Градовский А.Д -Собрание сочинений. Том 5

■re.ibCTBOUt y accopiapia ecTb onpeataenHua JHpa, oTBiiapupia nepepx hhm’b 3a xopx ea p i n a sa upaBa'isHocit ea p^tfcTBift. (fax aroro CTauoBHTCH uohbthumx pa3.iH'iie Baraapa sanoHa Ha accopiapiio, cx ojhoS, h Ha co6paHie, cx ppyroft cropoHU. II. UpH HopaajtHHsx ycaoBiaxx oCpaaoBaHia accopiapift, rocypap- ctbo 3uaeTX Earn Bet cyniecTBVionua ax ero upeptaaxx accopiapia, TaBi, a nxx ptaa, oprauu u cpepcTBa piflcTBia. UoaTOxy ouacHOCTX HapymeHia ofiulecTBennarp nopapKa *yMeHfciuaeyca cauoio oprauusauies) accopiapia. Cofipaiiie TaeHOBx accopiauia upoHcxojHTT. bx onpepf.- MHHU6 epOEH, HO C03UBY ClOpO, KOTOpOO HB.1H6TCH OTBfrrCTBeHHUMX anpoMx. IIpeHia KoryTX KacaTtca topxbo npeaHeTOBX, oroocaipHXca neuocpe^cTBeHHO ex ntan accopiapia, epkx oaa Bupaatena bt. ycTast. Orciopa bhaho, npu bbeuxt, ycaoBiaxx accopiapia MoateTi, epkiaixca onacnoft p.ia rocyaapcTBa. Ecjih cxopkh upepcTaBpaBTT. onacHOCTi. HMOHBO BCJltaCTBie TOIO,HTOTO.lua III HHXX HO OpraHHIlOIiPHa, HOaten, nopx BxiaBieui Toro bjb apyroro nacTpoenia nepefl™ otx cpobx ex pipy h rtm> HapymHTL ofiipecTBeHHuft nopajOEX, to npp hI.kotopuxx yc.iouiaxx accopiapia Moryn, 6utb paste onacHte. afcMx co6paHia, h HM6Hno no upHPUHi cBoefi opranHsapia. Accopiapia nosere, CTHTaTtca ouacauMx aBJienieMi: 1) ocjih OHa npec-itaycn Hea03B0,ieHHHa saKO- homx pian, npoTHBopitaipia rocypapcTBeHHOMy nopapxy: 2) ec-re, npe- calaya neposBOjeHHiia saxuHOui pkin, bt6 npepnonaraeTx TaSny ptftCTBift, accopiapia npHHHHaeTX c(iop«y Taftearo ofiipecTsa; opranp- sapia TaKOfl TafiHoft accopiapiH no cymecTBy npepcTaBjaeTX ycaoBia, KOTopua aHinaioTT. rocyaapcTBO bosmoikhocth HaSajopaTb sa ea pifl- CTBianH. Bx caxojix j i .i i , bt> TaflnoS accopiapia ipenu ea ppyrx apyry HeasBicTHu; paCTO ohh ynpaBPaDTca Jiipamt tome neaanicT- hijmb, EOTopua ncpepann, npHKa3ama uepesx TpcTbnxx jnpx; b.ichu TaEOfi TaflHOii accopiapia iioryTi 6utl coepPHenu upacaroft nan apy- thhx kpkumi jh 6o oCtipaHiesix, noliyiEpaioipHMX nxx OTpanaxi. eft cboh ch.tu n cpeacTBa, paste n bt. tomx c jyia t, ecan piaaia Tanoft acco- piapin aBHo npoTHBopiaaTX o6ipecTBeHHoa noaxat (a Tasie cayiau B03MOHCHO UpepiIOaOBtHTb, pa3X HU pOUyCTHMX, TTO Taftnoe OfimeCTBO upecatpyeTX Heao3BoaeHiiua aaaoiioMx pian). Tam tto, coepHnaa bth nepTU, hu noayaaem accopiapiio, tniiDipyn bhpx kpex 6u' rocypap- CTBa bx rocypapcTBi—status in statu. UosTony saKonopaTepxcTBa ofrx accopiapiaxx naupasaenu npoTusx Tixx, ycaoBift, upB KOTopuxx accopiapia moscctx cpt.iaTxca Bpepuofi h onacHoS paa cyipecTBOBania rocyaapcTBa. Ho bx btomx oTnomoniH eBponeftCEia rocypapcma man cphuikomx paaeEo; npecpf.pya acco- piapin cx pa3HHMH HeposBoaennuMH piaana, ohh pacnpoCTpaHaan orpaHHiHTeabHua H^pu h na accopiapia, no nxx ptan n cnocofiy

— 50 — Aififrruia cosepmeHao 6eaonacBHa saa rocyflapcTBa. Meatfly T im ofimecTBeHHoe 3ua'ieHie accouiaipfi 'ace fioaie h fioaie oCHapysuaaeTca h ae noflaeauirc, HHSaBOMy coMHimio. CKaasem niCEOflbEO ciobt. o6l HCTopiH 9THST, npecjtflOBaHirt, naiaTUX-E co BpeMenx nepBOfl $paH- uyacKofi peBOXOuiH. PeBOJDuia, Earn nsBicTHO, pa3pymHja EopnopauiH, «eXH H C0B3H epeflHHXT. fiiKOBL, BL EOTOpBJX-L OTfliabHUfl flHUa fl-M cbohxl npai«, h fliHTejibnocTH naxoflHflH noMomb h onopy. Bb cpoflHie* BiKa shshb peuecfleHHHXi pexoBb, yieiruxb EopnopaUifi, ToproBHXb KownaBift h bch B006m;e ltopuopaTHBHaa atHSHb pasiiHBaxacB, Tam csa- 8aTB, ecTecTBenno, catta co6o», rjiaBHtiML o6pa30Mb no npOTKBi OTcyT- CTBia ax to Bpeua chabhoS rocysapcTBeHHoS BxacTH, aorymefi aflMH- HHCTpaTHBHHMH h 3aKOHOflaTe.iBHUMH wipaHH oGesnenHTb cn.OKofiHoe pa8BHTie nayEH, npoMucjiom. h npot. 9 thml oOlhciijictoi to Bejaaoe aHanenie, Eoxopoe fljiu Torflanmaro speMean n a i.iH , aecMOTpa flaxe Ha cboh neflocTaTEH, sth EopnopaTHBBue co»3H. C l pa3BHTiem Eopo- jeBCEaro BceMorynjecTBa u cl pa3BHTieML cucTestu neiiTpajiH3anin h onesn co ciopoHH rocTflapciBa, obobhaho, floasnu 6h.ih ubctl 3th cpejHe- BisoBua ifopMU coeflHHenia leant no npHtani, cl ofliiofi CTopOHH, cbohxt* BHyTpeniiHXL HeflocTaTKonL, Tam h no npHBHHi ycHJieHia nen- Tpa.’iBHon B-tacTH. ‘ipannyscKaji pesojiBflia 3acTajia 8th yupesflewH yace BupoflHBUiHKHca, nopoatxaBnmuu cbohml cymocTBOuauieML Co.n.nie Bpefla, iiH L noflBau, tbkl k eel ohh cflyacujiH npoBOAHUEaun n o.wne- . TBopenieML BcaiecKiiXL MOHono.iirt n npHBMerifi. OTCBfla iionaTHa BpaJEfla, cl KOTOpofl penojiionin OTHecaact e l sthml BupoflHuaiHMCa ■ fopMaMT. CpeflHeBiKOBHXL C0BD30BL. Ho, VHHBTOBtail nocTaiioB.ieHiesib EOHCTHTyniH 1791 rofla crapuii (tiopiiu npeacHHxx Kopnopauift, npaBB- TefltcTBO ne ypasyuixo h ne 3aniT«xo toto BHyTpeHnaro 3iiaieHin h Tofi chjhj, Eoropaa npuapunaJiacL othmh yate HeroflnuMH (jKipxasiH. I(iflB Bcixt nocjijyiouiHXL sa cum 3aE0H0flaTe.iBCTBx cocToaxa, East HSBiCTHO, BL aTOMH3aiUH rpaHflaHL, BT. HUBeAHpOBEi MaCCb, Bb C0- 8flaHiu 6e3pa3auTH0S mbcch iiHflUBmyyMOBb, nepeflb KOTOpofl jiBHxaci. oflna Bxacib, oCureaunaa nein,ucb o Bceo6menb 6jiaronoflyaiu, hmchbo rocyflapcTBeHnaa BaacTb. Otcm/w nonaTHO BpaatfleSnoe oTHomenie Bflacra el accoiiiapiaML, uonaTno, uoneuy bchebu nonHTKa e l Kaaoft nn6yfli, HicTHoB toiosHoB opraHH3anin BCTpinajiacb HeflpyaejmOHO. Tam, eoh- BeHTL, Eorfla flo Hero flontsu cjiyxH o6x oCpaaoBaHia pufioTHMH co»- 30BL flxa BsaHBnofi noMomH, H Eorfla e l Heity b l stout, cu a c ji waxu o(5pamaTbca c l npocbfiasiH, cypoBo k xl OTBepra, H’ ofiipHHL noijTaHO- Meniem 3aupeTHXT, ycTpoflcTBo othxl cobmobl, b l eotophxl euy HepentHAHCb flyxx h TenfleaniH cpeflHeBiEOBHXL sopnopaniB, oTuinen- hhxl HaBcerfla yqpeflHTexbRuuL co6paHiem 1789 rofla. CocrouBinifica no aTOMy noBOfly sanpeTHTeAbnaft fleKpeix soHBeHTa rjacuTL, uto hb-

— 51 S&KOfi K.iacc-i. oOmeCTBa Be M0JK6TX JCTpaHBaTt COD3H Ala saBurru CBoux'b BBTepecoBi, a ito jia aToro cymecTByeix rocyiapcTBo. Ho HenocpeiCTBeHHBia noTpefiaocra hoboBzhshh, ofiHapyzaBiniaca upeaue Bcero bx DKOHOMHaecKofi cij)epi, noaaaaiH cyatecTBeaayio hcoCxoah- moctb Bsaaiax a Ha CMiay cpejaeBiKOBHXx aopnopapifi bkctobhti. HOBya opraHH3aniR) hobuxx cofo.oi bx, ocHOBaauuxx He Ha apHHyxxe- Bia, kbkx npeatxe, a na coofiojuoM'i. coraacia junx, coeAHHanntaxca Aia saniHTU rix x aia xpyraxx ofimaxx HHTepecoBX. 9to 3aaaenie accoaianifi, Ftaat hobuto Baja cokishoB opraHaaaiuH ofiaiecTBeaHuxt KiaCCOBX, BX XIX CTOliTlH, DpH B03HHKD0BeHiH HOBUX't iflOpMX 3E0H0- HuaecKHXFB npeinpiflTiB, ofiHapyzaBaiocL Bee pi3?e a piste, a Heo6- xoABHOCTb TaKHXT. accoitfaipA BHCTyaa.ia see ex 66n>mew a OojBineio yfiiAHTeimocTBio. Ho joiroe Bpexa TaKie cob3U, npec.iisoBaBniie ortmecTBeHHua hih pejariosaua niiH, qoaxojfi.th noix jiScTBie toto o6maro npaBHia, ito xia hxx ofipaaoBania Tpe6veTca apeABapHTeib- Hoe paspimeme npaBHTeiBCTBa, xoTopoe Mosert 6utb iaao a ne iaao aiu othhto iix tomx cjyiai, ecaa accopiania noteMy jh6o yKJOHH.iacb otx uiiH, o(5o3Ha>ieHHofi bx ea yexasi, yTBepBjeaaoHX ycaoTpiHiexx AOlxaocTBoro aan;a. Taax npojoizaiocx mhoto BpeMeaa a toixko bx liocaixaee BpeMa Ha BOHTHHOHTi Enponu cthih apoBOAHTb paeiHtie Meatjy oCmecTBcanuMH accouianuma h noJHTHtecEHHH hih pciHri03- humh, T.-e. Hesiy Tina, KOTopua HuiiOTX bx BHjy apoHunrieaBHa hjh ofimecTBeaHua iriiH a TiMH, KOTopua upecatjysFTx hojhth- tecsia hjh peiHriosaua piia. no OTHoaieaiK ex aepriFJKX, T.-e. ex acconjanimix ofimeeTBetiHUMx, cxaia npHMiHHTbca chctome aaaeoxi. ycraaoBBiocx TpeSoBaHie, mo Bci acconiaoja, He uoAtHHeBaua npa- BBiavx ToproBaro, peMecjieHHaro h ipyroro caepia-ibHaro saaoHOja- TeibCTBa, aojzhh 6uTb HSBicTHH rocyjapciBy. Otx yipejHTeia tbeoB accopiania Tpe6yeica saaBKa «icTHoB BiacTH ofix imiioBieMcfl ytpe- jHTbca o6mecTBi, soTopoe joiatao npeciiioBm tv hjh jpyryio niix, pain Koropofl oho h opraHHsyeTCH. 3aTiMx TpeSyeTca npejcTaBHTb cia- TyTX, ao KOTopoMV jificTByeTX aecoiiiapia, caacoKx ea tieHOBX, a no oTEpHTia ea jificTBifl—HMeaa (h ajpeca) ueHOBx 6»po. IH. HepexoAHHx ex pa3CM0Tpin!» OTjiibHHxx 3aBOHOAaTeixcTBx no 3tomv apexaery. AKriiBoEoe saKoHojaie-ibCTBO oTHocBTeixHO aceo-. nianiS oEOHtaTeixHO oapejiiHiocb bx aponraoMX cioiiTia, jaate pa- Hie. Oho AonycKaeTX BaHfioiie arapoEyn cbo6ojv acconianifi h ny- C.thbhhxx eo6paaift, T.-e. HHTaaroBX. Bx OTHomeaiH ex nepBuax, T.-e. ex accoHiauiaMX, cymecTiiyiomiii npaBHia BupaCoTHeaiacb uocTeneHHo bx TeteHie BTOpofl noiOBHHH XVIII b. a, naBHbfMx odpa30MX, bx totx nepioxx, EOrja aarjificKaa apacToapaTia a bx oco6eHROCTH napianeHTX naxoxHjHCb bx naHutecKoax ctpaxi otx peBOJionioHHuxx Hjefi •ipaa-

52 ijih, KOTopHS, nepemejDiK JlauaHmx, cxa_in ofiiiapyjKiiBaTLca a bx AHraiH, Haxoja kx TOMy aoiBoju a noiBy, bx bhj4 Hej.osBO.ieHHuxx Taflanxx oSmecTBB h Bt (ftopM* pa3nuxx npecTynHLixx uoKymenia, aarne y6iflCTBx. 06x btomx nojpofino 6yjeTX roBopaTbca Haase; 3jicb ate HeoSxojaao cjiaaTb .iiiiux o6my» ccMEy aa coCHTia, conyxcTBo- BaBniia Bupa6oTKi aaraiScaaro aaKOBojaTeabCTBa OTHocHTeabao acco- Hiauifi: 3T0 OTiaciu JioaceTX yacuaTb a xapaETepx caabixx nocia- noBaeHifi, doji. jiflcTBie KOTOpuxx aojBOjaJHCb accopiania- ysaaoae- aia, Bupa6oTaBini«ea bx to Bpeaa, KacaBTca caijyiouiHxx dvhktobx: 1) BOcnpemauTca Bcaaie Taiiuue coiosu, a(5o aset uo cymecTBy coayT- CTByerB apeayannia Hej03B0jeHHuxx saEOHOHX aineft; acKjiDBeaie cjiaano jjih oCmecTBa MacoHoitx, KOTopoe xoia a ibcjhjooi. Ta0HHHX, uo aa jaa soro ue 6ujo TafiHoft, opranu3ania ero a u Iuh 6ujih hs- Bf.cTHU a ciDTa-iHct 6e3BpejHHMa; 2) BocnpemaioTca accoaiaaia, bt. KO'ropuxx Kaax nnenu, Tam. a BaaaJbCTByiou(ia jmn,a jpyrx jpyry aeB3B£cTBH; 3) ne jo3bojhiotca cornu, r j i T.ienu of>n3NnaioTcs npa- BBuaTb npacary (mothhh Taaoro sanpemeaia yKaaanij aaaa BUme) a, HaKoHCux, bt. 1) 3anpeui,ai>Tca accoa,ian,iu, UMinoaiia cbou pasB'tTiue- aia, T.-e. HMitoiaia ifopny (JiejepaTHBHUxx cokwobx. Bcfe oCmecTBa. aasx nojiHTBsecria, Tasx a oOmecTiseunua, ae npoTHBop'itnara.ifl bthmx ycjoBiaax, TpefiyoTx jora CBoero bo3hhehodciuji npocToS bojibkh. UpyccKaa KOHCTHTynifl 1850 r. pa3p|-,araeTx Kaasjoay Bpyccaay co-' ejuBUTbca bx accoD,iauia (Verein) no apaBUJaax, ycTaaoBjeBBUax sa- KOBoax. 9totx onpejijaiomifi 3axoHX ecTb 3aE0ux ll-ro aapTa 1850 roja, HsjaBHHfi bo Hcuoaneuie Bpejoacaaia KOHCTHTynia, H3JioaieHHaro bx 29 ea cTaTbi, KOTopan rjacaTx, too bchkih npyccanx UM’fceTT.•upaBO coejuBHTbca bx accoaiaaia no a'kxaux, ae npoTBBopiaamaMx 3aK0HV- 3axoHx 11 Mapia ojHOBpeueaao peryjapyerb Kaxx aojuTaaecEie, Taix a BenojBTflaecEie com3U. Kacaie.ibuo coCctbobbo nojnTuaecKuxx acco- uianifi, KOTopua aoryTX 6htl aanpuTH no ycMOTpimK) BjacTH, btotx saEOBX ycTauaBXHnaoTX cxijyioniia npaBHja. O bcbkomx nocTaBOBje- Hia, KOTopoe yipeacjaeix accoaianin, atcTnua bjibcth joaacHH 6htx asB-femean bx Teienie 3-xx jae0; aux joxatenx Cute npejcTaBjieBX cTaTyTx oTKpuxofl accou.ian.iH a cbhcokx ea uieHOBx; totho Tasx • e MtcTBUH luacTM H3Bl>mai0Tca cBoeBpeaeHHo a o bc* xx Haaiae- aiaxx, KOTopua npoasofljyn. bx opraHasania a Boo6n;e bx daTyrt 3toA accoaiania. 9th nocTaHOBjeitiir, BnpoaeMx, He EacaioTea tbkx Ha- suBaeauxx npnaHaHauxx Eopaopania (nepKBH a jp.). 3aitax, jxa ao- jHTHiecKHxx acconiaai& y3aE0Ha»Tca cjrtjyiomia yc.ioBia: bx hxx co- CTanx ae jojjehm bxojhtb ateHiaanu, j* th, yaaiaieca h peaecxeHHue yieHUKa. 9totx paapajx aaax, a pauHo a Bet aecoBepmeaaojiTHie, BB JO.IKHH npacyTCTBOBaTb npa apeaiaxx bx o6maxx cofipaHiaxx

— 53 — actoniaiuH h, ecjrn Gynyix t» jix eaMtaenu, yjajwBTca npejcijaTe- jeMx; bx cayaai HeHcno.iHeaia noc-flijniiMx STOfi oGasaaHOCTH, opraax M’licTHoft a.txHUHCTpaTUBuofi saacTH, npHCTTCTBTiomift bx aacijania, Moaeix Tpe6«BHTL cro aaupuTia h pacnymeaiH cofipama. 3arf.MX, krjk- jo8 acooniauin 3anpemaeTCH bocth CHomeaU cx xpyraHH nojoGuuMH acconiaaia-vn; pannuax o6pa3ojix He josBOjaeTca a ifinaiaaia, pasji- acHie acconjaaia Ha rpyaaH. 3th uocTaHOiuetmi, ftaax m c.Ka:ia.ra, sacaBTCa tojbko noaaTHHecaaxx cobbobx; apoaumaeHBUfl iae acco- uiaaia nojiauHaBTca npaBHJiaMx apoMunurcHRaro ycTana, Gewerbe-Ord- nung 1869 roxa. 3thhx accouiaaiaux ycTaBx npejocTaBjaerx 66ataiyB eBofiojy. Erne <5o.i%e cboGoah npeaocrari.TaeTca accoaiaaiaMX yaeauax, aaax OTHocHTeaxao ocaoBaBia, iaax a JcfeaTeatHOCTH axx.—Tania ate nocTanoB-ienia asaaraBTca a bx aBCTpiitcaoMX aaaoHi 15 rioaGpa 1867 roaa (H.ijaaaoMx panie KoacTHTynia). Hmshho, 3aaoHX TpeGyerx, hto6h o(5x ocaoBaHia coioaa 6aao aaarueiio m-I-.cthijmx ajacTasix cx npeicxa- B.ienieax CTaTyta, bx aoeux TpeSyerca oSoaaaaHTB: 1) aiaa h cpej- CTBa C0B3&; 2) nepBonaia.ibHu8 cocTaBX a cnoco6u ero B0306H0B.ie- aia; 3) HicTonpe6HBaaie coBsa; 4) apasa a o6aaaHHOcTH <ueaoBx; 5) oprauu yapaB-ieHia; 6) cnoco6x plimeaifi a hxx ayfi.iaaania; 7) cnocofiH CHonreaifi cx npaBHTeafcCTBOHX a apyrasia jranaMH, a HaaoHeHX 8) cno- cofix .iHKBH,Tania coosa, T.-e. npeapamema cymecTBOBaHia coam no soai ero aaeaOBX. 3arfenx merx 3anpemeaie npanaMaTi, bx coctsbx coB3a anocTpaapeox, jaenmuax u HecOBepnteRHO-itTHHXx. Riuie, 6k>jh> accogiania o6asHBaeTca nocuiaTB bx Teaeaie 3-xx jHeS mIjcthhmx B.iacTHMx HSBiateHia o bhobb nocTynHBmaxx uen ra. I to aacaeTca oduiaxx cofipaaift coam, to OTHOCHTeaBHO axx 3aaB.ieHie joxatHO Cbitb cjtjaHO aa 24 aaca, a atcTHofi R-tecth npexocT&BaaeTca no ycaoTpi- hib nocuaaTB Tyja cBoero je.ieraxa. Be3X ncnoJaenia aToro ycaoBia OTKpHBmeeca cofipanie uoxeTx 5bitb 3aapHT0. Bosssaaie ax hojo3bo- jeHBuax aificTBiaax, aapymeHic oGmecTBeanaro nopajaa a OTK-iOHe- Hie upeaitt otx apyra jix x , o6o3HaaeHHBrxx bx ycTaB-6 acconianiii— ciHTaeTca sa aosoax ax HeaeuenHOMy pacuymeaiB saaoRHo-oTapn- Taro co6paHia. He toxbbo codpaHie, ho h caax cobsx Moateix Ohtb 3aapHTx, ec.ia oaaseTca, ato ero jiScTBia yaxoHaBica otx nporpaHHH ycTaua, HanpaaaaacB Ha. npejiHHa u+,.ir, h ec.w bx 3acijaHiaxx ero CMCTeHaTHaecsa upoa3BojaTca ieHOHCTpapia a Bejyicfl piin, hbho npo- THBHHa cymecTBywmeay nopaaay. IV. Acconiania, ecaa OHa uidieTx i|)opHy TafiHaro ofiotecTBa, mo- aerx 6utb BpejHofi jw& rocyjapcTBa; ho ea BpejHoe ,ni8cTBie npo- flB.weTca, tekx caaaaTB, nocTeneaao, a He MOMe£muBHBwn h BHe3an- hhmh noTpacenia»iH. Hanporanx, cavaaflaoe cofipame .thhx, coaBaa- hmxx i-<n oficyajaeHia Teayo(uxx Bonpocoux, MoaeTx npejcTaBaaTB

— 64 — hm6hho BHesanHyn, uo«eHTajbHy» yrposy nopawy, h uoToay Moasert nopoiHTL mhoto 3Ja h fitaCTBift, Jjia npeaynpeataeuia Koropuxx Tpe- 6yeica SKCTpaopjHHapHoe BMinnaTC-iLCTno BaacTH. HaC^iojaa 3a pa3- nmie«'i> upaua cxoaokx, mowho CKa3aiB, mto H3% Bcfexi npaBX ono BHpafioTUBajiocL Bcero MeaaeHHiie (Ha bto, Measly npo«HHi, yKaauBaerL TOKBHJJfc BI CBOHXB H3CJ'6aOBaHUIX'i Odt aMepHKaHCBOft AOMOKpa- iin). DpHiHHa aTOuy ooHHTHa: 1) 3..1X cnoKoSHaro iio.iMOBaHia sthmi upanoMt neo6xoxHMa npHRHiKa kt. coBMicTHOMy oficyacaeHiio, k% ysa- atcHiiD aHHBOCTH h lyatHxt MH4Hift, a Tasase Kt oaaoHaMv, 2) *48- CTBia cxoahk, cofipania Boo6m,e npoirieojarB dojiamee K.iiaaie Ha no- BejeHie npMcytctbvx>mnxi* bt>nefi, B'iiM'L jpyrie cnocofiu B.iiania, nanp., neiaTb. JJ/feflcrBie neiaTH, jaate canofi TeujeHni03H0fl, Ooj'ie hjh mb- Hf.e HHAHBHiyaaBHO, Torjta KaKX Ha CXOflKt, npu COBH’fcCTHOM’B npH- cyTCTBio ivfeaoft ToaiiH, n ojt uphshboxb, oSpameiiHUMt kb cTpacTHMt, h noa% saBieflieHB cTaanaro, noapaaaTeasHaro uucTiuiKTa, B036y*ae- Hie Bceft Maccu nosero, nepefiTH bchemh rpanauH. 3aTf,M'L Ha cxojE-fc opaTop'b 3K3ajLTHpyeTB vaccy He Toasito co^epwaHieMt cBoefi pJiin (Ttipauiu muc-ih, 3a KOTopyx) Korja-To yupoaajH I’oSecubepa), ho yca- jHBaeT'B Bneiawfiuie roaocoin., ([mrypofl, opaiopcKHMH npiesiann h t. n. (bb 97011% OTHomeHiH HeoTpa3uuoe luianie nulsa_B iiaiifecrnu#' up-iaHjv- csifl naTpion O’KonHeas). TaKHirs ofipaaom., saaiiMHOe BosCyacaenie, HBaaioiueecH Ha cxoaxax’B, mohcctb dopoahtb TaKoe mroraa ABHaseaie, KOTOpOe TpyjHO Cyaei-B HOTOIfB OCT&HOBHTB. C% STHMII OCoOeHHOCTHMH saKOHOAHTeaBCTBO BBiHyaaeno cththtbcb b% cbohxt, nocTaHoitaeniHXB o cxoAEaxi. KaK% oTHOCHTeiBHo accoaiauifi, Tax’s h OTHOCHTeasHo cxoaoxx, AHraia ctohtb Bnepeaa Betas, apyraxs eBponeflcKaxi rocyaapcTBX, npeaocTaBaaa hits aoaHyo cBofioay. IIpaBO hhthhtob'b— bto hckohho6 apano aHraHiaHi, kotopbtmb ohh aaBHO yate HayiMHcs nojB30BaTbca, xoth Huoraa h y buxb 6nBaioi-B cxoakh c% lepTaMa OySHai'o h ntyH- Haro HHTHHra. KoHTHHeHTaasHija rocyaapciBa, ocoCeHiio <PpaHiiia, no- ao3pHTeasHO, HeiOBipqHBO a dporo OTHOcaica K-BBTOMy npaBy. Toasico 3aK0H% 1881 roaa, upoBeaeHHHfl ramSeTTofi, aaai, b% btoms oTHome- hih Koe-Tro; paHie ®e no (f>panay3CK0My 3aKoHoaaTeascTBy He 6uao npoBeaeHO aa»e pasaHHia ae»ay accoaianieft h cxoakoA. AHraiScKoe 3aKOHoaaTeasCTBOo npani mhthhi'Obx. npeaocTaBaaa hkx mHpoKyio cso6oay, coaepaHTB bt, ce6i orpanaqeHia btoto npaBa, Hanpa- BaeHHua raaBHHMi. o6pa30M% npoTHB-s oxaaaBmHXca BpeaHinta nocaia- CTBii xaKoro ag6o cCopaina. Ho Kaxi, OTHOCHTeasHo accoqianift, tbkx h OTHOCHTeasHo MHTHHroB-B aHraiScKoe saxoHoaaTeascTBo ne paBCBHTu- Baew. Ha Mipsi npeaynpeaHTeasHBia, He ctohtb Ha nowfc npeaBapu- TeasHsixx pa3pimeHifl u 3anpeuteHifl. Mhikhth noryi-b npoHcxoaHTB

