Градовский А.Д -Собрание сочинений. Том 5

H A C T L I1 E P B A H . OTJIH'^lHTEJILHJJfl ^EPTBI BAIIAflHO-EBPOnEfi- CKArO rOCyflAPCTBEHHAPO yCTPOflCTBA. B B E flE H IE . I. focy.iapcTBa, ocHoiiannua HapojaMH repsaucKOfl 11 jaTHHCKofl pacu rx Eaponfj h bx AMeparfi, npe^cTaBjadtx ocoSeHHufl dojhth- necKia thiii. H3CJiiaOBaHie BToro Tuna bx ero MHoropaajHiHiixx (Jop- aubctMaxx cocTaaiaen npeaifeTX aioro uypca. HaTaTeai. bctp4thtx o nonacaaie caMHXx pa3.iaaHhtxx rocyaapcTBeHHHxx ijiopax, aaiHHaa HecJioacnaro ycTpoficTBa nacxyniecKHXX KaHTOHOBX nieermapiii a koh- aaa cjroacHoio opraHH3anieio coioshijxx rocyaapcTBX. Ho Bci bth (jiopaii, aecHOTpa Ea Baauxoe pasaaaie hxx bx lacTHOCiiixx, hm'IiK)T'l atao- Topua ofimia qepTU, C.iarojapn KOToptiMX pecnyfi-iHKa a Monapxiti, rocyjapcTBa npocTua a cjoikhhh Moryrx 6utb othbcghu kx OAHOay lany. 3th aepTH jojshh 6htb BUflCHeau, npeaiite Tina hh o6pa- THMca kx asyaeuiio OTaiJibHUxx <)>opMx 3anajHO-eBponeflcKHXi a aae- paKaiicKHXB rocyjapcTBX. TjTbII. 0<5n(ie npasHaxa rocyaapcTBX aanajHoS EBponu h Auepaxa no- (SuTb coejaHeHU bx oaho ofimee noaaTie, Bupasaeuoe cjobomx K0HcnmmyuioHajM3Mi. Xoth 9to cjobo AOCTaxoiHo sBaEouo saasaoMy ofipasoBaHHOMy ie- 6axoBixy, ao noasTie, hmx oCosnaiaeaoe, lajeKo ae Taitx onpeat-ienno, bto6u ero moacho jio ocxaBHTb 6esx ofixucHema. HepiaKO, h aaate OflUKHOBeHHO, DOAX HMeHOMX KOHCTHTVnjOHHOS (JlOpMU pa8y>lieTCH Ta- Koe rocyAapcTBeBHOe vcTpoficTBO, bx kotopomx ripana sepxoBHofi Bjacra pacnpea^-ieHU Meacay iraasoi) rocyaapcTBa, cx oaaofi, a BapoAHUua npeacTaBHTeaaMH, npHaasratomaMH yaaeTie bx 3aKOHoaaTe.ibCTBi a

— 2— ynpaB-nenia, c i ipyrofi ctopohh. IIoHHMaeMHfi b i btohi chiica*, osHa- TOHHHfi TepMHHl npifMiHBBTCJl El odHOU H31 rOCyAapCTBeHHHXl 4>0pMl, aaeano k i KOHcmumyuioHHou iuh orpaHHieHHoft Monapxiu, bi ouiraie ea o n MOBapxia Hcoipamt'ieHHOu, hah a6coa»THo8. Ho au yBHAHMi, n o npuSHBEH K0BCTHTjni0HaAH3Ma IipHCyiUH TaKIKe COBpeMeHHHMl jeKOKpa- THMecKHEi pecnyfijHKaai keei npcjCTaBHTejbUHMi, teki a HcnocpeA- CTBeHHHMi. $paHay3csaa pecny6xaKa OTAHaaeTca o n aoHHCKofl Aeao- KpaTiu ne TOJbKO riiax, ito OHa a a ie n iiapoAHoe npeacTaBHTeabCTBO, Ko-Toparo He 3uaji ApeBHift aipi, no h Tia i, bto ona ecTt pecnyBaasa KOHCTKTynioHHaa. HeuocpeACTBOnnua jeaoKpaTia mgaehxi niBefiaap- ckhxi sasTOHOBi OTaH'iaKiTca o n ABMOEpaTifi ApeBHHXi T ia i ae cymecTBeHHuai npii3naKoai. III. CymecTBO Ea»AoS rocyAapcTBeHaoB (Jiopau, pa3caaTpHBaeao0 c i xjpudwiecKoii toikh sptaia, onpe*l>AaeTca npHsuaKaaa ABOHEaro pOAa. OaHH H31 HHXl aB.'IHBTCH HpH3HaEaHH BHnwHUMU H ASIDT1 OTBin Ha Bonpoci: «» vtMXi pymun Haxodumcx aepxoman locydap- cmeeHMOA e*acmh, HHaae roBopa, eto b i abhuomi rocyAapcTBi aBJaeTca cyfiieETOMl jepmaimuxi npaBi? Ha ocHOBaaia BTOro npnanaKa, rocy- AapcTBa, keki HSBiiCTno, aoryn 6u n pasA’kjeHM Ha MOHapxia, apa- CTOKpaTiu a AeaoEpaTia. Ho npapoAa KasAaro B3i TaEHXi rocyAapcTBi BHAOusaiHaeTca o n cboBctbi omnouieniii rocyjapcTBeHHofl bjbcth k i ynpaBjaeatiMi a, CAiAOBaTejiHO, o n npaAH'iecEaxi ycAoeiu, bi koto- puxi OHa ocymecTBAHen cboh BepxonHua npaaa. J(jra noHHHaaia cymecTim KOHCT0TynioHa.3H.3sia, Heo6xoAaao o6pa- THTk BHHMaHic H8 HpHSHaKH emopoto nopHAKa. CymCCTBO COBpeMCHHOfl AeMOKpaTaaecEofi pecuyfiaaEa cocToan bobcb He b i tohi, hto rocy- AapcTBeHHoe caaoAepasaBie npaHaAAexan HapoAy. HapoAi. T.-e. aacca nojiBonpaBHUxi rpaatAaai, npasaaBajea cyfrteKTOMi bopxobhoB BjacTH bo Bcixi AeaoKpaTiaxi oahhekobo. Ho b i AenospaxiH KOHCTHTypioH- Hofl OTAHaaTeaBHHHi npasHaEOMi BBAaeTca cnoco6i a ijiopsia ocy- mecTBAenianpHiiaA-ieatamaxi HapoAy BepxoBHHxi npaBi. TohhoTaxi ate OTAHABTejiBHUBi upasHaEoai KOHCTHTypioHiioS aouapxia He iioaen fiUTb IipH3HaHO OAHO HapOAHOO HpeACTaBHieABCIBO. HoCAiAHee, BatcT-fe 01 aoHapxoai, o6paayen tocydapcmeenuyto eMicmr,, h aueHHO x i ycao- Bia, b i KOTopuxi AiScTByen ama BjacTt, onpeAixaion cymecxso

O T A R / T B riEPBMH. KOHCTHTyD;iOHH6IH aKTTb. T.IABAI. OeIUKE SHABKHIB KOBCTHTyniU. I. OcHOBHHME B oGl«HME IipiI3HaK0ME KOHCTHTyHiOHHHXE C[>OpM'b Hn.weTcii to, n o mokho HaSBaTt. caMooipanuveHiem rocyjapcTBeuBoa BA8CTH, BE CBJJ lOTO 9Ta BJiaCTB Be HBJUeTCll <iScOAIOmHOlO, BE IblfX'B 6u pyitaxE ona au HaxoAHxacb, be pyiiaxi uapoaa hah HOHapxa ce HapoAHUMi npeAcraBHTejbCTBOMB. lOpHAHTeCKHMt BHpaseHieME TaKoro caMoorpaHHaeifia rocvjap- CTBeBHOS BjacTH BBABEOTCB TAKE Ha3UBaeMUe OCHOOnue saKOHbt MAH Koucmumywiu. Be hhxe cOAepataTca t$ upHAHiecaia• u noJiHTHieCKia no-ioatema, be npednjtaxi kotopuxe AO-iama jificTBOBaTb Boh rocy- japcTBeHHua b.v&cth, He McaaiOHaa h BjacTH 3aKOHOAaTe.Ti.Hofl. Koh- CTHTyi;ia aBaaeToa KaKE Ou 3aKononE, nocTaB.iCHHHME nod* bc6mh (JtaKTopauH rocyaapcTBeHHoS bjbcth, KOTopue ao.ijkbh coo6paaOBaTb CE 3THME BKC1DHME saKOHOME CBOH aM cTBW BE ofiaaCTH BaKOHOja- TeatcTBa, cyAa h ynpanaeHia. UpOTllBE DTOrO HpHHUHDa MOJK0TE OUT], IipuBO.U'm. BCCbSia R'licnia, HOBHiHMOMy, npHMipE AHrjiiH, BToro OTeaecTBa KOHCTHTyniOHHuxE yapeatAenia. Sjicb, ebbe msbI ctho, h4te KOHCTHryuiouuaro aKTa be tome BHA'ti, KaKE 9TH aKTU cvinecTBVioT'b be ApyraxE rocyxapcTBaxE; sa4ce, KpoMi toto, uajiiiie npejcTaBHTeAH noxHTHiecEofi uayKH 8a- iHHmajTH Teopiio napAaMenmcxato ece.wnymecmea (omnipotentia parlia­ ments). TasoBo, Meacxy npoiHME, MHf.Bie BaaacTOHa. Ilo ero y’lemio, uap.iaMeHTE bctb to yipeacAenie, EOTopoMy KoncTHTynieio stoto Kopo- aencTna BBipena aOcoMomnax decnomuuecKax BJiacTE, BeupeM'bHHO npn-

— 4— uajjexamaa komv ahOo npH KaacAiax upaBHTeAXCTBi '). DosTOMy uapjaMeirrx Moatert HSMinaTb KOHCTHTy«i» rocyAapcTBa h cosjaTt HOByio; ohx MoateTX cat-jaTi. Bee, aid ae bhxoahtx 3a npeAtxu bos- Hoxaaro. B.iacTX uapjaaeHTa, tobophtx coBpeaenHijS aaraiScEift iophctx, boaoOho ecitKou cyaepeHHofl njacTH, He HsrbeTx apyraxx rpanaiix, Kpoa-b roTOBaocTH HapoAa efl noBHHOBaTxca hah conpOTHB.iaTxca ea ca-ii. Bx OTAHiie otx apyraxx (KOHCTHTynionnuxx) CTpaHX, 3aEOHO- AaTeaxaaa Bjacrx ho CBji3aaa HHEaxoD xapTiero, nuaaKHMX EOHCTHTy- HioHHUMx saKonosix. O.iHOMy napaauenTy npHHaj.ieaiHTX KOBCTHTy- nioBHoe npaBo raxaeaTL 3aKonu a uauimrrb npaBHTexxcrBO cipaHu a). Bx bthxx a jpyraxx noxofiauxx hmx mh$huixx ecTX aojh cnpa- BeAAHBaro pujjoux cx SHaiHTejixBEJHH npeyBexHaeHisMH. He noAxeanTX. C0MHim», bto aarjufiCBOuy napjiaMeiny, T.-e. KopojeBi a AByMX na- xaTaax, npnaax.iea;nTx eepxoenafi ejtacmt aajx coeAHHennuax Kopo- jeBCTBOMX a Bcira ero B.iaA'iiHiHMH. IIootomy bc* aKTH napaaMenTa, no.iyMHBuiie EopoxeBCKoe yTBepacAOHie, aoajkhh uo-ixaoBaTxca tom chaoio h rfeax 3HaacHieMx, Easia Boofime airfi»TX noBexiaia bahcth BepxoB- hoS. Ho H3X BToro He cJ^xyerx, tto6h napaaaeHTy npaBaAAcacaaa „a(5coA»THaa xecuOTHiecKaa\" a.iacTb, kbkx roBoparx BaaKCTOHX, a ito6b rpanapu btoS babcth onpeA’txajiacx totobhoctxd HapoAa e0 noBHHOBaTbca hah OEasxiBaTx conpoTHBAeaie. OT-manTCAXHOio aepToio EOBCraTynioHHaro rocyAapcTBa, Kanx hh yBHAHMX noApo6ao Haace, aB.iaeTca HMeHHO H3BicTnoe caHOorpanaaeaie BAacTH, bx CHAy EOTOparo oaa xepaeTx cxoactbo cx BAacTx® ,,xecnoTaqecKoioEctx hsbIicthhh Benia, KOTopua baa He caaiaeTX ce(5a n npasn npaKaauBaTX a boc- upeniaTt, a STy rpaaany cbobxx npaBx oaa bhahtx He bx oahoS bob- moxhocth „conpoTHBAeHia“ co ctopohh HapoAa. ho h bx Koncmumyniu 8Toro rocyAapcTBa. CnpaBeAAMBO, no Amelia, bx OTAHaie otx BOHTHHeHTaAbHuxx ro- cyAapcTBX aanaAa Ebpobh, He HMteTX KOHCTHTyn,ioaHaro aKTa, bx oahoS o6mefi peAaKnia. Hb$ctho ocTpoyaHoe 3aHiqanie AopAa Ilaxx- MepcTOHa: „ a rOTOBX ahtx xopomyn HarpaAy TOMy, kto npaaecexx mh$ BKBeMnjapx aurjiiftcKoB KOHCTHTyuia\". CnpaBex-xaBo TaKise, bto (SOAXIBHBCTBO T$XX OTa4aXHHXX HKTOBX, KOTOpue HOryTX CtJTX HaSBaHXI ochobhuhh 3aEOHauH AHiMia, hsaehh B jacixu nap.iaMeiiTa DOAOflno ') Parliament is the place where that absolute despotic p in ell governments reside somewhere, is entrusted by the coni:stitution of these kingdoms. ’) Tb. Erskine May, Das Englische Parlament und sei» Verfahren, nepes. Oppenheim, ns*. 1880, crp. 40.

— 5— Bcfckx xpyrHMX 335080x1 aToro EopoaeBCTBa. Apyi-HMH cjobokh, Oax jHUCMompnnix u o6napodoaanin KUHcmumyuioHHfAXb jaxOHom, am.nitCKoe bOcydapcmsexHOC npaeo hc ycmaxooMierm Huttanuxb ocoOtam npaeuAi- QosTouy fpopMantMaio paMania MeiExy boeohouu ochobhumh u oOhe- uoBeirausiH bx Anrjia He cymecTByeTx; tfiopMaAWo, uap-iOMean, mo- *eTX HSM+iHHTIi, OTM'f.ilHTL H BHOBb HSXaTb BCHEift 30E0HX—EOHCTHTy- nionnuft h ofiuKHOBennufi. Ho HeeoHHtHHO h to, hto ncojiorymifl nap- xaaeHTX HineTX bx sthxx aKTaxx pyEOBOXCTBa a rpammx xxa CBoeS A^aTexbHOCTH. Hanaxa Bexasoft XapTia, CTOTVTa de tallagio non concedendo 1297 r., npomeHia 0 upasaxx 1628 r. u 6ax.ix o npaBaxx 1689 r. Bacxo.ibKO yiBepxHXHCb bx cosHaHiH aHi-AHHaHX h tsex cjihjihci, cx npHHKHDaNH upaBa oObiiHaro, hto exoa jib uap.ia- MBHTCEoe BceMorymecTBO MoateTx yxaAHTb axx caxy. Korxa anrxiftcKift napxaiieurb saxyiiajx ycTaHOBHTb npoHSBoabHue •cCopu He bx Anr.iiH, ho bx ex aMepaEaiicEuxx Koxoniaxx, nocjiixHia cocxajHCb na ocHOBHue sobohu Anr-iia, bx cHjiy EOTopuxx ycTaiiou.ieiiie Ha.ioi'OBb npHHaAJie*HTb npexcTaBHTexbCTBy, h yTBep*xaaH, hto toex kbkx auepHEaHCEia eoxohm He npejCTaBxeiibi bx anrxiftcKOMx nap.ia- MeiiT'h, to nocxixHift He HKiexx npaaa pacnoxaraTb hxx HuyiqecTBOMX. TaKX cMOTpt.TH Ha lijio He toxbeo bx AnepiiKf>, ho h bx AHrxiH, bx pa- xaxx onuosHniH, Tmeriio CTapasmeSca octohobutb napxaMeHTx bx ero npoHSBOJbHHXx Mipaxx h npexOTBpaTHTb ne*Aoyco6Hyi) boShv. Oahhx hsx BejHHafimHxx npejcTanHTe.ieft btoS onnosanw, IIhttx CTapmift, aaiaainajix bx pina 14-ro aHBapa 1766 roja to, hto ohx chhto.ix oxhhmx H3x BaaiHiiiiuHXx Hanajx aHr.uflcKoSKOHCTHTyniH u HapymeHie EOToparo Bb!3Ba.io 6-tacTBeHHoe nxx AHr.iiH B03CTaHie ea auepuKaHCKHXx aoxonift. TlapaaMCHTCKoe BCOMorymecTBO iiamio cbob rpaHHuy, h cboS- CTBa 3to# rpaHHULi Becbxa xapasTepHCTHHUbi, B.iacTb nap.iaMeiiTa, roBopHTX' T. 8. Maft, He HMteTX xpyraxx rpaHHqx, spoilt „totobhocth Hapoxa eft noBHHOBaTbca hah conpoTH- BAflTbCH ex cnxi“. Ho bx aohhomx c-ivHat BaisHu Momumx, onpext- -lanmie rOTOBHOCTI. nHOBUHOBOTbCH HAH COnpOTHBXMTbCHu. Bx BOCTOH- huxx xecuoriHxx mothbh, noSyasxaioiHie iinorja ynpan.iaeiiuxx ex oonpoTHB.ieHiio, 6uBaB)Tx, tsex cKaoaTb, KoxHHccTBeHHue h cxyHaftHue. H3XHHiHee fipeMH HaxoroBX, npoHBxeHia HpeaBbinaftHOft aecTOEocra, CiACTBiH, HaiUeKaCMbia pa380paTeAbBHMH BOftHOHH,—TOEOBbl npHHHHH, Bo36y;Kxaiomifl HevaOBO-ibCTBie bx sthxx rocyxapcTsaxx. Ho tbkx kukx 6peMa HaxoroBx, Mtpa xecTOKOCTH h TaacecTb xpyraxx CtxcTBift Bcerxa OTHOCHTexbHbi, to bx TEKHXX rocyxapcTBaxx HHEorxa Hexxsa npejy- CMOTpiTb h onpextxHTb, rxi EOHHaeTca totobhoctb noBHHOBeuia, h BxacTb MoaceTx CHHTOTb eefia deanpextaxHoi) jo Easoro .th6o Henpex- BHxtHHaro caynaa. HaupoTHBX, bx AHrxia .roTOBHOCTb noBHHOBeHia“

o6yciOBJieHa hbb^cthumu na'ui.inMn npaBa, OTBepmyTB EOTopua He no B.iacTH DapaaveHTa. II. CoBOBynaocTb »THxt Haqa.ib h ofipasyerb aHr-iUcsy® kohcth- ryni®, oKaeMu.iapb KOTopofl TmeTHO xorfejib nojyqaTb xopxb Ilajifc- HepcTOHi. 3Ha*eHHTufi rocyaapcTBeHHHfi qejiontiKb npousnecb aiy 4>pa3y He ToabKo ne Bb ocyajeme csoeft BOHCTHTypiH, ho bt» Bean- qafimyn noxBaay e8. Ofla (5uaa npoHSHecena Bb piuii, HM'tBraeft uiuiMO DOEa3aTb ray6oBia a Tuepaua ucmopmemin ocHOBaHia xoHCTHTynia. 9th xoHCTHTynia He ecTb uaoib KaKo0 jh6o HCsyccTBeHHofi paOom OTB.ieaeHBUXi yMOBb, ho HaijioHaabHoe xocioame aHraanaHi. Cwa ea Bb ofiuiaaxt h HpaBaxb H’baofl Hauia. IIoaToay OHa a He HyaxaeTca Bb TaEuxb BHiniHHXT., iDpHAHqecKHXb o6e3neqeHiaxb, Kaxia H8o6pi- Tag>TCH (a He aceraa ycnimno) xaa KOHTHneHTajibnuxb xapxift. Bb anraiiicKOH HCTopiu moxho yKasaib Ha Tasie aoMeHTH, soraa sea Hauia pa3ptraa.ia pacnpH Cb Kopo.ianH nyxeab cor.iamenifi, koto- pua Bupaaaaacb hotomb Bb HSBicTHHXb o6meo6asaTe.ibHtixb aKTaxx; 3to 6u,ih KaK'b 6u xoroBopu, EOTopue 0upeai.1a.iH upeai.iH xopoaes- cxofi BaacTH, cb o« hoS cTopoHU, h upaBii h o6a3aHHOCTH rpaaiaHb— cb jpyrofi. KoHeiHO, iiepBUMx H3b TaKHXb aKTOBb A0.1WH0 upuauaTb Magna Charta libertatum (1215 r.), KOTopaa HBaxacb pe3yju>TaT0Mb nofiijH saccaaoBb Eopoaa Ioanna BesseneabHaro najb othmt. Kopo- aeMb, saKOHDHBniefi HopHaHHCitiS nepioxb. aiiraificKofl HCTopiH, T.-e. nepiojb HeorpaHHteHHOH BJiacrH Kopo.iefl nopManncKoft xnnacTiH. Tasaub ofipaaosib, Magna Charta libertatum noxoacHia ochobe- Hie EOBCTHTyHioHHbiub yqpesjeniflMb Anr.ria. Ub iHcxy TaEHXb jko aETOBb Hoaeib 6htb oTnecenb H3BicTnuB cTaTyTb, cocTOaBDiiSca Bb 1297 r., Bb uapcTBOBaHie Sxyapxa I, no KOTopoMy HHitaitofi na.iorb He Horb 6htb ycTBHOBjeHb 6esb cor.iacia napoxHaro npexcTaBHiexb- ctbe (cTaryTb de tallagio non concedendo). Kb peiio.TMHioHHOuy nepioxy othochtch nutate jBa Taxuxb aKTa: 1) npomeHie 0 upasaxb (1628. r.), nojaHHoe itopo.no Kapxy I cb H3JioaceHieMb HeyjoBOJbcrBiS aarxiBcKaro uapoxa npoTHBb Eopo- aeBCKOfi axMHHHCTpapiH u coxepaawee xoiaxaflcTBo 06b ycTpaHeHiH BTHXbaioynoTpetueHifl. yTBepatxeHHoe KopoaeMb, ohocx’fcjajiocboxHHMb H3b rjiaBHHXb HCTObHHKOBb ny6jiHHHaro npaua. 2) .AKTb, saROHHHBHiifi peBOjnonioHHOe XBHHteHie Bb AHrxia: bto xaEb HasusaeMuS BHXXb o npaBaxb (1689 r.), Bb KOTopoMb Shot HsxoxeHbi ochobhhh npaBa aHr-iificKHxb uoaxaHHHXb. IloAofiHUMb ate aKTOMb MO»HO upuiinaTi. h TaKb HaauBaemjft aKTb 06b yTBepatseHiH Act of settlement (1701 r.), KOTopufi noxTBepxiub ycTpaHeHie IaKOBa II OTb aHMiflcxaro npecxo.ia, cb uepeHeceHieMb npaBb na npecTOJOHacxhxie Bb npoTecTaHTcsy® jiHHiio CTBapTOBb. 3a-

rim , MHorie upuHuuuu aHraificKaro nyO.iniHaro npasa, BHpaOoTannne ucTOpaiecKH, aopeuaTca bx o6mescx h.ih o6hihomx npaB'b 3108 CTpaau (common law) n nOTOMf nojtayioTca ecTecrncHHiiMT, yiiaacCHio.M'L bc&xx ea Baacrefl, bx tomx wc.rb a 3aKOfioxaTe.jr.nofl. Ho npHAHiecKH nap.iauenTi, ociaBajca BceMorymHMX aaKOHOsa- TejbHHMX OpraHOMT., H BTO BbipaHUUOCb Be TOXbKO B*b TOMX, BTO BX ueMb cocpexoTOBHBajmcb bc6 npaea 3aKOHOiaTe.ii.HO0 BJiacTH, ho h bx TOJib, n o euy npucBOHBaaacb HSBtcinaa yipeAHTexbHaa B.iacTb; c.itiOBaTe.ibHO, BCSKifi napaaMeHTCKifi craTyxx non. nepeMf.HHTi nee rocyjapcTBenHoe ycTpo0CTBO AnraiH. Bx AHraia nonpocb 0 cy6xeKTi rocyaapcTaeaHaro BepxoBCHCTBa HHKoraa He ctbhobhach pbaKO a otkphto; xots, KOHeuno, jiojkho ysa- 3aTb Ha hIikotophxx nncaTeiieft BpeMesx nepBofi peBOjfouiH (saKx, Hanp., Mhjxtohx, Cii.iHCfl), KOTopue craBHJH btoix noupoex a pas- pbma.iH ero bx noab3y RapoxoHaceaeHia. Ho bto 6uaa to.ii.ko Teopia; Ha npaKTHKb ate Bonpocx 0 cyfixesTt rocyxapcTueHHaro aepxoBeacTBa ne HMijix SHaieHia. in . Ha KOHTHHeHT-fe 3T0TX BOHpOCX 6hJX H0CTaBJ6HX pi31C. Yaie peBoaDn,ioHHOe ABaatenie bx AsfepHKt. (1774— 1783 rr.) BUABHnyxo npHHHHnx HapoxoBJiacTia, nepeAaamia ynpeAHTeabHyn BxacTi napoxy. KoacTHTynia aoBTOuy muyiiua snaieuie asTa, 3aKJB)Ha»maro bx cc6b ycAOsia, Ha kotopijxx Hapoxx xe-ierHpyerx Bxacrb hbbIicthuhx opra- nanx. Bx btomx cuacsi ajiepaKaHcaiS xoHrpeccx He ecTb B-iacTb yupe- AHTeabnaa, h bx cano83aKOHOxaTexf,nofl A’baTOJbHOCTH ohx xoaateHX py- KOBOAHTbcaoupexiaeBBUMH npunuunaMH, orpaHHiHiiaiom.HWH ero npaBa. To ate caMoe aokkho caasaTb h OTHOCHTeaxHO ifipaimyacKOB penojuniH. $paHuy3U He toaxso HsxaBaXH paenuu KOHCTHTyniu, HO Aaate uj.ja.ju aKrx, KOTopufi cTOaax ei#e name KOHCTHTyniu; mh roBopHux o 3Haau>- HHxofi /(eKJapauiH upaBx 1 e.10bbka h rpaatAaHHHa 1789 r., ko- Topaa, Bnponexx, Be HMi.ia oupexi.ieHHaro BpHXHiecKaro sHaaeHia. Kohcthttnia hbhaacx HOBCeuicTHO kukx 6h aKTOHX, BupaataioauiMx ycaoBia, Ha Koropuxx Hapoxx Ae.tonipona.jx luacTt pa3HUMX opra- HaMx. Bx rocyaapcTBaxx, rx i Haia.10 HapoAOBAacTia hhKorja He 6u.io npu3HaH0, rxli kohcthtyuia 6uxa uoata.iOBaHa, OBTpoapoBaHa, kohctu- TynioHHLre hkth uo.iyin.iii TaKoe ace aiiaiesie sopxx, orpamfimaio- inuxx rocy.japcTBeHByio n.jacTn. Bx Ahpim, r x i napjaxeaicKaa BOjbHOCTb pa3BHAacb cobmIjctho cx Kopo.jeBCKOio BaacThio, EOTopaa nocTeneHHO poc.ia bx cbh3h cx Hapox- nuMX npexcTaBHTeabCTBOnx, Bonpocx 061 orpanmcnin saKOHojaieab- HO0 BAaCTH He Morx B03HHKflyTb BXTO0 ((lOpM'il, BX KBKO0 OHX B03HI1KX Ha KOHTHneHTt. 3a4ci h He AyMaJH o6x orpauHieniu napaaxeHTa, 6uBinaro npPACTaBHTOjeMx aapoAHOfl boalbocth; HanpoTHBX, ua koh-

