaorOBx, npHibmx ca- muB passrhpx naaTeaa He ycTaBOBaeBX. 'Lieau Bepxnefi naxam h3Gh- paroTca He ofiHEHOBeHBHidi HaOnpaTejiiMH, BstfapaioniiMiK AenyiaTOBX bxhhkbdio naxaTy, bo opoBHHuiaaBHUHHhiHawn, wo npHyaeix Bepxnefi naxarfc (fiCAepaTBBHoe sHaneuie. Thehmx nopaAEOirx coaxaeTca AByxCTe- BeHHaa CHCTeira BbifiopoBX, tbkx xasx weHU naxaiu H.ifiHpacTca upOBHimiaXBHHXH HSfiHpaTeXbBUMH KO.UemMH, BX CB0I0 OlCpeAb,.H3- CpaHHUMH MicTBbiMx Hacexemeiix. CpoKX nojHOMoiifi i .iobobx Bepxaefi najam ycraHoaieHx bx 9 .rtxx, npHieMx npHiif.HaeTCfl aacTHiHoe 06- HOBjenie (renonvellement partiel), T.-e. '/> AenyTaTOBX BufiHBaeTXese- roAHO no BaseAeHHofi oiepeAH cx rt*x, wo BuSumnee .wap *0*erx duTb B36paao bbobb. Bo-rte npocTopa nufiopHofi cucText npeAOcTaiuaeTca ycrpoficTBOMX 6e.ibrificKaro ceHaTa. Bx hbmx 3achAa»Tx: 1) nacjf.AHHKX npecroja Bo AOCTHSKeHiH hmx I8-th j6tx h 2) 69 ceHaToposx, BuOpaHuuxx t6mx ace nopBAKOMx. E8EX a AenyTaTH HHanefi naxanj. Mhcjo 69 ofixacHaeTca t6mx, wo no 3aK0Hy ihcjo AenyTaTOBX cenaia hHHWuefi na.iaTUao.ibcbo

— 237 — 6utl npoiiopuioHajfiHO iiace.ieiiiio, npH kchx, no CTaTbt 54 KOHCTHTyniH, hhcao cenaiopoBT. aoasbo cocTaBJHTb l/i qnc-ia jenyTaTOBi bhxhcA najiara. A tbkx KaKX uuSopti pasciHTaHH TaKX, ito ua 40tuc. Hace-' jenia npuxoxuTca 1 AenyTaTX, to, cooTBiTCTBeHHO HbintmneMy Hace- JieHiD BeAbriH, H36npaeTca 138 AenyraTOBx nnauei najaxu; c.itiOBa- TeabHo, bx ceHaTT. H3CnpaeTca 69 ceuaTopoBx, t.-o. noaoBEHa inwraje- nyTaTOB-b. BuOopu b i ceHaTX oOcTaBAOHbi hsb’&cthuhh yoaoBiauu: nep- bumx thehex ycaoBieux aBaaeTca BoapacTx, T.-e. ahuo, Hsfinpaenoe bx ceHaxopu, flo-iaino Hutu. 40 .rfcTX otx posaeaia h npBHa^aeataTt kx ucjy a.Hux, n.iaTamHxx npHMbixx naAoroBX Be HeHte 1 tmcbhh <{j.io- puuoBx. CpoEX ceeaTopcKHxx noanouoniS npoao.i»aeTca 8 AtTX, npn leax EaatAue 4 roxa ‘h ceHaTopoBx BufiuBaeTx; cxiuouaxBJ!i,Ho, ex cenaTy npHutnaeTca MacTHinoe ofinoBAenie, HCEJnonaa,’ Bnponcux, totx c.iyxait, Koraa Kopojit pacnycnaeTX aecx nap.iauenTx, a nor,ia,, ca4aob&- TejBHO, ceHaTX B03o6aoBjaeTca HBTerpaxbH0,.T.-e. bx hoahomx cocraBt. AHajorHiecKia uocTaiioB.ionia no 3T0«y npeABery HaxOAATca a bx pyauncKoft KOHCTHTyniH 1866 ro*a. Ho CTaTbt 68 3to6 KOHCTHTyniH, npaBO HafinpaTt ceHaToposx npHna.vTeacHTX OTilubHbiMXospyraux, hsx eohxx oahoto AenvTaxa nsfiHpaeTx Topojx, aspyroro— ytaix. KaatAufi H35HpaTaibBbifi OKpyrx (ropoAX h ytsAx) HMteTX cboio KOJaeriu, bx cociaBX KOTOpofl bxoahtx DoaeMe.TbHue coSctbohshkh, noAyroionge AO- xoia bo Menie 300 xyEaTOBX bx to ax. CaiAOBamibHO, npaBO yiacTia bx HsCpaaiH oficTaBAaeTca ycaoBieax ueHaa, KOTopuB, bx upHniHeHiH ex Bu6opa»x ceaaTopoBX, ycTaHOBAaeTCH ebkx ycAOBienxa npioGptTeHia ne tojilko naccHBaaro nafiapaTCAtHaro npaBa, bo h aKTHBHaro. Kposrfe OKpyroBX, npaBOHX ii3fipaHiacenaTopoBX no.ibsyiOTCHabb yHHBepcHTCTa— KccEifthCyxapecTCEiS. IIoaoCho6eJxrificEOfl, EoiicTHTyniaPynbiHia bosbb- iuaerxnaccBBHbifi neH3xcpaBHHre.ibHo cx aRTHBnuax; hmkhiio, aab apasa CbiTb usSpaHiibiMx bx ceaaTX TpeSvcxcii nojyTCiiie catcroAnaro aoxoab bx pa3ntpt 800 AyaaTOBx h 40-AtTaifl BospacTx. Ho otx ycJOBifl ueasa ocbo- fioacAacTca: 1) npesHAeaTH h BHne-npeaHAeHTU saKOHonaTe-iBHo# na- Aara, ecAH obh H36Hpa»Tca bx ceaaTX bx 3T0MX SBaaiR; 2) nenyTaTH, 8aciAa»mie bx iraaiHefi na.iart noc.it TpoespaTBaro Hs6paaia; 3) re- Hepa.iu; 4) hoakobhhkh noc.it 3 jt&tx c.Tyaifibi bx btomx hhiiS; 5) Oub- mie MHBHCTpu h AHii-iOMaTHiecKie areBTB; 6) Anna, bx xeieiue roAa 'saBHuaBmia ao.i» hocth npejciAaT6Aa cyAa, reaepajibBaro nposypopa h ueiia KHCcauioimarocyAa; 7) Anna, HMtmniia yneHufl ahbaomx AOETopa bah EaBAHA&Ta, boca4 6 a4tx saaaTia CBOeei upocjieccieio. Kpont toto, bx ceeart sactAaiOTx ex officio: nac.itAniiEx upecTo.ia, AOCTuruiiS 18-xtTHaro BospacTa; uaTponoAHTX h enHCKonu. PyaruacBift cenan no- 8o6HOBAaeTCa bocpbactbomx lacTHHaaro oOBOBAeHia, hhchho: EaatAHe 4 roAa BufiHBaeTx */a ero cowaBa, kbkx h bx BeAbria; pyuHBCKift ce-

