Bhagat Singhs writings in Hindi ( PDFDrive )

lp dgk gS μ ¶lqèkkj cw<+s vkneh ugha dj ldrs] D;ksafd og cgqr gh cqf¼eku vkSj le>nkj gksrs gSaA lqèkkj rks gksrs gSa ;qod ds ifjJe] lkgl] cfynku vkSj fu\"Bk ls] ftUgsa Hk;Hkhr gksuk vkrk gh ugha vkSj tks fopkj de rFkk vuqHko vfèkd djrs gSaA¸ ,slk yxrk gS fd ml le; bl çkUr (iatkc) ds ;qod bu Hkkoukvksa ls çHkkfor gksdj gh LorU=krk la?k\"kZ esa dwn iM+rs FksA rhu ekl igys tgk¡ fcYdqy [kk+ ek's kh Fkh] ogk¡ vc Lon's kh vkjS LojkT; dk vkUnkys u bruk cy'kkyh gks x;k fd ukSdj'kkgh ?kcjk mBhA mèkj yk;yiqj bR;kfn ft+yksa esa u;s dyksuh ,DV ds fo#¼ vkUnksyu py jgk FkkA ogk¡ fdlkuksa dh gennhZ esa jsyos ds et+nwjksa us Hkh gM+rky dh vkSj mudh lgk;rk ds fy, èku Hkh ,df=kr fd;k tkus yxkA bldk ifj.kke ;g gvq k fd vçyS ds vUr rd ita kc ljdkj ?kcjk x;hA ita kc ds rRdkyhu xoujZ us Hkkjr ljdkj dks vius ,d i=k eas ;g lEi.w kZ fLFkfr crkrs gq, fy[kk Fkk μ ¶çkUr ds mÙkjh ft+yksa esa dsoy f'kf{kr oxZ] vkSj muesa Hkh [k+kldj odhy rFkk fo|kFkhZ rcds rd gh u;s fopkj lhfer gSa] fdUrq çkUr ds dsUæ dh vksj c<+rs gh ;g lki+Q ut+j vkrk gS fd vlUrks\"k vkSj v'kkfUr rst+h ls c<+rh tk jgh gAS ¸ blh i=k esa vkxs pydj mUgksaus fy[kk Fkk] ¶bu yksxksa dks (vkUnkys u ds urs kvkas dk)s ve`rlj vkjS fiQ+ jkts i+ jq eas fo'k\"s k :i ls liQyrk feyh gSA jkoyfi.Mh rFkk yk;yiqj dh rji+Q Hkh os cspSuh iQSykus esa o+Qke;kc gks jgs gSaA ykgkSj dk rks dguk gh D;k gSA¸ i=k ds vUr esa dgk x;k gS] ¶dqN usrk rks vaxzst+ksa dks ns'k ls fudky nsus ds ealwcs ck¡èk jgs gSaA de ls de os gesa 'kklu ls gVk nsus dh ps\"Vk esa vo'; gSaA os ;k rks 'kfDr ds }kjk ,slk djuk pkgrs gSa] ;k turk vkSj 'kklu ds chp vlg;ksx }kjk! ,slk okrkoj.k mRiUu djus ds fy, os mÙkjnkf;Roghu <ax ls vaxzst+ksa ds çfr ?k`.kk rFkk }s\"k mRiUu dj nsuk pkgrs gSaA orZeku fLFkfr cgqr gh ukT+kqd gS vkSj 'kh?kz gh gesa bldk dqN u dqN çcUèk djuk pkfg,A¸ fojklr ls lk{kkRdkj % Hkkjrh; ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu @ 195



IV. vUrjjk\"Vhª ; ØkfUrdkjh vkUnkys u dk vè;;u



vjktdrkokn % ,d Hkkjrh; ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu ds vè;;u ds lkFk&lkFk Hkxr¯lg us vUrjjk\"Vªh; ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk Hkh i;kZIr vè;;u fd;k o ml ij euu fd;kA blh flyflys esa ^fdjrh* esa ^vjktdrkokn D;k gS* vkfn ys[k o dqN vuqokn Nis FksA ebZ 1928 ls ^fdjrh* esa Hkxr¯lg us vjktdrkokn ij ;g ys[kekyk 'kq: dh] tks vxLr rd pyrh jghA μ l- lalkj esa vkt cgqr gypy eph gSA tkus&ekus fo}ku nqfu;k esa 'kkfUr&LFkkiuk ds dk;Z esa my>s gSa ysfdu ftl 'kkfUr&LFkkiuk ds ç;kl fd;s tk jgs gSa] og vLFkk;h ugha oju fLFkj] ges'kk LFkkfir jgus okyh 'kkfUr gSA ml rd igq¡pus ds fy, cM+s&cM+s egkiq#\"k viuk thou v£ir dj x;s vkSj dj jgs gSaA ysfdu vkt ge X+kqyke gSaA gekjh fuxkgsa det+ksj gSa] gekjs fnekx+ dqUn gSaA gekjk eu det+ksj gksdj jks jgk gSA ge nqfu;k dh 'kkfUr ds fy, D;k fpUrk djsa] vius ns'k ds fy, gh dqN ugha dj ik jgs gSaA bls viuh cnfo+QLerh gh dgsaA gesa rks vius nfd;kuwlh fopkj gh rckg dj jgs gSaA ge Hkxoku vkSj LoxZ ikus ds fy, vkRek&ijekRek ds foyki esa iQ¡ls gSaA ;wjksi dks ge rqjUr gh HkkSfrdoknh dg nsrs gSaA muds tks fopkj gSa] mudh vksj è;ku gh ugha nsrsA ge vkè;kfRed #>ku okys tks gSa! ge cM+s R;kxh tks gSa! gesa bl lalkj dh ckrsa gh ugha djuh pkfg,! gekjh ,slh nqjkoLFkk gks x;h gS fd jksus dks eu djrk gSA chloha lnh esa gkykr lqèkj jgs gSaA ukStokuksa ds lksp&fopkj ij ;wjksi ds fopkjksa dk dqN&dqN vlj iM+ jgk gAS vkjS tks uktS oku nqfu;k esa dqN rjD+o+Qh djuk pkgrs gSa] mUgsa orZeku ;qx ds egku rFkk mPp fopkjksa dk vè;;u djuk pkfg,A vkt lekt eas gkus s okys neu ds fo#¼ dkuS &lh vkokt+ mB jgh gS vkjS LFkk;h 'kkfUr&LFkkiuk ds fy, dlS s fopkj mB jgs g]aS mUgas Bhd ls le>s fcuk bUlku dk Kku vèkjw k jg tkrk gAS vkt ge l{a kis eas lkE;okn vkjS lektokn vkfn vuds fopkjkas ds ckjs eas luq jgs gAaS bu lcls Åp¡ k vkn'kZ vjktdrkokn gh le>k tkrk gAS ;g y[s k mlh vjktdrkokn ds lEcUèk eas fy[kk tk jgk gAS turk ^vjktdrk* 'kCn ls cgqr Mjrh gSA tc dksbZ O;fDr viuh LorU=krk vUrjjk\"Vªh; ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk vè;;u @ 199

ds fy, dgha ls fiLrkyS ;k ce ysdj fudyrk gS rks lHkh ukdS j'kkg vkjS muds fiV~Bw ^vuk£dLV&vuk£dLV* dgdj nqfu;k dks Mjkrs gSaA vuk£dLV ,d cM+k [+kw¡[k+kj O;fDr le>k tkrk gS] ftlds fny esa fd t+jk Hkh n;k u gks] tks jDrfiiklq gks] uk'k&egkuk'k ns[kdj tks >we mBrk gksA vuk£dLV 'kCn bruk cnuke fd;k tk pqdk gS fd Hkkjr esa jkt&ifjorZudkfj;ksa dks Hkh μ turk esa ?k`.kk iSnk djus ds fy, μ vuk£dLV dgk tkrk gSA MkWDVj HkwisUæukFk nÙk us caxyk esa fy[kh iqLrd ^vçdkf'kr jktuhfrd bfrgkl* ds çFke Hkkx esa bldk ft+Ø fd;k gS fd gesa cnuke djus ds fy, ljdkj Hkys gh vuk£dLV& vuk£dLV dgrh jgs] okLro esa og jkt&ifjorZudkfj;ksa dh Vksyh FkhA vkSj vjktdrkokn rks ,d cgqr Å¡pk vkn'kZ gSA ml Å¡ps vkn'kZ rd rks gekjh lkèkkj.k turk D;k lksprh] D;ksafd og rks jkt&ifjorZudkfj;ksa ls vkxs ;qxkUrdkjh Hkh ugha FksA os yksx ek=k jkt&ifjorZudkjh gh FksA [k+SjA ge ppkZ dj jgs Fks fd vjktdrkoknh 'kCn cgqr cnuke fd;k x;k gSA vkSj LokFkhZ iw¡thifr;ksa us ftl rjg ^cksY'ksfod*] ^dE;qfuLV*] ^lks'kfyLV* vkfn 'kCn cnuke fd;s gSa] mlh çdkj bl 'kCn dks Hkh cnuke fd;kA gkyk¡fd vjktdrkoknh lokZfèkd laosnu'khy euokys] lkjh nqfu;k dk Hkyk pkgus okys gksrs gSaA muds fopkjksa ds lkFk fHkUurk j[krs gq, Hkh mudh xEHkhjrk] turk ls Lusg] R;kx vkSj mudh lPpkbZ vkfn ij fdlh çdkj dh 'kadk ugha gks ldrhA ^vuk£dLV*] ftlds fy, fgUnh eas ^vjktdrkoknh* 'kCn gh ç;kxs eas yk;k tkrk g]S ;uw kuh Hkk\"kk dk 'kCn gS ftldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS μ ,u ¾ ukVW ] vkdhZ ¾ :y] vFkkrZ 'kklufoghu μ fdlh Hkh çdkj ls 'kkflr u gkus kA bUlku eas igys ls gh vfèkd ls vfèkd Lokèkhurk ikus dh pkg jgh gS vkjS chp&chp eas i.w kZ LorU=krk] tkfs d vjktdrkoknh vkn'kZ g]S ls feyrk&tyq rk fopkj çdV gvq kA mnkgj.kLo:i dkiQ+ h igys ,d ;uw kuh nk'kfZ ud us dgk Fkk μ We wish neither to belong to the governing class nor to the governed. vFkkZr] ge u 'kkld cuuk pkgrs gSa vkSj u gh çtkA eSa le>rk gw¡ fd fgUnqLrku esa fo'o&Hkzkr`Ro vkSj laLÑr ds okD; ^olqèkSo dqVqEcde~* vkfn esa Hkh ;gh Hkko gSA vxj ge cgqr iqjkuh ekU;rkvksa ls fdlh [k+kl urhts rd u Hkh igq¡p ldsa rks Hkh ;g rks Lohdkjuk iM+sxk fd ;g fopkj mUuhloha vFkkZr fiNyh lnh ds vkjEHk esa ,d ç+Qkalhlh nk'kZfud çw¼ksa us Li\"V rkSj ij turk ds le{k j[kk vkSj mldk [kqysvke çpkj fd;kA blfy, mUgsa vjktdrkokn dk tUenkrk dgk tkrk gAS mUgkuas s bldk çpkj vkjEHk fd;kA ckn esa ,d :lh cgknqj] cSdqfuu us blds çlkj vkSj liQyrk ds fy, dki+Qh dke fd;kA ckn esa tkWu ekLVj fçUl ØksiksVfdu tSls vusd vjktdrkokfn;ksa us tUe 200 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

fy;kA vktdy vefs jdk eas Jherh ,ek xkYs MeuS vkjS vyDs t.s+ Mj cdSz euS vkfn blds çpkjd gSaA vjktdrkokn ds lUnHkZ eas Jherh xksYMeSu us fy[kk gS μ Anarchism—The philosophy of a new social order based on liberty unrestricted by man-made law. The theory that all forms of Government rest on violence, and are therefore wrong and harmful, as well as unnec- essary. (vFkkZr) vjktdrkokn ,d u;k n'kZu gS ftlds vuqlkj ,d u;k lekt cusxkA turk dk jgu&lgu ;k Hkkz r`Ro ,ls k gkxs k ftlesa fd eu\"q ; ds cuk;s fu;e dkbs Z vojksèk u iSnk dj ldsaxsA muds vuqlkj fdlh Hkh 'kklu dh t+:jr ugha eglwl gksrh] D;ksafd çR;sd ljdkj neu ij fVdh gksrh gSA blfy, ;g vuko';d gSA blls irk pyrk gS fd vjktdrkoknh fdlh Hkh çdkj dh ljdkj ugha pkgrs vkSj ;g ckr lR; gSA ysfdu ;g lqudj ge Hk;Hkhr gksrs gSaA gekjs euksa eas dbZ çdkj ds gkoS s inS k fd;s tkrs gAaS ge vxa tzs h+ ljdkj ds ckn viuh ljdkj cukdj Hkh Hkwr ns[k&ns[kdj Mjsa vkSj ges'kk Fkj&Fkj dk¡irs jgsa] ;gh gekjs 'kkldksa dh uh;r gksrh gSA ,slh gkyr esa ge dSls ,d feuV ds fy, Hkh lksp ldrs gSa fd ,slk Hkh dksbZ le; vk;sxk fd tc ljdkj ds fcuk Hkh ge lq[kh vkSj LorU=k jg ldsaxsA ysfdu blesa gekjh Lo;a dh nqcZyrk,¡ gSaA vkn'kZ ;k Hkkouk dk dksbZ o+Qlwj ugha gSA vjktdrkokn ds vulq kj ftl vkn'kZ LorU=krk dh dYiuk dh tkrh gS og i.w kZ LorU=krk g]S ftlds vulq kj u rks eu ij Hkxoku ;k èkeZ dk Hkrw lokj gk]s u ek;k ;k lEifÙk ds ykyp dk tuuw lek;k gvq k gks vkjS u gh 'kjhj ij fdlh çdkj dh ;k ljdkjh tta+ hjas dlh gbq Z gkAas bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd og (fuEukDs r) rhukas ekVs h&ekVs h ckrkas dks nfq u;k ls ijw h rjg [kR+ e dj nus k pkgrs gaS % 1- pp]Z Hkxoku vkjS èke]Z 2- LVVs (ljdkj)] 3- çkboVs çkiVhZ (futh lEifÙk)A ;ksa rks ;g fo\"k; cgqr jkspd vkSj foLr`r gS ftlds fy, dki+Qh dqN fy[kk tk ldrk gS ysfdu vc ;g ys[k ge cgqr vfèkd c<+k ugha ldrs] D;ksafd LFkkukHkko gSA blfy, ge eksVh&eksVh ckrksa dk gh mYys[k djsaxsA Hkxoku vkSj èkeZ lcls igys ge Hkxoku vkSj èkeZ dks ysrs gSaA fgUnqLrku esa Hkh vc bu nksuksa Hkwrksa ds fo#¼ vkokt+ mB jgh g]S ysfdu ;wjksi esa rks fiNyh lnh ls gh blds fo#¼ foæksg mB [kM+k gqvk FkkA og rks vkjEHk gh ml ;qx ls djrs gSa tcfd turk vUrjjk\"Vªh; ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk vè;;u @ 201