THHeHT't Efiponu ptlL IBAa.O TOMX, 'ITOdli DOCTEBUTb H3BtcTHHH rpa- hhuu npeacTaBHTeatHUM'B yipeatseHiaMi, aoTopua bbh.thci, Kaat cpej- ctbo aah orpaHHBeHia KopoAeBCEUxx npeporaTuBX. TaEusax o6pa30Mx, duau ycTaBOR.ienu H3BicTHue npunnuutj, BupawaBmie upaBa sthxx 3aKOHOjaTe.Ti,Hux7> yupexAcnift a rpaxAaHX bx uxx OTHOmeHiaxx ex Bopo-ieBCKoft B.iacTH. Obh Aa»TX npaBO a Hajiaraiorb Aame ofiasaHHOCix ae coraanraTtca na aaKoax, KOTopuf? 6u aaK.noua.n. bx cedt Hapymeaie B3BtCTHHXX npKHUHnOBX. BOTX BX K8K0MX CMHCAt 3TB BOHCTHTyHiOH- sue aKTu pasBaaacE. a uo.iyau.ia CBoe onaaenio na aaa&At EBpoiiu. IV. SHaaeme uxx hoxbo BHAtTb: 1) hbx kxx coAepxania; 2) H3X cnocoda hxx asA&Hijf; 3) bsx uxx oOusaTe.itHofl cu.iu. OcTanoeuMca na co.iepjKaniu bthxx ochobhbixx 3anoH0BX. Bx KOHCTUTyaioHHUxx aETaxx coAepxuTca onpej'fe.ieuio ochobhhxx Baaaxx rocyAapcTiiennaro ycrpoftcTna. IIoc.vb.tHee onpeAt-iaeTCu: 1) opraHHaaiueft rocyAapcTBeHHoB BiacTu: 2) ea oTHomeHiflMH ex noAAaHHbixx. KaXAtlft KOHCTHTynioHHilft EKTX HOnpCMtHHO CO.iepXHTX: 1) onpeAtjenie cydxeKTa rocyAapcTBeiiHaro BepxoBeHCTBa u rxaii- huxx rocyjapcTBeHHHXx yqpexjeHiS (grands pouvoirs de l’dtat,); 2) ocBOBHue npuHuunu yupaBJieaia, T.-e. onpe.vfeJeHie r.iasHLixx ycjOBifl, npa kotophxx rocyAapcTno Moxeix ocymecTBAUTb cboh Bep- xoBBUa upaaa '). Bx 3tobx OMHC.it KOHCTUTyuia Moxeix fiuTb ua:iBana pacte fonda- mental, T.-e. oHa onpeAt.iaeTX T t Baaa-ia, Ha KOTOpuxx rocyAap- CTBeHHaa BxacTb Ao.iwua ynpaB.iaTb, a uoAAauHue aoaxbu qobbho- BaTxca. 3to, AtflCTBHTeAbHO, ecTb H3BicTHu8 rocyAapcTBenmjft Aoro- Bopx. OrcBAa Cano codon c.itAyeTx, n o usiaHie KoncTHTyuiouHuxx aETOsx bx npuHUHni HerMoxeTx fiuTb npeAOCTaBjeuo oduEHOBeuBOfi 8aK0H0AaTejibH0fl bascth, Hdo oHa caaa jo-iatHa Aepxaibcu bx BpeAt- Aaxx KOHCTHTyniOHHHXX aKTOBX H H6 BOXeTX HapyniaTb HSBtcTHblXX Hauajx, BupaxeHBiixx KOBCTHTypieS h Aaaauxx bx pyKOBOACTBO rocy- AapcTaeuHOfl B.iacTH. IIo3Tony orpaHHieaia rocyAapcTBeHHofi B-iacTu, (JiaKTUiecEu a bx

— .9 — cii.iy B-feKOBOro ofiuiaa cymccTiivnmia m, Aurjia, Ha KOHTHHeHT'fe EBponu 6ujih BOSBejeeu bx npunmm, H Teopifl „napjiasieHTCKaro Bce- MorymecTiia\" 6am oTBeprnyTa. Bx s>tomx CMucaft BHCKaaunaeTca Jla- 4>eppbepx') oTHOCMTe-if.no anaaeiiiji <|>panny:icftofi xapiiH. „Aarji0CKoe Haiajio napjiaiieHTCKaro BceiiorymecTBa“, rosoparb obi, „6hjo hcbad- toho H3X namero ny6jniiBaro npaBa. XapTia Cujra aaKOHOMx aaKOHOBx, aaaoHOMb mrhxx yCTaHoiueHHbixx BiacTeS. B.iacTM, era c03jaHHua, He MorxH nocarHyTB Ha Bee. b ec.iH 6a nepexiHu bx uefi Otuu npasHaHH hvschhmh, HeofixoaHMO upomueiiie h jrkftcTiiie yupedumeAmoU B.iacTu, bx cjfopaaxx BapaH'he h aaKOBHO onpe.ifc.ieHHHXx\". KoHCTHTyiua, EOHemo, aroateTX 6htb u3uiueii3, u6o hb oa,uo rocy- japcTBeuuoe ycTpoficTBo He uoxeTX upeTeHjoiiaTh Ha BiiHoe cyme- cTBOBaaie. Ho noKa h3b$cthhb EOHCTUTypioHHUB no-iosteuia cyme- CTByiOTx, bc6 B.iacTH aojisbu cooCpaaoBaxbca cx hhhh. Ecah kohcth- Tynia npoB03raamaeTx paHHonpaBHOCTx HcnoBi^amfl, 3aB0H0AaTeaxHaa BjacTt He MoaieTx, nyTeMx oOnKHOBemtaro 3aKona, cosAaix npHBH.ieriii a m oxHoro hsx hbxx; ec.iH KOHCTHTynia BocnpemaeTx KOH'^Hcaauiio HMymeeTBx, aaBOBOAaTexbHaa BjacTb He noateTx BBecTH 3toH Mt.pu bx yro.iOBHHft KOjeKcx; ecxH KOHCTHTynia npoB03r-iamaeix CBofiojy ne- qaTH, 3aEOHOAaTeai.Haa B.iacTb He MoateTx B03CTaH0BRTb npe.mapHTe.ib- ho8 peHsypu. KoiiCTHTynia ecix kbkx 6a HaKasx, AaaauS <t>aKTopaux rocyjap- cTBeHHoS BaacTH A-Jn onpeAtjenia rpanHijx h 4>opnx hxx aliaTejt- bocth. jyqmaro noacBeHia btoA mijc.ih, mu npHBeAeux npaxiipx KOHCTHTynia Tasoro rocyjapcTBa, r*4 h4tx HapoAHaro npeACTamiText- cTBa, Bcei'xa HBjfnomaroca Kasx 6a opraHoxx aapoAHoB bo ah, ho rxh caMx Hapoix npaxo ocymecTBjacTx cboh BepxoBHua npaBa, T.-e. npa- M'iipx KOHCTHTynia uenocpedcmseHHoii deMoicpamiu. „CyBepeHHTeTx“. tobophtx ct. 2 KOHCTHTynia KaHTOHa Ypa, „npa- BaAAesHTx aapoAy, KOTopuS oTnpaBaaeTX ero nenocpeACTBeHHO bx cbohxx KOHCTHTyniOHHUxx (verfassungsmassigen) codpaaiaxx no 6oab- mHHCTBy rOAOCOBb\" *). 3ar£HX ho toabko (pop*m ocymecTBAeHia aapoABaro caMonepxaBin, ho h ofoe.vt npaftb. npHBajjesamHxx HapoAHOxy co6paaiD (Landge- ') M. F. LaferriCre, Cours de droit public el administratif, etc., H3x. 1860, ■) Cp. bobct. HaxaicHaro yBiepBaanena, ct. 2. „CyBepeHBTera npHsaweatHTB napoiy,KOTopuBoinpanjaen ero neoocpeictseBno n cbohxi BOBciBiyaioHnuxi co- Opauimh h DOcpexcTBeBHo xprai hxt, nafSpaBHH« jrapeaneBia, bi nopaaai, vcraBo- saeBROXXBOBCTHiyaiec”. yurcpiaibiein HaaeiS, ct.2.„Ohi (Bapoji)... onipaaueTi

10 — meinde), onpeji-aaeTca KOHCTHTynie® *). Bb hhc.t6 npaBB, Henocpej- ctbchho ocymecxBjaeMuxi HapojoMB, KOHCTHTyniH Ha8HBaiOTB npano AasaTB CTpaBt KOHcmumynin h sokohm. TanaMB o6pa30in>, jBa poj,a aicTORx, HcxojBmHXt omuaKOBO otb HapoAHaro coSpaHiH, pas-iaxaioTca, OABaso, h bb cnocoCt HIT. ycTaHOBjeoia a no CTenean hxb o6asa- Te.TLHOft CHAU. TjIABA IL PKBH8IH H TABAHTIU KOHCTHTVHiH. I. Hsnasaa KoncTHTynioHnuft saKOm., napoAB conepinaeTi. bktb He upoCToB 3aK0H0jiaT0.11.H0fl, ho h yvpedumejitHOu B.iaoTH, onpeAtJHBmeit nopaxoKB .rliftcTBia h ofiieMB npara, bc£xb rocyxapcTBeHiiuXB BxacTefl, bt» tout. iHcat h mpoda, BaKT. BaacTH saKOHOAaTeAbnoft (bt. aeao- cpeACTBeHHiixi AeMOKpaTiaxt). HapOAi, ompaBjaa cbo® aaKOHOAa- Te.ibHvio BAacTB, AOJseHB coo6pa30Ban.ca cb TpefioBaaiaMB kohctb- TyniH h AepacaTbca bb ea npeAtaaxB. Ho KaBB 6u xoponia he 6u.ia KOHCTHTynia, canoe pasBHTie iiapoja apHBOJHTT, KB HOBUHB yCAOBiaUB JRH3HH, BpH KOTOpUXB H^KOTOpua CTaTLH MOryiB OKaaaTbCa OTIKHBHTHMU K He COOTBilTCTByninHHH A*#- CTBHTejbHBTHB BOTpefiBOCTaMB Hapoja. UoBTOMT BOnpOCBO nOpeCMOTpfe KOBCTHTyqiH aBxaeTca BecbMa BaatHHMB. Caxua 8aK0H0AaTe.ibCTBa BupaacaoTB no sTowy hoboa7 pa3.iHiBbie rstabau. Bb HiBOTopnxB KOHCTHTyniaXB o6b stomb Bonpoct npano ynaatHBaeTca, t&kb kbkb oh* ycTaHaiuaBaxyrca Ha bLhhuh BpemeHa. Kb xaBHXB npHnaAJeatHTB KOHCTHTynia HTaxbaHCKaa, h%tb hh caobh o nepecMOTpi. Ho Coabhihhctbo KOHCTHTynifl npeAycMaTpnBaiOTB BonpocB o.peBHaiH. A) Pesutix Koncmumyuiu- IL PeBHsia BBxaeTca cpejCTBOMB bhochtb bb KOHCTHTyniomiufl as p noapaBKH h H3M*HeHia, xpefiyeubia ycaoBiaMH Bpeneaa. IlonpaBKa Heo6xoAHMbi noTony, bto 6e3B hhxb aM ctbio KOHCTHTyniH 6uao 6a UpioCTaUOB.ienO, BCliACTBie HeB03MOSHOCTH acnojHMTE BCiXB ea no- CTaHOBjeHifi. HBOTAa KOHCTHTynia He sawmaeTB bb ce6i Bcero, m i mojkotb fiUTb BnOCXiACTBiH BNSBaHO HOUUMH HaPOCTa»mHMH nOTpe6HOCTHHH- BB TaKOHB cjyqai otia ny»AaeTca bb AOnoAHeniaxB. HanpuMipt' ') flia Ramona Ypa, ct. 42 a 43.

11 xorjia co3jaBa.ini'i> CiBepo-AMepasancKic CoejHHeHHtie IUtsth, co- »3Haa KOBcTBTynia 1787 p. Be npeAycxoTpiaa Bonpoca o paOcTot, ciHTaa ero niiowb oTjrtJibHtira inTaiOBt. Ho xaao-oo-iiajy Bonpoct 3T0TT, calua.icii uacTOjBKO Ba»Hiuix, 'ito j.ia pfuieiiia ero noHajo- fiujocb jBa roja oatecTOieHHoft boShu (1861— 62). Torja ociaBaaocb aaKpt.HBTi. to, hto jocththtto 6uxo boBhoh. 9to 6ujio c j f jano Bt ionojHeHia ra $eaepajibUOMy saKOHy (amenderaent), KOTopuMt pa&Tso Be3ji a naBcei’ja OTMf.uaeTCa. Kara Ha npaafpi. Hautneuia cTaTbH, necooTB-iTCTBynmefl iiobumt, noTpe6aocTHMt, xoatHo yuasaTt Ha‘ppamiiio. IIoct. 9aaKOHa25(JieBpaja 1875 roja 3rbcToupe6uBanient □paBHTejBCTaa HaanaaeuT. Iiepca.it. Bt to bpeiia 6ohjhcb Qapusca, Kara Hf,cTa cjhhi- kohi myuHaro, HauojHeimaro .imjbmh BceBosiioxiiuxt napTifi h t. a. Ho 3ar&H% yOliAHjacb, hto raKoe nocTauoBjeiiie Kpoai Heyjo6cTBt He Bjeien. sa cofiofl Hiitero, a cthtm bth Bt 1879 rosy Ouaa h3m4- Hena. Tonho Tara se, Korja Bt npyccia Haaa.iaci, 6opt6a npasHTeabCTBa ct KaTo.iHKaMii (TaKt Has. Kulturkampf), oho BCTpfTnjo npenaTcTsie Bt CT. 16 H 18 CTapofi npyCCBoS ROHCTHTypiH, HaOCUOIlltHiH KOTOptlXt HCJbsa 6h.io Hsjaiiart peupeccHeuujt n ipt npoTHBi. khtoJHEOBt—, npyccKHXt nojjaHHUxt. Torja npaBHTeabcTBO jofiK.ioct OTMinu sTHxt jByxt cTareft a H3ja.io (1873 r.) MaBcsie 3aK0HU, HanpaBjeHHbie npoTHBt KaTOJiHiecaaro jyxoiieHCTBa. UpaBO j'bjaTt tbrih HaMf.iieinii npHHaj.ieacHrb He bo Bcfxt rocy- japcTBaxt ojHiMt h rSvt ate BjacTHXt. Ct tohkb ap-fima jeuoKpa- TH'iecKiixt pecnyfijHKt, KaKOBbi CfB.-Aaep. Coej. IDtuth, H3»rtine- Hifl KOUCTHTVUifl He MOryTt BXOJHTt Bt 06H3aiIH0CTb oCblKHOBeHHOfi saKOHOjaTe-ibHofl bjscth, Tara Kara BTa nocjfjnaa caua jojatHa jffi- CTBOBaTb Bt npejfuaxt KOHCTHTyniH. UpaBO peBHSia npHHaj.ieaHTi TOMy, kto no KOHCTHTyniH cTOHTt BiJice saKOHa, T.-e. napoiy. 8to BUTexaert yate H3t Toro, bto caxan HoncTBTyuia 1787 r. ecra aKTt BceHapojHod boah, ohs HatHHaerca cxobbmb: „ua, sapojt CoejuneH- HtJXt niTaTOBt\". Hto BacaeTca cjiopMu, Bt kotopoll ocymecTBJaeTca bto npaBO, to 3J'fiCb HVJBHO OTMiTHTb JB8 BOOpOCa: 1) KOSiy HpHHajjeXHTt HHHHia- THBa peBHsiH; 2) kto yTBepjsjaerb npej.ioaieHHyn nonpaBay. Cax^co- 6o » pa3ystfeTcn, hto HHHniaTHna jo.ixaa 6uTt upejocTaB.ieiia bos* mojkho 6oJbHie»y HHCjy yipeatjemS. Bt C. AMepasi OHa iipii3Haexcii: 1) 3a KOHrpeccoxt ■ 2) 3a npaBHTejbCTBaHH OTjfeibHbixt nuaroBt. KoHrpecct, 6ojbiHHncTBont !/a roxocOBt, Bt jeyxt najaTaxt (ceHarb tt na-iart jenyTaTOBt) MoateTt npej.iaraTt HSMiseHiH KOHCTHTyniH; to ate upaBO npanajaeatHTt 3aKOHOjaTejbHijMt coCpaaiflMt (ceHaxy k na.iaTf. jenyraTOBt) oTjfjbHBxt nuaTOBt, ec.iH Bt noatsy uohpsbbh BucKaateTCH ‘I, STHxt saaoHojaTOAbHUXt coCpadfi. Bt nepsout cay-

12 rafr>iaf, npei-ioaeHie KOHrpecca HAexB uphmo na paxHifiHKaniB) iuxetobt., obo pa3cnaTp»BaeTca hah bb oCuKHOBeuBuxT. 3aKOHOjaTeJibBHxx. eo6paHiaxB, nan bb ocoCo HaCpamiuxB KOHBeHTaxB. IloopaBKa cbh- TaeTc-a npHHHTOK), ec.iH bb ea nojbBy BUcaa»eTCJi 3/4 MJCOHOAftTeAB- HHXB COfipaHift (HAK K0HB6HT08B) BchXB HaABKHUXB niTarOBB. Bo BIO- pouB cxyxat, x.-e. aorna TpefionaHie nepecMoxpa habtb on. A raxa- tobb, to xah BupafioTKH i|)0)iMy-iLi noupaBBU HaceAenie npnr.ianraeTca KB H36paBi» ocofiaro KOBBeHTa, cb coeuia-itauiiH noAHOMOiiflMH; sa- xiMB yate B3M^Heiiie. bb BupafioTaHHofi kobbchtomb <J>op>rfe. npeua- raeTca aa yxBepxxeHie BiTaTOBB a npumiMaeTca, ecaa 3/, nrraTOBB BUCKaatyTcn aa aero *). Ilo iBBeflnapcKO0 KOBCTaxypiH 1874 roja, HaimiaxiiBa pemctiii npa- aa.x.ieatHTB: 1) i(>ejepaJBHOMy coOpaniio (assemble fMerale), T.-e. Ha- nioHa.iBnoMy coBtTy (conseil national) h coa-fexy rocyaapcTBB (conseil des tots); nonpaBsa, npaaaTaa cobpaaieMB. npe^Jiaraerca na Bceaa- poAHOe ro-iocoBaaie a cxuraeTca npKHaxon, ecaa bb ea uo.ii.3y BUCKa- sa.iocb CoAbmaacTBO rpaacjauB. yaacTByoniuxB bb roAOCOBaHiu, a 6oal- U1HHCTB0 KaHTOBOBB; 2) eCAH BB (J)6AepaJlbH01IB CoSpaBlH npOH30niAO pa3AtAeHie, x.-e. eCAH oabb Iia.iara corxacBAacb Ha nonpaBKy, a Apy- raa BiTB, hah, bb 3), ecAK 50.000 rpa»A*HB. HMtinmHXB npaBO ro- Aoca, noTpe6y»TB nepecxoxpa KoHcTuTynia, to BonpocB o neo6xoAH- mocth Tasoro nepecMOTpa ptinaexca BceaapoAHUMB roxocoB&HiexB. Bb CAyxat TTBcpAuxeAbHaro OTBiTa. naAaTB ifieAepaAbnaro coCpania h:iGh- pauTca BaoBb h npucTynauTB kb BtipafioxEi npoeKTa hoboS kohcth- TyniH, upeAAaraeMOfl saxticB HapoAHoiiy roAOCosaHiK). III. Bb ApyraxB rocyAapcTsaxB, npavo peBH3iH npHBaAAesHXB o6hk- BOBeuubiuB 3aK0B0AaxeAbBUMB yxpeacACuiaMB; aa 9totb koh6Hb oth yipewAeBia nocTaBAenu toxbko bb ocoSua ycAOBia. E-iaxe Bcero, no npHHnHuy, kb naxaaaicB uiBeSpapcKoii EOBCXHTynia boakoabtb 6eAb- riitcKaa EOBCTHTynia h bc4 cxoahuh cb aefi. no OeAbriflcKOit kohcth- Tynia BepxoBeHcxBO bb rocyAapoxB* npBHaAAeataxB aapoAy; c-itAOBa- TeAbHO, a d BxacxH cyntecTByioTB a AiSeTByioTB bb ca.iy BceuapOA- aaro yxpesAeHia. Otckab AomxecKB BUTOKaexB, bto bc4 nepencfeBU, BonpaBKii b AonoAHeHia EOHCTBxyitia aoaxbbi coBepmaxbca no BceHa- poABOuy roAOcoBaHiB. Ho BeAbria— npeACTaBHTeAbBaa Honapxia; cxi- AOBaTeABBo. npaalmeHie ii.ieGMCBHTa, bb npHHUHnii, 6uao 6h hoco* raacHO cb yipescxeBieMB npeACxaBBTeABBoa MOHapxia. IIobtomv bb BeAbria npaKTBKyeTca ocofibiB cbocoOb peBmie; npaBO HnmuaTBBu ea