— 238 — Hart Mosen. 6uti pacuymeai b i b^jhomi coctbb* h b i ctomi cayiat o at BosoOHOB-iaeTcaHHTerpaxLHO. Hi nacToamee upeaa ceHars coctohti hsi 70 ceaaTopoBi (apoMi Hac.iiUHHKa npecTo.ia), hsi kohii 60h36h- pamca OKpyraaH, no ABa Ha KaaciuS, 8 euiicBOnOBi h 2 xenyraTOBi On yBHBOpCHTOTOBl. 2. Bojitme ocofieHHOCTe# npexcTaaiaiuTi BH<5opHbia BepsHia ua.iaTU bt> cKaHaHHaBCKHXi roeyxapcTBaxi. Haa6oaie opnriina.ibHyio CHCiexy npejCTaBaaen. HopBeacaan Bepxaaa ua-iata—jarrmira (Ham yate H8- BicTao, hto cTopTHBn—6oxbinoft coBtTi pa3xt.iaeTca Ha xarTHHi-b u OAeaacTHHri). Oopi'iinn H36HpaeTca pa3om Ha oc.HOBamu oahhxi h •rtxi ate nocTaHOB-ieeifl o Bufiopaxi, T.-e. H36HpaTejw H36npaon. *e- nyTaTOBt b i CTopTHHra booOiho. Ho CTopTHHra b i nepBOMi CBoeai 3a- c^A&Hia, Korja ora o&iaBiui cboh sacixEHia otrputhmh, Ba ocBOBania 74 cTaTBtf KOHCTHTypin, npHCxynaen k i Bufiopam ‘ U s cix i lenyTaTOBi, soTopue ofipasyioTi jarTHHii, a ocTajtHua V* AenyratOBi OTirpaBjariTi cboh o6a8aHHOCTH Di BaoecTBi AenyTaTOBi OAeabCTHHra. IIpH tbeohi cocTaB-6 .larrHHrL, Easi 3aMtTH.11 eme ^ajLM am (Potitik, § 46) h B aH’fe p i (aasB. cothh., CTp. 11), He Moaten fiuTB irpn.inaBaeMi aepx- ncKi ua.iaToto b i coticTBeHHOMi cnuc-it, hoo coctaBi ero coBepraeHHo OAHOpOAeHl Cl C0CT&B0M1 OxeJIbCTKHra, H ero BOABOMOOie HO 0CH0BU- BaeTca hh Ha Hacjt.ncTBeHHom upaBi, hh Ha Kopo.ieBCBOMi Ha3HaaeHiH, hh Ha oco6eHHOMi HapoAHom H36paHin, CoficTBeHHO roBopa, nopaeat- cxaa cHCTewa ecu BHAOHSMtneHnaa cacTeiia oaiioS naaaTu: CToprHHn BHAtiaeH 1/* CB0HX1 UeHOBl Bl BHAi KBKl GbJ OCO60# ROXMHCCiHCl oco6u m i nasHaoeBieMi—jiaminri. Oh i hb HiiteTi HBHuiaTHBbi aaaoHa, KOTopaa Bceniao npHHa,i.ieaoHTi oieabCTHBry. JtarTHHn npHausaeTca Ki o6cya>jeHiio 3aEOHonpoeKTOBi, npHBaTUxi OAeabCTHBrom, bo ero veto HMteTi .iHBibsasepatHBawutee, cycnoHSHBfloesaaoeHie. Ec.ih npocKTi sasoHa, upHHBTU* OAeabCTHBroHi h OTBeprHyTHft aarTHBrom ABaatju, OyxeTi choba BHeceHi oxeaiCTHBroMi, to ofrfc na-iaxu co6npa»Tca bi oaho coSpaHie, cToprann, h cyxbfia Dpoesxa ptmaerca b i stomi coexH- HeHHOMi aaciianiH: npoeETi ciHTaeTCH hphbhtumi, ecan b i noAbsy ero BUCRascrca fio.ibniHHcrBo a/a roxocosi. Ecjih uphhhtb b i pascien, hto .lanHBri coCTaaiaen oeTnepTyio oacTL cTopTHBra h, npa 114 oxeHaxi CTopTHHra, coctohti, cjtiOBaTe.ibHo, h si 28 vexoRtKi, to' xxa Toro, tto6u ero veto Bo.iuMtio cHjiy, Heo6xoxBMO, vto6u k i ero MB-bmionpHcoeAHBHAOCbHe Mente 10 oaeHOBi oxeabCTHHra (28-)-10=38; xpeTb ate roxocoBi CTopTHHra= 37). TaKKMi o(5pa3oxi, hbi woro pas- cveTa mm bhahmi, hto b i coexHHeHBOMi sactxaBiH 06'finxi na.iarb aar- THBn Tepaen ucbeoc SBaieBie, h6o TpefiyeMua xaa npiniaTia sseoho- npoeEta 2/j ro.iocoBi b i coexmienHOMi coCpaniH ncerxa Moryra cocTa- bhtich h 6esi jarTHHra, Tasi hto ero veto HM'ieTi to.ibko 3axep*tH-

— 239 — Banmee SHaieHie, T.-e. saAopsHBaere. npHHHTie uaitonoiipoeKTa Ha jBt cecciH, bb TeieHie noropuxB ABHatenie ero He SyaeiB ocTaHOBjeno. IllBeuia, peajbHO coeAHueanaa cb Hopseriefl, oOpaTHjacb at bh- OopBoH cHcieMt ua-ian. bb 1866 roay. ,J,orixB ate nopt cocTaBB mBeA- caaro cefixa hochxb cocaoBHufi xapaKTepB h, CAijOBaTeabHO, npHHaA- aeaiiocTbB) xb onpeAiaonnOMy cocaoBin oopejli.xa.ioci, npaBO yaacTuo- MTb bb OAHott MSB ero naaaTB. Ho cb 1866 roAa BBeAeua Cura AiScTBHTeJtBHaa npeACTaBHTeabHaa chctciul, npH bomb h nepxnaa na- aara CA&iaaacB BuCopHoft. Bb HacToamee spexa OHacoctohtbhob 138 1A0H0BB, KOTOpue BUfiHpaBTCH MiCTHHMH UpOUHHuiaAhllblMHCOSpaHiflMH H I'OpOAaHH, COCTaBAflKUUHMU CaMOCTOHTeai.HNfi H3fiHpaTe.lbHblfi OKpyrB. CatAOBaTeabHO. bb IllBeuia xh