dk Kku cgrq gh de FkkA ml le; og çR;ds pht+ l]s fo'k\"s kdj noS h 'kfDr;kas ls Mjrs FksA muesa vkRefo'okl o+QrbZ u FkkA os Lo;a dks ^[k+kd dk iqryk* dgrs FksA os dgrs gSa fd èkeZ vkSj nSoh 'kfDr;k¡ bZ'oj vkSj vKkurk dk ifj.kke gSa] blfy, muds vfLrRo dk Hkez feVk nus k pkfg,A lkFk gh ;g Hkh fd ge NVq iu ls cPpksa dks ;g crkuk 'kq: dj nsrs gSa fd lcdqN Hkxoku gS] euq\"; rks dqN Hkh ughaA vFkkZr feV~Vh dk iqryk gSA bl rjg ds fopkj eu esa vkus ls euq\"; esa vkRefo'okl dh Hkkouk ej tkrh gSA mls ekywe gksus yxrk gS fd og cgqr fucZy gSA bl rjg og Hk;Hkhr jgrk gSA ftrus le; ;g Hk; ekStwn jgsxk mruh nsj iw.kZ lq[k vkSj 'kkfUr ugha gks ldrhA fgUnqrku eas egkRek cq¼ us igys Hkxoku ds vfLrRo ls bUdkj fd;k FkkA mudh b'Z oj eas vkLFkk ugha FkhA vc Hkh dNq lkèkq ,ls s gaS tks Hkxoku ds vfLrRo dks ugha ekursA caxky ds lksgek Lokeh Hkh muesa gSaA vktdy fujkyEc Lokeh lksgek Lokeh dh ,d iqLrd ^dkeu lsal* vaxzst+h esa çdkf'kr gqbZ gSA mUgksaus Hkxoku ds vfLrRo ds fo#¼ cgrq tedj fy[krs g,q ;g fl¼ djus dk ç;kl fd;k gS] ysfdu os vjktdrkoknh ugha gks x;sA ^R;kx* ,oa ^;ksx* ds cgkus os vc ;ksa gh ugha HkVdrsA bl çdkj oKS kfud ;qx esa b'Z oj ds vfLrRo dks lekIr fd;k tk jgk gS ftlls èkeZ dk Hkh ukeksfu'kku feV tk;sxkA okLro esa vjktdrkokfn;ksa ds fljekSj cSdqfuu us viuh fdrkc ^xkWM ,.M LVsV* (bZ'oj vkSj jkT;) esa bZ'oj dks vPNk yrkM+k gSA mUgksaus ,athy dh dgkuh lkeus j[kh vkSj dgk fd bZ'oj us nqfu;k cuk;h vkSj euq\"; dks vius tSlk cuk;kA cgqr esgjckuh dhA ysfdu lkFk gh ;g Hkh dg fn;k fd ns[kks] cqf¼ ds isM+ dk iQy er [kkukA vly eas b'Z oj us vius eu&cgyko ds fy, eu\"q ; vkjS ok;q dks cuk rks fn;k exj og pkgrk Fkk fd os lnk mlds X+kqyke cus jgsa vkSj mlds fo#¼ lj Å¡pk u dj ldsaA blfy, mUgsa fo'o ds leLr iQy rks fn;s ysfdu vDy ugha nhA ;g fLFkfr ns[kdj 'kSrku vkxs c<+kA But here steps in Satan, the eternal rebel, the first free thinker and the emancipator of the world. ;kuh] nfq u;k ds fpj foækgs h] çFke LorU=kprs k vkjS nfq u;k dks LorU=k djus okys 'krS ku μ vkfn vkxs c<+s] vkneh dks cx+kor fl[kk;h vkSj cqf¼ dk iQy f[kyk fn;kA cl] fiQj loZ'kfDreku] loZKkrk ijekRek fdlh fuEu nt+Zs dh dehuh ekufldrk dh Hkk¡fr Øksèk esa vk x;k vkSj Lofu£er nqfu;k dks Lo;a gh cíqvk,¡ nsus yx iM+kA [+kwc! ç'u mBrk gS fd bZ'oj us ;g nq[kHkjh nqfu;k D;ksa cuk;h\\ D;k rek'kk ns[kus ds fy,\\ rc rks og jkse ds Øwj 'kga'kkg uhjks ls Hkh vfèkd t+kfye gqvkA D;k ;g mldk peRdkj gS\\ bl peRdkjh bZ'oj dh D;k vko';drk gS\\ cgl 202 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

yEch gks jgh gSA blfy, bls ;gha lekIr djrs gq, bruk gh dgsaxs fd ges'kk ls Lok£Fk;ksa us] iw¡thifr;ksa us èkeZ dks viuh&viuh LokFkZ&flf¼ ds fy, bLrseky fd;k gSA bfrgkl bldk lk{kh gSA ^èkS;Z èkkj.k djks! vius deks± dks ns[kks!* ,sls n'kZu us tks ;kruk,¡ nh gSa] os lcdks ekywe gh gSaA yksx dgrs gSa fd bZ'oj ds vfLrRo dks vxj udkjk tk;s rks D;k gksxk\\ nqfu;k esa iki c<+ tk;sxkA vUèksjxnhZ ep tk;sxhA ysfdu vjktdrkoknh dgrs gSa fd ml le; euq\"; bruk vfèkd Å¡pk gks tk;sxk fd LoxZ dk ykyp vkSj ujd dk Hk; crk;s fcuk gh og cqjs dk;ks± ls nwj gks tk;sxk vkSj usd dke djus yxsxkA okLro esa ckr ;g gS fd fgUnqLrku esa JhÑ\".k fu\"dke deZ djus dk cgqr mins'k ns x;s gSaA xhrk nqfu;k dh ,d çeq[k iqLrd ekuh tkrh gS] ysfdu JhÑ\".k fu\"dke Hkko ds lkFk deZ dh çsj.kk nsrs gq, Hkh vtqZu dks e`R;ksijkUr LoxZ vkSj fot; çkIr dj jktHkksx dk ykyp nsus ls ihNs u jgsA ysfdu vkt ge vjktdrkokfn;ksa ds cfynku ns[krs gSa rks eu esa vkrk gS fd muds iSj pwe ysaA lkdks vkSj osatjh dh dgkfu;k¡ gekjs ikBd i<+ gh pqds gSaA u bZ'oj dks çlUu djus dk dksbZ ykyp gS vkSj u LoxZ esa tkdj ekSt+ ekjus dk yksHk] u iqutZUe esa gh lq[k feyus dh vk'kkA ysfdu fiQj Hkh g¡lrs&g¡lrs yksxksa ds fy,] lR; ds fy, thou U;ksNkoj dj nsuk D;k dksbZ ekewyh ckr gS! vjktdrkoknh rks dgrs gSa fd ,d ckj euq\"; LorU=k gqvk rks mldk thou cgqr Å¡pk gks tk;sxkA [k+Sj] ,d&,d ç'u ij yEch cglsa gks ldrh gSa] ysfdu ;gk¡ LFkkukHkko gSA vUrjjk\"Vªh; ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk vè;;u @ 203

vjktdrkokn % nks LVsV ;k ljdkj blls vkxs dh ckr tks os lkeus ugha ykuk pkgr]s og gS jktlÙkkA vxj ge jktlÙkk dk eyw [kkts as rks nks ifj.kkekas ij igp¡q rs gAaS dNq ykxs kas dh èkkj.kk gS fd txa yh eu\"q ; dh vDy fodflr gkrs h jgh] vkjS ykxs kas us fey&tyq dj jguk vkjEHk dj fn;kA bl rjg jktlÙkk dk tUe gvq kA bls mnH~ ko dgrs gAaS nlw js ;g fd ykxs kas dks txa yh tkuojkas ls eoq Q+ kcys ds fy, rFkk vU; vko';drkvkas dh i£w r ds fy, feyuk vkjS ,dtVq gkus k iMk+ A fiQj xVq kas eas yMk+ b;k¡ gbq ± vkjS çR;ds dks rkoQ+ roj 'k=kq dk Hk; lrkus yxkA bl çdkj fey&tyq dj jkt oQ+ k;e fd;s x;As mlds i'pkr vko';drk ;k ;Vw hfyVfs j;u F;kjs h ;gh gAS ge pkgs nkus kas dks gh yAas mnH~ ko okykas ls iNw k tk ldrk gS fd vc gh D;ksa mnH~ ko #d x;k\\ ipa k;rh jkt ds ckn vjktdrkokn gh vkrk gS vkjS vU;kas dks ;g mÙkj gS fd vc 'kklu dh dkbs Z t:+ jr gh ughAa ;g cgl rks igys gks pdq h gAS vxj bu ;k vU; ,ls h ckrkas dh vkjs vfèkd è;ku u Hkh nas rks Hkh ;g Lohdkjuk gkxs k fd ykxs ksa us okLro eas lknS k fd;k Fkk] ftls çQ+ kla ds çfl¼ ;xq kUrdkjh :lks us lkekftd lknS k dgk gAS lknS k ;g fd eu\"q ; viuh LorU=krk dk ,d fo'k\"s k Hkkx vFkkrZ viuh vk; dk ,d fgLlk] cfynku djxs k ftlds ,ot eas mls ljq {kk vkjS 'kkfUr miyCèk djk;xas As bl lcds i'pkr fopkj.kh; gS fd D;k og lknS k ijw h rjg Bhd jgk\\ 'kklu oQ+ k;e gks tkus ds i'pkr jktlÙkk vkjS b'Z oj us lkft'+ k jp yhA ykxs kas ls dgk fd ge b'Z oj dh vkjs ls Hkts s x;s gAaS ykxs b'Z oj ls Hk;Hkhr jgs vkjS jktk euekus Tk+ Yq e djrs jgAs tk+ j (:l) vkjS ybq Z (çQ+ kla ) ds mnkgj.k cgrq vPNs <xa ls lc <kys dh ikys [kkys nrs s gAaS D;kfas d og lkft'+ k cgrq le; rd py ugha ldh] ikis xxs kjs h vkjS ¯dx guS jh eas iQVw iM+ x;hA ikis us ykxs kas dks guS jh 'kklu ds fo#¼ HkMd+ k;kA blh rjg guS jh us b'Z oj dk gkoS k njw djrs g,q ykxs ksa dks ikis ds fo#¼ HkMd+ k;kA dgus dk vk'k; ;g gS fd LokFkhZ ykxs yMs+ vkjS os vkMEcj VVw As [kjS+ ] iuq % ykxs mBs vkjS Tk+ Yq eh ybq Z dks ekj MkykA nfq u;k eas HkxnM+ ep x;hA ipa k;rh 204 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

jkt LFkkfir g,q ] yfs du i.w kZ LorU=krk rc Hkh u feyhA mèkj ftl oDr+ vkfLV;ª k dk eU=kh eVS jfud ,drU=k 'kklu dh rjiQ+ ls neu dj ykxs kas dks mldk fojkès kh cuk jgk Fkk] mèkj vefs jdk ds ipa k;rh jkt eas cps kjs Xk+ yq kekas dh cjq h fLFkfr gks x;h FkhA rc çQ+ kla ds xj+ hc ykxs Hkh vuds ckj dkfs 'k'kas djds mB vkjS fxj jgs FkAs vkt Hkh çQ+ kla eas ipa k;rh jkt g]S yfs du ykxs ijw h rjg LorU=k ugha gAaS blfy, vjktdrkoknh dgrs gaS fd dkbs Z Hkh jkt ugha pkfg,A ckoQ+ h lc ckrkas eas os lkE;okfn;kas ds leku gaS yfs du bu nkus kas ckrkas dk vUrj gAS ç[;kr lkE;oknh dkyZ ekDlZ ds ç[;kr lkFkh çQ+ Ms fjd ,xa Ys l us Hkh vius vkjS ekDlZ ds lkE;okn ds lEcUèk esa fy[kk gS fd gekjk Hkh ;gh vkn'kZ gS % Communism also looks forward to a period in the evolution of the society when the State will become superfluous and having no longer any function to perform, will die away. vFkkrZ og Hkh le>rs gaS fd vUr esa jktlÙkk dh dkbs Z t:+ jr ugha jgxs hA [k+Sj] rkRi;Z rks ;g gS fd os pkgrs gSa fd jktlÙkk u jgs vkSj yksx Hkzkr`Ro ls jgsaA eSfd;koyh bVyh dk jktuhfrK FkkA og dgrk Fkk fd jkt dksbZ u dksbZ t+:j gksuk pkfg,A pkgs og iapk;rh gks ;k ,d jktk dkA mldh ;g ekU;rk Fkh fd jkt gks vkSj et+cwr yksgs ds gkFk&lk gksA ysfdu vjktdrkoknh dgrs gaS fd uje vkjS xje D;k\\ geas u ipa k;rh jkt pkfg, vkjS u dkbs Z vU;A os dgrs gaS % \"Undermine the whole conception of a State and then and then only we have Liberty worth having\" vFkkZr jktlÙkk dk fopkj Hkh nqfu;k esa [k+Re fd;k tk;s] rHkh dksbZ LorU=krk çkIr gks ldsxhA yksx dgsaxs fd Hkyk ;g dksbZ ckr gqbZ] jktlÙkk u gksxh] o+Qkuwu u gksxk] oQ+ kuuw euokus okyh ifq yl u gkxs h rks vUèkjs xnhZ ep tk;xs hA jktuhfr ds ç[;kr nk'kfZ ud Mfs oM Fkkfs j;u us dgk gS fd \"Law never made man a whit more just, and by means of their respect for it even the well disposed are daily made gents of injustice.\" blesa rks dksbZ vlR;rk ut+j ugha vkrhA geas ut+j vkrk gS fd T;ksa&T;ksa o+Qkuwu l[+r gksrs gSa R;ksa&R;ksa Hkz\"Vkpkj Hkh c<+rk gSA ;g rks vke f'kdk;r gS fd igys fdlh çdkj dh fy[kk&i<+h ds fcuk gt+kjksa #i;ksa dk ysu&nsu gksrk Fkk vkjS dkbs Z cbs eZ kuh ugha djrk FkkA vc gLrk{kj] vx¡ Bw ]s lk{; vkjS jftfLVª;k¡ gkrs h gSaA ysfdu csbZekuh c<+ jgh gSA fiQj os rks bldk funku ;gh lq>krs gSa fd çR;sd euq\"; dh vko';drkvksa dh iw£r gksrh jgs] lHkh dk;Z mldh bPNkuqlkj gksrs jgsa] rc dksbZ iki ;k tqeZ u gksxkA \"Crime is naught but misdirected energy. So long as every institution of today, economic, political, social and moral conspires to misdirect human vUrjjk\"Vªh; ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk vè;;u @ 205

