Key Figures in Medieval Europe - An Encyclopedia

["diplomacy, 314 INDEX extending rule, 314 Henry II, Emperor, 72 Paschal II, Pope, 504 Thietmar of Merseburg, 621\u2013622 right of investiture, 504 Henry II, King of England, 315\u2013316, 564, 658 Henry VI, King of England, 63 Becket, Thomas, 59\u201360, 315, 316 dual monarchy, 63 challenging special interest groups, 315\u2013316 Henry VI, King of Germany, 322\u2013323 conflict with Church, 315\u2013316 Celestine III, Pope, 322 dominance, 315 crusades, 323 Eleanor of Aquitaine, 198\u2013199, 315 Frederick I Barbarossa, 323 formation of Angevin Empire, 316 German imperial authority, 322\u2013323 John of Salisbury, 380 opposition to, 322\u2013323 law, 316 Henry VII, King of England, Richard III, King of England, mercenary forces, 315 Philip II Augustus, King of France, 526 568 siege techniques, 315 Henry VII of Luxembourg, Emperor, 103, 323\u2013325 transformation in government, 316 Henry III, King of England, Simon de Montfort, Earl of Clement V, Pope, 143 Dante Alighieri, 162, 163 Leicester, 603 Florence, 324 Henry III, King of Germany, Emperor, 72, 150, 316\u2013317 Ghibellines, 324 Guelfs, 324 accession, 316 Lombardy and, 324 appointed German bishops as popes, 318 in northern Italy, 324 assertion of royal prerogatives, 317 Robert of Anjou, King of Naples, 572 assumption of full royal powers, 317 against Tuscany, 324 Church reform, 317\u2013318 Henryson, Robert, 325\u2013326 deposed popes, 318 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 325, 326 ideals of peace and justice, 317 Fables, 325, 326 religious revival and reform, 317 Middle Scots dialect, 325 wars against Bohemia and Hungary, 317 Orpheus and Eurydice, 325\u2013326 Henry IV, King of England, 318 poet, 325\u2013326 accession, 318 Testament of Cresseid, 326 Henry V, King of England, 320 Hermann von Fritzlar, 327 Joan of Navarre, 318 author, 327 Percys\u2019 rebellion, 318 hagiologist, 327 problems with nobles, 318 Heiligenleben, 327 Welsh rising led by Owen Glendower, 318 Hermann von Reichenau, 72 Henry IV, King of Germany, Emperor, 319\u2013320 Hermeneutic style, 100 antipope, 504 Hermit forced to abdicate, 320 Hilton, Walter, 331\u2013332 Gregory VII, Pope, 275, 319\u2013320 Rolle, Richard, of Hampole, 576 Heroic paideia, 165 excommunication and deposition, 275 Herrad von Hohenburg, 327\u2013328 guardianship, 319 abbess of Augustinian convent, 327\u2013328 Paschal II, Pope, 504 author, 327\u2013328 regency, 37 Hortus deliciarum, 327\u2013328 relationship with German nobles, 319 Herrand von Wildonie, 328 right of investiture, 504 author, 328 Henry of Lancaster, 191 composer, 328 Henry the Lion, 320\u2013321 Herzog Ernst (Ulrich von Etzenbach), 638, 639 Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, 320 H. eshbon mahalekhot ha-kokhabim (The Calculation of Astral expansion eastward, 320\u2013321 Frederick I Barbarossa, 320\u2013321 Motions) (Abraham bar H. iyya), 3 nationalism, 320\u2013321 Hexaemeron (Anders Sunesen), 615 Henry V, King of England, 63, 318, 321\u2013322 H. ibbur ha-meshih.ah ve-ha-tishboret (On Measuring) Earl of March plot, 321 French conquests, 321\u2013322 (Abraham bar H. iyya), 2 Henry IV, King of England, 320 Hild, Abbess, 101, 329 Lollards, 321 militarism, 321 founded nunnery at Wear, 329 religious intolerance, 321 teacher, 329 Henry V, King of Germany, Emperor, 504 Hildebrand. See Gregory VII, Pope Hildegard von Bingen, 199, 200, 329\u2013330, 330 author, 329\u2013330 Benedictine, 329\u2013330 composer, 329\u2013330 707","INDEX Hugh of Saint-Victor, 334\u2013335 author, 335 Hildegard von Bingen (continued) biblical commentary, 335 mystic, 329\u2013330 mystic, 335 natural science, 330 theologian, 335 Physica (Subtilitatum diversarum naturarum creaturarum libri novem), 330 Hugo von Trimberg, 336 preacher, 329 author, 336 Scivias (Know the Ways), 330 Der Renner, 336 Registrum Multorum Auctorum, 336 Hilton, Walter, 331\u2013332 teacher, 336 author, 331\u2013332 hermit, 331\u2013332 Hugues de Saint-Cher, 89, 336\u2013337 mystic, 331\u2013332 biblical commentary, 336\u2013337 Scale of Perfection, 331\u2013332 law, 336\u2013337 theologian, 336\u2013337 Historia calamitatum (Peter Ab\u00e9lard), 1, 310 Historia ecclesiastica nova (Ptolemy of Lucca), 546 Humanist, Boccaccio, Giovanni, 79, 82 Historia regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain) Humility of Faenza, 337 (Geoffrey of Monmouth), 246\u2013247 author, 337 Historia scholastica (Peter Comestor), 514, 609 mystic, 337 Historia tripartita (Leopold Stainreuter), 607 Sermons, 337 Historic Mongolorum (Mongol History) (Giovanni di Piano Hundred Years\u2019 War, 277, 303, 379, 653 Charles V the Wise, King of France, 127 Carpini), 259 Enrique II, King of Castile, 204 Historic reg\u2019um Britanniae (Geoffrey of Monmouth), 657 Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, 530 Historie van Troyen (Jacob van Maerlant), 353 Philip VI, King of France, 528 Histories (Gregory of Tours), 273 Hussites History of the Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow (Bede the Wenceslas IV, 664 Wyclif, John, 683 Venerable), 62 History of the Bishops of Metz (Paul the Deacon), 505 I History of the Kings (Byrhtferth), 100 Ibn \u2018Ab\u00af\u0131 A\u00af mir. See Mans.u\u00af r, Al- History of the Lombards (Paul the Deacon), 505 Ibn Adret, Solomon, 339 Hoccleve, Thomas, 332 adviser to three rulers, 339 autobiographical passages, 332 historian, 339 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 332 law, 339 poet, 332 Maimonides, 339 Hohenstaufen dynasty, 231\u2013233, 300, 440\u2013441 rabbi, 339 Holy Family (Simone Martini), 456 talmudic commentary, 339 Holy Land Ibn al-Ah.mar, King of Granada, Alfonso X, El Sabio, King of itineraries, 193 travel writing about, 160, 193\u2013194 Castile and Le\u00f3n, 25\u201326 Homer, Iliad, 160, 164 Ibn Dau\u00af d, Abraham, 340 Honorius III, Pope, 152 Frederick II, 231\u2013232 harmony between religion and reason, 340 Hortus deliciarum (Herrad von Hohenburg), 327\u2013328 historian, 340 House of Fame (Geoffrey Chaucer), 132 Jews of al-Andalus, 340 House of Premysl, 638 philosopher, 340 House of Savoy, 33\u201335 Sefer ha-qabbalah (Book of Tradition), 340 House of Tudor, 568 Ibn Ezra, Moses, 340\u2013341 House of Valois, 528, 529 Book of Discussion and Conversation, 341 House of York, 567\u2013568 courtier, 340\u2013341 Hrabanus Maurus, 333 poet, 340\u2013341 author, 333 rabbi, 340\u2013341 De institutione clericorum (On the Education of the Clergy), Treatise of the Garden on Metaphorical and Literal 333 Language, 341 Saint Benedict\u2019s favorite pupil, 333 Ibn H. azm, 341\u2013342 teacher, 333 Hrosvit of Gandersheim, 333\u2013334 author, 341\u2013342 playwright, 334 Kita\u00af b al-fisal f\u00af\u0131\u2019l-milal (Decision Among Religions), poet, 334 Hrynhenda (Arn\u00f3rr P\u00f3r\u00f0arson jarlask\u00e1ld), 49 341\u2013342 Hugh Capet, King of France, 334 Muslim scholar, 341\u2013342 Castellan revolution, 334 philosopher, 341\u2013342 unable to assert royal authority, 334 Tawq al-hama\u00af ma (The Dove\u2019s Necklace), 341 theologian, 341\u2013342 708","Ibn Khaldu\u00afn, 342\u2013343 INDEX Al-Muqaddimah, 342\u2013343 courtier, 342\u2013343 India, Gama, Vasco da, 243 historian, 342\u2013343 Indiculus luminosus (Paulus Alvarus), 33 invention of sociology, 342 Infantes de Arag\u00f3n, 425 Muslim scholar, 342\u2013343 Infantes de la Cerda, 592 Innocent III, Pope, 347\u2013348, 636 Ibn Quzma\u00afn, 343\u2013344 poetry, 343\u2013344 active political goals, 347\u2013348 assertion of papal authority, 347 Ibn Rushd. See Averro\u00e8s concept of papal power, 348 Ibn Sa\u2019\u00af\u0131d, 344 De miseria humanae conditionis (On the Misery of the Al-Mughrib fi H. ula\u00af \u2018l-Maghrib, 344 Human Condition), 347 author, 344 Fourth Lateran Council, 348 historian, 344 Francis of Assisi, Saint, 223\u2013224 leading exponent of Andalusian culture, 344\u2013345 Frederick II, 347\u2013348 Muslim scholar, 344 in French and English politics, 348 poet, 344 internal affairs, 348 travel writer, 344 law, 347 Ibn S\u00af\u0131na\u00af. See Avicenna most powerful of medieval popes, 347 Ibn Tufayl, 52 Otto IV, Emperor, 497\u2013498 Ibn Zaydu\u00afn, 345, 659 Stephen Langton, 609 D\u00af\u0131wa\u00af n, 345 Innocent IV, Pope, 348\u2013349 love poetry, 345 cardinals\u2019 distinctive red hats, 349 Nu\u00afn\u00af\u0131ya, 345 Commentaria in quinque libros decretalium, 349 poet, 345 Council of Lyon, 349 Ibn Zuhr, Abu\u00af Marwa\u00afn \u2018Abd al-Ma\u00aflik, 346 father of law, 349 Kita\u00af b al-iqtis.ad f\u00af\u0131 is. la\u00af h, al-anfus wa-l-ajsa\u00af d (On the fled to Lyon, 349 Frederick II, 233, 349, 532 Adequate Way to Treat Souls and Bodies), 346 struggle between papacy and the empire, 349 Kita\u00af b al-tays\u00af\u0131r f\u00af\u0131\u2019 l-muda\u00af wa\u00af wa-l-tadb\u00af\u0131r (Simplification of temporal political power of papacy, 349 Innocent VII, Pope, Inquisition, 626 Medical Treatment with Drugs and Diet), 346 Inquisition philosopher, 346 Apostolic Brotherhood, 176 physician, 346 Bernard Gui, 69 Iceland Conrad of Marburg, 151 Age of the Sturlungs, 604 history of, 69 Bragi Boddason, 92\u201393 Innocent VII, Pope, 626 Einarr Helgason sk\u00e1laglamm, 195\u2013196 Pe\u00f1afort, Ram\u00f3n de, 511 Sacchetti, Franco, 586\u2013587 Torquemada, Tom\u00e1s de, 626\u2013627 Sighvatr \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0arson, 602\u2013603 Institutes (John Cassian), 107 Snorri Sturluson, 604\u2013605 Instrucciones Antiguas (Tom\u00e1s de Torquemada), 626 Sturla \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0arson, 611\u2013612 Instrument maker, Landini, Francesco, 398 \u00dalfr Uggason, 637\u2013638 Intellect, 16 Iconoclasm, Leo III, Byzantine Emperor, 402 Intention, 2 Il dittamondo (Fazio degli Uberti), 213 International Gothic style, 408 Il Filocolo (Giovanni Boccaccio), 80 Introductiones Latinae (Elio Antonio de Nebrija), Il Filostrato (Giovanni Boccaccio), 80 Il libro delle trecentonovelle (Franco Sacchetti), 242 476\u2013477 Il Milione (Marco Polo), 542 Investiture controversy, 37 Iliad (Homer), 160, 164 Ille et Galeron (Gautier d\u2019Arras), 243, 244 Gregory VII, Pope, 273 Illumination, 58, 324edit 2142 Henry I, King of England, 313 Brailes, William de, 94 Henry IV, King of Germany, 504 Pucelle, Jean, 548 Henry V, King of Germany, 504 Traini, Francesco, 628\u2013630 Lothar III, 420 Immanu\u2019el ha-Rom\u00ee. See Immanuel Romano Paschal II, Pope, 504 Immanuel Romano, 346\u2013347 Isabeau of Bavaria, Queen of France, 349\u2013350 comic poetry, 346 accusation of adultery, 350 Dante Alighieri, 346\u2013347 adept at politics, 350 Mekhabb\u00e9r\u00f4th, 346 Charles VI, King of France, 350 Immanuele Guideo. See Immanuel Romano independence of monarchy, 350 Incarnation, 411 John the Fearless of Burgundy, 350 Incendium amoris (Richard Rolle of Hampole), 577 Louis of Orl\u00e9ans, 350 Treaty of Troyes, 350 709","INDEX opposition to Pope Boniface VIII, 357\u2013358 on women, 358 Isabel, Queen of Portugal, 175 Jacopus de Tuderto. See Jacopone da Todi skill as conciliator, 175 Jacquemart de Hesdin, 152 Jacques de Vitry, 359 Isabella of Arag\u00f3n, 527 author, 359 Isidore of Seville, Saint, 214, 350\u2013351, 627 crusades, 359 historian, 359 Etymologiae, 351 preacher, 359 teacher, 350\u2013351 Jaime I, King of Arag\u00f3n-Catalonia, 216, 360\u2013361 Visigothic Renaissance, 350 Alfonso X, El Sabio, King of Castile and Le\u00f3n, 25\u201326 Visigoths converted, 350 autobiography, 360, 361 Islam law, 361 Averro\u00e8s, 52\u201354 Llibre dels feyts, 360, 361 Avicenna, 53\u201354 Mud\u00e9jar revolts, 360 Charles Martel, 126 negotiated with Mongols, 360 Christian responses to life under Muslim rule, 208\u2013209 peninsular politics, 360 Eulogius of C\u00f3rdoba, 208\u2013209 Reconquest, 360 Ibn H. azm, 341\u2013342 Jaime II, King of Arag\u00f3n, 361\u2013362, 592 medicine, 54 conquest rights to Sardinia and Corsica, 361\u2013362 mystical poetry, 600\u2013601 crusades, 508\u2013509 Peter the Venerable, 517 diplomatic activity, 361\u2013362 Ram\u00f3n Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona, 553 domestic affairs, 362 Saladin (Sala\u00afh al-D\u00af\u0131n Yu\u00af ksuf B. Ayya\u00afb), 588 ended