— 55 6e3E npejnapHTe,u.naro pa3pf>njenia Mt.cTnoit axMHiiHCTpaTHBHoft bjibcth; c.Tt,;(OBaTejn,BO, npurjameme Ha co6pame b caMOcoOpaHie npoHCxoxaTE coBopurenno cboGojho. Ho aHrjiScBoe naKOHoaaTCXECTiio oficraB-iaen, HHTHHrH no;r.xo,T;ainHMH ycxoBiaMH; Taax: 1) BOcnpeniaeTca co6panie MHTHHrOBE Ha OfimeCTBeHHHXE XOporaXE n yjHUaXt—3T0 pascnmHO Ha npexynpe&xenie HeyxoficTBE, iniaae MOrymHXE onaannai xxa nepe- jBHffienia upofejitaBimHXE h rrliiiiexonoHE; 2) be to epeHa, sorxa iihjiutij be tfopfc, BOcnpemaeTca ycTpaaBaTE cxoxbh be paacToama C.THace oxHOft aaaa ote 3xaHia uapjiaMeHTa—be Bajy. aorymaro dpohsoBth nanaxeHia na napjaMCUTE be tome cxyaaik, ecxa mkthhte cxixaeTca myMHUME. Bci xaxEH'Isaiuia Mipu, upeAnpaHaiiaeMHH aarjiflcKHME saEoaoxaTexE- CTBOME, HCEXEOHHTeXEHO HJltDTE BE BHAy HpCKpamenie H384CTHHXE noc.iixcTnifi, yace oCHapyjKHBinaxca, T.-e. TipaatHanTca be tome cxyiai, sorxa MHTHHTE upHHBaaeTE bbA'e, ynoTpefixaa TexHaaecsoe Bupaxe- Hie, gBeaaaoHHaro a rnyvaaro c6opama“, a sorxa hbxhdtch nparxa- nieHia be Hacaxiio hxh caao nocxtxHCC. Be stuxe cxyaaaxE 3asoHE npexocTaBxaeTE mIscthume BxacTHME, vapOBHXE cyxEHSE npano npa- rxacaTE coOpaoniaxcs pasoflTacb, npe home npHrxanrax>iuee xapo o6a- 3ann npoMHTaTi. ofiEBBxeaie, npoExaiiaaiio ote aaeHa napcTiiymmaro rocyxapa—Eopoxa axa sopoxeBH, cocTaBxeimyio be TasaxE Bapaxe- aiaxE: .lam i rocnoxaaE a rocyxapE, sopoxE (axa sopoxeBa) npaivasu- BaeTE a nOBexisaeTE net,me cofipasmaMca paaoSTHCE HOMexxeHHO a B03BpaTBTECa BE CBOB H EE CBOBBE SaHflTlHME BOAE CTpa- xome HasasaHia, no 3asoHy nepBaro roxa napcTBOBaHia Kopoxa Tcopra III. Bose, onacH Kopoxa Ecjh noexi npoTrenia aroro oOEaBxema npacyTCTByiomie Ha MHTHHri ho pacxoxaTca, to aapoBofi cyxEa ynox- BOMOBHBaeTca apaCirayTE ee bobuhoB caxt.- Jlunn, yaacTBOBaBmia da MBTaart a osasaBHiia HenoBBHOBOHie axa conpoTBBxeaie, cyxaTca sa to ho aHaae, saEE cyXpuE npacaxHuxE. 3tote cyxE, krke h8b4ctho, BixaeiE Bci xixa no oOiuhke apecrynxemaME, tske tto BHHOBHEre yaacTHHKH pa3orHaHaaro MHTHHra npexaxwca cyxy be o6meirB no- paxEi, a He noxxexaTE dphcaheiuh KasaxE jh6o cneaiaxEHUXE cy- xaxaniE. Hto aacaeTCa aasoaoxaiexECTBa no 3T0My npexaery xpyr,IX®.espo- □efiesaxE rocyxapcTBE, to hvjkho hm$tb be BHxy pasxaaie, xoTopoe hme ycTaHaBXHBaeTca' aexxy coCpaiiiaMH, upOHCXoxamiiMH be saEjfa- TOKE HGMimeHiH, H CX0XE3MH HOXE OTEpHTHME HefioME. TaEE, HpyC- CKaa KOHCTHTySia 31 aHBapa 1850 r. be uepsoMB afiaapt eraTEH 29 nocTaHOBxaeTE, bto bc6 npyccaKH HMiroTE iipano 6eaE npexBapHTexE. naro pa3p-femeHia cofiupaTBca Mupno h 6es% opyxia be saEpmoME uosiimcniH (Alle Preussen sind berechtigt, sich ohne vorgangige obrig- keitliche Erlaubniss friedlich und ohne Waffen in geschlossenen Rau-

men zu vorsammeln). HaAo o(5paTBTt BBaname na zmieeie 3aKpuTaro noM'Iuuoaia. B i AaHHOMi cjiyaai noji. hhmx paaVMieTCJi EOMnaTa bah 3aao bt>AOBt., KOTOpHft, oAHaKO, ne ecTi. irtcio atHTO.Ti.CTBa.wna, ycipaH- Ba»maro coGpauie; npa stomt., cofipaBmiaca Jana Ao.iatnu paacaaTpH- BaTLca He KaKi ero tocth, a KaKi zana, npamejuma no coGcTBeHHOMy ate.ianiio h no npejcapHTe.TtHOuy H3BinneBin. Tarb hto Tyre., roBopa Boofime, oSpainaeica BHHManie: 1) aa OTHOmeHie abut. co6paBmaxca kt> ycTpoHTe.TJiMT. cofipaHia h 2) aa OTHomeaie ycTpoHTeaefi K i 3Aaaix>. JlHu,a, npameAmia Ha cxosay. Be cyTb aana npar.iameHHHH, a cyn junta nocTopouHia (jaa yapeAHTeja h Apyri Apyra); hxx cBaaHBaxin. ucKJnoauTeJbno pe.iarioaHue ana ooAHTHiecitie HHTepecu. IIpa ceas, uoMtincnie ne cnHTaeTca nocToannuiii m£ctomt> atHTeniiCTBa koto Jiafio. HxaKi,, nepButt afinaui ct. 29 Aaew. npaBO ycTpaaeaTB cofipania bi 3aapuToMT, noutiueHia 6e3i orpaauaeHia nacaa jhot.; bo, no o6ct8H0bk4 CXOAEa, THC.T0 BTO H8MOJKeTi 6UTb OCOCeHHO Be.lHKO H, CjriAOBaTejIBHO, caMa cxoAaa no Tac.TeHaoay ceoeay cociaBy He npeACTaBiaen, yrpoati a.th ofintecTBeHHai'o nopaAaa. Haane cTaearca boupoet o coGpaniaxi BOAT. OTKpHTHMi Be6oMT>: Ha DAOmaAH hah sa ropoAOMi aoryTT. co- 6paTi>ca AecaTKH THcani HapoAa. IIpeAycMaTpaBaa bto, BTopofi afisanx ct. 29 raacaTi: bto nocTaHOBjenie (o cxoAKaxx bt> 3aKpuxo»x no- aimeaia) ho pacupocTpaHaeTca na c6opnm,a iioat. otkputumt. nefknai (bezieht sich nicht auf Versammlungen nnter freiem Hiimnel). 9th c6opama nOAinaniOTca npeABapaTe.ii.noMy paaplmieniio, na ocnonauia 3aKoaa, T.-e. ct. 29 npeAOCTaBAaen. saEony onpeA$AHTi>, npH aa- khxt. tcjobUxt. pa3pSmeHie na ycTpoflcTBO cxoakk iioat otkputhm’b HeOoMi Moaterb Cuti, aeho, h npa KaKaxi yexosiaxi Bi irroMi pas- ptmeeia c-rtAyen. OTKasaTL. 9th ycjtOBiJi uoApo6no vEasaHti si ynoMraaBmeMCH yate paHie saitOHi I I jiapTa. rjaBHbia ero nocTaHO- BAeHia saKAHinaioTca Bi CAiAyomeiti. 1) OGo .Bcfext (6e3t paoxaiia) coSpaHiaxi, rgi aoashu uponcxoAHTb cyatAenia no Bonpocaui o6me- CTBeHHHMi, ycTpoHTeja cofipamft 3a24 naca AoaatHH asnicTHTi, M*CTHy» BAacTb, Ci yKa3aHieMi uicra u Bpeaena; npa neui Mf.cmaa BJiacw BUAaeTi cBHAtTexbCTBO— poAi KaKi 6u KBHTannia— o nojyneHiH Tpe- 6yeicaro saBOHOni aiiB-fcinenia. Ecah ate exoxsta npeAnoaaraeTca nogi OTKpbITHHi HertOMi, TO OTKpHTie HB SaBHCHTi OTi nHCbMeHHaro pa3- ptfaeHia MicTHoS nojapeficKoft BxacTH, npa neui paspimeme ao.tsbo 6htl acnpomeHO aa 48 nacoBi ( baboo 6o.n.me) ao cxoakh; noAHneficKaa n.iacTb TOAbKOTorAa HoaeTi OTKasatb Bi npocHuoux paaptmeniH, ec.ra y He# HBaTca ocHoaaTexLHua noAOBpiaia, bto o6mecTBeHHOMy nopaAsy OyAeTi yrpoataTb cepbe3Haa onacnocTb. MicTHaa uojania Aoaatna Tasae Aiaaib pacnopawenia a upaniimaTb Mtpn, itoOu cxoakh ne npeuaT- ciBOBaaa ABasenio npotaacaiomHXi hah npoxoAamnxi. 2) IIoAoCaoe

57 — coCpame He uoaera ■npoHCSojHTL bt, pascToamii foraae 2-xx mhjl ora pesajeHHiH Kopoxa h.iu xaHATara, Kor^a ohx HaxoAHica bx cfiopi. 9thkx npecjii,iyeTca Ta *e aixb, ito h hi. Ahtaih, uveHso oxpaHa Kopo.iB h naxara ora BosxoaHaro xanxema hah ocKopfixeHia bx tomb cxyaai, Korxa cxoflKa npaaera fiypHufi xapaKTepx. UoAoCiiua ae nocTanOBxenia BCTp'b’iaeiix h bx aBCTpiflcKOMX 3a- koh6 1867 roja; ohx Toae pasxHqaera m* cto, rai cofiHpaeTca cxoasa: bx aaKpbiTOMX noHimeniH hah hoax otkputumx HefoMX h, cootbIit- ctbbhho 3TOMy, ycTaHaBXHBaera upaBiua, anaxorHiHuii npaBHAaiix npvc- cxaro sasoHa 11 Mapia. To *e iioatuo csaaaTt h bo nOBOxy HTa.ii.air- CEaro aaKOHOiaTextcTBa, a paBHO h saKonojaTextoTBa xpyrHXX rocy- AapcTBX. TaRx hto bx »tomx OTHOineHiH (io.vfce CTapua 3aKOHoaaTe.11,- CTBa npeaCTaBXHIOTCH aHaaorHHHHMH. Hhuh Hana.ia iioaoikohu bx ocHOBauie HHH'b arfeflcTBynmaro bo <l>paHniH 3aKOHa 30 insa 1881 r. llpeatnie itpannyacnie sasoHU set coflpaiiia 6o3tcxobhp cxaoHAH bx 3aBHCHstocTb ora npeaBapirceabHaro paaplnneHia MicTHUXx BiacTeS. Sanoax 1868 roja ntcsoALKO cmht- hh-ix 3to noxoateme bx cbjibh cx hobhmx XHOepaxbHUMX ott6hkomx, KOTopufi npaHHxa bx 9to BpeMfl Hanepia. 3kkobx ate 1881 rosa noxHie upuXuaeTT, npaBO cxoaoKx: ohx OTHiHaera, axa hhxx HeoSxoAHMOCTb npeaBapHTexxHiJxx pasplrmeHiS a nocTaHOBxaera, no bcjtkoB cxoakIi aoxatna npeancecTBOBaTb saaBKa ho Kpafiaefi sitpi 2-xx xhhx, ubx EOUXX OAHO COCTOHTX ZHTeieMX 3T0P0 M^CTa, U06a QpH3HaB)TCa HOXHO- npaBQUMH rpaataaHaHH. Bx 3aaBxeHiH xoxatHU 6utb yjtaaaHbi: nixt, BpeMB u mIicto cxoaeh. 3axBxeHie upexcraiuiieTca: bx Uapuacb npc- <j>8KTy noxania, EOTopoxy h npnHajxe*HTX npano paapiinaTb cxoxKy; bx rxaBauxx ropoxaxx xenapTaaeHTOBX—MicraoMy upeifieKTy, h bx npo- Hiixx ropoxaxx h oCmuHaxx—Mspy. Cxoxica noacera OTKpHTbca to.ixko 00 HCTeicHin 24 lacosx co Bpenena aaaBEH. HcBXDieme cAixano axh TaEx iiaabiBaeMuxx n3CnpaTexbHbixx cxoaoex, KOTopua OTspuBaioTca no nosoxy h axe oficysjenia Bu6oponx Hapojnuxx npexcTannTexe0. Taxifl cxojkh MoryTx 6hti, coCpaHbi aepesx 2 aaca nocxt. saaBKH, ho aaTO na naxx Horyra yaacTBOBan, toxxeo H36apaTexH, bx taoctobI - penie aero KaatAHS npHcyTCTBynniiS na cxoAEt o6x3UBaeTCH npeAX- HBXHTb cbob) n36npaTexb!iyt) KapToasy, tkkx hto axh sthxx cxoaoex yMeHfcmeHie saHBOHHaro cpoEa narex 6a ypaBHOBtnmBaeTCH orpaHnae- aieMx aHcxa xhhx, MorymHxx npHHHMaix yaacTie. 3ariMx Bocnpc- maeTcn ycTpaHBaTb cofipauia na yxanaxx (voies publiqaes) h npoAOx- ataTb ero uosxte 11 aacoBx nonoxyAHH (cxoakh ae bx aaKpbreojix no- Mimenin Horyra saEpuBaTbca no3Aiiie). ^axlie, Kaaxaa cxoAKa AoxaHa hm+.ti. csoe fliopo hex 3-xx xhhx: npeAcixaTexji, ero nouoipHHKa h cespeTapa. 9th Anna OTBiaaiOTx 3a nopflAOKX. MicTHaa bxsctb mo-

58 — sen, nocxait zxs npHcyTCTBOBania na cxojici xan.0 axMHHHCTpaTHBHaro hah cy^efiHaro cocjobih, Kant aip yaaKoraeTca a Bt Apywixt rocy- AapcTsaxt: pasHHua jamt Ta, ito Bt nocxiAHHXt BJiacTt doM/cna no- cuaaTj, CBoero jeaeraia, a bo ’J’panuiu oHa Moncemt oto caiaaTt, pa- 3yM'lieica Bt Tout c-iyaaii, ecaa ycMOTpint Bt BToait naaofinocTL. 3a- rtat nocTanoB.iaeTCH, icaKt a bo Bcixt jpyraxt 3anonoAaTejtCTBaxt, no .muo, npacyTCTByromee Ha cxoak;Ii Bt KaaecTai npaBHTeAtcTBeHHaro AexeraTa, ao.isho npHcyrcTBOBaw, Bt irpacBoeHHofi eay uo ao,tshocth itiopai: cjijOBaTeatHO, no OTHomeniio Kt cxoAKaxt npanaTejBCTBO npHMiHaen, cacTesiy amiaro Hafi.noAeaia. 9th AexeraTH Horyrt 3a- fipHBaTt cxoAKy ii-iu no npeA-»osenifo npeAciAaTexa, HCTOiuHBmaro bc$ cnocoGu oxpaHHTt uopaAOKt, •hah caMOCioaTe.Tbno Bt tout oiyaai, ecjH Ha cxoAKib 6yAeTt CAixaHt npH3HBt Kt HacHxiio iun upon3o8xeTt 6e3nopHAOKt yrposaromaro xapaBTepa. rJIA BA VI. IIplOCTAHOBEA KOHOTHTyitlOHHHXt TAPAHTlfi. I. TaKOBH rjaBHifliiiia H3t rapaHTifl xhhhoS h oCinecTiiennoft'cbo- 6oau, ycTanoBxeHBua KoncTHTynioiiHKMH aKTaMH. Ho HeofixoAHHO 3a- M-feTIlTb, 1TO OHt oSlJKHOBOUHO He BHCTaBAHTOTCH KaKt TpedOBaaiB, a6coj»THO o6n3aTeJifcHbifl aah rocjAapcTBeHHOfi BxacTH. Bt SH3HE KasAaro rocyAapciBa CuBaB'rt HOMen™ Basnuxt BHbnmHxt h bhv- TpeHHuxt 3aTpyAHeHifi, KorAa cuxa coOuTifi CTasHTt noopoct o caHOHt cymecTBosanin rocyAapcTBa hah AaHHaro rocyAapcTBenuaro nopaAsa. Bt 3TH MOMeHTU, AXfl npaBHTeXMTBeHHOfi BA3CTH, Ha KOTOpOft ABSHTt exh wpHAHqecKaa a HpaBCTBeHiiaa OTBiicTBeHHocTt 3a uixo M t crpaHH h ' HOAHTHHeCKarO OTpOa, B03HHBaOTt 06a3aHH0CTB AMcTBOBaTb no npaBy rocyAapcTseHaoS hcoCxoahmocth (Staatsnothrecht). Bt araxt cjyaaaxt ohs noxynaert bosuoshoctb craTt mme ipopMaxtHBixt orpa- HHneHifl CBoaxt npaBt, upiocTaHOBUTL AifidBie nnuxt rapaHiifi h xaaHoft h ofiniecTBeHHofi cbo6oam, ycTanoBHTt ocoOufi nopaAOKt ynpa- BxeHia (ocaAHoe noxosesie) h t. a. H. Bt ABrxiH r.iaBH-Mraeio H3t qpe3BHnafiHuxt nipt aBxaeTca npiocTaHOBKa A^flcTBia aKTa habeas corpus, orpasAawmaro xiiisya CBoCoAy ort npoH3Boxbnuxt apecTOBt. JOpuAHiecEiji nocxiACTBia npi- ocTftHOBKvi aioro 3BaMeiiHTaro aKTa coctohtb, no KpaTKO.wy, ho BipHoicy onpeAixeniio KoKca, Bt TOMt, hto xnua, noABeprayTHa apeciy, xe HabioTt npaBa, Bt leueuie Bcero cpoKa, na KOTopuft upiocTaaoBjeHt aKTt habeas corpus, TpeCooaTt ocBo6osAeHia «x t na uopyKH, npeA- cTaBxeBia Bt cyAt hah npocTo ocuofiosAema. Ho ahm, H3Aa»miH

— ‘ 59 — upejnHcams o$b apecTt, ocraioTCH otb^tctbsqhumh sa cboh fliflcTBla, ecjH npoTHBosaKonnocTb HXb 6jJien> jOKasaHa C.itjOBaTe.ii>no, no HCTeieHiH cpoKa, Ha KOTopua habeas corpus act 6aiti npiociaHOB.ieBi, npOTHUT, 8THX7, flO-jaSHOCTHUXb .IHUb HOryTb 6blTb BOafiyiKHeHH HCKH o R03BarpajfisemH 3a Bpejb h y6uTKH. Bb BHjty BTOro uapjaMCHTx, no HCTeieHiH cpoaa ipe3BhiqafiHbiXb uoxHOMOiift, flaneuxb npaBHTejib- cTBy, noKpwBaert jiflcTBia nocjrfijHaro Taai HasuBaeKHXb hha6xhb- t6thuh*b 6hjijeH x (fiyKBa.ibHO— (Sajuexx o HeHasasyeHOCTa), jaOu Orpa^HTb JOjIWHOCTHHXI JHm OTb HOryiHHX'b BOSHBKHyTb npOTBBb HHXb upec.rb.xoBaHiH *). yciOBia npiocTanoBEH habeas corpus onpeab-ianTca oOihumh ycxo- BiaHH xiBcTBui 3aKonoBT, Bb KOHCTHxyuiOHHBixb rocyiapcTBaxb. TaKb itaivb ibftcTBie 3aaoHa He Mosers Cuts npiocTaHOBjeHO BjacTbB hcho.i - HHTe.ibiioio ft 6hijt. o npaBaxi 1689 r. cueniaxbHO nocTanonH.ii,, no Hopojio HenpuHaweaurb sto npaBO, to h ntflcTBie ama habeas corpus HoaceTb fibiTb npiocTaHOBaeao tojibko aaKOHodameMHwn nopajKOMb, T.-e. iiocTaHOB.ieiiieMx napxaxenTa. HocjbAHiS, Bb cjiyaai BHbmHei hjh Bnyipeunefi onacnoCTH, jaeTb npaBHTejbCTny npano npuCiiraTb Kb apecTatib noi03pnTe.ii,nbixb jumb, ae coo6paayacb cb npasaxaua ha­ beas corpus. Ho nojHoiioue sto jaeTca npaBHTeabCTBy Ha onpeai- aenHH0 cpoKb, no HCTeaemn KOToparo MHHaciepcTBO o<Sa3aHo npejcia- bhtb OTTOTb o5b ynoTpe&ieHia, cabaannoMb Hub H3b aaHHHXb nojrao- Moiifi, a o upoaaeuia axb, ec.iH oaaaieTca HyxnuHb, Ha hobuB cpoKb. Cayiau *npiocTaHOBEH aificTBia habeas corpus, Bb upejt.iaxb co(5- CTBeHHOAHI-Jin, BbISbIBajHCb ipe3BiJHaitHIJMH ofiCTOaTeabCTBaMH,KOTopua nepeaiHBaja BTa cTpaaa cb kohus XVII CToabTia. HepsuS H3b TaicHXb cjyiaeBb othochtch ko BpeueHa, cabAOBaBUieay sa BTopoio peBOJiEmieio (1688 r.), Korjia npecmib HBrsaHHaro IaKOBa II 3aHa.m BaabreabMb HI (Opancnift) h ero *ena Mapia (floab Iaaosa). DlaTKoe noaoseaie Hosaro npaBHie.ibCTBa, nponcKH ero MHoroiHCJieH- HHXb sparoBb, secbxa aiaiejbHHXb a HaxoAKBnaxb no,iuepaEKy 3a rpaHimefl, ofibacaaaa Tasyio qpe3BH>iaftny» abpy, Kaab npiocTaHOBBy jtfiCTBia habeas corpuss). IioptCa npHBepzeHQeBb CTapoB AHHacTiH - ') Homersham Cox, Die Siaatseinrichtungen Englands, o4a. nep.,CTp. 898 3) Maaoaei roBopera no Mtoxy ooiojy cjrfeiycoiee: „Ba4 naiarx neiOBOuaue Be npevHByiiB aanlTnrt, m m mayimeo napcTBOBasie (Iasona II) jilcTBie aaia habeas corpus ae 6mo apepnBaeno hh Ha oxhht, ten. Ilpiearo BaantaTi Iaaosa

cx HOBOK) B8 npespamaaacb bo bcb nepnyw noaoBngy XVIII BiBa. Bx ocofieHHO BasEHJi mubytu btoS fiopsCu npiocTananjHBajocb jift- CTBie habeas corpus, flaa paaa npiocTaHaBJiHBaxocb oho npn Bu b - reawri III; pasx npa A hhI, AaTCEOfl; Tpn pasa upn nepBHix Kopo-iexx rauiioBepcKofl AnnacTiH (reopra I h II). Ilpn hocaIiahhxx upiocTa- HOBBa habeas corpus 6bua mjnuana B03CTaHieux 1715 roja, sBo6ht- CKHM'b 3aroBopoMX 1722 a BTopjKenieMx npeTeHjeuTa 1745 r. IloCija KopoaeucKHXb boSckx hoax Kap,ionx-9AyapAOMX h SHepruiecKOe no- AaBAeBie B03CTaaia, nojHSTaro nocjtAHHMX, saKOHUMH Copb6y, j.thb- mynca uo.intEa. Bx Teuenie cjfeAOBaoniHxx aaTiux nsTiwecHTH at.TX aHiMHianc He ncnuTai« y cefia josia unsaKHXx ncKJiiosnTe.ibHHXX irfepx. HecMOTpji aa cjiyTU, npuHHMaBiuia hhoi'a& cepxesHtie pasxtpH, KaKOBU ysasaHaue Bunie TopAOBOBCKie 6e3nopaAKH. Ouaceaia a jase yatacx, BUSBannue bx apHcroKpaTaaecBofi AHrjriH (jipaHHyscKoc peBOADuiew 1789 roja, ea B.iiaHie Ha pasBHTie AeMO- KpaTaaecKHxx cTpeM.ieaifi bx cauoS Aarjia, ofipasoBaHie bx noc-iiAseS Taftnuxx ofimecTBx, upH3HaKH penoJiDnioHHaro Ayxa, Bupa3HBmieca bx myuHHxx c6opamaxx h .yaxe npecTynabixx noKymeHiaxx, BimajH bx 1794 roxy irhrafi pajx BKCTpeHHiixx M-fepx, bx tomx HHCjrfc h OTHtay habeas corpus. HaKOraa Aaraia, co npewenu HsrHama CTioapTOBX, ho 6u.ia nocTaBjeea hoax Taaoft HCE.iKnHre.ibnuri pexkMx h hbkobas AhBcTBie nocaiAHaro He npoAOaata.iocb Taax Aoaro, necsiOTpa Ha Bci ycHjia onno3HHiH ($oacx, mepHAaHx h Apyr.) hoCvahtl napaaneHTb OTM’hHHTx qpesBbisaflBbia uoiiHOMoaia, ashhuh MHHHCTepcTBy IlHTTa1). Beuuo CBBiaBTi ce6« bx upas* Tpcfiosati fioite ryaaaBaro h a«6epaaLBaro ynpa- aaeHia, uexeaH aaaoro o i«a iin on ciapo# b rjyfloKO yaopouBBmeSai uacm Ho Tanoe BpaBBTeixciBO, ania sceraa Mnoro AtaTeJXHHxx sparOBx a Be o6aaiaa cH-ioB), BpoHcaowueBBax saKOBBocTHa xbbbocth, »o * e » cHaiua wpasaixcaTOJIBO :»BTe»BOCTiB HCTpOrOClin, BX BOTOpHXXCTap&Ji ■ nyftoio y..r___ le ayauaeTCa“. Hcmopix Auviiu, pyccs. nep., t. IX, cip. 48 h citj. *) 9. Mefl xoRaauBaerx, HTO 3TB ufepu IIe 8tua bhbi ,e Bp8K«“, rOBOpBIXOBX, ,BiTX BO3MO3SH0CTBCOMBiBBTlCB BBBinaB BX ry bhoxj, Saia iipeyBe.iBiena b ipenBuiaHna. Tafinhia ofineciBa yaacTBBKOBx: BaiaTeaxaue .idib bo hbxx; Bee o6meciBO bxx ocyajaao. BPBBBBX, ycaopBBBiBxx peaoaiiiin 30 ®panniB, ne cynecrsOBaxa bx Bia opoBSBOJxaaro BpaBBieaxcTsa aanao Hcaesaa. y aacx no 6hjo bb HacTBaiB, bh iipaBtueiupoBannofi apBcroKparia, bb Benpoxo- cpejBBMx cocio'Bi

— fil — Eocpsii. xhTX jjH joct 9T0 uo.ioxenie, noita bx kohu$ 1801 roja xbi- CTBie habeas corpus fouo bo3ct&hobjeHo, npu qeitx jhflcTBia mhhh- cTepcTBa h ero opraHOBx 6iuu upe,xBapHTc.Ti.no noKpuTu HmeMHmeT- hhmx 6njijieu%'). ■ Dnoxa ucii.irmiTejLHaro uoaoxema (1794— 1801) Oujra nocRamena Ha OTaaflUHyio fiopi.fiy cx 'bpaanjeio, BoBiiy, oxnaTHBmyD naao-no-itajiy act. eBponeficKia jepaaBU. TaraiiTCBaa GopcOa Tpe60Ba.ia on. cTpaim BejiHBiixt sepTBX h Bpexuo OTpaatajacf, na Toprosah 11 upOMBim.ieH- hocth Ahtjuh. Bx to xe BpeMH bx jhjait BHyrpBHUHXi uapu.n, aojHufi 3acTofl, 6jaroiapa KOTopoMy ocTa.XHct BOHcnpaBxeHHUMu Muoria a.ioyuoTpeCjeHiH, .naimo yae BU3UBanuiia napojHoe HejouojbCTno (Ha- npHMipx, OTJKHBmaa cacieiia npejcTaBHTejicTBa), h HHqero He 6u jo caiaaHO A-ia yjyanieniH Cu ts pa(5oqHxx KaaccoBX, nojoxenie BOTopuxx nojx B-riauiestx odmaro npoMtrai.ienaaro KpHSHca, cTaiiOBH.ioci. hbbh- HOCHHHMX. Peay.ibTaTu sthxx vc.iOBift He 3aMejjH.iH oOHapyxHTLCH. Bx npo- Huin.ieHHUXX OKpyraxx oOpaaoua^HCL upecTynnua coo6mecTBa nexAy pa&uMUHH (jiyjjHTH), lyaannuiMB nonpaBHTb cboc no.ioxeHie HacHjisMH, noA®oraMH, jaxe y6ificTBaMn, h HaupaBUBHiHHH cbod apocTB npoTHBX MamHHX, BX KOHXX OHH BHA'Il.TH npHHHHy 6e3pa60THIJH. J(oporOBH8Ha xjifia, oCycAOB.TCHHaji bhcokhmh noni.jMjaMH na bbo3hhA xxi6x, yca- -iii.ia oxecToqeHie. IUynHua c6opnma bx HoTraHraMt, ManaecTepi, UupunHraMt, JIoHxoat, xoth h paachaHHua chaoio, npeABimaiiH Coate cepbe3HHe CejnopiijiiH Bx 1817 ro.xy npuHnx-pereHTXJ) OTnpaBaaca ■iHBHo OTKpuBaTi. cecciio napjaMema. Bo Bpeua BosBpauteBia, bx ero aapeiy 6tJ.io nymeuo HicKOjEKO nyax a Opomeao xnoro EamueB. Otb4- tohx aa 9th noityineHia aBHjacx HOBaH opiocTaHOBxa habeas corpus. npejjioxeHHaa mhhhctcpctbohx rpa<j>a CmMyra (aopaa Jbwepnyia) h upHHHTaa napaaueHTOHX. Ho bx cjrbjyDmeMX xe rojy napaaxeHTx He bo306hobhjx noJtnoMoqiS, jannuxx MHHHCTepcTBV. Cx Thxx nopx AifiCTBie habeas corpus co6ctb6hho bx AHraia He , npiocTaHaBHHBajiocB hh paay, HecHorpa Ha opoaBxeHia napoAnaro ue- yAOBOJbCTBia. Hh rposHua cHenu BoanemS 1819 roja, hh myMHHe uhthhi'h, TpedoBaBmie napxaiieHTCKOft pecfiopniu bx 1831 r., hh abh- xeuie qapTHCTOBx (1839— 1848), hh dypaaa ai'HTauia, upeAmecTBo- BaBinaa OTHinh xxi6HHXx aaicoHOBx, ho noc.iyatH.iH hoboaohx kx jh- nieHi» aHrjHHanx aroro BaxntCmaro ode3neqeHia hxx .ihhboS cboSoau. Ho 3Ta M'ipa npuMiRSAact a npuMbnacTca aoboabho qacro bx Hp- ’) Byjywia Teopn IV; ohi ynpaBjajx rocyiapcTeoai oocjyaaio t«*so&ncHxn- cuofi (io.ifaUH ero OTija, Teopra in (1760—1820).