— IS — npexociaBjaeTca na.iaTasn,, KOTopua cBoe nocTauoB.ienie o nepecnoxpA noxHoeaxB Ha yTeepatjeHie Kopo.ia. Ecm noc-iizoBajo Kopoaeacicoe yTBepKxeme, to naaaTU nciiei.ieHHO pacnycKaiDTCs h npejuHcunaeTca npOH3BecTH Houue Bufiopu cb cuenia.n>HOK) hAjbk>: oficyxHTB npoeKTB uonpauKH h npHHflTi. ero hju OTBepmyTb. 3tbhb, otobhaho, npexo- cTaBjaeTca rpazxanaMB rocyxapcTBa BHCsasaTb cboS BarjaAR Ha 3Ba- qenie toA h.th jpyroB bhochhoA nonpaBKa, tskb Kant cociain. bhobl o6pa30BaBmeiicJi, jaa cuenia.Ti.nott h'Ii.th, naaaxij 6yjerB HaxoiHTLca doab jiaB-ieHieHt Toro h.th HHoro B3rjaja rpaaijam, na aaTpoHyrufl no- npaBEOK) BOnpocB. Ptmenie sthxb najait CTHTaeTCH npHHSTHMB, ccjih npa naJHnnocTH V, nojHaro cocraBa na.iaTu sa Hero BUcaaatyTOH V, ro- 40008% bb BiUK.ioft naxaTA- yacHeHia cymecTBa yc.ioniit, kotopumu o6cTaH.iaeTCH peBH3ia, BaatHO HaaiocrpapoBaTB cuoco6b ea eejenia npn- MApaHH, Ho TaKHXT. npHuApoBt Cie.itriHcKaa bohcthtj'uin He npejCTa- B.iaeTX, h6o co BpeucHH ea yTBepacAeHia ao cero BpeueHK (1884 r.) OHa ocTaeTCa <Se3B nepeMAHH, Tara Kaat He noABeprajiach KaKHMB jih6o nonpaBKaM’B. TpenecKaa KOHCTiiTyuia 1864 roxa bb r.iaBHWsB qepTaxB cxoxHa ct 6ejtrittcKoio a, tokb cnasaTb, bocupoh3boahtb ee. Ho bb Heft HxAeTCHTa ocofieHHOCTb, qro nepecMOTpBKoacTHTyuiHbb hAjomb o6bohA He A03BoaaeToa BOBce. Hnaqe CKa-saxb: BocupemaeTca jA-iarb upejaoae- aia o noBofi EOHCTHTyniH; hhhA cymecTBynmaa CTHTaeTca ophbhtoS HaBcerxa. noxofiHUfi z e aanpen,, bb bhaA nonpaBEH, BHeceuB h bo i(ipaimy3CKyjo KOHciHTyniD 14-ro aBrycTa 1884 roxa; HHeHHO nocxaHo- B.iciio, qxo bcA npeAaoJKonia KOHCTHTynionnuxB noiipanoKB ne aojjchu Eacaxbca pecnyfi.iHKaHCEofi ijiopMH npaBjenia. BcjAxciBie sxoro h bo $ paBQiH peBHsia EOHCTHTyniH bb hA.iomb o6b6hA He xonycEaeTca. Haxo 3aMATHTb, hto HopaxoKB nepecnoTpa bo 'PpaHniH 6jnjEe nox- xoxhxb kb yc-TOBiaaB KOHCTHTyijioHHofl Monapxiu, bAhb EB peenytfXHEA. OcHOBHoe no.iozeHie ii>panuy3CEaro rocyxapcTBeHHaro npasa ecxb Ba- poxnuft cyBepeHHTeTB, Bupazanmifica bb npaxofi h Bceofimeft nojaqA rO.TOCOBB. TaEB HTO CB 3Tofi TOHEH 3pAllia, BB npHHl(HnA, nO.TUTHKa Hano.TeoHa HI, nyieMB KOTopofi ohb xocthtb HunepaiopcTfia, 6uja bbo.ihA jieraxbHa, h6o DxeOHcnuTH, kotophmh ohb aoxb30Baxca, EaEB cnocoflB H3BHB.ieHia BapojHOfi bojh, bhoxhA cor.iacona.incb cb Hapox- humb cyBepeHHTeTOHB, npHSHaHie Koxoparo xonymeao ^paHH^acKHHB npaBOHB. UocxA CexaHCEaro paarpoMa a BOcnocjiAxoBaBmaro sa hhmb cBepaceHia MOHapxiH, 4-ro cesTaSpa 1870 roxa, pecny6iHEaHCEoe npa- BHTeabCTBO, a 3axAnB h naxaxH, Bu6paHHua 8-ro iJieBpaxa 1871 roxa. He npHOAraxa eb naefiHCUHTy. B3auAHB btoto HanioHaxBHoe coSpaaie sToro roxa npH3Ha.io 3a co6ok> yqpexHTeabHyio B-iacTb h, hcxoxh H3B STofl npHcsoeHHOft B.iacTH, najaTU 1875 roxa ao.ixhu 6hjh BsanaHTb bb KOHCTHTyitiio cjAxyx»mee noJOzeHie: npaBo pesusiH npHSHaeTca 3a

14 HaniomutHHUT. coCpameMt, npn Rent doji. napiOHaJiHUMt co6paHieMt paayMteTca coButcTHoe sacijaHie naJiam jenyTaTOBt h cenaTa. Qepe- cuorpt 5ko ciHTaerca nocTaaoBaeHHUMt, ecaa ou t npesnapHTeafcHO npusHTt Bt na»,v>fl naaaTi OoJBmiiHCTBOMt roAOCOBt. Taut, Bt 1884 rojiy, MHHHCTpt-npeaHfleHTt JKidji 4>eppH bhocx cboS npoeKTt nepe- CBOTpa KOECTBTyuiH CHaaaaa at najaTy jenyTaTOBt; sartMt npnH«xu8 Taut npoeKTt nocTynait Bt ceHait. r j i uojBeprca HtKOTopuMt H3- utueHiaMt. Do dobojj bthxx asutHeHifi npoeKTa coctohaoci. cor.ua- meBie ueayjy ceaaToat u npaBHTexLCTBOHt, o n hmobh KOToparo x t i - CTBOBajt JKjo.ib $eppn, a TOAbso aocxb Bcero btofo HSMtaeHHiifl opoeKTt uepecvoTpa, npHBHTufi CojbniHHCTBOita roaocoBt Bt o6ta x t naaaTaxt, nocTyniuib Ha paacaoTptHie coejBHeHRaro coCpaHin AByxt naxart h fiu-n. npaHSTt 14-ro aBrycia 1884 ro*a. B t Apyraxt rocy- AapcTBaxt aah nepecHOTpa ipefiyeTca Toatao oco6oe 6oambhhctbo ro- AocoBt; Taat itjiaeTCH no npeauymecTBy Bt MeJiEBXt repMaacKHXt rocyAapcTsaxt. Hanpaatpt, Bt Banapin ju « stoto TpeOyeTca 6ojbuihh- ctbo */* ro.iocOBt; to xe a Bt BapTenOeprt. Dpyccia OTCTynaeTt oxt stoto nopajKa; Bt aeft nepecBOTpt He o<5yMOBxeat KSKaut jh6o onpe- it.ieHHHHb 6ojiBmnncTBOMt roxocoBt, ho 8aTO TpefiyeTca, Kaat ae- oOxoAHKoe ycxoBie, ABVXKpaTHoe roaocoBaaie Bt KaxAoS naiari Taat, 'itoCli oaho roxocoBaeie 3a APjraat c.ifcAOBaxo He paHte, East Repeat 21-AH6BBUH BpOMexyTOKi BpOMeBB. 9T0Tt npOMexyTOKt yCTaHOBJieBt ct rfeMt pascBeTOUt, n o oHt 6yaeTt cayaKBTB Bt atKOTOpoxt po.it rapaHTieft (kuBmefl oGjVMaHHocTH h SoJbinaro cnoKoftcTBia, noTpe<5- HHXt aah napoABUxt npeacTaBBTeieS Bt bhav naxnocTH npeiCToa- maro aut ro.iocoBaaia. CxtAOBaTeatao, btoS utpofi aaat Gi.i aocnpe- maBTCH tojibko tiucTpua ptmeHifl; no OHa aa Bt aanout cxyaat ae HOxeTt cxyxHTb rapaHiieio OojiLmefi ofi.iyxaiiHOCTH a cboroSctiub. ,Ja a t TOMy xe npyccEHXt AenyTaTOBt TpyAHO yupeica-n. Bt E&Koft to ceaohhocth Et yBxereHiHHt, TiKt AOCTynauxt, nanp., <J)paauysaMt; atinm—cKopte .noah ynopaue, ocTammieca BtpHUuu past npaaa- TOMy. TaEHMt o6pa30Mt OTcpoiKa Bt 21 aohb, o6asaTeAi.naH npa nepe- CMOTpi EOHCTHTyaia, HejocTaraeit h4ah h He uateTt, cjtAOBaTeAi>ao, BHEaaoro sHaieBia, it 6 acno bhabo aat toto, hto, HecaoTpa aa axy MHHMyio rapaaTio, npyccaaa KOBCTHTynia ct 1848 roAa HcniiTaja He Maao nepeA*AOEt a npHToat secbiaa cymecTBeHHhixx. HTaKt, roBopa oooGino. uoxno cEasaTL, tto nocTaHOBjieHia o pe- 8H3ia aBxamTca oco(5HHt cnocoCout ofiesneneHia ch.isj KoacTHTypioH- Haro aKia. 9to saBtiaHie, Bnpoaeut, Coate sacaeTca ^opuaAtaaro SHaieHia TaKoro sets.

15 B) Ifpucaxa u omeibmcmeeHHOcmb Munucmpon- IV. ycTaHOBJieHie ocoOeHHaro uopa^Ka peBH3ia KOHCTHTyniHHM'fceTB ivkano orpaHuuiTL boshohehoctb cjthhibohb JierKHXB ea H.iM'fineHiii uaKB yipeAHTexbHOio, tskb h o6£ibhob@hhob) aaxoHOAaTejibHon BaacTbn. Ho KOHCTHTyuia woacen. 6htb' Hapyrnena a 6e3t upoHSBO.itBaro ea H3xtneHia. Ilajiaxu jjoryiB BOTHposaTb HeKOHCTHTyuioHHbifl 3anoHB; ncno.iHBTejii.Haa BjacTB cbohmh o6bihmh pacaopaKeniauH h HacTHUMH uipaua aoaerb cAt.-iaTB npaapaiHUMH bcS KOHCTHTyuiOHHHH rapaHTiu. HoBTOvy BonpocB o6b oCeaneueHiu cu.m aoHCTHTyiiioHnuxB aocTaao- BaeHia otb npoHBBOJia BJi&cTOfi asaaeTCa oahhmb jkib BaatH'fiflnraXB BoupocoBt rocyaapcTBCHHaro ripana. Ho bb tomb MoryTB cocToaTB 9th rapaHTia? CnpaBOA-iBBo roaopHTB upoipeccopT. rapeHct, tto ayiraia rapaHTiu KOHCTHTjuionuuxT. nopMT. hc HaxoflflTCH bb ofijacTH iipana: npeat.ie Bcero uecTHaa a aHeprauecsaa bom r.iaBU rocyxapcTBa TBepAOctohtl na ochobbxb rocvaapcTBeHHaro ycTpoflcma, sarhuB HpaucTBeuuoe co- SHame a hjbctbo ao.ira, chocoOhuh noAiHHHTi. jHinue HHTepecu Tpe- (SOBaHiaMB oCuihMB—naTpiOTH3MB BCtXB *). Ho, BO-nepBHXB, 9th BucoKia TyBCTBa ofipasysuca uojb BjiameaB AOarOH UpBBBl'IKB BB riO.lHTHTecKOfi JKH3BH H HC MOrj'TB B03HHBHVTB BipyrB, BC.rii.iB sa bbcachigub KOHCTUTypioHHHXB yipea^eHifl. Bo-bto- puxB, 3th uyBCTBa uB-iaBTca BaatHUMH, iiepB’feflmBMu yc.iOBiaMH npeAOxpaHeHia o6maio cmpon KOHCTHTynioHHUXB yipoataenifi otb ro- cyAapcTBOHHUXB nepesopoTOBB hah otb bbho dpohsboabhhxb aapy- mcHiA KOHCTHTyniH. Ho 8aB0H0AaieaBHaa h ncnojniHTe.ii.Haa B.iacTB MorvTB BnacTb bb necoraacie cb EOHCTHTynieiD bb OTif.abHUXBMipaxB, paa6opB KOTopuxB ae Bcerja AOCTyneHB uyecmimm h npoTHBOjtfl- CTBie BOTOpUHB B03H01KH0 TOJIbBO Ha HOBut KpHAHteCKOB. CBepXB Toro, caHua Bucosia qyBCTBa HyxAanTca bb npaBHJBHuxB htthib a m hxb BbipaaceHia h a$Bctbui. Bb cpeAHie Biaa h bo speMeHa coc.iob- naro npeACTaBHTe.rbcTBa He 6uxo HeAOCTaTEabb npaBocosHaHia h ujb- cTirfc naTpioTHBMa, ho, CaaroAapa OTcyTCTBiw BupaOoxaHHHXB npa- AHiecBHXB (popHB, nprtBa h npabexeriu hhhobb oxpaHa.iacb npaBOHB soscmoKia, T.-e. tebhmb cpeACTBOMB, EOTopoMy ae aojijkho CuTb irt- CTa bb npanoHipHOMB rocyAapcTBi. KoncTHTyuioHUbia yienia npeA- ') Mapnaapjaein., Handbvch des Offentlichm Iter.hts, I, crp. 92. naTeraaeciB, ho b» ooeoirt atpuo, Baiuajo yipeiHreimoe ijipaBiysoaoo cofipa- Hie 1789—1791: nco6paHie EBipaeri xpauenie KOHCTHTyniH ^asOHOjare^bUOMy co- 6pam», lopoji) H cyjbHHi, CjHTeitHOCTH othobi ceaeUcTBi, itetiam h Marepaai, opHBHsaHHocTHHOJOjHxx rpaixaHi h MyaecTBy Bcixi itpanny30Bi“. BoaswiHie »to

cntBMim. ofimee crpeHJeaie aafiTH lupajHiecKie cuocoCh orpaatAeaia OCHOBHUXB 88B0B0BB OTB B03M0KHHXB HXB Hapynl6Hi8. TasviMH ciiocoOaan SBXSDTca: 1. Upucaui, npaaocHMaa rocyaapcTBCHUUMH B.jacTHHHh&co6.TK>Aeme B'ltpHOCTH KOHCTHTynia, Bx Aarxia, apa arcyTCTBia diopxaAbHaro pasJHiia neaay ochob- uumh a ofiuKHOBenauaa saaoHaua, KopoaeBCBaa apacara coAepaarB bx cefrb o6imauie: „ynpaiuaTb aapoAOMB SToro KopoaeBorna no H3Aaa- hukb aapjiaaeaTOMB cmamymam, a ranine ao jaKOtui.m a offmacuuib STofi CTpaau“. Ofitnaaie cofixioAaTi. 3aBOHU, KOTopue, no anaiem® bxb bb aHr.iiitcKOMx npairk, MOryTB 6htb aa3BaBU ochobbuhh, coxep- saTca bb bto8 o6u(e8 (Jiopayai; ocofiaro oCimaaia aa BtpaocTb koh- CTHTynia aaoificBaa $opMyaa ae coAepaan. noAOfiaoe cb Aarxiei) aaaaeaie rntieTB apacara bb Bearpia, koh- CTHTynia KOTopofi, no CBoeay acTopaaecKouy upoHcxostAeaito a xapan- Tepy, npeACTaBxaeTB aaoro cxoAHaro cb Aaraieio. Bb cu y BeHrepcnoi KOBCTHTyaia, BopoaoBaaiio Kopoaa (co BpeKeaa AHApea I I a ero 3o- jo io fl SyjAH, 1222 r.) Aoxaao npeAmecTBOBaib asrOTOBAeaie a aoAna- caaie tbkb aa3UBaoMaro aopoHanionnaro u.iu aoATBepAHTeaxaaro hi- ■iiAOMa, bb KoeaB cOAepaaTca noATBep*seaie ochobhhxb sskohobb a BonaocTeS cTpaau. 3artsix, aocAi oCpiua BopoHania, hobuS nopoAx BceaapoAao npaaocaTB apacary, no ijiopayAi, MTaeaofl apauacovB. Ofthmanie icacaeTca cofijnoAeaiii ochobhhxb sanoHOBX a yopasjeHia ko 6.iary c’rpaau a coraacao cb 3aKouauH1). HanpoTBBB, bb APyrHXB rocyAapcTBaxB ((wpayAa apacara 3aKJiiD- aaeTB bb ce6t o6imaaie coSadabth KOHcmumynm a sokomm; bb hhuxb noc-iiAHee noApasyatBaeica caao co6od h bb (Jopayai npacarH yao- MHaaerca tojbko o BtpeocTH Koucmumywu. Ilpacara npaHOcarca: 1) MoaapxoMB (hjui, bb pecuyfijHnaxx, npe- shabbtomb); 2) bb hehxb rocyAapcTBaxx ueHaHH aaaaTB; 3) cay- sam.aaa. a) MoHapxB AaeTX.TppsecTBeaaoe o(itname ynpaBxaTi. cTpaaon, coraacao ea KOHcrirrynia, apa ®Boeift'BCTynAeHiH Ha npecrojx. 3t» oCinaaie Aaerca hah fcx (Jiojfcefc dptaeara, npaHocaaoB bb cofipaoia aaaaTB, hah HHoro TppsecTBeHaaro' yAOCTOBtpeaia. a. Ilpacara bb apacyrcrBiH aajaTB apaHocHTca bb Ilpyccia, ABCrpiH, HTaxia, Hcnaaia a bb HtitoTopHXB APyraxB CTpaaaxB. Ho apyccaof KOHCTHTypia (ct. 54) „nopoAf>, BB npacyicTBia coeiaHeHauxB naaaTB, npaaocaTB apacary (das eidliche Gelobnisa) cofi.iBAaTx TBepAO a He^ aapyaiaao KoaeTHTyniio aopoAeBCTBa a yopaB.MTb coraacHO cb He® a ') Ck. A.v.Virozsil, DosStaatsrecM desKdnigreichs Ungam,l, cip. 806—326.

17 cb aaKOHOHH CTpaiiu\". UojoGiian ae $opnyxa yCTaHOBjeHa KoacTHTy- uiaMH ancTpjflcKOK)'), fiexBriflcKOio <ct. 80), BOpaeacKOKi (ct. 9), nop- TvraabCKOH) (ct. 76), HHjepjiaHacKoi) (ct. 51). Bb HTaaia Kopojrt, bb npHcyTCTBiH aaxaiB, npaaocaTB apacary bb coSxnAeaiH cmamyma, T.-e. KOHCTllTyBlH (ct. 22). p. Jpyria ijfiopHH TopaecTBennaro oOinama ycTaHOBxanTca koh- CTHTynjflMH ;(ailin H lltKOTOpUX’L cpeXHHXB H M6.IKHX-L HilMenKUXB rocy^apcTBB. TaKB, ct. 7 xaicsoB KUBCTUTynjH nocTaHOB.weTB, ito ko- po.ib, npexB BCTyuacuieHB na npecTOXB, npaaocHTB niicr,«ennyio npn- cary bb rocyjapcTBeHHOHB cOBirt. 3totb aKTB usroTOBxaeTCH a uox- y nacHBacrca bb XByXB BKseanxapaxB, H3B kohxb ojhhb nepejaeTca - bb pnrcj,arB xxa xpaHeHia bb ero apXHBaXB, a xpyrofi xpaHUTca bb ~o6iu,hxb apxaBaxB KopoxcBCTBa. Cxoxhhh tjiopuu ycTaaoBxeHH bb Ba- BapiHJ). IIo BapTeafieprcsofi KOHCTHTynia upacara 3aHliuaeTca Topace- CTaeHnuMB o6imameMB caxon Kopo.icBcuaro cxoBa (ct. 10 a 14). IlojoOnua ace nocTaHOBaenia cojepacaTca bb KOHCTHTypia caiccoHCKofi, recceHB-aapMDiTa*TCK08, caaceuB-BeflaapcKoft a HtxoTopHXB xpyraxB *). y. Bb aeaB coctohtb nocx&xcTBia BenpaaeceaiH sopoaeMB osaa- bchhoS npacara? Boxbbihhctbo eBponeftcBBXB KOHCTHTyuift yacaxiaBaeTB o6b btomb npeAMeii. Upacara HMieTB 6ox4e HpaBCTBCHHoe,- t6mb DpnjHiecKoe 3HaneHie; bo SHaneme upaBCTBeaHoe hhcto-ibko Baacao, nxo ejBa ah Hoacuo oxuAHTb otb noHapxa OTKasa otb npacara, 6esB annaro HaMipeaia HapymuTb KoncTHTypiB) h conepmtiTi. rocyjapcxBea- hh0 uepeBopoxB, a ofiaapyaceHie vaaoro aair&peHin moxotb bm$tb Becbua cepbeBBua nocxiflCTBia. Vine o ja n $aBTB nenpHHecenia mo- aapxoHB npacara ecTb Hapymeme KOHCTarynia, a 11a naxaxaxB xesHTB npuMaa oCaaaauocTi, co^liftcTBOBaxL BHnoxHeHiio btoto otipHAa. Koa- cTHTypia ae yKasHBaroiB, OAHaao, Kasaaa nyTaaa naxain aoryn, xo- cTarayTt 9toS plum. IIo M yxbne, noiofiHHfi C-iyaaS aBxaeica ocHOBaHieMB npHBjteib kb 0TB$TCTBeHH0CTHMUHucmpon, ecxa nocjif.jnie BBHOBaTBi bb pfoneBii MOHapxa He npauocHTb npacara hah bb Heacnox- aeuia BToro o6paja no He6peataocTH. HiaoxopiiH-KOHCTHTynia npa- xaiOTB, BoponeaB, H3B4cTH<le\\$«ij»u«&oeauanenit^piiciiti. TaKB, 6exb- riftcKaa KOHCTarynia ((jr. 4*6 £G$on ryeaifle npacarH ae. MoaceTB botyuhtbV t, YimamaHie rocYxajicranMT,: BBjppioxB Bpe- _______________ . MHTaniHkifl nan ■) Och. iu. 21 xen. 1867 roflCCl. g. ... \") Eohct. I'a. X, ct. 1. npacara npanocHrca byTop*ecTBerton» co6pania mbdr- crpon, rocyxapCTlWHnaro corlia a xenyiania on. aaHjTara. npa^Rceaie npacara yxocTOBtpaeica nporoxoion; uocitjnia OTJweica na xpaneaie BY racv'»\"'-TBeaj»l® *) Cm. H. Schulze, Lehrbuch tiesdeutschcn Staatsrechts, I. cm'Xb>aciix.; Georg Meyer, Lehrbvch des deuischen Staatsrechts, crp. 202.

18 — Mean uemij kohihhobj npeatHaro Kopoja a npaneceHieMB npacara hobumb, rocyjapcTBO vupaBjacTcn cobIitomb muhhctpobb hoab uxb OTBiTCTBeHHOCTBK). IIO.IOCHHH 26 UOCTaHOBAClliA COAep2 aTC« Kb ni- aoTopHX’b HtMenBaxi. KOHCTHTyniaxB, aaKOBU Kofiypri-roTcaaa (ct. 159) a o.iuendyprcaaa(ct. 197). JaTcaaa aoacTBTyuia nociaaoBxaerB npaO.iu- SBTejBHO TO2 e, BO CB TfcUB paSAHlieUB, BTO EopOJIL HeMej.ieHHO ao- nycsaeTca es ynpaBxeBiio, ecaa obb upaaeci npacary bb aaaecTBi HacaiAHHKa npecroxa. KocBeHaoe noOyiEAeaie a t npuaeceaiB Eopo- acmb apacara coAopmarca Taaate be HKjep.iaHACKoft KoacTHTynia, ko- Topaa nocTaaoBaaeT-b, tto npoB03raameaie (inauguration) ero Kopo.ieuB coBepmaeTca naaaTaun nocxli coBepmeaia BToro oOpaja bb bxb npa- cyrciBia (ct. 51 h 52). IXpOBBAOBTl. CtB.-AMCp. C06A- DlTaTOBB, npe2A6 BCTVDJieHia BB aO.ijkhoctb, ofiasaaB apacaravTB ana jutb oOtmaHie no abjijmnfit $opnyj£: „JI Top«ecTBenao KAaaycL (bab oCtinanci.) irfepHO acnojaaTi. AOXkhoctb npe3HjeHTa CoexaneHHHXB IRraTOBB a no M'lipt houxb cu.n. oxpaujiTi,, uojAepatauaTi, a aamumarh KoacTBTyitiio CoexBHeH- HHXB IIlTaT0BB“ (II, 1, CT. 8). niBeuuapcKaa (feAepamnaa KOHCTHTyiya 1874 roja ae ycTAHOBaacTB noxHTuaecEoa npacara. Ho oaa ipefiyeica otb rocyxapcTBeHBUXB aaa- CT68 B AOJT2HOCTBHXB .11111,7. KOBCTBTyniaHB B^EOTOpHXB OTAixBBHXB KUHTOHObB ‘). Bo $paan.iu noxaiaaecKaa npacara ondiuena bb 1870 roAy 5-ro ccHTafipaJ) xeKpeTOBB npeuenaaro npaBHTejbCTBa, aa apyrofl jeEt nocxi nepesopoTa, yaaTro2 BBmaro asraepiio Hanojieoaa HI. _J,eKpeTB saKaioTaxB bb ce6i jBa nocTaaoBaenia: BO-nepwjxB, ohb 0CB0<502AajB otb npacara aoasbocthhxb .iiihb, npacaraywnaxB aanepia; bo-btophxb, OHB noo6me 0Tu4aa.iT, noAummecteyto npacary. M*pa 8Ta Cuira neofixo- Aaaa bb Baay cymecTBOBaaiu bo $paania bIickojeko cbabhhxb a no eBoauBnpuatuinauB nenpauHpauiJXBnoxaTaiecEuxB napTifi. TpefioBaHie noABTaaecEoft npacara co3Aajo 6u uaoro aaTpyAaeHiS a m pecuyfiauKM, (taETBiecKH ycTaaoBHBmp.aca 4-ro ceaTa6pa. Otb a<m» hoctbhxb jbeb. bb caxy AOEpeia 11-ro ceBTa6pa 1870 roxa, Tpe6veTca npo^eocuma^mn npacara, bb ao6pocob4ctbomb OTnpan.ieaia aaa cbobxb ofiasaHaocTofl. Ho TpeooBame raitofi npacara ae pacnpocrpaHaeTca na aoakboctl npe- 3eAeaTa Decnvo.imiu

— 19 — 6) Kpoai npnearif, npmiocHMofl MOHapxoMB, HiaoTopua BOJicTHTyniif TpeOyiOTB npacarH u otb ijichobb naaaTB. Haafoiiie bojihnh ea $op- My.m HMiDTCa bt. KOHCTHTypiaxi* mipTOMfieprcKofi a CaBapcaofi '). Oaf, cojepataTB bt> ce6t, apoai oOiiijama joflpocoB'fecTHO acnoAHHTb 06a- aaimocTH aaeua naaaTB, Taase yxocTOBipeHie bb B-fepeocTH aopojiio a EoncTHTvipH. Haeau npyccaaro aan^Tara npaHOcaiB apacary bb rfp- HOCTH U IIOBHHOBeuiu KOpO.lB a K-TBUYTCH BB Ao6pOCOBl)CTHOMB HCnOA- aeaia EoacTHTynia (ct. 108). Taaoso ate uocTaaoBJieBie EOHCTBTynitt HTa.iLaucitofl (ct. 49), rpeaecKoft (ct. 64) a h!ie. *p. 2. Omenmcmaenuocmb Mutmcmpoei hsb BcixB ciiocoCobb o6e3ueaeHia KoacTHTyaia aBaaeTca Haafio.iie cymecxBCBHUBB. TaEB aaaB o6b btobb npeaaeTi 6yjieTB cEaaaao bb cbocmb x&ct£, bb cbh3b cb yaeaieMB o XHHBCTepCTBi, TO 3£tCb ,!(0CTaT0BH0 O.IHOrO VnOMHHaHia o6b btobb cnocofi'6. Ohb HBaaeTca BajKHtBmHMB opyxieaB bb pysaxB nriAamt cjepataBaTB acnoaaaTeaBHyi) bjmcti, bb npeji.iaXB KoHcTMTyniu a 3aS0H0BB. O T A ^ jT B B T O PO H . IIocTaH O BJieH ia o a M H o fl h oS m ecTBeH H ofi c b o 6 o h ®. rJIABA I. 3 habehie a bpohcxosjehie btbxb boctabobjehiS. I. 1'xaBHaa aepTa KOHCTHTynioHeuxB rocyaapcTBB ecrt orpaHaaeme cyuMu npaBB rocyjapcTBeHHofl B.iacTH no OTiiomeuiio eb ynpaiuaeMUMt. 9to orpaHaaeHie aoxaeTca bb Begt npoBosrjanteaia cyuuu jiuruuxt, a ofiinecTBCHHUXB npaBB rpaacxaHB. C.ii£OBaTe.ibBO, jjia ypasyaiaia EOHCTHTyniOHHaro cTpoa, upezje Bcero nyacBo bmIitb bb Baity ochobhhh npaBa rpajKjaBB, to, aio HtMuu o6o3BaaaiOTB cjobomb Grundrechte. Ho cnpamHBaeTca, noieay bb KOHCTHTynioaHblB ektb noaiunaiOTCH nocTaaoBjeuia oCb stbxb npaBaxB? .H.ia yacHeHia 9TOro HyaiBo o(5pa- THTb BHHMaHie Ha JBOaKVKpoab 9TBXB BOCTaHOB-ieHiS a ^BOEEyiO B^-llb, EOTopoS ohb iOcraraiOTB. Haenno, BO-nepRHXT>ona npcauesccro o6o3ne- aiiBaiOTBjJia rpaatjans csofioay -laiaoii aiaTeabHOCTH, HanpaB.iennoii Ha t. 25.