energy into wrong channels, so long as most people are out of place doing the things they want to do, living a life they want to live, crime will be inevitable and all the laws on the statues can only increase but never do away with crime.\" vFkkrZ eu\"q ; dks vxj i.w kZ LorU=krk gks rks og viuh bPNkulq kj dke&dkt dj ldsA vU;k; u gksaA vxj bl rjg iw¡thifr;ksa }kjk 'kks\"k.k tkjh jgsxk rks cM+s&cM+s o+Qkuwu Hkh dqN ugha dj ldrsA yksx dgrs gSa fd euq\"; dk LoHkko gh dqN ,slk gS fd fcuk 'kklu ds jg gh ugha ldrkA csyxke gksxk rks cgqr uqo+Qlku igq¡pk;sxkA bl ekuo&LoHkko ds lEcUèk esa ykWMZ us viuh fdrkc ^¯çfliYl vkWi+Q iksfyfVDl* esa fy[kk gS fd phafV;k¡ ,dtqV jg ldrh gSa] tkuoj ,dtqV jg ldrs gSa] ysfdu euq\"; ugha jg ldrsA euq\"; bZ'oj dh vksj ls gh ykyph] vekuoh; vkjS lLq r cuk gAS ,ls h ckras luq dj ,ek xkYs MeuS Xk+ Lq ls esa vk x;ha vkSj mUgksaus ^vuk£dT+e ,.M vnj ,lst+* fdrkc esa fy[kk gS % \"Every fool from king to policeman, from the flat headed person to the visionless dausier in science presumes to speak authoritatively of human nature.\" ;kuh tks Hkh xèkk mBrk gS ogh c<+dj ekuo LoHkko ij vfèkd t+ksjnkj jk; nsrk gSA og dgrh gSa fd tks ftruk cM+k ew[kZ gks mruk gh og bl lEcUèk esa viuh jk; dks cgqewY; le>rk gSA vkt rd fdlh euq\"; dks iw.kZ LorU=krk nsdj Hkh ns[kh gS tks ges'kk mldh cqjkb;ksa dk jksuk jks;k tkrk gSA os dgrh gSa fd NksVh iapk;rsa cusa vkSj LorU=krk ls dke gksA futh lEifÙk rhljh lcls vko';d vkjS egÙoi.w kZ ckr gS futh lEifÙkA okLro eas nfq u;k dks isV dk loky gh pyk jgk gSA blds fy, gh èk;S ]Z lUrks\"k vkfn mins'k x<+s x;sA lHkh dqN blds fy, fd;k tkrk jgkA vc vjktdrkoknh] lkE;oknh] lektoknh lHkh lEifÙk ds fo#¼ gks x;s gSaA os dgrs gSa % \"Property is robbery\". (Proudhon) but without risk or danger to the robber.—Emma Goldman. lEifÙk cukus dk fopkj euq\";ksa dks ykyph cuk nsrk gSA og fiQj iRFkj&fny gksrk pyk tkrk gSA n;kyqrk vkSj ekuork mlds eu ls feV tkrh gSA lEifÙk dh lqj{kk ds fy, jktlÙkk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA blls fiQj ykyp c<+rk gS vkSj vUr esa ifj.kke μ igys lkezkT;okn] fiQj ;q¼ gksrk gSA [+kwu&[k+jkck vkSj vU; cgqr uqo+Qlku gksrk gSA vxj lcdqN la;qDr gks tk;s rks dksbZ ykyp u jgsA fey&tqydj lHkh dke djus yxsaA pksjh] Mkds dh dksbZ fpUrk u jgsA iqfyl] tsy] dpgjh] i+QkSt dh t+:jr u jgsA vkSj eksVs isVokys] 206 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

gjke dh [kkus okys Hkh dke djsaA FkksM+k le; dke djds iSnkokj vfèkd gksus yxsA lHkh yksx vkjke ls i<+&fy[k Hkh ldsaA viusvki 'kkfUr Hkh jgs] [+kq'kgkyh Hkh c<+sA vFkkZr og bl ckr ij t+ksj nsrs gSa fd lalkj ls vKkurk nwj djuk cgqr vko';d gSA vly esa lEifÙk lcls cM+k ç'u gS] blfy, bl ij fopkj ds fy, ,d vU; ys[k vko';d gSA blh okLrfod ç'u ij dkyZ eS¯ux us Li\"V :i ls ?kksf\"kr dj fn;k Fkk μ 'Ask for work and if they don't give you work ask for bread and if they do not give you work or bread, then take bread.' vFkkZr dke Hkh u feys vkSj jksVh Hkh çkIr u gks rks jksVh Nhudj [kk yksA D;ksafd fdlh dks D;k vfèkdkj gS fd og dsd [kkrs gq, ekSt+ mM+k;s tcfd nwljs dks jksVh ds lw[ks VqdM+s Hkh u tqVsaA blh elys ij mUgksaus dgk fd foiUu ds ?kj tUe yus s ls dkbs Z meHz kj f?klVrs xtq k+ js ,oa lEiUu ds ?kj tUeus ls gh fdlh dks gjke dh [kkus dk volj D;ksa çkIr gks\\ ^ek;k ls ek;k feys* okyh ckr Hkh jksdh tk;sA bUgha dkj.kksa ls lHkh ds fy, leku volj okys fl¼kUr ds le{k mUgksaus futh lEifÙk dh ifo=krk dk Hkze rksM+kA os dgrs gSa fd lEifÙk Hkz\"Vkpkj ls tqVrh gS vkSj mldh j{kk ds fy, o+Qkuwu dh vko';drk iM+rh gS ftlls fd jktlÙkk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA njvly ;gh lkjh xM+cfM+;ksa dh tM+ gSA bls lekIr djrs gh lkjh xM+cfM+;k¡ nwj gks tk;saxhA vkf[k+j os D;k pkgrs gSa] dke dSls pysxk\\ ;gh dki+Qh foLr`r ç'u gSA ys[k esa Åij ;g crk;k x;k gS fd vjktdrkoknh igys rks bZ'oj vkSj èkeZ ds fo#¼ gSa] D;ksafd og ekufld X+kqykeh ds dkj.k gSaA nwljs jktlÙkk ds fo#¼ gSa] D;ksafd ;g 'kkjhfjd X+kqykeh gSA os dgrs gSa fd euq\"; dks LoxZ dk ykyp] ujd dk Hk; ;k o+Qkuwu dk M.Mk fn[kkdj Hkys dke dh çsj.kk nsuk x+yr gSA olS s Hkh eu\"q ; tlS s mPp tho dk vieku gAS LorU=krk ls Kku çkIr djds viuh bPNk vuqlkj dke djsa vkSj çlUurk ls thou O;rhr djsaA yksx dgrs gSa fd bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd ge mls igys dh taxyh fLFkfr;ksa esa j[kuk pkgrs gSa] ftl çdkj ge vkjEHk eas FkAs yfs du ;g xy+ r gAS ml le; vKkurk FkhA eu\"q ; vfèkd nwj rd ugha tk ldrk FkkA ysfdu vc iw.kZ Kku ls nqfu;k esa lEidZ LFkkfir djrs gq, Hkh og LorU=k jgsA èku dk yksHk u gksA vkSj èku dk ç'u Hkh lekIr dj fn;k tk;sA vxys ys[k esa ge bl n'kZu ds lEcUèk esa dqN vU; ckrsa] vusd çdkj ds fopkj] bfrgkl vkSj blds cnuke gksus ds dkj.k vkSj blesa ¯glk Hkh 'kkfey gksus ds ckjs esa fy[ksaxsA vUrjjk\"Vªh; ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk vè;;u @ 207

vjktdrkokn % rhu fiNys nks ys[kksa esa geus vjktdrkokn ds lEcUèk esa loZlkèkkj.k rF; fy[ks FksA ,sls egÙoiw.kZ fo\"k; ij tksfd nqfu;k ds iqjkus fopkjksa ,oa ijEijkvksa ds fo#¼ u;k&u;k gh lkeus vk;s] brus NksVs ys[k ls ikBdksa dh ftKklk dks 'kkUr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA bl çdkj vusd 'kadk,¡ tUe ysrh gSaA fiQj Hkh ge muds eksVs&eksVs fl¼kUr ikBdksa ds lkeus j[k jgs gSa ftuls fd os budh eksVh&eksVh ckrsa le> pqds gksaxsA vc ge blh rjg lkE;okn] lektokn vkSj uk'kokn tSls fl¼kUrkas ij fy[kxas ]s rkfd fgUnLq rku Hkh le> lds fd fon's kkas eas dkuS &dkuS &lh fopkjèkkjk,¡ pyu eas gAaS exj fdlh vU; fo\"k; ij fy[kus ls iow Z vjktdrkokn ds lEcUèk esa cgqr&lh egÙoiw.kZ ,oa jkspd ckrsa fy[kus dk fopkj gS ftlesa uk'kokn dk bfrgkl Hkh gS] vFkkZr vjktdrkokfn;ksa us vc rd D;k fd;k\\ os fdl çdkj cnuke fd;s x;s\\ Åij geus muds fopkj crk;s gSaA vc ge ;g crkuk pkgrs gSa fd mUgksaus bu fopkjksa dks veyhtkek igukus ds fy, D;k fd;k vkSj fdl çdkj og cy&ç;ksx ls cgqr et+cwr ljdkjksa ls fHkM+ tkrs Fks vkSj mu eqBHksM+ksa esa tku dh ckt+h rd yxk nsrs FksA njvly tc neu vkSj 'kks\"k.k lhek ls vfèkd gks tk;s] tc 'kkfUre; vkSj [kyq s dke dks dpq y fn;k tk;]s rc dNq djus okys ge's kk xIq r :i ls dke djuk 'kq: dj nsrs gSa vkSj neu ns[krs gh çfr'kksèk ds fy, rS;kj gks tkrs gSaA ;wjksi esa tc x+jhc et+nwjksa dk Hkkjh neu gks jgk Fkk] muds gj rjg ds dk;Z dks dqpy Mkyk x;k Fkk ;k dqpyk tk jgk Fkk] ml le; :l ds lEiUu ifjokj ls ekbZdy cSdqfuu dks tks :l ds rksi[k+kus esa ,d cM+s vfèkdkjh Fks] iksyS.M ds foæksg ls fucVus ds fy, Hkstk x;k FkkA ogk¡ foæksfg;ksa dks ftl çdkj T+kqYe djds nck;k tk jgk Fkk] mls ns[kdj mudk eu ,dne cny x;k vkSj os ;qxkUrdkjh cu cSBsA vUr esa muds fopkj vjktdrkokn dh vksj >qd x;sA mUgksaus lu~ 1834 esa ukSdjh R;kx nhA mlds i'pkr c£yu vkSj fLoV~t+jyS.M ds jkLrs isfjl igq¡psA ml le; vkerkSj ij ljdkjsa buds fopkjksa ds dkj.k buds fo#¼ FkhaA 1864 rd og vius fopkj iq[+rk djrs jgs vkSj et+nwjksa esa çpkj djrs jgsA 208 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