Arag\u00f3nese military operations in Andalusia, 362 sects, 342 King of Sicily, 361 Italian communalism, Arnold of Brescia, 46\u201347 legal restrictions on crown, 362 Italian language, Dante Alighieri, 163 ravaging central Mediterranean, 362 reformed royal government, 362 J Vilanova, Arnau de, 646 Jacob van Maerlant, 353\u2013354 Jaime the Conqueror, 508 Jan Hus, 158, 664 Alexanders Geesten (Deeds of Alexander), 353 Jan van Boendale, 363\u2013364 civil servant, 353 Brabantsche yeesten (Brabantine Deeds), 363 Heimelijkheid der Heimelijkheden (Mirror of Princes), Der leken spiegel (The Layman\u2019s Mirror), 363 historian, 363 353\u2013354 poet, 363 Historie van Troyen, 353 secretary to aldermen of city of Antwerp, 363 Merlijn, 353 Van den derden Eduwaert, 363 poet, 353\u2013354 Jan van Ruusbroec, 364\u2013365 Spiegel Historiael, 354 author, 364\u2013365 Jacobus da Voragine, 354\u2013355 influence, 365 Chronicle of Genoa, 355 mystic, 364\u2013365 Dominican order, 354 Spiritual Espousals, 364\u2013365 of Genoa, 354 Jaufre Rudel, 72, 366 Legenda sanctorum aurea (Golden Legend), 355 troubadour, 366 literary works, 355 Jaume II of Mallorca, 508 sermons, 355 Jean Charlier. See Gerson, Jean Jacobus de Benedictis. See Jacopone da Todi Jean de Garlande, 366 Jacobus Mediolanensis. See Jacopo da Milano Roman de la Rose, 366\u2013367 Jacopo da Carrara the Younger, ruler of Padua, Petrarca, teacher, 366 Jean de Meun, society\u2019s attitudes toward women, 139 Francesco, 518 Jeanne d\u2019Arc, 63, 139, 368\u2013369, 369 Jacopo da Milano, 355 artistic glorification, 369, 369 capture, 368 Franciscans, 355 Charles VII, King of France, 128\u2013129, 368\u2013369 Stimulus amoris (Prick of Love), 355 execution for heresy, 368\u2013369 Jacopo de\u2019 Benedetti. See Jacopone da Todi heroic saints, 368\u2013369 Jacopo de Cessolis, 356\u2013357 military leader, 368\u2013369 Dominican order, 356 mystic, 368\u2013369 Ludus scaccorum, 356 symbolic figure, 369 San Domenico in Genoa, 356 social class functions, 356 Jacopone da Todi, 357\u2013358 first religious drama in Italy, 358 Franciscan order, 357 freed by Pope Benedict XI, 358 laude in Umbrian vernacular, 357, 358 mystics, 357\u2013358 710","Jeanne of Burgundy, Philip VI, King of France, 528 INDEX Jeanne of Navarre, Queen of France, 369\u2013370 Louis the Great of Hungary, 374\u2013375 administration of Champagne and Navarre, 369 Urban VI, Pope, 375 cultural patron, 370 Joao I, King of Portugal, 375\u2013376 Philip IV the Fair, King of France, 369\u2013370 crisis of succession, 375\u2013376 political activities, 369\u2013370 Henrique, Prince of Portugal, 311 Jehan Bodel, 370\u2013371 Nuno\u2019 Alvares Pereira, 376 Chanson des Saisnes, 370\u2013371 reforms, 376 Jeu de saint Nicolas, 370\u2013371 war with Castile, 376 trouv\u00e8re, 370\u2013371 Johann von W\u00fcrzburg, 376\u2013377 writer, 370\u2013371 author, 376\u2013377 Jerome of Prague, 664 Wilhelm von \u00d6sterreich, 376\u2013377 Jeu de la feuill\u00e9e (Adam de la Halle), 4\u20135 Johannes Henslini de Sitbor. See Johannes von Tepl Jeu de Robin et Marion (Adam de la Halle), 4 Johannes von Saaz. See Johannes von Tepl Jeu de saint Nicolas (Jehan Bodel), 370\u2013371 Johannes von Tepl, 377\u2013378 Jewish law Ackermann aus B\u00f6hmen (Bohemian Plowman), 377\u2013378 adapting to local practices, 50\u201351 John, Duke of Berry, 381, 381\u2013382 Arba\u2019ah .turiym (Asher B. Yeh. iel), 50 art patron, 381 divergence in legal tradition, 50\u201351 Charles V, King of France, 381 halakhic procedure, 50\u201351 Charles VI, King of France, 381\u2013382 Jewish scholars ineptitude at military strategy, 381 Immanuel Romano, 346\u2013347 John, King of England (John Lackland), 378\u2013379 Maimonides, 434 accepted pope\u2019s terms for lifting sanctions, 378 Moses ben Nah. man, 472\u2013473 accession, 378 \u201cRashi\u201d (Solomon b. Isaac), 555\u2013558 fief of papacy, 378 Jews loss of Normandy, 378 Andalusian, Ibn Dau\u00af d, Abraham, 340 Magna Carta, 379 anti-Semitic propaganda, 204 rebellion, 378\u2013379 attacks against, 204 resistance to Pope Innocent III, 378 Christians, tolerance, 204 John II the Good, King of France, 127, 379\u2013380 family life law, 248 Burgundian faction in French politics, 379 in Germany, 464\u2013465 Charles II the Bad, King of Navarre, 123\u2013124 liturgical practices, 35 defeat and capture, 379 moving to Palestine, 464\u2013465 northwestern France in civil war, 379 Pe\u00f1afort, Ram\u00f3n de, program for proselytizing, 510, 511 royal recovery, 379\u2013380 Peter the Venerable, 517 style of government, 379 Spain, expulsion in 1492, 626 John of Fidanza. See Bonaventure, Saint Jim\u00e9nez de Rada, Rodrigo, 371\u2013372 John of G\u00f6rlitz, 663 Archbishop, 371\u2013372 John of Gaunt, 131, 191, 311, 565, 566 courtier, 371\u2013372 John of Salisbury, 69\u201370, 380 crusades, 371\u2013372 Becket, Thomas, 380 dominant figure in Iberian Church, 371\u2013372 Henry II, King of England, 380 Fernando III, King of Castile, 371\u2013372 historian, 380 historian, 372 theologian, 380 papacy and, 372 John of Seville, 380\u2013381 Joachim of Fiore, 176, 337, 372\u2013374, 589 astrologer, 380\u2013381 biblical commentary, 372\u2013374 Epitome of Astrology, 380\u2013381 Cistercian order, 373 medicine, 381 Florensian order, 372 scientist, 380\u2013381 Franciscan order, 372 translator, 380\u2013381 prophet, 372\u2013374 John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy Joachimite, Vilanova, Arnau de, 646 assassination, 128 Joachism, 589 Isabeau of Bavaria, Queen of France, 350 Franciscan order, 589 John V Palaiologos (Palaeologus), Amadeo VI, Count of Joan, Queen of England, 186 Joan of Arc, 63 Savoy, 34 Joan of Navarre, Henry IV, King of England, 318 John XXII, Pope, Ubertino da Casale, 634 Joanna I, Queen of Naples, 374\u2013375, 572 Joinville, Jean de, 382 Hungarian invasion, 374\u2013375 Louis of Taranto, 374, 375 historian, 382 Vie de saint Louis, 382 Joseph d\u2019Arimathie (Tillmann Riemenschneider), 570 Juan Alfonso de Alburquerque, 502, 507 711","INDEX Knights Hospitalers, 174 Knights of Saint Mary, Guittone D\u2019Arezzo, 284 Juan II, King of Castile, 643 Knights Templar, 70, 174 Luna, Alvaro de, 424\u2013425 Clement V, Pope, 143 Juan Manuel, 383\u2013384 Philip IV the Fair, King of France, 527 author, 383\u2013384 suppressed, 143 Libro de las armas, 384 Koerbecke, Johann, 392\u2013393 Libro de los estados, 383 Marienfeld Altarpiece, 392\u2013393 Libro del cavallero et del escudero, 383 Netherlandish art, 392 political life, 383 painter, 392\u2013393 Konrad von W\u00fcrzburg, 92, 393\u2013394 Juan S\u00e1nchez de Sevilla, 3 author, 393\u2013394 Judith, Empress, 385 Meistersinger, 393\u2013394 Trojanerkrieg, 394 Charles the Bald, 385 Konrad von Winterstetten, 640 civil war, 385 Korm\u00e1kr Qgmumdarson, 395 cultural patronage, 385 Korm\u00e1ks saga, 395 Frankish politics, 385 poet, 395 Louis the Pious, 422\u2013423 Korm\u00e1ks saga (Korm\u00e1kr Qgmumdarson), 395 rebellion of Lothar, 385 Kublai Khan, Polo, Marco, 543 rival heir, Charles, 385 K\u00fcrenberc, Der von, 396 victory over Lothar, 385 earliest named German lyric poet, 396 Jugement du roy de Navarre (Guillaume de Machaut), 430 Minnesanger, 396 Julian of Norwich, 385\u2013387 poet, 396 author, 385\u2013387 first known woman author in English literature, 385\u2013387 L mystic, 385\u2013387 La coronaci\u00f3n del marqu\u00e9s de Santillana (Juan de Mena), 468 Showings, or Revelations of Divine Love, 385\u2013387 La practica della mercatura (Francesco di Balduccio theologian, 385\u2013387 Julian of Toledo, 387\u2013388 Pegolotti), 509\u2013510 historian, 387\u2013388 La Vigne, Andr\u00e9 de, 397 On the Proof of the Sixth Age, 388 theologian, 387\u2013388 historian, 397 Justinian I, Byzantine Emperor, 388\u2013389 playwright, 397 building program, 388 poet, 397 Gothic wars, 388\u2013389 Voyage de Naples, 397 lasting impact on Italy, 389 La3amon, 400\u2013401 law, 388\u2013389 Brut, 400 Nika riots, 388 poet, 400\u2013401 penetration of Balkans by Avars and Slavs, 389 Lais (Fran\u00e7ois Villon), 652\u2013653 quest to restore unity of Roman world, 388\u2013389 Lais (Marie de France), 449, 450\u2013451 religious coercion, 389 Lamentation (Rogier van der Weyden), 644 Theodora, 388 Landini, Francesco, 398, 503 Theodora, Empress of Byzantium, 620 composer, 398 war with Persia, 388, 389 instrument maker, 398 organist, 398 K poet, 398 Karl der Gro\u00dfe (der Stricker), 610\u2013611 singer, 398 Kempe, Margery, 385, 386, 391\u2013392 Lanfranc of Bec, 398\u2013399, 670, 671 law, 398\u2013399 author of first autobiography in English, 391 leadership of school at Bec, 399 Book of Margery Kempe, 391\u2013392 teacher, 398\u2013399 her version of imitating Christ, 392 theologian, 398\u2013399 Julian of Norwich, 391 Langeisen, Christoph, 617 mystic, 391\u2013392 Langmann, Adelheid, 399 pilgrimage, 391\u2013392 author, 399 Kingship, patrimonial concept, 591 Dominican, 394 Kita\u00af b al-fisal f\u00af\u0131\u2019l-milal (Decision Among Religions) mystic, 399 Latin Asclepius, 627 (Ibn H. azm), 341\u2013342 Lauda, nonliturgical song of praise in vernacular ballad form, Kita\u00af b al-iqtis. ad f\u00af\u0131 is.la\u00af h, al-anfus wa-l-ajsa\u00af d (On the Adequate 357\u2013358 Way to Treat Souls and Bodies) (Ibn Zuhr, Abu\u00af Marwa\u00afn Laufenberg, Heinrich, 399\u2013400 \u2018Abd al-Ma\u00aflik), 346 Kita\u00af b al-tays\u00af\u0131r f\u00af\u0131\u2019 l-muda\u00af wa\u00af wa-l-tadb\u00af\u0131r (Simplification of Medical Treatment with Drugs and Diet) (Ibn Zuhr, Abu\u00af Marwa\u00afn \u2018Abd al-Ma\u00aflik), 346 712","author, 399\u2013400 INDEX poet, 399\u2013400 lausav\u00edsur (Eyvindr Finnsson sk\u00e1ldaspillir), 209, 210\u2013211 versions, 436\u2013437 Law, 12\u201313. See also Jewish law Winchester manuscript, 436\u2013437 \u00c6thelberht, 51\u201352 Le temps a laissi\u00e9 son manteau (Charles d\u2019Orl\u00e9ans), 123 Averro\u00e8s, 52\u201354 Le\u00f3n, Mos\u00e9s de, 404\u2013405 Beaumanoir, Philippe de Remi, Sire de, 59 cabalist, 404\u2013405 Bonagiunta Orbicciani Degli Averardi, 87\u201388 mystic, 404\u2013405 Boniface VIII, Pope, 91 Torah commentary, 404\u2013405 Buoncompagno da Signa, 96\u201397 Zohar (The Book of Splendor or Enlightenment), 404\u2013405 Cartagena, Alfonso de, 104\u2013106 Lectura in codicem (Cino da Pistoia), 141 Cino da Pistoia, 141\u2013142 Legend of Good Women (Geoffrey Chaucer), 133 Constitution of Melfi, 232 Legenda (Giunta Bevegnati), 445\u2013446 Corpus juris civilis, 388, 389 Legenda maior (Saint Bonaventure), 625 Eike von Repgow, 194 Legenda (Saint Margaret of Cortona), 445\u2013446 Erik, Saint, 205\u2013206 Legenda sanctorum aurea (Golden Legend) (Jacobus da Francesco d\u2019Accorso, 220\u2013221 Frederick II, 232 Voragine), 355 Gershom b. Judah, 248 Leich, Tannh\u00e4user, der, 619 Gratian, 269\u2013270 Leich (Ulrich von Liechtenstein), 640 Guido delle Colonne, 279\u2013280 Lello di Pietro Stefano dei Tosetti, Petrarca, Francesco, 519 H\u00e1kon g\u00f3\u00f0i (\u201cThe Good\u201d) Haraldsson, 294 Lemici clan, 14 Henry I, King of England, 313 Leo III, Byzantine Emperor, 401\u2013402 Henry II, 316 Hugues de Saint-Cher, 336\u2013337 Iconoclasm, 402 Ibn Adret, Solomon, 339 thwarted Arab siege of Constantinople, 402 Innocent III, Pope, 347 Leo IX, Pope, 318, 402\u2013403 Innocent IV, Pope, 348\u2013349 aggressive leadership, 402\u2013403 Jaime (Jaume) I, King Arag\u00f3n-Catalonia, 361 diocesan clergy reform, 402 Justinian I, Byzantine Emperor, 388\u2013389 foundation for Gregorian reform, 403 Lanfranc of Bec, 398\u2013399 monastic reform, 402 Magn\u00fas H\u00e1konarson, 433 papal monarchy, 403 Maimonides, 434 Leodegundia, 403\u2013404 Meir b. Barukh of Rothenburg, 464\u2013465 author, 403\u2013404 Pe\u00f1afort, Ram\u00f3n de, 510\u2013511 Codex regularum, 403 Roncaglia decrees, 230 Leofric of Mercia, 192 Sturla \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0arson, 611, 612 L\u00e9onin, 405\u2013406 William Durandus, 668\u2013669 composer, 405\u2013406 Wulfstan of York, 681\u2013682 Magnus liber organi de gradali et antifonario, 405\u2013406 Law of parsimony or economy, 673 Leopold of Vienna, 607 Lay de Plaisance (Alain Chartier), 130 Leovigild, 406 Layamon, 400\u2013401, 658 