— 62 mania, rail BisoBaH 6opi>6a HapoaHOCTeB, ocjoiKHeaHaa HeBUHOCHUUMH arpapnuiiH oTBomeHiaMH, doctohhbo aopozflaeTS cofisma, Tpe6y»nua •apeaBBreafiHHXB Hip*, HecnocoOnuxB, 'o^naao, piniuTt HeciacTBUfl' ,upaaHXCsifi BOnpocB\". III. KoHTBBeHTajiHHa eBponeScKia KOHCTHiyniH, bb oTnoraeHia npSBa npuBHuaTB apesBHaafiiiEM nips, aoryn. Cutb pasxforeHH na TpH rpynnn: Kb nepaou othocatcb KOHCTHTyaiH, eoece Bocnpemaomia apiocTaHa- BauBaTB gificTBie rapaHTifi, yci&HORjieHHHXB bub aaa juiuofi cbo6ojh. TaKona EoncTHTynia CextrificKaa, aoTopaa bb ct. 130 BOciaBOBaaerB, no „EOHCTHTynia Be xoaceTB 6htr npiocTanoBjena bb cbocmb itfi- CTBIH HH BB ni.lOMB, HH BB HacTn“. XoTa 3Ta CTaTBfl H H6 FOBOpBTB opauo o rapasTiaxB XHtHOft ciiofio.iu, bo xificTBie ea, oiesajiio, pac- DpocTpaaaeTca h aa sth CTaTBH (7—22; cp. kohcthtvuib) pyuuacKyD, ct. 128). Ko omopofi EaTeropia npanaxxeKan. KOHCTBTyniH, xoaBoxflEmia npiocTauaB.'iBDaTL jiiScTBie H’fiKOTOpux'L rapaBTifi, hub ycTaaoBxea- buxb, ho He HHaie, kbkb MKOHodameAbHioxb nopaattoMB. Kb wcxy hxb npHHaAaezHTB HcnancKaa KOHCTHTynia 1876 ro^a. Ohb onpeji- xaerB (ct. 17), no: ,rap&HTiH, yKasafisua bb ct. 4, 6‘), 6J) a 9*) ■ bb §§ 1*), 25) h Sc) ct. 13 ho MoryrB film. HpiocTaHOBaOBU, bo Bcefi uonapxiH n.ra bb ea BacTH, rnia'ie, KaKBho epexn u n ctuy 3anom, aorja Toro uoTpefiyoTB rocyiapcTneiiHaa 6esonacHOCTi h Bpc3BHBa8Bua oficToaTeatCTBa. Ecxa KopTecu He co6paHU, h ec.iH ofieToaTextcTBa bbshh u HeoTxosHH, apa- BBT6.IBCTB0 HOBteTB, BOJBCBoeBJ OTB$TCTBeHHOCTMD, UpioCTaHOBHTB yKa- 3aaHHH rapaHTia, cb 06x8aTexLCTBOnB npexcTaBHTt cbob pimcBie Ha ycuoTpitrie eoptbcobb bb caopifinieuB, ao bojhozhoctu, BpeueBB. Hb bb KaEOHB cxyia$ hc nosers (5htb apiocTaaoiixcHo xificTBie jpyrHXB rapaBTifi, spout BumeyicaaaHHHXB. )(oxikhocthhh XHUa rpaaxaHCKaro . hxb. BoeBHaro BtjoucTBa ne bb apaBt HasHaaaTB ApyrHxt HasasaHifi, spoui ysasaHHUXB bb aaKOHt\". IIoAofiHoe ate nocTaHOBxeuie coxepatHTca a bb KOHCTHTyaiH nopTy- raxBCEOfi (ct. 145, § 34), ho cb cxixy»tnnMB paaxHuieMB: 1) bb nop- TyraxBCKOfi EOHCTHTyaia Toraie yKasanu noBOjH kb npiocTaHOBKt ra- *) 0 caoSoxi oeqaia. ') 0 CBoOojfecxoioni. *) 0 cboCoa* neraniS.

paHTifi, HiieHHo: bthmu aoBojaHa staxast-rcp B03CTaHie hah BTOpxenie nenpisTCAa; 2) orpaaiitoho ihcao rapasTifl, atficTBie Koropuxx mokcix Chti. npiocTaHOB.jeno, mnenno: KOHCTHTynia roBopaix tojlko o ra^aH- Tiaxx .'ihihoScbo6oiu; 3) Ha npauHTcjiacTBo apaxo BOaaaraeTca o6a3aa- HOCTb npeflCTaBHTL HOapo6HUfl H MOTHBHpOBaHHuB 0TB6TX O CBOHX’L AiflcTBisxx, h Bci HcnoAHHTeAH ero pacnopaaemS ocTaDTca OTBiT- CTBeHHHXH 3a coBepmcHHUH uub aaoyBOTpe6.ieHi«. Kx mpemteu Ea-reropin otbochtch KOBCTBTyuiB, j03B0JBB>m,ia hc- no.iHMTe.itHoft K.iacTH, T.-e. npaeumcAbcrmy, npaHHxaTb ysasaHHaa BUine ipc3BnqafiHUn xipu. Taaoiia KOHCTarynia aBCTpiBcaaa. Ct. 20 saaoaa 21 SfiK. 1867 r. o6x „ochobhhxx apaBaxx rpaatjanx” raacaTX, too „caeniaJiLBU0 sueohx nocTaaoBan. 0 aobvcthmocth BpeMeaaoS a m-Sct- aoii npiocTaaoBKH OTBiTCTneaiiOB) apaBHTejbCTBeHBOD BaacTLB (T.-e. _MHHHcrepcTBOxs) ct. 8 (jaanaa CBo6oja), 9 (Aoxaiaaafl nenpaKOCHo- BeHHOCTi), 10 (TaflHa qacTnoS ncpenHcxa), 12 (cBoSoxa cxoaokx a cofipaaia), 13 (cBofioia aeaaTa)“. npe*B03B*meHHHa DToio CTaTteio 3aKoaT> Bumea-E 5 xaa 1869 r. OpaxtHeBie ero 611.10 cjixaao bx 1884 ro*y no cayaaio h-6ckoalkhxx noAHTHiecBHXx y6i8cTBX bx Bin-6. Ohx 6uax npastiHeax Bx cyie6-‘ nuxx oapyraxx: Biacsoxy, KopaeaCyprcKOMy h BHHepnefimTajTCKOMy. TaBOBa ate a EoacTHTynia cepficBaa (er. 38), iaumaa npaBHTe.u,CTBy npaBO, bx cjtyaai oqbchocth, BpexeHno apiocTaHaBAEBaTb AiScTBie saKOBOBX o .maaofl cbo6oa6, o .lOMaaraefl aeupBEocBOBeaHOCTa, o cbo- 6oxb CBOBa a neiaia a nojcyjaocTa uatxaro ero ecTecTBeHHHXx CTjbBMX, T.-e. CTaTefl 27, 28, 32 a 111 KoacTBTynia. H3b6ctho, too Kopoab Maaaax en;e aejaBHO aocaoAbaoBaaca eraxx apauoax. ce6aIV. Ho oco6eaHoe BaauaHie oOpamaiOTX Ha saxoau aByxx boahbhxx eBpoueficBHXx rocyjapcTBX, KOTopufl no CBoexy CKaaay.npejt- CTaBjaioTx aoboabho XBoro yc.ioniB ax Bpexenauux npiocTaaoBEaux KoacTHTynioHHiJX'b rapaaTifl, hmohho aaxoHu d'paauia a repxaHia. Kean bx Aar.ria a3BicTHiSnie>> aax qpe3BuaaSabixx xipx HB.iaeTca apiocTaHOBKa Aiflcisia aKia habeas corpus, to bx sthxx cTpBaaxx TaBODate asB’hcTHOCTbDnoAtayeTCfl o6xaB.ieHie H3B-6cthhxx uicTHOcTefi rocyAapcTsa hah aiaoB cTpaau bx ocaiaoxx ao-ioatenia (dtat de siege, Belagerungszustand). HsofipiTeaie stoB x-fipu apHHaAAeatHTX d’paauia. Caxo no ce6t yupasaenie asBicTEHMa uicTnocTaxH aa ochahoEx aoaoateaia BbrreKaeTX •n8x ycaoBifi a rfoTpe6aocTeS Boeaaaro BpeaeBB. Kor.ia, npa BoSai HacTynaTeaxHofi, aoficEa saHHxaxux aacTa aeapiaTeaxcEoS TeppHTopia, hah KorAa, npa Bofta-6 oCopogHTeAbHoa, aeopiaTeax BToprca bx pa3aua oSaacTH rocyAapcTBa, BoeaHua BaacTa no aeodxoAHXOCTH noax3yE>Tca HSBicTHOi) ABKTaTvpoiD. Hxx TpeSoBaaiaxx noAiaHADTca B.iacTH rpa-

— 64 — at^aHCititi; hxb B-iacTi. npo^TupaeTCJi ne TOibKO Ha bohhckhxt. ihhobb, 060 0Hp H Ha npOlHXB KHTe.!Ofi, nOCKOJbKy 3TO He X ABM JUH OxpaHeHill janaoB M’tcTHOCTH otb rpo3amefi onacHOCTH. Ho xapaKTepHCTHiecKaa aepia cfipanupcKaxt aaKOHOBx coctohtb bb tomb, hto btotb bhjjb B06HH0H JHKTaTypU MOJKCTB CblTb yCTaHOBJIPRB H BB CHyiat BHyTpPH- hhxb cayrB. Shkohu 1791 h 1797 rr. bo.iojkh.ui uaiaao aTony BaKoao- .laTejBCTBT b i ero r-iannuxT. lepraxT,. Ohh coctohtb bb tomb, bto: 1) cb oCBBBjieHieHB ocajnaro nojoxeHia ipso jure npiocTaHaBJHBaeTca AtflcTBie paaiHBHHXB KOHCTHTynioanuXT, rapanxifi bb TtxB HtcTHO- cthxb, rat Tasoe aojosenie 06T.HB.1eB0; 2) BaxHtSmia upaBa yupa- Bxenia h npaBocyaia upejocTaBahhitch soenauMB BJiacTHMB; 3) npBC- HHKHifl BOCjliaBHXB BpOCTHpaeTCH KaKB Ba Boenuuxl. BHHOBB, T3KB H Ha rpaxaaHB no npejMeraui,, npeaycMOTptHHUMT, bb 3aKont o6b ocai- HOMB BOJIOXeHia. 3th aaia.ia paauHTH bb Aeupert Hano-ieona I (24 jcKafipn 1811 r.). Ho h paHbiiie xoro HnueparopT. rnapoBO no.ib30Ba.icH bthmb apaooMB, HMtfl KB TOMy MHOI'O IIOBOAOBB, BC.ltjCTBie HenpepbTBHblXT. BOfillT. H aacTUXB npoacKOBB BpaxaefiHBXB eMy napxift. llocxt BTopoS peera- BpaniH BypfioHOBB (1816 r.) CTpaHa ue fitua o6BHn.ieHa bb oc8ahomb no.iojKeniii, ho na.iaTa noeutniHja BOTHpoBaTb HCK.noiHTe.ii.nue saKOHU, HO aiflCTBiK) CBOCMy paBHHBDlieCH OCBAHOMy BOAOSeHihi: huh 6u.ih npiocTaHOBJieHbi rapanxiu jihiuob cbo6oah h yipexAeHH BoeHHO-cyAHHH KOHucciu (iipeBOTa.ii,line cyAH). Korfla bb Hapaxt ncnuxHy.ia iioAbCKa* peBoaiDHia (1830 r.), opAOBHaHCx Kapaa X oCbhbhjb btotb ropoAB BB 0C8XH0MB DOJIOaeHiH, KOTOpoe, BlipoaeMB, He Cbl.TO npHMtneHO, BcxtACTBie TOpaeCTiia peno.iiouin. J ioaobhks ■J’h.ihbub, bb 1832 r., no c-iyaas) aerKTHUHCTHHCCKaro B03CTaniH bb BaHAei, oCibhbhjib 3Ty MtCTHOCTb BB OCaAHOMBHOAOXCHIH. ToHBO T8KB JKCBOBpeMH ilOHbCKarO eoacTania (1848 r.) ocaAHoe ooAoxeaie 6kuo npono3rnameHO bb Ilapiixf,, ■abb cjitnyiomeMB rosy HaqioHaabHoe cofipaHie mahjIOhobhB3asoHBo6b atomb npeAMeit. 3asoHB 9 aBr. 1849 r. ocTaBaoca bb ch.i !, ao 1878 r., cb rfcMB pa3JwaieiiB, ito no KOHCTHTynig 1852 roAa npano oobhb.ihti. ocajnoe no-Toaesie 6ajo npenocTaBiieno npesmeHTy pecnyfijHKH (noc.it HuuepaTopy) ‘). HastcTBO, ilo Hano.ieom. Ill innpoKO noJibBOBaxca KaKB BTHMB, THKB H jpyrHMH HCK.l»1UTe.lbHUMH DpaBaMH2). Bb HacToamee BpeMH nupxdom o&bHBJeHin ocajnaro DoHOxema ') Cr 12. „11(l’empereur) a le droit do declarer I’itat de siige dans on ou pluaienrs departements, sauf 4 en rdfdrer an sdnat dans le pins bref ddlai\". ’) Hanpnirtpi, saaoaoMi o(5i oSmeoreeBSoa SesonacaocTH (loi, relative 4 des mesures de sflretd g^ndrale), BMaiiHuat ei 1868ro*y,Bc-rincreieuoaviueaiaOpcaaa na aaaas aanepaiopa (14 aaaapa 1858 r.).

— 65 — ycTanoBJiem, sskohomx 1878 roja, ho notmdemei* ero iionpeameMy oupeat-ieHu aaKOHOMi 1849 roxa. 3aKOHX 1878 roja (3—4 anpli.ia) aocianoDjaen,, hto ocajnoe noAOHteme noateTx Curb oCxHB.aeHOto.ibko BcaiacTBie Henocpe.xcTBeHHO rposamefi oobchocth (p6ril imminent) on BntmHefi boShu hjiu BOopyxeHnai'o B03CTaHiH. Oho Moxert Chits oGx- hb.ibho tojtlko saEOHOKX, )'Ka3UBaH)innsii> MicTnocTH, rAi ycTanoiuaeTCH ocajeoe nojoiKeHie, h onpe.vfcjHFtmHMX cpoKX ero jitfiCTBia. llo HCTe- BeHiH BToro cpona ocajHoe HOAoaceaie upespainaeTca ipso jure (de plein droit), ecxH hoblift 3asoHX He npojo-ixHTx btoto cpona'). Bx cjyqali orcpoasH sacijaHifl na.ian, (ajoumement) ocaiuoe no- Joaienie Moatert 6litl oOi.aB.ieHO npesHxeHTOux pecnyC.wKH, coraacHO ez un'huicMZ contcra mhhhctpobx. Ho bx otomx cnyvai na.iatu, no coficTBeHHOMy npany, coCupaioTCH qpe3x A«a ah*. Bx c.iyaat pocnycica naaaTU xeuvTaTOBx (dissolution), no OKOHiama hobhxx BuCopoux, npe- 3HjeHTX He HMiert npaBa oCxhbhts ocaanaro noxoaema, 3a HCK.iioie- HieMX cjyaaa BHimiuefi boBhu, Korja ohx Moaerx oCxhbutl sto ho- AoaieHie ax AeuapTaxeHTaxx, kohmx yrposaexx HenpiaTe.it. Ho ohx oCaaaHX cosBaTb HaCupaTeji.uuH coCpaHia h coCpart na-iaxti bx bob- M03EH0 KpaTEifi CpOXX. llo COBUBt HB.iaTT., paCUOpiUEeHie, CiA-iaHHOe iipe3HA6HTOHX, npeACTaB.iaeTca Ha hxx ycMOTp'fmie ')■ HesaBHCHMO otx Toro yjepHtaHH nocTaHOB.ienia ct. 4—5 aaKoaa 1849 roxa, bx cmy HOTopuxx: a) bx BoeaHsixx nyHKTaxx h nocTaxx (KpinocTaxx h t. h.) ocajBoe HOAOxeHie Moiseix Curt o6xau.ieno KOMaiixyioii(HHx BoHcaaMH, OTAann(flMX OTierx bx cbohxx xifiCTBiaxx npaauTe.ibCTBy; 5) upe.tH- xenix, bx tomx c-iyaa-i, ec.ra ohx He cnrraeTx bosmojbhhmx chhtl oca.iHoe noAOxeuie bx mIicthocth, r.nl oho ycraHoiueno coraacno ct. 4 h 5, AoaateHx HeMej.ieHHO upeAXosHTb o tomx najaTaMx. nocjf>ACTBiH ocajmiro no.iojKenia onpe,vi>.inbitch ct. 7—11 sasona 1849 roxa. Ohh coctohtx: 1) bx nepexaffc BaacirkSninxx npaBX r.iscth, neoCxoAHMtixx a-ih lioxAepataaia cnoKoflciBia, b.ibcthmx BoeiiHHMx; 2) bx nepejait bochbhmx cyxaMX pa3CM0xpiHia x&ix no. npecTynxe- HiflMX h npocTynitaHX hpothbx rocy.iapcTBa, ROHCTHTynin, o6mecTseH- Haro nopaiEa h ofimccTBeHnaro cnoEoScTBia; 3) bx npeAOCTaBJemH BOeHHUMX B.iaCTBMX lipasa npOHBBOAHTI, BO BCHKOe ItpeMH AOMOBUe oGuCKH, BUCH.iaTI. .IHpX, He HMtlOmHXX OOCTOflHHarO XHTeAbCTBa BX m4cthocth, oCxjiB.TCHHofi bx ocaAHOMX iio.ioxCHiH, OTCnpaTS opyatie H BocnpenjaTb rexama h cxoaeb, aonirraeMUH huh BpexHHMH aah ofime- cTBeHHaro cnoKodcTBia. Bx 3tomx oCxeMt ocaAHoe noAOxeme, npoBosr.ianieHHoe nanioHajt- *i Ct. j. •) Ct. 2, 8 B 5.

66 — Hint* cofipaaiesn. 1871 ro*a, j-fcftcTBOBajo Bb 6oxbinHHCTBt jeuapTa- HeHTOBi ^paania •Bb Teieme 2 Atob (1871— 1873 rr.), BCxfijcTBie pesyjbiaTOBb (JipaaKO-npyccKofl boShu h iliftcToifl napuatcEofi kommvhh. V. Haiana (tipaanyacKaxi, saKOHOBb o6b „ocaaHOMb uoaosenia\" ne- pem.iH u «b repnaaiB, ocofieuuo ae Bb npyccKoe 3aK0H0iaTe.ii>cTB0. Ct. I l l npyccKoi KoncTHTyniH nocTaHOBAaeTb: Bb cjyiai boBhh hah BoacTaaia, yrpoxaioulHXb o6mecTBeHHofi 6e30nacH0CTH, aiflcTBie CTaTefi 5—7 ')> 27—30 ’) a 36 *) Koryn (jutl npiocTaHOB.ieHu; „dojpo6hocth onpefltxaeTi. saKOHb“ (das Nahere bestimmt das Gesetz). H8b BTHXb SaKABWreAbHblXb CAOBb BHJHO, HTO BOIipoCb O „H0- paiKi npiocTaHouKHH ocTajca OTKpuTbiHb. OcTaa.ia.ia ah npaBO Ha TaKyn npioc-ranoiiKy 3aKOHojaTejf.Haa B.iacTt sa co6ok>, h.ih oho nepe- xoahjo Kb B.iacTH Hcno.iHHTeai.Hofi? 3aB0Hb 4 iiona 1851 r. pimhat. 3T0TT, BOnpOCb BT> UO.lLSy BAaCTH HCnOAHHTeALHOft, DO KpafiHefi Ktpt, OTHocHTe.ibHO oSbHB.ieHiH ocajnaro nojoaenia. OfitaBaenie ero npe- JOCTan.ieHO KOpOAIO HOAb OTBbTCTBCHHOCTBD MHHHCTpOBT.. Ho UOC.l't.lHie ofiasyKiTca, Bb cayaai o6b>iBAeiiifl oca.iaaro noAoseirin h.ih npiocTa- HOBKH A^fiCTBia OAHOfi H3b yKaaaHHHXb CTaTefi EOHCTHTyniH, COOfilHHTB o Toub najiaTaHb TOTiacb (sofort) hah, no KpafiHefi Mipi, m> hxt> 6.iHHcafiuiyK> cecciio. Ho saKOHb He onpei’feaaen., wt <ieHb Hueimo co- ctohtt. DOCAtACTBia TaKoro coo6menis, h bt, npaB-fc ah naxaTii otm£- hhte M-fipy, upHHHTyB) HcnoAHHTejbnoD BiacTbD? UocAtjcTBia ocajHaro DOAOxenia iipB6.iH3UTe.iLHo rfe »e, kskt. h no cfipaiinyscKoiiy npaBy. Bb 3T0»b bha’I npaBO o6bHBaeHia ocaAHaro noaoaeHia nepeHeceno Ha repHaHcaaro HMnepaiopa, Bb cnay ct. 68 HMnepcKOfi kohcth- TyHin (*o 1871 r. KOHCTHTyniu ciBepo-repxaHCKaro coma). Hstnepa- Topy, Bb caynai onacnocTH, rpoaainefi o6mecTneHHOMy cnoKoficTBin Bb TeppHTopiH coim, BpeAocTaBAHCTcn oCbBBHTL KasAym qacTL btoto co»3a Bb ocaAHOHb noJoateniH 4). IIocxiAHee 6uao ofibaiueHO Bb h-J- KOTopuxb HicTBOCTHXb repnaBm Bb 1870 rojy, no uoBOjy <{>paHKO- npycCKOfl BOfiHH. OcoSbhhok) 4>opHOK>npHHiHenia stoto npaBa hbahctch ycTaHOBAenie TaKb HMtiBaeMaro „momio ocaAHaro DOAOseBia\" Ha ocHOBamH § 28 3aK0Ha npoTHBbconia.racToBb (Socialisten-Gesetz) 1878 rona *). 3a«oeb ') lapaaiiB nnol ck)6oih. lyiaixi,, opejycMOTpiH- ') Cbo6o*& nei«TH, cxojosi a acconia . b% liechisbucher des ') 06%ywirpeSJeaiH aoeimoft cam He *) UpaBBio 9to ae pacnpocipau deulschen Reiches, XVI, II.