bhahmb npuHtnoHie AByxcTeneHHofi uo- jaqit roaocoBB, tbkb KaaB ■ueuH BepxHeii oaaaTu asCapaioTCH opoBHH- Uia.ii.HUMH coOpaHiaaH hcorrftTaxH T ix i ropoAOBB, Koropue paBiiocit.ibHU H36npaTeai>HHMB oKpyraMB. Ho tbbhxb ropoAOBB bb OlBeuiu neMHoro, tbsb KaKB no TpefioBaHiB HafiHpaTexbHaro aaicoHa ropoAB o6pa3yeTB caxocToaTe.Ti.Hufi Hs6HpaTeabHU0 oapyrB TO-ibno bb tomb cayaai, ecan bb HeMB He xeHf.e 25 thc. atHTeaefi. Ho apoxi c.to.thuu, CTOKro.ibxa, erne tph ropoAa hmIsdtb Tpe6yexoe sasoHOMB thcao atHTeaefl, hmchho: ToTefiyprB, Maabxg a HopaSnuHHrB,—Bcero 4 ropoaa. Habhh BepxHefi uaaaru HsSHpaoTca Ha 9 -itTB, upH qexi bb Teaenie ototo spexeHH BciAenyTHTU COXpaHHBTB CBOH DO.THOMOqifl, TaKB HTO, CA'fiAOBaTeaBHO, naiaia npeodpasyeTca He nyieuB uaciHiHaro ouHoiuema, a HHTerpaabHO. IIosTOMy oomie Bufopu motvtb Curb nasHaieHU ToaBao no HCTeveHiH cpoita uoauoMoqia (9 afcTB), sa HcatoieHieKB, xoHeiHO, cayuaeBB pac- □ymeHia naaaTB BopoaeHBa AOiio.iHHTe.ii.HHxb BufiopoiiB, HaaHanaexuxB no noBOAy. Hanp.. cxepTH AenyTaTa h t. a- Bufiopu pascauTaHU tokb, •itoCu 1 AenyTaTB npHXOAnaca Ha 30 tuc. atHTeaefi h, cootb3itctbchho STony, oomee ihcaoAenyTaTOBBpacnpeA^aaeTca npouopuioHaabHO HeatAy upoBHHuiaxH u ropOAaxH. H36paHHUMB bb q.ieHU Bepxnefi nanara xo- accTB Outl Bcaxifi nmejB, bb B03pacrfi 35 a$tb (aas Huatnefi naaaTU ycTaHOBaaeTCH 25-atTuiu BOspaeiB), BaaAiioiuifi uphtomb bb TeieHie 3-XB aiTB nepeAB BtlfiopaXH HeABHXtHMOfl C05cTBeHHOCTBK>, OU'i'.HeHHOKI AAA noAaTHoro o6aoatema bb 80 thc. pHKCAaaepoBB (111.000 c[>paHB.) bah uaaTHBmifi bb Teqeaie Toro ate Bpexemi nponopuioHaabHaro Ba- aora 4 thc. pHKCAaaepoBB cb KanHTaaa h TpyAa. TanHMB oCpaaoMB, HMym;eCTBeHHH0 H BO3paCTHH0 U0H3B UOBTOpHKITCH H BB IIlBeuiH. IIocadsAHee hsb CKaHAHHaBCBHXBrocyAapcTBB, ,T,afria, no kohcthtvuih 1866r .. TaKate npHHsao CHCTeMy nufiopHott Bepxnefi twaara. Bepxnaa na- aaia H&SHBaeTcajaHACTHHroxB h, ho CBoefi opranH3auiH, HjrieTB c«rfnnaii- hh# xapaKT^pt, cb npeofiaaAaHieMB Bufiopnaro naia.ia. JlaHACTHHrB co­ ctohtb h3b 66 uaenoBB, hub kohxb 12 Ha3HavaioTca KopoaexB uosbs-

— 240 - HeHHOH8x onpeniieHnarospyra .inn,x, paHieToro bxojHnmHxxbxcoctsbx npeacTaBHTejbHuxx yipcataenifi, T.-e. hsx jhux, Oubiuhxx jenyiaTaMH BHKHefi uajam. OcrajEHue bjibhu (54) ssfinpaiOTCB Ha 8 xtix ex r&KX, bto6h 9TOn coCTanxaacTHBHOo6H0B.ia.iea Hano.iOBHHybx Kax.iue 4 rona. npabo H36pania sthxx 54-xx uenOBX, aaax bx UejbriHhPy- MHHiH, upe^ocTaBjaeTca H36HpaTe,iLHU»xospyranx. Taax aaaxTasHxx OKpyroBx bx jlaHia 12, a hhcjo uobobx Bepxnet ua.raTu, noflje*amHxx ' H36paHi», 54, to 6ojbhihhctbo oapyrOBX AO-isnu HsdapaTbGoalie, t&mx ojHoro jenyTBTa. 3jtcb, caiAOBaTeabHO, Hirfeerx Micro thkx HasuBaenoe H86paHie uo ciracKaMx(scrutin do liste), okotopomx mh CyjeMXroBopHTt HH*e. lta»AUit hsx 12-th oapyrosx Htfierx caoe ocoCeHHoe npaBOOT- HOCHTeHXHO BHCja AOnyTaTOBX, KOTOpUXX OHX MOXOTX BUfiltpaTb: Taax, 7 aenyTaTOBXupejocTaBaaeTM HafinpaTbropojy KoneHrareHy, noojHOMy jenyTaiy npHxojaTca Ha octpobx Bopnrojbsix u Had’eppgpcsie ocrpoBa, a bx 9 ocTa-itHuxx oapyraxx ii36npaK>Tx otx 3 jio 8 jeuyTaTOBX. VII. TaKHHx o6pa80Mx, mh Hcaepnaom bc$ rocyjapcTBa, bx kohxx Bepxuan ua.iaTa raieTX BbioopnuA coctsbx. ITa-ianj npowxx rocy- japcTBX npejCTaBianTX CMiraaHHHS coctsbx, T.