ckn esa mUgksaus jk\"Vªh; et+nwj dkaxzsl ij o+QCt+k dj fy;k vkSj 1860 ls 1870 rd vki vius ny dks laxfBr djrs jgsA 4 flrEcj] 1870 esa isfjl esa rhljk iapk;rh jkt o+Qk;e djus dh ?kks\"k.kk dh x;hA ç+Qkal esa dbZ LFkkuksa ij iw¡thifr ljdkj ds fo#¼ yM+kb;k¡ o foæksg gq,A fy;ksu 'kgj esa foæksg HkM+dkA mlesa cSdqfuu 'kkfey gq,A budk iyM+k gh Hkkjh jgkA dqN gh fnuksa ckn ogk¡ mudh gkj gks x;h vkSj os ogk¡ ls ykSV vk;sA 1873 esa glikfu;k esa cx+kor [kM+h gks x;hA mlesa 'kkfey gksdj ;s yM+sA dqN fnu rd rks ekeyk [+kwc xje jgk ysfdu vUr esa ogk¡ Hkh gkj gks x;hA ogk¡ ls ykSVs rks bVyh esa cx+kor tkjh FkhA ogk¡ tkdj bUgksaus ;q¼ dh ckxMksj gkFk esa ys yhA xSjhckYMh Hkh dqN fojksèk ds ckn muds lkFk fey x;s FksA dqN fnuksa ds naxksa ds ckn ogk¡ Hkh gkj gks x;hA bl rjg mudk lkjk thou yM+us&fHkM+us esa xqt+j x;kA vUr esa tc og cw<+s gks x;s rks mUgksaus vius lkfFk;ksa dks [k+r fy[ks fd vc eSa vius gkFkksa ls usr`Ro dh ckxMksj NksM+rk gw¡ rkfd dke esa #dkoV u iM+sA vUr esa tqykbZ] 1876 esa chekjh dh gkyr esa mudk fuèku gks x;kA ckn esa cgqr rko+Qroj pkj O;fDr bl dk;Z ds fy, dej dldj rS;kj gq,A os Fks dkjyks dsfiQ;lZ] bVyh ds jgus okys] dki+Qh lEiUu ifjokj ls FksA nwljs] ekyk VsEVkA vki cM+s fo}ku MkWDVj FksA ysfdu vki lHkh dqN NksM+dj ;qxkUrdkjh cu x;sA rhljs] iky czlh Hkh cM+s e'kgwj MkWDVj FksA vki Hkh blh dk;Z esa yx x;sA pkSFks Fks ihVj ØksiksVfduA vki :lh ifjokj ls FksA dbZ ckj et+ko+Q esa dgk tkrk Fkk fd vly esa vkidks gh t+kj cuuk FkkA vki lHkh cSdqfuu ds vuq;k;h FksA vkius dgk fd ge t+cku ls cgqr çpkj dj pqds ysfdu dksbZ vlj ugha gksrkA u;h&u;h fopkjèkkjk,¡ lqukdj Fkd x;s gSaA turk ij dNq Hkh çHkko ugha iMr+ kA blfy, vc O;kogkfjd çpkj vkjEHk fd;k tk;As ØksiksVfdu us dgk μ \"A single deed makes more propaganda in a few days than a thou- sand pamphlets. The Government defends itself. It rages pitilessly, but by this it only caused further deeds to be committed by one or more persons and drives the insurgents to heroism. One deed bringsforth an- other, opponents join the mutiny, the Govt. splits into factions, harsh- ness intesifies the conflict, concessions come too late, the revolution breaks out.\" vFkkZr ,d gh O;kogkfjd dke gt+kjksa fdrkcksa vkSj if=kdkvksa ls vfèkd çpkj dj nsrk gSA ljdkj Lo;a viuh j{kk djrh gSA mls X+kqLlk vkrk gSA tyu gkrs h gS vkjS og neu djrh gAS dbZ ykxs Fkddj çfr'kkès k ds fy, r;S kj gks tkrs vUrjjk\"Vªh; ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk vè;;u @ 209

gSaA fiQj dHkh Bhd mlh rjg ds dke gksrs gSa rks mUgsa 'kghn dj fn;k tkrk gSA fojksèkh Hkh vkdj 'kkfey gks tkrs gSaA ljdkj rM+irh gSA vkil esa mudh uksd&>ksad gksus yxrh gSA turk dh 'krs± Lohdkjus esa csotg nsj dh tkrh gS vkSj bUo+Qykc dh tax 'kq: gks tkrh gSA ;g fopkjksa dk n`'; vkids lkeus j[kk x;k gSA ihVj ØksiksVfdu :lh ;qxkUrdkfj;ksa esa ls FksA idM+s tkus ds ckn ihVj iky uked fo+Qys esa cUnh cuk;s x;s FksA ml l[+r tsy esa ls ;s Hkkx x;s vkSj ;wjksi esa tkdj vius fopkjksa dk çpkj djus yxsA mijksDr ckrksa ls irk pyrk gS fd ml le; mudh eu%fLFkfr D;k FkhA lcls igys mUgksaus cuZ uked 'kgj esa (ç+Qkal esa) et+nwjksa ds 'kklu dh LFkkiuk okys fnu dh cjlh euk;hA ;g ckr 18 ekpZ] 1876 dh gSA ml fnu mUgksaus et+nwjksa dk tqywl fudkyk vkSj ckt+kj esa iqfyl ls gkFkkikbZ Hkh dj cSBsA tc flikfg;ksa us muds yky >.Ms dks m[kkM+us dk ç;kl fd;k] rc cgqr rxM+k i+Qlkn [kM+k gks x;kA vusd flikgh cqjh rjg ?kk;y gq,A vUr esa ;s lHkh idM+s x;s vkSj 10 ls 40 fnuksa rd o+SQn dh lt+k gqbZA mèkj vçyS ekg esa bVyh esa fdlkuksa dks mdlkdj vusd LFkkuksa ij cx+korsa [kMh+ dj nhAa ogk¡ Hkh buds lkFkh idMs+ x;]s ftueas ls dkiQ+ h cjh gks x;As mudk fopkj vc blh rjg ls çpkj dk FkkA blfy, os dgk djrs Fks μ Neither money nor organizations nor literature was needed any longer for (for their propaganda work). One human being in revolt with torch or dynamite was off to instruct the world. vFkkrZ çpkj&dk;Z ds fy, u rks èku dh vko';drk gS] u cM+s iksFkksa dh vkSj u cM+s Hkkjh laxBu dhA dksbZ Hkh ,d vkneh μ ftlus gkFk eas e'kky idMh+ gbq Z gk]s ftlls og vkx yxk lds ;k MkbukekbV gks ftlls og ,d ckj edkuksa vkSj ,sls bUlkuksa dks mM+k lds μ lkjh nqfu;k dks viuh bPNkuqlkj f'k{kk ns ldrk gSA vxys cjl] 1868 ls cl ,sls dkeksa us t+ksj idM+ fy;kA c£yu esa bVyh dk ckn'kkg gEcVZ tc viuh csVh ds lkFk eksVjdkj esa tk jgk Fkk] rc mls ekjus dk ç;kl fd;k x;kA 'kg'a kkg fofy;e dks ,d lkèkkj.k uo;oq d us xkys h ekj nhA rhu gÝ+rs ckn MkWDVj dkyZ ukSo¯yx us ,d ckj f[kM+dh esa ls 'kga'kkg ij xksyh pyk nhA teZuh esa ml le; x+jhc et+nwjksa ds Hkk\"k.kksa dks fueZe <ax ls dqpyk tk jgk FkkA mlds ckn ,d fnu xks\"Bh djds i+QSlyk fy;k x;k Fkk fd ftl çdkj Hkh lEHko gks] bl Hkz\"V iw¡thoknh oxZ vkSj mldh ennxkj ljdkj ,oa iqfyl vkfn dks Hk;Hkhr fd;k tk;sA 15 fnlEcj] 1883 dks foyhfjM ÝyksMlksiQZ esa myqcSd uke ds dq[;kr iqfyl vi+Qlj dks ekj Mkyk x;kA 23 twu] 1884 dks #tsV dks blh vijkèk 210 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

esa iQk¡lh ns nh x;hA vxys gh fnu blds cnys esa CysfVd] iqfyl vfèkdkjh dh gR;k dj nh x;hA vkfLVª;k dh ljdkj X+kqLls esa vk x;h vkSj fo;uk eas iqfyl us t+cjnLr ?ksjkcUnh djds vusd O;fDr fxjÝ+rkj dj fy;s vkSj nks dks iQk¡lh ij Vk¡x fn;kA mèkj fy;uq esa gMr+ kysa gbq ±A ,d gMr+ kyh iQjq fu;j us vius iw¡thifr ekfyd dks xksyh ekj nhA mlds vfHkuUnu lekjksg esa ,d fiLrkSy migkj&Lo:i nh x;hA 1888 esa ogk¡ cgqr xM+cM+h eph gqbZ Fkh vkSj js'ke ds et+nwj Hkw[kksa ej jgs FksA iw¡thifr;ksa ds lekpkji=k ekfyd vkSj muds nwljs èkuh fe=k ,d txg ,s'k mM+kus esa el:i+Q FksA ogha ,d ce iQsad fn;k x;kA vehj yksx dk¡i mBsA 60 vjktdrkoknh idM+s x;sA muesa ls dsoy rhu gh cjh fd;s x;sA ysfdu fiQj Hkh vlyh ce iQsadus okys dh cgqr ryk'k dh tkrh jghA vUr esa og idM+k x;k vkSj iQk¡lh ij yVdk fn;k x;kA cl bl rjg gh muds fopkjksa dh ykbu ij dke py iM+kA fiQj rks tgk¡ Hkh gM+rky gksrh] ogha o+QRy Hkh gks tkrkA bu ckrksa dk ft+Eesnkj Hkh vjktdrkokfn;ksa dks gh Bgjk;k tkrk] blfy, bl uke ls gh yksx Fkj&Fkj dk¡ius yxsA mèkj ,d teuZ vjktdrkoknh tgkuekLs V] tks igys nÝr+ jh dk dke djrk Fkk] 1882 eas vefs jdk tk igp¡q kA mlus Hkh ;g fopkj turk ds le{k j[kus vkjEHk fd;As og Hkk\"k.k cMk+ lUq nj nrs k Fkk vkjS mldk vefs jdk eas cgrq çHkko iMk+ A 1886 eas f'kdkxks vkfn eas cgrq &lh gMr+ kyas gks jgh FkhAa ,d dkxt+ &+ dkj[k+ kus ds etn+ jw kas eas ,d vjktdrkoknh LikbtZ min's k ns jgk FkkA dkj[k+ kuk&ekfydkas us bls cUn djus dh dkfs 'k'k dhA ogk¡ yMk+ bZ gks x;hA ifq yl cyq k;h x;h] ftlus vkrs gh xkys h pyk nhA Ng vkneh ekjs x;s vkjS dbZ t[+ e+ h gks x;As LikbtZ dks Xk+ Lq lk vk;kA mlus Lo;a tkdj ,d ukfs Vl dEikts djds efq ær dj fn;k fd etn+ jw kas dks feydj vius fujijkèk Hkkb;kas ds [k+ uw dk cnyk yus k pkfg,A vxys fnu 4 eb]Z 1886 dks ^gs ekdVZs * eas tylk FkkA 'kgj dk vè;{k bls n[s kus vk;k FkkA mlus n[s kk fd ogk¡ dkbs Z vkifÙktud ckras ugha gks jgh gAaS og pyk x;kA ckn eas ifq yl us vkdj fcuk vkxk&ihNk n[s ks ekjihV djuh 'k:q dj nh vkjS dgk fd tylk cUn djkAs rHkh ,d ce ifq ylokykas ij iQdas k x;k ftlds lkFk gh cgrq ls ifq ylokys ekjs x;As dbZ O;fDr;kas dks idMd+ j iQkl¡ h dh ltk+ ns nh x;hA tkr&s tkrs mueas ls ,d 'k[l+ dgus yxk μ ¶eaS fiQj dgrk g]¡w eaS oreZ ku O;oLFkk dk dVV~ j n'q eu gA¡w eaS pkgrk g¡w fd ge bl jktlÙkk dks feVk nas vkjS [k+ nq jktlÙkk dk bLres ky djAas vki 'kk;n gl¡ sa fd eaS rks vc ce ugha iQdas ldx¡w k yfs du eaS crkrk g¡w fd rEq gkjs Tk+ Yq ekas us lHkh etn+ jw kas dks ce lH¡ kkyus vkjS pykus ij etcjw dj fn;k gAS ;g tku yks fd eaS lp dg jgk g¡w fd ejs s iQkl¡ h yxus ij vkjS Hkh vUrjjk\"Vªh; ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk vè;;u @ 211

dbZ vkneh inS k gks tk;xas As eaS rEq gas ?kf` .kr nf` \"V ls n[s krk g¡w vkjS rEq gkjh jktlÙkk dks efV;keVs dj nus k pkgrk gA¡w e>q s iQkl¡ h p<k+ nkAs ¸ [kjS+ ] bl rjg cgrq &lh ?kVuk,¡ gkrs h jghAa yfs du ,d&nks çfl¼ ?kVuk,¡ vkjS gbq A± vefs jdk ds vè;{k edS fuy ij xkys h pyk;h x;h vkjS fiQj LVhy dEiuh eas gMr+ ky gbq AZ ;gk¡ etn+ jw kas ij Tk+ Yq e <k;s tk jgs FksA mlds ekfyd gSujh&lh fÚd dks vysDt+s.Mj uked vjktdrkoknh us xkys h ekjdj t[+ e+ h dj fn;k] ftls vkthou oQS+ n gks x;hA [kjS+ ] blh rjg vefs jdk eas Hkh vjktdrkokfn;kas ds bl fopkj dk çpkj vkjS ml ij vey gkus s yxkA bèkj ;wjksi esa Hkh vUèksj py jgk FkkA iqfyl vkSj ljdkj ds lkFk bu vjktdrkokfn;ksa dk >xM+k c<+ x;kA vUr esa ,d fnu oSys.V uke ds ,d uo;qod us vlsEcyh esa ce iQsad fn;k] ysfdu ,d vkSjr us mldk gkFk idM+dj mls ckèkk nh] ifj.kkeLo:i dqN fMfIV;ksa ds ?kk;y gksus ds vykok dqN vkSj fo'ks\"k u gqvkA mlus cM+h cqyUn vkokt+ esa Li\"Vhdj.k nsrs gq, dgk μ \"It takes a loud voice to make the deaf hear.\" ;kuh cgjkas dks luq kus ds fy, cM+h cqyUn vkokt+ dh t+:jr gSA vc rqe eq>s lt+k nksxs] ij eq>s bldk dksbZ Hk; ugha D;ksafd eSaus rqEgkjs fny dks pksV igq¡pk;h gSA rqe tksfd x+jhcksa ds lkFk vR;kpkj djrs gks vkSj esgur djus okys Hkw[ks ejrs gSa vkSj rqe mudk [+kwu pwl&pwldj ,s'k dj jgs gksA eSaus rqEgsa pksV ekjh gSA vc rqEgkjh ckjh gSA mlds fy, cgqr&lh vihysa dh x;haA lcls T+;knk t+[+eh gq, vlsEcyh ds lnL; us Hkh twjh ls dgk fd bl ij n;k dh tk;s] ysfdu dkusZV uked vè;{k dh twjh us mudh ckrksa dks vLohdkjrs gq, mls iQk¡lh dh lt+k ns nhA ckn esa ,d bVSfy;u yM+ds us ,d Nqjh dkusZV ds ikj dj nh] ftl ij oSys.V dk uke fy[kk gqvk FkkA blh rjg gn ntsZ ds vR;kpkjksa ls rax vkdj Lisu esa Hkh ce pys vkSj vUrr% ,d bVSfy;u us othj dks ekj MkykA blh rjg ;wuku ds ckn'kkg] vkfLVª;k dh efydk ij Hkh geys fd;s x;sA 1900 esa xSVkus czSlh us bVyh ds ckn'kkg gcZVZ dks ekj MkykA blh çdkj os yksx x+jhcksa dh [k+kfrj viuh ft+Unfx;ksa ls [ksyrs jgs vkSj g¡lrs&g¡lrs iQk¡lh ij p<+rs jgs---blfy, muds fojksèkh Hkh muds fo#¼ dqN ugha dj ldrsA muds vfUre 'kghnksa lkdks vkSj oSYtsVh dks vHkh fiNys lky iQk¡lh gqbZA os ftl fnysjh ls iQk¡lh ij yVds] lc tkurs gSaA cl ;gh laf{kIr bfrgkl gS μ vjktdrkokn vkSj mlds dk;ks± dkA vxyh ckj lkE;okn ds ckjs esa ys[k fy[ksaxsA 212 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