67 « cuHia.iHCTaxx '), BM3BaHBU& G.raiRagniiiirb oGpaaoHx nORymeHiaxa Ha XH3HB repxaHCEaro HMnepaTopa, npoiiaoejeiinuMH rSje.iem. h Hodh.i hhtomx, coxepsHTx BX cebi aaupememe coniaxacTHiecEHix accoiuauifi, H3jaHiS, Kaccx, cxojokj. h t. a., a TaKate yna3ame Ml;pi, ex hxx saEpuTin. Ho, csepxx Toro, bx aeax EEtexca iiocTanoBxeuie o npiocTaHOBK'fc ntEOTopuxx oCihhxb KOHCTHTynionnuxi, rapairriS. Huchho axe OKpyroBX h ubeTHOCTefi, kohux yrpoxanTX cipeM.ienin conia-ibHoS jeHOKpaTin, neHTpaxbHHH vcTaaoB-ienia COB3HUXX rocy- AapciBX.’ ) Moryrx npaaHMaTB c.rhAyxnnia xtpu: 1) AonycKaix cxoaeh toebeo cx npeABapme-iBHaro pa3pbmeniH-iio.iHueflcRuxi, B.iacTe# 3); 2) BocnpemaTi. pacnpocTpaHeHie neiaTBiixx npoa3BeAem8 HaoGmeerueH- huxx Aopqraxx, yxanaxx, u.iouia.t«xx h xpyraxx oGmecTBeHHHXX uicTaxt; 3) Bocnpemara jkhtcxbctbo bx AaHuofi iitcTHOCTU xanaiix, onacBxiux cxtoieh aptma oCmecTBeHHaro cuoEoflcTBia; 4) BocnpemaiB, OrpaHKBHBaTI, HAH CTaBHTB BX.ISBHCHMOCTb OTX H3BicTHHXX ye.TOBiS HO- meHie, bbo3x h npoxaxy opyxia. IIpaBa MHBHCTepcTBa no oGxaBxeniio Maxaro ocajHaro noxoseHin orpanHieuu cxtayMmaMH ycxOBiaitn: 1) na-ioe ocainoe ooxoxeHie mo- xerx obiTb oGxHBjeuo toebeo cx corxacin coiosaaro cOBiTa (Eundesrath) h na cpoKx He CBunie omoro roja; 2) o HasAOHX tbkomx pacnopa- xeaiii Aoxxeax 6htb xaHXoTien, peflxcTary TOTiacx hxh, no apaSHeS Hipi, bx fiiHwaflmyc ero ceccin. , VI. CoB)3Haa KoacTHTynia CtB.-AMep. Coe*. IHTai'OBx Bocnpe- maeTb, KaRx mu bha4ah, xonrpeccy KacaTtca cbohmh 3aEOHauH cbo- Goah BipoacuoBi.iaBiH, cxoaa, nenam, mbphuxx cxoaokx h neTimifl *). Ilpaua autooII cboGojbi h nOMamneS nenpuKOCHOBeHHOcTa orpaatAeHU ApyrHMH AonoxBeHiflMH(ct. 2—8). Ho xiftcTnie habeas corpus act'a mo- xeix Ghtb npiocTaHOBieno axe o6e3neqeHia ofimecTBeHHog 6e3onuc- hocth, bx cxyqai B03CTaHis hxh Huo3eMHaro Biopxenia 5). Hpaao sto npejocTan-iaeTca Konrpeccy. CxtjoBaTexbno, acnoxuBTexsaan bxsctb He moxotx caMa co6od npB6brayTb ex stoS Mipt. Ho hsx BToro ae cxtxyen,, itoGu acnoxHHTexbHaa bxsctb, bx xant npe3HjeHTa, 6uxa feycxoBHo cBHsaaa npa bchehxx oGcTOHTexbCTBaxx, bx Kanin MOxeTx 6htb nocTanjeHO rocyjapcTBO, h ttoOu jase bx cxyiai BahomeS hxh bnngen der Socialdemocratie rcto 31 October 1678^ („3a*OB» npoTaei ofloe- oeacnuxi crpOMJOBift coaiaib-ieiio&paTOBi 21 oaradpa 1878“). coaaeiiTapill, dp. 174, npaa. 2. ') 3to npaseao Be pacopocrpaBaeica oa mfiupame,tmux cxojan. 3) KOHCTHTYBia, THT. I, OH. 9, CT. 2. ^ 5*

o6iiihphumi, nasi, 3to uOKaaaiH xiftcTBis Anpaaaa JlaHKOJibHa Bl KpaxuiecKyw anoxy HeaxoycoSHofi boAhh 1861— 1865 it. Oxhhi hsi Chbhihxi npe3HxeHTOBi CiB.-Aaep. Coej. IIlTaTOBi ^KOBb Kbhhcii AxaMcx. (1767— 1848 rr., npesmeHTi ci 1825 on 1829 r.), roBopiui b i hhikhp# najart, b i 1836 r.: „Ecxt Una poja JuacreS, pas-iHiiioll npnpo,nH h HecoBMtcx'HMijxi— u.iacTi, h& BpeMfl boShu h BJiacTt Ha BpcMn KHpa. lloc.it,xnmi orpaBHqeHa npa- BH.iaMH a onpejtona nocTaBOB.ieniHMH caMofi KOHCTHTynia. B-iacTi woman noaiBHeHa ejHHCTBeHHO orpaHuaeniaMi, naaaraeMMMi Ha see 3aK0H&HH h ofiuaaaMH MescayaapoaHaro npana. 3tb B.iacn. rposaa; OHa, pasyxieTca, KOHCTHTypioHaa, ho OHa paspymaeTi Bet operpaau, BOBaBurayTua ci TanHM'b Tpyxoxi aaa orpasaeaia cnoSoau, coOctbbb- CnpaBeaaHna hjh HecupaueaaHBa 6u.ia Teopia AaaMca b i npHMt- iioHiu k i aMepHKaacKoft KOHCTHTyn;iH, ao A. JTbhko.tbhi (1809—1865 rr., Bp68Ba0HTi c i 1861 ho 1866 r.) cat.ia.i7, HBi nea aofiOJBHO mapoKoe ynOTpefiaeaie bo npeiia Meataoycofiaofl ooiiiiu H:n-3a oTMtuu paficma. no OTHomeBiio k i BoscTaBHiHsii iokhumi mxaxairc,, Boeaaoe npaso 6hjo npasitHeHO bo Bcefi ero caai, ao TasoS cTeneHH, bto npeBHxeHTi CoSCTBeHHOK) CB06D B.iaCTBB) 05lHBH.Il pa6cTB0 OTM'tneHHUMl s); OHl nepeHeci Ha ce6a h cbobxi reHepaaoBi npano ynpaBjreuui MaxeauiuMH UITaTaMH, SaHflTtlMII BOficKaMH CODSa. Ho BBl EBTHTaXl ueMBTCSHUXl, HO norpaHHBBHXl Cl HHTeaCHUXH, npeBHaCHTl, Bl BHaaxi BOCBHOfi HpeaOCTOpOSHOCTH, BBeai HfeKOTOpUH BCBaDHHTeaBHUH Mfipu, KBKl, HanpaMtpi, npiocraHOBKy habeas corpus a yapeacaeiiie BoeHHO-cyj- hhxi KOMKHCcii. 9xo upaBo ocnapHBa.iocb bncihhmi (j>exepa.HbHum cyaoai, Korja k i HOMy nocTyira.m »axo6u 3aK.TBienHijxi u ocyaaea- HHXI. Cyai H0CTaH0Bn.il, hto do TOSHOxy cHHcxy KOHCTHTynin yape- axeuie HCKjicniTeJibHuxi cynaxHim bi nuaTaxi, KOTOpue He 6uxa saHBTH HHcypreHTaaa, upoTHBosaaoHno.

- 6? — HaKoHem, ueKCHBaHCKaa KOHCTHTynia (ct. 29) paapimaeTX, at cayqaaxx BH'biDHaro BTopsenia, Basaaro Hapymeaia BHVTpeHHaro M*pa u Boofime be c.iyqaaxx ofiinecTBeBHoS onacBOCTB, npiocTanaB.maaTb «w, rapaHiiH, sa acKADieHieM'B orpa*AaioinnxE mcumt le-ioniaa. HHaniaTBaa 3TO0 Mtpu npBHaA.ieasHTX npesHAenry pecnyfiaiiKu, no toraameuiD ct coBiToiix mubuctpobx h ce ojo6peBia Konrpecca hah ero nocToaHBofl jenyTaniH. yTBepxAOBie cpeAAoateBHHXE xtpx npa- naiaeaHTB.Koarpeccy. OTil'BJI'L TPETI0. P as ffB J ie H ie B J ia c ie ft '). t j ia b a i. □ POHCXOSAEHIE H 3BAHBHIB BTOfi TEOPIH. I. Hanaao paajt-ienia Baacrefl be coBpeaeanfcjXE uoHCTHTynioHHHXE rocyAapoTBaxx nocTaB.ieao be Ticayu cbhbb ce oCiuhmh Hana-iajiH nojhthaecKofl cbo(5oau, h oto ynasuBaeTE na to ynoTpe.(5xeHie, KOTopoe KaKE TeopeTHKH KOHCTHTyiljOHHarO nOpaABa, TaKE H npaKTHKB xotIuh cjiaaTh bbe oananenHaro npaHpana. BonpocE o pa3jt..ieHiM BxacTefl ne 6u.ie qyatAX ipeBHOCTa: ApH- CTOText, paa-mnaa be CBoeB TIoAumuxtb Tpa bascth: coBbmaTe.itByio, Hcno.iBHTe.TbHvio H,cy£e6HYio, npflMO roBopHTE, ato ote ycrpoficTsa bthxe Bjiacrefi aaBHCHTE ycTpoflcTBo rocyAapcTBa, m bto pa3.iBiie no.m- TBieCEEXE tj)OpUE OfiYCJIOBJHB&eTCfl pa3.IHTBUME YCTpoftCTBOMX BTHXE Tp«XE BAaCTefi. - Ho fiOHemaa u-fe.it ApncTOTeaa He coBnaAaeTE ce tIivh pi.uiMu, XOTOpua BM-flABCE BE BHAy BE XVIII CTOAiTlH, HpH yCTSHOB.ieBIH ') John Locke (1682—1704), Two treatises of government, ri. XU; Montesquieu, De l’esprit des lois, Mara XI; Benjamin Constant, Corns de politique constitutionneUe. .Apyria 'SHTepaTypHUa yaasaais *y MokI, Ceschichto und Litteratur der Staatsmssenschaften, I. rtoeihlimaR snrepaTypa Saint-Girons, Kssai stir la siparation despou- voirs, Paris, 1881, exp. 1—670; E. Fusier-Herman, La Separation despou- mirs, Paris, 1880, crp. 1—565; H. Bopomnaosa, Kpummecmii oBsopi yuema o pasthbAeniu e.xacmeu. Xpocaasst, 1872, crp. 5—451.

—- 70 — upHHnuuapasAtjreniH B.iacTeS. ApHerore-Jb, npoB03r.iauiaa btotx npBH- Hiftix, HMt.ix rx bbxj xopoaiee oinpas-ieHie 4>vnKuifl rocvjapcTBeHnoft BjacTH u npaBH.iiHoe pacnpeAt.ieme hxx Measly HapOAHUMX coOpanieMX (laacTbB) BaKOHOAaTCabBOK)), npaBHTejbCTBOMb (B.iaCTI.» ajKBBMCTpa- thbhoio) h cyjOMi. Bx ApeBHocTH, ecaa ne Ha pa3aiweaie B-iacTeS, to, no KpaSaefi nipt, Ha pa3jpo6aenie hxx cuoTpi.m khki Ha ycao- sie xoponraxx Kaieciex rocy,i.apCTBenHo8 Bjacru; Taut, <I>.i«peHTHnt, ofrtaciuiH yapexaema puiuaHauH AByxx KOHcyaoBi, bx nepBoax ro*y. noc.it, HarnaHyi TapEBHHifl TopAaro, roBopaTt: „ne solitadine atque mora potestas corrumpcrctur\". HTaEx, yse bx apesHOCTH yeaaipHBa- ,mci, Buroju on paaj'Lienia n.iacTefi. Ho sonpocx 8T0n noxyaaix conct.Mi, unysi nocraHOBKy npa KotiiiuKHOoeuiu jpyroro uonpoca, axeuHO, Bonpoca o noaaTHiecKoB uBofoxb. O pasAixeBiH B.iacTeS nepBbifl aaroBopn.ix aHr.iHiaHHHX J okex— coBpcMOHHnBT* BTopoS aHr.iiflcKofi peBO-inniH 1688 ro^a, KOTopuft, ra- khmx odpasoax, xoth h 6u.ii, bx ii3rBaRiH, nepeaHBa.li, fiopboy nap* laMeHTa cb sopoaeux IasoBonx II. J(«a mpaxmama o npaemue/iicmetb- -loKKa, KpoMi CBoero <}>iLiococ(>CHaro AOCTOHBCTBa, h iltem, BHaieme uaiotueTa, HaoHcaHHaro bx Ayxi uapTin, conepniHBineS peeo.iKon.rn, jja onpaBAaaia ea TpeftouaHifi h Toro jt.ia, KOTopoe coBepmn.ib Bujb- re.ibMb OpaHcxiS; .Iokkx caax o6x btomx roBopflrx bx npejHCJOBiH. Bx r.iaet 12 csoero BTOporo ipaETBTa 0 npaeumeMcmen ohx ro- bophtx o pa3jtieBiH BjacTefl, h sia rjaea nocaysHxa pyKOBOACTBOux A-ia MoHTecKbe, KOTopufl, Bnpoieux, bx Bonpoct o pasAtaeHiu B.iacTeS CT8.IX COBCtUX Ha HByK) H01BV. JIoKKb Hull.lb BX BHAy npaKTIineCKYW Hijb — onpaBAaTb nap.iaxe.Hn, bx ero pacupt cx IaKOBOHX II h, Ha ocHOBaHiH Teopin ecTecTeeHHaro npaBa, yKaaan Ha to HopuaxbHoe OTHOmeHie, BX KOTOpOHX AOXJKHU HaXOAHTbCH BAaCTH, MTOfibl 6uxa. AoexurHyTa rxaBHaa ntax rocyAapCTBa: oxpaaa co6ctbchhocth, .iuihoS HenpaKocHOBeHHbcTH h cbo6oau. Aaa btoto, roBopHTX JIokkx, Beo6xo- ABMa eooTBiTCTByioniaa opraHuaauia BjacTeS. Muc.ib 3Ta aauHCTBOBaBa MoHTecKbe BXero OAHHHaanaToft KHBr-6 (6 raaBt) Be Vesprit des his. yqeaieax o pa-ijt.ienin BxacTefi bx tomx Hint, kbbx oho pacnpocrpa— HH.iocb bx EBpont a AuepHat, mu o6a3aHU coiKHemio MoHTecKbS, h BOTOMy OCTUHOBHBCH Ha HeMX HOApofiHte. II. Haa BtpHofi ob4bbh De Vesprit des lots pas6epeMX c.iiAya>- axie Boopocu: 1) bx ibmx bhahtx MoaTecKbS n tjb , AOcTHraeuyio pas- AtxeHieHX B-iacTefi? 2) bx kbkomx I’ocyAapcTBt ohx bbaJ ax npauli- HeHie npoB03r.iauraeKuxx hmx aaqaxx? a 3) sasoe nayanoe u upaKTH- aecKoe 3Haaeuie Hatioxx ero TeopeTHaecxie a npaETaaecEie aoboau? r.mBHaa ptab, AOCTHraeMaa, ho untHiio MoHTecKi.e, pa3jt.ieaieHb B.iacreS—bto DOJHTiiqecKaa CB060Aa. OcTaHOBHMca ntcK0.ii,K0 Ha stohx

71 BHpajtteniH, u6o to, it& boat, hhmx pasyatexx MoHTecKt.6, ne couua- AaeTx ci HaiiiHHX nOHarieMXo noAHTHiecicofi cboGo.i.'Ii, 3aajs)aa»)iu,eSca bx vaacTiu HapoAa hah ero npeACTaBHTeaefi bx rocyjapcTBeHHus't Ai.iaxx. MoDTccKte uo.iHTHiecHofi cboCoaoB Hasusaera to, ho mu Ha3UBaeirB ahhhoS cbo6oaoB, obi roBopara: „iio.iuTH'iecKan cBO(>OAa bx rpa*AaHHHi coctohxx bx cnoKoBcTBiH Ayxa, npoHCTeKaioineMX hsx MBima (opinion), xoTopoe KaxAuft hm'Ikitt, o cbocB 6esoaacHOCTH (su­ rety)*. IIoieMy ate MomecKbS, sceraa xoinuS bx TepxHHOAOriH, ae- npaBHABBO ynoTpefiBAx Bupaaceiiie noAHTHiecKofl cboCoau? OOibchhtb ■STO He TpyAHO: MOHTeCEbS, A'&fiCTBHTeAbBO, HMieTX BX BHAy AHBHyB cbo6oaj h ofieanenenie HRvmecTBeimuxx npaBi, Bupaateuie ace hoab- TaaecKoB cboCoah ohx ynoTpe6nAx bx OTAaxie ora ecTecTBeHaofi cbo- 6oah, ora Koxopoft ompaBAHAca 4>haocoiJ>x JIoerx. EcTecTueimaa cbo- 6oab aaKADaaeTca bx ofiesnexeuiH cobokvuhocth upasx, Koxopua xejo- Bisx MM'tera no CBoeB npapoAt. MoHTecEbfi He paBAtaaera Mniaia .loKua o ecTecTseHHoB cbo6oa£ h o ecTecxBeaHOMX cocroaHiH h, bo- npeuH JIoBKy, yrBcpatAaera, bto rocyAapcTBa ycTaHaBAHBaiorca He paAH rapaaTapoBaHia stoB ecTCCTBeHHOfi cbo6oau, a, aaapoTHRX, ito caxa CBo6oAa HBAaeTca peayAbTaTOMx noAoacHTejbHUxx yqpeatAeHifl bx to- cyAapcTBt, HMt»miixL BTy npauyio n'feAb; MoHTecabe rosopara: „bx rocyAapcTBi, T.-e. bx ortwocTBti, mrfciomexx sasoHU, cboSoaa moxen, COCTOHTb TOAbKO BX B08M03CHOCTH A^AHTb TO, TOrO AORXHO XOT*Tb (vooloir), h He Cutb npHHysAeHHUsix A’tAaTb to, aero ne aoabcho xo- Ttib“. Tasaa CBofioAa B03Moataa toamco bx rocyAapcTBaxx yjitpeH- huxx (gouvemements modSrfe); ho u 3jtcb ona BCTpinaeTca He BcerAa. „Obs. aBaaeTca TorAa, KOPAa He 3xoyuoTpe6aHi>Tx BAacTbO. Ho b-6i - Huft ohutx D0Ea3UBaera, xxo bchkiB neAOirfiKX, ajrfeiouuft BAacTb, ckjo- BeHX 3-!oynorpe6ABTb ero: oox haotx, noaa Re BcipiTara h3b1ictbhxx orpaBHxeuifl. Kto CEagaxx 6u! caaa Ao6poAixeAb ayxAaeica bx rpa- nanaxx. J,ah xoro, qxofiu HeAb3a 6uao BAoynoxpefijaxb Baacxbio, HyxHO, ■iToftbi no pacnoxoxeaiio Bem,e8 (par la disposition des choses) BAacxb ocxaHaBAHBaAa BAacib. KoHCTHxynia hoxbtx Gim xaKOBa, bto hheto He (SyAera npHHyxAeHX xluaxi. to, aero mkohu ho noBeAteamn,, h He A*Aaxb Toro, hto shkohu aosboahiotx“. Bee bto Moxera 6utb ao- CTHrHyTO jhiul upa pa3AliAeHin BAacTeS, — BOCKjanaeTX MoHTecEbe. J,0Ea3aTeAbCTBa ero hk£k>tx fioxie oTpanaxe-ibHUfi, qiax noAoatHTeAL- nufi xapaKTepx; oax apryMearapyexx cAiiyroinHMx ofipasoMx: npeA- teaaojaraa, xto bx aaEOMX HHfiyAb rocyAapcTBi cocpeAOToaeaa bx pyKaxx OABoro Anna bah yqpexAeHia DAacTb, ohx HscitAyora, bx Kanaiix BOCAtACTBiaMX MOXeTX HpHBeCTH THEOe yexpofiCTBO. „CoeAHHeHie BX OAHOMX AHK'Il BASCTH SaKOBOAaxeAbHOU H HCn0AHHTeAbH08“, rOBOpHTX MoHTecKbS, „yHHRTOxaera cuodOAy noTOMy, xxo sto akho Mowexx H3Aa-

— '72 — B&T& nipanaqecKie saaonu h THpaHHiecKH apaMf.HJiTb hxx. UpH coejHHeHia cyzeSnofi bjscth c* aaKonoaaTe-iLHOD, bjibctb na.ix ®b3hb>) a CBo6oiOBrpaxaaHX6usn 6a npoH3BO,ibHOD, h6ocyaxa 6uj-l 6a aaEouo- aaTeaeMX. CoezHHeaie cyae6noft luacra cl acnoaHHTejLHOD aaJO 6u cyaxi B.iacTL yrHBTaTeaa (d'un oppresseur). Ho bco 6nao 6u noTepaHO (tout serait perdu) npa coeaaBema bx ozhI xx pyKaxx Bcixx Tpexx BaacTefi. Bx ftoaLniHHCTB'ii eBponeflcEHXx rocyaapcTBX npaBHTeabCTBO TMipeimo, DOTOuy ito rocyaapx, coeaauaa bx cbobxx pynaxx bmcth :taKono;iaje.TbHVw a ucnoaHHTe.u.nyio, ocTasjaeTX cbohmx iioaaannuMx oTupaB.ieHie BjracTH cyae6no&“. Ho xaKX otymeCTBHTL Tasoe rocyaap- cTBBHHoe ycTpoScTBO, npH KOTopoMXCuja 6u aocTHrHyxa noMTHBCCKaa CBofioaa? MonTecKbe yaanunaeTx na Aarjiiio, KOTopaa H3X Bctxx rocy- aapcTBx Toro Bpeaena oaua aui-ia CBOdoaHua yqpoaaeHia (pecnyfi.iHKH CtiBopo-.AMepHiiancKHxx UlTaTOBX Toraa eme He 6uao; coiBHenie Mob- TOCEbg noHBH.Toci* bx 1748 roay, a pecnyfiaBKa CiBepo-AiaepHKaHCEHXX UlTaTOBX 6uja yqpeacaeRa bx 1774 roay, ipe3x 19 jtJitx noc.it cnepTH MoHTecKxe). 06pau.au BHHHanie cbobxx cooTouecTneHHHKOBX Ha rocyaapcTBeH- hhh vqpeatjeHia Amuia, MoHTecKb6 iobophtx: „X oth bc6 rocyaapcTBa uaiwTx Boooinc oaay utix — casiocoxpaBeHie, ho na*aoe oTztibHoe rocyaapcTBO nut.eix crow oco6eHnyso uiax; pacupocTpaHeuie cbobxx Bjajtiiifl 6uao uiaxw Puna, woSna— Cnapru; pe.iariu — enpeflcKuxx 3aKouosx, ToproBJiu— Mapceaa, o6mecTBeHvioe cnoKofiCTBie — Kbt8H, MopenaaBaaie—Poaoca u t. a... h to.ilko ecix oaaBx Hapoax bx nipt, soToparo KOHCTHTynia HjrfcoTX npuMOio uiaxio—nojinTHiecKVio cBofioay. Mu pa3CM0TpHMx nanajm, he BOTopuxx OHa ocnoBaaa; ecaa ohb xo- poiDB—cBo6oaa oipasBTCu bx hhxx ebex bx 3epEajrt; hto6h pacEpuix noauTHaecEyw coofioay bx KOHCTBTyniH, ue HyxHO jinoro ipyaa. Ecjh bhzho, ra t oaa HaxozHrcu, ecra ee BBaamb, aaatMX ee HCKaTb?\" Ucho, ito aHrjificEaa KOHCTiiTyuiu ao.i®na 6uTb Ttux aepitajiOMX, bx EOTopoux OTpasaerca noaUTHaecEau cnofioaa. Docmotphmx Tenepx, Ha- ceojlbo Btpno hohujx MoHTecKbfi 8Ty KoucTHTyniK) h Tt Haiaaa, Ha KOTopuxx OHa nocrpoeHa (fluae mu ynHanax, ito MoHTecEbe HeBipHO HOHuax aaraificsyio EOHCTHTyuiio); 3atei. ate nejibsn He odparaTb bhb- HaHiu aa to, bto ohx He Bceraa BtpHO pacyeTX aHr-iiftcKiu yqpeaaCHifl. Bnoaat iipaBHXbHO bpohbtockh 3aHtqaeTx aaepaEaHCKift imcaTexb Ma- aacoHX, hto AHrjiaaau MoHTecKxe 6uaa itn x, ito ToMepx a-th ana'ie- cehxx H03TOBX: MoHTecEifl BHatjix bx aBoiScEBXx yqpesaeuiuxx TO, HTO XOTtjIX BHatTb. HTaEX, EEEX *e HOHHTX 6uJIX 3T0TX HOBHfl I'O- Kepx iiobumx 6apaOMx? Rasx aa nepBye) norpimHOCTb, mo®no yKa3aTb Ha HeBtpHoe onHcaHie cyaeOnofl b-tectb bx AnrjiiH (bx ra. 6), eo- Topaa, no MHtHiio MoHTecEbe, He apasna 6htl npeaociaBaeHa hoctobh-

73 — Hosty yipeacaeHiio (a un senat permanent), a ao.isua 6un OTDpanjaeaa jHnauH, BufiapaeMUMH na BpeMa n mo n ip t HaioSHOCTH, u Torja BjacTb cyABTb, cToab rpo3Haa Mezjy .noabMH, He rtyayiH cBH3aiia hh cb onpe- iiaeHHHMt coc.iobicmt,, hh c t h8b4cthok> npo(t>eccie», cat.iaeica. ta n CKaaaTB, HeBH^imoio h ne;in,iHHTi‘.ii,noto (nolle)11. CynefiHofi bjhcth, BnpoiexT., MoHTecKbS EacaeTca mhmoxoxomb, a rjaBHoe cBoe BHHHaaie om, oCpaiijaeTB Ha cooTiiomenie n.iacTefi saKonojaie.ibHOB u Hcno.imi- TC.ibHoft, hsb KOTopux'L nepBaa BupaaaoTi oomya) bojiio aapoja, a BTopaa Hcoo.iHaerB nocraHOiueHia nepoofi. „3aKOHojaTejBHaa B.iacTb“, roBopHTB MoHxecKbS, j.ioxatHa 6htb PR'fcpeHa Hapoay, noTOHy tto bb cbo6oihomb rocyaapcrBt Eius.iufl ne.iOBtKB, bb Koeni. npejno.iaraeTca cbo6oahh8 jy xs, jo.izenB ynpaaiaTB caai cofioS: ho bto h6803mozho bb flo.iBmuxB rocyjapcTuaxi, Heyaortao bb aa-iuxB, a noroMy Heofixo- jhmo, bto(5u Hapo.iB ipesB cbohxb Dpe.icTaBHTe.ie8 j ’t.ia.iB to, aero ohb He uozeTB ak.iaTbtaxi... Ho upe.icTaBHTeabHua cofipania nc xo.izhij COCTaBJIllTbCH TOXBEO H3*B .TCnVTaTOBT,, HSSpaHHBXB HapOJOMB, 1|60 BB KaziOHB rocyaapciBi ecTb anna, omhihlu otb apyrHXB no 6oraTCTBy u ' npoHCXOSAeuio; earn 6\\i ohh <5hjih CMtniaiiu cb aapoaoMB, to aaa hhxb ofimaa CB06oja 6uaa 6u paficTBOHB: uobtomj obh .io jkbu o6pa30BaTboco- 6y» naaaTy, EOTOpaa Hatexi, npaBo ocTaHaB-iHBaTB nocarareabCTBa Ha- po.ia, KaKBnoc.rtjHifi HMieTBnpaso ocTaHaB.iimaTbhxb nocaraTeaBCTBau. TaKHHBo6pa30MBMoHTecKBgno.iara.iB,btoaHrjiScKianajaTti comoner’OBB H JOpiOBB HHiDTB HtXBD B38HHHO CaOpZHBaTb H ypaBHOB’feHIHBaTb OJHa apyryi). Baacib HcnoaHHTeaBHaa aoaaiHa 6htb BBtpeHa MOHapxy, h6o OHa TpeSyeTB fihicTpoTii .itScTBiS: ecaa 6ti oe» 6kua sstpeHa 3aR0H0- MTe-ibnoft Bjacm, to cBoCo.ia Hcneaaa 6h , BcaiacTBie coenHHeHia jByxb BaacTeS. ycTBHOBHBB npHBHHBu 3ai;ouojaTe.TbBOH h Hcno-nwreabHofi BaacTeS, mh MozeMB pa3cxoTptTb hxb B3anunoc cooTHomeHie. Moh- TecKbepascvaTpHBaeTB ato cooTHomeHie cb toheu spima xeopii) paa.it- aeHia Baaciefi: o,iHa B.iacTb jjoazHa 6htb cxepzKOK) sjia xpyroS; na- aaru johxhh cofiupaTbca no bo3moshocth iam«, h6o nyxeHB KOHTpo.ib Ba.Vb jtBCTBiilMH HCHOJHHTejbHoS BJTECTHj SaKOHOjaTeXbHIjfi Kopnycb He loaxeiiB, oxHaEo, saciaaTb Bcerxa, h6o ohb .iHina.iB 6u canocTos- TCJibHocTH HcnojiiiHTe.ibHyB B.iacTb; noc.it,ihhh He lO.iSHa ynacTBOBRTb bb OTnpaBxeBiH B.iacm aaKoiiojaTejibhofi, bb ea ptmeHiaxB; efi ja se He npHHax-iezHTB npaBO saEOHOxaTexBHofi HHHQiaTHBU, ho efi aojixho (htb npe.iocTaB.ieHO upaoo veto, T.-e. npaBo ocTaHaBJKBaTBptmesia aaKOHOia- Te.ibHofi BnacTH; noc.it.iHHH ze He HHterB Taaoro npaBanoOTHOmeHiiokb HCDOXHHTeitbHOfi B.iaCXH, nOC.ltjHHH HMtOTBCBOHeCTeCTBeHHHe npeitwlbl HnoTOHy 6eano.ie3HOee orpaHHUinaTL; spOMt Toro, acnonnenie KacaeTca npejHeroBB TeEymHXB (choses momentan^es). 3aKoiioiare.ibHoa B.iacTH npHHa,we®HTB, KaEB ynce firno csaiano, KOHTpo.ib HaaB atftcTBiHMH