alliance between Hermenegild and Byzantines, 406 Brut, 400 king of Visigothic Spain, 406 poet, 400\u2013401 military reunification of Visigothic kingdom, 406 Le chevalier de la charrette (Lancelot) (Chr\u00e9tien de Troyes), Les chroniques de France, d\u2019Angleterre et de pas voisins (Jean 135, 136, 137 Froissart), 236\u2013237 Le Morte D\u2019Arthur (The Death of Arthur) (Thomas Malory), Letter to Ecgbert (Bede the Venerable), 62\u201363 Letter to Posterity (Francesco Petrarca), 517\u2013518, 522 436\u2013438 Levi ben Gershom, 407 Arthur\u2019s supremacy, 437 Caxton edition, 436, 437 astronomy, 407 Excalibur, 438 biblical commentary, 407 explicits, 436, 437 mathematics, 407 feats of individual, 437 philosophy, 407 Guinevere, 438 Spanish Hebrew-Arabic medieval culture, 407 Lancelot, 437\u2013438 Wars of the Lord, 407 Mordred, 438 Lewis of Bavaria, 634 Round Table, 437, 438 Marsilio of Padua, 452 Sir Galahad, 438 Liber Augustalis (Pier della Vigna), 532 story of Tristram and Isolde, 438 Liber de obsidione Ancone (Buoncompagno da Signa), 96 summary, 437\u2013438 Liber de rebus gestibus Ottonis (The Deeds of Otto) (Liudprand of Cremona), 408 Liber de vera fidelium experientia (Book of the True Experience of the Faithful) (Saint Angela da Foligno), 36 713","INDEX Lollards Henry V, King of England, 321 Liber gratissimus (Peter Damian), 159 Pecock, Reginald, 505 Liber manualis (Dhuoda), 169\u2013170 Wyclif, John, 682\u2013683 Liber revelationum de sacro exercitu virginum Coloniensium Lombard League (Elisabeth von Sch\u00f6nau), 200 Frederick I Barbarossa, 229 Liber sororis Lelle de Fulgineo (Book of Sister Leila [Angela] Frederick II, 232 of Foligno) (Saint Angela da Foligno), 36 Lombardy, Paul the Deacon, 504\u2013505 Liber specialis gratiae (Book of Special Grace) (Mechthild Loores de Nuestra Se\u00f1ora (Gonzalo de Berceo), 69 Lope D\u00edaz de Haro, Sancho IV, King of Castile, 592 von Hackeborn), 462 L\u00f3pez de Ayala, Pero, 413\u2013414 Liber viarum dei (Book of the Ways of God) (Elisabeth von courtier, 413\u2013414 Sch\u00f6nau), 200 historian, 413\u2013414 Liber visionum (Elisabeth von Sch\u00f6nau), 200 poet, 413\u2013414 Libre de Evast e Blaquerna (Book of Evast and Blaquerna) political and military leader, 413 Rimado de Palacio, 414 (Ram\u00f3n Llull), 410, 411\u2013412 L\u00f3pez de C\u00f3doba, Leonor, 414\u2013415 Libro de las armas (Juan Manuel), 384 historian, 414\u2013415 Libro de los estados (Juan Manuel), 383 Memorias, 414\u2013415 Libro del cavallero et del escudero (Juan Manuel), 383 L\u00f3pez de Mendoza, I\u00f1igo, 416\u2013417 Libro fiesolano (Ricordano Malispini), 435 Alvaro de Luna, 415 Life of Francis (Saint Bonaventure), 89 author, 416\u2013417 Life of St. Ecgwine (Byrhtferth), 99 Carta e prohemio al Condestable de Portugal, 415 Life of St. Oswald (Byrhtferth), 99 cultural patronage, 415 Limbourg Brothers, 382, 407, 407\u2013408 military campaigns, 416 Little Treasure (Brunetto Latini), 94\u201395 poet, 416\u2013417 Liudprand of Cremona, 126, 408\u2013409 propagation of humanistic knowledge in Castile, 415 Sonetos fechos al it\u00e1lico modo, 415 Antapodosis, 408 Lorenzetti, Ambrogio diplomat, 408\u2013409 Allegory and Effects of Good and Bad Government, 418 historian, 408\u2013409 Madonna and Child, 417 Liber de rebus gestibus Ottonis (The Deeds of Otto), 408 Maest\u00e1, 417\u2013418 Relatio de legatio Constantinopolitana (Report on the painter, 416, 418 work suppressed, 418 Embassy to Constantinople), 408 Lorenzetti, Pietro Liuva I, 406 Arezzo Polyptych, 416, 417 Lives of Saints (\u00c6lfric), 7\u20138 Assisi frescoes, 416 Lives of the Philosophers (Diogenes Laertius), 45 Birth of the Virgin, 417 Livre de l\u2019esperance ou Le livre des trois vertus (Alain Carmine Altarpiece, 417 painter, 416, 418 Chartier), 130 technical innovation, 416 Livre de Sibile, 531 Uffizi Madonna and Child, 417 Llibre de contemplaci\u00f3 en D\u00e9u (Book of Contemplation) Lothair I, 419, 551 dismembering empire of Charlemagne, 419 (Ram\u00f3n Llull), 409\u2013410 Lothar III, 419\u2013420 Llull, Ram\u00f3n, 409\u2013412 crowned King of the Romans, 420 exploitation of extinct noble dynasties, 420 Arbre de ci\u00e8cia (Tree of Science), 412 investiture, 420 autobiography, 412 papal schism, 420 F\u00e9lix o El libre de meravelles (Felix, or the Book of Lothar of Segni. See Innocent III, Pope Lothario dei Conti di Segni. See Innocent III, Pope Wonders), 410, 411\u2013412 Louis VI, King of France, Suger, Abbot of Saint-Denis, 613, influence, 409, 411 Libre de Evast e Blaquerna (Book of Evast and Blaquerna), 614 Louis VII, King of France, Eleanor of Aquitaine, 198\u2013199 410, 411\u2013412 Louis VIII, King of France, Pierre Mauclerc, 534 literary works, 409\u2013412 Louis IX, King of France and Saint, 79, 421, 655, 671 Llibre de contemplaci\u00f3 en D\u00e9u (Book of Contemplation), canonization, 449 409\u2013410 crusades, 421 missionary, 409 governance, 421 mystic, 409\u2013410 growing authoritarianism of crown, 421 philosopher, 409\u2013412 postart phase, 410\u2013411 quaternary phase, 410 ternary phase, 410 Lochner, Stefan, 153, 412\u2013413 City Patrons\u2019 Altarpiece or Dombild, 412\u2013413 early Cologne school painter, 412\u2013413 Logic Ab\u00e9lard, Peter, 1\u20132 William of Ockham, 672 714","Marguerite of Provence, Queen of France, 448\u2013449 INDEX overhaul of royal administrators, 421 regency, 421 massive dissemination of works, 426 Louis XI, King of France, 129, 423\u2013424 meter, 426 Commynes, Philippe de, 148 patrons, 426\u2013427 diplomacy, 423 range of subject matter, 427 domestic adversaries, 423 rhetorical amplification, 426 reforming provincial government, 423 Siege of Thebes, 425, 426 Ren\u00e9 d\u2019Anjou, 563 Troy Book, 425 territorial unification of modern France, 424 Lyric poetry, 111, 396, 652\u2013655 Louis I of Anjou, 128 Louis of Guyenne, 139 M Louis of Orl\u00e9ans, 128 Machaut, Guillaume de, 98, 429\u2013431 Christine de Pizan, 138\u2013139 Isabeau of Bavaria, Queen of France, 350 composer, 429\u2013431 Louis of Taranto, Joanna I, Queen of Naples, 374, 375 Dit de l\u2019 alerion, 430 Louis the Bavarian, 124 Dit du lyon, 430 Louis the Great of Hungary, Joanna I, Queen of Naples, Jugement du roy de Navarre, 430 Messe de Nostre Dame, 429 374\u2013375 musical works, 430\u2013431 Louis the Pious, 121, 422\u2013423, 551 patrons, 429 poet, 429\u2013431 corruption in Carolingian society, 422 Remede de Fortune, 429, 430 crowned co-emperor, 422 Macrobius, 431\u2013432 Judith, Empress, 422\u2013423 Commentary on the Dream of Scipio, 431, 432 King of Aquitaine, 422 influence, 432 monastic and ecclesiastical reform, 422 Roman writer, 431\u2013432 Ordinatio imperii, 422\u2013423 Saturnalia, 431\u2013432 palace revolt, 422\u2013423 Madonna and Child (Ambrogio Lorenzetti), 417 papal-imperial relationship, 422 Madonna and Child Enthroned (Giotto di Bondone), 256 political realm, 422 Madrigal, Paolo da Firenze, 503 rebuilt political network, 423 M\u00e1elduib, 20 vision of empire, 422 Maest\u00e0 (Duccio di Buoninsegna), 180\u2013181 Lovato de\u2019 Lovati, 14 Maest\u00e1 (Ambrogio Lorenzetti), 417\u2013418 Love, 2, 35, 111\u2013112, 130, 291, 346, 449, 544 Magn\u00fas H\u00e1konarson, 433, 611, 612 minnesinger, 559\u2013560 foreign policy, 433 neoplatonic spiritual ideas, 345 law, 433 prowess, 137 legislative and organizational work, 433 Thomas d\u2019Angleterre, 623\u2013624 peace treaty with Scotland, 433 Ludus scaccorum (Jacopo de Cessolis), 356 ruled Norway, 433 Ludwig van Kempen, Petrarca, Francesco, 519 Magn\u00fassdr\u00e1pa (Arn\u00f3rr \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0arson jarlask\u00e1ld), 49 Luitgard of Aywi\u00e8res, 424 Magna Carta, 316 Cistercian, 424 John, King of England (John Lackland), 379 mystic, 424 Stephen Langton, 609 Luitgard of Tongres. See Luitgard of Aywi\u00e8res Magna glossatura (Peter Lombard), 514 Luna, Alvaro de, 424\u2013425 Magnentius. See Rabanus Maurus beheaded, 424 Magnus liber organi de gradali et antifonario (L\u00e9onin), exile, 424 Juan II, King of Castile, 424\u2013425 405\u2013406 power for crown and for himself, 424 Magyars, 314 talents ensured indispensability, 424 Maimonides, 3, 50, 434, 627 Lupi, Bonifacio, 31 Lupi, Raimondino, 31 Abravanel, Isaac, 3 Luxembourg dynasty, 125 Dala\u00af lat al-ba\u00af \u2019ir\u00af\u0131n (Guide for the Perplexed), 434 Lydgate, John, 425\u2013426 Ibn Adret, Solomon, 339 aureate diction, 426 impact on Christians in Spain, 434 Benedictine order, 425 Jewish scholar, 434 dissemination of Chaucer tradition, 425, 426 law, 434 elaboration of allusion and syntax, 426 medicine, 434 English poet, 425\u2013426 Mishnah commentary, 434 Fall of Princes, 426 Mishneh Torah, 434 influence, 426 philosopher, 434 Mainz center of Jewish learning, 248 Jewish community, 248 715","INDEX San Basilio church, 446 Margaret of Luxembourg, 539 Malispini, Ricordano, 435 Margrethe I, Queen of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, historian, 435 Libro fiesolano, 435 447\u2013448 coup d\u2019\u00e9tat, 447 Malory, Thomas, 436\u2013438 education of, 447 Le Morte D\u2019Arthur (The Death of Arthur), 436\u2013438 ideas of monarchial reign, 447 Arthur\u2019s supremacy, 437 role in unifying Scandinavian countries, 447\u2013448 Caxton edition, 436, 437 royal secession, 447 Excalibur, 438 Union of Kalmar, 447 explicits, 436, 437 Marguerite d\u2019Oingt, 448 feats of individual, 437 biography of B\u00e9atrice of Ornacieux, 448 Guinevere, 438 Carthusian order, 448 Lancelot, 437\u2013438 French woman writer, 448 Mordred, 438 Pagina meditationum, 448 Round Table, 437, 438 Speculum, 448 Sir Galahad, 438 Marguerite of Provence, Queen of France, 79, 448\u2013449, 526 story of Tristram and Isolde, 438 Blanche of Castile, 448 summary, 437\u2013438 Louis IX, King of France, 448\u2013449 versions, 436\u2013437 Philip III, King of France, 448 Winchester manuscript, 436\u2013437 pious works, 448\u2013449 in prison, 436 political activism, 448 Wars of the Roses, 436 Marguerite Porete, 449 approval by church authorities, 449 Mamluk system, 588 condemned to death, 449 Mandeville, Jean de, 439 French writer, 449 Mirouer des simples ames anienties, 449 historian, 439 Marie de Brabant, 527 travel writer, 439 Marie de Champagne, 35, 199 Voyages d\u2019 outre-mer, 439 Chr\u00e9tien de Troyes, 135, 137 Manfred, 440\u2013441 Marie de France, 449\u2013451 career confined to Italy, 440 Espurgatoire saint Patrice, 449, 451 Charles of Anjou, 440\u2013441 Fables, 449, 451 cultural patron, 441 Lais, 449, 450\u2013451 lost kingdom, 440\u2013441 literary influences, 449\u2013450 as regent, 440 patrons, 449\u2013450 Manrique, Jorge, 441\u2013442 poet, 449\u2013451 Coplas por la muerte de su padre, 441\u2013442 Marie d\u2019Oignies, 359, 452 poet, 441\u2013442 b\u00e9guine movement, 452 political and military activities, 441\u2013442 Marienfeld Altarpiece, 392\u2013393 Mansur, Al-, 442\u2013443 Marmousets, Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, 529 builder, 443 Marsilio of Padua, 452\u2013453 poet, 443 Defensor minor, 452 ruler in al-Andalus caliphate period, 442\u2013443 Defensor pads (The Defender of Peace), 453 Manuscript, 9, 108 Lewis of Bavaria, 452 Brailes, William de, 94 political theorist, 452\u2013453 illumination, 58, 327\u2013328, 548, 628\u2013630 theory of the state, 452 Mappamundi, 660 Mart\u00ed, Ram\u00f3n, 453\u2013454 Mar\u00eda de Padilla, Pedro I the Cruel, King of Castile, 507, 508 Dominican order, 453 Mar\u00eda of Castile, antipope, 22 Hebraist scholar, 453 Marcabru, 443 missionary, 453 troubadour, 443 polemicist against Jews, 453\u2013454 Marcel, \u00c9tienne, 443\u2013444 Martianus Capella, 454 Charles II the Bad, 444 author, 454 led Paris rebellion against monarchy, 443\u2013444 De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii, 454 Marchetto da Padova, 444\u2013445 Martini, Simone, 454\u2013457, 455 music theorist, 444\u2013445 Altarpiece of the Blessed Agostino Novello, 456 Margaret of Cortona, Saint, 445\u2013446 Antwerp (Orsini) Polyptych, 456 Cortona\u2019s increasing political independence, 446 Equestrian Portrait of Guidoriccio da Fogliano, 455 dispute over cult, 446 fresco of Maest\u00e1, 454\u2013454 early life, 445 Franciscan order, 445\u2013446 Legenda, 