:l ds ;xq kUrdkjh uk'koknh (fufgfyLV) :l eas ,d cgrq cMs+ uk'koknh g,q gaS boku rxq uZ os A mUgkuas s 1862 eas ,d miU;kl fy[kk ^firk vkSj iq=k*A bl miU;kl ds çdk'ku ij cgqr 'kksj&'kjkck gqvk] D;ksafd mlesa uo;qodksa ds vkèkqfud fopkjksa dk fp=k.k fd;k x;k FkkA igys&igy rqxZuso us gh uk'kokn 'kCn bLrseky fd;k FkkA uk'kokn dk vFkZ gS dqN Hkh u ekuus okyk (fufgy μ dqN Hkh ugha)_ 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS μ tks dqN Hkh u ekusA ysfdu okLro esa ;s yksx turk ds iqjkus jLeks&fjokt+ vkSj dqjhfr;ksa ds fojksèkh FksA ;s yksx ns'k dh ekufld X+kqykeh ls Fkd x;s Fks] blfy, mUgksaus blds fo#¼ foæksg fd;kA bUgksaus fli+QZ dgk gh ugha cfYd O;ogkj esa dj Hkh fn[kk;kA rqxZuso dgrs gSa fd esjs miU;kl dk uk;d dksbZ dkYifud tho ugha gS] oju og okLro esa gh ,sls fopkjksa dk Fkk vkSj ,sls fopkjksa dk çpkj lkèkkj.kr;k gksus yxk FkkA os dgrs gSa fd ,d fnu èkwi lsadrs gq, eq>s bl miU;kl dk fopkj lw>kA vkSj mldks FkksM+k&lk foLrkj nsdj fdrkc fy[k nhA mldk uk;d ctkjkso gSA og ukfLrd&lk gSA iqjkuh ckrksa dk cgqr fojksèkh gSA mls eq¡g&tqckuh cgqr yEch&pkSM+h th&gtwjh ugha vkrhA cgqr eq¡giQV gSA vkSj tks dgrk gS og djrk gSA og gj ckr eq¡g ij rqjUr vkSj Li\"V dg nsrk gSA blfy, dbZ ckj og cM+k vD[kM+&lk yxrk gSA og dfork dk fojksèkh gSA laxhr rd dks ilUn ugha djrkA ysfdu og LorU=krk&çseh gSA vke yksxksa dh LorU=krk dk cM+k leFkZd gSA og tks mu fnuksa esa bUlkuh fi+Qrjr cuh gqbZ Fkh] mlds fo#¼ yM+us dk ;Ru djrk gSA vlyh uk'koknh bl rLohj ls FkksM+k fHkUu gS] vFkkZr muesa FkksM+k&lk vUrj gS] D;ksafd miU;kl dk uk;d FkksM+h&lh okLrfodrk ds lkFk dkYifudrk ls cuk;k x;k gSA okLrfod uk'koknh dk fp=k dqN vkSj rjg dk curk gSA \"The Nihilism of 1861—a philosophical system especially dealing with what Mr. Herbert Spencer would call religious, governmental and social fetishism. vUrjjk\"Vªh; ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk vè;;u @ 213

:lh ;qxkUrdkjh fçUl ØksiksVfdu us 1861 esa Åij fy[ks 'kCnksa esa uk'kokfnrk dk ft+Ø fd;k g]S ftldk vFkZ gS fd uk'kokn ml le; dsoy ,d n'kZu Fkk tksfd èkk£ed vUèkfo'okl] lkekftd vU;k;] ladh.kZrk vkSj ljdkj dh vUèksjxnhZ ds lUnHkZ eas Fkk vkSj bu pht+ksa ds fy, tks vUèkfo'okl iSnk gks x;k Fkk mlds fo#¼ çpkj djrk FkkA vly esa ml le; dh fLFkfr;ksa ls rax vkdj os uo;qod eSnku esa dwn iM+s FksA mudk dguk Fkk fd gesa fiNyh lHkh ckrksa dk iwjh rjg uk'k dj nsuk gSA vkxs D;k gksuk pkfg, ;k D;k gksxk] bldk Bhd&Bhd mÙkj u nsrs gq, Hkh os fo'okl djrs Fks fd ,d cM+h lqUnj nqfu;k dk fuekZ.k djsaxsA 'Nihilism was destructive because it wanted a wholesale destruction but with a pleasure of building up.' vFkkrZ uk'kokn fouk'kdkjh ;k èoalkRed fopkj Fks] D;ksafd os fiNyh ;k iqjkuh ckrksa ds fojksèkh vkSj mudk uk'k pkgus okys FksA ijUrq fiQj Hkh ml fouk'k ds ckn cM+h lqUnj pht+ksa ds fuekZ.k gksus dh vk'kk FkhA èkhjs&èkhjs bu ckrksa dk çpkj c<+rk x;k vkSj vke uo;qodksa esa Hkh ;g fopkj ?kj djus yxsA os pkgrs Fks μ 'To liberate the people from the chains of tradition and autocracy of the Czar.' vFkkZr turk dks iqjkuh pyh vk jgh jLeksa vkSj t+kj'kkgh ls eqDr djk;k tk;sA mu fnuksa mudk dk;ZØe bu ckrksa dk çpkj gh FkkA fLFkfr;k¡ ifjo£rr gks x;haA mUgha fnuksa vHkh X+kqyke vkt+kn fd;s gh x;s Fks ysfdu muesa ls vfèkdka'k dks t+ehusa ugha nh x;h Fkha ftl ij fd os esgur djds dqN ykHk mBk ldrs ;k de ls de Hkq[kejh ls cp ldrsA tks FkksM+h&cgqr t+ehu mUgsa feyh Fkh mlh ij VSDl bruk vfèkd yx x;k fd yksx Hkw[kksa ejus yxs vkSj 1867 esa cgqr Hk;kud vdky iM+kA ml le; ljdkj dk bUrt+ke vR;fèkd cqjk FkkA bruk neu gksrk Fkk fd turk rax vk x;h FkhA ljdkjh Tk+ Yq e ls rxa vkdj cM&s+ cMs+ ljdkjh vfèkdkjh ;xq kUrdkjh cu x;sA ,s¯lLdh vkSj fdvkVdksoLdh] ftUgsa 1880 esa iQk¡lh nh x;h Fkh] igys ljdkjh deZpkjh FksA bl rjg nwljs vusd tkus&ekus vfèkdkjh] ;gk¡ rd fd U;k;kèkh'k Hkh rax vkdj ;qxkUrdkjh cu x;sA bèkj bu ij Hkh T+kqYe dh gn gks x;hA yM+dksa esa vPNh&vPNh ckrksa dk çpkj ugha gksus fn;k tkrk FkkA dqN ,slh lHkk,¡ cuh gqbZ Fkha tksfd lHkh vPNh&vPNh fdrkcsa çdk'kdksa ls ysdj eqÝ+r ck¡V nsrs ;k dsoy ykxr ewY; ij csp nsrsA ;s lHkh fdrkcsa ljdkjh lnL; ls LohÑr gksrh FkhaA ysfdu tc ljdkj us ns[kk fd ;g rks çpkj ds fy, bLrseky gksrh gSa rks mUgksaus mu fdrkcksa ds çdk'kd vkSj forjd dks rckg djus dk fu'p; fd;k vkSj mu ij gj rjg 214 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

ds T+kqYe djus 'kq: dj fn;sA 1861 ls 1870 rd gjlEHko vkSj tk;t+ <ax ls turk dh fLFkfr lqèkkjus vkSj ljdkj dks lgh jkLrs ij ykus dh dksf'k'k dh x;h] ysfdu dqN Hkh çHkko u iM+kA ,slh fLFkfr esa dki+Qh O;fDr rks gkFk ij gkFk èkjs fdlh ,sls le; dh çrh{kk esa cSB x;s fd Lo;a gh gkykr lqèkjsaxsA dSls lqèkjsaxs\\ ;g dksbZ ugha tkurk FkkA os bZ'oj dk gh Hkjkslk j[kdj cSB x;sA ysfdu uo;qodksa ds fnyksa esa vkx HkM+d mBhA muds fnyksa esa bZ'oj dk Hkjkslk 'ks\"k ugha cpk FkkA pqipki] fcuk dqN fd;s [k+kyh cSBuk mUgsa eqf'dy gks x;kA fçUl ØksiksVfdu vius ,d ys[k eas fy[krs gSa μ 'There are periods when some generations are penetrated with the noblest feelings of altruism and self sacrifice, when life becomes utterly impossible—morally and physically impossible—for the man or woman who feels that he is not doing duty; and so it was with the youth in Russia.' vFkkZr dHkh&dHkh ,slk oD+r vk tkrk gS tc vke turk esa tulsok dk Hkko t+ksj idM+rk gS] rc mu uj&ukfj;ksa ds fy, thuk nwHkj gks tkrk gS tks ;g le>us yxrs gSa fd os viuk dÙkZO; iwjk ugha dj jgs gSaA ;g fLFkfr ml le; :l dh gks x;h FkhA o`¼ O;fDr rks gkFk ij gkFk èkjs cSBs jgs ysfdu uo;qodksa ds fnyksa esa vkx HkM+d mBhA 1871 eas cgrq &ls ;oq d&;oq fr;k¡ if'peh ;jw kis eas Hkkx x;s FkAs ogk¡ os i<r+ s FksA T+;knkrj fLoV~t+jyS.M esa FksA mUgsa Lons'k vkus dh btkt+r fey x;h FkhA os ykxs u;s lkE;okn ;k ,dljq rk ds fopkj yds j vk;s FkAs mUgkuas s vkrs gh tks çpkj 'kq: fd;k] rks t+kj us rqjUr lcdks idM+ fy;k vkSj os vUèkkèkqUèk lkbcsfj;k esa tykoru dj fn;s x;sA dke us [+kqfi+Q;k :i èkkj.k dj fy;kA ml le; rhu ikfVZ;k¡ dke dj jgh FkhaA buds usrk psuhZ'ksoLdh] g'kqfVu (gtZu μ l-) vkSj uspkbiQ FksA igys vkokt+ lquk;h nsrh Fkh fd turk ds lkFk gksuk pkfg, vFkkZr turk ls lgkuqHkwfr djuh pkfg, vkSj mUgsa Åij mBkus dk ;Ru djuk pkfg,A ysfdu vc u;h vkokt+ mBh fd Lo;a gh turk cu tkvksA vFkkZr turk ds lkFk 'kkfey gks tkvksA bl vkokt+ ds mBrs gh cfynku ds ,sls&,sls mnkgj.k feyrs gSa fd vHkh rd nqfu;k ds r[+rs ls mudh dksbZ felky ugha feysxhA ysfdu igys ;g crk nsuk vko';d gS fd ;g vkokt+ vkf[k+j D;ksa mBh\\ fçUl ØksiksVfdu us fy[kk gS μ 'Until of late—however the peasant has always regarded the man who wears broad cloth and neither ploughs hews nor hammers nor digs side by side with him as an enemy. We wanted faith vUrjjk\"Vªh; ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk vè;;u @ 215

and love from him; and to obtain them it was necessary to live their life.' vFkkZr ml le; rd :lh fdlku fdlh Hkh ,sls vkneh dks] ftlus <hys&<kys diM+s igus gksa vkSj ftUgsa u rks gy pykuk vkrk gks vkSj u dqYgkM+k] ftuds gkFkksa esa gFkkSM+k pykus ls dHkh Nkys u iM+s gksa] vkSj ftlus dHkh i+Qly mxkbZ o dkVh u gks] mls viuk nq'eu le>rs FksA ysfdu gesa mudh lgkuqHkwfr vkjS fo'okl pkfg, FkkA blfy, muds ikl jgus dh t:+ jr FkhA muds lkFk Je djus vkSj jgus dh vko';drk FkhA vkgk! vkt ge fgUnqLrku dks LorU=k djkus dh cgqr yEch&pkSM+h ckrsa djrs gSa] ysfdu fdrus vkneh bl rjg o+QqckZuh djus dks rS;kj gSa\\ fdrus vius 'kgjksa dks NksM+dj xk¡oksa esa fdlkuksa dh rjg xUns&xUns jgus ds fy, rS;kj gksaxs\\ ogk¡ rks vthc fLFkfr cu x;h FkhA Youngmen left their classrooms, their regiments and their desks, learned the smith's trade or the cashier's; or the ploughman's and went to work among the villages. Highborn and wealthy ladies also took them- selves to the factories, worked fifteen and sixteen hours a day at the machine, slept in doghols with peasants, went barefoot as our working women go, bringing water from the river for the house. ;qod vius dkWyst] vius Ldwy] viuh IykVwu vkSj dq£l;ksa dks NksM+ vk;s vkSj fdlku&yksgkj ds dke lh[kdj xk¡oksa dh vksj py iM+sA ;g fdruk cM+k R;kx gSA cM+s&cM+s le`¼ ifjokjksa dh iyh cgqr ukT+kqd ;qofr;k¡ dkj[+kkuksa esa et+nwjh djus ds fy, py iM+haA vU; et+nwjksa dh Hkk¡fr v¡èksjh dksBfj;ksa esa lksrha] lkys g&lkys g ?k.Vs e'khu ij dke djrh]a uxa s ijS unh ls ?kj ds fy, ikuh ykrhAa cl] ,d gh yxuA ,d gh èkqu esa eLrA mu x+jhc et+nwjkas dks muds cqjs gkykr dk Kku djkuk vkSj bldk bykt crkuk gSA ;g fdruk cM+k cfynku gSA ;qofr;ksa us rks gn ntsZ dk dke fd;kA :lh ;qxkUrdkfj;ksa dh nknh vEek dgykus okyh Jherh dSFkjkbZu ,d le`¼ vkSj lqUnj efgyk FkhaA og Hkh muesa 'kkfey gks x;haA igys viuh [+kwclwjrh dks rst+kc Mkydj tyk Mkyk vkSj nkxnkj pgs jk cukdj cnljw r cu x;ha rkfd cká lkUS n;Z turk eas dke ds nkjS ku dksbZ #dkoV u cusA vksg! vkt ,slk cfynku dj ldus dk lkgl djus okys fdrus O;fDr fgUnqLrku esa ektS wn gaAS :l esa uktS oku ;qod&;qofr;k¡ ?kjksa ls Hkkx tkrs vkSj bUgha dk;ks± esa ft+Unxh fcrk nsrs FksA ysfdu vkt fgUnqLrku esa fdrus ukStoku gSa tks ns'k dks LorU=k djkus ds mís'; ls ikxy gq, fiQj jgs gksa\\ pkjksa vksj dki+Qh le>nkj vkneh ut+j vkrs gSa] ysfdu çR;sd dks viuk thou lq[kiwoZd xqt+kjus dh fpUrk gks jgh gSA rc ge vius gkykr] ns'k ds gkykr lqèkkjus dh D;k mEehn j[ksa\\ fiNyh lnh dk vfUre Hkkx :lh ukStokuksa us bl 216 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