74 — HCIIOAHHTeAbHOfi aiaCTH, HO KOHTpOJL 3TOTX H6 AOJaceab, 0AB8K0, npo- CTHpaTbca Ha oco6y Eopoaa, KOTopaa aojiatna octbtlch cBiinjeHnofi a ueupuKOCHOBeBBoS, a«o HHaie rocyxapcTBO oSpaTHTCa bx aecBoCoAHyn pecuy6.iHEy (non libre); ex OTBtTCTBeiiHOCTHMoryTX 6HTb npHB.ienaeMH TO.II.KO CObEtHHKH KOpOJfl. III. HocstoTpHmi. lenept, HacKOJbKo ntpau 3th naqaaa, npoB03raa- meHnua MoHTeCEte, u Kaaoe ohb uojvhhjh npasiEneHie npa yipe- aneHiH KOucTHTyniH CbB.-Aaep. Coe,p. UTraTOBt. Bx 1787 roiy aBTopHTerj. MoHTecKtc 6vux Taut ae BenHEb no Ty CTopoHy OKeaHa, keex h Bt Enpont; oto bhabo H3b cjobx cocraBUTejeS cifiepo- auepnBaBCBofi KOSCTBTynia, KOToptiax naoro Tpy^a ctoh.io yfiiiHTL cbohxx cooieBeciBeHHBEOBt, hto MoHTecKbfi aeB’bpao nomux aaraiB- CKia yqpea.peHia. Ofipamaacv ex anraiflcKofi KoacTHTyniH, hh biiahmx, hto ohe BOBce ae nocTpoeHa Ha Haiajrb paajlueHia Baaciefi. IIojhth- aecKaa ncTopia Amuin Hanaxacb cb Toro, hto uohth Bca B.iacTt co- cpeuoToniBa.iaci bt. pysaxt Eopoaa, h to.ii.ro Maao-no-Hajy ApyrHMH 3-ieneHTaMU 3aBoesaHO 6hjo upaBO ynacTia Bf. OTHpaBAesiaxb rocy- AapCTBeaHOfl. BjacTa; Bnpoieub, 6ojbiiihhctbo nacaieaefl Aaate h Te- nepx cTHTaera aaruiacKy® rocyAapcTBeimyio iijacrt He pasAtaeasofi, Ha3UBaeTt napaaMeHTt Bceaoryihhmx; ct apyroft cToponu, Kopoax, East l'.jaBa rocyjapeiBa, ectb lasate raaBa Bchxb BaacTeS: napaaneHTa, BjacTH Hcno.iBHTe.itHofl h cyuecjiiofi. IIpoc.ituHM-b bto noApofiao. Ho OTBomeHiiD Kb napaaMeitTy Kopoar. HHieTb npaBO ero eosuBaTt; napaa- neHTt cHHTaeTca to.uko TorAa saKoimo coOpaHHUMb, kotae ont co- 3BaB*L Kopoxein.. IIocatAHift OTKpHBaert cecciK nap.ianeHTa h 3aKpu- Baert Hxt, T.-e. ohb HasHaaaerb cpoKt Aaa AerHCaaTypu nap.ia>ieHTa. Ho oTiiourenij) et> HHXHeft na.nvrfc Kopoax Hubert upano ee pacny- CKUTb H, T3KHMX 0fipa30Mb, ynHHTOHtaTb UOAHOKOHifl H36apaTCAefi (OHH AaioTca he 7 .iEtx), HasaaiaTb nonue nu6opu, ecAH B03HHEaei*b paa- iopx neatAy miasHefi na.iaTOit h upaBHTeavcTBOMx, u ecAH nocabAHee naxoAHTb HyatHUMi aneAAHpoBaTb kb BapoAy. Uo OTBomeHiD Kb na- aarfc .lopAOBb Kopojb Hilbert upano na-'inaxaTb hobuxb nspoBb, bb cjyHat npoTHBOAtacTBia uauaTbi npoBeAeaiu 3aEonoBb, neo6xoAHMOCTb EOTOpuxt co3H3Ha. Kopo.iv— rjasa cyieSHO# Bjacnj; npaBocyxie orapa- B-iaeica orb ero uneBH; Bb HiKOTOpaxb cneniajbHUXb cyAaxb ( bx Kopo.ieucKOMx TaSuosib CobEtE, bx ctaE no aEabhx avxobhuex) oat m ie n , i&xe Oojbine siacTU, hEmx Bb oTHomeain o6m.Hxx cyAOBb. KopoAb Hubert npaBO HaanaTaTi, n ysoAtHSTb xBHRCTpoBb: upaBAa, OHX iJlaKTHHecKH ptAKO BOAbSyeTCB BTBMb BpaBOllb H oCfclKBOBeHHO onupaeTca aa MHbiiie napAaaeHTcsaro fio.ivmuBCTBa, tEb x Be aeHbe a'Hr-iificKaH HCTOpia npeACTaBjaerb KHoro npuM'fcpoBX, KorAa mhhb- crepcTBO, He pacnoAaraBniee Go-imuuhctbomt,, iipeA-iaraao KOpo.iio pac-

75 nycTHTt husbkxd naxaTy, h Torja oao npa iionuxt uufiopaxt noay- laxo 6oAtmaHCTBo; Kant Ha npaMipt btoto xoxho yaasaTt Ha ocTa- BJienie IIutth Bt 3BaHin MHHHctpa Bt papcTBosaHie I'eopra III noc-ii pacnymeHia upexHefi na.iaTti a co3una hoboS. Kopoxso iipHnaAJeaiirc, npaBO yTBepxaeHia napAaxeaTCitaxt 6aaAeft, Koropue toxlko (SyAyiH noxnncanu tfopojieMt no-iyiaurt cmy saKOHa. MoHiecKtS omafoiao yrBepxjaeri, ito aopo.it ho HMiert lipaBa 3aKOHOAaTextnofl miHuia- THBU; HanpOTHBt, dDAbmHHCTBO 3aKOHOnp06KTOBt RHOCUTCB Bt nap.ia- MeHTt HpaBnTeabCTBo>rti, ca$AOBaTeatHO, ct npejBapHTejtHaro cor.ia- cia kopojh. Bt oCaacTH upaBOcyiia Kopoam npaHajaexHTt npaBO no- MHJIOBaHifl. OSpamanci. Kt APfraxt aaexeHTaxt rocy^apcTBennoS iiaacTii, mu BHAHXt, 1X0 HH O.IHS BjaCTt He OTjtjeHa BDOAB* OHpeAt.ieHHO OTt ApyroB, n o hh OAHa H3t naxt He npexcTaBaaeTt, Taat caaaaTt, toiho paaMeateBamioS o6.iac.Tn; HanpoTHBt, mu BHAHMt uocToanaoe hpohhkho- BeBie oxHofi BaacTH Apyroio. Mcno.innTe.-n.Haa ajac-rt npHBaAAexHTt ko- po.iio h MHHHcxpaHt; uooiAHie H36apai0Teji H3t ueHOBt, pacnoxaran- maxt Oo.TtniHHCTBOMt, h AiScTByiOTt no yuoaHoxoiiaxt naaaru H DOAt ea BOHipojeMt, KOxopufi Bupaaaeica Bt OTBtTaxx, aanpocaxt, Buctaau- BHHiK Aoictpifl hah neAOBipia h, naKOHent, Bt BoafiyjKAeniH oSuimeHia npeAt nSaaTOfl aopAOBt. lirakb, naaiiTu cyxt Bbicraee cyAe6Hoe yipe- atAeaie; oh* — HCTopaiecKift ocTaxost aHrao-caKconcKOfi curiae regis. He3aBHCHM0 oxt cyAeSsuxt A*at, noA-ieatamaxt pascxoTpiairi eepxHeft najaiH, napaaxeHTt axieTt bobmojkhocti. kohtpo.ih HaAt OTnpasje- Bieut npapocyAia. CyjLH, no rant na3HBaeMoxy aKTy yTBep*Aemn, „act of settlement* 1701 roxa, HecM-fcHaeMH, ho ohh MoryTt 6utl yxaaeHU oTt cBOuxt AOAJKHOCTefl no aApecy AByxt uajaxt. Uap.iaxeiiTt, no OTHOmeHiio Kt HcnoanaTeAtnofl baocth, ae toabko H3AaeTt oi'inja. Hopxu, ho Aaxe BxtniHBaeTca Bt ibcthocth h noApodHocTn A*axeAt- HOCTH HCn0.lHHTeAI.H08 BA8CTH; BXtniaTejtCTBO BTO OfiHapyXHBaeTCB HSAanievt npHBaTHuxt 6a.i.icfl, noTopuc, KBKt rosopHTt 1’HeftcTt, no 4>opa* CBoeft cyTt saKOHOAaTeAtHue axTU, no co.iepjKanm me Hxi- BTt r.iaBHUMt 06pa30Mt aAMHHHCTpaTHBBOC 3H&1CHic. (IIpUBaTHHe 6hajh HSAaBTCH no noBojy neTHuifi OTAixtHUXt XHUt: TaKt, Hanp., no noBOAy neTHHin OTHOCHTeai.no ycTpoflcTBa cannTapnofl iacTH Bt KaitOS HHfiyAb UiCTBOCTH). ycTSHOBABH pCry.lflTHBU AAB OTA*XtHHXt xicTBOCTefl h yipeatxeaiB HcnoxaHTe.itnofi basctb, napAaxeHTt ne xa.io BAiaeTt na xoAt A*#CTBift nocxf.AHeft. OcTaeTca pascxoTp^Tt cyAe6ayio Bnacxt. Oaa nt AnrjiH bobcb He opraHHSOBaHa Ha rfcxt naqa.iaxt, KOTopua pacyert Haxt JfOHTecKte; cyAtH, nast no aHraiffcKOt KOHCTHTyuia, TaKt a no iJieAepaAtiiofi aMe-

— 76 — pmcaHCKOS KOHCTHTjrniH, He cyTt BtifiopHue; Ha3aaieHie hxi, iJiaKTH- aecEH, same noxH3nennoe, hOo ohb HecutnaejiH, nosa ce6a xopomo Bejiyrt (ycaOBie abcto anraiSc^oe). Cyst bx, Am-ain, no apafiuefl Mi,pi Bticmifi, oieHk amto CuBaen npimanx, arpaxb BecbMa BH^nyio uojh- TuaecKyK) poAb: Taw, bx. AsraiH mhoto KOncTHTyniOHBHXx, BOiipocoBX, paspimeun cyaefiaHMB nopaAKOMx,: n 1765 rojy, bx,'Bonpoci 03a- kohhocth hah HesasoBHOCTH oCmiixx, npeAiiHcamfi ofrj, apecxi, neaa- kohhoctb noc-iijHHX't KoucTaTupoBaHa 6u m byjOMa,, BonpeKH ateaauia)' nap.TaMenTa. Bt Aaepaai iJieAepMtHufi cyj^i npH n3jairiH Konrpec- comt. HeKOHOTUTyaioHiiai'o aaKOiia, upavo ofriaBaaen, mo He OyAexx, npHMiHHTB ero. Taw mo iJiejepaatnuS auepHitaHCKifi cyAT, He nul, a o6pa3eux> cyAa, pimaioiuaro scaKie KOHCTHTynioaHue aonpocu. HTaw, aHMiScKaa KOHCTBxyixia He MOaeTX caysHTt AOKasaTeabCTBOBT. Tasoro noanaro npmtiBeHia npuHitaua pa-'ui.ieuiH iuacTef, KaEoe bi Hefl bh- A*Ai MOHTeCKbg. IV. Haiaaa aHraificKaro KOHCTHTyuioHaaro npaBa 6hah npiiMiiiaeJibi bx, Be.iaKOfipHTaHCKHX'f, Koaouiaxx, AxepHEH, ao OTaosema hxx on, CBoefi MeTpono.iiu. yapeameHia ht, stiixx, Koaouiaxx,, 3a.BecbHa msaunh HCKAioaeiiiaMH, 6hah uotth x i ate, mo h bx, Amain; upaiiaa, bx, ko- aoHiaxi He 6u.io BHaxu, caiAOBaTeabHo naaaTH aopAOBt, ne 6hao oco- (ieBiiaro upnBi!jernpoaai{Haro cocaouia, iistiBinaro cboh Apeania npaBa, He 6hao MasiopaTOBX,; saTo 'Tatra H’liKoropua Hanaaa CBofiOAbi, Kara CBoSo.xa coB-icTH, 6ujh Hpn8H8BaeMbi bx, ropa3Ao fioabniHxx pasiiipaxT,, tin■b Bt AHraiH; bx, raaBiiuxx, ate xopiaxs yapeatAenia bx, Ko.ioiiiaxx, npeAcxaBjaau Kara Cu Kouiio cx. yxpeaAeHia anrairtcKHXx,. TaKx>, bo raaBt KaatAofi oCaaciK snj buahmx, ryfiepnaTopa h npn neMx,—Ko.iae- ciaabuufi coBin, H3x> senaeBaaA'h-'ibHera (caa6oe noAOSie naaaTbi aop- AOBi), naaaTy jenyTaxoBV, cyAH bx, KoaoHiara 6hah nocxpoeHU aHa- Aornino cyAefiHbiMb yipeaueiUHHX, AHraia. bt,Koraa KOHAiuacb Boflua sa ocBofioatjeHie 13 mxaxoBX,. no npuraa- meHia) BauiHHrioaa, nocaa.iii cbohxx,AenyxaxoBB 4>HaaAejb(|>iK> A-ia BbipaOoTBH KOHCXHTynin; aMepuKaimaMx TorAa 6uah, c.iiAOBaTe.XbHo, BHOAHi pa3BB3auu pyKH, H ohh MorAH npitHaxb TO HAH.Apyroe rocy- AapcxueHHoe ycxpoficTBO. KoHciHTynia 1787 roAa, upHsHanaa uphhuhhx, pasAiAeuia iiaacTett (bsta. 17), npoBOAHix, ero bx, $opui, liecbMa yKAOHaiomefica oxx naxa.ix, upoB03r.xanieHHLixi, MonxecKbB. Bx, paapafioTai aHepnaaHCKOii kohcth- TyniH aa $HAaAeAb$i8cKOMi, KOHrpecci yaacTBOBa-ia: APyrx liamaitr- TOHa—AaeKcaHApt raMHaltohx,, MaAHcoHi (obx, Oa.n snocaiA- ' ctbih npeaHAeHTOMx.) h ,I*e fi (iiyOAHAHCVx, h aABOKax-b). KaatAoe R3x sTMxx, .jun'E 3aHaaocb pa3paCoTK0fl OTAiAbHaro paAa KoHCTHTynioHHUxx, BonpocoBx,, no KOTopuai h H3Aaao niaufi pajs nnceira; sth nuci.sia

77 (juju coexaHeau at oaho asxauie noxt HaaaaHieMt Oedepa-iucmi. Hajaaie bto, Baicrh ct 3anacK&MH Maaucoaa, aBaaeTca aaa aact eauH- CTBeHHHMt BCTOHHHKOMt, HO KOTOpOMJT MOXHO CVXHTb 0 HOTHBaXt, pVKOBOaBBUIUX'b OOlHHHTCXHMa liOHCTHTyUUI npH yCTHHOR-leHiH TOrO Han apyroro yipesaenifl (paspafiOTKa KoacTirryaia Bpon3noa»-iacb TafiHo). jlaa Hact aaaiao 47-oe hhcbmo Maaacoaa, aacatomeeca pasxi- jeaia a.iacTefi. MaAHCOHt at BTOMt hmcbmIi paabnie Bcero ocTaHau.iH- BaeTcii Ha ynpeirfe, cthrhbiuhmch mhothmh ofipasoBaifHUMH anxbau co- iHHHTeaaM'b aaepaKaHcxoH BOHCTHTynia, 3a HeaocTaroaaoe npoBeaeaie npaanana panxi-ieniji B.iacreR. Bt qeMt *e 3aiunaaeTca 8T0Tt ynpeict? B t Ton'll, ato ajiepHKaHcKaa KOHCTHTypia ycTanoBjaen, to.ilko npa- 6jH3HTeabaoe pasaiaeaie jaKoiioxaTe-iLnofl, HcnoiHHTexbHOfi a cyae6aoft BaacTefl aeatay pa3-iHHBUMii yqpexaeuiauH. 3aKOHoaaTeabaaa rjmctl Bpaaaaae»HTT. KOHrpeccy, ho npesaaoim mrterb npaBo cycneHCHBaaro veto, T.-e. npaBO ocTaHanannaTb ofiaapoaosaaie 3aEoaa, aoxopufi ct 3aHt,qanieMX ape3HxeHTa BOaupamaeTCH Koarpeccy; eo.TH o'ocxtxHiS caoaa yTHOjiaxaeTi aTort saxoat, to Oh's ao-iymen. ca.iy, Kant a Bcaaifi xpyroB, h bomumo corxacia apeaaxeaTa. npesHxeHTb, Bt cbod oiepejb, no.tieiBHTt kohtpo.iio Kourpecca, a oat aoxeTt 6utb xaxe cyxHMt Bt ceHart. Haanaieaie BiirEH'bfiuiHxt .kujkho- CTHNXt JIHBt HCnOJaHTC.ILHOfi BJiaCTH 3.0 MHHHCTpOBt BK.TBJHHTC.lbHO apoacxoxuTt ct cor.iacia cenaxa; ohoTpeOyerca Tanwe Ha aaK.TBJieHje 31pasaaiHUxt Konaennifi. TpaKraroRt, MMiromaxt airarenie a Bcefi pecny6.iHKH. OpesaxeaTt aaieTt npaBO yaasaTb aoarpeccy' Ha Heofixo- XHHOCTb Toro hjh xpyroro aaKonoxaxexbHaro nocTaaoBjeiiia h, TaKaat ofipasoat, oat HMf.cn, ripaim KoCBCHnoft iiaaoHOxaTCjibnoft HBHQiaTUBU. Cyxeonaa BjacTi, CH-tuiaaa ct axaHHHCTpaTHBHOfi. h6o cyxba aa3Ha- qanTCB npesaxeHTOMt; cyxt ®e, Mexxy That, 6uaaeit apa3Baat ae TO-ibKo Kt panp-imienito i-paxxaHcaaxt a yroxoBHaxt npoaeccoBt, ho a KoacTHTyaiOHHuxt aaaa.it, ec.m ohm aapymajoTca lUKOaoxaTe.ri.hoB axa HCuo.TiiaTexbHofi BxacTbio. TaKHHto6pa3om, 8thTpa rocyxapcTaeHHua a.iacTH Bt Aaepaat npexcTaBjiauTca He napaxiejibHHMH .ihhuimu, HHBorxa He BCTptqanuiHHHca, a, aanpoTBBt, luiaron, oxHa Ha xpyryu a cMf.uraiiaBjTca Meajy co6oh>. Jt,aa ycTpaHeaia BospaxeHift npoTHBt aMepHKaHcaofl KOHCTHryuia, FOBopaTt Maxacoat, njxuo paacaoTpfiTb Teopiu .opaKyjia aaniaxt xRe#“ — MoHTecBbfi; pa3CMaTpHB&H ee, Ma­ xacoat yaasuBaeTt, hto bibcth stb Bt Aarxia BOBce ae HaxoxaTca at TOMt OTHomeHia, Bt Eaxoat oaf) xo.ixhh 6hjb 6h aaxoxaTbca no TeopiH MoHTecKbA. Cxona: „CBodoxa noraCxa 6a“ (cm. Bbnne), no Maiaiio MaxHcoaa, xoasHbi Can noauaacMu Taat: CBofioja noruSaa <5u, ecxa 6a eat saKOBOxaTe-ibHaa B.iacTt, ecu cyxefiHaa a acx acnoxHHTe.ibHaa B-iacra 6u.ra 6u cocpexoToaeau Bt pyaaxt oxboto xana; ho ato ae

78 — xamaeTb BOBMoaHOCin oxny BxacTt KonTpoxapoBaTb xtScTBW 'xpyrofl. (9ra mucxb Bb 1789 roxy pa3BHTa Cum. MyHi>e, BOTopafi roBopuTb: „ito6h BJiacTu 6hxh pasxtxeHH BaBcerxa, nyatiio, htoOh oat Be 6ti-iH coBepmeHBO pasxtxeHii11, Tass KaKb Torxa oxhoS aiacra npejo- CTaB-iaeTca bo8KO*boctb BxiaHia a BOsxtiCTBia aa jpyryc, h cor.iacie ojhoS B-iacTB as.iaeTCH corxacieMb Bctxb BxacTefi). MajacoHX xaxie nepexoxaTb Kb pa3CMOTp'iHiio saKOHOxaTexbCTBb OTxtxbauxb mTaToab, soTopae cl 1783-*-1787 roxb saHaxHCb paapafioTKOfi j.ia ce6a aosuxb KOBCTHTynift, BpBB'bBBTejILBO Kb <|>exepaXbBO#, H xoRa3HBaeTb, BTO m» KOHCiaTyniaxL orxixbHHXb nmioBb DpHBUHOL paai'b-ienia BxacTefi npoBexenb Bb Ttxb xe npexi.iaxb, KaKb h Bb (bexepaxbHoft.. Coexa- nenie BxacTefi h HXb conpaKocBOBeaie BiisiroaiOTCa That, tto bhokc- ctbo nonpocom,. KaKb, nanpHMtpb, aonpocu boxuthkh, upexcTaBxaiOTCH ctoxb BaaHHMB, bto pa3ptmeHie bxl Tpefiyen Kaat kohtpoxb, Tacb b coBMf.cTnaro xtAcTBi* nxacreft. Htokt., a Bb Avepaat upaananb paaxi.ieHlii BJiacTeS He 6am npoBeaeiib bo ecefi CBoeft bhctot$. Odpasepb i)ipaHny3CEaro yqpcxHTexbBaro CoOpania, KaKb oCpaaeipb npHHtaenia npBHQHaa paaxt.ieHia BxacTefi, TaKxe Beyxaieab, h6o xoBCTHTynia 1791 roxa 6iJ.ia iianpanxena, r.iannuHT, o6pa30ab, Kb orpaHHHeHiio ucnoxHHTexbBofi Bxacra; (JiaKTHiecKH Bca BxacTb nepemxa Bb pyitB 3a50HO.iaTexi.Haro CoSpama, a. bo BqxBepxeaiH Kopoxa, IQ aBrycTa 1792 roxa, Kb KoHBeHTy, KOTopufl ho OTxi-HUb oTb cefia acnoxBHTexbHoS Bxac™, a nepexaxb ee Bb pyaa ICoxHTexa ofimecTBBH- saro cnaceaia (Comity du salut publique), coctaBxeaBaro H8i 9 Bxe- BOBb HanioHaxbHaro KoRBeBTa. Boxie boxho Baiaxo pasx'bxeHia BxacTefi fiuxo npoBexeHo Bb ^BpeKTopiaxbHoS KoHCTHTynia 1795 roxa, bo BCKopt asaxca Hanoxeoab I, a npa HeHb, KoaeiRo, aexb3a 6uxo ro- Bopiarb o pasxtxeHiH BxacTefi. HTaub, Bb Haia.it XIX stxa Msorie, KaKb H3b htCxhkh, raab h HSb rocyxapciBeHHUXb xnxefi nepenwia o n oxhoA Kpa&HocTH Kb xpyrofl: ecxH npcaxe Bb pasxijieaiH BxacTefl BHxtxu KaKb 6a <Jhxo- coQiCKifl KaaeHb boxhtbkh is noxaraxa, ito npH ycTaBOBxeHia sToro npHHnana 6xaro bbhtcb, KaKb 6h l'bho co6oft, to Tenepb OTBepraxa BcaKoe ero xoctobhctbo a cihtexh ero XHMepofl, KOTopofl koryxb jBxeTOca toxlko Ka6BHeTaue yieHire, aaKOBUXb a 6am MoBTecKbS, xtftcTBHTexbBaa ae shsbl oTBepraeTb BcaKoe anaieHie ototo apHB- aana. 3to HacTpoeHie, Hamxo ce6t Bapaaeaie Bb coiHHeaiH Pofiepra <l>OBb-Moxa: Oeschichte und Litteratur der Staatsmssenschaften. Moxb roBopaxb, ito Tenepb yieaie o pasxixeHia oxacTeft Betaa ocra- bxcro. H, xtficTBHTc.TbHO, bo speMeaa Moxa 9to yieHie yate Be B03- 6yaxaxo TaKoro ae 3HTy3ia3Ma, KaKb Bb fiuxoe BpeMa. Ho, orsepraa npHHBHOb pasxixeaifl BxacTeft Bb TOMb BHxt, KaKb oab npexxoaeab

79 MonTecKte, EOHCTHTynm KaKT> eBponeftcKia, lass u aaepHKaHCKla npo- jojzanT’B aaHOCHTfc ero na hhc.to cbohxt. ocHoBHUX'b sasoHOBT.. r j A B A II. UPRHSBEBIB B1BA.TA PASABTEHIH BJACTgfl. Haaaao pasjbaeHia Baacrefi npoBoaraamaeTca npawo .mini, Htao- TOpUKB CBponefiCEBMB B auepHEaHCEHMH KOHCTMTyuiHMH, HO, T'bMl, He HeHte, oho npoBeaeHO bo Bcixt rocyaapcTBeHnuxi. yupeatxeHijixT, 3a- najHofl EspoHU h AHepHKH. Jfeacjy KOHCTHTyniaMH, upasio npoBoa- r.iama»mHMH paajbaenie B.iacTeft (TasOBU, nanpHMt.p7,, EOHCTHTyuiH OTjiabHbixT. aMepHKaHCKuxT, raTaTOBii, nopTyrajbCKaji, GpasnjbCKaa KOHCTHTyniH), h KOHCTHTyniHMB, rAb Hanaao Bio He npoBOsraamaeTca npiHO, cymecTBeHHoS panHiinu irfcTT, no to8 npaHHHb, tto Bt nocabA- hhxt. npHHnnnx paajijeaia naacTeft ycTaHOBaaeTca bt. onpeabaemaxi., Eacaiomaxcn pacnpedtbAeHix <t>yHRnifi rocy.iapcTBf’HHOfl bjibcth uesjy OTAb.TT.HUMH ynpezAeHiaHH h cxeneHH yvacmiH HapoAOHaceaemii bt. OTiipaB-ieniH3Toft B.iacTH. TanuMT. oSpanoMT., Ha'ra.TOpasabaeniH BaacTeft nposBAaeTca bt. tomt. cuuc-ib, tto BaatHifimia itiyHKnin rocyAapcTBcn- hoB B.iacTH pacnpeAbaaDTca neatA)' oco(5hmh h oco6o yipejEAeHHHMH yCTanOB.lBHijIMH, H TO.TBKO bt. TaKOMT. CMHCjb HU HOSeUT. rOBOpiITb o pasabaeniH BaacTeft 3aK0H0jaTe.TbHofl, cyjeCiHoft a Hcuo.THHTeai.Hoft rt. OTAbatHux'B eBponeftcEHX'E KOHCTHryniaxt. A. ISAucmb 3'iKOHodame.ibHaa. I. IIojt. „3aE0H0MT.“ noApasyMbBaeTCH HcxoAHUiee ott. BepxoBnoft T’OcyjapcTBeHHOft bjibcth o6mce npaBH.TO, eotopumz, r.iaoHUMT. oOpa- 30mt>, onpeAbaawTca npaBOOTHomeHia, T.-e. nbpa npaBT. h ofiaaanno- cTeft TacTHUxT. a ig i jpyn. et. Apyry h hxi OTHomeHis kt, rocyjap- CTBeHHOfi BxacTH, pauuo saKT, h BaaHHHUH OTHomeHia opraHom, rocy- japcTBeHHoft BaacTH. BcabACTsie 3Toro, saEOHOjaieabCTBO oCHHuaeTt bc» oCaacTb nacTHaro k nyO.THHHaro npaBa, nacKoabKo otu npaBa ay»jaK)Tca bt. iopHjHiecKHX'b onpejiaeniax'b. H37. stoto 3HaTeHla saxoHa h :iaicoHOAaTe.TbHOfi B.iacTH BbiTeKanix h uepru oppaHHaaaiH saKOHOJiaTeabHOft B.iacTH. 1) IIo cauoHy cymecTsy ona joazna 6htb suine Bcbxt npoiHXT. rocyAapcTaeHHUxx Baacieft, tkkj, kbet. hmghho OHa ycTaHosaaerB hopmu A-sa AbHTeabHOCTH ApyrHX'b oaacTeft a aah cbohxt, opraHOBT,. IIoaTony 3aK0H0AaTeabHaa BaacTb Bcerja hb.thotch aTTpiifivTOMT, BepxoBHoft ro- cyAapcTBeHHofl bjbcth. Bt rocvjapcTBaxi ueHTpaansoBaHHUXT. OHa

onipaBdaeica risiia opranaMH, 3a KOTopuiiH upmaaeTca BepxoBiiaa B.iacTL. Bb rocyjapcTBixb me co»3HUXb Bb Kpyrb ataTejibHocTH »a- BOHO^aTeJkHoS Bjacra dxo.jhtt, aiibii, upejMexu, npawo ncxHc.ieHHue Bb KoncTHTyniaxb, a Bee ocTBJibHoe, He neperacjieHHoe, npuHaaaeaiin'L sfaiiHiio OTA'fejbHHxi rocjAapcTm, coBsa: nrraTOBb—Bb AiiepBKi, Kaa- TOHOBb—Bb UlBCSnapiH. OTA'fcjIbHUX'L rOCyWpCTBb—Bb repaaHia. 2) Ecjh aaKOHb eCTb oftmaii Bopaa, onpeAi.iawmaa o-tHomeme ynpaiijHttmHX'b h ynpaB.iae«HXb, to, apa ero H3AaHiH, neoGxojuMo HM’bTb Bb bhjt corjacOBauie Bctxb HBTOpeCOBb, KOTOpuxb Kacaeica 3aKOHonoaoseHie. Dpe onpejfiaeHin Eaiajib neKce-ibnaro apaBa, npasa coficTBeanocTH, apauH.n, nafiaa a Tony nojoCnuxb rpaacAaucKaxb ot- Honienift, aeofixoABNO HJiiTt, Bb BHiy anTopecu pasxHBnuxb caoesb ofimecTBa. 3asoab o bohhckoA uobhhhocth aaTporHBaeTb aaoxecTBo o6m,ecTBeBHuxb a rocvjapcTBCRiiuxb HnxepecoBb. IIostomv npa astasia 3aaona ao-iano npanapHTb BOsaoatHO 66-ibniee bhcjio HHTepecoBb, a canufl 3UKOHbioaaceHb 6utl pesyjBTaTOMb cor.iameniji bosmokuo 6oab- maro aacaa cofipaHauxb j.ib oficyacaeaia jaHiiaro aaKononpoesTa .mnb. To.it>ko upa BunoaaeHia sTHXb yc.Tonifi mojkbo HajtaTbca aa BO-ieaHLiS a aponauA 3aE0Bb. IIo stiimb npaiBHaMb 3aKoaojaTe.TbHaa B.xacxb Bb rocyjapcTBaxx orapaBiaeTca oSHKHOBeHHo npa yaacTia cofipauiS (npa Bern. nojb »Taab cxoBOHb He caiiyeTb uoHHuaTb „KOA.ieri8“, Taab Kaab noHBTie bto Bb jaHHoab cayaai y3Ko). 9to npaBHJO apautaBao ojHBaKOBO a KbKOBCTHTypioBHUMb a Kb BeorpaBHaeaHbiub HOHapxiaab. Ho Bb KOHCTHTynioHHhixb woHapxiaxi Kb yxacTiB Bb aaKOHOjaTe.jbCTB'fe npasHRanTca aana, asOpaHuua pa3.iniBbnm KjaccaHU Hacejieaia a ■ HB-nuomiacH npe,ycTaBHTe.iaMB aaTepecoBb BTaxb Kjaccofib. 9iaab ny- Teab ocymecTB.iaeTca ofimee uaaaxo, nupaateaHoe Bb „,ieKJiapanjn npaBb“ 1789 r., bto aaKOHb lo.iateHb 6ufb Bupaaceuieab oSineit bo.ih (la volont8 glnirale). npHxiHeaie btoto naiaja Moserb aaiTb pas- .ihbhbih (t>opMu. OrjrHBHTe.ibHafl aepia npe,ncTaBHTP.Ti,auxb rocyaapcTBb aueaBO a cocTOHTb Bb Towb, bto o6maa Boaa KupaatacTca Bb aaxb DpeiCTaBHTejaaa orb Hapoja, Torga KaKb Bb bhctoS jeaoKpaTia aa* KpBOjaTeabaaa BjacTb OTnpaB.iaeTca ofinjeHapOAHUMb co6paHieMb. Cb tobkh aptiiia Pycco, EOToparo icoscho aassaTi Kpa&aaNb npeACTaBH- Teaeab bto8 TeopiH bhctoA, HenocpeACTBeaaoft .yexoapaTia, saKOHb MoaceTb 6pTb nupaatcHieMb ofimeft bojih aapoxa tojbko Bb (fiopat He- iiocpejcTaeHHaro yBacTia Bb ero asiaaia K&jKjaro noaaonpaBaaro rpaataaHHHa. 9roTb npaHnanb ae 6uab npaMtueab Bb KOHCTHTynia 1791 roja, noaeMy Bb ,,ieK.iapania“ a 6u.io npaOauxt’ uo, bto Hopoib yBaciByeTb Bb asAaaia saKOHOBb „h,th jmbbo, hah qepe3b CBoaxb BpeACTaBHTeje8“ . 3) 3aKoaoAaTe.ii,naa AfeaTe.ibBOCTb, HiiiiviqaH BBbH.iy ycTaaos-ieHie