-e. coejnHeHie Bcixx 3-xx CHCTeMX h.th, no KpanneA atpi, xByxx. Han6ojf.e c-ioshumh h HaHfioaf.e xapaxTepHHMH no CBoeiiy cocTanyaB-iabitch Bepxaia naxaTU bx repaaHCKHxx rocyjapcTBaxx, Taxx tto o hhxx cjtuyere caasaTb ocofio. Ho paBbme ocTanoBHHca na paricMorptuiH BepxHnxx najrarx bx HiBOTopuxx xpyraxx roeyjapcTnaxx, HMenno bx HcnaHiH k BpasnaiH, KOTopua oTHOCHTe.ibno cocTaBa cbohxx BepxHHxx na-iarb npexcTa- BJTBBITX OCOCeHHOCTH. I. Bx HacToauiee BpeMX bx HcnaHiH nepxnaa ua.iaTa Ha3HBaeTca ceH&TOHx. Oprannaauia ero vcTaHOBJewa soHCTHTyuieio 1876 roja h oco6hmx aanoHOMX o BuGopaxx bx cenaTX.CocTanx ero onpejiaaerca TpeMH npHRunnaMH: Hac.ii^CTBeHBOCTH, KopoaeBcaai’o liasuarenia h nufiopubiMx. npn sexx aaaaaa aaTeropia jhux, rfeux iijh hehjmx nyreMX nojyiHBmnxx jocTynx bx ceHarx. hbjhctch pf.nKo o6oco6aeH- Hofl o,tBa otx ApyroS, aero h^tx, nanp., bx repMaHiH, r j i H3BicTHHMX coiosaMX npHHaxaesHTX npaBOpeKOMenxoaaTbjenyTaroBx bx Bepxncx) najaiy, a sopoaio—npaeo BaocaqaTb Tyja jhux, pcKOMcnAOBaHHHXx coio3aMH, Taax hto bx HeA, KaKX bhjhmx. ou6opHoe iiauaao CMimano ex HaaajOMx KopoxeBcxaro naanauenia. HanpoTHBx, uaeHH Hmaacaaro ceHaia pacnpejiaarOTca uo KareropiaMX. CeHaTX cocfoHTX hsx 360 jhiix, hsx kohxx 180 aacf.jiaiOTX hjh HacjixcTBeHHO no npaBy, hjh no Kopoaescxoiiy nasHaaeHiio, a 180 aojjkhn 6utx HsOpannuMH.' Co- ctkbx Koaaeria h Hs6HpaTeJbHuxx coBiTOBxu ycaoBia a m npaBa6htx H36paHnHMX onpejijiBTca: ns6HpaTe.Ti.BUMx saKonoMx *1877 r. Bx cocTasx ceHaxa bxoastx cir&Ayiomie 9jesieHTH, cocTan.iaBUi,ie waccx

— 241 — cenaxopoiix no npany: HacatACTBCHHue napti (kb KOTopuai npa- Haj.Tpaan, h npamiH spoBH: coBepmeHHOjrfrniift chhbKopoiui, cuhobbb Hac.iijHHKa npecTO-iaj h HcnaHCKie rpaHju bb tout. cxyiat, ec.iH ohh: 1) ho coctohtb noAJ.aHHHMii Apyi'BXB aepaasB (THTyxB Hcnaucxaro rpaHja mojkbtb 6htb uomajoBaiiB h uoAjaHHUM’L anocTpanHOtt jep- ataBti: Tain., asutcTaufi MeTTepHHXt 61131, rpanjio.wB 1-ro Kxacca), a 2) eciH ohh HMiiora cb neABaxHuaro HitymecTBa aoxoab minimum bb 60.000 neseTB. HtsoTopue uenu npn3unaiotch bb 3actaaHie co­ ntra ex officio, ^TaxoBH: rjaBiioKOMaHAymmiti apMieir, reHepaxB-Kann- TaHu, aAMHpa.TW cji.ioTa, na'rpiapxB Hhaih, enacKOun u H'bKOTOpua BasHua Aoa^HOCTHua anna. OcTaxBHoe thcjo ceaaTopoBB OToft BaTe- ropia mohsctb Outb BOcuoxHeHO no EOpoxeBCKOMy uaaiiauoniio, OAHaKO cb itMS HenpeatBHHHB yesoBieHB, itoCh hhcjo jhob oto# KarerapiH He npenuina.10 180. OcTaxBHue* 180 ceHaTopoiiB aoxbhh 6htb H36paHu, a UpHTOMB OCOCblMB BOpBJEOMB: OHH HsOapaiOTCJI Ha 10 -rflTB, HO CB aacTHBHUHB o6uoB.ienieMB aepesB BaatAua 6 xtTB. 3arliMj>, htoOh aatib upaBO Ohtb HaCpannuai. bb cenaTB, hyjkiio coeAHHHTb bb ce6t o6uuh ycxoaia jjia npana 6utb npeACTaBHTexeMB (oAHHaKOBBia u j.th jenyiaTOBB HHXHefl naxaTu) a cnenia.Ti.HHjr ycjoBia, kb kotophmb OTHOCHTCH 35-xtTHifi BOSpaCTB, H3BtCTH0JI HMyiuecTBemiaa coctojitoxb- hocti (mh BHAtxn, no jjji XHi(a, npereHAyioiqaro na SBanie ceHa- Topa, TpeOyeica onpeataeaHufi aoxoab cb CBoOoAaaro otb saxora He- ABiiatiiaaro-HMymecTBa).. CenaTopu He morvTBuoxynaTb uHKaKMXB bhc- maxB AoxatHOCTefi, THTyxoBB h snaKOBB OTxaaia, noKa itopTecu He 6yxyTB bb c6opt h ae npOBtpaTB AenyraTcraxB no.inoMonift. •2. lipaaa.TbCKaa BepxHjia naxaia npeACTaBxaeTBcoejanenie CHCTeau HasHaaeHia cb CHCTeMon nurtopoBB. BpasHXBCRift ceHaTB ofipasyeTca hsb uoacHBHeHHHXB ceaaTopoBB, iianiianacMuxB HanepaTopoHB hsb MHC.ia 3-xb KaHAHAaTOBB, KOTopue asOapaniTca HaceaenieMB Ba»A0fi npoBHHuia (hxb 20).. IIpa comb aacxo ceBBTopoBB aoxxho 6htl Ha- noxoBHHy steHtme nic.ia AonyTaTOBB, nocu.iaeuuxB bb hhxhidio na- xaiy, h bb TtxB cxyaaaxB, ecxa npoBHHitfa nocuxaerB HeneTnoe hhcjo AenyiaTOBB, to nan oupeAtjenia hhcjchhocth ceaaropOBB, npejCTa- BjaDDiHXB 9Ty npoBHuuiio, 6cpcTea uoxoBUHa otb CxHxafiiuaro M<‘ni.- maro aeTHaro hhcjb, Hanp., ecxn nponannia nocaxaeTB 11 axenosB, to fiepeTca noxo&HHa otb 10, T.-e. 5 ueHOBB. Kaasaan npoBHHiiia nocHxaeTB nenpoMinno He Monte oahoixi ceHaropa. BnOopu ce- HaTopoBB npoH8BOAHTca TiMB ate HopaAKOMB, k8kb h BudopH Aeny- TaTOBB, HO CB H3B'tCTHHMH OCOOeHHOCTHJIH. IfMellHO, CenaTOpH MO- ryiB 6hti> H36apaeaH H3B mic-ia .thiib, AocTHrmnxB 40-xtTHaro B03- pacTa a BUAaDniHxcx cbohmh 3aHHTiaHH, aoctohncTBaaa h 3acxyraMH.