rjg çpkj dk;Z esa fcrk;kA ;qofr;ksa dks ?kjksa ls fudky ykus ds vusd cgqr lqUnj fo+QLls ekStwn gSaA lksfu;k ,d iknjh dh yM+dh FkhA mlds Ldwy esa ;qxkUrdkjh efgyk,¡ i<+kus okyksa esa vHkh 'kkfey gqbZ FkhaA muds mins'k lqudj lksfu;k ds fny esa Hkh ns'klsok ds Hkko us t+ksj idM+kA ,d fnu og ?kj ls Hkkx x;hA ysfdu dqN fnuksa ckn firk us vkdj idM+ fy;kA rc iknjh ds ?kj ls mls eqfDr fnykus dk cUnkscLr fd;k x;kA ,d ukStoku mldk çseh cudj mlds ?kj x;k vkSj mlds firk dks eukdj mlls 'kknh dj yhA dgkuh cgqr jkspd gS vkSj ^:l ds uk;d vkSj ukf;dk,¡* fdrkc esa çdkf'kr gSaA dHkh volj feyk rks og dgkuh Hkh ikBdksa ds le{k j[ksaxsA [k+Sj] fi+Qygky ikBd la{ksi esa gh le> ysa fd fdl çdkj :l esa dk;Z py jgs FksA igys rks dke [kqys :i esa vkjEHk fd;k x;k] ysfdu fiQj ljdkj us T+kqYe <kdj èkj&idM+ djds gt+kjksa dh la[;k esa yksx lkbcsfj;k esa Hkst fn;sA fcuk okj.V gt+kjksa O;fDr;ksa dks idM+ fy;kA pkj&ik¡p cjl rd os v¡èksjh dksBfj;ksa esa cUn j[ks x;sA ckn esa yxHkx lkS O;fDr;ksa ij eqo+Qnek pyk;k x;k ftuesa ls dqN dks lt+k nh x;hA gt+kjksa eqo+Qneksa esa ls ,d ^Vªk;y vkWi+Q fn g.MªsM ukb.Vh Fkzh* uke ls çfl¼ gSA la{ksi esa] ljdkjh la[;k ds vuqlkj gt+kjksa yksx idM+s x;s vkSj mUgsa tsyksa dh rax v¡èksjh lhyuHkjh dksBfj;ksa esa pkj&pkj ik¡p&ik¡p lky cUn djds j[kk x;kA bueas ls rhu lkS O;fDr;kas dks rks cgrq fnukas rd cUnh j[kk x;kA blh çdkj vU; vusdksa us Hkh ejus dh dksf'k'k dhA 193 ij eqo+Qnek pykA vR;Ur vU;k;dkjh U;k;ky; us lkekU; lcwr ds vkèkkj ij gh nl&nl o\"kks± dh lt+k fli+QZ bl ckr ds fy, nh fd os çpkjd FksA muesa ls uCcs dks cjh dj fn;k vkSj 'ks\"k dks lkr ls nl lky rd dh l[+r lt+k,¡ gqb± rFkk ckn esa mezHkj ds fy, lkbcsfj;k dh tykoruhA ,d vU; eqo+Qnes esa ,d efgyk dks ukS&nl o\"kZ dh l[+r lt+k ek=k bl vkjksi esa gqbZ fd mlus ,d et+nwj dks lkE;oknh fopkjèkkjk dk ,d ijpk fn;k FkkA bl rjg T+kqYe gksrk ns[kdj dke igys ls Hkh vfèkd xqIr vkSj lksp& le>dj gkus s yxkA lkFk gh çfr'kkès k dh Hkkouk Hkh lfØ; gks mBhA lkèkkj.kr;k ,d&vkèk dehuk [+kqfi+Q;k vfèkdkjh ftls Hkh pkgrk] idM+rk vkSj tykoru dj nsrkA blls mls rks buke fey tkrk ysfdu ukStokuksa dk thou [k+rjs esa iM+ tkrkA dgk rks ;g tkrk gS fd 16 vçSy] 1899 esa ftl dkjkdksTiQ us t+kj ij xksyh pyk;h Fkh] og Hkh uk'kokfn;ksa dk gh dke FkkA vkSj ,d iksfy'k ukStoku csjstksoLdh Hkh ftlus vxys o\"kZ t+kj ij isfjl esa xksyh pyk;h Fkh] ml ikVhZ vUrjjk\"Vªh; ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk vè;;u @ 217

dk lnL; FkkA ysfdu orZeku fLFkfr ij ØksiksVfdu us fy[kk gS fd gekjs 'kq:&'kq: ds dke esa t+kj ftruk lqjf{kr Fkk mruk dHkh ugha jgk gksxkA ;g rks gkjdj vUr esa 'kfDr ds bLrseky ds {ks=k esa mrjsA mUgksaus igys ges'kk t+kj dks cpkus dh dksf'k'ksa dhaA ,d ckj tc dksbZ ukStoku t+kj dks ekjus ls.V ihV~lZcxZ igq¡pk rks bl ikVhZ okyksa us bls bl dke ls jksd fn;kA ysfdu ckn esa rks dke t+ksjksa ls py iM+kA 1879 esa eqyft+e cfUn;ksa esa ls ,d dks] ftu ij vHkh eqo+Qnek pyuk Fkk] csar yxk;s x;s D;ksafd mlus mBdj iqfyl vfèkdkjh dks lyke ugha fd;k Fkk vkSj 'ks\"k cfUn;ksa dks ftUgksaus mldh fgek;r dh] tujy VsªiksiQ ds vkns'kkuqlkj cqjh rjg ihVk x;kA bl ij ,d cgknqj ;qorh ohjk tlqfyp us tujy VsªlksiQ ij xksyh pyk nhA og ejk rks ugha ysfdu ;qorh ij eqo+Qnek pykA og cjh dj nh x;hA iqfyl us fiQj mls idM+uk pkgk ysfdu turk mls Nhudj ys x;hA tc ls :lh ØkfUrdkfj;ksa us ns[kk fd mudh dksbZ enn ugha djrk] mudh j{kk ds fy, dkbs Z o+Qkuwu ugha g]S rc ls mUgkasus Lo;a gh viuh j{kk djuh vkjEHk dj nhA iqfyl lqcg&lqcg yksxksa ds ?kj ?ksj ysrh] efgykvksa rd ds diM+s mrkjdj flikgh mudh ryk'kh ysrsA yksx cgqr rax vk x;sA dqN ;g Hkh dgus yxs fd vU; ns'kksa esa rks ,slk ugha gks ldrkA ge Hkh ;g ugha gksus nsaxsA lcls igys vksMslk esa dksoYldh us ;g dke fd;kA mlus iqfyl ds lkFk VDdj yhA neu vkSj Hkh c<+kA ysfdu fiQj D;k Fkk] çfrjksèk dk dke py iM+kA lqj{kk ds fy, 'kfDr dk bLrseky mfpr le>k tkus yxkA igys ik¡p] fiQj rhu [+kqfi+Q;k vfèkdkjh o+QRy fd;s x;s] ftuds cnys esa l=kg ukStokuksa dks iQk¡lh nh x;hA fiQj rks cl çfr'kksèk ysus] iQk¡fl;k¡ nsus dk ;gh Øe py iM+kA 1879 esa rks iqu% uk'kokn dk vFkZ ce vkjS fiLrkSy pykuk gh gks x;kA rax vkdj t+kj us Hkh mUgsa fBdkus yxkus dk fu.kZ; dj fy;kA cl fiQj D;k Fkk] lHkh bl dke esa yx x;sA 14 vçSy] 1879 dks 'kksyksfo;wiQ us t+kj ij xksyh pyk nh] ysfdu t+kj cp x;kA mlh cjl t+kj ds fo.VjIysl vFkkZr 'kjn egy dks MkbukekbV ls mM+k fn;k x;k] ysfdu rc Hkh t+kj cp x;kA vxys cjl tc t+kj ihV~lZcxZ ls ekLdks tk jgk Fkk] mldh xkM+h mM+k nh x;hA xkM+h ds dbZ fMCcs mM+ x;s] ysfdu t+kj rc Hkh cp x;kA 13 ekpZ] 1881 dks t+kj viuh fo'ks\"k iYVu vkSj ?kksM+ksa dh ijsM ns[kdj okil vk jgk Fkk fd ml ij ,d ce iQsadk x;kA ce ls xkM+h VwV x;h vkSj t+kj mrjdj ukSdj ds ikl mls ns[kus ds fy, >qddj dgus yxk] ¶bZ'oj dh Ñik ls eSa cp x;kA¸ rqjUr ,d vU; ukStoku ØkfUrdkjh us vkxs c<+dj nwljk ce iQsadrs gq, dgk] ¶t+kj] bruh tYnh [+kqnk dk 'kqfØ;k vnk u djA¸ rHkh ce iQVk vkSj 218 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

t+kj ej x;kA gt+kjksa O;fDr;ksa dh fxjÝ+rkfj;k¡ gqb±A vusdksa iQk¡lh p<+ x;sA ik¡p O;fDr;ksa dks fo'ks\"k :i ls turk ds le{k iQk¡lh nh x;hA buesa lcls vfèkd çfl¼ ,d efgyk Fkh] ftldk uke lksfiQ;k çksofLd;k FkkA ml le; ikVhZ nc x;hA fiQj dbZ vU; ikfVZ;k¡ mBhaA ysfdu uk'koknh ikVhZ dk bfrgkl bruk&lk gSA uk'kokfn;ksa dks yksxksa us x+yr vk¡dk vkSj vjktdrkokfn;ksa dh rjg bUgsa Hkh cnuke fd;k x;kA ,d vaxzst+h lekpkji=k us ,d dkVwuZ cuk;k ftlesa rckg gqbZ pht+ksa esa fufgfyLV ce vkjS MkbukekbV fy;s [kM+s FksA ,d iwNrk gS] ¶D;ksa cUèkq] dqN cko+Qh rks ugha gS\\¸ nwljk dgrk gS] ¶nfq u;k dk xkys k gh ckoQ+ h gAS ¸ igyk dgrk g]S ¶yxk nrs k g¡w MkbukekbV rEq gkjs mlesa Hkh!¸ ;g cM+k x+yr c;ku FkkA vkLdj okbYM us ,d ukVd ^ohjk fn fufgfyLV* fy[kk FkkA mlesa uk'kokfn;ksa dk vPNk fp=k cukus dk ç;kl fd;k x;kA ysfdu mlesa cgqr v'kqf¼;k¡ gSaA ,d vU; fdrkc ^dSfj;j vkWi+Q , fufgfyLV* Hkh çdkf'kr gbq Z FkhA ;g iBuh; gAS bleas uk'kokfn;kas ds ckjs eas Bhd fy[kk gSA fgUnh esa ^cksY'ksfod ds dkse* rFkk ^fufgfyLV&jgL;* çdkf'kr gks pqds gSaA igyk dkdksjh ds 'kghn Jh jkeçlkn fcfLey dk fy[kk gSA mlesa mUgkuas s fufgfyLVkas dh cgrq nnuZ kd rLohj [khpa h gAS exj mUgas ek=k fouk'k pkgus okys gh fn[kk;k x;k gS] tksfd Bhd ugha gSA os vPNs tulsod FksA os cgqr cfynkuh vkSj turk ls I;kj djus okys FksA os èkU; FksA vU;k;h O;oLFkk os yksx tks egy cukrs vkSj >ksaifM+;ksa esa jgrs gSa] os yksx tks lqUnj&lqUnj vkjkenk;d pht+sa cukrs gSa] Lo;a iqjkuh vkSj xUnh pVkb;ksa ij lksrs gSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa D;k djuk pkfg,\\ ,slh fLFkfr;k¡ ;fn Hkwrdky esa jgh gSa rks Hkfo\"; eas D;kas ugha cnyko vkuk pkfg,\\ ;fn ge pkgrs gaS fd n's k dh turk dh gkyr vkt ls vPNh gks rks ;s fLFkfr;k¡ cnyuh gksaxhA gesa ifjorZudkjh gkus k gkxs kA vxLr] 1928 vUrjjk\"Vªh; ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk vè;;u @ 219