445\u2013446 relics contested, 446 716","Holy Family, 456 INDEX painter, 454\u2013457 Saint Ansanus Annunciation, 455\u2013456 Elizabeth of Hungary, Saint, 200\u2013201 Saint Ladislas, 456\u2013457 Harpestreng, Henrik, 299 Saint Louis Altarpiece, 455 Hildegard von Bingen, 330 Virgil Frontispiece, 456 Ibn Zuhr, Abu\u00af Marwa\u00afn \u2018Abd al-Ma\u00aflik, 346 Maslama de Madrid, 457\u2013458 international medical school in Salerno, Italy, 299 astronomer, 457\u2013458 Islam, 54 mathematician, 457\u2013458 John of Seville, 381 Master builder, Grasser, Erasmus, 268 Maimonides, 434 Master craftsman, Folz, Hans, 219\u2013220 Pietro Abano, 536 Mathematics texts, 346 Abraham bar H. iyya, 2\u20133 Trotula of Salerno, 631 Dunstable, John, 186\u2013187 Vilanova, Arnau de, 646\u2013647 Levi ben Gershom, 407 women, 631 Maslama de Madrid, 457 Megillat ha-megalleh (Scroll of the Revealer) (Abraham bar Mathias, Canon of Link\u00f6ping, 76 Matilda, Empress, 458 H. iyya), 3 adviser to Henry II, 458 Meir b. Barukh of Rothenburg, 464\u2013465 Geoffrey Plantagenet, 458 Henry V, 458 attempted to escape to Palestine, 464\u2013465 as imperial regent, 458 held for ransom, 465 on military campaign, 458 his yeshivah, 464 patron and intercessor at court, 458 law, 464\u2013465 Matilda, Queen of Normandy, 670 rabbi, 464\u2013465 Matilda, throne of England, 312, 313 talmudic commentary, 464\u2013465 Matteo da Perugia, 459\u2013460 Meister Eckhart, 465\u2013467, 598 composer, 459\u2013460 Dominican, 465\u2013467 musician, 459\u2013460 mystic, 465\u2013467 Matthew Paris, 460\u2013461 preacher, 465\u2013467 author, 460\u2013461 theologian, 465\u2013467 historian, 460 Mekhabb\u00e9r\u00f4th (Immanuel Romano), 346 Vie de seint Auban, 460 Melos amoris (Richard Rolle of Hampole), 577 Matthieu de Vend\u00fbme, 71 M\u00e9moires (Philippe de Commynes), 148 Maximilian I, Emperor, 461\u2013462 Memoriale sanctorum (Eulogius of C\u00f3rdoba), 208 children\u2019s dynastic marriages, 462 Memoriale uirtutum (Alfonso de Cartagena), 104 conquered Bruges, 461 Memorias (Leonor L\u00f3pez de C\u00f3doba), 414\u2013415 cultural patronage, 462 Mena, Juan de, 467\u2013469 Duke of Tyrol, 461 Coplas de los pecados mortales, 468 imperial reform, 461\u2013462 El laberinto de Fortuna, 467\u2013468, 469 Lowlands rebelled, 461 historian, 467\u2013469 modern reputation, 461 La coronaci\u00f3n del marqu\u00e9s de Santillana, 468 political marriages, 461\u2013462 poet, 467\u2013469 possession of Lowlands and Burgundy, 461 Mendicancy, Dominican order, 177 shifting diplomatic alliances, 462 Mendoza clan, 3, 416 wars on empire\u2019s fringes, 462 Menippean satire, 12 Mechthild von Hackeborn, 250\u2013251, 462\u2013463 Meno (Plato), 45 author, 462\u2013463 Mental illness, Charles VI, King of France, 128, 350 Cistercian, 462 Meraugis de Portlesguez (Raoul de Houdenc), 554 Liber specialis gratiae (Book of Special Grace), 463 Mercenary soldier mystic, 462\u2013463 Hawkwood, Sir John, 303\u2013304 Mechthild von Magdeburg, 463\u2013464 M\u00e9zi\u00e8res, Philippe de, 469 Beguine, 463\u2013464 Merchant manual, Pegolotti, Francesco di Balduccio, 509\u2013510 Das flie\u00dfende Licht der Gottheit (The Flowing Light of the Merinids, 592 Merlijn (Jacob van Maerlant), 353 Godhead), 464 Merode Altarpiece (Robert Campin), 102 mystic, 463\u2013464 Merovingian kingdoms, 511\u2013512 Medicine Merovingian kings, 144 Averro\u00e8s, 52\u201354 Messe de Nostre Dame (Guillaume de Machaut), 429 Avicenna, 54\u201355 Metalogicon (John of Salisbury), 69\u201370 Cecco d\u2019Ascoli, 116\u2013117 Meteorology (Aristotle), 45 M\u00e9zi\u00e8res, Philippe de, 469\u2013470 author, 469 crusades, 469 717","INDEX Moser, Lucas, 472\u2013473 painter, 473 M\u00e9zi\u00e8res, Philippe de (continued) Order of the Passion of Jesus, 469 Moses ben Maimon. See Maimonides soldier of fortune, 469 Moses ben Nah. man, 473 Michael Scot, 470 Jewish scholar, 473 astrologer, 470 leader of Iberian Jewry, 473 magician, 470 public disputation with Dominican friar, 473 scientific translator, 470 rabbi, 473 Spanish Jewish mysticism, 473 Michel Erhart of Ulm, 617 Moses ibn Ezra. See Ibn Ezra, Moses Micrologus (Guido D\u2019Arezzo), 278 Mozarabic artistic style, 58 Midrash, 404 Multscher, Hans, 205, 473\u2013474 Milagros de Nuestra Se\u00f1ora (Gonzalo de Berceo), 69 Karg Altar, 474 Military Order of Our Lord Jesus Christ, 174 Landsberg Madonna and Child, 474 Minnesanger, K\u00fcrenberc, Der von, 396 sculptor, 473\u2013474 Miracles de Nostre Dame (Gautier de Coinci), 244\u2013245 M\u00fcnnerstadt altarpiece, Riemenschneider, Tillmann, 569 Mirouer des simples ames anienties (Marguerite Porete), 449 Murabit, Alfonso VI, King of Le\u00f3n-Castile, 24, 25 Mirour de l\u2019Omme (John Gower), 265 Muslim physician, Ibn Zuhr, Abu\u00af Marwa\u00afn \u2018Abd al-Ma\u00aflik, 346 Mishneh Torah (Maimonides), 434 Muslim scholar Misogynism, 42 Ibn H. azm, 341\u2013342 Ibn Khaldu\u00af n, 342\u2013343 literature, 139 Ibn Sa\u2019\u00af\u0131d, 344 Missa prolationum (Johannes Ockeghem), 485 Muslim Spain, 340\u2013341, 600\u2013601 Modern Devotion movement, 365 Almohad empire, 215 Ibn Zaydu\u00af n, poet, 345 Radewijns, Florens, 552 Muslim unity dissolved, 215, 216 Thomas \u00e0 Kempis, 622 Reconquest, 215\u2013217 Mois\u00e9s Sefard\u00ed. See Pedro Alfonso Muslims Molesme monastery, 573 after fall of Visigothic kingdom, 126 Molina, Mar\u00eda de, Queen of Castile, 470\u2013471, 592, 593 in al-Andalus, 442\u2013443 in Castilian politics, 470 Alfonso X, El Sabio, King of Castile and Le\u00f3n, 26 championing grandson, 470\u2013471 Averro\u00e8s, 52\u201353 son recognized as kin, 470\u2013471 Charles Martel, 126 unified regency, 471 Christians Monarchia (Monarchy) (Dante Alighieri), 162, 163 Monasteries. See also Specific type coexistence, 172\u2013173 Benedictine Reform, 66 relations in Spain, 208\u2013209 Cassian, John, 107 responses to life under Muslim rule, 208\u2013209 holding of collective property, 634\u2013635 D\u00edaz de Vivar, Rodrigo, regime of coexistence, 172\u2013173 languishing, 65 Eulogius of C\u00f3rdoba, 208\u2013209 reform, Anno II, Archbishop of Cologne, 37 expulsion from Portugal, 10 reinvigorated, 65\u201366 handbook of Islamic law, 54 Monastery of Cluny, Alfonso VI, King of Le\u00f3n-Castile, 24 Iberian, 24 Monastery of the Paraclete, H\u00e9lo\u00efse, 310 Muslim traveler, 66 Monastery of Windesheim, Radewijns, Florens, 552 Pe\u00f1afort, Ram\u00f3n de, program for proselytizing, 510, 511 M\u00f6nch von Salzburg, Der, 471 ta\u00af \u2019ifa of Toledo, 215 composer, 471 ta\u00af \u2019ifa of Zaragoza, 24, 215 singer, 471 Myst\u00e8re de la Passion (Arnoul Greban), 270 Moneta of Cremona, 177, 178 Mongols, 233, 360 N Monito (Giovanni Sercambi), 597 Nardo di Cione, 475\u2013476 Monk of Cluny Cistercian, 516, 517 painter, 475\u2013476 Nasrid dynasty, 216 controversy, 516, 517 Natural history, Philippe de Tha\u00fcn, 531 Peter the Venerable, 516\u2013517 Natural science abbot, 516\u2013517 Averro\u00e8s, 53 reform, 516\u2013517 Grosseteste, Robert, 276\u2013277 Monophysitism, 620 Hildegard von Bingen, 330 Moral philosopher, Dante Alighieri, 162 Naturalism, 113 Moralist, Bersuire, Pierre, 74\u201375 Nebrija, Elio Antonio de, 476\u2013477 Morals (Pope Gregory I), 271 Gram\u00e1tica de la lengua castellana, 477 Mortimer, Roger, 191 Morton, Robert, 472 composer, 472 718","Introductiones Latinae, 476\u2013477 INDEX Spain\u2019s first linguist, 476 Spain\u2019s leading pre-Renaissance humanist, 476\u2013477 Notker Labeo, 483\u2013484 Neidhart, 477\u2013478 teacher, 483\u2013484 minnesanger, 477\u2013478 translation-commentaries of Latin classroom texts, 483\u2013484 poet, 477\u2013478 Neilos. See Nilus of Rossano Novelist, Llull, Ram\u00f3n, 409\u2013412 Neoclassical poet, Ibn Zaydun, 345 Novella, Boccaccio, Giovanni, 82 Neoplatonic philosophy, 432, 449 Novelle (Giovanni Sercambi), 597 Neoplatonic spiritual ideas, love, 345 Nuniya (Ibn Zaydu\u00af n), 345 Nepotism, 349 Nuno\u2019 Alvares Pereira, Joao I, King of Portugal, 376 Netherlandish art, 226 Nuova cronica (New Chronicle) (Giovanni Villani), 647, 648 Koerbecke, Johann, 392 Nur al-Din, Emir of Syria, Saladin (Sala\u00afh al-D\u00af\u0131n Yu\u00afksuf B. Pleydenwurff, Hans, 541 Schongauer, Martin, 596 Ayya\u00afb), 588 van der Weyden, Rogier, 644 Nuremberg, Reformation, 610 van Eyck, Jan, 644 Nursing, Elizabeth of Hungary, Saint, 200\u2013201 Nicholas III, Pope, 479 Dante Alighieri, 479 O Ptolemy of Lucca, 479, 546 Ockeghem, Johannes, 98, 485\u2013486 Rudolf of Hapsburg, 479 Nicholas of Cusa, 479\u2013480, 628 composer, 485\u2013486 Church reformer, 479\u2013480 Missa prolationum, 485 De concordia catholica (On Catholic Harmony), 480 pupils, 485 De docta ignorantia (On Learned Ignorance), 480 \u201cOckham\u2019s razor,\u201d 673 philosopher, 479\u2013480 Oddaverjar dynasty, 586\u2013587 Nicholas of Verdun, 481 Snorri Sturluson, 604\u2013605 enamelist, 481 Oddi, intellectual tradition, 587 goldsmith, 481 Odo of Bayeux, 670 Nicolaus Gerhaert von Leyden, 268, 481\u2013482 Of King Saladijn and of Tabaryen (Heinric), 304 sculptor, 481\u2013482 Offa, 487 Nidere minne, Walther von der Vogelweide, 660, 661 King of Mercia, 487 Niederwildungen Altarpiece, 152 monetary reform, 487 Nilus of Rossano, 482\u2013483 poems Beowulf and Widsith, 487 composed office for Saint Benedict, 483 Sussex, Kent, and East Anglia, 487 representative of Greek monasticism, 482\u2013483 Offenbarungen (Revelations) (Margaretha Ebner), 189 Ninfale fiesolano (Giovanni Boccaccio), 81 \u00d3l\u00e1fr Tryggvason, 487\u2013488 Nominalist philosophy, 672\u2013673 introduced Christianity, 488 Norman kings, 669\u2013671 King of Norway, 487 Northumbrian Golden Age, 60\u201363 led Viking raids, 487 Norway Olaf, King of Norway, 447 Bragi Boddason, 92\u201393 Ol\u00e1fs saga helga (Snorri Sturluson), 605 Cnut, Danish and English King, 145 Old Crow (Giovanni Boccaccio), 83 Danish overlordship, 616 Old Hall Manuscript, Power, Leonel, 544 Einarr Sk\u00falason, 195\u2013196 Oliver of Paderborn, 488\u2013489 H\u00e1kon g\u00f3di (\u201cThe Good\u201d) Haraldsson, 294 crusades, 488\u2013489 H\u00e1kon H\u00e1konarson, 295 preacher, 488\u2013489 Haraldr h\u00e1rfagri (\u201cFair-Hair\u201d) H\u00e1lfdanarson, 297\u2013298 scholastic at Cologne Cathedral, 488\u2013489 Haraldr har\u00f0r\u00e1\u00f0i (\u201cHard Ruler\u201d) Sigur\u00f0arson, 296\u2013297 Olivi, Petrus Johannis, 633, 634\u2013635 L\u00fcbeck, trade, 295 Olivier de Clisson, 127, 277 Magn\u00fas H\u00e1konarson, 433 On Famous Women (Giovanni Boccaccio), 83 Margrethe I, Queen of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, On the Trinity and Unity of God (Peter Ab\u00e9lard), 1 Onomasticon (Eusebius of Caesarea), 193 447\u2013448 Opera de Duomo, 48 \u00d3l\u00e1fr Tryggvason, 487\u2013488 Opus geminatum, 21 principle of legitimacy, 295 Opus Oxoniense (John Duns Scotus), 185 Snorri Sturluson, 605 Opus Parisiense (John Duns Scotus), 185 Sturla \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0arson, 611\u2013612 Opuscula sacra (Boethius), 254 Sven Haraldsson (Forkbeard), King of Denmark, 615\u2013616 Orationes sive meditationes (Anselm of Bec), 38 Sverrir Sigur\u00f0arson, King of Norway, 616 Orcagna, Andrea di Cione, 489\u2013490 unification, 297, 447 architect, 489 marble tabernacle for Or San Michele, 490 nave of church of Santa Croce, 489\u2013490 painter, 475\u2013476, 489\u2013490 sculptor, 489 719","INDEX Chaucer, Geoffrey, 132 Oxford University, 94, 185 Order of Camaldoli, 158 Order of Preachers, 176, 177 P Order of Santiago, 174 Pacher, Michael, 239, 501\u2013502 Order of the Passion of Jesus, M\u00e9zi\u00e8res, Philippe de, 469 Ordinatio imperii (Louis the Pious), 422\u2013423 adaptation of new artistic forms, 501 Oresme, Nicole, 127, 490\u2013491 altars, 501\u2013502 new pictorial language, 501 author, 490\u2013491 realistic portraitlike facial features, 501 scientist, 490\u2013491 Tyrolian painter and sculptor, 501\u2013502 translator, 490\u2013491 Padilla, Mar\u00eda de, 502 Organist, Landini, Francesco, 398 cession of Huelva, 502 Orkney Isles, Bjarni Kolbeinsson, 77\u201378 founded monastery of Santa Clara at Astudillo, 502 Ornacieux, B\u00e9atrice of, 448 Pedro I the Cruel, King of Castile, 502 Orpheus and Eurydice (Robert Henryson), 325\u2013326 Orsini, Napoleone, 634\u2013635 children as heirs, 502 Orsini family, 479 Mar\u00eda\u2019s relatives\u2019 ascendancy at court, 502 Ostrogoth regime, 108 proclaimed queen posthumously, 502 Oswald von Wolkenstein, 491\u2013493 Trastam\u00e1ran usurpation of the Castilian throne, 502 autobiographical references, 491 Padua, Giusto de\u2019 Menabuoi, 259\u2013260 historical traces, 491 Pagan religion, 196 poet, 491\u2013493 Pagina meditationum (Marguerite d\u2019Oingt), 448 political career, 491\u2013492 Palestine, 97\u201398 sources, 492 Palice of Honour (Gavin Douglas), 178\u2013179 Otfrid, 493 Pantheon (Godfrey of Viterbo), 261 poet, 493 Paolo da Firenze, 502\u2013503 Otto I, King of Germany, Emperor, 493\u2013495 Camaldolese order, 502\u2013503 constant travels throughout realm, 494 composer, 502\u2013503 coronation ritual, 494 madrigal, 503 eastern and northern policy, 494 music theorist, 503 increasing gap between king and dukes, 494 Squarcialupi Codex, 503 rejecting rule by personal pact, 494 Trecento composer, 503 Otto II, King of Germany, Emperor, 73, 495, 495\u2013496 Papacy campaign in southern Italy, 495\u2013496 Donation of Pepin, 512 counselors, 495\u2013496 Henry III, King of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor, early military campaigns, 495 rebellions in Bavaria and Lotharingia, 495 317\u2013318 Otto III, King of Germany, Emperor, 73, 496\u2013497 independent papal state, 512 Charlemagne, 497 papal monarchy, 275 determination to control Rome, 496\u2013497 popes as feudal lords, 274\u2013275 emperor as leadership over Christian world, 497 primacy, 159, 271\u2013272, 274 imperial Church system, 497 reform, 641 Italian expeditions, 496\u2013497 territorial claims, 274\u2013275 permanent capital, 497 vendetta against Hohenstaufen, 440 regents, 496 Parabolae (Alain de Lille), 11\u201312 Otto IV, Emperor, 497\u2013498 Paraclete, 1, 2 civil war for control of empire, 497 Parement Master, 152 election, 497\u2013498 Parliament, 189 Frederick II, 497\u2013498 Commons impeached courtiers, 192 Innocent III, Pope, 497\u2013498 determination of cases, 190 papacy and, 497 discussion of great affairs of state, 190 support in Germany, 498 Good Parliament of 1376, 192 Welf, 497 hearing of petitions, 190 Otto of Brunswick, 662 plena potestas, 190 Otto of Freising, 498\u2013499 Parzival (Wolfram von Eschenbach), 676, 677\u2013678 Cistercian, 499 Paschal II, Pope, 503\u2013504 crusades, 498\u2013499 Benedictine, 503 Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa, 499 Corsi family, 504 historian, 498\u2013499 crusades, 504 Two Cities, 499 emancipation of church from state, 504 Ottonian dynasty, 73, 149, 150, 622 Henry IV, King of Germany, 504 Ovid, 81, 544 Henry V, King of Germany, 504 720","political activities, 504 INDEX promoter of learning and culture, 503 right of investiture, 504 Challenge of Bordeaux, 509 Pastoral Care (Alfred the Great), 28, 29, 30 Charles of Valois, 509 Pastoureaux, 79 constitutional revolution, 509 Patrie, first known occurrence, 130 crusades, 508\u2013509 Patris aeterni (Pope Boniface VIII), 91 cultural influence, 509 Paul the Deacon, 504\u2013505 liberator-conqueror of Sicily, 508 Carolingian renaissance, 504\u2013505 married Constance, 508 court of Charlemagne, 504 northern Catalan nobles revolted, 508 History of the Bishops of Metz, 505 Philip III the Bold, 508\u2013509 History of the Lombards, 505 procuratorial co-ruler and soldier, 508 Italian writer, 504\u2013505 re-conquering Valencia, 508 Paul the Physician. See Toscanelli, Paolo dal Pozzo troubadour-warrior ruler, 508 Pazzi family, 647 Pegolotti, Francesco di Balduccio, 509\u2013510 Pe\u00f1afort, Ram\u00f3n de, 510\u2013511 Florentine factor for Bardi banking house, 509 Decretales, 511 La practica della mercatura, 509\u2013510 Dominican, 510\u2013511 merchant manual, 509\u2013510 observations on trade, 509\u2013510 integration of nuns, 511 Peire Cardenal revision of constitutions, 511 Albigensian Crusade, 510 Inquisition, 511 troubador, 510 Jaime (Jaume) I of Arag\u00f3n-Catalonia, 510\u2013511 Pepin I of Landen, 511 proselytizing Jews, 510, 511 Pepin II of Heristal, 511, 512 proselytizing Muslims, 510, 511 Pepin III the Short, 118, 511\u2013512, 511\u2013513 rationalist-confrontational missionary methods, 511 anointed, 512 systematization of church law, 511 Boniface, 512 Peace of God movement, 555 Church reform, 512 Peace of Turin, Amadeo VI, Count of Savoy, 34 elected king by Frankish magnates, 512 Peasant Rebellion, Richard II, King of England, 565 Frankish leaders of Carolingian family, 511 Peasants, 675 involvement in Italian affairs, 512 Pecock, Reginald, 505 patricius Romanorum, 512 convicted of heresy, 505 reform of secular government, 512 English theologian, 505 Stephen II, Pope, 512, 608 Lollards, 505 title patricius Romanorum, 608 Repressor of Over Much Blaming of the Clergy, 505 Perceval (Chr\u00e9tien de Troyes), 677 writings burned, 505 Pere I of Sicily. See Pedro III, King of Arag\u00f3n Pedro Alfonso, 506 Pere I of Valencia. See Pedro III, King of Arag\u00f3n apologetic, scientific, and didactic literature, 506 Pere II of Catalonia. See Pedro III, King of Arag\u00f3n \u201cCarta a los estudiosos franceses,\u201d 506 Pere III of Arag\u00f3n. See Pedro III, King of Arag\u00f3n Di\u00e1logos contra los jud\u00edos, 506 Peregrinatio (Egeria), 193 diffusion of Arabic science, 506 P\u00e9rez de Guzm\u00e1n, Fern\u00e1n, 105, 106 Disciplina clericalis, 506 Periphyseon (On the Division of Nature) (Johannes Scottus Pedro I the Cruel, King of Castile, 414\u2013416, 506\u2013508 alliance with English, 507 Eriugena), 207 Black Death, 506 Pero Ni\u00f1o, Count of Buelna, 171 Blanche de Bourbon, 502, 507 P\u00e9rotin, 513 Castilian Church and Avignon papacy, 507 concern with sound finances, 507 attributed works, 513 Cortes of Valladolid, 507 composer, 513 Padilla, Mar\u00eda de, 502, 507, 508 identity, 513 children as heirs, 502 polyphony, 513 Mar\u00eda\u2019s relatives\u2019 ascendancy at court, 502 Peruzzi firm, 647 proclaimed queen posthumously, 502 Peter Comestor Trastam\u00e1ran usurpation of the Castilian throne, 502 biblical exegesis, literal-historical sense, 514 participation of French in peninsular affairs, 507 Historia scholastica, 514 personal excesses, 506 theologian, 514 rebellious aristocracy, 507 Peter Damian, 319, 579 Shem Tov of Carri\u00f3n, 598, 599 Peter Lombard, 514\u2013515 war against Arag\u00f3n, 506, 507 Peter of Poitiers, 515 Pedro III, King of Arag\u00f3n, 508\u2013509 Allegoriae super tabernaculum Moysis, 515 biblical exegesis, 514\u2013515, 515 Compendium historiae in genealogia Christi, 515 dialectics, 515 721","INDEX poet, 517\u2013522 pursuit of classical manuscripts, 519, 521 Peter of Poitiers (continued) Rerum memorandarum libri, 520, 522 Distinctiones super psalterium, 515 Secretum, 520 leading figure in Parisian schools, 515 Triumph of Death, 521 Magna glossatura, 514 Triumphs, 522 philosopher, 514\u2013515 at Vaucluse, 520 Sententiae, 514\u2013515 Visconti family, 521 Sententiarum libri quinque, 515 works, 517, 520, 521, 522 theologian, 514\u2013515, 515 Latin, 522 Peter the Chanter, 516 vernacular, 522 Cistercian, 516 Petrarca, Gherardo, 518, 519, 520 Summa de sacramentis et animae consiliis, 516 Petrarch. See Petrarca, Francesco teacher, 516 Petrus Alfonsi. See Pedro Alfonso theologian, 516 Petrus de Dacia, 524 author, 524 Peter the Venerable, 1, 516\u2013517 Christina of Stommeln, 524 Ab\u00e9lard, Peter, 517 De gratia naturam ditante sive De virtutibus Christinae Bernard of Clairvaux, 516, 517 Islam, 517 Stumbelensis, 524 Judaism, 517 Dominican order, 524 Monk of Cluny, 516\u2013517 Sweden\u2019s first author, 524 abbot, 516\u2013517 Vita Christinae Stumbelensis, 524 reform, 516\u2013517 Petrus de Vinea, 233, 234 theologian, 516\u2013517 Petrus Olofsson, 76 translation of Arabic texts, 517 Phaedo (Plato), 45 Pharmacology, Ibn Zuhr, Abu\u00af Marwa\u00afn \u2018Abd al-Ma\u00aflik, 346 Petrarca, Francesco, 517\u2013522 Philagathus of Cerami, 525 Africa, 520, 522 court preacher, 525 attitude toward autobiography, 518 Greek prose writer, 525 attitude toward classical past, 519\u2013520 sermons, 525 Augustine\u2019s Confessions, 519, 520 Philip II Augustus, King of France, 526, 565 belief in preeminence of Rome, 519 Albigensian Crusade, 526 Biblioteca Marciana in Venice, 521 architect of the medieval French monarchy, 526 Black Death, 521 astute politician, 526 Boccaccio, Giovanni, 81, 82, 83, 84, 521 English loss of territory, 526 Canzoniere, 517, 520, 521, 522 expansion of territory, 526 characteristics, 517 feudalism, 526 Charles IV, Emperor, 125 financial administration, 526 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 132 founder of centralized bureaucratic state, 526 Cino da Pistoia, 141, 142 Henry II of England, 526 Cola di Rienzo, 520, 521 Pierre Mauclerc, 534 coronation as poet laureate in Rome, 518, 520 Philip III the Bold, King of France, 526\u2013527 Coronation Oration, 520 ascendancy in Languedoc, 526 cult of personality, 520 French crusade against Arag\u00f3n, 527 Dante Alighieri, 517, 518, 519 Marguerite of Provence, Queen of France, 448 De remediis utriusque fortune, 521 Pedro III, King of Arag\u00f3n, 508\u2013509 De viris illustribus, 520, 522 wars of, 526\u2013527 De vita solitaria, 520, 521, 522 Philip IV the Fair, King of France, 190, 527\u2013528 fell in love with Laura, 519 Boniface VIII, Pope, 90, 91, 527 focus on his own personal situation, 517 charged Boniface with heresy and immorality, 527 Giovanni Colonna, Cardinal, 519\u2013520 Clement V, Pope, 143, 527 integrating Christianity and pagan letters, 590 conflict with Flemings, 527 internal conflict, 518, 520 consultation of subjects, 527 Jacopo da Carrara the Younger, ruler of Padua, 518 dynastic marriages of children, 528 Laura\u2019s death, 521 expelled Jews from France, 527 legal studies, 518\u2013519 Jeanne of Navarre, Queen of France, 369\u2013370 Lello di Pietro Stefano dei Tosetti, 519 Knights Templar, 527 Letter to Posterity, 517\u2013518, 522 precipitated war against Edward I of England, 527 Ludwig van Kempen, 519 subordinated dukes to his authority, 527 medieval aspects of work, 517 successors, 528 modern sensitivity, 517 new humanism, 522 patriotism for Italy, 520 722","Philip le Bel, King, 646, 647 INDEX Philip of Valois, 191 Philip the Bold, King of France, 127, 529, 604 Pierre de la Broce, 526, 527 Pierre Mauclerc, 534 diplomatic role, 529 establishing Burgundian power in Netherlands, 529 Blanche of Castile, 534 expanding role in Netherlands, 529 crusading, 534 in Flanders, 529 Duke of Brittany, 534 Marguerite, 529 Earl of Richmond, 534 Marmousets, 529 harassed clergy, 534 royal power of, 529 Louis VIII, King of France, 534 Philip the Chancellor, 529\u2013530 Philip II Augustus, 534 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 530 political maneuvering, 534 poet, 529\u2013530 rebelled against French crown, 534 Summa de bono, 530 Pietro Abano, 536 theologian, 529\u2013530 Conciliator of the Differences of the Philosophers and University of Paris, 529 Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, 530\u2013531 Especially the Physicians, 536 acquisitions, 530 medical teacher, 536 Burgundian state, 530 Pietro di Parenzo, 518 chivalric culture as instrument of policy, 530\u2013531 Pietro Filargo di Candia, 459 Hundred Years\u2019 War, 530 Pietro Orseolo, 578 Treaty of Troyes, 530 Pilgrimage, 67, 133\u2013134 van Eyck, Jan, 644\u2013645 Burchard of Mount Sion, 97\u201398 Philip VI, King of France, 528 Canterbury Cathedral, 59 Black Death, 528 Dante Alighieri, 164\u2013165 Chambre des Comptes, 528 Digulleville, Guillaume de, 173 disputes with nobles of north and west, 528 Guzm\u00e1n, Nu\u00f1o de, 288 Edward III of England, 528 Kempe, Margery, 391\u2013392 fought Flemish rebels, 528 Santiago de Compostela, 24, 214, 591 Hundred Years\u2019 War, 528 Stainreuter, Leopold, 607 Jeanne of Burgundy, 528 Pisano, Andrea, 535\u2013536, 648 other claimants to throne, 528 baptistery reliefs, Florence, 535\u2013536 as regent, 528 as Capomaestro at Florence and Orvieto, 536 territorial losses, 528 Pisano, Giovanni, 47, 536\u2013539 wars with England, 528 architect, 536\u2013539 Philipp of Swabia, 662 assistant