20 yiOBJieTBopeHie .iHinaro HHTepeca. Tasx, ecu nocTaaoBjeaie eohcth- Tyuiouuaro aKTa npoBOSi'jamaeTx, nanp., CB06osy npoMHCXOBX, to sto -paBHocHJibuo orcyTCTBiD MOHOno.iiS, pasnuxx upHBHjierift, HSAHmaeft perxaMCHTauiH a t. a TasHHX o6pasoH%, sto nocTaaoBAeHie HM’Serx bx bhjy oCesneTHTb .maHue HHTepecu. Ho bx to ate npeMH Bci uo- jo6hub nocTaBOB-ieHia, BO-BTopuxx, o6esneaHBa»Ti Taax hah imane cpej- CTBa yqacTia rpaajaHx bx vupaBjioHia. Tasx, nanp., CBOfiojy neiaTH itoiKHo pascHaTpuBaTB keex Heofixoimioe yc.iOBie aah 6eaapeuaTCTBeH- Haro pasBUTia a pacnpocipanenia ajeii, OTBpuTifi, pasHbixx npaKxaj- nuxx 3HaHifi h np. CxiflOBaTeaiHO, CBoCoaa nenaTH MoateTx uhtx paacuaTpuBaeaa ebex oaho H3X opyaifi ofimecmouHaro o<5pa30Bama. Tasx, Meatay npoiHHX, cmotphtx aa Hee JL (JioHX-IIlTeSHX. Ho bx to xe Bpeaa CBOfioaa nenaTH Hute-rx sHaieme a iiojh- TuaecEaro npaBa; ee hohcho paacuaTpHnaTB ebex (J)opMy yaacTia o6ne- cTBa bx ynpaRjeniH b Boo6me bx rocyaapcTBOHHHXX aiaaxx. Bx stomx cMHcai CBoCoja ncaam bctx aaKx 6u jono.raeHie kx cymecTByoinHMX iro.iBTH'iecKHMi, npaBaax i-paacAaax. Bx oaaaTaxx, KaEX hsbIictho, 3ac&aBiOTX aeny*ara bx KanecTBi napoanuxx upeacTaBHTeaeS, a, Kaxx TaEOBUe, ohb cvtb yaaciHHKH BaacTH. Ho ae Bcfc Moryx-t Cuts TaKHMH yaacTHEKauK' aaTistx, h bx cpeai A'kScTBHTexbnuxx yaacTim- kobx, paaoax cx nap.ianeHTCKn«x 6o.ixmHHCTBOax, (5e3ycaoBHO hbto- pHTeTBHMX BO BCtxX BOBpOCaXX, CTOBTX MeHblHHHCTBO, npeACTa- B.iKDB;ee coBOKynaocTB cbohxx HHTepecoBX. CaiaoBaTeaxHO, npa TaKoax noaoaeHiH, eaHHCTBeBHufi nyix Baiaaia Ha xoax rocyAapcTBeH- hhxx At-ix, ocTammiftca bx pysaxx saKx ahhx, bobco He aorymaix yiacTBOBaTL bx ynpaBjeHiH, thkx h rfixx npeACTaBHTe.ieii uapoA- huxx, KOTopue oKaavTca bx iieHXinaHCTBt, saKJnoTaeTca bx ynoipe- CaeHiH neiaTHaro CAOBa, bx ycTpoficTBi co6parifi, jxhthhtobx h np., TAKX BTO CBOfiOAa HeiaTH BX 8TOMX CjyTai HBAH6TCH KSKX fitl IIOAHTH- aecKaux npaBOHx. H nan6o.ii.mee 3Haneaie HMteTx ohe bx KOHCTHiy- nioHHUxx rocyAapcTBaxx, ta* Boo6me npH3HaexcH u AonycKaeTca yra- CTie rpaatAaHx bx rocyAapcTBOHHHxx xkiaxx, bt6 h c.iyjKitTX r.iaBHUMx H OT.lHBHTeAbHHMX HpH3HaKOBX 3THXX TOCyAapCTBX OTX ApyTHXX lf>OpMX npaiuiema. II. Bet npeAHAymia coofipaaceHin rAaBHHMx o6pa30HX hoeobtch Ha rfixx BHBOAaxx, kx KOTopuux BnepBue npameax ocHOBaTeab kohcth- TyniouHaro yaenia, MoHTecKbO. Ho ero bucah AeMoapaTia a apHero- Kparia Be cyrx cboSoahhh rocyAapcTBa iio cBoefi npapoxi; cBo6oAa cymecTsyexx TOAbEo bx rocyAapcTBaxx, ynoTpefiAHa ero Bupaaeaie, yMtpeaBHxx. HapoAOBAaerie ae HenpeaiHHOBeAeTx kx cboCoa*, h6o Ha- poAX, ofiAeneaHU# AecnoTanecKOK, baectle), npioSpfcraerx Ty iKe boshok- HOCTb COBepmaTb npOKSBOAbHUH AtSCTBiH, KEKX H ABSofi AeCHOTX. Cj*-

.SOBaTe.ibHO, no muc-ih MohtcckbC, ae bb tom x iio , bb rlhxb pynaxB HaXOAHTCB BXaCTb— BB pyKaXT. BCtXB, H'feKOTOpHX'B HJIH OABOrO,— a Kaax oiia opranH30Baaa h oficTaBxena. CymecTBeHHOft rapaHTiefi Bcixi BHAOBB CBOCOXK H 6e30BaCH0CTH rpaatjaHB MOHTeCKbe, KBEBB3B4CTHO, cm raen pasAiaeHie B*racTe8: 3aK0H0AaTejBH08, cyjefino# a bcboahh- TeABHOfi. MOSHO, KOBeiHO, CDOpHTb O UpaETHBBCKUXB pegyjj.TaTax’B K rOJHOCTH BTOft M*pH, T\"£mX He MeHie g$AB, SOTOpYB. HMi.lB MOHTeCKbg, samamaa HeofixojHuocTb pasjiAeHia B,iaCTe8, cOBepmeHHO acHa a He B036yjKjaere, coHH$Hi8. dry nisb npasHaBaxB Taaace u Kbhtb, tbkb tto to, n o MoHTecEte paayMi.iB boab gouvernement moddre, ItaHTB o6o3HaiajB HasBamem, pecay&MEH. CatAOBaxe-iBHo, o<5a ohb jaBajH tojbeo paaaaiaoe Ha3BaHie OAHOMy h Tony ate Tany rocyjapcTBa, xa- paHTepHufi npu3HaEB EOToparo saKXDHaxca bb h&ahhhocth paaiixenia BaacxeS. Ho pa3A&JeHie BJiacTeft,— m kb hotoub yacHH.iH AaJbHtfimie uocjtAOBaTe.iH KOHCTHTypioHuaro yqenia h, raaBHUiiBo6pa30HB, B. K oh- ctbhb,— ne npHBOAHTB kb t4 «b pesyjbTaTaaB, Ha EOTOpue yKa3UBa.TH MoBTecKte h Kami,, T.-e. eb jhbhoS rpaataaHCKOfi cBodoA’h. KoHCTaHB •CBHTaeTB raaBHUMB, cymecTBeHHUMB ycaoaieMB btoS cboCoah ne pa3- xi-ieHie B-iacTeg, a TBepaoe a tobhob oupejh.ieHie Bcefl coBOKynHOCTH npaBB, npHHaAae;saigHXB rocyiapcTBemioft B-iacTH. Bb bthxb bhabxb Kohct8hb KpHTHEyeTB TeopiB) HapOAOBaacTia Pycco, H3J0aeHHy» bb ero coiHHeHiH Du contrat social. Pycco, kerb hdhIictho, 6h.tb Teope- thkomb AeMOKpaTia. IIpa oficyacACma noApofinocTefl rocyAapcTBCHBaro ycTpoftcTBa, ohb, no npHiBHaitB cb ero tobkh apitHia Bectxa no- HaTHUMB, npoBOAHTB pasjaqie HeaAjr HOHaTiaaa souverainetd h gou­ vernement. Sonverain, EaKB ahho, oCaeqeHHOe cysiaoio BceBosuosHiiXB npaBB, no TeopiH Pycco, Bcerja oahhb— bto HapoAB; nosTOMy napoAB asiaeTca hctobhhkohb bchkoS B.iacTH. HpaBHTeabCTBO A*flciByeTB no ero nopyaenia), kbkb ero yuojHOMoqeHHhi8; njiacTb npaBHTexbCTBa Aexe- rupOBBBBOM. Ho TJTb XB.1X6TCHCYmeCTBeHHtJMBBOHpOCB: BTOate HHeHBO AOjateHB 6htb cyBepenoMB, u ebbobb ofiBemi ero babcth? Paspimaa btotb BonpocB, Pycco ciHTaeTB cyBepeHHTeTB He ctoabbo npHHaAJeat- hoctbio HapoAa, kbkb cobokvbhocth BciXB rpa»AaBB CTpaau, ckojlko npaHajaeatHOCTbi) oCmeS bojh, nOHarie o KOTOpofl ohb noApofiHO a cCcToaTeabHO paaBHBaeiB. Ho ero yaeHin, ofimaa boab noxyaaerca bb BHAi OCTaTEa H8B BBIBeTa paSHHXB BOJB, CBOHHB BBaHHHBIMB HpOTHBO- piaieiiB bbeb 6jj Heflxpaxn3yioniHXB ApyrB APjra. Bb peayxBTaTt xaioS apHOHeTHiecKofl bbieaeabh noxyaaeTca ofiigaa Boaa, aenpeirfenHo npecaiiyumaa yAOBAeTBOpesie ofiigaro HHTepeca. 9to8 oOmeB boa* Pycco npagaeTB KaiecTBa, rOABHa, bto6u hoabhhhtb ce6i Apyria boah, ocTaBmiaca, tbeb cKa3aTB, ae y a* as, a AOCTaBHTB o6mee fiAaronojyaie bc§ kb. 9ra boas bb cbohxb cy*AeHiaxB a npoaBaeHiaxB HenorpimaMa;

22 oua He HoateTt sa&nyatAaTbca. Ohh, cxtAOBaTeabHO, aenpeoAO-iHMa a HOTOMy He nysjaeTca hh bi KaKuxb onpeAtxeHiaxb, orpaBaqeHiaxb h aperpaxaxb. TaKinit o6pa3oab, Teopia Hapojuaro cyBepeHHTeTa cboahtch y Pycco- Kb Teopia aficoaoTHSHa. 9ia Teopia Ham.ia npHMiHeHie h, Tam, CKa- saTb, BonaoTHaacb b i khboK o6pa3b KOHCTHTynia 1793 ro^a. HcTopa- ■jecKie pe3yAbTaTU npaKTBiecKaro npHMtHema btoB teopia xopomo H3BicTHH. H noxoay HiTb HHiero yjmiHTe.iLnaro, hto, Hanp., KoHCTaHb npaMo coMH^BaeTca, npHuajaeasHTb ah ofimefi BO.it uca cy*na Bep- xoRHuxT* npaub? Hoax. BxiaHieab xaKoro coMHiHia, aB-iacica hoHutkh tomno oapexiuHTt o6bexb cyBepeHHTeTa. Ho aaa 3Toro, oiobhaho, HyatHo H3yinTt h onpeAtxHTb ero npapojy. Oaho aficTpaKTsoe npa- SHaHie €bo6oju, 6est onpeAfuema ea cojepsaHia, uocTaBieHHoe Ha paay cb HeorpaHHTeHHHMT* cyuepeunTeTOMb, Bb vi>bxt>6h pysaxb out. hh HaxoxHaca, He jaerB bo3mojbhocth apeABHAtTb, Kai;x noMaAflTb Mcaiay co6oio h EaEx pasMestyioTca sth aai ch.iu ... Opa tbkoB hohc- hocth h HeonpeAt-ieHaocTH mojkct-l cayiHTBca, tto bo ana cboCoau hah noat. aysaBUMb npHKpuTieMT. ea aaeHeax xMcTPHTeabHaa CBofioAa norafineTL. H npuMtpu TOMy HCTopia saiiecja lta cboh CTpasanu. TaKuub ofipaaouT,, KoHCTam,, Bam, bbahmt., ucKa.11. Mtpb bo3mojs- Huxb orpaHHieuifi nepxoBHoft B.iacTU a upuxoMT. nyxeab npa3HaHia npaBi jana: jihmhuxa, aaymecxBeHHHxx, peAuriosnuxb a np. R.muckh- saa cnoco6u orpaHBTeaia BAacTa, KoHCTam. npameax Kb hooOxoah- mocth npuanaxi, jhihhh npana. 3to apaaHame CTa.10 cb Ttxb nopb ofintHBi. Bb Teopia a iiOABopujocb TaK®e a Bb repaaaia. Tam. IJga- 4>eji.a MHorie apyrie, pascaaTpaBaa npuHOanurocyAapcTBeHHOfi babcth, npaxoAHTi. kb Toay saxABieHiio, mxo Qua He coctohti H3b sceS cobo- KynHocTU ueorpanHTeHHUxb upaBb. Ilo9TOMy rocyaapcTBeaHaa BAacib,. Bb Tbaxb Cu pyKaxb OHa hh naxOAH.iacb, He MOjueib fitiTb 6e3npe- AiabHa. Oua Ao.i»Ha Cbm. ogcxaBAesa orpaHaaeHiaMa ARoaKaro poaa: 1) orpaHHiemaMH, BUTeKaiomuMii a3b npHpoAii Bemei}, a 2) t4mh, ko- TopHa Bb TOMb HAH Apyrous pa3Mf.pt, Bb TO0 hah jpyroft $opat BH- TeKaiOTb H3b npeAuacaHifl uOAOKHTe-UHaro saKOHa. OrpaHaaeBia no- catAHaro poAa, KaKb mu cKasaaa Bbime, paBHocH.ibiiu npasuaHiio yc.!OBifi ofie3neieHia npaBa ahHa Ha CeaoaacHOCTb a fi.iarococToaHie. ' 06ocHOB8Bie BTHXb noAOaceaifi (faKTHMecKHMb aaTepiaaoMb mu npei- CTaBHMb Base. III. DocTanoB-ieHia 0npaBaxb .iHHHofi a o6n;ecTBenHofi cbo6oau CJOSHAHCb B BAiaaieMb acTopaqecKaro onuTa, nyTeMb OMnupaTe- cKuMb, noBTOxy HOryTb 6utl npHBeAeHU .tanib bo BHtmHBio ch- CTeMy. OCmaro naua.ia BCJiACTBie apasHaTb ae MoateTb 6htb yKasaHO. Heab3a, npasuAbHUMb MetoAb, npuHaTua .Jipan-

23 By3CKHMT. HanionairtHUMT. co6panienb 1789 roja, npoB03rjacnBmHin, ecmecmeeHHttx npaea ne-iOBiKa h rpaataaHHiia. HanioHaatHoe co6pauie iipuHji.To sa oCpasem jB i fitramla no t-6xl nopt, .leKjapapiii: 1) an- raifiCEyo 1689 ro*a h 2) axepmiaHCKyio 1774 roja. Ho cocTaBRTe.ra sthxl jeKJiapan,iR man coBepmenno hhuxh nyTHMH. JeK.iajiauia 1689 ro^a nocTaBJiena HanoBBy hctophtcckhxl npaBb, npiofipliTcnHuxi. aHndficKEMi napoAOML h iiap.iaMeiiTOMb bl Toneme Bcero xo*a hxl HCTopHiecsaro pasBHTia.- Bl Hefi uepeiHC-iaioTCH t4 n.ioynoTpeC.ieHiH, bi> KOTopuxr. oCbhhhjih npaBHTe.itCTBO IaKOBa II, ysasuBaDTca nocTanoBjema anrjriflcKaro npaoa, upoTHBL EOTopuxb ohl norpiiUH.Ti,, a Hasonenx npoBOsraamaiDTCH hah uoAXBepsAaiDTCa tI. npaBa, HOTopua 6hjihnpn3HaHEt sa anr.ii8cKH>ibHapoiOMb yate npeiEHHHH sasOHaxH. AMcpHKaHCEaa AeB-iapania 1774 ro&a CJOatH.iacb npH ApyroiXL oOcTOMTC.iLCTBaxx. Om noc-riuoBajia HaKaHyHi paapuna cl AHT.iieft II SBHjaCb, 'I’aKHM'J. 06pa3OHL, aKTOML peBOJIBmiOHHHML IIO OTHOmeHlID El MeTponoAiH. IIoBTosiy HiEOTopue ueau KOHrpecca npeAaara.ra 060- CHOBaiB ee npHHnHnaMH eciecTBeHHaro npaoa, bocthbubl hxl BHnie ucTopHHecKHXT, upain. h nHcamiaro saKOHa. Ho 6oAbmuHCTBO ubhobl KOHrpecca He Tepaxo eme HajestAti Ha mpHoe piimeHie pacnpn cl Ani'jieS. Bom. uoiexy B03o6Aa,tajio Apyroe imiHie, npe^josesHoe CaMVii-ioML Aasmcoml, cocjaTbca Ha cboh npaBa Kant anrxiflcKHXb DOXiaHHHXt a ysasaTb, too aarjiSeKiS napjaxeHTL napyrnH.iL toh npaBa, npooo3rjaincHHua bl 1689 r. Tbkhml ofipaaoML, bl Aeitjapariiii 1774 roja nMrberca jamb ofimaa ccbuKa Ha ecTecTBeHHOe npaBO, 3a- T i»L cchjieh aa o6m.ee anrjdRcEoe npaBO h na □pestHie cTaTym. JteK.iapania 1789 roxa iiwlija n*jrbio upothboctsbhtl hctophhc- ckomt npaBy, Koxopoe tsel aacro npestje aapyrnasoco, npaBOecTecTBen- Hoe. 9th.hl o6lhchhdtch nepouu c.iobb BBexeHia, npej.uoc.iaHHaro xeKja- pauiu: „upe,iCTaiiHTe.ii! i|>paHny3CKaro napoAa“, tobophtl oho, nnpnHH- Maa bo BHHHaHie, too 3a6eeHie hah npespime npaBL ne.ioRtKa cyib CAHHCTBennua npHiHHH o6mecTBeHHUXL HecaacTifi h nopaii npaBHTexb- CTBL, pimHAHCb H8X0»HTb BL TOpSteCTBeHHOHL 06bHBjieniz eCTeCl'BeH- Hua, HeoTHyatAaeMBia h CBHineHHua npaBa nexoBiKa\" h t. a. Ho bl canoHL BbinoAHemn SToro naMipenia ohh He uoraH ocTaBaroca no- C.lIiJOBaTeAbHUMH, T3KL KEEL CEMHfl BOnpOCL 0 npaBaXL MOTL R03HHK- HyTL rami. HCTopHiecKH, nyienL onuTa. EcTecTBOHHUMH, HeoTHyatxae- mlimh npasaMH 6u .ih npH3Hanu, no cTBTbt 2 jeEaapanjH, cai^yuniia: cooSoAa, co6cTB6HnocTb, fienonacHOCTL h conpoTHBjenie iiacaxiBD. OcTaab- huh npaea, BupaateHuua bl ApyrnxL cTaTbaxL, hb.i(iiotch npauuMH nocAtjcTBiaHH iiCTopHiecBofi SCH3HH Hapoja. Tbel, CBortoxa neiaTH yaoB-ieTBopaers noTpe6nocraHL .mmi, pa3BHToro 06mecTBa.