61 odm.HX'B (opujHiecKHXi aopa'i a neoOxojuijocTi, npitMHpeHin pasjui- auxx HHTeppcoBi, joaxHa 6uti. OTupaiuaeMa HC3aeucuMtum co6pa- iiiesix. .'lapa, bx homx yqacTBy»mia, jojkhh bhcKaaubbti. ten, cboh coofipaseHia o aparojuiocTH hjh HenpHrojnocTH o6cyxxaeuaro 3aE0H0- npoeETa. .Jjih 3aK*BoaaTeja jia o hjctx hb de lege lata, kbkx i m cyjtu, a de lege ferenda, a ohx jo.iateHX sapaHie aaaTx Bee, tt6 mohcho HM'tTL 3a a nporaiix saKoaa, xroSu tjtl ate h3m1jhhtx ero, bx c-iyaai HajoCHOCTH; tojibko bx btomx cjyiai hojeho HajiiiTbcH aa to, xto aaaoHX 6yjerx ycBOBBX oPmecTBoax, a ae to-ieko <t>op»a-txHO uaBa3aHx eay. Botx noieay 3aEonojaTe.ii.noMy co6paHiio jo.is:Ha Cute npej.0CTaB.ieHa liojraaa CBodoja Mn-bniS. .Inna, ynacTRyDmia bx cofipaaia, He oTBiiaoTx 3a aa^aia, BupaxeHaua hmh npa orapa- B.ienia cnoaxx odaaaanocTeS, hockojekv ohh Bucna3a.ia oth Mntma no csoeS conic™ a coofipaaao jannoB nan npacari. Ha ocHOBaHia »tuxx coo6paxeaiB, eBponeBcEia EOHCTUTynia rapaHTHpyioTx aeapa- EocnoBeHHOCTB jeuyTaTOBx, npa yqacTia hxx bx 3aKOHOjaTejLaofl 4) 3aK0HXaBJaerca aipajnnecKoR. 06n3aTe.ibH08 HOpMoio;ho»Ta caaa jaeTca eMy, corxacno OTji.iBHUMX eBponeficKaMxhaMepuEaHCRHHx eoh- CTHTyniaMX,ae ojaaaKOBUHX nopajkomx. OT.iHiHTejbuaa nepTa kohctu- TynioHBiiixx aoHapxiBcoctohtxbxtoux, ito HapojHoenpejcTaBHTejbCTBO npH3UBaeica kx 3aEOHojaTejtHoS jisTejixBOCTH bx jbvxx OTHomeniaxx: eMy npHHajjexHTX npaeo UHuuiamuetn H npaeo o6cyoKdeui» aaKOHO- npocKTOBx, upejcTtiB.iaeMLixx upeicTaBHTexaMH napoja a.ia npa- BiiTeJBCTBOMX. Ho caHKuin 3auoaa Bceuixo npHHaj.ieatHTx MOHapxaie- ceoB B.iacTH; tojbho nojyiHsx ary caHKgiio, saKOHX nojy-iaeTx tauiy, a TOJibKo cx 3T0& noptj MoateTX 6bm, ony6jMKOnain.. Bx pecuy6jHEi npesBjeHTy npaBO caBKnia Be npaaajjiexaTX. Ho aisoTopoe upano BoapaseuiH iipothbx saEoaonpoeKTOBx Bce-Tasa HeodxojHHo 6hjo npe- AOCTaBHTI, HCnO.lHHTeJbHOfi B-iaCTH, TaKX K3EX TpefitlBaTb otx Hen o6aa- pojOBamn a HcnoJHeaia tomato sasOHa tiiuo 6u h Hecnpanej.iHBo a HeiipaETHHHO. Hecnpanej-iHBO—no TOfl npaqaai, bto Hcno-iniiTejiHaa B.iacTB OTninaerx ga noc.iijcToia npunararo en ex ucnoaiieaiD 3a- kohh. HeupaKTaBHO—noroay, ito ucoojHHTejbaaH BjacTt, npHBOja bx acno.iHeHie 3aK0HX, aaieTX bx pyeaxx MHoro cpejcrax, tto6h napa- jH30BaTL ero jiBcTBie. Ha ocaoBaaiH sroro, accojHHTe.ibHOfl sjacra 6hjo jano npaBO B03pa»aTx npoTHBX 3asoBonpoeETOBx: iipemjenTx nojryqajx npaeo „cycneHCHBHaro veto\". Hpaso bto coctohtx bx tomx, n o npeaajeHTX pecnyfijHEH aoateTX nepejanaTb 3aEoaonpoeKTx Ha BTopaguoe pa3CM0TpiHie ua.iaTx. Ecju u noc.ii BTopHBHaro oCcyatjeiiia na.iaxu ae joaiuHTX aaEOiionpoeRTa, to ohx nojynaeTX ch.iv aaKoua a 6esx cor.iaciii npetiujearo. A. rPAIOBCKlfi, T. V. 6

— 82 Tskhui ofipaaoMb, Ba.ocHOBaBiH Bcero BUmeHSXoaeHHaro, mu mo- seui, BHBecTHo6mee noHSTie aaKOHa npHMf.HHTe.ibHO k i KOHCTHTynioH- HHMb rOCy^apCTBajTL. Ho cojcpisaHiio CBOeMy, 3aEonb ecu, Boo6me aKrt BepxOBHofl BxacTH, aepesb nocpexcTBO KOToparo onpexiaaiOTCH pasxaiHUfl npaBa h 06a- aaHHOCTH bt>ofaacTH rpaatxaHCKHXb h noAHTBiocKBX'L upaBOOTBomeHifi. Ho ni. KOHCTaTynioBHUXt. rocyxapcTBaxb 3aK0Hb. HesaBHCHMO o n co- xepsanifl, HMfert eaje h <t>op.wa.»,Hbrfi npn3HaKT*. Cb stoS cToponu, saEOHb ecTL aKTB, B3jaHBuS no cor.iameaiB naxaTb ct. naBO» rocy- AapcTBa. 9thmi oCxacHaiOTca nocTanoBioaia oTxfxbHHXb KoncTHTynift KacaTejtHO 3Toro apexue-ra. TaKb, ab Abtjih doa'b „CTaTyTOMb‘“ noxpa3ys<fBaeTCfi nap-iaaeMCKifl aKTb, T.-e. nocTanoBJieHie XByxb naxaTb, yrBepacxeHHoe Eopo.ieHb. Bb npyccKofl KOBCTHTyuin mh BCTptHaeMb cx-tAyiomee onpexfxeBic aaKOHa (ct. 62): „Bie gesetzgebende Gewalt wird gemeinschaft- lich durcb beide Kammern und den KSnig ausgeiibt\", T.-e. „saK0H0- jaTOJibHaa R.iaciL OTBpaBxaeTcn cobmIictho AByaa najiaTaan n Kopo- xeMb“. H, xaxfe: „Die Uebereinstimmnng des KOnigs nnd beider Kammern iat flir jedes GeBetz erforderlich*, T.-e. „xxh ncasaro aaEoaa TpefiyeTca cor-iacie sopo.m h o6$nxb naxaTb\". Cb boxoShhmh xe DOCTaHOBjeniaxH mu BCTpfiaeHC.it a Bb xpyrHXt KOHCTUTVniaXT. *). II. Bee BumeH3.io»enHoe KacaeTca $opMi a ycJOBitt 3aKOHOAaTe.11,- hoB xtsTeABHOCTB, ho He BacaeTca lipocTpaacTBa ea, Kpyra npex- MeTOBt, Ha KOTopuS OHa pacnpocTpaHJieTca. Mexxy TiMi aaKoaoxaTeabHaa AtaTextHOCTE. naxaTb npocTapaeTca He toxbko na npexHeTU, Tpe6yioinie lopHAHieCKHXb onpexfxeHifi, no h Ha npegneTU, HMtioinie ihcto nojHTHiecKoe 3HaieHie, h nocTaHosxe- Bia OTHOCHTeAbHO EOTOpUXB BHKaKb He HOTyTb (ihlTE noABcxeau no,XT* noHHTie saKOHa. TaKOBu, nanpiorhpb, onpeAfxema o rocyxapcTBeHHOMb SioxseTb, 0 Bonpocaxi* H3MtncHia rocyxapcTBeHnuxb rpaHHEb bo no- Boxy OTiy*xeoia h.ih HHKOpnopaniH TeppaTopia h t. h. 3to upaBOXHTb Hacs Kb pascMOTpiaiio Boupoca: 11a KaKie npexMeTH MoateTT* 6utl pacnpocTpanHeHa saKOHOxaTejBHaa BxacTb? lib KOHCTHTyniHXT. MU BCTptqaOHb M&XO yKasaHiS HO 3T0MJ H0- Boxy. HfKOTopua KOBCTHTvniH, nanpHsitpb repMaHotaa, rosopHTb, bto Bonpocu KacaTexBHO cbo6oxh h coficTBeaHOCTH uoxAaHHUxb jojikhu paBCMaTpHBaTBCH 3aKOHOXaTe,II,nUMT. BOpXJKOHb, HO 8T0 CKOpf.e OTpH- ') Cm. kohcthtjiuo 6ein.ri8city» (ex. 26): „Le pouvoir ldgislatif s’exerce col- ■ectivement par le roi, la chambre des reprdsentants et le siinat\". Cp. kobct. bb- xepjaHacayB, ct. 104, BcnaBcKye, cr. 18, nopryraascayn, ct. 18, Bjpyr.

n;aTt.'ji.Hoe, neate.m noJowHTe.ibHoe onpejit.ieHie. Kpyrb AtftTexbHOCTH 3HaHKCouTopAaiaHTBeHJio>fHt oBfijacBTJiHacr3aanepmeeuiaBeeTeoanpeKxatcaaaTebTcaca BYoKnapaoacoeBiebitbo, CTBo)oSao*j)biHk- <0(>CTBeHHOCTH nOAAaHHUXb. Hpii’iHHa nojoOHofl neonpej'fe.ieniiocTH n eBponeftcKHXb KOHCTHTy- niaxt—HCTopaaecKaa. EnponeflcKia KOHTHReHTaAbHHH rocyAapcTBa ne- pemjH Bb BOHCTHTynioHHOsiy peacHny Bb Teieeie XIX Bins.. Bb bto cocTOBHie ohh nepenuH upennymecTBeHHo H3b (fiopm. a6eo.ix>Tno8 mo- aapxiH, Bb KOTopuxi Kpyrb npeAMeTOBb, nox.ieatamnxb pa3CMOTpiBiio Bb 3aKOHOAaTe.ii.nonb nopaARt, CbiAb TBepAO ycTaaoBAeHb. Ceja otho- caiacb boh o6.iacTb rpaiKABHCKaro h yroaoBHaro upaua, oTHomema ro-. oyjapcTna kt. uepitBH, ycTanoB.ieBie HaaoroBi a t. b. Bee bto Bb ne- pidAb aCcoABTHaro MonapsunecKaro npaBaeaia Tpe6oBa.io BaKOHOCOBt- maTe.IMIofl jIvHTe.IbHOCTH. UpH npBHHTin KOHCTHTyaiOHHHX'L vqpe- XAeHitt CbJ.TH TO.TbKO HBMtHOHIJ l|lOpMU H DOpHAOKb BbipadOTEH H yTBepx.xema 3aK0H0Bb, a npejMeTH, noAxeatamie saitono.wc.TMioit iiare-ibHOCTH, ocTajiacb i t ate. Ho, CBBpXb TOCO, B'b KOHCTHTyniOHHblXi BaKOHaXb HHtlOTCH BOCTa- HOBxeBia, onpejtJiHtoinia: Basic npejiMeTu, He noA-ieatamie co6ctbcbho atflcToiio B.iacTH 3aE0H0iaTejbH08, xbaatHU TiMb He MeHte pascHaipa- naTbCH Bb .aaKOHOjaTe.ibHoM'b uopajKt jja oopaatjeHin rocyAapCTBea- Hbixb h aacTBUXb HHTppecoBb. Taab Karb bth onpejt.ieHia He BUTe- xaioTT. a»b DOBHTia sasoHa Bb ero HopuaabHOMb coaepatanin, to koh- OTHTyUlH CIHTaiOTb HCOfis0;fllMIJH7. HepeiHCAHTL HXb OC06O. TaKOBH, HanpH«tpb, nocTaHOBJieHia, bto cymecTByiomia rpaHHUbi rocyxapcTiia KoryTb 6uTb HBMtuaeMH iepe3b ycTynKy ii.fH o6ntHb toabko 3aK0Ho- AaTe.ibHuM'b nopaAEOHb. He3aBHCHM0 0Tb vcTaHOBjeHiH HaaoroBb, eoh- cTHTyiuH xacaioTca cnoco6a eaterojoaro pascMOTpiHia a yTsepatAeRia dnaaceTa. Tasb, Bb cTaTbi 99 npyccKofi HOHCTHTynia rosopHTca: Bet AOXoau h pacxoAU rocyAapcTBa ao.yjkhw 6un m na»An8 «roxb npeA.io- aceRH Biiepejb h 3aHeceHH Bb roeyAapcTBeHeyn pocimci, (Staatshaushal- tung’s Etat). IIocjiAHHH eateroAHo ycTaHOBxaeTca saKOHOMb („Letzte­ res wird ifihrlich dnrch ein Gesetz festgestellt\"). , TaKOBH se nocTaHOBAesifl (5eJbrifiCKo8 kohcthtvhih, $paHu.y3CKHxb OCROBHHXb SaKOHORb U T. A. BnoextACTBiH mu eme KocHeitcH u Apyraxb npeA«eTOBb, pa3CstaTpii- Baexuxb Bb .MKOHOAaTejbHOMb nopHAKt, ho se noAXOAHRlHib noAb HOHHTie BaKOHOBb. ‘ . HTaxb, xoth KoncTHTyniH He ycTanaBABBann. upsmo ofimaro Kpvra BaKOHOAaTejibHofi AtaxeAbHocTii na.iaTb, hooHt nepeiuc.iaioTb npcAMe™ AtaTe-TbHOCTH, pa3CMaTpHBaeMHe npa yiacTiH najiaib. 9THMb nyienb KOHCTHTyniOHHbie aKTH H3beBC.TB)Tb H3b KOKneTeHHlH nOARHHeHHHXb

84 BjacTefl T i npejaeiu, uoToptie no,peacar& HenocpejcTBeHBOMy pa3- CMOTpliHie BucmeS n.iacTH. B. Cyde6nax oAacmb. I. HaaHaieeie cyjed'HOfl B-iacrH coctohto in. B03CTaHOBaeBiB hah 3amHTi npaBa, t o w oto upaao HapyniCHO, hah bo onpeAtAemm KO«y npHHajweiKHTt upaBO, Korja oho aBiiaeTca cnopHHMo. Ho bo Bcixo cAyiaaxo cyje6Hoe pimenie awaeTca upaM-liHeuieMO ofimaro saKOHa ko KOHKpeiHOMy c.iyiaio. Korja cyAfca KOncTanipyoTt, ito bo ■AaHBOMOftfeacTBiH 3aK-noiaKiTca npHBHaEunpecTynaeaia, upejycxoTptH- aaro BaKOHOMt, h onpeA’fe.iaen, jilipy HaBasaHia, yKaaaHHVKi bo hbmo, Korja out HaxojHTT., tto cnopHoe npaBO coCcTBeiraocra Ha Bem,b ;io.i;kho 6utb apucysAOHO tskomy to anny, soraa oho onpejt.iiieTO Mipy BosnarpaajeHia 9a Bpejo i n y6nTKH HOTepniBinexy ahav—bo bcOxo sthxo eAyiaaxo cyAbH npHMiHaen. ofimift shkoho no oTAiAb- humo cayHaavo. Ho eciH cyabii upuMhuacTo o6mie 3aK0HU ko qacTHbiMo, KouspeT- hhho cayaaaMO, to, BHicTi co riwo, ouo Ao.iJfteno 6utb opraHOHO AificTByiomaro npaBa, T>e. npana cymecTBycmaro bo AaHHyio arayTy HAH cymeCTBOBaBHiaro BO MOBOHTO BOBHHBHOBeHlfl HUB'&CTHIJXO OTHO- meaift. 8to o6oacHaeTca casion Hlubio npaBa bo o6o6BThbhomo cvucai, T.-e. noAOKHTOALnuxo nopao. IIo.ioxhto.ibhuh npHAHiecEia Hopxu cosAaiOTca aah o6e3neieHia wphahhockhxo HHtepecoBo, ujiiiouiHxo KaKo aacTHoe, Taso h odinecTBeHHoe 3na'(eHie. 9t» i( tjt AOCTHraeica .inmi. npu tono ycjOBiH, ocah Kaatjoe ahho bhahto bo nasoni M'fepy A03BOAeHaaro hah HCA03BOA6HHaro, ecAB BCHKifi yBf.peno, no MBtcT- Hoe ero A’feScTBie 6yA6TO umJ.ti, h3b4cthuh wpiiAmecKia noc.iix- CTBia. npa OTcyTCTBia 9toS ysipeHHOCTH Kocyn, nouiaTHVTbca act ocHOBama rpasjaHCKaro ofimoacHTia. HeabSa hh npoAasaTb, hh noEy- naTb, BOAbsa BCTynaTb bo AoroBopu, iipHHHHaTi, Ha cc6a ioikin .mfic ofianaTC-ibcTBa h uo.iynaTi. hxo orb ipyraxo, iieabaa x&xe HHtib yBtpeuHOCTH bo CBoeS jhbboB 6e3onacHociH—ocah sakoho 6>AeTO npa- aitaaTbca co ofipaTiioiochaou. DoBToay HHTepecH rocyAapcTBa Tpe6y»ro, tto6u cyjoa 6hao opraaouo eAHHCTBenno apaaa AiSciBynmaro. Ho oyAba heahctch tekhmo opraHouo miKaKo He bo cmhca'6 CyKnajbHaro npirat,Henia hmo dale# aiiKOHa, TaEO KaKo bo ero upaKTHKii nantpHO BCTpiTHTca CAViaii, koto Heo6xoAnH0 npHfitrHyTb ko TOAKOBaHiio 3aKoaa. KorAa 6yKBaAbBHfi cmhcao saKona mape ero AorHiecKaro CMUCAa—cyAbB aoakbho npad-ferHyTt so orpaHHTHTeAbHOMy TOAEOBaaiio. Boraa cyAba 3airtqaeTo npo6iAT. bo saKOHOAaTeAbCTB'fe—oho aoa*6ho ofipaTHTbca ko aeaAorin co apyrnsin npeAycMOTpiirauMB saEOHOHO

— 85 — caymans. Taaoe TOiKOBanie saKOHa aB.iaOTca iijihmuhx nocaijiCTiiiem. npaBHja, sto cy*ba AO-ixenx 6htb opraHOHX. jt0CTBynmaro npana. 3to ncojiit cooTatTCTByeTT> Tony o6ujeny HHTepecy, c o y KOToparo HapoAX Boo6me bx npaBi bea^ti. bx aaKoat ocaoBaaie Rctxx cbohxx npanx a oSa3aHBOCTeft. Bcasi# npopeccx o6H3aTejtHO AOJxenx 6un ptnienx aa ocaoBaHia jiflcTByiomaro upaBa. Boix nouexy cyibaxx sanpcuiacTca OTK-iajuBart pimcnie j i j x , OTrosapasaacB neno.moToio nan nencHOCTbio saaOHa. Ec.ih cyAba OTxasuBaeTca orb paisptuieuia it.ia. ero nociyaoEX pascxaTpHBaeTca aaab OTnasx bx upaBocyjiH, a <!Hx noAaexarb 3a aero aaaoaaoS OTBlTCTBeiinocm Ilpufrtraa ex raiKOBaHiio 3aEOHa, cyAba CTasaTx ceOi Boapocx: ttA bx AaBHOMXcayaai cxasaax Am caax saEoaoAaTeab? Uoaxsyacb upanoxx -ToaaoBaaia, cyAba, c.rtAOBaTe.iuio, ae ruxoahtx a3x npeA'ftaoBx bo.ih saKoaoABTPja. Bx aioxx/cxHcjit cyAeOaaa AtaTenbaocrx— A-haTe.ib- aocTb nodwKOHHax bx caxoxx crporoMx cauc.it. Bo btoB to npaaaah OHa ae AO-ixaa 6uTb npeAOCTaB.iae«a aaKOHOAaxe.ibHoB bjircth, tbkx .xaKx 8Ta B.iacTb nocraBaeaa Bume saaoaa, a npa paacxo’rp'BijiH oTAiab- nuxx apoaeccofx oaa MSAaBa.ia 6u saKOHU cx ofipaTHoii chjoH, ito bx upauoBbixx rocyjapciBaxx lie xoaceTx 6utx AouvcKaeMo. Toiho tbjcxxe, cyAcAuaa .v&aTeabuocTb ae AO.ixna npeAOCTaBaaTbca a HcnoaaHTeabaoS BjacTH. IIpoACTaRHTOau btoBbjibctk oAinaeu pysoBO- AHTbca apeAnacaaiaau aucineB saacra a, aBaaacb opraHaxa cyAe6aoB BaacTB, obb fiujrK Ou BatcTt cx Ttux a opranaMH Bucmefl ajMHHH- CTpania. Bx btomx c.iyiat cyAefiHaa BJiacTb nepecra.ia 6a 6aTb hce-IB- iHTe.iMio opraHONx 3anona: ua nee aatia 6u c.ihidbomx Oo.iLuioe b.ub- aie HBTepecu aAMHBBCTpaTHBHoB luacm. II. H-ia Toro, btoAu cyAefiaaa B.iacTb fiiua ucEanaHTeabao opra- homx aaaoHa, cyAbaxx hcoAxoihho ofiesaenuTb noxoxeaie, npa koto- poxx ohm 6bijiE on HeAOCTynBU KaKHMX jhSo Batmaaxx B.iianiaMx, hto6h nocToaaao iiciio.iiia.ica cmucjx xtTKaro HspeneHia Kaun.iepa JIarecco: „la justice rend des arrets, mais non pas des services'. Ilpa 3aBBCHxocTH cyAoax, iioaoAhuxx „yc.iyrx“ xoryrx TpeAoBaTb otx cyAbH KaKx aacTBua junta, tsex m noiHTmecKia capTiu. Cy.ibfl Apa- xeH'A ocaoBUBaTb cbob pimeHia ncKJuoniTe.iBHo ua caOBaxx iiaKOHa: ohx ae Aoaatenx bx cbohxx npHronopaxx pyEOBOAHTbca ebebum 6u to hh 6ujio aanpaBjeniaxH. IIosTOxy nepiiaa aaAaia npaBH.11.H08 cyjeAHoft oprammuiu Aojitcna coctobtl bx tohx, htoAh AOCTaBHTb cyAbaxx bos- xoxaocTb AuTi, opranaxu hckjiiouitc.ii.iio npaea AtflCTsyiontaro. Btoto Tpe6yDTX opaxue HHTepecu rocyAapcTBa. He TpyAHO AOKasaTb, ito orpaxAeHie MacTHUxx HHTepecoBx Tpe6veTX HesaBHCHMOCTa cyAOBX bx OTnpaBieuiH apaBocyAia; no npoTHBx aroro moxho, nOBHAHMOxv, B03- po3HTb, 4to nacTHue HHTepecu HHorAa xoryTx n ,v’« a u 6HTb no-

sepTBOuaHu rocyjapcTBeHHtJMT. noj&aam. 9to coo6paateHie lie iiMien, oAHaKO, npoiHaro ocHOBania. OfiinecTneHauB cTpofi, TBepAOCTb hoahth- teCBazt yipezseHift aaatAHTca Ha o6esneMHiH aarepecoBb, npam h aaKOHHUXT* BHrojpb Bcero HapoAOHaceienia. HoKa Bb rocyxapcTBt o6es- ueieHU saaoimo npiofipiieaHua npana, orpaa^eua co(5cTBeHHOCTbr jHHHaa 6e3onacaocTb, TBepAOCTb aoroBopoBx, OesnpenarcTBeHHoe ot- npaBaeme npomjcjoBb, Toproeja h paanuxb buyout, yxcTBeHHaroTpyja, AO tixb nopi. ycTOHiuBb H caauft rocyAapCTBeHHufi nopaAOKb. I’ocy- AapcTBO iiozerb cnoKofiHO uepexmaTb noABTHiecKia nepewtHU, bh- AepamsaTb Aaae rpoaHue uepeBopoTH a Bniamia boShu: TBepAufi o6mecTBeHBu8 h rpa»AaHcKifi uopaAOKi AaAyTb eiiy cajy uopouocTH HCBbiTaaia. Ho bout, toabko rocyAapcTBO OTaaxeTca OTb ofeneiema rpazAaHCEaro uopmsa, oho apaBeAOTb ofimecTBO Kb aaapxia a pa3- pyniHTTi co6cTBeHHbia cboh ocaonania. • Bora noaesy aah rocyAapcTBb TaKb uaacHa xopoiaaa opraHHsauia cyAeSnofl bahcth. JltaTeabHOCTb btoS a.iacTa neBHAHaa, no otb ea opraHH3aum 3aBHCHTb ofimecTBenHtift nopjuoKb. 9thmt. ofibHCnaercH,' uoHOuy Bonpocb 06b opraHHaauiu npanocy,tiH no-iynixib TaKofl hhto- pecb, h Doaeuy, uo o6me»y npauHav, TaitHMb cymecTBeHHBivb yc-ioaieiib xopomefi opranuaania cyAe6HOfi BAacra 6hab upn3Hain, irpaimuin, ho- 3aBHCHMocTa cyjefi, o6e3ncanBaeMoft axb aecuiuneuocTbJO. III. HOAb He3aBHCHKOCTMO H HeCM’foHJieMOCTBH) He CAllAyeTb DOHH-, ,naTb fiesoTR-feTcToeiiBOCTt cyAefi. He.iamicHMocTh cyAefi coeroHTb Bb Tonb, n o Bb csoefi A*aiejb- HOCTII OHH nOJBHHeHU TOAbKOBA8CTH3BK0aaH ITO, B09r0My, p'faiiriiiji, nocTaHOBAeHHua aa ocHOBaHia saROHOBb, He HoryTb 6uti, uouoAOMb Kb yxaaeHiiD cyAefi 0Tb saHauaenuxb hmh Aojauioivrefl. Ho cyAba, pyKOBOAanifica npa cnonxb ptraeHiaxb ApyraMH uothbomh, xoxeib is AOjaceHb 6bixb vja.ienb orb ceoefi aoaxhocth, ho ho HHaae, aaab no cyAy. CatAOBaTejtHO, „HecMiHaeMOCTb“ cyAefi Ha^o noHBMaTt nb foub CMUcai, bto cyAba Moaen, 6uTb yjaaeHb co CBOefi aoajkhocth toabko 3a npecTynAeHie no aoaxhocth h ae gaaio Kasb no cyjty. He Bci, OAuaKo, A*flcTBia cyaefi Moryn. 6HTb npasto nOABeAemj noAb noHJiTie ppecTyn-ieHifi no aoa*4octh: He6pe*HUMb omoiueHieMb Kb cooHKb 0fia3aHH0CTBHb ohh HoryTb HefiaaronpiaTHO nonjiaTb aa xoAb apano- cyAia. Bb OTHomeaiu ne6pe*aaro acno.iaeHin cyAbaMH axb oOasanno- CTeft, oh« noABepra»Tca MHCKaHiaMb Bb nopaAKi AacHHaaHnapHaro npoasBOACTBa, npa neab HeoAaoKpaTHoe noBTopeaie AacnauaanapHUXb B3HCKaHifi MOjKCTb uoBecTH Kb HapaaeHiio HaAb cyAbeM cyaefiaaro catACTBia h Kb catat ero Cb aoa» hoctu. OCeSHeneaie HesaBHcaitocTa cyaefi saBHCHTb npeatAc Bcero orb cno- co6oBb HXb HMaaienia. Bb HacToamee BpeMa TaKuxb cnoco6oBb cy-