to father, 536\u2013537 Philippe de Tha\u00fcn, 531 Madonna and child series, 538 Bestiaire, 531 in Pisa, 537, 538 Cumpoz, 531 in Pistoia, 537\u2013538 earliest scientific works in French, 531 sculptor, 536\u2013539 Philojudaism, Pedro I the Cruel, King of Castile, 507 in Siena, 537 Physica (Subtilitatum diversarum naturarum creaturarum tomb of Margaret of Luxembourg, 539 Pisano, Nicola, 47, 536, 539\u2013541 libri novem) (Hildegard von Bingen), 330 Fontana Maggiore in Perugia, 540\u2013541 Pier della Vigna, 532\u2013533 pulpit in cathedral of Siena, 540 pulpit in Pisa, 539\u2013540 artist in Latin prose, 532\u2013533 sculptor, 539\u2013541 Dante Alighieri, 532 tomb of Saint Dominic, 540 education, 532 Pisqey ha-Rosh (Asher B. Yeh. iel), 50, 51 Eulogy, 532 Pistoia, Cino da Pistoia, 141\u2013142 Frederick II Plato, translated by Aristippus, Henry, 45 Platonic cosmology, 432 Frederick II turns against, 532 Platonic philosophy, 431\u2013432 polemical campaign in defense of, 532 Playwright portraits, 532 Adam de la Halle, 4\u20135 senior bureaucrat and officer of state, 532 Encina, Juan del, 201\u2013202 letters, 532 Folz, Hans, 219\u2013220 Liber Augustalis, 532 Greban, Arnoul, 270 person of high culture, 532\u2013533 Hrosvit of Gandersheim, 334 poet, 533 La Vigne, Andr\u00e9 de, 397 portrayal in Divine Comedy, 532 Pleydenwurff, Hans, 541\u2013542 Pierre de Braine. See Pierre Mauclerc Breslau Altarpiece, 541 Pierre de Dreux. See Pierre Mauclerc painter, 541\u2013542 723","INDEX Proverbios morales (Shem Tov of Carri\u00f3n), 598\u2013599 Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, 1, 16, 206\u2013207 Pleydenwurff, Wilhelm, 680, 681 Pseudo-Robert de Boron, 570, 571 Poetry Ptolemy of Lucca, 546\u2013547, 562 Sicilian school, 279\u2013280 Aquinas, Thomas, 546, 547 skaldic tradition, 48\u201349 Determinatio compendiosa, 546 Polish state, emergence, 622 Dominican, 546\u2013547 Polo, Marco, 542\u2013543 excommunication and imprisonment, 547 expeditions to China, 542 Historia ecclesiastica nova, 546 Il Milione, 542 historian, 546\u2013547 Kublai Khan, 543 Nicholas III, Pope, 479, 546 Polo, Matteo, 542 political thinker, 546\u2013547 Polo, Niccol\u00f2, 542 republicanism, 547 Polychronicon (Ranulf Higden), 630 Publisher Polyphony, P\u00e9rotin, 513 Beheim, Michael, 64 Poor Clares Caxton, William, 114\u2013115 Clare, Saint, 142 Pucelle, Jean, 548 privilege of poverty, 142 artist, 548 Poor use doctrine, 633, 634\u2013635 illuminator, 548 Porfinnsdr\u00e1pa (Arn\u00f3rr \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0arson jarlask\u00e1ld), 49 Pythagorean tuning system, 444 Portugal Canaries, 311 Q Castile Qasmuna bint Isma\u2019il, 549 disputed territories, 10 Arabic woman poet, 549 Treaty of Badajoz, 10 daughter of Jewish official in Arab court, 549 expelling Muslims, 10 Quadrilogue invectif (Alain Chartier), 130 exploration of eastern Atlantic, 311 Quadrivium, 506 maritime activities, 311\u2013312 Qur\u2019a\u00afn, 53, 54 resolution of boundaries, 10 Portuguese Reconquest, 174 R Potter, Dirc, 544 Rabanus Maurus, 551, 659 Der minnen loep (The Course of Love), 544 Dutch poet and diplomat, 544 author and teacher, 551 Poverty Biblical commentary, 551 Dominican order, 177 Carolingian churchman, 551 Francis of Assisi, Saint, 223 Rabbis Franciscan order, 223\u2013224 Asher B. Yeh. iel, 50 Poor Clares, 142 Gershom b. Judah, 248 Ubertino da Casale, 633, 634\u2013635 Ibn Adret, Solomon, 339 Power, Leonel, 544\u2013545 Ibn Ezra, Moses, 340\u2013341 composer, 544\u2013545 Meir b. Barukh of Rothenburg, 464\u2013465 Old Hall Manuscript, 544 Moses ben Nah. man, 472\u2013473 Practica (Practice of Medicine) (Trotula of Salerno), 631 Shem Tov of Carri\u00f3n, 598\u2013599 Prague, 124\u2013125 Radewijns, Florens, 552 Predestination, 206, 264 Brethren of the Common Life, 552 Premyslid (Bohemian) dynasty, 124 Modern Devotion, 552 Primitive rule, Franciscan order, 224 monastery of Windesheim, 552 Printer, Caxton, William, 114\u2013115 Thomas \u00e0 Kempis, 552 Printmaker, Wolgemut, Michael, 680\u2013681 Ragnarsdr\u00e1pa (Bragi Boddason), 92\u201393 Proclus, 16 Rainald of Dassel, 552\u2013553 Prophecies of Merlin (Geoffrey of Monmouth), 246 destruction of Milan, 552 Prophecy of the Erythrean Sibyl, 45 Frederick I Barbarossa, 552\u2013553 Prophet, Joachim of Fiore, 372\u2013374 Prosdocimus de Beldemandis, 545\u2013546 antipope Victor IV, 552 arithmetic, 545\u2013546 election by princes and by God, 552 astronomy, 545\u2013546 establishing German imperial hegemony, 552 geometry, 545\u2013546 Hohenstaufens reject papal primacy claims, 552 music, 545\u2013546 imperial chancellor, 552 professor of arts and medicine at Padua, 545 programmatic sacralization of imperial rule, 553 Prose Edda (Snorri Sturluson), 605 relics of Three Kings, 553 Proslogion (Anselm of Bec), 38 synod of Saint Jean de Losne, 552 Provence, Catalan dominion, 553\u2013554 Rainerius. See Paschal II, Pope 724","Ram\u00f3n Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona, 553\u2013554 INDEX administration, 554 ecclesiastical reform, 554 Dominican, 561\u2013562 in Provence, 553 lector of Santa Maria Novella, 561 struggle against Islam, 553 preacher, 561\u2013562 territories won, 553\u2013554 writings, 561\u2013562 Ren\u00e9 d\u2019Anjou, 563 Raoul de Houdenc, 554 Charles VII, 563 Chr\u00e9tien epigones, 554 Louis XI, 563 Meraugis de Portlesguez, 554 patron of the arts, 563 poet, 554 treatise on tournaments, 563 Rennewart (Ulrich von T\u00fcrheim), 640\u2013641 Raoul Glaber, 554\u2013555 Repertorium morale (Pierre Bersuire), 75 apocalyptic interpretation of millennial dates, 554\u2013555 Repressor of Over Much Blaming of the Clergy (Reginald historian, 554\u2013555 William of Volpiano, 554\u2013555 Pecock), 505 Republicanism, 648 Rashi script, 558 \u201cRashi\u201d (Solomon b. Isaac), 555\u2013558 Ptolemy of Lucca, 547 Rerum memorandarum libri (Francesco Petrarca), 520, 522 attitude toward Christians, 557 Rhabanus. See Rabanus Maurus Biblical commentary, 555, 557 Rhineland Franks, 144 on customs, 557\u2013558 Richard de Fournival, 564 education, 555\u2013556 first known printed Hebrew book, 555 Bestiaire d\u2019amours, 564 library, 564 language, 558 poet, 564 Jewish scholar, 555\u2013558 Richard I, King of England, 564\u2013565 legal decisions, 555, 556 crusades, 378, 564, 565 opposed to secular learning, 558 enlargement of nonnobles\u2019 participation in government, 565 talmudic commentary, 555, 556\u2013557 governance of England during absence, 565 Torah commentary, 557 role in Angevin politics, 564, 565 Rationalism, 627 warred with father and brother, 564 Raymond of Capua, Catherine of Siena, Saint, 109 Richard II, King of England, 199, 565\u2013567 Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye (William Caxton), 114 Appellants, 566 Reductorium morale (Pierre Bersuire), 75 Bolingbroke, 566 Reform synods, Damian, Peter, 159 deposed, 566 Reformation government in his minority, 565\u2013566 Nuremberg, 610 Peasant Rebellion, 565 Sverrir Sigur\u00f0arson, King of Norway, 617 personal characteristics, 566 William of Ockham, 673 restructuring of magnate power, 566 Reginald of Orl\u00e9ans, 177 truces with French, 566 Registrum Multorum Auctorum (Hugo von Trimberg), 336 Wenceslas IV, 663 Regula bullata, Franciscan order, 224\u2013225 Richard III, King of England, 567\u2013568 Regularis concordia, 66 Battle of Bosworth, 568 Reinald of Dassel, Archpoet, 44 Edward IV, King of England, 567 candor about own shortcomings, 44 Henry VII, King of England, 568 occasional poems, 44 murder of his nephews, 568 Reinhart Fuchs (Reynard the Fox) (Heinrich der Gl\u00eechez\u00e2re), rebellion of Duke of Buckingham, 568 Shakespeare\u2019s portrayal, 567 305 Richard of Saint-Victor, 568\u2013569 Reinmar der Alte, 559\u2013560, 661 De arca mystica, 568 De duodecim patriarchiis, 568 minnesinger Victorine spirituality, 568 man\u2019s voice, 559 writer on mysticism, 568 woman\u2019s voice, 559 Riemenschneider, Tillmann, 569, 569\u2013570 altarpieces, 569\u2013570 Walther von der Vogelweide, 560 generative power, 571 Reinmar von Hagenau. See Reinmar der Alte Joseph d\u2019Arimathie, 570 Reinmar von Zwetter, 560\u2013561 M\u00fcnnerstadt altarpiece, 569 in politics, 569 singers of Spruchdichtung, 560\u2013561 sculptor, 569, 569\u2013570 Relatio de legatio Constantinopolitana (Report on the Embassy tomb monuments, 570 Rimado de Palacio (Pero L\u00f3pez de Ayala), 414 to Constantinople) (Liudprand of Cremona), 408 Ring (Heinrich Wittenwiler), 675 Religion, philosophy, relationship, 53 Remede de Fortune (Guillaume de Machaut), 429, 430 Remedia amoris (Ovid), 35 Remigio dei Girolami, 561\u2013562 Dante Alighieri, 561 725","INDEX Petrarch, 519\u2013520 Romuald of Ravenna, Saint, 578\u2013579 Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, 312, 670\u2013671 Robert de Boron, 570\u2013571 Camaldolese order, 578, 579 founder of Italian eremitical movement, 578, 579 Grail poet, 570, 571 Roncaglia decrees, Frederick I Barbarossa, 230 Robert de Clari, 652 Rosarium (Uguccione da Pisa), 636 Robert de Hauteville. See Robert Guiscard Rosh. See Asher B. Yeh. iel Robert Guiscard, 86, 571\u2013572 Routiers, Guesclin, Bertrand du, 277 Rucellai Madonna and Child Enthroned (Duccio di allied with papacy, 571\u2013572 invading Byzantium, 572 Buoninsegna), 180 married into Lombard princely family, 571\u2013572 Rudolf of Hapsburg, Nicholas III, Pope, 479 Normans of Italy, 571 Rudolf of Swabia, Gregory VII, Pope, 275 Robert II the Pious, King of France, Fulbert of Chartres, 240 Rudolf von Ems, 579 Robert of Anjou, King of Naples, 572\u2013573 Clement V, Pope, 572 historian, 579 Guelf party, 572 poet, 579 Henry VII of Luxembourg, 572 Staufer court, 579 lord of Florence, 572\u2013573 Rule of St. Augustine, Dominican order, 288 perpetuated corruption and disorder, 572 Rustico Filippi, 580 Robert of Jumi\u00e8ges, 192 comic style in medieval Italian lyric, 580 Robert of Molesme, 573 poet, 580 Benedictine Rutebeuf, 581\u2013583 comic pieces, 581 C\u00eeteaux monastery, 573 crusade poems, 582 Molesme monastery, 573 historical content, 581 Roger Borsa, 86 medieval urban poetry, 581 Roger I, Count of Sicily, 573\u2013574 moral poems, 582 Norman conquest of Sicily, 573 patrons, 581 reorganization of church in Sicily, 574 poems of personal misfortune, 582\u2013583 Roger II, King of Sicily, 574\u2013575 political poems, 581, 582 constructed central government in Palermo, 574 signature pun, 582 created Regno, 574 variety of genres, 581 first modern state, 574\u2013575 multiethnic state, 575 S opposition to his rule, 574\u2013575 Sacchetti, Franco, 585\u2013586 territory acquired, 574\u2013575 Rolle, Richard, of Hampole, 576\u2013577 civic life in Florence, 585 De amore Dei contra amatores mundi, 576\u2013577 descriptions of everyday life, 585\u2013586 Emendatio vitae, 577 poet, 585\u2013586 Form of Living, 577 writer, 585\u2013586 hermit, 576 Sachsenspiegel (Saxon Mirror) (Eike von Repgow), 194 Incendium amoris, 577 Sacrificio de la Misa (Gonzalo de Berceo), 69 influence, 577 S\u00e6mundar Edda (S\u00e6mundr Sigf\u00fasson inn Fr\u00f3di), 587 Melos amoris, 577 S\u00e6mundr Sigf\u00fasson inn Fr\u00f3di, 586\u2013587 mystical writer, 576 founding father of historical writing in Iceland, 586\u2013587 Roman de Brut (Wace), 400\u2013401, 657\u2013658 historian, 586\u2013587 Roman de la Rose (Guillaume de Lorris), 281\u2013282, 366 S\u00e6mundar Edda, 587 Roman de la Rose (Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meun), 131 Saint Ansanus Annunciation (Simone Martini), 455\u2013456 Roman de la Rose (Jean de Garlande), 366\u2013367 Saint Dominic Altarpiece, Traini, Francesco, 628, 629 Roman de la Rose (Jean de Meun), 281 Saint Ladislas (Simone Martini), 456\u2013457 Roman de Renart, 305 Saint Louis Altarpiece (Simone Martini), 454 Roman de Rou (Wace), 67, 658 Saint-Denis, France, 613\u2013614 Roman de Troie (Beno\u00eet de Sainte-Maure), 67 Saladin (Sala\u00afh al-D\u00af\u0131n Yu\u00afksuf B. Ayya\u00afb), 588, 588 Roman law, Gratian, 269\u2013270 captures Jerusalem, 588 Roman republic champion of Islam against crusaders, 588 Arnold of Brescia, 47 in Egypt, 588 Eugenius III, Pope, 47 King Richard the Lionheart, 588 Frederick I Barbarossa, 47 Nur al-Din, Emir of Syria, 588 