— 242 — Kara bhahmb, dth dphshbeh, onpexixjnomie aaTeropin xhhb, xory- ihhxb 6uTt ceHETopasiH, aoboxbho HeonpejciixeHHH, Tara Kara, onpe- sixerne hxb noxxexHTB cyfiieKTHBHofi oirfiHEi. 3arkMB, npeieHieHxs Ha ssame cenaiopa xojraeHB otajart e»erojHHMB xoxojomb bb 800 t. peficoBi (2.250 ({ipaHKOBi); ho Tara Kara bth HHiJipa, Bcxti- cTBie AesaxDaiuH xene*Ho8 uahhhbh bb BpaSHain, OKasa.iact HH8- kod, to cb 1881 roja ksh iiojyaeBia ceHaTOpcKaro anania Tpefiyeica 1.600 t. peScoBB (4.545 <J»p.) eserojHaro joxoxa. 9totb xoxoxb xox- ateHi 6utl noxyHaexB cb hoxbrshmoAcoftcTBeiinocTH, ijpoHHnixeHBHXB h ToproBHXB npejnpiaTiS hxh ots ioxsBocth, T.-e. otb aaxoBaHia. Ha Kaaixyn ceHaTopcKyio BasaHciio npoBHHi;ia u36Hpaert. 3-xb kbhxh- AaTOBB, H3B.KOTopaixb HMiiepaTOpB nasiiaaaeTBoflHoro. npH ienB Has- HaieHnuft orapaBjaeTB cbob xoj* hoctb noxH3H6Hno. Bcf.iB ceHaio- pOBB BB HaCTOSmee BpOMJf BB BpaSEJlifl 58; VIII. IlepetUexBTenepB kb paacHOTpiniei nf.MeuEMXBrocyxapcTBB, rxt CHCTona cocTaBa bopxhhxb n&xaTB npexcTaaiaeTB cymecTBeunua ocofiennocTu, ms noHH*ania itoTopaxB npexBapHiexBBO Ha„we»HTB cxixaTB HliKOTopua oOmin aasitiaHia. Boofime moxbo cKaaaxB, bto ecxn HHatBia naxara bb fioxtinefi aacTH repsiaHCEUXB rocyxapcTBB ofipasoBaaucB no HaiaxastB coBpeMBHHaro napoxHaro npejcraBHTexi-\" CTBa, TO BB yCTpOHCTBi BepXHBXB, BO HHtHlK) HiMeilKHXB yBOHBXB, Kara, aanp., BRHxe.pa a KoHCTaH. •I’panma, hosho bhx!»tb h4- Koropoe oTpasoHie mpHXB somckhxb bhbobb. IIoBTOiry mh joxjkiiu OCTaHOBHTBCK Ha BOXpOfiHOHB paSCMOTpiHlH COCTaBa BOpXHHXB na- XKTB BB HfiKOTOpUXB repMaHCKBXB TOCyxapCTBaXB CB BtXMO ptmHTB OAHHCTBeKBOOTHOCHTeXBHO9THXB naXHTBBO3HHKaKIIni0 BOBpOCBOTOMB, uo'iOMy hmouho 3th naxa'ru bb HaCToamee Bpeua He hm$ »tb HHEaxoro SBaaeHia. v BaHTepB, onpexixaa h xapaKTepHsyacoctSibb BepxHuxB h4h6ukhxb naJiaTB, roBopHTB crijyiontee: hto HiMei»cas chctomb He npoTBBono- craBxaeTB, Kara bb bbejxb rocyxapcTBaxB, aanp., bb Aht-Iik, naxary apHCTOKpaTBiecKyro (BepxH»i>) naxart xexoKpaTHiecKoa (HH*HeS). Bb repMaHiH ofit naxaiii OTXHiaBTCa xpyre, otb xpyra Be ctoxbko cbo- HMBCOCTaBOMB, CKOXBKO OBOXaMH HXB B03HHKH0Benia: HHXHHfl naxaTa othochtcb ra XIX ctox4tib), a nepxHaa uaxaTa npHHaxxeatHTB XVII b4kv, T.-e. BepxHia niMeusiH naxaTu ortpaaonaxHCi.', rxaonuMB o6pa- bomb, hsb upexCTaBHTexeS(JmMHxift, hm4bibhxb H-i)KOI'XaBepXOBHBHBxa- jiTexLnua npaBa, T.-e. H3B Tara Ha3HBaeaHXB MejiaTH3HpoBaHHHXB KHB3O0, Standesherren, hxh hsb xhhb, npHnax-TcatamiiHXB kb H*nep- ckoS 3HaTH, kb HMnepcKOMy pupapcTBy, hxh bb m4ctho0 $eoxaxBHoS shsth, HMimneii npaao HenocpejcTBennaro roxoca bb coorani sypift

— 243 — CTapux'B 36mckhxi innoux. Bhxhmhmh a cymecTBenmura npH3iiaKann npuHajxearaocTH kx o.inott hsx bthxx KaTeropiS jhm, BoxaeTca Bxa- JC&Hie npHBH.TCTHpoRannuMH HMynjecTBaMH, punapcKHMH HMiniaMH (Rit- tergut), Har..T+..'iyeMU«H Ha ocofiuxx npanaxx. Kx otomv ochobhomy ajie- H6HTf coCTasa nepxnHxx naxaTX Bnocx’feACTBiH npiicoeAHHaeTCH h ;ipy- TOS, 3naiBTC.lI,no RH.TOH81fljHHBmift OCHOBHOH npHHI(IfHT>, HO npHBeAen- nu# cx hhmt, bx cooTBtTCTBie. Tam,, mu BcrpiiaeMCn cx KopoxeB- ckumx HaaiianeHieMT, h jaate ct, hsbIicthhmt bhaomx bhGophoh Bepx- nefi najiaTU. Ho to h jpyroe uaiaxo— HasHaieHie h Bufiopu— no- CTaBXOHO BT, rpaHHHH oCmHXT, Tpe6onanifi, BHTeKaiOTHHXX H3X VKCt3aH- Haro ocHOBHOro BxexeHTa, Koropuit npHAaBaxx