24 — yMCTseBRuS Tpyax pasBHTX, rx t bx o6ninrfe HjeS bhahtx 6-iaro, Tastx TO-TbKO H MoseTt 3aSra piqb o CBoCoxt neTOTH. Totho TaKT. ate, ecaa 6h, HanpHMipx, bx cpeAnen'feKOBOHX ofimecTBi saroBopaaH o cbo- 6ofli cob^cth, to Haccii, pasAhaaBiuia ox T i Bpeueaa b3MHax mto- aaaecKOft nepKBH Ha btotx npexMeTX, npH3Haau 6h casiyio mhcal o TaKofi cBofioxt sa epecb. CBofoxa npoHHcaoBx to ate He HM$aa Cu cwacaa bx cpeAHie B’faa, KorAa net npoMHCaH 6naH HOHouoaasHpoBaHti. IJe- soBoe ycTpoficTBO 6h.to ycaoBioux paSBHTia, cpeACTBOMX naauMuoi) 3a- jKuth h noAnaiia HpancTBCHnaro yponna t.tohobx nexoBofl itopuopania. TaEHMX o6pa30Mx, Bet uo'ith upaBa, upon03raaiueiimja ABKJiapa- niefi, 6hxh pesyatTaTOMx nouuxx, HCTopaqecKH cjoatneinnxcn noTpefi- HocTefi, a BOBce He BHTeitaJra H3X ecTecTBeanijxx npaBX TeaoBtKa. EcTecTBeHHHa npaBa upeAnoaara»TX ecxecTBeHHoe cocToame, bx ko- Topovx 6yATO 6h HaxoAHaca qenoBiKx, ho bx HCTopiH hh Taaoro ecTecTBeHHaro cocToania He HaxoABux. HanpoTHBx, TeaoBtnecTBO amnx UOCTeneHHO BHXOAHTX H3X 3aii«CHM0CTH HpaficTBa. KOTOpua HU BCTpt- aaeax bx naqa-ri ero HCTopHiecKOfi jkhshh. TJIABA II. UoOTAHOBAEHIH 0 AHTHOfi CBOBOA®- I. IlepBHaa U3X npaBX, upoBOsraamaeuuxx ochobhuxh 'jiikohiimh, aBaaioTca opana aanHua; cK>Aa OTHoeaTca npaBa .iuthoB cboGoan a Apyria, ofiesneqnBawinia ee. Jlninaa cnofioAa, noHrmaeJiaa bx T’Iichoux cxbicait, ecTX 3aKOHHaa bosmoxhoctb qejiOBtica pacnopaataTnca co6ok> h bbohux TpyAoax a m AOCTaatenia cbobxx ntaeS h yAonjeTBopenia obokxx noTpefimcTefi. Ho btoOu Taitaa CBOfioAa noraa <5htb ocymecT- BaeHa, HeofixoAHao, tto6u jHinocTL 6uja caaa no ce6i nenpnKocHO- BeHHa, r.-e. o<5e3neqeua otx BHimnaro nacaaia. HenpHEocnosenoCTB aannocTH npejno.iaraerL: 1) oSesneqeHie sasAaro otx Hacajiia APy- rHxx qacTHHxx aanx; Tasoe o6e3neqeme 6epeTx Ha ce6a rocyAapcmo h ocymecTBaaerx ero nocpeACTBOMX yrojioBHuxx 3aKOHOBx h nojraneit- CKofi AtaTeaxHOCTH; 2) orpa»Aeme xhthocth otx npoHSBoabHHxx a^S- CTBifi caMoro npaBmeabCTBa. Bx nopBOMX OTnomeHin mojbbo fioaycAOBBo TpeiSoBaTb, no6u .iniHocTb 6uxa orpastAena otx bcbkhxx npoH8no.ib- hbixx A'iScTnift co CTOponu Apywixx qacTnnxx ahux. Ho no otho- menia) kx rocyAapcTBy Taaoe CeaycxoBHoe Tpe6oB'ame neMucJiaMo. 06mecTB6RHaa CeaonacHOCTb Tpe($yeTx Hepj>AKO, htoGh rocyAapcTBO HHtxo npaBO AameHia cboSoau qacTHHXx annx, h(5o 6eax dtoto oho He homo 6h oxpanaTb Apyrnxx -ianx otx nacnxia a o6Mana. Bonpocx 3AtCb CBOAHTca kx Tony, npH kbrexx ycaoBiaxx h bx KaKoS (popat rocyAapcTBO noateTx anranTb qacTHaro qeaoBtKa ero cbo-

25 6oji.u . Heo6xoj.HMo, c.iiaoBaiejtHO, orpagHTt jhihoctb j httix otx npo- usaoAtHbum jiScTBifi rocyiapoTBa. OTCDga BOsaaRaerx Honpocx: Basin g-feficTBia goxsHO npn3Han. npo- U3B0.ILBHMH, U I , CX gpyrO# CTOpOHH: Dpa KaKHXT. yCJIOBlHXX ieno- 11'IlKX MOJKCTX 6UTL XHBieHT. CBOHXX npaRX. YcnOBia 3TH Onpeit-THHITCH r tir i, bto DOBOgoMX st, .THmcHiK) npaBi, BB.iaeTca -ihiiii, coBepraenie aiicTBia, Hapyrnanmaro KopeaHua vcaOBia ofimestHiia, T.-e. npecTV- ujeHia. Ho Mipa goSBoxennaro h aeg03BOJieHHaro goxntHa 6utb onpe- gf.xeHa a ycTanoB.ieaa gga bc6xx ogHHaKOBO. TaKon ofimeio Hopxon aB.iaeTca yroaOBHuS sasoax. IIobtomy, bx KaagoMX OTgluii.HOMX ro- cygapcTBi, cx totkh spiaia ero no.ioatiiTe.ii.Haro opaBa, apecTya-re- nie onpejiaaeTca saax gf>nHie, uocnpemenaoe 3&kohoxx nogx CTpa- xomx uaKauaHia (Nullum crimen sine lege). UpHaiiHesie oOiparo sa- KOHa kx aacTHOHy JHuy, cosepauumexy apecTynneHie, Tpe6yeix 4>op- xaaxuaro iiponecca, cocTaB.iaBiuaro npegxerx giaTeabHoc™ onpegi- -leHHUxx opraaoBX BpaBHTeaxcTBa, T.-e. cygoBX. TaKHMX odpasoxx, hhkto ae MoateTX Cutl gameax cbohxx apaBx aaaae, aaax aa npecTyujeaie no cygy. 9thhx nocTaHOBaeaiexx hckaio- laeica ycTaaoBxeaie ocoSeniiuxx opraaosx apaBOcygia, xfcScTByB- muxx Be Ha ocHOBaHia o6maxx saaoaoBX. Cygx go.mcnx 6htb apa- 8Baax egHHCTBeirnUHX KoxneTeHTHHxx opraaoHX npaBOcygia. OTCDga BUTeaaeTx gpyroe npaBH.io, hto hheto He HoaceTx 6htb h3Xhtx hhx Bi^ ia ia cbohxx ecTecTBeaHbixx cyx.eS. EcTecTaeaauKU cyg&HMH (juges naturels) Ha3biBaDTca T-h, EOTopue giflcTByioTx aa ocaoBaaia ofimaro apaBa bx gaaaoS oS.iacTH, bx npoTUBOnoJioamocTX cvgbsxx hckxbbh- TejibHUxx. Taxx, Hanpax'bpx, bx Aar-iia npa Tiogopaxx 6100 yipe- xjeHO cygnjHin;e, nojyiBBmee ocofieHayn h3b’&cthoctb npa CT»ap- Taxx—HH6HH0 3B i 3*Haa aaxaTa, a 3ai-tsix cygagame no gixa x x gyxOBBUMX (npOTHBX gHCCHgeHTOBX)— BlJCOEaa KOXHCCia. 9totx npaanuox BegeTx a kx gpyraMX nocxigcTBiaxx. 'ItoSu osHaaeHaaa (JopMy.ia uM'fe.ia npaKTHiecEoe 3Baaeuie, cygx goxatcHX 6htb oCctsb- .reHX h3b$cthhmh ipopuaxH, apa EOTopuxx nogcygaubiit Hxfe.ix 6h bo3moxhoct£ 3aniHmaTbcn. UpHTOxx, bch cygeoHaa BJiacTb no.maa 6utl npegocTaBaena cygefiauxx opraaaux bah, bo KpafiaeS x i p i , OTnpa- BAHTbCa BOgX HXX HagaOpOMX H OTB$TCTBeHHOCTXK>. Ho bx caxbrxx ycxo- Biaxx cygeCaoft g&iTexbBOCTa, apa h£Jh4ihhhxx i{iop.naxx cygoycrpoBcTBa a cygoapoR3BOACTBa (aesaBHcaxocTb cygefl, jcthoctb a MacHOCTx cygo- npoBSBOgcTBa), npegcTaBABBTca HageatHua rapaniia gga „thbx, coctoh- maxx nogx cygoxx. 3aTtxx cygx, apu cyge6Hoxx pasOapaTe.ibCTBl,, um'Iictx g igo cx onpegt.ieuHUMT, ahuomx h.ih upyroxx -max, oflo3Ha- bchhuxx b x oCBHBHTeAbHoax aKTi, Ha ocHOBaHia npegcTaB.ieanbixx npOTHBX HHXX y.THKX.

26 Bx apyria yc.iOBia nociaBjeHH opraHU, npoasBonamie npeiBapa- Te.itiioe c-itacTBie m o6a3aHHHe npeciicaTt npecTyuaenia. BaacTfc hex npocTapaeTca aa bc* xx ana's, npoTHBX KOTopuxx aoryn 6hts npeacTau-ieHU v.ihkh hah uo,i.o3pt,iiia. Bx racai sthxx opraHOBt hb- xojaTca, saas aana cyaefiHaro BijoMCTBa (c-itjoBaTe-it, iipoKypopx), Tans h ainoacTBa ajBHHHCTpaTitBHaro (cneniaatno hhhh nojania). H t* h apyria o6aeaeau upaiiosn. He to.ibko npOH3BO,iHTi> xtficTBia, Heo6xoaauHa SM pacRptma npecTyn-ienift a coxpaaeHia hxx C-iijoBX, ho h aaa upectaeBia noA03piBaeMHMX bo3Moxhocth yaaoHHTbca on. catjcToia a cyaa. Kx aacay bthxx Mips othocutch npaeo apeera,. KOTopoe Moxen caiaaTtca opyxieux Baxauxx 3aoynoTpe6aeaifl. npeaBapaTeatuoe aameme cboCoabi au.iaeTca M'tpofi npeciaeHia uoaosp^Baeuouy bx coucpnieiiiH npecTynaeaia bosmoxhocth CKpHTBca aaa yHanoxHTt catan apecTyaaeHia. Bx stomx CMUC.lt apecTX aa tcn SBOHeyd ifiopay: 1) npextapHTejitHoe aaaaioaeHie Ha ocHOBania pacuo- paae.Hia cyaa; 2) Bpeaeniioe saaepsanie, KOTopoe Moxen 6htx co- nepmaesto ne tojibko noJHneiicKHKH BaacTaaa, ho aaace qacTnuua aa- naMH; Taax, tacTHoe aai;o stouten aaxepxaiL npeCTyiiHHKa Ha MtcTt npecTynaeHia. BpeHeHnuS apecTX jib.ibctch .mint npitxaro'titofl ijtop- Mofi npeiBapHTeai.naro 3aKa»qeHia Boofime. RpexBapaTC.itHuft apecn, aaax uucmaa afcpa upecliieuia bo3mox- hocth yK.ioHenia o n cyaa, aoaseux 6utb ocHOBaHX Ha toihuxx aan- huxx. Jleuo, noaBepraeuoe apeciy, ao.ixho Curt HSBtiaeHO o Tixx HOTHBaxx, KOToptie kx 3Towy npHseaa. PacnopaaceHie aoaatro acxo- jhtb o n KostneTeHTHofi Baacra, xoTopaa a fiepen aa cefia otb* t- CTBeBHOCTt 3a Hero. Bx Taaofi tfiopsifc aameHie cbo6o,ih He hiuhbtch yrposott aaa CesonacHocra qacrHuxx jihux. ropa3ao Coatme Moryn rposaix eB npaBa BpoMeHHaro apeCTa, TBKX K8RX HXX Hejt3H OficTaBHTt T'f.MH (|)OpMajttHOCTaMH, KaKia MU bhahmx npa upe.TBapHTeatHOMt saEatoieHiit. Be* nipu, ROTopua ycTa- HaBauBaioTca npoxaBX npoaaBoatHuxx apecTOBX, hm* » tx oaHy n to : npHBecTH BcaKie hxx caytaa ex aeraatHHMX tfiopMaMx. BcsEoe .ihuo, 3anepsaHH0e e* mx jth6o. Moaten TpefioBaTb. hto6h ero npencTaBHia kx aaay cyxeCaaro st.^oacTBa, KOTopoe, nocat cyMstapHaro pa36opa jtaa, aaa ocBofioxnaen apecTOBaBHaro, aaa xe Cepen ero no*x CBO» 0TBtTCTBeHH0CTt. Kx lacay HOCTaBOBjeHift, aaEatoaaiontHXx bx ce6t rapaHTia 3Toro poaa, npaHaaaexan npexje Bcero asn, aaiiicT- hh9 hoax Ha:(Banieax Habeas Corpus a HBanmiflca paaBHTieax craTta 39 Magna Charta. Bx sto8 ct. 39 caasaao. <rro hhkto ne Moxen Curt apecroBaHx Haane, kbex no cyay ce6i paBauxx a co- rjacBO saKoaaax CTpaau. 3ra oCutaa .(sopayxa Bcrptnaxa sarpyjHe- ma aanpaETBKt a, nosrosty, xo.rro ae aaixa npaatHeHia; tojbko re-

27 — pasAo no3x e , bx 1679 r ., yjajoc t BtapafioTaTi aKTX, Bno-iHi cootiiIit- CTByiOlnift TpefiOBaniaMT. Af'SCTBHTeXtHOCTH. 1'aKHMX SRTOMX B <>U.1X aKTi. ofix habeas corpus. Habeas corpus ecTb y*asx, hcxoahuuS o n sopojeBCEaro cyja o upejcjftrelearn euy juaa, noABeprHyTaro npejBapHxe.ihBOMy apeciy. Hac.TOHiri.ee nasBaaie SToroaKTa bx 1679 r.: „Astx xsa jyimaro ofiesneueaia cboCoju mvuannuxx H aah upeiy- npexAenia saEAnaenia sa MopeMx\". CymaocTb BToro sets coctohtx bx tohx, ito bchrtoe ahho, aa^ep- staHHoe 6eax o6xacHeHia uphihhx, h BCBKifl jpyroft sa Hero aoweTX TpefioBaTi, npeACTaBjeuis ero cyAtli, obasaHHOiiy hoax CTpaxonx niTpaijra: 1) Aaw. ysa3x o npaBOAi apecroBaHHaro (habeas corpus); 2) norpe- (tOBaTt o&BHCHeHia npuiont apecTa, h 3) BOCTaHOBHTb onpexfueHie OTHOcuTejibHO AaJtutfiinofl ysacTH saKABieHnaro. Htsex, aa ocHOBama habeas corpus asTa, cvax HMiieTx bo3moje- HOCTB OCBoOOAUTb HeOCHOBaTOABHO 3aK.nOBCHHarO. Ho OH’S ae HMl.eTX B03MoatuocTH apeAyupeAHTL ae3aK0HHHXB apecTOBx. 9ra a-fc.ix aocth- raeTca Bpaiiosix hcke npoTHBX ahhx, npexuHcaBmuxx Tasie apecra, oco6eaao we hckomx o B03uarpaatAeaia 3a spexx h t6hteh (action of false imprisonment). Bx 8T0MX BHA* MipH npoTHBX up0H3B0AtHHXX apeCTOBX yCTSHO- Bjeabi h bx C. AaepHKi. Upoiia eBponeflcsia KOHCTHTyaia o6birhob6hboBocapoasBOAaTx apHH- nanx, npoB03rjraiaeHHHfi AeK-iapanie® npaBX 1789 (ct. 7), bto „hh oahhx sexoBhEx He MOjterx 6htb o6bhhchx, 3aiepaaHx hah 3aEAK>qeHx HHaae, kskx bx c.iysaaxx, yrcaaaHHbixx saEOHOHx a hmx ycTaaoBxeH- IIUMX n0pHAK0MXu. Ho, He roBopa o hsctuxx HapymeHiaxx stoto npaBH-ia bo 4>paH- nia, HeABsa CKasaTX, btoOh saRoan cooTB-brcTBOBaAB yKa3aHHtjsix Ha- aajajix aHraiftcKaro npasa. Bx ocooeHHOCTH bto aoawho crossix otho- CHTejxHO npaBa apecTa, Koioptifi bx (popiffc „BpesieuHaro saAepwaHia11 (uoAHne0cEifi apecTx) aejocTaToiHo onpejiAeax 3aE0HauH. nocTaHOBAeHia o ahbhoS c8o6oaD,’ ax co6ctb6Hhobtb chhca'6, aa- xoahtx Aono.ineBie bx apaBHAaxx o xoManineft ReupaKocaoBeHaocTH u TafiHh aacTHofi aepenacEa. II. Doax Hueaesix xOHauraeft peapaEOCHOBeHaocTH pasyniieTca apaBo He AonycEaTt bx CBoe aiH-ampe ahux, EOTopua dpoh3boabho hbhahcx 6h TyAa, 6e3x aparxaiaeHia u npoTHBX wejaHia xo3SHHa. OrHOCHTejBHO Apyraxx uacTiiuxx ahqx Tanaa HenpHKOcuonenuocTi, oOerjneaanaeTCH obmiiMB yro.ioBHUHH saKOHauH; no OTHomeHiio ex opraHaiix rocyAap- CTBeaHofl B.iacTH oHa sBAaeica ycAOBHOfl. Ectb cjyqaH, Korxa apaBH- TOABCTBeHHue opntHti, bx BHAaxx obinecTBeiiaoft 6e3onacHOCTH, aoawhu HHi n npaBO napymaTx xoMamiittio aenpHKOCHOBeaHOCTb. Haemoe jeh-

jHiue MoateTB saK.iioiaTE bb cefii npecTynHHKa u a ca'Sah npecxyH-ie- nia, soTopue MoryTB 6htb ckphth; sjrfech, Aaaic, MoryTB xpaHHTLca BemecTBeBHua AoaaaaTeaBCTBa npecTynjenia u t. a. BcaiACTsie sToro AOuamBaa HenpHKOCBOBenHOCTt ofiesneiBBaeica AHmb ycaoBHO b t»- KHMH ace (|'OpMMI>HOCTBMlI H Iip8BHA8MH, KHKL lienpHKOCHOBBHHOCTf* ahthocth on. apeeTa. Heo6xoAHMH npeacje scero oeHOBaTe.ii.HHa npej- ooaoaceaia, tto bb aom* coAepatHTca ahao, coBepniHBinee npecTynae- Hie, hah cx6ah, joKyxeHTH a jpyria BemecTBeHHHa AOEasaieAbCTBa. PacDopsaceme o bxoa* bb aacTHOe jkh.ihia® aoaacho hcxoahtb otb KOMneTonTnofl BjacTH, T.-e. otb cysa. JLia ofleaneTeiiia -iana, eaxoia- maroca bb aom'Ii, otb npOHSBO.ibHHXB aificTBifi opraHOBB upaBHTe.ii.CTBa, TpefiyeTca, tto6h oho mrfcjio upaBO: 1) nparaacHTb bb KaaecTBi cbh- A'IiTe.ie8 cb CBoefl ctopohu .lapB H3B cbobxb SHaaoMuxB hah coci- Aefl; 2) npHcyxcTBOBaTb npH bc6xb xiflcTBiaxB, coBepmaeMUXB bb ero aom4; 3) nojiiHcaTb co6cTBeHHopyiHO aa-rr. o6ucKa h tbehmb o6pa- 30MB UOATBepjHTB, TTO BB 9T0MB aET’fl COAepjKaTCH noiJIHHBUa AaH- Hua oCo BceaB, tto hpohcxoahao h tto HaflaeHO bb ero zkahia£- HI. Bb cbbbh cb BMmeH8xoaceRHHMH nocTanoBaeHiaMH HaxojHtca uocTaHOB.ieHie o TaftH* TacTHofi nepenHCKH. IlepenHCBa HMieTB HasHa- TeHieuB ne pacnpocTpaHeme haoB h siH-feHifi anna,, a coofimeHie cb4- A'inifi o TacTHHXB jiaaxB h HHTepecaxB, a uMeuuo tbkuxb CBiilHifl, kotophxb ahao He xeaaeTB BOBce coofimaTb KOMy HH(iyAb apyroMy apoMi Toro, KOMy aApecoBaHO hhcbmo. BoupocB o Beo6xoAHH0CTH TaKoro HOCTaHOBAOHia B03HHEB BCA&ACTBI6 TOrO, TTO MOHOnO.lia nepCCH-JKK TacTHofl KoppecnoHAeHHiH cocpeAOTO'ieHa bb pysaxB rocyxapcTBeHHHXB yupeacABHiB. Bcaaoe ahao, nocbuafomee hhcbmo no noTrfc, AonipaeTB rocyAapcTBy coxpanenie moicTHofl TaflHH. □osTOMy BOCTaHOBAeHia othochtc.ii.ho TaflHu tbcthoB uepenacKH ocHonanu Ha A»yxB nojoaceniaxB: 1) Ha caMOMB cymecTBi nepenHCKH; 2) Ha TOMB, TTO AHCbMa BntpilBITCH nOTTOBOMy yTpe*HeHiX>, TaKB tto HapymeHie TaflHH nepeuucEH hb.ihctch HapymeHieMB jORipia, eo- Topoe TacTHua AHaa B03.iara»TB Ha rocyAapcTBo. SHBanTB, OAHaEO, cAyaaH, sorAa TaKoe HapymeHie HeofixoAHMO, HMeHHO TorAa, Eor*a HsiieTca ocHOBaTejbHoe noAOspime, tto lepe- HHCEa coAepacHTB bb ce6i Kasia HH6yAb jona3aTe.ii.CTBa npecTynaeHia. noBTOMy TPe«0BaHie BHAaTH KoppecnoHAeHAiH upejocraBAaeTca hckab- thtoabho AHpaMBcyje(5Haro nliAOMCTBa, KOTopua h SepyTB Ha ceCa bcb OTBiTCTBenHOCTb. IV. UpHBeAOHHHa Bbime nocTaAoBAeHia sacaBTca 6e3onacHOCTH AHAa, T.-e. AHTHOft CB060AU BBTtcHOMB CMHCA*. flpyria KHCftlOTCa HP0- ABAeHlft 8T0fi CB060AH BOBHilHHHXB AtflcTBMXB, EBE0BH, HanpHMtpB,

yvaciie bb npoMuimeHHUXB npe.inpiariaxi,, aepejBHKeBie, nepeuiiEa ntcTa jKHTe.iLCTBa h t. n. Mu ocTaaoBHHCJi tojii.ko Ha uocTaiion.ieHinXB, KacaaiHHXCH tixB npeiMCTOBB, KOTopue onpeai.iaBTca bb ochobhuxb aaKOHaxB. A. Kb ie c ij hxb othochtcb: BO-nepsuxB, coofioja nepeiBuseHia, T.-e. npanu ocTaiiMTi, m4cto ciioero acHTexbcTBa flesBnpeABapHTexBHaro pasp-limcHia utcTBUXB B.iacTefl h 6e3B B3iiTia ocofieHHaro AOsyueHra. Ho nepejBHKeHie MoaceiB 6htb TpoflRoe: 1) BpeMemraa OTjyHRa, 2) nepeMtua ociaxocTH, 3) ocTasxenie OTeaecTaa. Bb uepsouB cayiali .ibuo ocTaeTca de jure SBTexeuB Toro ace aicTa, h.iohomb toft ace ofimnnu, kbkb bcab 6u obo He Tporaxoci. cb B$era. Tbkb tto, naiipH- Ktp-L, hckh aoahchh 6utb apeABHBJuieKu eMy no MicTy ero HOCTOHH* naro atHTe.iBCTBa. Bo btopomb cjyaat; abho coBepmemio ocTaBJserb npeacHee MicTonpcOuoaHie h n3finpaeTB ce6i noBoe. Kerb totb, tbkb h Apyrofi bbab nepeABBaceuia bb Bucmefi cTeneaH BaacHH cb touch sptBia xo3flftcTBeHH0ft A-feaxe-ibHOCTB .iBija; oHa Tor*a TOAbKO HoaceTB 6htb Bnojrai) ycntrana, ecAH eMy npejocTaBAeno BaGapaTb cetrfe totb nyrb, EOTopuS oho CTHTaerb So.iie yjodHUMB h outoahumb aah npa- JioaceHia Tpyaa. Xante 6esB H3u4>HeHia oc6aaocth, BcaKosiy xapy, Beay- meuy ofiiHHpnuii upejnpiaTia, hcoCxoahho CuBaeTB nepeiaacarb cb MicTa Ha MicTo; bobtomv orpanaieuie cboCoah iiepeABiiaceHin hbb- aocb 6a ymepfioMB a m oKOHomiaecKaro fixarocoeTOHHia anna. IIohbtho H09T0My, noieuy OHa tskb HacroftiiiBo TpedyeTca bc&hh cospeMennuscH saKOHOAaTe-ibCTBaMH. Bb ijieoAaJbHyio Bnoxy o csoCiOAi aepeABHaceHia He Morxo 6utb h ptaa; Bcasi#, ocTaBAaoniifi cboo MicTonpefiuBaaie, pa3CMaTpHBa.icH, kbkb HaHOCHBmift ymepfiB BAaA'isxbny ABHHaro ultcTa. IIoaTouy cyin,e- CTBOBaxB 3aKOHB, bb cnxy Koxoparo abho, ytxaBiuee cb 36M.au cBoero X03HHHE, A0J 3CH0 6HAO OCTaBHTb 6My BCe CBOe HMVmeCTBO. BHOCAtA' CTsiB 3Ta KpafiHe odpeMeHBTeAbHaa Mtpa 6u.m aaMinena Bticoicofl nom.iiiHOft, T8KB HasuBaeMOfi gabella emigrationis. npH HOAHHeftcROMB pesHM* crtcueme nepeABuaceHia bcxoahao bsb- Hjeit H3A30pa sa nyTemecTBeHHHKaMH, nosTOMy 1) hheto He MorB ocTaBAHTb CBoero MtcTa acHTejbCTBa 6e3B pa3pimeHia mIjcthuxb Bxa- cxefi; 2) noAyiHBB pasptmeme, hbao Chao b3ati> nacnopTB, KOTOpufl cjyacifAB b yAOCTOB’fepeflieMB caMoju'inocxo Toro, kto HMieTB ero bb pyzaxB, b CBHAixeAbCTBOMB o paspiimemH. OTCyTCTBio Taaoro imya baokao sa coOoft KpafiHe aesbiroAHUH nocx$ACTBia: abho pascMaTpHBa- jocb naRB fidu’-ioe u noA.ieaa.io yro.ioBHOMy iiaKasaHin. Kc.ih ace oho oTKasuBaxocb o6bhbhtb CBoe hmh, to 6uao HaitaaiJiiaeMo yace EasB dpoAara, T.-e. 3HaiHTe.ibuo cTpowe. Cb AaAbH'tfiiHHMB pasBHiieMB aKOHOMHiecsofi cb060,\\a Boodme, cbo-