87 mecTByerL JBa: 1) namaxciiie rjauofi rocyjapciBa; 2) Bti6opu. llo- c.itjuHfl cHCTBMa npHHHTA.bb IIlBefiaapiH a m, OTji.iLHUXX njTaxaxB CtnepHofl AnepHKH. Bb no.n.ay auSopnaro Haaa.ia mojkho opaBecTU to coo6paxeHie, bto HsfiHpaeKufi cyAwi He aaBacHn., tbkb cKasaTb, o n npaBUTexb- CTneHeofi mhxocth, a aoxaeTca KaKB 6u opraaoHB cbohxb corpaxAanB U i OTiipaBxeHia npanocyjia, h bthmb yase npnsnaexca xhaomb, xory- d(hhb cTaTb Bume BceBosHOxnuxB HHxepecoBB napTifl. .H/bficTBHTexb- HocTb aacTO npoTHBopinHTB 8T0My TeopeTHiecKOMy noxoxeniio. Taxi, bb H'haoTopux'b uiTBTaxb AHepHKH (bb Hbio-IopKi h xpyi'.) DpaBO- cyjie qaero cxyaurrb cpeACTBOMBaxh camiXB HaaEax-b HiixpnrB oTAixb- huxi napTifl. Eipe He^aBHObb HbRj-IopKi, no noBOAy nponecca oaho# a»e.ri:3Hojopo®HoS KOMnaniH, npoH3oniCAB napOAHufl mjitc;kx, BU3Ban- Hblfl B03MyTHTe.TbHUM'L KpHBOAVIuieMB BblClDHXBCy^efl. IlpHWtpb 3T0TB xoxctb noc-iyacHTt A0Ka3aTexbCTH0MB nenpnroxnocTH BUfiopaai'o na- aa.ia, do Kpafleefl nipt, bb upuM-tineiiiu kb bucdiuhb cyneSnuxT. AOxshocthmt. KaiiB ua npHatpB bb cywHocTH noaiH3HOHHaro naCpauia cyjefl yKaateHB Ha neHCHjbBaHcKyio KoncTBTyniio, no KOTopofl Bucinie cy^bH HaCapaioTCfl Ha 21 rojB. CacTeiia HaBHaneHia npH3Haaa Haarto.ite yjoonoio bb CoxBUiHHCTB'b espoDeflCKHXB rocy^apcTBB. llpa Ha3HaT0Bia kobuoscho Coxbme. qbHB npH Kasofi jh6o Haofl cncTt'M'iy cofi.iwuaTb TpeCoBauia lopHAHiecKaro oOpa:ioBaHia h npaKTanecKOfl nojroTOBKH naanaqaeMUXB: oho JiaeTB mmb nesanHCHMoe noxoxenie h bb OTHomeBiH oOiuecxBa h ero napTifl. Ho axh oOeaiiexenia He3aBHcnsiocxn cyjefl otb Bxiania npaBUTexbCTBeH- nofl BjaCTH, neoOxo.xHMUMx. nocxtiCTBiewB naanaxeuia npuaHaeTca «e- CMmuteMocmt. cyiefl. HoexiAHaa ycxaaoBaxacb u yTBepAHxact npeacje Bcero bb Anrxia. Ao XVII cr. cyj.bH, bb OTHODieHiH cbocto HasHaaeHiu a npeCuBasia Ha CBOHXB MicTaXB, He OTAHiaxHCb OTB DPOTHXB AOXStHOCTHUXB XHHB, HasHaaaBDiHxca KopoxeuB. ^axe ao HacToamaro BpeueHU AOxatHOCTb Bucmaro cyAbH, xopxa KaHoxepa, coxpaHaxa 3a co<5o» CSoxie doxhth- qecKoe, qiHB cyAeflnoe 3aaxeHie: xaaB, ohb cniHaeTca BMicT-b cb ne- Pbm%hoS Ka6HHeia (HHHHCTepcTBa). BecxMHHCTepcKifl cyAB o6pa30Baxca h3b xpexB cyAOBB: 1) H3B cyAa KaaHaxeflcTBa. 2) ■cyAa yroxoBHaro (cyxa, H3B4cTHaro doab na3BanieHB King’s-behch, T.-e. cyAa KopoxeB- cKofl cnaMbn) a 3) cyAa- no o6ihhmb rpaaxaHCKHMB xaxfiaicB. CyAbH 9THXB TpeXB CyAOBB yBOXbHHXHCb H HaSHaiaXHCb KOpOXeBCKHMH KOM- MHCciaMH, coo6pa3HO (jiopHyxfe: „uoKa sopoxD CyxeTB yroAHo“. Hecni- HaeaocTb hxb BbipafiOTaxacb, OAHaKO, nyTeiiB oGuaaa, xoth nocxi.uiifl HeoAHonpaTHO Hapymaxca. Ho caHua pi3Kia otb Hero OTCTynxeHia HRHjncb bb SDoxy CuoapTOBB: npH Kapxt I, Kapxi I I h IskobIi II

npminnnb stotb CTajb HapymaTbca. BcaiscTBie eroro eme Bb XVII ct. nap-iauenTb CTapaxca rapaHTupoaaTL HecHinuenocTb cyseft, n Bb 1640 rosy na.iaTa jropsoBb npnc.ia.ia on. cefia Kopo.iio neTnniro o toMb, mtoCli CJ3.LB cMiiui-uici, ho t o w , n o w , Kopo.no Cyjera yro*Ho“, a „quamdiu bene se gesserint“, T.-e. „noKa fiyayn. ce6a xopomo Becra”, h no rbxb nopb 6hjhi 6u iiecMiHaeMH. Bb 1679 r., bo w , sirbcTi cb najeniesib Ka6HHeTa, HtcKoxaso cyjeft 6u.iu aarnaBU cb uawi- MaeuBXT. hmh xicTb, napaaMeHTX btophmho Dpe.icxauH.ib neTimiio ko- po.no. Kopoai. HaOTp-fab oTiiauajicn yTBepjurrb ee, h tojilko Ha ju-bHaa- paTOMb rosy napcTBOBama Baxbre.ii.Ma III npoctfia, HsaaraBmaaca Bb ueTHnin, ftuxa Hcno-wera: Bb 1701 r. dohbm.ich H8BicTHuit Act of settlement. Bb atom, artxf. Messy nponnub ynoMnnyio, hto cynbH oTHHH't Ha3Ha<rar)Tca „quamdiu hene se gesserint\", h hto ohh uoryn. cm+.huti.ch tojilko no aipecy SByxb naaarb, T.-e., hto cysm yxa- .TinoTCJi aaKOUosaxe.ihHuMb nopa.iKOMb. Hap.iaMeHTb HeojnoKpaTHO iipHMiHH.ib ato npauo. 9THMb cnoco- (SoMb ysa.iCHb cb CBoeS so.isjhocth hsbI cthuA ocHouaTe.ii> ouhtho# <t>Hxocoi|>iH, BaKoub, aa hsiitku h BHMoraxe.ibCTua. HpuHgHUb HecxinHexocTH OKOHTaTe.iLBo VTBepsa.icji a 6u.it, 30- no.ineHb Bb nepnuS rosb napcTBOBaniu Teopra I Bb 1714 rosy; cyxbHMb fiu.io uasHaueHO nocToaHHoe, onpejt.ieHHoe saaouaHte Ha Bee upeMii upertLiBaiiia nxb Bb joxshocth. Hab AHrjia npHHuunb HecMiaaeMocxH nepeme.n. h Bb AuepiiKy. Bb 1787 r., npH BupaCoTKt Houoft KOBCTHTyniu, OHb 6lijib nosBepr- Hyn. KpHTHiecBOMy pa3fiopy n, nocjii imoruxb npenift Bb cjM-iasejib- cJiificKOMb KOHrpecci, 6u.ib npHMiBeHb a sb 4>esepajLHUMb cysaMb. Bb pa3bHCHeHiH aToro npuHDuna DpunaMa.ib yiacrie a aBTopb 0ede- paiucma. 78-e duclmo &edepaAucma (cTp. 355 h cats-) nocBsmeHO noxpofinofi paapafioTKi trmu, hto HCCMiHaeMocTb cysefl oiaaaKOBO Heo5xosHMa Kasb axa MOHapxift, TaKb a 33a pecnv6.iHKb. Bb Morap- xinxb OHa Kasb 6u upescTaiuaeib aaaepxicy npoH3uo.iv ajHHHHCTpa- Tuuiiofi u.iacTu, a bl pecayO.iHKaxb— 3asepsKy TwpaHiH aaposa. Bb 3-Mb OTj’fex'fe, rgi rOBOpBTca 06b opraHHsaniH cyse6nofi bxscth, boh- CTHTynia 1787 r. nocTaBOBaaeib, hto cysna HasnanaiOTca*cb cor.facia cea&Ta a HecHtBaenu „quamdiu bene se gesserint“ , a hto ycrpaHeme axb OTb soxsaocxeS CTaBaTcaBb npuMVio subhchmoctl OTb KOHrpecca, npn HeMb OTBtTCTBeHBOCTb axb BO.ifiyasaeTca najiaTOB) aenvTaxOBb a npHBHuaeTca ceHaTOKb. IV. Cb CdxbmHHbTpyjOMb BTOTb upanaanb ycTaHOBHxca bo<tpaHQia. 8to aaBiic'fc.io OTb xapaKTepa nepeBinb ijiopjib npaB-ieHia bo $pamuH: OHa H3irbHa.ia axb Bb canuxb ocsoBaHiaxb, Bb npaHnHuaxb. IIo3Tony, aecMOTpa Ha npoB03rjamenie npmmnna necu-bHaeMOCTH cysefi, onb uo-

— i>9, — ctoahho cJiaKTuqeCKHHapymaaca. J,o peboJenin MaracipaTypa bo $ pan- nix, npaBja, dtua HecMinaewa, ho 9TOuponcxoAU-io He b i chav npHH- nHna HecMiHfleMOCTH, a csopie b i chav npnnnuna npo.iaacHOCTH. Upo- saxHocTBjo.ixnocTefl (v4nalit<5des offices), BU3UBaenaa eyatjana (JiHCKa, bo '[‘paHnin jocTHrajia rpouaAnuxi paaM'bpOBi. BnpoaeMX, tjtj. 6uja u CBoa xopomaa cropoHa, aa KOTopyw, CuTh MoaceTi, h sainuma.™ Moh- TecEse la vdnalitd des offices—en odesneiEBaxaci neaanHCHKOCTL ue- hobi, cynefiHofl Eopnopanin. Ho BTa CHCTeua He npeuBHyaa uoadyiuTb npoTHBB ceda oatecToaeHHua HanajKH, thei kski cyjbH, noayqHBmie tbkhmi hvtcmi caMOCTonTejLHOCTi,, ne xot4ah npasHaBaTi aa codon HHaaKHXi odaaaHHOCTefi, BO.uaraestuxb ua hhxi aoaxhoctbd. Bthmi oCnacnaeTca, noaeuy mu bo iipaanyacKoS HCTopin BCTpisiaeuca cl npnMUMH saHBjeHinMH i|ipanny3CKHXi seucKHXi ibhobi (etats gene- raux), ipedyniUHXi: 1) otm-Iihh npojaacnocTH jO-iatBOCTeft h 2) npu- 3HaBia HesaBHCHMOcTH cyAefi. Hc3aBHCHMOCTi H BecMtiiHeMOCTb cyuefi duxa nijiio, k i lcoTopofi CTpeMHJiuci seMCEie ihhu a jaase HisuoTopue hsi Kopoxeft ■J’paaniu; ho HOHHTie o HesaBHCHMOcTH ne HaxOAHJio cedi Bhipaaceiiia b i Toil 4>0pufi, Bl KOTOpofl (JiaKTHSeCKH TCTaHOBHjaCB HCCMiHaeKOCTl, HMeHBO, Bi (popM’b npoAasH. AO.iiHHOCTefi. 9th (popua, Easi ysasuBaiOTi Haul cahiers (r.-e. npeACTaBJieHia 3cmckhxi thiiobi) h npenin, npoHcxo- AHBniia no noaony hxi, ne yjOBJieTBOpajH B03spf,niHMi seucKHxi m- hobi ua ycjoBia HesaBHCHMOcTH u HecMboneuocTH. 3eucEie hhhu, ho dojbinefi nacTH, ocyaxaja npojaacHOCTb aoashoctcB h HepigHO Meacjy hhmh c.ibiinaaHCb BOsr.iacu: qui vend office, vend justice. HosTOuy bi 1483 rosy b i Typi duAO cjbjiaHO npe.i.ioaceHie, iTodu sopoAb nocia- HOBu.il, hto cyAbH Ha3HavanTCH cauuui cyjedHUMi yCTaHOBJemeui M3i MHc.ia Tpexi jam, upejCTaBjenubixi xanAHjaTauH Ha BaicaHTHiin ao.ixhocth, h hto HasHaieHie 9to noxusnennoe. Ilpa stoki, seucEie hhhu npeACTaBHJH BicKie aoboah b i 3ainuTy HesaBHCHMOcTH h Hecut- HaeuocTH cyAefi, roBopn, vto noc.it,inie toaleo npa sthxi ycAosiaxi dyAyri HuiTi aoctstotho uyacecTBa aah OTnpaBjeHiH chohxi odasaH- HocTefi. T i me caMun saHB.ieHin cauihsahcb h b i 1560 r. b i OpxeaHt, bi 1576 r. b i Bays h Hacodpamuxi 3eucEHxi thhobi ApyrHXi toaobi; ho opraHH3anin cyjedHofi babcth ne H3*iHH.iacb ao peBOjnniH 1789 roAa. B i anoxy ace ynpejHTejbuaro codpaHis MHtHifl othochtbabho ycTpoScTBa cyxedHO# hucth pasA’bJHAHCir i i , Koiopue uxinn bi BHAy MOBapxHqecEyn cpopMv nparneniH, cuoTpfija HaAnrain, eoei Ha odpa- seqi, h TpedoBauH HesaBHCHMOcTH a HecuiHaeMOCTH cyneB; Apvraa ace BocTopsecTBOBaHmaa napiia Tpedosa.ia, hto6u cyABH dujH BudopHue. KaEi bhaho, Apyraa napTia iipu.nepxHBa.iaci MHtHia MonTecKid, ao EOTopoMy cyxednaa B.racTb ne uo.iacHa dun BpejocTaBJeHa nocroaH-

— 90 - Bony yipexieHiw (a an corps permanent), a jOJiKHa fitiTt OTnpaiuaeMa .lunaMU, BufiHpaeMUJiu Ha BpeMa h no' M-fepfi Hajo6nocTH, h Torja „BjacTb cyjHTi, ctojb rposHaa Meatiy jdai.mh, Ai-iaeTca hhitokhod“. KoacTHTynia 1791, 1793, 1795 roAOBb AtficTBHTeAbuo up0B03r.iacH.iH BbifiojjHoe nai&AO cyw *), ho, fijaroAapa STosiy Haiaay, •tpairnin lie HM*.ia nacToamaro cyjia, n6o cvalu cjtjiajucb He raibito opyjiesrb noAHTuaecEHEb, ho Aaate h aAHHiiHCTpaTHUiiuxb iiaprifi. BpeMa koh- cy.ii.CTBa h nepBoa HHnepiu ue fiu.io fi.iaronpiaTHbiMb aas pa3BUTiH cy.iefiHOfl HeaaBHCBMOCTH. Uo KOHcyAbCKOfl KOHCTHTyniH 1799 roAa Ha- poA’b 6u-Ti ycTpaiieeb hr to.ii.ko orb n3(>pauia cyaefi, ho .yaate a Ha- pojHHXb iipeACTaBHTe.ie8, Bb cajiy roro ofimaro upuHumia, no AOBipie aojbho -hath chhbt, a BAacTb CBepxy: napo.ty npeaocTaBjeHa Ouaa TOJLKO BO3M0JKH0CTb VKa3aTb JUQb, yAOCTOHBQ1HXCH oro AOBlipia; HSiena 8th 3aHocHjncb Bb liate de confiance h.ih lists de notability set no.ino- opaBHue rpa*i(aiie coOHpaaacb no ospyraMb, h H36npa.m H3b ceCa ’/*o nacTb; bth BbiOopnue coftapaAacb no AenapTaneHTaub, ta* onMTb uaCupaJH H3b CBoefi cpeAtJ 710 TOCTb; HaaoHenb, H3b Broil tooth onaib HaOnpajacb 7‘° toctb ueHOBb h HiseHa toabko STHXb 3auoca- .iHCb Bb HanioBa.ibHbi0 lists de confiance; aaTfiMb cenaTb hah hcuoaeh- TeJbHan B.iacTb (itoHcyAb) HasHaiaAn AO.iacHOCTHuxb ahivb, upa ieab KaTeropin AOASHOereB cooTBtTCTBOuajiH paapnav quncKOBb. 9THMb oobacHfleTca ct. 68 KOHCTHTynin 1799 roAa, rAacnmaa: miamia cyAediibiH HncTannin, i.-e. les juges de paix, H36Hpa»Tca na cpoKb, a les juges antres, que les jnges de paix coxpanaioTb cbod AOaatHOCTb noxHSHeHHO, 3a HCEAioneHieHb Toro cayiaa, KorAa ohh ocyzAenu 3a npecTyuAenie no aoa&hocth hah hckakiiohu H3b liste de confiance. HTaKb, HU BHAHHb, 1T0 HB.ia.10 BeCHtHHeHOCTH CyAefi HBHAOCb 3Aficb Bb H3niiHeHBofi <f>opsrfi h noTOMy He Horao noAyiHTb AaAbHtfiniaro csoero pa3BHTia. IIpaBO cocTaB.ienia liste de confiance 6hao noToxt. othhto y napoja h, TaKHHb ofipasoMb, cyAbH ocTaAucb Bb coBepmeHHo BeonpeAfi-ieHBOHb noAoxeHia. S^natusconsulte 1807 roAa nocraiio- BHAb, ito cyAbH, Koropsie noAyiaTb AHD.iOHb (provision) BOCA-6 obtu- .itTHaro ompaBAeHia csoHXb oOnsaHaocTei, 6yAyTb HecMiHaeMn, ec.ia HMnepaiopb HafiAeTb HTKHHHb yuepataTb nxb Ha CAyatW; HTaKb, Bb Teieme hbth Airs HaAb cyAbHHH BHcl.Ab saw, 6u JastoooBb veib; HanoAeoHb, AtficTBHTeAbiio, mupoKO noAbsoBaAca cBOHHb npa-

91 BOMt yzajema cyjefi, bo bo ucreieiiia njiTujiiTia Bb 1812 rojy hh pasy bo BOcnoJbaoBaJica cnoajib upaBOMb ooxH3HeHHaro yiBepacAenia KOro BH6yAB Bb cBoaft jojkhocth; npaBAa, h-l 1812 roay Hanojeoay Cu,io bo ao provisions, h toabko Bb Teieaie aqpoTKaro npoueacyTxa BpensBu bb 1815 roAf, sorAa eiiy yjajiocb noc.rk BOSBpaineuia cb ocTposa Bj i ,6h HsraaTb Byp60H0ub, oht, BOSHparaica Kb Haia.iv Be- cMtHaeMOcTH u Ha3nasH.ib ohhtl cjalhmh rtx i, ROTopue cu.m y.ia- -ienu bo BpcMa pecTaBpaniH, noxOMy n o npar nos constitutions les membres de l’ordre judiciaire sont inamovibles\"; ho am cctUKa aa nos constitutions ae Btpua, h6o KOHCTHTynia Ilauo.ieoHa bobco ne npa- 3BaBaja HecutHaeuocTH cyjefi; jaji'ke, no Acte additionnel HanoaeoHb ycTauoBH.vo, ito cyABH HasHaiatOTca no sonatusconaulte 1807 roAa, ito Ti, qu’il jugera convenables de conserver... recevront des provi­ sions avant le premier Janvier 1816 (r.-e. Ti, Koropuxb oBb HaflAen, HyxHUHb yxepacaTb in, aojirhocth, no.iyian yTnepacAOHie Bb Hecvrk- naeMOCTH at 1-My auuapa 1816 roza). TaKHHb oOpasom, Horja cos- AaTtca KaTeropia -imps, soTopuxb aunepaTopx He naflAOTb HyjKHuvb VAepsaTi, Ha aoaschocth: Ho iiocTaHOBAeHia Hanojeoaa OTHOCHTejbHO yc-rpoBcTKa cyAS6nofi B.iacTH OKaa&AHcb HicaoibKO upciKAt'BpeHeiiHUMu: eme ao l-i’o aHBapa 1816 r. npoHsonr.ia 6htbs npn BaTepaoo, u Ha- noAeom, 6urb uojBopein, aa ocrpon* ca. EzeHti, orxyAa OHb yae He Mori, npacu-iaTb cBOHXb provisions, h oTKyia e«y He cysAOHO 6u.io yse BOSBpaTHTbca. -iBAOBHKb XV1U B03CTaHOBn.ib xapTim 1814 roja, Koropaa upano npH3HaeTb necsttuaeMocTb cyAefl. Ho ab to ace BpeMa Bb npaaTHBy BBOAeHO6uao cpeACTBO epuration de la magistrature, cpeACTBO, npaKTHKOuaumeecH pasAHiHamt npaBBTeAbCTsaiu a Bb pa3- ubizb cjyiaaxb. Ilocji xasAaro rocyAapcTBeBBaro nepeBopoTa no6t- AHBmaa napTia BUABHraxa upuHHHnb, ito cyAbH, uasHaieHUbie npu AaHHOft cftopaa-b npaBjeaia, octsbtch HecukuaeMUHu, noaa coxpaHaeica »Ta <t>opna upaBjenia. 3to h ecTb nepnufl nuAb Opuration; BTOpofl bhab epuration cocTQUTb Bb tomt, ito o6bHB,iaeTca, itq AkScTBie aaKOHa o HevMkHaeMocTH npiocTaHauzHBaeTca Ha HkKOTopoe opens uaKOHOAa- TejbHHHb nopHAHOMb. Bonpocb o HpiocTaHOBjeHin A*8cTBia aaKOHa o HecuknaeMocTH B03HHEb Bb 1870roAy uocai HHSBepxeHia Hanoaeoua III. HpasHTeabCTBO HauioHajbnoft O6opomj ciHTazo csoHHb upaBOHb cHt- HHTb cyaefl; raab, KpeHhe nmpoKO uo.ib30Ba.ica amub npanoMb Bb OKpyrt BopAO. KorAa BOABOps.iocb oaoHiaTezbHoe npaBHTeabiSTBO, npan- U»ni becMkHaewocTH ho 6bUb nuecesb Bb imcao EOHCTHTynioHHtiXb 3aKonoBb; uieuaMb saKouoAaTezbHaro co&paaia Ou-ih, c.itAonaTe.ibHo, pasBa3aHU pyKH. HecuoTpa Ha to, ito upaananb HecukHaenocTH Ha- soAH.ib cefik noAAepacicy Bb izeHazb yipeAUTeabHaro coCpaRia (1871— 1875 r.), EpaflHaa pecuyO.iuKaucKaa napTia TpeGosaja oiautenia Ma-