cnepH<J)HieCKifi xapaE- Tepi BCGMy cocTBBy BepxHeft iiaxanj. CxfuoBarextHO, nepxnia naxara repvaHCKHXx rocyxapcTBX—H3Bf,CTHaH ashb npomxoxy; oH'fe ho hbxh- BTca coBOKynnocTBi) A'lime.ii.HiJxx h cnocoCmjxx opranom, apHCTO- KpaTiH, KaROBa, Hanp., ao HSB^CTHofi cTenenn, bt, Aht-tib naxaTa xop- AOBX: BT, HKXX OTBOJHTCB Mt,CTO .lnpaMT, OCOfiHXX (JiaHBxiH HKXaCCOBX, coxpauHBHinxT, ocoCuh rpaatxaHCKiH, HMymecTBeHBua npaBa, kokt, yipft- xtBHlifl CJlIiAX TtxX nOXHTHICCKHXX npaOX H TOTO HO.THTHHeCEarO aHaneHia, kotopumx bth i^amixiH n K-iaccu Korja to noxbaoBa-iHct. 9thmx h ofraacHHOTca cxafoe snaienie Bepxnnxx na.ian, bx IVpManin h Bpaacnefmoe kt> hhmx OTHonrenie nncaTexet, ne toxbko AeuOKpaiH- lecKnxx, ho h npocTO XH6epaxr,Haro HanpaBxeHia. Tanx, Hanp., H.siitCT- Huft Rapxx PHXTepx (nnnncaBmiit XByxTOHHoe coiHHeHie noxx sa- rxaBieMx: Staats-und GeseUschafts-RecM der franzijsischen Revolution) na exp. 386 TOMa I csoero coinnenin othochtoxbho Hpyccin rOBopuTT,: „6e3CH.n,Hoe, fiisxnoe h HesHaiRTexBHoe abopshctbo, Haxoaaineeca bx naxart rocnoxx (Herrenhaus), hbxhctch HSjramnHxx npe.tcTaBHTexr,- ctbohx h tskok) He tamnoio lacTBio rocyxapcrBeHHaro ynpaBxenifi, ko- Topas He HiiteTT, hh gpyroro npaBa, hh ipvrofl chxu, Kpout, pacnoxo- aceHia kx HeMy npaBHTe.ibCTBa\". (la.iaTij BTorp inna (jcfeiienKaro) hbhxhcl nepBonaia.Ti.HO bx rtxx rocyxapcTBaxx, bx EOTopuxx bx Haiaxf, XIX cTOxtTia fiuxa BBexena CHCTesta KOHCTHTypionnaro ycTpoficTBa (Hanp., bx Banapm, BHpTeM- 6eprft, I’ ecceHX-^apsimTajTl; h Ap.). Bx BaBapin Bcpxnaa naxaTa hochtx naaoanie Rammer der Reiphs- rathe. OHa coctohtx hsx 72 uenoBX, hsx kohxx 53 3acfcAai0TX Ha- cxixcTBeHHO. 15— noacH3HeHHO h 4 ex officio. CjrisxoBaTexrao, 6oxx- maa nacTt cocTaBa rtaBapcKoft Bepxneft naxaTH coctohtx hsx nac.rtx- CTBeHHHxx ixenoBX, i ’Jmx h onpexfixaeTca oOmifl xapaKTepx 3T0ft naxaTH. Ct. 2 THTyxa V I fiaBapcaott RoncTHTynin roBopnix, hto na- xaTa xoxatHa coctohtl h3x cxfiAy»>n;Mxx naTeropift: l ) hsx coBep>

— 244 — meHHOJ'fcTHBX-b npHHqeBX KopoxeBCKaro ions; 2) hbx jhhx, 3aHnnaio- IBHXX KOpOHHHS JOJ»BOCTH KOpOXOBCTBa (HXX 4 H OHi CBHiaBTCa ' nOTOTHUKH E HaCjtaCTBeilHIJMH BX HBBtCTHOfi IpaMHxia); 3) H8X 2-XX apxienHCKOiioBt; 4) H3X rxaBX HunepcKHxx aBopaHCKHXx (JiaMHai#;. 5) Hat eoHCKonp, na3HaqaQMaro Eopo.ieux,' h npe3HjeHTa npOTecTaHT- ckoS reHepaxxHofi xoHcaciopiH h, HaKoneux, 6) im. xanx, na3naqacvux7. KopoxeMx 8a Tcxyrn, OKasamma rocyanpcTBY, noacH3HeHHOm e Hacjrim- cthohho. Oepsaa h BTopaa Kaxeropin jibui, BxojamHxx bx cociaBx BepXHeS naxara, He oiipe.iiixHeTX ea xapaKTepa, n6o jxa npHHneBT. Kopo.ieBCBaro joxa npaBo 3acfe,wi> bx btoB naxart aB.iaeTca npaBOHx TOXXKOnOTCTHHMX; IBB KOpOHHHXX AOjaHOCTHHXX XHqX— TOKe. IIo- 3tomv saxoax 9 NapTa 1828 roja nocTaaoBHXx, btoOh Jana otbxx ABYXX Baxeiopift Be BpHqfiCXaXHCX UB 'XX HaCXltACTBeHBSKX, HH EX noaBBHeHHUux q.ieuanx naxara. OcTaxxHHa EaTeropiu coctobtx Bax xaqx, 8ac&aa»niHxx bx na.iaTf, HaaliACTBeHBO, uoaH3H6HHOh ex officio. Kx aactAauiUHMX ex officio othochtch 3 .raqa: 2 apxienHCKOna kbto- XHBecKOfl qepKBH a upesHjeHTx npoTCCTanTCKoB EOHCHCTopiH. Ha ocbo- BaBiH CT. 4 THTyxa VI KOHCTHTyqiH, MHCXO UOaHBHCHHUXX qxeBOBX, sacijaiouiHXX bx Bepxnefi naxarfe no BopoxeBCKOMy aasaaqeHic, He Aoxano npoBuniaTi. Vs axeHOBXHacxlycTBeHHHxx. Hanfioxie hhoiwhc- X6hbo8 BBxaeTcaxareropia HacxiaCTBeHHHxx q.xenoBx, EOTOpue fiepyTCa hbx rxaBX Mexiara3HpoBanHiixx KBaaecKHXx h rpacjwKHxx (liaimixiii, BOEa OHH B.iaxi»TX CBOBKBUpHBHXerHpOBaHBHMHHMymeCTBaKB, HHBX xhbx, noxyqaBBHXx oto npaBO(T.