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31 TOB o6m,HHH, BXKOTOpOBAH1(0HaM'hpeilOBOABOpHTLCH. ^tAO BXTOMX, HTO bx I’epMaHiH BcaKoe ahho, npaBajaeacamee bx KaKoB-HH6y.ni. oCmHiii, MoateTi o6paj'HTBca kx nefl 3a BcnoHomecTBOBameMt; Taaoe npaso o6yc.TOR.iHBaeTca hmghho npHHaj.iea;nocTbio bx .nanuoft o6maHi (Unter- stiitzungswohnsitz). IIoaioMy, 1) 3a o6mnuofi upHsnaeTca upano He jonycKaib bx cbo® cpeay .mux, EOTopua xorjH 6b cefiaacx o6paTHTxca 3a BcnoHoniecTBOBaHieMx; 2) canoe npe6BBaHie bx HannoB mIjctuocth Moateix 6utl Bocnpemeao h3biBcthuhx .imiaux co ctopouu uo.nmeB- ckhxx BjacTeB. Croaa othochtch, nanpHMftpx, jiapa, OTjaHHHS 3a npe- cTynjenie hoax Hajaopx uo.iuuiH, hah ,iuua, cyjHBiniaca 3a fipoaaama- TOCTBO. IlaKOHenx npaBO SMHrpaniH, T.-e. ocTau.ienie oTeaecTBa cx pi-ixio noayqHTx rpaatjaHCTBO bxAPyroxx rocyjapcTBi), orpaniiaHsaeTca to.ibko Tpe6oBaHiaHH rocy^apcTBeHHaro nmepeca. Tbkx, npaBO 8MHrpanin npiocTauaB.THBaeTCH u s ahhx, uoAAeataiHHXx bohhckoA iiobuhhocth, ho eme ae ot6ubibhxx ee, h t. a- B. CBodoja ipyAa, saKamaerb bx ce6t caiiAyiomie npH3nauH. 1) IIpaBO H36paTb BcaKoe 3ausrie, KOTopoe cornacHo cx npH3BaHieHX h cnoco6uocTHMH AaHHaro anna h KOTopoe, no ero writ,Him, Moaterx uaH- Ayunmix odpasonx cjyatHTX yjoBxeTBopeHiB ero noTpedHOCTefi. Siony npHHuany upoTHHopihhtx iipokuah cncxeMa MOHonoxifi h nexonx. UpBBHxerHpoBaHHUa Kopnopapin bo 'I>paHn;iH Cu.m ytufiToateHU uocTaHOBXeHinHH 4 aBrycia 1789 r. Ilpa stohx npoHUCAH o6xaB.ieHH cbo6oabhhh hoax ycxosieux B3aria uaTeHTa h yn.iaTu h3b!ictho8 hoihahhh bx noxb3y rocyAapcTBa; yHHiToseHa Heo6xOAHHOCTb 6htx upHHATUMX BX peXX. UpHBuunx cbo6oah upouucJiOBX uepemexx H3X (ppannyacKaro aaso- no.naTejbCTBa bo bc\"6 Apyria u cjdiAajca o6iuhmx upaBHxoux. Ho He HyatHO AyvaTb, hto CBodoja btb Bnojub eearpairaiHa; bo BCixx dohth recyA»pcTBaxx cymecTBy»TX uocraHOBAeHia, orpaHHiHBaDmia hoahob ea upHHiHCHie ex HiKOtopuMx npoMtiCAanx, bx BHAy oco6enno8 npx- poAH bthxx nocjitjHHxx. CBo6oAa npoMHc.ioBx aaeix C.iarie pesyxx- TaTti j.iaBHUHX o6pa30vx noroMy, hto e » o6e3neaHBaeTca KOHBypeHnia. HeTpyAHO, OAHaKO, 3aHilHTb, HTO KOHBypeHniaTOAbBOTaMX B03H0aCHa, I'A’fe noTpe6uTeAH xoryTX onpeA’feAHTb cboSctbo Tosapa h hsx xaccn npeAAaraesibixx hmx TOBapoBX hah vcjyrx BtidpaTt canoe ayqmee. Ho 6uBa»TX Taaia ycayrH, 0 cBoftcxBaxx kotophxx He BcaBifi uoxei-x cyAHTb; npHraamaa, uaupuntpx, Bpaaa hah aABOBaxa, HeB03uoatH0 y6iAHTbCa, odAaxaiOTX ah bth AHna ueo6xOAHHUHH CBd)A$HiaitH. Bx bthxx cjyaaaxx ciaBaica oco6eHHU« ycaoBia, orpaiiHBHuaionua Bpyrx ahux, KOTopua MoryTX sauHMaTbca Toft hah ApyroS upoipecciefi. 3to TaKx uasuBaeMua conditions d'aptitude, bx cnay noropuxx toabko ahhe

32 Cfc u3b£cthiimt. oopaaoimHieMt,. AOKasaBinia cboh noBHaaia b cuocofi- hocth onpej’luennHM'BnopaABOMX(npoxoxjeHieurL onpefl^eaHaro Kypca nayKt, sKaaaeHaMii), iouycaaBTca ex oTnpaBjeaio HSBicTHHXi 06a- saHBOCTeS. 2) Jlapa, H36paBmia aaKoe HaCyai. 3aaaTie, Moryn. BecTH ero co- oOpaaao cbohmti ciioco6hocthmx u cpejCTBaMx b rbax cnoco6oMX, nano2 npH3naiOT'b Co.rfee ycninmHMX h bhtoahhjix. 9to ycxosie o6e3neia- Baen. bosboxhoctb H3af,cTnaro TBopaecraa, KOTopoe bt> XYII b XYIII Bfesaxi 6ujio coBepiueHiio ycTpaaeao, Cuarojapa npaBHTe.iLCTBeHHHMX peraasceaTai(iaux, noompaBmaai. ojiwb OTpacJia npOMunueHHOCTH a BocnpemaauiHMi jpyria. PJIABA III. 0 CBOEOAB BfiPOBCDOBSAXHia fl IIE1ATH. I. PaseaoTpisBX iipaBa, kotopuhh otiesneiBBaeTca aainaa aeapa- KOCHOBeHHOCTBH B03M0SB0CTB X'^HTCAbHOCTH BX X03HfiCTB6HH0fi OOxaCTH, oc.TaHOBHMca Ha npaBaxx, o6e3neHHBaK>n;Bxx cboSojhoo npoaBaeaie AyxoBBofl jtiiTC-ianocTH; xexAy BOCJijBHMH upeatje Bcero sacayaa- BaeTx BHuaaHia CBOfioja cobIicth, BO-nepBuxx noTouy bto OHa a bx acropaaecKoax xoj’b pa3BHTia o6mecTBeaHHxx npaBX noxyaaaa pontine SHaaeHie, a-biix CBofioAa ueiaia, a bo-btophxx noTouy, aro bx Bonpo- caxx Bipu bx ocofieHBOCTH apoaBHxacx BeTepiiauocTb, npa qexx x»Te- paacEaa nepaOBi bx btomx OTnouienia ae ycTynaaa KaTOABiecsofi. Bx snoxy rocnoiCTBa xaTOjiaaecxott pepKBU to.ii,ko KaTO-iHaa no.iLnoiia.iHCB rpavKjaacKHMH h no.iHTHiecKHMH npaBaaa; BexpHCTiaae, mkx to: eBpea, siaroaeTaHe noxtsoBajiHCb ycxoBaou Tepnaaocitio bx OTHOmeHia xx CorocayaeBiD, bo 6ujh orpaHHieau bx cbohxx rpaa.iaHcsHXx a noxa- TaqecHHXx npaBaxx. Bx em;8 xyxmeax noxoatemn naxoAHXHCb .mua, oTnaBfflia otx KaToxaiecEofi qepKBa, a bto botx noaeay: aexpacTiaHO pa3CMaTpnBaxncb sagx HectacTBtje, epeiHKH s e HBiiaxaci. HBTexBH- Kaaa, bosct&bidbmh npoTBBX xyxoBaofi bxscth h npoTBBX Bcero rpaa- jaHcaaro a no.inTnnecKaro nopaAKa; OTCBja npecxhAOBaaia, BupaxaB- miaca bx aapaTexbBuxx uiipaxx, bx ocofieBHOCTH, bx coaaeuiu. PeiJiopHauiB, bx o6mexx CBoeBX HanpanxeniH, Hcrojaxa asx Haiaxa CB06OAU COBicTH H BX KOHnt, Ai8CTBHTeXbHO, AOXHtna 6uja IipiftTB ex BTO»ty poayJTBTaTy; ho bx nepB&ie Tpa staa cBoero cymecTBOBani® OHa conepaaiaxa bx HeTepnaaocTa cx EamiHiecitoio nepKoubio. Bto ofixHCHaeTca, cx ojho8 CTopoBU, rocnoAcTBoiiaBmasix bx to Bpeaa pe- aario3HUMx 4>aHaTH3M0Mx, ofiHapyxHBinniica bx Bofiaaxx XYI a X YII BtKOBX, a cx ApyroS CTopoau, t4mx, too pe^opHaaia Bx Tixx cTpa-

HaxB, rail oua fio.ilie Bcero 6am pacnpocTpaaeHa (Ha ctBept repManiu m bb Anriiia), jojatna dtua onapaTbca Ha SBTopHTeTX cBtTCKoft bjecth; nocaiaHee oGcTOHTejbCTBO npaue-io kb BoaBe.iuieHiio cBiTcxofi bjecth bb ymepiiB pepKBH, kb TCTaHOB.ieHi» rocyjapcTBeHHoft nepRBH (Staats- kirche) h kb cocpejoToieniio ynpaBjenia pepKOBHUMH jijaMH bb py- xazB CBkTCKOil BjacTH, KOTopas ciHTajia crohhb npaBBanieMB saiHHTy liepKBH npOTHBB KaTOJHHH3Ma U He npHSHaHHHXB XpHCTiaHCKHXB HCUO- BkaaBiS. Bb j i j i 3amnTu, cBtTCEia BjacrH He oecaHaBJBBaJHCB hh npejB KaKHMH npecjinoBaHiHHH, kotophh ocofieuHO chjbho Bupa- bhjthcb bb AHttria bb napcTBOBame reHpaxa VIII, Korja pejniriosHufl BonpocB CHtmaxcn cb no.iHTHiecKHHB. -lynnifi hctophkb h H3Wfeao- BaTexB HOBtSmeft KOHCTHTynioHHoft HCTopia AmviiH, Msfl, tobophtb: TepnHMOCTb H CBOCoAa Con+.CTII He (iUJH H3B'llCTHH HH KaTOJHKaMB, HH npoTecTaHTauB: npe.iaru anrjo-caKConcEOfi n,epKBH napaBiit cb nanaHH oTsepraxH CBo6o&y cob£cth. IIpeofipaaoKaHHaa nepnoBL, oCH3annaa cbohmb cymecTBOBaHieMB npH3HaHiio BToro npnanmia, upanHCUBajia cefifc aBT0pHT6TB pHMCKO-KaTO-IHHeCKOfi HOpKBH, HpH3HaBaa cefifl Heco- rptmmiofi; Henpa3HaHie rocyjapcTBeHHoS pepnBH cwrajocb npecTynje- HieMB h naKa3HBaaoci, amaijioTOMB, coatacenieHB. Ht3kb, mu bhjhmb, hto npoTecTaHTCKia seMJH He OTJHiaJHCb fiojbmeio t6phhhoctbb>, qi«B KaTOJHqecKia, xoth, KOHeiHo, BpajB jh KaidH HHfiyjb npecaiAOBaHia BB HporeCTaHTCKHXB 36MJBXB MOryTB CpaBHBTBCH, HO XeCTOKOCTH, CB yasacHHHH roneniaHn ryrenoTOBB bo I ’paimiH bb napcTBOBame JIbxo- bhkb XIV. IIpaBja, repManCKia rocyaapcTBa nocat TpHmaTHjiTHefi BOfiHH OTJHiajHCb COJbllieD peJHri03H0» CBOdo.lOK). Ho 3jtCB aeofixo- AHho noaicpKiiyTL cjona: TpHAHaTHatTHHH BOfiHa, hmchho: CTpamnaa BofiHa, a He yfiiacjeHie bb H6o6xoahmocth npejocTaBjeHia bchkomv CBofioiHaro OTnpaBJieHiH CBoefl pejrariH, 3acTaBH.ia repMaHCKia rocyjap- ctbb npoBOsrjiacHTB paBHonpaBHOCTb TpexB RtpoHcnoBtjaoiil: kbtojh- iccsaro. npSTecTaHTCKaro h pe$opxaTCKaro.. IKhshchhuh h no.TMTHqe- CKiHyCJTOBia, BB KOTOpUXB HBXOflHJHCb CBponeflHU, OCTaBXflJH He HaJO padoTU i}iHJ0C0ijianB, KaxoBu 6hjh: CnHHoaa, To«a3ift, .leccHHi-b, JIoeeb, Bojbtcpb h MoHTecKbS, HHoro cojtftcTBOBaBHiHicB o6mesiy ycnixv hh- BHJH3apiH h pa3BHTi» npocBimema, n-iojoMB qero hbhjocl yCTaHO- BJienie cboCo jh cobIicth. 9totb upHHHHHB nocTeneirao HaxojHTB ce6i xocrynB bo Bet HHBHJHSOBaHHBia cBponeBcEia rocyjapcTBa. Cs 1789 r. ohb nojry- qn.iB c.rfcuytomee BHpazeHie: 1) Kaxjufl HuteTB npaso H36HpaTb peJHrin, 2) ny6jHiHO ornpaBjaTb cBOe CorocayseHie, 3) npHHajjes- hoctb kb Tony hjih xpyroiiy BtpoHcaoBtAaHiD He HMteTB B.iiania Ha HOJbSOBaHie rpamjaHCKHHH h no.iuTnqecKuun npaBami, no hojb t4mb ycjOBieMB, hto 4) pejurio3Hue jorMaTti He aoryiB 6utb hobo-

34 — AoMt k-e. yBHiToateHiio ofiaaaHHOCTeft apeAb rocyaapcTBom. (bobhcko# dobiibdoctu, axaieaia nojaTefl a t. *.)• Bb axaxb oGmaxb npexi- jaxb aaKOHOjaxejtCTBa npeAcTanMioxb iihoxo OTjaaifl: Taxi., kobcth- Tynia CtB.-AMepHK.. Coex- UPraTOBb swipem;aexb EOHrpeccy aaxa- BaTb aaaonu oiBOCBTejbHO pexHria; aepsoe AonoxaeHie KOHCiaxynia raacuTx: KOarpeccb ae writers apaBa „Aluaib saaoHH\" hh otho- CHTcxbao ycTaHOBJieHia, hb OTHOCHTejbHo Bocupomenia uaKOfl jh6o pe-iaria. Cb KoaeTBTyaieio CiB.-AaepHK. Coe*. UPraTOBb xoaixe- cTBBBHa MeKcmcaacKaa KoucxHxyniH (aKTb 25-ro ceaTa6pa 1873 roja). Xpyria rocysapcTBa npHBHaion, ojmy pexarto rocnoACTBy»meK>, bo-bo BiCMHcxi cpejHeBiKOBOMb, a bi, tomi, no ea cayaHTeJiH nojyxaioTb cOAepnaaie orb rocyflapcTBa h hmIhotx upaBO na nyOaaaHoe oxnpa- weaie ea ofipaxoBb. C»xa oxHOcaTca aaxojHxeeKia rocyxapcxBa: HcaaHia (ao ct. 11 aoHCiaxynia 1876 r.), Dopiyraxia (no ex. 6 KOHCXHxyaia 1826 r.), Exajia (ao aocTaaoBxeHia capjancnofi BOHCiHTynia 1848 roxa, uocxeneaao pacnpocxpaHeaeoS Ha bcbd Hxaaio, HSMiaeau saKOHOMb 1871 roxa aocxii npacoeiHHeuia Kb axajibaacKOMy KopoxeacxBy b Pima). Hsb apoTeciaHXCKBXb seae-ib c»xa OTHOCHxca HopBeria. Bo ■PpasaiH pe-iHria Moryxb 6uib noxsexeaH noxs 3 naxeropiH: 1) aa- xoxaaecKaa peaaria, oiaocaiextuo KOiopofi coxpamuca KOHaopxaxb, saKJUOxeaHBS nepBuab Boacyxoub Haaoxeoaoin. cb aauofi llieub VII; 2) HeitaxoaHxecKia pexaria, ho upaBHaiiHHa rocyxapcTBonb (cultes reconnus); c»xa oxHocaTca: pe4>opMaxcaaa, jnxepaHcaaa a eBpeBcaaa K 3) peXHria HenpH3HaHHna, bo xepaaMua, Baab aHaCaniHCTCKaa. Pe- aHriH aepBHXb AByxb aaxeropift oxaaaaBxca OTb pexarifl Tpexbefl xaxe- ropiH T*Mb, xxo cjiyaaToxa axb noxyaaBib coxepnaHie OTb rocyxap- CTBa HD0Xb8yBTea HBB-tcTBUHb 0<}M}iHniaan.BUMi, nojoaieHieMb, BaKOBH: enacBona. upexaiu, uacxopu, paBBHHa. npaanuni cbo6o*h cobPcxh apaHaxb Tenepb Bciaa aaKOHojaTejbCXBajiu aaBHXH30BaHHHXb eBpo- neicBBXb rocyjapeiBb. n. BxopoB oCxacibB, Bb KOiopofl CBo6o.ua ycTaaoBJiaxacb e «e HeaxeHHie, Sana CBo6o*a yMCTBeaaoS jkhshh. CboCoab mhcjh b H3cxi- AOBaHift Bb Ty saoxy, Koraa Hayita Haxoxaxacb noxb onesoio nepsBa, nOABeppaxacb xasaiib ae orpanHieHiaab, k&kt, h CBo6oxa cobIicth: HeapasBaHie to8 i n jpyroft aaywofi hcthhh, npH8BaHH0it nepaosb*), 6uxo CBoero pexa epecb» h baokxo aa co6o» ho ueirbe yaacaua npe- c-rtAOBaaia, Baab a pexarioBaaa epeeb; kekt. Bb aciopia apeca*A0Ba- Hia sa ynaoHesie orb pejariosHUXb AoraaTOBb ku aoaeiib yaasaTb aa secTOEyn cyAb6y Bnaxa^a a Pycca, xaBb Bb Hcxopia apecAiAoaaaia aa aeupasHaHie Hayaanxb aciHHb, npaaaTUXb nepKOBb», au Moneab yaaaaxb aa A6e.,apa a nexpa PaMyca bo ^paania, ^.opAaao Bpyao-

36 — Cuoco6u HpoTHBoaiScTBia nepKBH be npii3iiaiiin nayiHtfxt hcthhx ycn.rn.iHct -ex HBorip-IiTeuieMB, bo BTopofi nojOBHHt XV b., KHHrone- WTaHia—MorymecTBOHaaro cnocofia j u BociipoHsBe.neida Mucxefi; pto He ycno.it3Hy.xo a on, BHHMama jyxoBeBCTBa; Taat, nana AxeitcaHapt VI BCKopi nocjrfc H306p$TeHin- KnuroueiaraHja yipeiB.il npejBapnTe.it- Hy» aeHsypy h iiaja.it index libronun prohibitorum. IJeHsypa c ji- jaxact opyjieat h CBtiTCKofi bjbcth; yKXOHeme o n peBaypHUxt npa- bh.tl BjieK.io aa coOobo yroxoBHoe upeexb.iOBame; nenavpa pacnpocTpa- HH.iact BCBjy, He HCK.iwiaa h Annin, r j i neHsypHHa npecjrijoBaHia jocTHr.ni KpaSHHXt upe.i't-ioBT, Bt papcTBOBanie EjH3aBeTU. Ho yis- CTB6HH06 pa3BHTie fiucTpo Duo Bbepejx. Jlfi bhoxh pe<j>op»fauin yu- CTBennaa khbhb aupazajiact Bt tojicthxx Touaxt in-fcilio, HejocTyn- BHxt Oo.itiuHHcTBy; pe.iHrio3HBa x e h noxHTHiecicaa OopbCa BH3Baxa iiOHBxeHie tipomnpx a raaert. Bt AHnia nepBaa ra3exa noannaacL bx 1622 rojy (Bt KOHipk papcTBOBania laKOBa I), npH ieut H3jaTe.it cx HM’lut Bt BHiy He ojH-fi TeopeTHiecain 3ajaiH, ho ohx npec.itjo- na.it h npaKTHiecKia n&ia (ocTaHaBJHBaica na peiHrio3Htixx h ho- -iHTHiecKHXt Bonpocaxt). CmoapTti bx XVII b. craxH 6oportca ct ouuoBHn,iefl ocoOeuno cTporHHH srfepaHH; bo peBOJroais 1640 roja bbi- 3Baxa SHaiHTBjtHoe jBHzenie Bt -nrrepaTypi: otx 1640— 1660 r. no- hbhjocb 30.000 naM$jeTOBt h aypnaxoBt, KOTopue bx HacToanjee Bpesra cocTaajjnoTX 2.000 tomobx. Ho peBO.nonia He ocBoOojHia ne- iaTH. ^ojrid napaaHeHTt a KpoKBejt ciHmKOMx pesHHBO oxpasxjx cboh npasa; ohh He npejoCTaEHiH cboGo jh aaiunTU n a p ™ nnancp- zeHHOfl MOHapxiH. PeBononia 1660 r. npanecjia npeHHiH HeHaypHua CTporocTH, KOTopuii bx 1673 rosy 6u.ih iipunejenH jaace bx CHCTeMy aocpejcTBOHt „&KTa o josBOieniH\" (T.-e. nen3_vpn), naiLiKmioinaro bx ce64: upejocTaBxeHie no.iHOMOiia upaBHTe.ii,city yipezjaTt npej- BapHTextHyi) neraypy h xpoMi Toro orpaHHieHia pacnpocTpaHema npoH3B6jeHiS oeiaTH upHJiiHeHieMx KapaTeitHtixt 3bkohobx. Mb8 pascKaaUBaeTt, mo aaTopu h THnorpacfmiHEH Bpojnuxt coiHHeHiS nojBeprajiHCt noB'femeHiio, leTBepTOBamn, BticTaBieHiio y no3opHaro CTo.ifia. Hpn laaont, II neHdypHHH npecxJijOBaHia joxojaTt jo anorea; ho peBOJopifl 1688 p. de facto ocBoSojHia ireiait, xoth licensing act npojo.izajit cymecTBOuan, eme' jo 1695 roja, sorja nap.iaMeHTt name.it HyatnuMt 6oi4e ero He bo3o6hobihtb. Ho noioateHie neiam saBHcijio otx vrojOBHaro saKOHojaTeitcTBa, h AHrxia nocTenerao h sectHa Hej.ieHHO m.ia Bnepejt bx stohx nanpaBieHia. Bx snoxy 6opi,6u AkrjiH cx penoJsmioHHofl 'Ipannieft anr.iiftcKiia apHCToitpaiia h cyit HanepepuBt CTapaiHct nojaBiaTt CBofiojHoe npoaB.ienie Toro jyxa, KOTopuft K03aJica hmx cpoAHsnix cx 4>paHny3CKBHt heo6hhctbomx. Ilo.iozenie neiaTH bx Annin bx XVIH b. hozho HaaBaTt o6pasno- 3*

36 bum's cpaBHHTeasHo cs noaoseHiejrs ea Ha KOHMHeHTi (HCMBias 1'oa- aohaih h IIlBefiaapiii). Bs HaaxyAmeMS noaosenm neiaTs HaxoAHaaes bo ^paHHin, r j i bs napcTBOBaHie JIiojoBHKa XIV OHa <5uaa jOBejeHa AO MOJiiaHia; H$KOTOpua coiHneHia nonce He nponycEaxHCB, apyria CHCHra-iHcs pyKOD naaaia xoTiacs nocai H3aania bs cBirs. H TpyAHO 6uao ysasaTS Ha BHBOBRHKa upHM$HeHin bthxs Mips: toe's, ntEOTopua coHHHenia, kses, Hanp., 9mujh Pycco, nponymeHH 6hxh neH3ypo«J, ho 6hjh cojKJKenu no onpexiaemg) napaaHOHxa; He 6uao hh oaHoro cKoasEO HHfiyas Bujaioinarocii nHcaxe.ia, EOTopufi 6a He noxBepraaca Kapare-TtnuHS HipaMs. Ho bs to se Bpeva .THTepaTypa bo 'PpamiiH nojyiHaa ropasao foasniee BHaicnie, Tins bs Anrain, h6o anramaue, npu npununcfi hxs es mLcthoby caMoynpaBaeuio, npioSpi.iH oo-ihth- necKifi chucas, Eoropuft npeaoxpaHa.rs hxs on, yBaeneHia pasHUMH Teopiasin; bo 'J’paHnia s e AHTcpaTypa 6uaa eaHHCTBeHHtiMs cpeaoTO- nieu's yacTBeHHoS sh3hh; bthms ofisacaaeTca h CTporocTS boeohobb. He HaxoaHBmHxs aase HCno.iHHTe.ied, h pa3BHTie KOHTpaCaHaHoft Top- roB.m ehhtamh. Bots onero xeKaapaiiia npaBS nocutuiHja npoBosraa- chts ceo6oay nenaTH; bs iHTyaii I roBopHTca: „KasAUd rpasxa- nHHS MoseTS roBopHTS, nenaxaTt, to) xoners; bs caynai .ixoynoxpe- 6xeHia, ohs HaE83UBaerca no saEOHaMs*. Htbks, mm bhjhms, hto ,ie- aaapauia oTMtuH.ia tojbko npeABapHTeasnyio uessypy; to s e mu bh- Ahms BS EOHCTHTyniH 3-ro ceHTafipa 1791 r., bs THxyai III, mb roBopHTca: „KasAOMy nexostEy o6e3neiHBaoTca CBofioAa UHcaTs, ne- totho ofiHapoxoBaTs cboh MHc-iu, 6e3s Toro, hto6h HanncaHHoe paHsnie noABepraaocs neHsypi“ . ^toCh CBoOoxa nenam Ouaa BnoxHi o6esne- neaa, Hysno 6uao axh Hea Bupartoxaxt aeraasHoe noaoseme. <PopMa h xapaETeps ltenaTH, no n ip t BaisHis ho HHiaTeaeft, bs to opens npeACTaBaaaH npesBUTOdHoe paaH006pa3ie. Bed nenaTiiua iipoHaBexema mosho- 6uao noABec™ noxs 3 KaTeropiH: sypHaaoBS, OpomiDps h EHHrs. Bs peBOXBHioHByio snoxy 6oatme Bcero noHBHaocs 6ponnops h sypHaaoBS bs xeneHie 10 MicaneBs: cs i»aa 1788 no Mad 1789 roja 6uao H3jaH0 3.000 6pomiops. HenaTs 6uaa He toabko cpexcTBOMS pacnpocTpaHema noxHTHnecKuxs hcthhs, ho h cpejcTBOMS yaacTia bs HOAHTHHecEHXS A*aaxs. Chas nepioAHiecKaxs H3AaHi0 o6HapysHBaaacs cs K8SAHMS AneMs; OHa ocHOBUBiiaacs Ha bosmobhocth nocToaHHaro bxihhih Ha HHTaTeaefi; npn 8toms EasAOe nepioAnnecKoe HBAaaie 6uao opraHOMs HSBiOTHOfl napriH. ynaAOKs no.iHTHiecKoft cboOoah oxpa- SHAca a Ha nenaTH; toes, Hanoaeons saapuas set sypHaau, sa bcead- neHieMs 13 h aanpemis HSAauie hobhxs. Bs enoxy 6ops6u naprid sypHaau no6t*AeHHoS cxopoHU xose HcnuxuBaan Taseayi, cyas^y; tabs bs 1796 roAy AHpeKxopia UpeAHHca.,a saKXBnnxs bs xLsMy 8BX0P0BS 30 sypHaaoBS. Hh peenyOaHEa, hh Hanoaeons 1 He cobaoxh