Hadrian IV, Pope, 47 power struggle with Zangids, 588 Roman see, supreme authority over church universal, 271\u2013272 reputation for generosity and chivalry, 588 Rome Sultan of Egypt and Syria, 588 Cola di Rienzo, 520, 521 Third Crusade, 588 Hadrian IV, Pope, 293 726","trade, 588 INDEX Salian dynasty, 149\u2013150 Salian Franks, 144 Netherlandish art, 596 Salic Law, 144 School of Chartres, 672 Salimbene de Adam, 589\u2013590 Science, diffusion of Arabic, 506 Scito te ipsum (Peter Ab\u00e9lard), 2 Chronicle, 589\u2013590 Scivias (Know the Ways) (Hildegard von Bingen), 330 education, 589 Scribe, Godernan, 9 Franciscan order, 589 Second Order of Saint Dominic, 287 Salutati, Coluccio, 590\u2013591 Secretum (Francesco Petrarca), 520 ancient literature, 590 Secular rule, consensual adoption, 13 chancellor of Florence, 590 Sefer ha-qabbalah (Book of Tradition) (Abraham Ibn Dau\u00af d), Florentine author of official letters, 590 political role, 590 340 rebirth of Greek studies in western Europe, 590 Self-mortification, 357 Samuel Ha-Nagid, 549 Semi-Pelagianism, 107 San Basilio church, Margaret of Cortona, Saint, 446 Seneca, 81 San Lorenzo (Gonzalo de Berceo), 68 Sententiae (Peter Lombard), 185, 514\u2013515 San Michele tabernacle (Andrea di Cione Orcagna), 490 Sententiarum libri quinque (Peter of Poitiers), 515 San Torp\u00e8 Master, 629 Sercambi, Giovanni, 597 Sancho II, King of Portugal, 9, 10, 172 Sancho III, King of Navarre, 591 author, 597 culture, 591 Chronicle of the Affairs of Lucca, 597 descendants, 591 Monito, 597 Emperor of Hispania, 591 Novelle, 597 marriage of sister Urraca to King Alfonso V of Le\u00f3n, 591 Sermo Lupi ad Anglos (The Sermon of Wolf to the English) skillful manipulation of marriage alliances, 591 unifying Christian states, 591 (Wulfstan of York), 681 Sancho IV, King of Castile, 173, 592\u2013593 Sermon on the Sacrifice on Easter Day (\u00c6lfric), 7 alliance with Arag\u00f3n, 592 Sermones super Cantica canticorum (Bernard of Clairvaux), allied with France, 592 Lope D\u00edaz de Haro, 592 70 struggle for straits of Gibraltar, 592 Sermons (Humility of Faenza), 337 Santa Croce nave (Andrea di Cione Orcagna), 489\u2013490 Servatius (Heinrich von Veldeke), 310 Santa Oria (Gonzalo de Berceo), 68 Seuse, Heinrich, 598 Santiago de Compostela, 442\u2013443 Gelm\u00edrez, Diego, Archbishop of Compostela, 245 B\u00fcchlein der ewigen Weisheit (Little Book of Eternal pilgrimage, 24, 214, 591 Wisdom), 598 Santo Domingo (Gonzalo de Berceo), 68 Saturnalia (Macrobius), 431\u2013432 B\u00fcchlein der Wahrheit (Little Book of Truth), 598 Savasorda. See Abraham bar Hiyya Dominican, 598 Savoyard state, 33\u201335 mystical writer, 598 Saxo Grammaticus, 593\u2013594 poet, 598 Gesta Danorum, 593\u2013594 Shem Tov of Carri\u00f3n, 598\u2013599 historian, 593\u2013594 Castilian rabbi, 598\u2013599 Saxon dynasty, 298 Pedro I the Cruel, King of Castile, 598, 599 Scale of Perfection (Walter Hilton), 331\u2013332 poet, 598\u2013599 Scaliger lords, 103 Proverbios morales, 598\u2013599 Scandinavia, 5 Shepherd, character of, 202 end of Viking Age, 296\u2013297 Shield poem, 92\u201393 politics, 447\u2013448 Showings, or Revelations of Divine Love (Julian of Norwich), union of countries, 447\u2013448 Scholastic method 385\u2013387 Ab\u00e9lard, Peter, 2 Shulh-an \u2018arukh, 50 Aquinas, Thomas, 44 Shushtar\u00af\u0131, al-, abu\u00af al-H. asan, 599\u2013601 Scholastic philosophy, 601\u2013602, 683 Schongauer, Martin, 596 Hispano-Arabic mystical poet, 599\u2013601 altarpieces, 596 mystical writer, 599\u2013601 artist, 596 relationship between lyrical and mystical, 600 engravings, 596 yoking of theological and aesthetic perspective, 600 Madonna of the Rose Arbor, 596 zajal, 600\u2013601 Sic et non (Peter Ab\u00e9lard), 1\u20132 Sicilian Vespers, 90, 508, 527 Sicily secular Greek texts available, 45 struggle between Anjoy and Arag\u00f3n, 90 Siege of Thebes (John Lydgate), 425, 426 Siena, Italy Duccio di Buoninsegna, 179\u2013181 Pisano, Giovanni, 536\u2013537 727","INDEX Spiegel Historiael (Jacob van Maerlant), 354 Spinello Aretino, 605\u2013606 Siete Partidas (Alfonso X, El Sabio, King of Castile and Le\u00f3n), 26 altarpieces, 606 fresco cycles, 606 Siger of Brabant, 86, 601\u2013602 painter, 605\u2013606 Aquinas, Thomas, 602 Spiritual Espousals (Jan van Ruusbroec), 364\u2013365 Aristotelianism, 601\u2013602 Squarcialupi Codex, Paolo da Firenze, 503 relationship of philosophy, theology, and faith, 601 St. Andrews University, 183 scholastic philosopher, 601\u2013602 St. Denis, 1 theory of human intellect, 601\u2013602 Stagel, Elsbeth, 598 Stainreuter, Leopold, 607 Sighvatr \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0arson, 602\u2013603 Chronik, 607 poet, 602\u2013603 Historia tripartita, 607 political activities, 602 historian, 607 skald, 602\u2013603 translated Latin writings into vernacular, 607 Wiener Schule (Viennese School), 607 Sigismund, King of the Romans, antipope, 22 Stephen, King of England, 313 Signorial government, 648 Stephen II, Pope, 608 Silk Road, 509, 542 Charlemagne, 118 Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, 287\u2013288, 360, 603\u2013604 decline of Byzantium, 608 Donation of Pepin, 608 development of medieval parliament, 604 Frankish expeditions, 608 Henry III, King of England, 603 independent papal state, 608 including representatives of towns and counties in Lombard aggression, 608 papal state boundaries, 608 parliament, 603\u2013604 Pepin III the Short, 512, 608 Simony, 90, 240, 247, 274, 317 Stephen Langton, 608\u2013609 Siward of Northumbria, 192 biblical commentary, 608\u2013609 Skald Innocent III, Pope, 609 Magna Carta, 609 Bjarni Kolbeinsson, 77\u201378 political activities, 609 Bragi Boddason, 92\u201393 preacher, 608\u2013609 Einarr Helgason sk\u00e1laglamm, 195\u2013196 Stephen of Blois, 458 Einarr Sk\u00falason, 196\u2013197 Stilus geminus, 21 Eyvindr Finnsson sk\u00e1ldaspillir, 208\u2013210 Stimulus amoris (Prick of Love) (Jacopo da Milano), 355 Sighvatr \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0arson, 602\u2013603 Stoss, Veit, 609\u2013610 Sturla \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0arson, 611\u2013612 Angelic Salutation, 610 Ulfr Uggason, 637\u2013638 painter, 610 Sluter, Claus, 604 sculptor, 609\u2013610 sculptor, 604 Stricker, der, 610\u2013611 Snorri Sturluson, 196, 197, 604\u2013605, 611\u2013612, 637\u2013638 Daniel von dem Bl\u00fchenden Tal, 610\u2013611 courted Scandinavian rulers, 605 Karl der Gro\u00dfe, 610\u2013611 Heirnskringla, 605 poet, 610\u2013611 ideal of peace, 605 Studium generale, 15 man of letters, 605 Sturla P\u00f3r\u00f0arson, 611\u2013612 Oddaverjar, 604\u2013605 exile to Norway, 612 Ol\u00e1fs saga helga, 605 historian, 611\u2013612 political activities, 604\u2013605 law, 611, 612 Prose Edda, 605 literary works, 611, 612 Social class, Ludus scaccorum (Jacopo de Cessolis), 356 poet, 611\u2013612 Social empowerment, 13 skald, 611\u2013612 Social realism, 326 uncle Snorri, 611\u2013612 Sod ha-\u2019ibbur (The Secret of Intercalation) (Abraham bar Sturlunga saga, 604 Sturlungar clan, 604, 612 H. iyya), 3 Suchenwirt, Peter, 612\u2013613 Soliloquies (Alfred the Great), 28\u201329, 30 Ehrenreden, 613 Solomon b. Isaac. See \u201cRashi\u201d (Solomon b. Isaac) German herald, 612\u2013613 Solomon ibn Adret. See Ibn Adret, Solomon poet, 612\u2013613 Sonetos fechos al it\u00e1lico modo (I\u00f1igo L\u00f3pez de Mendoza), 415 Sufi poetry, 600\u2013601 Spain Suger, Abbot of Saint-Denis, 613\u2013614 Franco-Germany, cultural integration, 50\u201351 Jews, expulsion in 1492, 626 Reconquest, 360\u2013361 Renaissance culture, 23 Spanish College at University of Bologna, 17\u201318 Speculum Iudiciale (William Durandus), 668 Speculum maius (Vincent de Beauvais), 655 Speculum (Marguerite d\u2019Oingt), 448 728","French monastic, 613\u2013614 INDEX Louis VI, King of France, 613, 614 monastic revenues, 613\u2013614 Hugo von Trimberg, 336 rebuilding church, 614 Isidore of Seville, Saint, 350\u2013351 reformed liturgy, 613 Jean de Garlande, 366 regent while Louis VII on crusade, 614 Lanfranc of Bec, 398\u2013399 Summa de bono (Philip the Chancellor), 530 Notker Labeo, 483\u2013484 Summa de creaturis (Book of the Creatures) (Albertus Terza rima, 81 Teseida delle nozze di Emilia (Giovanni Boccaccio), 80 Magnus), 15\u201316 Testament (Fran\u00e7ois Villon), 652, 653 Summa de sacramentis et animae consiliis (Peter the Chanter), Testament of Cresseid (Robert Henryson), 326 Teutonic Knights, 232 516 Thaddeus of Sessa, 532 Summa decretorum (Uguccione da Pisa), 636\u2013637 Theobald of Canterbury, 60 Summa theologica (Thomas Aquinas), 43 Theodora, Empress of Byzantium, 620 Sunesen, Anders, 614\u2013615 Justinian I, Byzantine Emperor, 388, 620 political activities, 620 Archbishop of Lund, 614 portraits, 620 chancellor to King Knud VI, 614 Vigilius, 620 Hexaemeron, 615 Theodoric the Ostrogoth, 144 as politician, 614\u2013615 Theodulf of Orl\u00e9ans, 620 S.urat ha-ares. ve-tabnit ha-shamavim (The Form of the Earth Capitula, 620 Charlemagne, 620 and the Figure of the Heavens) (Abraham bar H. iyya), 3 crusade, 621 Sven Haraldsson (Forkbeard), King of Denmark, 615\u2013616 Libri Carolini, 620 wars with England, 621 conquest of England, 615 Theophanes Cerameus. See Philagathus of Cerami raids against England, 615 Theory of double truth, 53 Sverrir Sigur\u00f0arson, King of Norway, 616\u2013617 Theuderic IV, 126 conflict with Norwegian bishops, 616\u2013617 Thibaut de Champagne, 621, 652 development of state as institution, 617 Blanche of Castile, 621 political ideology, 617 Count of Champagne, 621 Reformation, 617 King of Navarre, 621 Sverris saga, 616\u2013617 relations with crown, 621 Sverris saga (Sverrir Sigur\u00f0arson, King of Norway), 616\u2013617 trouv\u00e8re, 621 Swabian City League, 663 Thietmar of Merseburg, 621\u2013622 Sweden Bishop of Merseburg, 621\u2013622 Birgitta, Saint, 76\u201377 Chronicon, 622 Erik, Saint, 205\u2013206 Henry II, Emperor, 621\u2013622 Margrethe I, Queen of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, historian, 621\u2013622 Third Crusade, Saladin (Sala\u00afh al-D\u00af\u0131n Yu\u00afksuf B. Ayya\u00afb), 588 447\u2013448 Thomas \u00e0 Kempis, 622\u2013623 Petrus de Dacia first author, 524 De Imitatione Christi, 622\u2013623 Sven Haraldsson (Forkbeard), King of Denmark, 615\u2013616 historian, 622\u2013623 union, 447 Modern Devotion movement, 622 Sylvia. See Egeria musician, 622\u2013623 Synod of Saint Jean de Losne, Rainald of Dassel, 552 Radewijns, Florens, 552 Syrlin, J\u00f6rg the Elder, 617\u2013618 writer, 622\u2013623 sculptor, 617\u2013618 Thomas Arundel, Bishop of Ely, 565\u2013566 Syrlin, J\u00f6rg the Younger, 617\u2013618 Thomas d\u2019Angleterre, 623\u2013624 sculptor, 617\u2013618 Tristan, 623\u2013624 writer, 623\u2013624 T Thomas of Celano, 624\u2013625 Tancred of Lecce, 153, 322, 323 Franciscan hagiographer, 624\u2013625 Tannh\u00e4user, der, 619 Franciscan order, 624\u2013625 Vita prima, 625 composer, 619 Vita secunda, 625 Leich, 619 Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, 565\u2013566 minnesinger, 619 Thomas\u00een von Zerclaere, 625\u2013626 Sangspruch, 619 author, 625\u2013626 Tassilo III of Bavaria, 119 courtly primer, 625 Tawq al-hama\u00afma (The Dove\u2019s Necklace) (Ibn H. azm), 341 Der Welsche Gast (The Italian Visitor), 625\u2013626 Teacher David von Augsburg, 168 Elisabeth von Sch\u00f6nau, 199\u2013200 Hild, 329 Hrabanus Maurus, 333 729","INDEX Troubadour poetry, 72, 135\u2013138, 280\u2013281, 366, 443, 509, 510, 518 Thyestes (Albertino Mussato), 15 Titurel (Wolfram von Eschenbach), 676, 679 Catalan, 554 \u201cTo King Henry IV, In Praise of Peace\u201d (John Gower), 267 sources, 280 Ton (Walther von der Vogelweide), 661\u2013662 subjects, 280 Torquemada, Tom\u00e1s de, 626\u2013627 Trouv\u00e8re compositions, 4\u20135, 135\u2013138, 370\u2013371, 564 Troy Book (John Lydgate), 425 confessor of Queen Isabel and King Fernando, 626\u2013627 Tuscany expulsion of Jews, 626 Ghibellines, 324 Inquisition, 626\u2013627 Guelfs, 324 Instrucciones Antiguas, 626 Trecento sculpture, 535\u2013536 Torre, Alfonso de la, 627 Two Cities (Otto of Freising), 499 theologian, 627 Visi\u00f3n deleytable, 627 U Tosafot ha-Rosh (Asher B. Yeh. iel), 