-e. npaso coctobtx Bacxtj. qjeHOMX naxaTu) otx Kopoxa; so nocx'ixHifi Moateix. ataxoBaTx oto npaBO Be Bcfrnx, Bony acexaeTX, a toxlko xhihucx puqapcEHXx (paMHxift, eoto- pxia Bxaninrx puuapcKHMH HMtBiBMB (Rittergut), o6xoseHHuiiH 300 ryxtxeHaMH B08eMexxHaro' Haxora, h KOTopua aacxiqyiyrx bx hhxx bx uopaxirfi arHaTaqecEOHX, no npaBy nepBOpojcTBa. AHaxornqecKift coct8bx Bepxaei naxaTu npeiciraBxaeTX BBpTea- OeprcKaa h CajeHcsaa KOacTHTyiuH. Bx BaieHi Kpowfc BacxiscTBeH- . HHXX qxeaoBx h qxeHOBX, 8aci,naionjHxx ex officio, HM*K)Tca bx co- CT8Bi BepxBeS naxara BHfiopHHe qxeHH toxxko otx npHBHxerHpoBan- hhxx Kopnopanifi, tbkx, HanpHntpx, otx yHHBepcHTeTOBX, KOTopue hm$j>tx npaBonocuxaTX 2-xx jenyTaTOBX. Bx Hacroamee npe*a(1884r.) bx Ba*OHt 29 bxchobx Bepxnefi naxara, H8X kohxx lO HacjfjciBen- Gaaufi cxoffiBHfi cocTaBX npeiCTaBjaerx, caKconcKaa BepxHaa na- xaTa, rat xniia, HMicmia npaso aacijaTX bx Hefl, He cqaTaa npan- qenx EopoxeBCEaro aowa, rpyanapyKiTca do 16 pasxaqHHHX EaTero- piaux; ho bhcxo bthxx KaTeropifi ysieHbinaeTeH rtax, bto 6oxr.niHH-

— 245 — «TB0 3THXT, nyDKTOBX. CaECOHCKOftKOHCTHTJUIH IipflMO liaDUBaHT'l, ifiailH- jiH, KOTopuirb npexocTaBJiaeTca npaso aactjaiL bt Bepxneft na.iaTi. 9th KOHCTHTjuia ycTfiHOBH.THCL c t caMaro Haia.ia Baejenia npeA- fTaBHTejbHHX^ yapoac^eHiit bt, FepuaHiH, T.-e. jo 1830 roja, Bant bt JianapiH, Bajeri, recceHt-JapumTaATi a BitpTOMfieprh, h.ih Bt 30-xt rojaxt, East Bt CaKCOHiH.* Bt UpycciH upoBcxoaueHie nepxueft najara iipeAcraBaaeTca fkvrte <uoacRHMt, al5o KOHCTHTyaia aunnacb 3A'Iicl nojt A'fcftcTiiieMt peiioxio- uia 1848 roaa, h Hjea, npeofixaiaBmia Bt ynpeAHTe-ibHout coOpauia, npeACTaBiaAHCb Ma.io cxoahumh ct Hseaua, noit B.iianiosit KOTopuxt oSpaaona-iaci. nanaxa Hapojiiaro HpeACTaBHTeJboina Bt 20-xt bjh 30-xt roAaxt. IIoBTOMy ynpeAHTe.ii.Hoe co6pame 1848 tom Bt ocho- BaBie opraHnaaijiii Bepxueft najaTH no.Tontn.io hhoB npHnuant: huchho, do KOHCTETyiiiH sioro roja Bepxnaa na-iara AOj»tna Ouja coctohtt aat xiiut, HBCpaHHbixt m^cthumh coOpaBiaaa: iipoBHHpiaMH, oapy- raKB r ytajami. Ho npnHineHie stoh cHCTemi bctp'6th.io saTpyA- Heaia h, HecuoTpa Ha to, n o npyccsift jaBATart a npyccBoe npaBH- TeibCTBO npHCTynH.m Bt TpyAiioMy nonpocy ofit oprauHaania Bepxneft najaTH, peav.ibTaTOBt oTt sioft coBjrfccTHOft j'feaTexbHocTB ne nojyra- Jiocb, tret bto Bt xoBiji BOHHOBt no saBOBy 7 Man 1853 t. npyccBOxy xopoxio npeAOCTaBxeHO Oujo npaBO nocpeACTBOn. Verordnung onpe- A&iHTb cocTaBt Bepxneft najaTH, h Kopo.iencKoe pacnopaarenie no SToaynpejMCTy no.iyrajo cniry saEona. Vprordnung 12 OKTx6pa 1854 r., HaxHHaKimanca cxobbhh: „Mh, ‘I'pHApHXt-BKJbre.tbMt, B. x., nociaHO- Bjaeat, ito“ a t. a., Bt crbomt aanaat onpeAtiaen., bto nepBaa (BepxHaa) naaaTa eocTOHTt: 1)' „B3t npnnneBt namero KopoxeBcxaro AOMa, KOTOpUXt MU, DO AOCTHSeHlIO HUM, COnaCHO (JiaMHAbHHUt SaKO- Haat Hamero AOMa, coBepneHRoatria, fiyaeut npH.iUBaTb Bt cocTaBt 3T0# BepxHeft naxaiu\" (cjiAOnaTejbHO, npHHUH 3ac$AaK>rb He no BpaBy); 2) ast aant,. sactAaiomHxt no npaBy nacaiACTBa, h 3) H8t ahnt, KOTOpua Ha3BaqanTCH noatHSHenno xopoAeat.