:l dh tys as Hkh LoxZ gaS MCY;w-ts- czkmu fyf[kr ;g ys[k ^fdjrh* flrEcj] 1928 esa çdkf'kr gqvk Fkk] ftl ij ,d lEikndh; fVIi.kh Hkh FkhA ;gk¡ ;g ys[k ^fdjrh* ds lEikndh; uksV lfgr fn;k x;k gSA μ l- (:lh ØkfUr dsoy jktuhfrd ØkfUr gh ugha Fkh] cfYd mlus jk\"Vª ds thou ds gj igyw esa ØkfUr iSnk dj nhA tgk¡ jktuhfrd lÙkk ,d t+kfye ckn'kkg t+kj ls Nhudj ns'k dh vke turk ds gkFkksa esa lkSai nh x;h ogk¡ vk£Fkd eSnku esa ^dek;s dksbZ] vkSj ekSt+ mM+k;s dksbZ* okyh ckr Hkh lekIr dj nh x;hA vkt ogk¡ u rks yk[kksa vkjS djksM+ksa Jfed Hkw[ks ut+j vkrs gaS vkjS u gh pUn gjke[k+ksjh djus okys eksVs isVokys iw¡thifr gh ut+j vkrs gSaA lkekftd thou esa dksbZ Å¡p&uhp cko+Qh ugha jghA fL=k;ksa ds Hkh leku vfèkdkj gSaA vkt :l gh ,slk ns'k gS tgk¡ vfèkd ls vfèkd yksx [+kq'k o çlUu gaSA mudh ØkfUr oko+QbZ lPph ØkfUr gSA vkSj rks vkSj] mUgksaus tsyksa lEcUèkh Hkh ,d cM+h Hkkjh ØkfUr dj nh gSA igys Hkh dbZ ckj ogk¡ dh tsyksa dk gky i<+ pqds gSaA ogk¡ dh tsysa gekjs ns'k ls gtk+ j ntkZ vPNh gAaS vkjS rks vkjS ] muds oQS+ nh gekjs vktk+ n vknfe;kas ls gtk+ j ntkZ csgrj gSaA ;gk¡ jksVh dk loky bruk eqf'dy gksrk tk jgk gS fd [k+ke[k+kg fny djrk gS fd ;gk¡ ls rks :l esa tkdj tsyksa esa gh jgsaA cM+k 'kkunkj jgu&lgu] cgqr vPNk [kkuk&ihuk vkSj lkFk esa i<+kbZ Hkh gksrh gSA dkS'ky fl[kk;s tkrs gSa] dke djus dk osru fn;k tkrk gSA vkt ge ,d rkt+k ys[k ikBdksa dh lsok esa HksaV dj jgs gSa rkfd os ns[k ysa fd :l dh vkSj ckrksa ds lkFk&lkFk tsy&foHkkx esa Hkh D;k ifjorZu gks x;s gSa\\ ;g è;ku jgs fd lektokn esa vijkèk jksdus ds fy, n.M gh i;kZIr ugha ekuk tkrk] cfYd os vijkfèk;ksa dks vPNh f'k{kk nsdj mUgsa ges'kk ds fy, vijkèk ls jksdus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSaA lt+k ds fnuksa eas os o+SQnh dks dke fl[kkrs gSaA ckgj vkrs gh dke ij yxk nsrs gSa] rkfd csdkj jg Hkw[kk ejrk og fiQj vijkèk u djus yxsA ;gh vijkèk dks tM+ ls feVkus dk <ax gSA μ ,MhVj) 220 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

eSa :l x;kA cM+h&cM+h pht+sa ns[kdj gSjku jg x;kA lcls T+;knk gSjkuh gqbZ ogk¡ dh tsysa ns[kdjA esjh bPNk Fkh fd ns[kw¡ ;gk¡ tsyksa dh D;k gkyr gSA ^tk£t;k* dh tsy ns[kus dk ekSo+Qk feykA ogk¡ igq¡pus ij irk pyk fd tsyj dks eq>s tsy ns[kus dh vuqefr feyus dh lwpuk ugha FkhA blls igys FkksM+h eqf'dy gqbZA ysfdu fiQj ;g fu.kZ; gqvk fd eSa mlds lkFk tkÅ¡ o ?kwedj lc ns[k yw¡A [k+Sj! eSa] tsyj o ,d&nks vkSj vkneh tsy;k=kk dks fudysA lcls igys eq>s tsy ds yaxj ([kk|&Hk.Mkj) dk okMZj feykA og vkneh t+kj ds le; Hkh tsy esa ukSdjh djrk Fkk vkSj Øsaldh dh vLFkk;h iw¡thifr ljdkj ds vèkhu Hkh tsy deZpkjh jgkA og nksuksa ljdkjksa dh cM+h fuUnk djrk FkkA og dgrk Fkk fd mu nksuksa ljdkjksa ds vèkhu o+QSfn;ksa vkSj okMZjksa dks i'kqvksa dh [+kqjkd nh tkrh Fkh vkSj cspkjs o+QSfn;ksa ij csgn vR;kpkj gksrs FksA ysfdu lqurk dkSu FkkA t+kj ds ckn vLFkk;h ljdkj Hkh dqN vPNh ugha FkhA gk¡] rc t+kj dh ljdkj ls ,d ckr vPNh Fkh fd O;fDr viuh rdyhi+Qksa dh f'kdk;r dj ldrk FkkA ij blls dksbZ O;kogkfjd ykHk ugha gksrk Fkk] D;ksafd dksbZ f'kdk;r nwj djus dh dksf'k'k ugha djrk FkkA vkSj lcls vfèkd Øksèk mls bl ckr ij Fkk fd vLFkk;h ljdkj us mudk rhu eghus dk osru ugha fn;kA bl ckr dk vc rd cgqr çHkko gSA mlls iwNk fd vc D;k fLFkfr gS\\ rks mlus dgk] vc rks deky gks x;k] vc rks [+kwc ets gSaA vc o+QSfn;ksa vkSj okMZjksa dks cgqr vPNk Hkkstu feyrk gSA lcdks lgh le; ij osru feyrk gSA cgqr [+kq'kh ls dgrk Fkk] ¶vc rks eSa Hkh vkneh cu x;k gw¡] Hkys gh vHkh rd tsy dk okMZj gw¡A¸ tsy esa ?kqlrs gh eSaus ,d dejk ns[kk] ftlesa cgqr&ls vkneh o+QSfn;ksa ls fey jgs FksA ogk¡ o+QSfn;ksa vkSj nwljs vknfe;ksa ds chp fli+QZ ,d yksgs dk M.Mk FkkA os cM+h [kqyh rjg ckrphr dj ldrs] gkFk feyk ldrs vkSj vius fç;tuksa dks pwe ldrs FksA eSaus ml le; ,d vkneh dks vius cPps dks pwers ns[kk] ftls mldh iRuh lkFk ys vk;h FkhA irk pyk fd lIrkg esa rhu ckj çR;sd o+SQnh ds nksLr] fj'rsnkj eqyko+Qkr djus vk ldrs Fks vkSj eqyko+Qkr vkèks ?k.Vs rd py ldrh gAS feyus okykas dh l[a ;k ij Hkh dNq [kk+ l ikcUnh ugh]a ftrus yksx pkgsa] feyus vk tk;saA ;g ns[kdj eSa cgqr gSjku gqvkA fiQj ;g tkudj cgqr gjS kuh gqbZ fd vc vdsyh dksBjh esa o+QfS n;ksa dks cUn ugha j[kk tkrkA cM+h&cM+h cSjdsa cuh gqbZ Fkha] ftuesa 20&20 vkneh jgrs gSaA mu cSjdksa dks u jkr esa vkSj u fnu esa gh rkyk yxk;k tkrk gSA gk¡] jkr dks fupyh Nr vkSj Åijh Nr ds chp dh lhf<+;ksa dks rkyk yxk fnu tkrk gSA fnu esa mls Hkh [kksy fn;k tkrk gSA çR;sd o+SQnh fdlh Hkh dejs esa tk ldrk gSA os vUrjjk\"Vªh; ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk vè;;u @ 221

pkgs flxjsV fi;sa ;k i<+sa ;k [ksysa] tks pkgs djsa] mUgsa iwjh NwV jgrh gSA fnu eas pkj ckj mUgas dljr ds fy, ckgj fudkyk tkrk gAS dljr Hkh cUn vgkrksa esa cUnwo+Qksa ds igjs esa ugha] cfYd ckgj ds [ksy ds eSnkuksa esa fcuk fdlh [k+kl igjs dsA ;g ns[kdj esjh gSjkuh dh gn u jghA irk pyk fd 'kjhi+Q o+QSfn;ksa dks lIrkg esa ,d fnu tsy ls NqV~Vh nh tkrh gS] rc os vius ?kj tk ldrs gSa vkSj ?kjokyksa ds lkFk iwjk fnu fcrk ldrs gSa ;k lSj dj ldrs gSaA eSaus iwNk μ bl rjg o+SQnh Hkkxrs ugha\\ mUgksaus dgk fd ,slk volj de gh vkrk gSA dHkh dksbZ o+SQnh bl rjg ugha HkkxkA x£e;ksa esa 'kjhi+Q o+QfS n;ksa dks iUæg fnu dh NqV~Vh fey tkrh gAS rc os tgk¡ pkgs tk ldrs gSaA bu NqfV~V;ksa esa Hkh o+SQnh Hkkxrs ugha] le; iwjk gksus ij ykSV vkrs gSaA dbZ o+SQnh gekjs lkFk py iM+sA ,d o+SQnh FkksM+h&lh vaxzst+h lh[k x;k FkkA mlls eSaus ckr dhA og dgus yxk] tsy cM+h vPNh txg gSA o+SQnh vkB ?k.Vs dke djrs gSaA [+kqjkd cgqr vPNh feyrh gSA dksbZ l[+rh vkSj T+kqYe ugha gksrkA mudh viuh vè;;u&lHkk] ykbczsjh] laxhr&ikVhZ vkfn cus gq, gSa] ftudk çcUèk mUgha dh ,d lfefr djrh gSA lkjh tsy ns[kdj dksbZ mls tsy ugha dg ldrkA og rks ,d lHkk ;k Dyc yxrk gSA bekjr tsy dh gh yxrh Fkh vkSj vU; lkeku Hkh tsy dk gh ut+j vkrk Fkk] ysfdu fLFkfr cgqr&ls ifjJe djus okys LorU=k yksxksa ls vPNh FkhA ogk¡ lIrkg esa rhu ckj flusek vkSj fFk;sVj Hkh fn[kk;s tkrs gSaA o+QSfn;ksa ds diM+s ns[k cgqr gSjkuh gqbZA o+Qjhc pkyhl o+SQnh] tsy&nkjksx+k o dqN okMZj [kM+s FksA eftLVsªV lkfgc vk;sA ckrphr esa vaxzst+h tsyksa ij ckr py iM+hA lHkh yksx] D;k o+SQnh vkSj D;k vfèkdkjh] ,d leku fgLlk ys jgs FksA ;fn dksbZ vutku vkneh ogk¡ vk tkrk rks fcYdqy u igpku ikrk fd dkSu o+SQnh gS vkSj dkSu nkjksx+k vkSj dkSu eftLVsªVA o+QSfn;ksa dh viuh nqdkusa gSaA os Lo;a gh mUgsa pykrs gSaA ogk¡ os rEckdw] flxjVs ] feBkbZ o c'qz k vkfn gtk+ jkas vko';d phtas+ [kj+ hn ldrs gaS vkjS tks euq kiQ+ k gks og fjgk gksus ij o+QSfn;ksa esa ck¡V fn;k tkrk gSA loky mBsxk fd fcuk iSls o+SQnh pht+sa [k+jhnrs dSls gSa\\ ysfdu :l esa çR;sd o+SQnh dks eghuk ifjJe djus ds ckn osru feyrk gSA os tSls pkgsa] ml jde dks [k+pZ dj ldrs gSaA o+QSfn;ksa ds vijkèk vfèkdkfj;ksa ds ikl ugha tkrsA o+QSfn;ksa dh lfefr Lo;a gh lkjh leL;k,¡ gy djrh gSA o+QSfn;ksa dh viuh ,d lfefr cuh gqbZ gS rkfd tks rdyhi+Q gks] og nwj dh tk ldsA ;g lfefr vfèkdkfj;ksa }kjk ekU; gS] os i+QkSju nkjksx+k dks viuh lc rdyhi+Qsa crk nsrs gSaA vkSj ;fn dksbZ i+QSlyk u gks ik;s rks Lo;a eftLVsªV 222 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