50, 51 Ubertino da Casale, 36, 633\u2013635 Toscanelli, Paolo dal Pozzo, 627\u2013628 Columbus, Christopher, 628 Benedictine, 634, 635 cosmographer, 627\u2013628 Church reformer, 633\u2013635 scientist, 627\u2013628 as diplomat, 634 writings, 628 Franciscan, 633\u2013635 Tractatus de Primo Principio (John Duns Scotus), 185 John XXII, Pope, 634 Traini, Francesco, 628\u2013630 polemical works, 633\u2013635 Dante\u2019s Inferno, 629 poverty, 633, 634\u2013635 fresco painter in the Camposanto of Pisa, 629 preacher, 633 illuminator, 628\u2013630 Reducendo igitur ad brevitatem, 634\u2013635 painter, 628\u2013630 Tree of the Crucified Life of Jesus, 633\u2013635 Saint Dominic Altarpiece, 628, 629 Uccello, Paolo, Hawkwood, Sir John, 304 Transubstantiation, 7 Uffizi Madonna and Child (Pietro Lorenzetti), 417 denial, 683 Uguccione da Pisa, 636\u2013637 Trast\u00e1mara, 203 Agiographia, 636 Treasury of merits, 337 author, 636\u2013637 Treatise of the Garden on Metaphorical and Literal Language Bishop of Ferrara, 636 De dubio accentu, 636 (Moses Ibn Ezra), 341 Derivationes, 636 Treatise on the Astrolabe (Geoffrey Chaucer), 134 Expositio de symbolo apostolorum, 637 Treaty of Badajoz, 10 Rosarium, 636 Treaty of Constance, 47 Summa decretorum, 636\u2013637 Treaty of Messina, 565 \u00dalfr Uggason, 637\u2013638 Treaty of Troyes H\u00fasdr\u00e1pa (\u201cHouse-lay\u201d), 637\u2013638 poet, 637\u2013638 Isabeau of Bavaria, Queen of France, 350 skald, 637\u2013638 Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, 530 Ulfsdotter, Merethe, 447 Trecento composer, Paolo da Firenze, 503 Ulrich von Etzenbach, 638\u2013639 Tree of the Crucified Life of Jesus (Ubertino da Casale), Alexander, 638\u2013639 author, 638\u2013639 633\u2013635 Bohemian court in Prague, 638 Trevisa, John, 630 Herzog Ernst, 638, 639 Wilhelm von Wenden, 638, 639 translator of informational works, 630 Ulrich von Liechtenstein, 639\u2013640 Wycliffite Bible, 630 Frauenbuch, 640 Trinitarian theology, 90, 372\u2013374, 411 Frauendienst (Service of Ladies), 639\u2013640 Tristan (B\u00e9roul), 73 Leich, 640 Tristan continuation (Ulrich von T\u00fcrheim), 640 minnesinger, 639\u2013640 Tristan (Gottfried von Strassburg), 261\u2013263 political minister in Austria, 639 Tristan legend, 135, 261\u2013263 Ulrich von T\u00fcrheim, 640\u2013641 primitive or common version, 73\u201374 poet, 640\u2013641 versions, 194\u2013195 Rennewart, 640\u2013641 Tristan (Thomas d\u2019Angleterre), 623\u2013624 Tristan continuation, 640 Tristrant (Eilhart von Oberg), 74, 194\u2013195 Unam sanctam (Pope Boniface VIII), 91 Triumph of Death (Francesco Petrarca), 521 Union of Kalmar, Margrethe I, Queen of Norway, Sweden, and Triunfo (Juan de Flores), 218 Troilus and Criseyde (Geoffrey Chaucer), 80, 132\u2013133 Denmark, 447 Trojanerkrieg (Konrad von W\u00fcrzburg), 394 Trotula of Salerno, 631 medicine, 631 Practica (Practice of Medicine), 631 730","University of Bologna, 220, 257, 476 INDEX University of Lisbon, 175 University of Montpelier, 361 Dante\u2019s defense, 163 University of Naples, 231 Veronica Master, 153 University of Paris, 185, 248\u2013249, 336, 465 Victor III, Pope, 641 Vida deSan Mill\u00e1n (Gonzalo de Berceo), 67\u201368, 69 Augustinianism, 185 Vie de saint Louis (Jean de Joinville), 382 Philip the Chancellor, 529 Vie de seint Auban (Matthew Paris), 460 University of Salamanca, 201, 476 Vilanova, Arnau de, 646\u2013647 University of Toulouse, 220\u2013221, 366 University of Valencia, 361 Boniface VIII, Pope, 646 Urban II, Pope, 38, 86, 641\u2013642, 642 Clement V, Pope, 646 Church reformer, 641 Jaime II, 646 clerical advancement, 641 Joachimite, 646 crusades, 641\u2013642 medicine, 646\u2013647 founder of crusading movement, 641 religious reform, 646 papal reform, 641 role in medieval intellectual history, 646 reorganization of church in Sicily, 574 scientific works, 646 Urban professional class, 13 theologian, 646\u2013647 Urban V, Pope, Amadeo VI, Count of Savoy, 34 Vilars Dehoncort. See Villard de Honnecourt Urban VI, Pope Villani, Giovanni, 647\u2013649 Catherine of Siena, Saint, 109 author, 647\u2013649 Joanna I, Queen of Naples, 375 Florentine chronicler, 647\u2013649 Urtebogen (Henrik Harpestreng), 299 merchant, 647\u2013649 Utraquism, 664 Nuova cronica (New Chronicle), 647, 648 offices and appointments, 648 V place in ruling Florentine oligarchy, 647 Valdemar, King of Denmark, 203 politician, 647\u2013649 Valera, Diego de, 643\u2013644 urbane judiciousness, 648 Villard de Honnecourt, 651 author, 643 architect, 651 political advice, 643 artist, 651 travels, 643 Villehardouin, Geoffroi de, 652 wars, 643 Conqu\u00eate de Constantinople, 652 Valois dynasty, 123, 127, 368\u2013369, 379\u2013380 crusades, 652 Habsburg dynasty, rivalry between, 461 eyewitness account of Fourth Crusade, 652 Van den derden Eduwaert (Jan van Boendale), 363 historian, 652 van der Weyden, Rogier, 102, 644 mediating abilities, 652 Annunciation, 644 Villon, Fran\u00e7ois, 652\u2013655 Lamentation, 644 autobiographical lyricist, 653\u2013654 Netherlandish art, 644 Charles d\u2019Orl\u00e9ans, 122, 123 painter, 644 criminal activities, 653 van Eyck, Jan, 644\u2013645 education, 653 Arnolfini Wedding Portrait, 644\u2013645 Lais, 652\u2013653 diplomacy, 644 poet, 122, 123, 652\u2013655 Ghent Altarpiece, 644 Testament, 652, 653 Netherlandish art, 644 themes, 653\u2013654 painter, 644\u2013645 Vincent de Beauvais, 655 Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, 644\u2013645 Dominican, 655 symbolism, 644 encyclopedia of medieval culture and thought, 655 Van seven manieren van heileger minne (Seven Steps of Holy historian, 655 Speculum maius, 655 Love) (Beatrijs van Nazareth), 58 Virgil, 165, 166, 257, 432 Vanna di Bernardino di Guidone, 357 Aeneid, 160, 164, 165 Vasari, Giorgio, 31 Virgil Frontispiece (Simone Martini), 456 Vellekla (Einarr Helgason sk\u00e1laglamm), 195\u2013196 Visconti, Gian Galeazzo, 590 Veneziano, Paolo, 645\u2013646 Visconti family alliance against, 34 influence, 646 Amadeo VI, Count of Savoy, 34 Venetian Trecento painting, 645\u2013646 Hawkwood, Sir John, 303 workshop, 646 Petrarca, Francesco, 521 Vermudo III, 591 Visi\u00f3n deleytable (Alfonso de la Torre), 627 Vernacular, 6, 8 Visigothic Renaissance, Isidore of Seville, Saint, 350 Alfred the Great, 28 731","INDEX problems in Bohemia, 663 Richard II of England, 663 Vita Beatricis, 57\u201358 Werner der G\u00e4rtner, 665 Vita Caroli (Einhard), 197 author, 665 Vita Christinae Stumbelensis (Petrus de Dacia), 524 Helmbrecht, 665 Vita Eulogii (Paulus Alvarus), 33 poet, 665 Vita nuova (New Life) (Dante Alighieri), 161, 163 West Saxon Gospels, 8 Vita prima (Thomas of Celano), 625 White Guelfs, 91, 149, 162 Vita secunda (Thomas of Celano), 625 Wiener Schule (Viennese School) Volmar of Disibodenberg, 330 Augustinianism, 607 Vom Priesterleben (On the Life of Priests) (Heinrich von Stainreuter, Leopold, 607 Wigalois (Wirnt von Grafenberg), 674 Melk), 306\u2013307 Wilars Dehonecort. See Villard de Honnecourt Von des todes gehugde (On the Remembrance of Death) Wilhelm von \u00d6sterreich (Johann von W\u00fcrzburg), 376\u2013377 Wilhelm von Wenden (Ulrich von Etzenbach), 638, 639 (Heinrich von Melk), 306\u2013307 Wiligelmus, 666\u2013667 Vox Clamantis (John Gower), 266 cathedral in Cremona, 666\u2013667 Voyage de Naples (Andr\u00e9 de La Vigne), 397 cathedral of Modena, 666 Voyages d\u2019 outre-mer (Jean de Mandeville), 439 first great Italian sculptor, 666 Roman sculpture inspiration, 666 W sculptor, 666\u2013667 Wace, 67, 400\u2013401, 657\u2013658 workshop, 667 Willehalm (Wolfram von Eschenbach), 676, 678\u2013679 adapter of Latin works on popular topics, 657 Willem of Hildegaersberch, 667\u2013668 Conception Nostre Dame, 657 author, 667\u2013668 historian, 657\u2013658 Middle Dutch literature, 666 history of Britain, 657\u2013658 poet, 667\u2013668 history of Normandy, 658 sproken, 666\u2013667 poet, 657\u2013658 William Durandus, 668\u2013669 Roman de Brut, 657\u2013658 Aureum repertorium, 668 Roman de Rou, 658 author, 668\u2013669 Walafrid Strabo, 658\u2013659 Bishop of Mende, 668 Carolingian scholar and poet, 658\u2013659 law, 668\u2013669 poet, 658\u2013659 papacy\u2019s war effort, 668\u2013669 Walla\u00afdah bint al-Mustafki, 345, 659 papal curia, 668\u2013669 poet, 659 in Romagna, 668 Walter de Brienne, 649 In sacrosanctum Lugdunese concilium commentarius, 668 Walter of Ch\u00e2tillon, 639, 659\u2013660 Speculum Iudiciale, 668 Alexandreis, 659 William I of Sicily poet, 659\u2013660 Aristippus, Henry, 45 Walther von der Vogelweide, 308, 625, 660\u2013663 Hadrian IV, Pope, 293 composer, 660\u2013663 William I the Conqueror, 296, 658, 669\u2013671 at Hohenstaufen courts, 660\u2013663 absentee ruler, 670 minnesinger, 559, 560, 660\u2013663 acquisition of Maine, 670 nidere minne, 660, 661 crowned, 670 praise of German culture, 661 Domesday Book, 671 Reinmar der Alte, 560 Duke of Normandy, 669 Reinmar feud, 661 English rebellion, 670 Sangspruch, 660, 661\u2013662 English succession, 670 singer, 660\u2013663 Harold Godwinson, King of England, 298 songs of political propaganda, 661\u2013662 harsh government, 670, 671 Ton, 661\u2013662 invasion of England, 670 at Viennese court, 662 partnership with Norman nobles, 671 Wars of the Lord (Levi ben Gershom), 407 replacement of English landowners by Frenchmen, 670 Wars of the Roses, Malory, Thomas, 436 revolt in Normandy, 669\u2013670 Weckmann, Nikolaus, 617 William II Rufus, King of England, 312 Welf family, 232 Anselm of Bec Roncaglia decrees, 229, 230 Wenceslas IV, 126, 663\u2013664 clashed over church property, 38 Czech nation, 664 exiled by King, 38 deposition, 664 right of investiture, 38 elected king of the Romans, 663 German throne, 664 Hussite revolution, 664 political autonomy of cities, 663 732","William Occam. See William of Ockham INDEX William of Auvergne, 22, 671 Wolfram von Eschenbach, 676\u2013680 writer, 671 greatest German epic poet of High Middle Ages, 676 William of Conches, 672 Parzival, 676, 677\u2013678 Titurel, 676, 679 grammarian, 672 Willehalm, 676, 678\u2013679 scientist, 672 writer, 672 Wolgemut, Michael, 541\u2013542, 680\u2013681 William of Ockham, 486, 672\u2013673 painter, 680\u2013681 Dialogue, 672 printmaker, 680\u2013681 Franciscan, 486, 672\u2013673 workshop, 680 logic, 672 \u201cOckham\u2019s razor,\u201d 673 Wulfstan of Winchester, 9 philosopher, 486, 672\u2013673 Wulfstan of York, 681\u2013682 Reformation, 673 separation between faith and reason, 672 \u00c6lfric of Eynsham, 682 theologian, 486, 672\u2013673 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 681 William of Paris. See William of Auvergne author, 681\u2013682 William of Rubruck, 543 counselor to \u00c6thelred and Cnut, 681\u2013682 William of Saint-Amour, 673 great stylist in OE prose, 681 attacks on mendicant way of life, 673 law, 681\u2013682 William of Saint-Thierry, 673\u2013674 Sermo Lupi ad Anglos (The Sermon of Wolf to the English), Ab\u00e9lard, Peter, 673 Benedictine, 673 681 Bernard of Clairvaux, 673 sermons, 681\u2013682 Cistercian, 673\u2013674 statesman, 681 monastic theology, 674 Wyclif, John, 682\u2013683 William of Volpiano, Raoul Glaber, 554\u2013555 Hussites, 683 William the Pious of Aquitaine, 170 Lollard movement, 682\u2013683 Winchester cathedral, \u00c6thelwold of Winchester, 9 philosopher, 682\u2013683 Winchester School, 66 in politics, 683 Wirnt von Grafenberg, 674 royal service, 682\u2013683 clerical administrator, 674 theologian, 682\u2013683 poet, 674 Wycliffite Bible, Trevisa, John, 630 Wigalois, 674 Wycliffite Czechs, 664 writer, 674 Wycliffite faction, 664 Wittenwiler, Heinrich, 675 Wynkyn de Worde, 114 comic-didactic verse satire, 675 episcopal court in Constance, 675 Y Ring, 675 Yesode ha-tebunah u-migdal ha-emunah (The Foundations of technical writing, 675 Witz, Konrad, 675\u2013676 Reason and the Tower of Faith) (Abraham bar H. iyya), Heilsspiegel Altar, 676 2\u20133 painter, 675\u2013676 Ymago mundi (Peter Aliacus), 147 St. Peter Altarpiece, 676 Yu\u00afsuf Ibn Ta\u00afshf\u00af\u0131n of Morocco, 24 Wolfger von Erla, 625 Z Zajal, 600\u2013601 Shushtar\u00af\u0131, al-, abu\u00af al-H. asan, 600\u2013601 Zohar (The Book of Splendor or Enlightenment) (Mos\u00e9s de Le\u00f3n), 404\u2013405 733","","",""]