37 — •ler&jbHaro uo-ioaaeHia sjih neiaTH; OTM'taa upejeapHie^tnoS aeHsypu 6uaa ejHBCTBeHHUMt npio6piTeHieMx toto bpcmchh. Ecaa ajih coiHBOHift 3HaiHTe.it.Raro ofixeaa yciaHOBHxaCb AOBO.it.no mapoaaa cBoGo.ua cx otstIihoo npeABapnTejn.HO0 nenaypu, to Ta ae Mhpa ho xocTarjia to8 ae nixa (ycTanoBJieHiJi cboGoah) no oTHome- a i» ax nepio.TiiiecKoS neiaTa: asxaHie ra3era 1) Tpe(5oea.io npe,iBa- pHTe.it.Haro paspbmeaia; 2) apyrx HsjaTejiefi Giux orpaHHiem. Tpefio- BaBienT. aajora; 3) pacnpocTpaBeHie ra36TX 6h.to orpanmeno ipeGoia- nieu’B neiaTHHXx nom.iHm. (timbres), B3UCKUBaBniBxca cx aaatxaro ho- Hepa, it 6 Bectua yBejmiHaaJo h^hboctb ra3eru; 4) buxom, bx cbSt i OTAb.iBnuxx HoMepoBx saTpyxHJUCfl bo3KOShoctbd hxx KoaijtacKaniH— npaBOUx, npeaocTaB.ienntJM'B axaaHBCTpauia. ycTaaoBjeaie npamj.Tt.noii cacTeau a.ra neiaTH Gu.io xijiowh ae KOBCTHTypia, a oGuKHOBeHHUXX aaaonoBX o neiaTH, iota ithKOTopua rapaaTia cojepataTca bx OTfliat- HUXX KOHCTHTyaiaXX. EexarificKaa KOHCTaxyaia (ct. 18) sanpeinaew, TpeGosanie 3axora; toate sanpenjeHie BCTpiiaeax h bx HeacHKancaoit KOBCTaTyaia (ct. 7); aBCTpificuaa KOBCTarynia 1867 roja (ct. 13 aepBaro ochobhofo 3aaoaa) ycTpaaaeTX orpaHHieme apyra aajaTe.TeS aocpexcTnoux kob- aeccift. HiaoTOpua KOHCTarynia ycTaHOBxanTx croat. mapoayio cbo- 6oxy neiaTH, mo naaaaiii npeaBapareaBaua CTicaeHia He KoryTx airfeTB MicTa; niBeicaan aoacTHTyaia (ct. 86) nocraHOBjaerx: „Bcaai8 aiBexx BOjenx ofinapoxoBaTt cboh nmc.ih, ae no.ineprun axx npeABapaTejrbHoS aeasypls; bx cjyaa'fe siioynoTpeSxenia oax nojBep- raexca OTB$TCTBeHHOCTa apejx KOMnexeaTHuax cyxosx a no aaao- aaMx“; HopBeatcaaa KOHCTHTvpifl (ct. 100) paBBuax o6pasoax ofi-feniaeTX CBoCoay neiaTH. IlepBoe xonoxHeHie aoHCTaiyaia CiB.-AMep. Coe*. UlTaTOBx r.iacaix: ,aoHrpeccx He Huieix npaBa asxaBaTb 3aaoaonx, BJOHaataxca ax orpaHHieaim neiaT H ho bx oTxijxHuxx miaTaxx cymecTBViOTXpa3- jibihhh nocTaaoBxeaia OTnocHTe.Tt.ao neiaTH. Coosnaa mneBnapcaag aoHCTHivuia (ct. 65) 1874 ro*a ofiimaeix aeiara apasiyu ra- paHTio cowsa: „la liberty de ia presse est garantie“. Ilpoiia kohcth- Tynia orpaHHiHBaioTca otu^hoS apexBapHTexBHofi neasypu, coxpatina ycTaHOBxeHHue saaoHaHH cxyiaa Bsucaaaia. Bx repaaHia CBodoxa ne- iaTB o6eaneiHBaeTCH HHnepcaa«H caKOttaMH. Bo 'I’paHniH aaatxoe npa- BHTexbCTBO Biix0B3uiHHX0 3EK0HU o neiaTa; HaaoHeax, bx 1881 rojy, aBBJiacB poflx BJiiaHieax raa6eTTU bub* pMcTBytoinaa cacTeua, ao- TopaaycTaaOBjiHerx HanGo-ibiuyto cTenent, cboGoxu, aorja xa<5o HK'fiBmyto M'fecTObo^paaaiH. Bx acTopia $paHay3CK0ft neiaTB hoxho yaasaTL janiB Ha ABft 3aaoaa, K.ioHamieca ax bto8 hIijiu: saaonx 1819 roxa, aoTopuB caopo Ctj.n. yHHiTOxeax, a 3aaoHX 29 ito.la 1881 roxa, kotopuh apo-

38 — jojaaen. cymecTBOBaw, yate 3 roja (aobojbho 3Hanrre.n,HH& npoae- xjtokx BpeMenH m u 'I-paHnia, Tifi ajen CucTpo cm4hhbtcb ApyrHMa). T JIA B A IV. T pASCAAHCBOE PABEHOTBO. IlpOBOsrjanieHie a ycTaHOBaeme Haiaji. jhihoh cbo6oah npaBOjart k i rpaaaaacKoB paBiionpaBHOCTH, KOTopaa, a t cbob oiepeAB, BeaerB kb yHHiTOseiriB npaBaaerift, bz oco6eHHOCTH aacjiijCTBeaHuxi, nBxan- maxcn MOHouoaiefi b i cbo6oa4. Ilocx$AHJia n oxen, 6htb uecBMa nm- poKo pasBHia aaae a npa CTporo apacTOKpaTaiecKOMi CTpo’Ii ofimecTna, ao OHa Toraa hmIibti m-Jicto ahiiib bt> uecbaa tIichomx Kpyry; Taxi,, Bt cpSAHHX’B B%Kaxi. rocnoACTBytomia cocaoBia iioctohhho pacampiua apejiaH CBoeft nojiaiaaecKofi cboCoah, bo Haiaxo apaBaaerift yera- HOBHAO 3aBHCHMOCTB OAHHXT, KAaCCOBB OTT. JpyrHXfc. MOHOBOAia Be 6hah yEHTToaeau h cz ycTaaoBaemeMi. a6co.i»Tiio8 HOHapxia; xoHap- xaaeeKaa bjibctb, KOHifmcKOBaBinaa noAHTHiecKia apaBa BLianaxi, K.iae- cobi, ocTaBHAa aa hhmh Becaua aiapoKia rpa*AaHCKia apaBa, kotophmh ohb, ae SyAyaa cTbonaeMH cBepxy a C.iarojapa SeauemocTH apaBH- TeascTBa, apoAO.ma.iH aectnia Buroxao nojtB30BaTi>ca bi, ymepOi. hh3- 6aiaMB BJiaccaui; aa« nocaiAHHXB bjtb saapuTi, aocttob kb rocyAap- CTBeaHHMi. aojjbuocthmi,; aa chocoShocth, aa o(Spa30BaHie -lapa, apa- HaAaexaBfliaro kb HU3aieMy Kxaccy, He AaBajix exy HaAesAH aa 3a- HBTie KaKoro hhOvab aoaoaseBia Bt oOmecTBi; BoaacKaa aoBHaaocTj, OTnpaB.iaAaCL tojbko HH3auaiH BAaccaMa; hh oahkb cow an He non, nHTaTL HaAeatAH ae toabso ca& hitbch renepajioKB, ho .name oifmae- POHT,; BCD TaJKBCTB HO-IOrOBT, HCaUTHBaAH OABH TOJBKO HH3aiio KAKCCU; s i BTOHy HeoCxoAHMO apacoeAHHHPB onto CapmiiHy a pa3HBM iiobhh- hocth BI, nojbay AyxoBHofi a cb^tckoS apacTOKpaiiH, a a m naci, CTaHera, Bno-rai douhthumi,, aoaeMy Bonpoci, o paaeacTBli aoxynui Tasoe 3HaieBie bi, saoxy (ppaHayscnofl peBOJiKmia. IIoai, HaeHesn, pa- seacTBa aoHWHuacB poenonpa^ocmt, T.-e. paBeacTBO apeAi sasoaom., bo He tfKiKTHiecKOe paBewiBO ADjefi; Ha w y noisy aM ctbhtcabho cxaaa eBponeScKia kohcthtyaih. AeKaapania Ke apaB% 1789 toae bi. ct. 1 rxacHTf. atoah poatAaiOTcii a ocTatoica paBHuaia az cbohxi, npaBaxi; ct. 6, paBBHBaa 3to hstoao, roBopan: saKoat AOJateai, Chti, OAHBBKOBI, a m Bci**; ct. 13 oObABAaeTi,: Haaora aoabshh 6htb pacapeAiaeHH MeasAy bc* mh, cooOpasoo cz axt axy^ecTBOKi. ° 0™ “ ef a„ r BCTHTyUi“ 3' r° ceHTa6pa 1791 roaa »oryrc. 6htb pasAi- -i OTpHnaTe.iBHUH; noAosaTe.ibHBia ctetbh

npaaaTH iioith BciMH PBpoiicficKHMH rocy.iapcTuaMH; oh% rjacHTT,: 1) neb rpaaaano jouycKaioTca so Bcf.MT. ao.ixhoctami 668% pasaaiift (acKjroqaa panjiutia bt. AofipOA’fcTeja); 2) Haaora pacnpexiaaKiTca He®xy rpaasaHaMH, coofipasHO axi. ajcymecTBy, h bt. 3) oxHHanoBua npecTy- niema bjcrvtt. oxmiaKOHHH aaicasaiiia x-ia bc£xt>. OTpan.aTeji.HHfl CTSTI.H HayTx eme AaAtme: Ha pajy c t yiniqToxeHieirb BOTaaHBuxT. h ((ico.iajBHijx'i, cyxoBT. Hjeri yHHHroxeHie TaryjOBt, u«em,, 4>eo- ja.itHHX'L npam., pa3JHiia cocaoBifi; h^tt. Co.iie hh xbophht., 'Be repuoroBt; THTyaoBasHHa ocoOu xoaxhh 6uah HoeaHyTt bt. uacci citoyens. Taaaa jemoKpaTHsania He HMtaa CMHcaa a He rapMonapoBaxa cb noHflTiaMH ofinjecTBa Tore Bpeuena (Taai, noaoxeuie repnora Opxe- aHcaaro, Ha3HBaBmaro ceSfl Philippe Egalit£, 6uao joboibho cTpaHHUMi; TaKi, o6pameme xpyre. s i apyry Ha th He vimajio MnpaCo caasaTB CBoeMy KaHepaancpy: nxa Te6a, cbojobb, h Bee eme monsieur le comte). KoHCTHTypiH 1793 a 1795 roxa Toxe jobojbho pt.raHTejri.uo oupexi- xhdti Haiaaa paBeHCTsa: KOHCTHTyaia 1793 roxa o&bXBiaerh: bc$ jdxh paBHH no npapox'fe (?) n uo saKOHam. KoacTHTyaia 1795 roxa BOBBpaTnaacb kt, 6oaie ynipenHHMi Haiaaami: OHa ofiiHBHja tojbko paBOHCTBO jaa Bctai, npa aaicasaHiaxi h npexi sanoHOHi. Oto Onto nocjijHHHT. cjobomx pccnyfijHKaHCKoB $paaaia. Ilano.ieoHi. I BO BpeMa CBoero KOHcyjicTBa (1799— 1804) ocTaxca Ha nowi pecnyfiranaHCKoS KoacTHTyniu, ho, cjhjaBmHct HtmepaTopoMi, ohi xorf.1% cosjaTt co6- CTBeHHym apacTOEpati® h craji mejpo pasxaaaTt pa3Jiaqnne THTy-iH cbohmt. upuCjHxeHHHsn.. XapTiji 1814 roxa, t.-o. peCTaBpupoBaHHHXi Btp6ohobi, B03BpaTH.ia tutvjih CTapoay jBopaHCTBy, ho yxepxaxa n THTyjH, noxajoBaHHue HanojeOHOMT., a aocTaHOBaxa (ct. 71), HTO THTyJH jaiOTT. OAHH TOJTBEO HOHeTHHH HpeHMymeCTBa. PeBOJBnia 1830 roxa He YHHHTOXHia thtj’jobi. ITpoBosrjam&Hio pecayfijHKH b i 1848 rosy npuBe.ro (kohct., c». 10) s i VHaqTOiKeHi® jBopaBCTea, co- c.MBift, THiyjOBi. B i 1852\" rojy aanepaTOpi Hanoxeom. I l l BOSBpa- TH.rca kt. CHCTeai csoero xaxa, T.-e. mejpofi pasxaqi TirryjoBT. cbohmt. npHfijHxeHHHiTB. PeBoxronifl 1870 roxa ocTaBB.ia bonport o THTy.raxT. HephmeHHHMT,. Bci KOHCTHTyniOHHHH rocyjapCTBa, npa nocTanoRKt Bonpoca o pasHonpaBHOCTH, iroryra 6sm pa3AijeHH Ha 3 saTeropia: 1) rocyAap- CTBa, He apasHaumin BBKaKHXi cocaobhhzi OT.raaifi; cdah othocatch: CiB.-Aaep. CoeA- UlTaTH h IHBeSnapia; 2) rocvAapcTBa MonapxHqecKia, npHsnacmia paBeaciBO npeAi saaoHOMi, ao y,xepxnBaBmia noqeTHHfl OTjaqia; tbki iiTajLflHcicift cTaTyn, npuBHaBaa paBencTBO, coxpaHaen THTyAH; 3) rocyAapcTBa, yAepxHBax>mia He toabko noqeTHHa OTJiaqia, ho a octhtkh npexHHXi npuBH.reriS 3HaTn; c®Aa otbochtch Anr-rifl— CTpaHa, bt. aoTopofi paHtate qhMi l’A i jh6o npnaHaBa.roci. paBeHCTBO

— 40 — npejb 3a.KOHOMi», B o n n ate Bpen« CTpaHa, rAi paaiwna be hmt- mecTBeanuxb OTHomeHiaxb paa-iaiHuxb Kxaceonb rpoaajHa. PaattHiie aeatay nobleman a common ho cocxobhoo; napE— paiibine Bcero sox»- HocTHoe xano, ofiasaHHoe sactaaTB be BepxneS naxari. Ilapu He co- CTaB-MDTT. 3auKHyToft aopnopania, ohh HHKouy ae oTsasusaioTE be upanaTia bt, cbob) cpeay. TaKb, mu bhAhmi be aacxi irapoBE h hcto- paKa Maaoaea, KOTopuS, no CBoeMy npoHcxoasAeHi», Heaori 6u ce6a npnauc-iHTb Kb apacTospaTia. IIponopaioHaxtaoCTB npaBb a o6aaaaHO- cie® Bceraa 6uxo OTxaiHTeabHOB aepToo aHT.iificKaro npaBHTexiCTBa: a»pu, noxasyacb aiKOTopuMa npHBaxeriaifH, HecyrE MHoro CesB03ue3A- hhxe oflasaBnocTeS. Ilpana napoBE: 1) sacixaTB be nepxaeS naxarfc; 2) Cute cyjHMUMH ce6i paBHHMH be naxari aopaoBE Bb jixaxb ro- cyjapcTBeHHOft H3MiHu; Bb Apyraxb sJuaxx ohh noacyaau oChkho- BeaHuxb cyxaMb, Bb KOTopuxb yaacTBy»Tb npacaatHue 3aciAaTexa; 3) yroxoBHue sasoau HasHaiaBTE aectMa TaatKia naKaaaiiia sa ocEop- SxeBie napoub a nspeccb, a 4) nspaub npexcTaBxaeTCH npeaayme- cTBeHaoe apaso oxotu. Jpyria KOHTHHeHTajBHua rocyjapcTBa npasaanrb ataoTopua apaBa sa ABopaacTBOMb, EaKb cocxoBieub, BcxijciBie Toro, hto be hhxt* octb- xhce 3Ha3UTe.ii.uuc BxcMeHTu apexnei apacTOKpaTiH; TaKb, Bb IHBenia, HO1866 roja jjbophhctbo KaKb oxhhe asb cefiMonuxb ixeHOBb coxpa- Haxo cboh npHBH-ieria; aocxi 1866 roja oho norepaxo npano npauoro yaacTia Bb napxaMBHTi (ofii uiBejcKia naxara—EufiopHua), ho yAep- aaao apaBO coSpaaia no cbohhe cocxobhhke AixaME. Bb FepMaHia apacTOKpaTaaecEie BaeHeam necbMa chji.hu; be Haub othochtch paspajb MojiaTiiaiipoBaHauxb saasefi, BosaHBmaxb be snoxy BOflHbHaao.reoHa I cb repaanieit, Korja aoxHTHaecKaa Kapra aocatjaeS qpe3BHHa0HO H3Miaaxacb (TopMaHia jo Toro BpeueaH npejCTaBxaxa consb HicsoiiKHib cote rocyxapcTBE). HanoxeoHEI aaBaxE ao3Moataocib KHashaMb, jepataBmHMb ero CTopoay, OKpyrxHTb cboh Bxaxiaia, T.-e. npacoeAHHHTB becbohhe BxaxiaiaME 3e«XH cocij.ee; TaKb, 6ajeHCKoe KopoxeBCTBO eociaBBxocb h3e 30 pasxHiHHXE KnaaecTBE. npa yqpe- atjeHiH be 1806 roAy PeSRCKaro Co»aa npoB03rxameHO 6uxo, hto bth KHHBbH coxpaaaiOTE HiKOTopua ocoOeaaua apeHiryn;ecTBa; htq a 6uxo noxTsepatjeao BiHCKHHb asToab 1816 roja, rAi cKasaHo, hto Standes- herren HMiBTb cxtxymmia apasa: 1) paBHopoAcTBa ce napcTBeHaura AOaauH, 2) aBToaoMia be pacaopaateaia cbohhh HMymecTnaMH, 3) ocbo- 6oatAeHia ote bohhckoS noBuaaocTM, 4). HSbaTia ote noAcyAaocTH ce apanoHE ofipamaTEca be TpeTeficKi# cyAb. Ho hh be KOHCTBTynia 1866 roAa, hh be HMaepcKoa KOHCTHTyniH 1871 r. a i r i hh cxoBa o<5bothxe Standesherren, a noToxy hxe npanaxeria ae rapaaTapoBaau cobsohe; OHi MoryiE 6htb BHAOH3MiHeHU saKoaojaTexbCTBaiia OTjixi,-

— 41 nuxx rocyaapcTBi. Buciuee ABopaacTBO repMania no.ii,3yeTCH npa- bomx 3acijaTt bt, uepxneft naaarli h B.iaj'I/n. 3anoBijHLiMH hm^hihhh; TasoBU se h npaBa ABopancTBa bt. nopryraAia. Bx Hcnaniii coxpa- hhjiocb ssaHie h aoctohhctbo rpaH^a cx npaBOBTB 3actjaTB bx ceuaT-i (no ct. 21 KOBCTHTynia. 1876 rota), ecaa ohx aaieTX eateroAHufl ao- xoax npH0ja3HTejibHO bx 60.000 4>paHKOBx. rJ IA B A V. IIpaBO BETHUlfi, C0D8OBX a COBPAHlfi. A. Upaeo nemuuia. 1. Hbx npaBx, HMiiomaxx no npeaaymecTBy BHaaeaie o6ai;ecTBeHHoe, nauieuy pascMOTphniw npeatje Bcero. lioA.iesaix npaBO neTanift hah npomeaifi. IIoax btrmx aueaeux pasyaieTca npaao npeac'raB.iaib npo- raenia cx ii/Iulio noCyxHTx saaOHOflaTOJitHyio hjih ajMaHHCTpaTBBHyxi BxacTB ycTpaHBTx h3b4ctho6 sxoynoTpeCxeBie hah bbocth HUMliHenio bx saKOBonaTejixcTBO. Ho yaeni» M oah. aoajsho OTAHaaTX neTHpim otx saA0($u; nocA’fe^aaa BHSHBaeTca Hecnpanej.iuBUMH a4hhU mh jo.is- nocTHOro .inna a npanocaTca JanaMH, noTopufiBmaaa otx hhxx Eaiioft ah6o ymepOx hah HapymeHie npaBa. noTOuy ycAOBia, onpej'fe.ianrnia cymeciBO aaxofiu, tubobh: 1) ata.iofia xoscerx npuHOCHTtca tojxeo norepiriiBniaMX janoax; 2) ea npe^aeToax uoxeTX Outb to.ibko to pacnopaateHie babcth, EOTopoe HenocpeACTBeaao Eacaerca aroro AHna, h 8) OHa AOASBa 6utx cpejcTaa.iena naiajiLCTBy io.iaaocTHoro Anna, na pacnopaaceHie BOToparo xajyiOTca. Hto se sacaeTca neTHRia, to oho 1) MoseTx 6htb npejcTaBAeBa bchkhhx ahhomx, EOTopoxy b3b£cthh Easia ah6o SAoynoTpeOAenia\" hah BpejHua nocaijcTBia cymecTBynmaro saKOHa; 2) coAepacaHie neTauia MoaseTx 6htb apeaBnaafiBo pa3H006pa3H0: oaa Moserx sacaTxca A»6oro npeAUOTa, a 3) oaa aoaeTX 6htb npex- CTaBAOHa Ha ycxoTpliHie bucbibB BAacra: sopoAD, uauacTpaux h na- AaTaux. Hax Beixx bhjobx ocoSeunaro BHauaHia no axx BasBOCTH 3acjyataBas)TX nerania, ofipameanua ex napAauenTy, a6o BOAaay axx xosho p83cxaTpnBaTB EBKx ocoGyio <[K>pMy yaacTia a BAiaaia rpasAaax bx A^auxx 3aB0H0A3T€AXCTBa. Mu yse paBxme bha^ab, bto npa co- BpeMeaHHxx ycAOBiaxx npejcTanaTeAtCTBa 3to yaaarie a BAiaHie ao- boaxbo c.raOu. MesAy t6ux naaaTH, jaate a3x aacaaHaaAyame ycxpoeH- hhxx, ho bx cocToania :maTB Bcero; OHi He uoryTX ca£ahtb sa Bcfeun bhobb HapoAHBmuMHca noTpefiaocTJiMH oCwecTBa; ont aacTO Haxoaaiea bx BeassicTBOCTH, ebkobo HacTpoeme rpaaEAaBX no HSBiiCTHOxy, boa* xeatamejty hxx ptaemio, Bonpocy. PesyAtTaTOMX Tasoro HeBiA^Hia