92 racTpaxypH, take k&kx uexAJ cyiuwB 6axo uaoro MonapXHCTuBX k ja *e SoHanapTHCTOB'B. Bx 1883 rosy npejocTaBjeHO Auo mhhhctpv dcthkih iipabo yaajsTi. bx reaeHio Tpexx MicaneBX ixeHOBX Mara- CTpaTvpn; tIi me H3* cvseS, KOTopue no BCTCneniH BToro cpoaa ocTa- HyTCn bx 0608X1 ao.ixhocthxx, jojishh 6htx sjecMinaesiH. V. Bx uruxx ycaoBiaxx HaxojiHxaci. nocTaHOBKa Bonpoca o HecMi- aaeMOcTH cyjeB bx FepiaaHiH; Tam eine u npH crapoMT nopajKi cy- je6nH« bjmcth no.sb30Ba.jncb aoboxbho 3HannTe.itBo8 HesaBHcmiocTbio; npaBxa, MBoria Aina, nai;x, nanp., ajtwHHHCTpaTHBHUH, 6u m hsxhtbi «3x Bixiaia cTjeflauxt ynpeatAeiiiB; ho bx npexi.iaxx upexocraBJeH- ho8 eay bascth, , uaeiiHo, bx oTHomeuia rpaaaaHCKoS h yro-iOBnofi ncTHuiH, cyjia noAhaouajica mnpoKO» aesaBHCHMOcTbio, iaKTHaecaH laxe HecM’feHHOMocTbio. lIo»TOMy Bonpoex o necuiniieMOCTK cy,xe8 apH ycTaBOB.ieHia kohcthtviuh He Bos6y,in.n> cnopoiix. Ct. 86 npyccBoS soHOTHTyniH nocranoBjaen., aro: „cy.te6Haa Bjiacrt oTnpaaxaeTca HxeiieMx sopo.ia He3aBHcaiibiMa a HHaaKoxy jpyroay aBropuTeiy, xasx asiopHTeTy 3aBoaa, He noxiaueHuuMB cyjaHH; npa- roBopu a piineHin upuBo.iaTca bx HCUOJHenie Hxene*x aopojia\"; ct. 87 r.iaCHT-b: ,cyxba HaiiianaaiTcn Kopoxeax (Bucinia cyneSHUa saacTp) hah bo uua Kopo.ia (HH3nija B-iacTB) nosH3HeHHO, auf ibre Lebenszeit. Ohh To.ibKo bx cHxy cyAefiHaro nparoBopa a ho iipumuaME, npeaycMO- TpiiHnuMx saKOHaniH, Horyfx 6uti. cximcwj hjih epeaeaao yjaxeau on ioaatHOCTefi (zeitweise enthoben werden). BpeMeHHoe y^aaeme, nepe- Mtmenie (Versetzung), ocTaBAeaie aa nuaTOHx Moryrx hmIitb Micro TOJbKO no nparunaMb, ynasaiinusix sasoHaMH, ‘bx nopajai. ycTaHO- B.iemioMx nocxixHHMB, h Ha ocHOBaaia cytefiaaro upnroBOpa. OpraHH- 3ania cyaefiHofi b-ihcth Cyaeix ycxanoBjeHa aaKOHOMx (Die Organisa­ tion des Gerichtes wird durch das Gesetz bestimmtl\". IlTaEX, ct. 86 npn- 3HaeTb j j a cy.ieB o6fl3aTeAbHHMX toaxko asTopuTeTx saaoHa, ct. 87 ycTaHOBJiaeTb npaao HecMiaaeiiocTH, aaax cpexci'BO o6e3neaenia HeiMBU- chmocthcyna. T i at.ecaMua uaiaja upoboahtxhaBCTpificitaa soHCTHTyuia. IIpaBH-ia cyxeOnofl opranmaniH no;(TRep«jcHU 6mu bx 1877 roxy a jua repMaHcnaro Himepcaaro cyxa, T.-e. ohh saaTU 6u.ih noxx samaiy $exepajibHo8 Bxacm 3asoHx 27 anBapa 1877 roaa nocTaHoe-iaen,, hto: Hpasocyxie orapaBjaeTca cyjbHMH, nojaHnenHbiMH toji.ko aBTopmeTy aaaoHa (§ 1). 3to npaBHao npoBexeHO nx tomx aanaxi, hto cyxe6H0e pimcHie <S)xaao 6uTb ocHonaHO Ha toihomx CKucxi xificTuyioniHxx 3asoHoax hjih npnuiHHTexbHO kx Touiowy cauc.iy hxx; OTcioxa cxixyexx, hto HHKaaia npeanucania He MoryTx 6hte ashu cyabHMX OTHOCHTejbHODOCTaHOBJeHIflHMHCB0HXXpimeHiB. CpeACTBOMXkx Hcnpa- Baesiio cyxe6uaro pimeHia, ec.i« oho no y6i*xeHiio ctopohx h.ih ho Mniniio npoKyparypu HenpaBHatHO, aBJiaerca He sa.io6a bx a.txiinn-

cTpaTHBB^Mt nopaiKt, a nepecHOTpx itaa bx ipyroft, Buemefi cy- je6so0 HHCTaHHiu (§ 2). CyABH sa nocraHOBjeHie pimenift, ocho- bhuhuxi hs tohhomx cMHc.ii saKoaa' h Ha BHyTpeHHCH’B yfitaiAcniii, ne Moryxx 6htb npaBaeiamJ kx otb^tctbshhocth, ec.m He xoKaaano, 1TOORH pyKOBOACTBOBOJHCB KOpUCTHHMH n'li.IHMH, HTO pa3CMaTpHDaeTCH Toae cyaoMX(§ 3). HTaKX, aiiTopHTen. aaKOHORB HBaaeTca eiHHCTBen- hhkx aBTopHTeTOMt A-ia cyaeGHBixx B.iacTeS. Ilpoaia rapaHTin He3aBHCHMOCTH cyaeil coctohtb bx tomx, hto I) coaepacame cyaefl nocroaHHoe 8 oao MoateTX 6htb HSMineHO tojbko bx 3aKOHOiaTeji.HOMX nopaaK-6; 2) cyABH He Moryn, fiuTX nepeBe.ieau H3Xo.iHofl HtcTHOCTHbx apyryio, cx oanofl ao.ibhocth Ha xpyryn, xora h BUcmyB), 6e8x hxx coraacia. Bthmx ycTpaHaeTca Baiauie aaMHHH- CTpauin bx ,T,t-it upaBocyjia. Bx TaxoHX uHAt Haaa.ia He3aBHCHM0CTH cyaa ycTanoBjeHH bx (SoAMuaacTBt eBponeficKaxx rocyAapcmx.' Ho npoTHBx npimmina neddiHaeMOCTH cyxa mowdo npHBecTH cepaes- Hua coo6paiseHia; stotx npHHaunx noaeseax tojbko upii coBoitynnocTH MHoraxx APyrHxx yc.iosifi, imaae ohx MoateTx oCpatHTBca bx uoaosh- teaBHoe 3.10; y cyABH, npa ero 6e30TBtTCTBeHH0CTH 3a npoH3HomeHie CBOHXX ptmCBiS, MOJKCTX yCTHHOBHTBCa BSraaAX Ha CBOB) AOaaCHOCTB, kskx Ha BOTiHHy; xaa Toro, htoGbi dphhhhdx HesaBHCHMOCTH cyaa DpHBOCHJX DO.!B3y, HeofiXOAHMBI H3IliCTHHH ycaOBia CyAOHpOHSBOACTBa, o603nc!i[RaB)inia otx npou3BOaa necHt.iuiexaro cyABH. IIoaesHHa no- cataCTBia upHutHeuia npmmana HecjrfeiiaeMOc™ cyaeil voryrx o6hh- pyiKHTBca tojbko npH raacHOCTH cyAonpoH3BOACTBa, cocia3aTeaBHOHX aaia.rfc bx cyjt, T.-e. Korja ofiBHHeiiiio a samaTii npejocTaojaioTCfl OAHHaftOBua cpeacisa kx npecjiaoBaHiio cbohxx HHTepecoBx no otho- uieniio kx Atay, HaxoaameMyca Ha cyae6HOMx pa3c«0TpiHin; bth Tpe- GoBaHia oeayTX kx yCTHocra cyA0npoH3BOACTBa, h6o oaa TtcHO C8a3aHa cx raacHncTBio, a nocatAHaa ycipaHaeTx bosmobchoctb KaHneaapcKoS laBiiEj, KOTopofl He Aoaatno 6utb bx cyat- Gyax He aoaJtteBX 6htb ycTpoeHX Ha hhkbhshaiohhbjxx Haaaaaxx, »6o tusoe ero ycTpoflcTBO MoaceTx noBecTu eme kx xyaoiHMX pe3yaBTaxaMX, itu x csifciiacMocTB , cyaeS. npn CTapoax nopajKi upaBo KOHTpoaa hbax cyaBHHH, npeao- CTaBaeHHoe HcnoaHHTeaBHofi BjacTH, aBjaaoc.b KoppesTHbomx aaa Hcnpa- Baeaia HeaoGpocoBicTHBixx cyaefi; HecMiiiaeMocTBnocaiaHHxx npn CTa- pux’B cjiopMaxx cyAoapoHSBOACTBa -npunec.m 611 oo.ibine Bpeaa, atvx B. B.iacmb ucm.mume.ibmit- I. IloHHTie o6x HCIIO.lHB^MLHOft BA8CTH flo.lte C.IOKHO, itiMX HO- HHTie 0 cyaeCHoS baacth, Ha3Haaeaie kotopo#, khkx mu BHat-iH, co- CTOHTl BX npHMtHeHiH oGlHHXX 88K0H0BX KX OTatjBHBIMX KOHKpel-

— 94 — Hunt cayiaaBB, cb uiji.D B.oscTaHOBaeHia napyraemiaro upaBa hjk [ipHsnania ero aa ojhob wax cnopamMXB ctopohb. Ho 3aaaaa ucnojjHu- -rejbnott B.iacTH He MoateTB 6hti. onpej’h.ieHa bb tomb cxHcali, hto 9Ta B-iaCTb npHBHAHa TOabKO KB, HCHOJBeaiS SUUTOHOBB, XOTH 3T0 no- HHTie h Obuo Becbva pacnpocrpaeeHO bb XVIH ct., Korxa noxb cao- yaMii pouvoir executif, vollziehende Gewalt, paayjrSiH BaacTb, npH3BaH- Hy» HcnoxHBTb BO.no BaKOHOflaTexa. 9to onpejrtaeHie He- cootb’St- CTByOTl jrtftCTBHTe.ll.H08 3ajaHt B.iaCTH aXMHHHCTpaTHBHOB. 3aK0HH ne icoryrb h He ao.iaHU onpejrtaaA caauxB cuoco6obb Hcno.iHeuia rocyaapcTBeHHHXB irtaeft. 3aKOHU He ToatKO ae-OnpejrtaaHVrB, rbkb XoaxHU 6uTb ocymecTB.iflesibi nijH uapoxaaro oflpaiOBaHia, hscth ca- HHTapaofl, MeauHHHCKoB noaHniH, pa3BHTia h noompeHia HapojHaro xosaftcTBa, ho xaacc ne ycTaHOBaaiorb cdocoSobb oxpaHema fiesoua- CBOCTH,\" HOBTOHy 3axaHa HCHOJHHTeXbHOft OZaCTH He MOHterb COCTOBTb bb npaMinema o6ihhxb bbkohobb kb OTjrtabHHMB KOHKpeTnuin. cjiy- aaiiMT., a coctohtt. soofime bb ocymeCTB.ieHia irtaeft rocyxapCTBa, vtb jocTHraeTca paxoxB atflcTBift h aETOBB, HMiiornHXB bt. bhjv upaaTH- HecBia H EOHEpeTHbiH ycaOBia. CnpaBe.BiHBO aasriiHaeTB coBpexoHHuft repxaHCKift iophctb JlafiaHXB bb CBoeBB rocydapcmaeunom npasn lepMaHCKou utmepiu, hto rocyjapcTBO croai. ae xaao xoaen. ocy- meCTBEETb CBOH3a,WH OXUHMByCTaHOBaOHieMB tOpajaieCKHX'L HOpMB, kerb H6JIE3H nycTHTb BT. xojb xaiBHHy upocTUMB (ttopxyaHpoBamexB saaoHOBB xexaHHKH. II. 3aE0HB bb ero OTBomeRiH eb ynpaB.iertin HBaaeTea iopujune- ckhmb ocmaamem jaa ajMaHHCTpaTHBHoft jrtaTeabHOCTH. Tpefloiiuiiia aiMHHHCTpaTHBHHXB BEaCTCft, OfipaiHCHHUH EB TDpaBjaeMUMB, .HOJiaHH 6htb ocHoaaHH na aaKOH'fe aoTopuxB pacnpejrtaaeTca .rtaTO.u.HOCTb Meaxy pa3xnannHH opraHaux, KOTopmn., c.rbxoBaTe.ibHO, npexocTa- BjaDTca noiHOxoHia bb ocyujecTBxeHiH pocyAapcrnennuxB irfiaeS. 3a- eohb ycTaHaBJHBaeTB rpaHHRH xexxy paa.iHHHHMH opraHaHH: l) no coo6paaeBiaxB iepapxHHecEOfi EoxuereBHiH (pasalueHie BaacTeft Ha BHSinia h Bucmia); 2) no oraomeHiD eb npocTpaBCTBy xiftcTBia (ycTa- HOB.iaKiTca oSnyia i xtcraua Baacra); a 3) no OTHomeHiio KBnpexxe- TaMB BijtHia OTjrt.iBHHXB ynpeaxeHift (tekb, yejraHOBaaiOTca opraiiu no ycipoficTBy ifiHHancoBB, yieCHOft nacTH, nyTeft coo6in.eHia, ToproBue opraBH a t.i .). Bb btobb cxhc,t6- saaoHU jaBTB ocBOBaHie xaa jaxs- HtftniHXB-’jrtSCTBift aXXHHHCTpaTHBHHXB BXaCTefl, KOTOpbra BB CB0UXB TpefiOBBHiaXB J0.1BHU BOCTOaHHO OCHOBMBaTbCa Ha 3aK0nt: aXUHHH- CTpaTHBHHH BJiaCTH CBOHMH X*8CTBiaxH H paCnopaaeniaMH HHE0r.ua He xojiaHU HapymaTb ehhhlixb u oOmecrBeHHHXB npaBB, ocHOBan- huxb ua saKOHt. TaaB, bb cbohxb xiScTBiaxB, jaa oOeaneaeHia ycao- BiS 6e30nacHocTH, oh* jo.ikhu npHHHxaTb ,bo BHHxaHie r t rapanria,

95 KOTOPUH CymeCTByDTi OTHOCHTe.TtHO .IHTHOii HeupKKOCHOBeHHOCTH. CBO- 6oah, AOMauiHxro hokoh h coCctbchhocth. MaKOHU ycTanaBjuBaioTL npert.m w a axMHHHCTpaTHBHOfi jtaTejib- hoc.th, ho He AaiOTbeB cOACpataHla; Kor.ua upaBHTC.ii.cTBO opranuayeTb lnrto.iij, ifropunpveTb apjiic, coopvsaerb Kpf.nocTH, CTpoHTb ijuoTb, ycTpaaBaerb raBaHH, oho He ctojibko Hcno.iHaeTb 3aKpHb, cko.it,eo no.ib- syeTca rocyaapcTBennuMH cpejCTBaMH Bb saBOHHUXb upeat-iasb: no- BTOMy JlaCaHii. cnpaBCA-iHBO 3aM$TaeTb, tto ajtMHHHCTpaTMBnan a*h- 06TC.lbHOCTb Bb rOCyWpCTB'fe eCTb aiHTejbHOCTb CB o*HaH Bb cpejrft- .lax'b, yKa3aHHbixb 3aKonaMH. HTKKb, ajiKHHHCTparHBHUsn. BAaeTHMb Bb Kas^OMb OTj’fuiBHOMb c.iyTab npe.iocTaB.iaeTca 3BaquTC.Ti.Haa aoaf cboOoju, BosMosHOCTb caMooupe.vh-ieHiii, h6o HHaqe oh* He Moran 6u BHno.inHTb CBoero npiiBBanifl. Ec.th cyjba xoaterb naxoAHTL yioaje- TBopeHie Rb TOMb, tto Kaat.ioe ero .utacTBie ocHOBaHo Ha aaKOHt, to AAXHHHCTpaTKRHUX B.1BCTH TaCTO He HOr.lH 6u HCHOAUHTb CBOHXb o6h- 3annocTeft H6uah 6u ocyacAeHH Ha nojHoe fiesA'f'RcTBie, ec.iH fitj Ka»- Aufi nrarb uxb 6ujib peraaMenTapoBaHb BaEonojaTe.iiiCTBOMX. Ecjih 6u ■ 3aKOH0iaTejbcTBo xorbxo npH6,ferHyTb Kb tbkoS per.iaMeHTaniH, to 00ero npaRHaa, no 6ojibmefi hscth, oRasaxucb Ou HenpHM-tHHMUMH, h6o 1) envoi HeoCxoAHMOCTH Tania nocTanoB.iCHia otjuthiotcji ejiHHO- ofipaaiexb, a uexxy T&xb, khhtaoc 6o.iT.moe rocyjapcTBo npe.icTaB.ifleTb cTO.ib MHoro MtcTHHXb ot.thtiS no OTHomemo Kb ofibiqaaMb H Hpa- saMb, tto upHMtHeHie OAHOo6pa3Hiixb npaBHXb hbahaocb 6u ja*e BpejowMb; 2) KaKb 6h 3aK0H0jaTexbCTB0 hh 6hjo TmaTe-ibHO cocia- Baeno, oho BcxhACTBie eaMuxb yc.ioBiS skh3hh, Cb KOTopuMH hamhhh* cTpaniii HMteTb a\"6jo, oKajKCTcn He npeAycxoTpHTe.ibHHMb. HejiL'ifl npeABHA^Tb BC'i> r6 cjoshuh KoxCuHauiH, KOTopua MoryTb HBHTbCH ■a TeqeHieMb spexeHH; saKOHoxaTeab. .vfeftcTBHTcjbHO, He npHHHMaerb HXb BO BHHMaHie, HO npH BOaHHKHOBeHlH HXb HpHXOAHTCH Cb HHMH cHHTaTbca. Ecjih caxuxb pa8Hoo6pa3ieMb ycjoBiS, cpejH KOTopuib npoxosHTCH .vfeAcTBOBaTb aaMHHHCTpauin, ycTpanaeTca bobmojehoctb •oSoinxb npaBOb, to tot ho h hoaPQCho npoBejeHHaa peraaMeirrauiJi 3aaepstaaa 6u pasBHTie Toro o6mecTBa, KOTopoxv aAXHHHCTpaiuH AO-iana •C-iyjKHTb. ni. HT8Kb, aAMHHHCTpaTHBHHUb OpraHaMb AO-IKHa 6bITb npexo- CTaBxeua 66jif,mafl CBofioja Bb AificTBiaxb, q+.sri. cy.u.HMb. Aamhoh- cTpaTopx, BCHKoe AtiicTBie KOToparo ocnoBano to.ibko Ha 6vRBt 3aK0Ha, He MoaieTb 0Ka3aTb yc.iyrb rocyiapcTBy; hohxtho, tto npn sHaTHTe.ibHoR CBoOoii atficTBia aaMHBHCTpaTHBHHfi opraHb aeroe HoaceTb HapymaTb $opMaJbHUa TpeOoBaRia saKOHa h Jiaate opaBa qacTHUxb .iHUb, niMb cy.iwr. 3t3 BOSMOTKHOCTb Hapynjeniu npaiib ofiycJOB.iHBaeTCfl TtMb, tto 3axoHOiaTe.ih h* MoxeTb npeAYCMOTp’feTb Bcbxb ortiiaannocTefl, bxo-

AaigHXX si coctbux ajMUHUCTpaTDBaofi jiaTe-ibHOCTH. Bthm x oOt>hc- naeTca aopeHHoe Haiaao agMHHHCTpaTHBHo8 oprasHsaHia. Ecah Kopea- humx naiaaoux cyAefiHofi opraHH3agiH HBAaeTca aesaBacaMOCTb cyje8, oOeanciemiaa h x x Hecii&HaeMOCTb», to och obhhm x HanaaoMX ajMHaa- cTpaTHiinofi opraHasaaia HBAaeTca otbItctbobhoctl, npuToxx He Toxbso bx tomx saax OHa ycTaaOBjena aah ucaicaro AOxatHOCTHoro rap. AAMHHHCTpaTiiBiiua BJacTB He TO.IXKO oTB'feiaioTX 3a corxacie CBOBXX jifiCTBiS CX 3BBOROMX, HO B 3a IlIljeCOo6pa3HOCTtHXX. JtOCTOHHCTBOajMH- HacTpania npejcTaBiaeroi He b x tothohx HCUOJmeHiH 3&kohobx, a bx ycuts-fc AOCTHKeaia nt.iefi, npec.iiAyesmxx rocyAapcTBOxx; nosToay ajtMBHHCTpaTHBHHB BAaCTH npif HCIKUHOHiH CBOHXX o6H3anH0CTefi pyKO- BOACTBy»Tca He oah hkh toabko sasoHaMH, bo h pacaopaxeniflMH a npe,;- nacaHiaMu bkcuihxx oprauoBx HCiiojHBTejbuofi n.iacTH. OTBiTCTuen- BOCTB aAMHHHCTpaTHBHUXX BAaCTefi BLipoxaeTCB BX pasXHIBUXX (j)Op- Maxx npa pasHoofipasHOHx ycTpofiCTB’h rocyAapcTBemaro ynpaB.ieHia, Koropoe KOKen, 6h tb opraBH30BaHO Ha AByxx Haaa-iaxx: caMoyupa- ■ B-ieHlH H aABHRHCTpaTHBHoS U,eHTpaAH3aniH. IIpii3HaKH, OT.inaaBjm,ie uepavio cHCTewy otx BTopofl, coctohtx bx cx^AyaHUeMx: 1) Bx aaKOHoj.aTe.jfcCTB't Ha ocuoBaum npaKTHiecxHxx ABbhhxx npoBejeHa rpaHHpa Me*,tv npeAMeiaMH, npejjOCTaBjeHHUMH Bti'fcHilO oOlUHXX H M’llCTHHXX BXaCTefi. 2) OcymeCTliAeHie MiCTHHXX HHTepecoBx BoaxaraeTCH na Mf.CTaue Kjaccu M'bcTHaro HaceaeHia hah Ha hxx npeacTaBHTexefi. Oprarnmnia caMoyupaBjieiiia ne npe.moaa- raeTX HenpemiuHO BuCopHaro naTaxa; tskx, bx AHrjiH Bucmia AO.ia;- HOCTHtra JHna no utcTHOuy caMoyopaBjeHiio, nanx-To: mepwfiu h mh- poBtie eyjtBH Ba3Ha'ia»Tca; nocjf.AHie Ha3HananToi KopoAesix no npeA- CTaBaeBiK) CTaTCX-ceBpeTapa MHHHCTepcTBaBHyTpeHHaxxA'hjx H3x .max, npHHaxxeisaiuHxx kx HfccTHO# gentry, T.-e. H3Xjhhx, luaA'kiomuxx 3e«- -iCKt h no.ibsyion;HXcH ooneTHUHX noAoatemeax. HTaKX, Kpyrx xhrx, H3X KOToptixx HasHanaioTca xapoBue cyjbH, BBjseTca aaKX 6hi oapcjtfi.neH- humx; bx pyxaxx xapoBbixx cyAefi bx Ahmih cocpejoioneHa MicTiiaa no.Timia i) HHsmaa kjcthiuh. OpraHM, iiaasanaeMue a-m ocymecTBxeHia HtCTHHXX HBTepeCOBX, HOryTX'6uTb H BHtiOpHUMH. HTaKX, _Upn C8H0- ynpaB.ieniti bo3moikbo Kasx Haqajo Ha3Haneaia, TaKx h Han'ajio bh6o- POBX. 3) UpH CHCTeMt canoynpaBjeHia, cx oakoA cTopoHU ycTaHOBxa»- igefi fidjhiuyo cBasx aoaxuocthhxx ahrx cx Mf.cTHhiMX aace.ieHieMx, a cx Apyrofl, Tpefiyuntefi Co.mneR hxx HesaBHCHMocTH otx geHTpaAb- Haro upaBHTexECTBa, Hanpaiuenie hxx AtBcrniB coBepmaeica: a) no- cpeACTBoMx saROHOBx, peryjmpyiomHxx Boapocu HicTHaro ynpaBjeHia; 6) qpesx xoHTpoxb cyAOBX ( bx ABMia); b) npa nocpoACTBi oprasoBX ocodofi iUMlIHIlCTpaTHBHOfi »CTHHin. Ho upaMiaenie Hanajix caMoynpaiueuia bo3mo* ho toabeo bx oC-iacTa

97 ynpaBjeuia Micmaro. yupaBJieaie neHTpaxbHoe h 3anf.,iunanio npei- HPTaxu, ocTatouiHMHCH no,ib npasiuMi. pyKOBOjCTBOHb neHTpa-ifcHoB B.tacTH (iJiKHaHcoBoe yupaBaeme, oco6eHHO 3a8fcnHBaHie kocbchhumb najoranH a t. n.). no neo6xoAHMOCTn xomho 6utb nocTpoeHO Ha Ha- ■laaaxb xuiHaro ynpaBjeaia, orapaBjaenaro cb cBoefl cToponu Ha Ha- Haxaxx XHHHO& OTB'feTCTBeHHOCTH. Bonpocb 06'b OTBf.TCTBCHUOCTH OpraHOBb HOnOJHIITe.TI.nofl B.iaCTa 81100101OT-iatCHi OuTt pa3CMaTpHBaeM,B Bb jsyxb oTHomeHiaxb: 1) Bb otho- meHin Kb x opraHanb HcnojHHTejbnofl BjacTH. Hcno.iHHTeji.naa B-lUCTb BO BCeMb COCTaBf. CBOeMb npBHa.lJICWHTb K(ipOJK), .vhftCTBYlO- ineiiy Bb KOHCTHTynioHHHXb MOnapxiaxb nepeabOTBiTCTBennuxb hhhk- CTpOB’B, EOTOpUe HBjaDTCB CKOpte UOJMTHHCCKHHH, lb Ml ajMBHHCTpa- thbhhbb opranaMU, b noTOHy, rjanntiMX ofipasoKb, OTBtTCTBennu 3a cboh jiScTBia, HMiiomia no-iiiTHaecsifi xapaKTepb. Bt pecnyfijHKaxb h.ih HixT. 6e30TBlbTCTBeHiiaro rjanu rocvaapcTBa, Kaat m. Cim.-Asiep. Coej. IIlTaTaxT,,bjh, Kax't bo$paHniH, otb'Btctbchhoctbnpe3HjcHTa hchi>- raaa, T&Mb apyraxb opranonx HcnojHBTe.ibHOi BjacTH. 2) Do OTHOmeHiD Kb nB3niuM'b a.THHHHCTpaTBBHbiM’b opranaMi,, yaacTayioni.BH’b Bb oSineMb ynpaBaeniu, KaKb to: Bb ynpao.ierriH if>HHaHCOBb, HHOCTpanHuxb jtjb (KOBcyau), ToproBjB, npoBejeHO Haiaao iepapxHieciioft OTniTCTBOH- hocth So.iie cTporoft, atMb Bb ofiaacTH caMoynpaB-ienia; Bb rocyjap- cTBaxb, nocTpocHHbixb HafiiopoKpaTHBecKOMb Haaaji, T.-e. Bb rocyjap- CTBaXb, Bb KOTOpbIXb JO.TlKHOCTHblH JBtla Ua.TFiaiamTCJI HHCnCMb KO- poja, yCTHHOBJICHa 66.1bmaa JB'IHHH OTBiTCTBCHHOCTb 3B 3aK0HH0CTb H n'luecoortpasnocTb npHHHMacMuxb Mipb. Ho H jjh jojatnocTHHXb junb ajMHHHCTpaTHBHaro BijoMCTBa ntKOTopHH rocyjapcTBa (oco6chho h-6- iieiiKia) ycTaHOB.iaiOTb HBBbcTHHa rapaHTiH Bb TOnb OTHomeniH, ato nopaxoxb najosenia Ha HHXb B3UCKaaifl u axb cMtmeHia onpeit- aaeTca ocoCu m b npaBHjaxH 0 jHcnHnjnnapnoMb npoB3BOjCTB‘b (Disci- plinar-Yerfahren).

HACTB BTOPAfl. OBBOPt rOCy.HAPCTBEHHMX'L y^ P E S C flE H lft. B B E flE H IE . B«Abl KOHCTHTyuiOHHWXl rOCyASpCTBB. I. PaaciioTptHieicE raaBHUxi npnnnBnoBB ycTpoficxBa ota*jbhh» opraBOBt rocyAapcTBeHaofl BjacTH mu aaKOHiHAH H3c.i*A0Banie ofimnxB qeprL, AesamHXB bb ochob* Toro nopaAsa b t* xb rocyAapcmeeHUXB ipopMi., KOTopuaycTaEOBHJHCBB'l sanaAHofl Eapoirt b bb AaepuKi. IIoa- Po6hoctb BToroycTpotcTsa mu jKaatem, BH*e, npHpaacMOTptuiii ota4ab- huxi> yqpeiKjeHifi espoueflCKHXB a anepHKaHCKiixT. CTpaHi, a xenepi, o6paTUMca kb pascMoiptHin ot.i I;abhuxb rocyAapcTBCHHUxi thdobb. ' IIpea;.to. Bcero mu aoashu ycTaHOBHTt HBBtemyw K.iaccmimKanis) iJtopMBnpaBAeaia, a aah axoro npeflBapaTejbno pa3CM0TptTb, nocKO-ibKy ' o6n;enpHHaTaa taaccHiJiHKania npHatHHMa kb rtMB rocyAapcTBeaBUMB yapeaueEiaBB, KOTopua cyipecTBVWTi, bb jiBcTBHTexbHOCTH, hah no- CKOAUKy A’taeHie iJ>opKB npaBaeHia no npaHaiaeaHOCTH cyBepeHUTOTa aa MOHapxiB, apHCTOKpaTia h AeMOKpaTiB npHM-feHaeTca kb coBpeueu- bumb rocTjapcTBaBB sanaAHofl EBponu h AuepiiKH. Bb t*xb npeAiaaxB, KOTopue yKaaanu Bume, rocyAapcTBeHHua (jiopMU MoryTB OuTb BecbMa pa3uootipa3Bu: m u yBHAMMB yoaapxifo h ABMOKpaTiio bb ea nocpeACTBeHaoS h nenocpeACTBeHHOfl iJiopMt; rocy- AapcxBa npocxua a cao xuhb. T oabko apacTOKpaiia AOaataa 6hib co- BepmeHHO ucKJB>HCHa H3B cobpbmcbhuxb $opMB npaMOHia. A ™ o6b- acHeHia npHXHHB, noxeMy apacTOKpaTaaecKaa ifopua no MoaexB naira Micxa BB aUBtlUBHXBKOHCTHTyiyOHHUXBrOCy.iapCTBaXB, MUodpaTHMCH kb onpejii-ieHiio apncTOKpaxaaecKoil i[>opMU a ea cymecTBeBHUXB upa- 3H8K0BB. ApHCTOKpaTia, no caMOMy cymecxBV, ecTb TaKaa ifopMa, bb KOTopoS Bucmaa babctb npHHaAAeSHTB npHBHAerapoBaHBOMy KAaecy