— TyTt neo6xo- Ahmo ofipaTHTb raaBHoe BBHKaHie Ha 2-ft b 3-fi nyaKTH, cjfeAOBaTejbHO, aa AHiit, KOTOpua HirfiBTt DpaBO aarijaTi, nacjtjcTBeRHO, h he .rant, npBBUBaeubixt c t npaBOHt nontusHeiinaro sactjaHiH. K t nepBOfi xa- Teropia ornocHTca: 1) rjasa Euasecsaro jobs roreauoaaepHt - 3niMa- pHHrcHCKare; 2) Standcsherren, Hwhioniie npaso aa npHBH.ieriK no co- B3H0MV aETy 1'epMaHin 8 tDHa 1815 r., HaKOHeut, 3) „nponie rpatjiu, KHasba a tocdoar (Herren), KOTopue 6uAh npasusaeua hrmb (T.-e. Kopoaeut) Bt cocTaBt Eypia rocnoAt coeAHHeHHaro janATara 1847 r«Aa“ (BTOTt aanATart HenocpeACTBeHHO npeAinecTuoiia.it peBo.iRinin 1848 roAa b noxynnat HasBanie coeAHnennaro janATara noTOMy, no

— 246 — OHE COCTOB.3E H8E UpeACTaBHTejCH OTAtXbHHXE npOBHHuia, XOTOpua hmI.ih cboh xtcTHue iaHATara). 3tote xaHATarE (Shxe o6pa30Bam. npa- MiHHTejBHo ee cpfij(HeBti£OBUMi nopBAKSME, b be HOME HHixacb ocoOaa sypia rocnoai (Herrencurie). CaiaoBaTeatHO, rfc Juma, Koropua Hiiiaji vxe npaso aactjaTi. be Herrenciuie, bmIsiote Taiuse npaBO 3act«aTt h be BepxHei Bajiaii DpycciH.—OsepxE Toro, bto npaBO noxyiaxm. anna, KOTopunE oho CyaeTE aaHo, be caxy oco6aro pacnopaxenia ko- poaa, durch besondere-Verordnung; npaBO KopoaencKaro noxaxoBania oupeji-iaeTca HaotcTHtiMH ycjoBiaKH be tome cmhc.i I;, .bto noauuo- Baaie boxote Cute jauo tojeko AHuaME h8b4cthuxe Kaieropifl, ko- Topua h HCBHCJiaDTca be Verordnung Kopo.ia. Hitenno, qoxh3hchuo npB3HBaioTca he yiacTiw be BepxHefi naxati: 1) .rfe .lima, EOTopaa fiyxyrt peKOMenxoBaHH Kopox» no npaBHJiaME (o xoTopuxE an caa- xeME HH»e); jaxie, 2) jnma, saHimaomia 4 BHcmia rocyjapcTBeHHtia AOAXHOCTH BE KOpOJeBCTB't IIpj'CCiH, H, HaKOHeiJE, 3) t4 JHpa, rKO- TOpblXE HU (T.-e. KOpO.lb) HO OCOftOMT XOBipi» EE HHME H36epeME“. TaKHME ofipa30ME, BECOCTaBE IIOXU3U6HHO8aciAaK)mHXEABUE BXOAHTEl 1) ex officio 4 laqa bucbihxe kopoacbcebxe AOXXHOCTeS; 2) xtma, BOSBOAKKbia be 3to 8Bame (nxeHa naxam rocnoAE) Eopoxeirb, h, HaKO- aeUE, 3) xaua peKOxeHAOBaHHiu. Hajo sairkTHTb, bto be stoke no- cafmHCME uvHKTfc xexBTE bcji cyTB cocTaBa aepxHefi upyccKofi ibubth; aci 0CTa.iBHHe rm^dte xapasTepE mke 6a npacTaBKH, Aono-iHOHia ee 3TOMy ocHOBBOMy noxoxeiiiio, KOTOpoe onpexiaaeTE cociaBE naxara. IlpaBO peKOMeHAaqiH npunaA-iexHTi: 1) AHqaME, KOTopua BxaitiOTE oco6eHHUKH BKiHiaHH h o6pa3y»TE Kes*y cofioio 'codse HaocHOBaRiB ocoSaro saKoaa x pacnHcaHia, BSAaBHaro noaxe (10 Hoadpa 1865 r.); 2) COmsaME ABUE, npHHaXxexamilXE EE 6jarOpOAHUHE 4>aMHJliaBE H BaaAlnmHXE HKymecTBaMH, HacxiAyeKHHH uo ocoCume 3aEOHaME; 3) C0B38KE COdCTBeHHHEOBE, Ha BMymeCTBO KOTOpUXE paCIipOCTpaBeHU ocofiue saEOHH o BxaAiHia h HacxtAOBaaiB; 4) ynunepcHTexaME a, Ha- KOBeHE, 5) ropoABKE.— TaKHMB o6pa30BE, 9TH §§ 4 h 5 Verordnung 1854 roAa, HCTHCxaDiqie coiosu, xoropue Hatkite apaBO npexcTaBABTL EOpOAD CBOHXE EaHAHAaTOBE, HOpeHOCflTE UCHTpE THXeCTB COCTaBa Herrenhaus Be be Bucmifl, a be cpeAaiS AeopaHCEift ExaccE. H ce oxofi tobeh 8ptBia BepxHHa npyccKaa naxaTa CAiuraxacb npeAKeTOBE BospaateHift b EpHTHKH jhue Aaxe CTporo-EOBcepBaTBBBaro nanpaBAe- Hia, kekobe, aanp., TpeftuEe, EOTopufi, pa3CMaTpaBaa btote cociaaE BepxHeS najraTH, ymuBaen,, bto KopoxeBCKaa Verordnung 1854 roxa xot'6-ib a8tb oco6enHoe SHaieaie h npocropE. be BepxHeS rraxart cpeAHeMy ABopascTBy, soTopoe (no MHinin TpeBnKeJ be UpycciH He aoxeTE HMiib HBKaKoro caBocToaTexbHaro 3HaneHia be rocyAapcTBi.