— 42 — aoasen, osasaTtcfl to, ito bo m bin Bjacra pasoflxyica cx naatpeniaHH Hapoxa; saKOHOxaTeaxHHa ptmeaia OKascyTca HecooTBiTCTBy»mHmi napoxHofi Boat. Toeho TauxaceHapoxuoe npexcTaBirrejbctbo, npH3BaHHoe ae*xy npoHHax h kx icoHTpoa® Haxx axurnaHcrpanien, He Mosen. npaBObuo ero Becra bx tomx cayaai, gc-th, Hanp., bx iiapaaMeHix 6yjeTX aaspuTXxoctyhx acaaofourx aaCTHBixx aanx na ajroynoTpeG.iema. KoHTpoax bx btomx cayaat jioaceTX OKasaTbca Heiiuno-imiMUsix. Ta- KHMX o6pa30MX, Dt'THHiu h npaao HXX noxaiH Moacno pascuaTpaBaTB kbkx Haafioate npaBaatHuS h nt.iecoofipasHHB nyTx 3aaBaeHia o6x oSmecTBeHHBxx nyacxaxx. lIpaBja, Ty ae mtax, m .kx mh BHjtaa paK&me, npecatxyeix otibcth h neaaTB, ho neaaTB He ecu nyTt npa- Moro ofipamenU kx 3aKOHOjaTeaBnoii luacTii: neaaTB xtficiByeTX irpeaje Bcero Ha ofimecTBeiraoe snrfenie h ecaH BaiaeTX Ha aaKOHOxaTeJBHUfl ct(>epn, to KocBeHHO. IIoaTOMy neaaTB a ae MoaeTX aaatHHTB co6o® npaBO neTHHii, KOTopoe no (Jiopat a cnocofiy csoero ocymecTB-ieHia ■ no paoeuy soaaem® npiofipiTaen, xapairrepx kbkx 6h oco6aro nojra- THieciaro npaBa Ba paxy cx xpyi’Hxa, a ijotomv bo Bctxx aoucTHTy- nioHHUxx rocyxapcTsaxx npaBo neTanift caHTaeTca oxhhmx bsx saa- Btflinaxx npaBx. XI. Hax BceS ceaxa eBponefiCKaxx rocyxapcTsx npaBo nerauiB yTBepxaaocB a nojyaHao anaaeHie npeacxe Bcero bx Aarxia. IIoayaaBX mapoKoe pasBBTie a npHMtneme a npeTepntBx orpanuacuia .ihitib bx aeaHoria anoxa, npaBo nenmifi OKOKaareaxHO npoB03raameno assi- cthuux „6axaeHX o npasaxx\" 1689 r. Bnpoaeux stotx 6hjltb i-obo- pHTX TOXXKO 0 HBTHnlaXX, oCpaiHeHHHXX KX KOpOJ®, Bt6 HU'tOTX csoe oSxacHeaie bx coOuTiaxx TorxamHeB nojHTHtecKott xh3hb. Kasx H3BiciH0, IaKOBx II BaeHHo Bapymaax npaBo neranifl, otkxohhbx ne- THuiK), oCpameuByio kx Kopoam cenB® enacKonaMH, KOTopBixx obx xaax npHKa3aBie o6Hapoxo8aTB npoaTemeux bx' nepKBaxx „^eKjapapii) o6x BHxyaxreHnia*, npoBoarxamaamyio h'Iikotophh iiaaaaa BtporepnHsfocT* (bx paacaeri iktb noc.ia6xeaia rxaBHuax ofipasoax KaToxaKaHx, bx KOTopBixx npBHaxxexaxx a caax Kopoxx). Comb enacKonoBX, mkx iipanoBt.pnuo aHrjHKaHe, He coa.9H bo3moshumx hchoxhhtx xaHHoen x npaKa3aHie a, cocraBBBx no BToay cayaa® neTtmi®, rxt hsjohchjih mothbh oBoero HenocaymaHia, npexcTaBaaa ee aaaao Kopoa® bo xboph* (Whitehall). Kopoax OTKaoHaax ueTapi® enHCKoaoBX a axx caMaxx apexaax cyxy aa. pacnpocTpaaeHie Bpexaaro uacKua.ia bx MaxaBCtat- ckomx rpa4>cTBh, bx npexlaaix Baax'i'aia Koioparo uaxoxaaca xbo- peiix. Cyxx, mbx B3BicTHo, onpaBxaax ohhckohobx. 8totx cayaa# He npomeax xapoax xaa ahaa noauTHaecicoB cbo6oxbi AHraia; nocat pe- BoawniH 1688 roxa ohx nocayacnix noaoxoax yTBepaxenia npaBa ne- THHifi bx caauxx mHpoKHXx pasatpaxx. 3totx cayaaB oCxacHaeix

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— 44 — TaeTca yBiperaocrj., n o co.xepacaHie neTHniH, nocTynanmeS bx na- aaTy, 6y*«Tt joctoSbo BDUHaaia, h6o weHX, noTopuft bhochtx nexH- aiio, <5epeTx na ceOa H3irficTaaro posa otb^tctbshhoctb, h 6) ycrpa- HseTCH Heo6xoi«iiocTB npejcTaBaeHia neTanin caMHMii npocHTCjaMH, KOTopue, coopamnacb, aaup., TOJinofi, Morjra 6u B0cn0JH.30BaTtca aoja- ,eio Kaat cpejcTBOMx ToppopusapoBaTB npaBHTea&CTBO. H, j'Mctbh- tcjlho, Taaaa npe^ycMOTpaTejitHOCTb He hCo bx HCTOpiH AHr^iH Chjib cjyiaa TaKHXT, nesaKOHHHXx DonuroKX. Tam,, bx 1780 r., npoaaoiujiH xam HasHBaeMue ropionoBcaie OeanopajKH no noBOjy ppe- lOCTaB.ieHauxx KaiojiHKaMT. oOxerieHifi. IIpoTecTaHTCKaa acconiapia, HejOBO-iBnaa noMaC-ieHiaua, catjraHHBian no'iaTaTO.iHMx puMcaaro npe- cro-ra, nojx npejioroMX noaaiH ero cocTaBjennofl neTHniH, orpoHHofi To.inofi, noax npejBoaHTeitCTBOMX BKcneHTpnnBaro .xoppa TopjOHa, 2, iiOHH 1780 r., Bopna-aacb bx sxaHie uajiaTu h nepataca ee hIikoto- poe Bpetia kbkx 6h bx ocas4, TpeOya nenejneHnaro OTB-fexa; to.ibko BoeHHoft ch-100 yjajocb pa30rHaTb Toany h ohhcthtx a.xanic najaxu. Cx cofi.inxenieMii jnyxx BHmeHajoseHBHxx ycaoBift, aar.iiiScKaa koh- CTHTypia npeiocTasjiaeTX rpasjaHaMx ho.ihvbj CBofiOAy noabSOBaixca upaBOHx nOTHHift. neTapiu, cocTaBaoBHUa h noaaHHun cor.iacno 'vsaicoHCHHUMX npa- BHxaHX, nocTynaBTX bx oco6ue KOKHTern mta upenBapHTejibnaro B3- c.rt.xoBainji hxx h co cxopoHU ijiopMbi h co cxopohu cojepasaHia. III. Bo ‘I’paRnin npaBo neTHpift rapaaxHpyeTca KOHCTHTynieft 1791 r. Ohe ionycRaen, npano npe.TCTaBxeuia ycTaHOB.ieHnuMx bjbcthmx ne- THHifl, BOiBacaBHbixx annuo KaajuMx (sign^es individuellement). 8to 3naiHTx, bto, nanp., oOinana, ropoax hjh OKpyrx He MoryTX noiaeaTb neTHnift otx HueBH nacTHaro anna a hxx npencTanjuiTbca He MoryTX. Boi npocHTe.iH nojasarx neTHnic otx ce6n, 3a cBoeso noanncbio, XOTH H BX OftBOfi B Toft *6 U6THIUH: TEKX BTO IieTHnja MO®eTX 6HTb noKptiTa jtio6hmx KoxHiecTBosix noaBHcefl. SaBOHOiaTe.xbHoe co6paHie BX nepiopx 1791 — 1793 r. h KOBaerm, 1792— 1795 r. Ha npaKTHK* OTCTyna-XH otx sraoro nanaja. Kx tomv ace ohh He onpe.xtjHjg toiho, otx khkhxx cofiHpaxeabHbixx jibux MoryTX 6biTb upeacTaB.ineMu ho- THniu b qepesx Eoro. Onoro Ha npaicmK* mu BCTp-feiaeMx neTHniH otx oicpyra, ofimHHU h laae 6ujh neTHnia, nojaHcaeHua c.xobomx people (oqeBHjcHO, Hanepesopx npaBHjy o neTHniaxx, signfes individaellemeat). Bx to peBOJnonioHHoe BpeMa 3aK0H0jaTe.ibH0e cofipaaie jwnycKaao He- nocpejCTBeaHyD nojaqy neTHnifl, no, KoneoHo, Baetio 3a cofioio-Maccy CeanopBAKOBx, OypHuxx cnenx h pe?oa«)oioBBUxx neaoHCTpanifl, npoHS- BOJIHHHXX ”TOmJUo>fl \" \" \" \" \"PeABOAHTejIbCTBOMX CBOHXX BO«aKOBX. IIpH Hanoaeoa^ I, cx 1799 ) 1814 r [ upaBO neTHnift h OTHBTO, BOHcvjibCKOft KOHCTHTynin coAepaca.ia I

45 CBwresbRua upasp-ra j j a ocymecTB-ieniH aroro npaBa, hto oho He npa- MlinH.IOCL, H HCTHKiH UpeKpttTHJHCI. ((laKTHPeCKH. XapTifl 1814 row nocTaHOBMja, hto nexapia bx ojhj Hat najaix poaxHa Chtx cocia- B.ieHa h npe^cTaBJieHa ppcbnenpo h 3anpein;aja nojaBaxx ee .tupho b y pi.meTKii ajiapia, r j i sacijajio co6pame. T4 ate noeraHOB.ieHia vjep- *a,ia h KOHCTHTyiiioHHaa xapTia 1630 ropa (ex. 45). PeciiyGjHKaBCKaa KOHCTHTynia 1848 ropa cxaxxe® 8 npejocxaBH.ra rpaatjaHanx no.iHyc cBoCoay noabSOBaTbca npauoMx neTHpiii, He Orpa- HHiHBaH hxx HHKaKHHH ycaoBianH. Uo coOutih caopo ynasaap na He- yjoficTBo TaKoro no.ioateHia jiax. 15 uaa 1848 roja BoataKH apaSueft napTia ycTpoHau CypHyo peMOHCxpapiB) npoTHBX coopauia nopx bh- Aomx h nopx npejjoroMX nojaiu neTHpia bx doal3? Uoabhih. 1'po- HaaHaa TO-ina neTppioneponx nanpanH.iact s i U-roipapH Coraacia (Place de la Concorde), nerupia 6iua BpyieHa ajw ppeAcxaBJieHi» bx uaaaxy ojuony hsx jjenyTaTOBX. Ha btomx Chao h ycnortomHCx; ho ipyraa xo.rna ACMOHCTpaHTOBX, HanpaBjaacx o n HtoipaxH Bacm- jiB, m.ia npaao kx Palais Bourbon, r*6 aacipaao coCpame. BopBaBnracb bx saay BacbpaHia, Toana TpefioBa-ra oxx jenyTaTOBi pimeHia bx A jx i npejcTaB.ieHHoft neTppui. Ilpmn.rocb nycTHTt bx xojx BoeRHyto CH.iy: HapioriajBHaa rnapiia pasomajia toapv b ocboOoaha* napoAPbixx npejcTaBHTejefl. KOHCTHTynia BTopofi UHnepip (1852 r.) 3HaiHTe.ibno orpariHPu.ra upaBO neTppift. Ona uocTaHOBJia.ia, no nexppip Moryxx Cutb noja- Baeuu to.tbko ceHaTy. CeHaxx, kpkx usb^ctho, coctohax H3X anpx, HasHaiaeiiHxx cnaia-ia npeatueHxoirx pecnydjiHBH, a hotohx avne- paropoMB. Cano coCon, bx bthxx npexi-raxx npaBO nexpuift He homo hmIiti, Cojfcmoro 3Haaenia h, b£ckoaxko pacnmpeHHoe SCnatus-Con- suIComx 1866 ropa, bto npaBo ocTaaa.iocb 6e3x npHHiHeHia: uapoax H6 npHCbroax kx neTHpiaxx, BtpoaTHO, bx BHpy najo8 babcxh, npe- jocTttB.ieHHO0 cenaxy, h rjaBHuux oCpasoKx bx BHjy ero cocTasa. 9to HOATBepKAaercfl h nuippaiiH: sa 7 nepBuxx atix HMnepiH cenaix HOAyHHAX Bcero 1.126 neTHpiB; bx 1868 r., norja sacijaHia ceHaia oCxubaohu nyCxHPHHMp, nocTynp.ro CBume 1.000 neTppiB; bx Tenenie ae 1870— 71 r. HacapTUBaeTca ao 1.500 neTHpifl, noAauHHXX Hapio- HaJibnoMy cofipaHi®. Hupt xiiScTByEmie bo d'paHpip aasoHU o neTB- niaxx cojepaaTca bx BOHCTHTypioHHOHX asrb 22 inxa 1879 ropa; ohm BBBABcr, HeoCxoAHHHMH noiirt nepeHeceHia MicTonpeCuBaHia napart Max Bepcaja bx HapHacx, r j i erne npepaaia Konxynu Cujp cb$sh. IIoBTOHy saKOHX 1879 ropa, npusHaBaa npaBo neTHpifl, oCe:iiiepunaeri. npaBUPBHOCTb ero ocyipecTBiemx pa3HUMHrapanTiaiiH. Taax, 1) ct. 6 nocTanoBxaeTx, pto Bcartaa neTHpin, oCpamaeMan bxo.rny H3Xnajiaix. AO.rana Cutx cocTaB.repa h npeACTaBxena uacxHeHHO; 2) aauperpacTCii

— 46 —■ Aswan noAana neTHnifi: h y p in e ™ s^aaia, saHaiaro companies® najaTH; 3) cTaTteio 7 3aaoHa 1879 roja na-iaraeTCa cTporoe Hasaa 38Hie aa B036yatteHie k» noAani neTanifi ahtoo h & la barre de Pas* semblee. TaEHMb o6pasosb, nun* itficTBy»mie bo 'bpasnin saKOBB-8 neTHUiaxi. cxoahh cb laEOBUMB we Aurjin. Bb apyrnxi rocyjap1' cTBaxi. nocTaaoBjtenia KacaTejn.no neTHnifi cxoahh cb nocTaHOBxeHiaa* c.TaTbn 21 6e.ibriScKOfl BoacTHTynia 1831 roja; ?Ta cTaTta rxacHTK Kaatitufi Mowem npoxcTaBJiHTb ycTaHOB.ienHUMX BAacTaax neTHniH, liOABHcannua OAHHMb bah MHoraMH JiHnann (sHawrb, T0»e signtes indiriduellement); npeACTasaaTb Boj-ieETHnnua neTHniH (en nom colJ lectif) pa3pimaeTca jmnt ycTaHOBxeHHinrt B-iacraM-i. (autoritts consti­ tutes) ropoAOBt, accon,iani8, iipoBHnniajibHbixb ihhobt. hah co6pamfi, BO HHKaK’b He aaCTHUMT, AHUaMb, CKOAbKO 6u HXb HH 6UJ0; COBOiyiT- HocTb nacTHUxb ahiit, Be pascMaTpHBaeTca sa upejcTaBHTCAefi npHjK- aecKapo Anna. Kpouf, Toro, CeAbrificKaa BOHCTBTynia Bocnpemaew noAanaTb ncTunia ahtho. CxOACTBeHHO cb 8THMb H npyccitaa KOHCTHTynia 1850 roAa npe- AOCTaBAaeib npaBO nernpin jtaaiAoiiy npyccaxy; ho npaBO nojanaib KoAAeKTHBKua iictiuuh OTb ropoAa, KopnopaniH b t . A- HMiiOTb Amn> ycTaBOBAeHHtfS BAacTH. 3anpemaeTca noAaaaTb neTHniH ahtito, a na- . AaTasib npiiHHuaTb aenyTauin b cuc.iymuuaTi, nocTopoBHHXb m t jHQb, HTajibaHCKoS xoBcTHTyniefl, KOTopaa Bb cymecTBenuuxb sepraxb boc- npoBSBOAHTb nocTaHOBAeBia no 3Tony npejMCTv (bpaHnyacsaro h fiejb- riftcxaro saxoaoAaTeAbCTBa. T4 we Hana.ia socnpoHSBOAaTca bohcth- TyniaHH ABCTpia, Cepfiin h PyauHiu. IloAHaa csoSoxa neTanifi npenocTaBAseTca ROBCTHTyniaHH G4b.- Aaep. Coej. IQTaTOBb u UlBefinapia. IIo xonoxHeniio 1-ay Kb aae- pHKaucKofi KOHCTHTynia 1787 r., Bb hhca4 npaBb, KOTopua KORcpecm. ae aoweib orpaHHTHBaTb, ananaxca h npaBO neTHnifi. To se nocTaHS- BAeBO h Bb KOBCTHTyniaxb 0TA*AbHHXb mTaTOBb. IIlBefinapcKaa boh* ciBTynia rapaarnpyeTb npaBO neTanifi codsho# oxpaHofi n nocraao- B.iaerb, ato oho He aoweTb CbiTt orpamneno nocraHOBACHianH OTX*Ai- HHXb KaHTOHOBb. Kb BTHMb OOm.HMb BpaBHAaMb aoawho npa6aBBTb H HCKABneHie, ycTaHOBAeHHoe aah apaia. BoeHnue bhhh, naxoAamieca Ha AtficTBBTeAbHofi cxy*6i, no o6meay npaBHjy He voryTb npeAeia- BABTb neTanifi, n6o npomeme, npeACTaBjeHHoe BoopyatenHon aaccoB, xerBO o6paTHTca Bb npHKasaHie h HacHAie. IIpaBHAa o npeACTaBAeniH neTHnifi BoficEaaH onpeA*AanTca Be oCmaan, ho noenHHMH saKOHamf.

— 47 — E. ITpaeo. com3os\\ u cottpamu. I. To H apyroe npano ca$Ayert'ciporo paamiaTb, hGo accopiania h coCpaHie—pto abb coBepnreHHO paa-iaiHue Baja coepEHeHia .nopea. CooTrtTCTBeHBO BTOny, eaponeiicKoe' nyfiaHiHoe ( npaBO ynoTpefijaen. ABa TepMHHa aae odoBHaqoHia »thxs pays* npara: noji. „droit d’as&o- ciations“ paayjrterca npano accopiapifi h.ih npaso Boodipe cokibobb (y. HtMueBB: Vereinarecht), a pops „droit de reunions” pasiyxiDTi npaBO codpaniit (y HdmpeBx: Versaramlnngsrecht). Pasraiie TepsiHHOBT. ysa- BUBaera Ha paajaaie npejMeTOBt, aoTopuMi. obb npHcnoeau. H cootbIit- cTBeHHO BTOMy, ocodeuiiocTu roro h Apyroro npaBa peryxapywTca a ycTaHOB-wBTca piacTByxnpHMH saKOPopaTeAtcTBami. Hpeatje Bcero ocTanOBHMca aa pasjaaia Heapy accogiapieS h cofipaaieMx. Hops me- HeMt accopiapiH mm paayiiieMB. iioctohhhuS codss -rapt aa« ocyme- CTBjeaia oCiphmh ch.irmh h iiaTepiaxLnuMH cpepcTuaHH Kaaofl hhOtjl onpcnixcnnoft h nocToannoa ptjia. Oops bto uoaarie accopiapia, naps cowaa jh P'B, Moryn* 6utb nopBepeiiU pa3HOo6pasBua 4>opMH qeionfe- qecKHXs coejHHeHifi. *1toCu ' buaI ahtb nonpocs o rfext accopiapiaxs, soTopua AO-ixBU cocTaBHTb npeAMera aypca rocypapcTBeHaaronpaBa, «u yaaseui Ea rb axs beau, aoxopue ho boaxoahtt. uopt noHPTie uojHTBpecKHX'B accopiapifi. 1) Ota&ibhue aapa MoryTX cooahhhtb cboh cbau aae BKOHOMHPecKHX’B npeAnpiarifi eh nb.ihn nojyqema e pacnpepiixeBia Heapy yqacTHHBaHH npaduAH. CDpa othochtch acco- piapifl, Koxopua ae noAXoparB pops onpeptjeaia rocypapclBeHEaro npaBa. O ni onpenixaiOTca cooTB-hicTBeHHUMH nocTauoBxeaiaiiH rpa- mpaHCKaro, ToproBaro b peMec.ienaaro npaBa; nocTaHOBjeEia nyfiiap- aaro npaBa exp. ae xacatoTca. 2) Apyrofl xapaareps hocets acco­ piapiH, soTopua HH’fefor'b ofiipecTBeHHoe 8Haneaie, T.-e. xoropua hm+.kiti BT. BBpyAOCTEBETBAHpaXS, ynaCTByBOipHMi BB HEX'S, B3aBMHVH) HOMOipt, ofiesneqeaie ora nocaipcTBifi pasnuxs necqacTHHXS cjyqaeBs: 6oxii3HE, VBtnta h npon. Gnpa oteocptcp accopiapia (fajaHTpoiranecxaro CBofi- ctbp, a laxae omosu, B03HBEax)ipie b i npepiuiaxs xaxoro Hafiypi, axacca o6ipecTBa, Hanp., padoPEXs. B i hhxs p in , eipe rocypapcTBeHHaro xa- paxTepa a ohh He BHierB noAHTHPecxaro BBaieHia a Moryn. Chtb pe- ryjEpoBaau aopMaup noxapeflciaro npaBa. 3) AccopiapiH, apepcTa- Bxa»mia HHTepecb a m rocypapcTBeaHaro npaBa, cyrs accopiapia, Hatomia noAETBPecEy» pips. . Os Tamms xapaKTepons npeACTa- BMeTCH, aanp., Aara uaaqecTepcKan p.ia paaBuiia a ocyntecTBAeain cboCoau ToproBAH, AHra aae otm-6hu Topra Herpaua, jara aab pac- EpocTpaBeaia npefi apoaoppioHaABHaro npepcTaBBTeAbCTBa (pops npep- BOAHTejBCTBOMs icjntcTuai'O JIe66oxa), aah peijiopMu naxaTU -lopAons h Apyr. IIoAo6aua accopiapiH ebaedtce oabhms mbs cpepcTBS A-w

48 BJiania ua xoab ynpa&neHia h BaKOHopareatcTBa h.ih pase y a caMO- CToaTeJBHaro ocymeeTBaeHia peJHrioaHHXB h HOAHTHiecKHXB pixeR- Taisia accopiapiH HecosuitHHO coiipuKacaBTca cb droit de reunions, KOTopoe BMien, nyfiAHiHHR xapaiciepB; TaaoBU, uanp., mhthhfh bb AHraia, fiuBinia, bb aamirry rpapcxoHOBCKHXB pe<|jopMB. Ho, EaEB caa-' saHO same, neatly sthmh pByMn BHpaMH coepHHenift cyipecTByeiB 8Ha- iHTejtHOe pa3JHiie, KOTopoe pa3HHTB h OTHOcamiaca kb hems saEOHO- AaTC.iLCTBa. PaaiH-rie bto onpep-fejaeica raaBHUMS oOpasoMB toR cto- nentio ouacHOCTH, KOTopyio MoaceTS npepcTaBAHTt rax rocyjapcTBOH- Hoft BJiacm Ton, hah ppyrofl Baps coepmienia. Othochtgabho OToro accopiapiH a cofipaaia nocTaB.iemj bb pasHtia vc.ioniH. Accopiapia sen., aaKB hu cKaaaaa, nocToaanoe coepaHeHie -rain.; cofipaHie ace, cxopica (reunion) ecTB npexopaipee coepHHeiiie raps no BpeueBHOuy noBOAy. Bb nepBOHB c-iyrafe hh HsrbeMB pf,Jio cb nocioaHHUMB h opraBHSo- B&HHHHB KpvrOMB Paps; BO BTOpOHB— CB HenOCTOHHHUMB, BHHB a HeorpaBHieHBUMB (HHorja Ha MHTHaraxB npncyTOTByen. po 100 t. aeaoBiKB) coctubomb coGpania. 3arfaB accopiapiH iiMieTB cboh aocToaHHua piaH, papa kotopuxb ona yipeatpaeTCH, h EOTopua onpe- Ataarorca bb ea ycTaBi. Ha codpaHia ace exopaTCH paa ofieyiKpeHia BOnpOCOBB MBHyTU H, C.lipOBaTe.TI.flO, HHK3KO0 POCTOilHHOft ptAH OHH HirfeTB ae Moryn. TaaB, nanp., ecaa bb naaaraxB HAyTB npema o(5b aaCHpaTeaBHoS peiJwpMi, cofiapanTca cxopeh, oficyacpaiotpia upimpauu, EOTOpue aoashh 6htb nocTaBjeHH bb ocaoBaHie pecjwpHU. Ecah bb napaaMeHrt o6cy*pa»Tca nepeatHH Tapaijca, h bb cofipaniaxB a x jn AefiaTu no nosopy, bopojehmb, oeTHpiH o HyacAaxB ToproajH h t. p. IIOBTOMy sapaeie He-iwa HaaliTHTL h onpepiuiHTi, t:6xb BonpocoBB, EOTopuMH aafineTca coOpaHie. yEa3annaa pa3HHpa BusuBaeTB eipe HOBOe paa-iHiie aeaepy accopiapieft a cxoasofl: tbkb KasB piiAB acco- piania DocToaBHa h onpepixenHa, to accopiapia Aoaacna hm* tb opra- HH8api»; coflpaHie ae, bb BHxy aenocToaHCTBa a Heonpep'fc.ieHHOCTH ero piaeft, Tasofi opraHHsapiB no cymeciBy p ixa He AonycEaeiB. Tbehmb oOpasoMB, pa3Auaie Meatpy accopiapiefi n cxoaeok) BupaaaeTca h bb opraBHaapiH. Accopiapia, HMtoipaa onpeAtaeaHyB) p ta , a m ocymecTBjeaia EOTopoft coeAHnaeTca H3B$cTnoe hhcjo m p b , mrien. CBOfl yCTBBB, BB EOTOpOMB BHpaaeBH B ptiAB ea a cpepcTBa, KOTO- PUHH 0Ha HaatpeBa piftciBOBaTi,, a paBHo h ycaoBia BCTymeHia h Buxopa ea nenoBB. HanpoTBBB, cofipaaie a n io n aedu BpeMOHuyD opraHaaapiio bb BHpi TixB nuns, EOTopua H36npa»TCjt Ha npepcToa- ipee sactpaHie bb KaiecTB-ii pyKOBOAHTe,iefi npeHiaMH h HaG-nopaTeAeS sa nopaAKOMB. Accopiapia airfeeTB cbohxb nocioaHHUXB npepciaBBTe- aefi: 6mpo, npepcipaTepa, cespeTapa, Ka3Haaea, ecjH oBa noayaaeTB peHeacHue B3H0CH, h npoa. HosTOMy p.ia CHomeHiR, Hanp., cb npaBH-