ds lkeus vnkyr esa ekeyk is'k dj ldrs gSaA budk viuk v[k+ckj Hkh gksrk gSA gkFk ls gh fy[kk tkrk gSA ys[kd dk uke ugha fn;k tkrk] ysfdu mUgsa tsy&O;oLFkk dh vkykspuk djus dk iwjk vfèkdkj gSA tsyj dk ,d cM+k etsnkj dkVwZu cuk gqvk eSaus Lo;a ns[kk FkkA dbZ dejkas eas euaS s n[s kk fd oQS+ nh vyx&vyx dke lh[k jgs gAaS dgha diMs+ lhus dk dke] dgha twrk flyus dk dke vkSj dgha c<+bZ dk dke fl[kk;k tk jgk FkkA vkSj dbZ dejksa esa i<+kbZ gks jgh FkhA dbZ ekLVj ckgj ls i<+kus vkrs Fks vkSj dbZ o+QSfn;ksa esa ls gh FksA o+SQnh vè;kid dks çR;sd nks fnu dh o+SQn ds cnys ,d fnu dh o+SQn eki+Q dh tkrh gSA eSa ,d o+SQnh dks ,dkUr esa ys x;kA vfèkdkjh cM+h [+kq'kh ls vyx gks x;sA mlus Hkh ;gh dgk fd lHkh o+SQnh [+kq'k gSa vkSj ;g txg cgqr vPNh gSA eq>ls iwNk x;k fd baXyS.M esa o+QSfn;ksa ls dSlk O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gS\\ mUgsa ;g fo'okl gh ugha gksrk Fkk fd baXyS.M esa o+QSfn;ksa dks vyx&vyx dksBfj;ksa esa cUn fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ckrphr djus dh Hkh vuqefr ugha gksrhA os iwNus yxs] fiQj o+QSfn;ksa dh lfefr D;k djrh gS\\ og ;g f'kdk;r nwj D;ksa ugha djrh\\ eSaus mUgsa crk;k fd ogk¡ dksbZ lfefr ugha cuk;h tk ldrh] ugha rks tsyj Øksèk ls gh ej tk;saA os gSjku jg x;sA os fo'okl ugha djrs Fks fd tsy esa o+QSfn;ksa dh lfefr ds cx+Sj o+QSfn;ksa dh xqt+j gksrh gksxhA mUgksaus ;gh fu\"d\"kZ fudkyk fd eq>s vaxzst+ksa dh tsyksa lEcUèkh dqN Hkh tkudkjh ugha gSA os eq>s vius ugkus ds dejs esa ys x;sA t+kj ds le; ;s v¡èksjh dksBfj;k¡ FkhaA vc ogk¡ iQOokjs yxk fn;s x;s gSa vkSj ugkus dh cgqr vPNh O;oLFkk dh x;h FkhA vkf[kj+ eas eaS muds lkFk yxa j (els ) eas x;kA [kkuk cgrq lknk] cgrq cf<;+ k o Lokfn\"V FkkA ,slk cf<+;k [kkuk gekjs cgqr&ls ifjJe dj [kkus okys LorU=k et+nwj Hkh ugha ik ldrsA esjs tkus ls mUgsa cgqr nq[k gqvkA mUgksaus eq>ls baXyS.M ds o+QSfn;ksa rd mudh nqvk&lyke igq¡pkus dks dgkA eq>s mUgksaus vius cx+hps dk xqynLrk HksaV fd;k vkSj cM+s lEeku ds lkFk fonk fd;k vkSj dgk fd mEehn gS vki fiQj vk;saxsA vUrjjk\"Vªh; ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk vè;;u @ 223

esjh :l ;k=kk ys[kd&HkkbZ 'kkSo+Qr mLekuhA çrki dk;kZy;] dkuiqj ls çdkf'krA 144 i`\"B] ewY; μ AA¾ fgUnqLrku ds orZeku tu&vkUnksyu esa fons'kksa dh ;k=kk dk dki+Qh çHkko gSA ikBd tkurs gSa fd 1914&15 ds tu&vkUnksyu esa vesfjdk ls ykSVs gq, Hkkb;ksa us gh vius çk.kksa dh ckt+h yxkdj ,d ckj fgUnqLrku dh fo+QLer dks cnyus dk ;Ru fd;k FkkA 1918 esa tc ^f[k+yki+Qr* dk ekeyk [kM+k gqvk rHkh eqlyeku Hkkb;ksa esa fgt+jr dh ygj pyh μ fd gesa vaxzst+h eqYo+Q gh NksM+dj pys tkuk gSA bl flyflys esa lSdM+ksa vkneh x;s vkSj ckgj tkdj mudh vk¡[ksa [kqyhaA èkekZUèk elq yekukas us n[s kk fd dkbs Z Hkh mudk ck>s mBkus dks r;S kj ughAa vkf[kj+ cgrq &ls rks vusd >a>V mBkdj mlh le; okil ykSV vk;sA dbZ vkxs pys x;sA :l tk igp¡q As ftu elq hcrkas dks mBkdj os ykxs x;s Fks og foQ+ Llk cgrq mRlkgoèkdZ gS vkSj nnZukd Hkh gSA 'kkSo+Qr mLekuh mUgha O;fDr;ksa esa ls gSaA rq£dLrku dh yM+kb;ksa esa ls os fdl rjg tku cpkdj fudys vkSj fdl rjg :l igq¡ps vkSj ogk¡ dh gkyr ns[kdj vpfEHkr gks mBsA ;s lc ckrsa fdrkc i<+us ls gh lEcUèk j[krh gSaA ukStokuksa dks bl fdrkc dh vksj vo'; è;ku nsuk pkfg, vkSj ckgj tkdj nfq u;k n[s kus dk 'kkoS Q+ inS k djuk pkfg,A :l dk cgrq vPNk gky fy[kk gqvk gSA çR;sd fgUnh i<+s lTtu dks ;g fdrkc e¡xokdj i<+uh pkfg,A 224 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

vk;fj'k LorU=krk ;q¼ bl iqLrd dk vuqokn Hkxr¯lg us fd;k FkkA ;g vuqokn blh ladyu ds rhljs [k.M esa çdkf'kr gSA μ l- ^vk;fj'k LorU=krk ;q¼* % fgUnh esaA çrki dk;kZy;] dkuiqj ls çdkf'krA 100 i`\"B 100] ewY; μ AA¾ ;g fdrkc vk;jyS.M ds cgknqj ;qxkUrdkjh Jh MkWu chu dh vaxzst+h iqLrd ^ekbZ i+QkbV i+Qkj vk;fj'k ç+QhMe* dk fgUnh vuqokn gSA ikBd tkurs gksaxs fd lkS cjlksa ls vk;jyS.M vaxzst+ksa ds iats ls fjgk gksus dh dksf'k'k djrk jgk FkkA fiNyh lnh esa 1848] *68] *98 dh cx+korsa çfl¼ gSaA fiNys la?k\"kZ ds fnuksa esa 1916 esa bZLVj ds fnuksa esa mUgksaus fiQj foæksg dj fn;k FkkA mlesa Hkh mudh gkj gh gqbZ FkhA vc rd og bZLVj foæksg ds uke ls çfl¼ gSA ckn esa yM+kbZ lekIr gks tkus ij ik£y;kes.V ds fy, lnL;ksa dk pquko gqvk vkSj vk;jyS.M ds ^flufiQujk* ds lnL; gh T+;knk pqus x;sA mUgksaus vyx gh vk;fj'k ik£y;kes.V LFkkfir dj yh vkSj nwljh rjg ;qxkUrdkjh xqfjYyk ;q¼] vFkkZr yqdkfNih okyh yM+kbZ vkjEHk dj nhA lcls igys yM+kbZ NsM+dj ns'k] ns'kokfl;ksa vkSj ljdkj dh uhan Hkax djus okys yksxksa esa ls Msufczy FksA igys gh fnu flikfg;ksa ls yM+dj muls mudk ck:n Nhudj os Hkkx x;s FksA ckn esa muds okj.V fudkys x;s vkSj idM+okus ds fy, bZuke dh Hkh ?kks\"k.kk,¡ gqb±A jkr&fnu viuk flj gFksyh ij j[ks os turk ds chp cCcj vdkfy;ksa dh rjg nkSM+rs&fiQjrs jgsA muls dgk x;k fd req vefs jdk pys tkvk]s yfs du mUgkuas s bUdkj dj fn;k vkSj dgk fd gesa rks vk;jyS.M esa gh yM+rs gq, ejuk gSA fdl çdkj yksx mUgsa xkfy;k¡ cdrs vkSj ikl u iQVdus nsrs vkSj fdl çdkj os ckj&ckj iqfyl ds iats esa iQ¡lrs&iQ¡lrs cprs] ;s lc ckrsa i<+us ;ksX; gSaA Jh Msufczy dk fy[kus dk <ax cgqr vn~Hkqr gS vkSj O;axkRed Hkh gSA blfy, mUgksaus lkjk fo+QLlk ,slh vUrjjk\"Vªh; ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk vè;;u @ 225

rjrhc ls fy[kk gS fd i<+us esa cgqr gh vkuUn vkrk gSA mUgksaus igyh yM+kbZ esa vius ?kcjkus dh rFkk ckn dh yM+kb;ksa esa vius èkS;Z dh Li\"V vkSj lPph dFkk fy[kh] tksfd fcYdqy gh LokHkkfod ut+j vkrh gSA lkfFk;ksa ds fxjÝ+rkj fd;s tkus ij og fdl rjg rM+i mBs vkSj mUgsa NqM+kus ds fy, dksf'k'ksa djus yxs] ;g lc i<+us okyh dgkuh gSA ,d cgqr egÙoiw.kZ ckr gS Jh Msufczy dhA gekjs ns'k ds ukStoku fookg djkus ds fy, nkSM+rs fiQjrs gSaA cki us dHkh lokjh ugha dh gksrh ysfdu oj cuk csVk ryokj ck¡èkdj efj;y ?kksM+h ij p<+dj fudy iM+rk gSA mldh ml pky dks Hkh o+Qkcw esa j[kus ds fy, nks O;fDr vkxs ls mls idM+s jgrs gSaA vkSj fiQj tkdj diM+ksa dh xk¡B dh rjg c¡èkh yM+dh ds lkFk (oj egksn; dk) xBcUèku gks tkrk gSA loZ=k [+kqf'k;k¡ euk;h tkrh gSaA yM+dk C;kgk x;k! ykur gS ,sls fookg ij vkSj ,sls oj ijA Msufczy ds okj.V fudys gq, gSaA vkns'k gqvk fd ns[krs gh xksyh ekjdj [k+Re dj fn;k tk;sA yM+kbZ esa os t+[+eh gks tkrs gSaA rc ,d ;qorh mudh lsok djrh gS vkSj viuh tku gFksyh ij j[kdj mudh gj çdkj ls enn djrh gSA vkf[k+jdkj nksuksa esa çse gks tkrk gS vkSj fcYdqy ?keklku ;q¼ ds fnuksa esa ,d txg i+QkStsa bdV~Bh djds ;g 'kknh dh tkrh gSA gj iy [k+rjk gS fd nq'euksa us geyk dj fn;k rks [k+Sj ughaA ukStokuks] ;g vly fookg gS ;k eqjnksa okyk (og) fookg\\ ukStoku bl fdrkc dks t+:j i<+sa vkSj è;ku ls i<+saA vaxzst+ksa ds csbUrgk T+kqYeksa dh Hkh ;g nnZukd dgkuh gSA lkFk gh ;g Hkh jkspd <ax ls crk;k x;k gS fd ^ykrksa ds Hkwr ckrksa ls ugha ekursA* 226 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

V. fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V



VsªM ;wfu;u fcy 1927 esa iw¡thoknh fo'o vk£Fkd eUnh dh pisV esa vk jgk Fkk] vkSj et+nwj oxZ ds tuoknh vfèkdkjksa ij geys 'kq: gks x;s FksA baXyS.M esa tc VsªM ;wfu;u fcy ikl gks jgk Fkk rks ^fdjrh* us (ebZ] 1927 esa) ,d ys[k bl lEcUèk esa çdkf'kr fd;kA ys[k ds ys[kd ds lEcUèk esa tkudkjh gkfly ugha gS] ysfdu ;g ml le; ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dh lksp ds ckjs esa crkrk gSA 1929 esa tc VsªM fMLI;wV~l fcy Hkkjr esa ykxw djus dh dksf'k'k dh x;h Fkh rks Hkxr¯lg vkSj ch-ds- nÙk us vlsEcyh gkWy] fnYyh esa ce iQsadk FkkA μ l- bafXyLrku ds ,d txg fVds (Conservative) xqV ds yksx dc ls bl ckr dh rkd esa Fks fd dSls et+nwjksa esa c<+rh gqbZ rko+Qr dks jksdk tk;sA mudks ;g ckr Li\"V ut+j vkrh Fkh fd ;fn et+nwjksa dh c<+r dks vHkh u jksdk x;k rks et+nwj ns[krs gh ns[krs jkt ds ekfyd cu tk;saxs vkSj bl rjg mUgsa jkt dh ckxMksj NksM+uh iM+sxhA mUgsa ;g Li\"V irk Fkk fd uke ek=k LorU=k (Liberal) xqV rks fdlh dke dk ugha gS vkSj u gh vHkh tYnh muds rko+Qr esa vkus dh mEehn gAS blfy, ;fn mUgas [kr+ jk Fkk rks etn+ jw kas ls gh Fkk vkjS etn+ jw kas dh e'q das ckè¡ kuk gh mUgksaus lcls igys Bhd le>kA bl dke ds fy, mUgksaus VsªM ;wfu;u fcy dk vkfo\"dkj fd;k] ftlds lEcUèk esa fiNys vad esa crk;k x;k FkkA os et+nwjksa ds lc djs&èkjs dks ;g fcy ikl dj dq,¡ esa Mkyuk pkgrs gSaA et+nwjksa us bl fcy ds f[k+yki+Q cM+h t+ksjnkj vkokt+ cqyUn dh gSA mUgksaus dgk gS fd ;g fcy ,d oxZ ds }kjk nwljs oxZ dks efV;kesV djus ds fy, yk;k x;k oxZ&fcy gSA fe- jkets eSdMkuYM tSls et+nwj Hkh bl fcy dks ox&Z ;¼q dh ?kk\"s k.kk le>rs gaS vkjS Jfed&lla kj eas lc txg bl fcy ls riw Q+ ku ep x;k gSA et+nwj fiQj ,d fnu ds fy, cM+h vke gM+rky djus dh lksp jgs gSaA os fojksèk esa eh¯Vx dj jgs gSaA [k+;ky fd;k tkrk gS fd laln esa bl fcy ij ?keklku cgl gksxh] vkSj et+nwj&usrk ;fn [k+jhn u fy;s x;s rks th&rksM+dj yM+saxsA fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 229

vktdy tks yksx vaxzst+h v[k+ckj i<+rs gSa mUgsa irk gS fd bl fcy dk fdl rjg vaxzst+h Jfed çsl esa fojksèk gks jgk gSA bl fcy dks oxZ&o+Qkuwu dgk tkrk gSA et+nwj le>rs gSa fd ckYMfou dh ljdkj us muds cqfu;knh vfèkdkjksa ij èkkok cksy fn;k gSA bl fcy ls muds laxBu ds fc[kj tkus dk Hkkjh [k+rjk gSA et+nwjksa dk viuk nSfud v[k+ckj ^Msyh gsjkYM* (Daily Herald) fy[krk gS fd ;g fcy et+nwjksa dks ekufld jksxh le>rk gS vkSj l[+r vijkfèk;ksa ds fy, blus ltk+ Hkh fu;r dj nh gAS ,d vkjS etn+ jw urs k us bls elq kfs yuh tlS k oQ+ kuuw dgk gSA cM+h gM+rky ds le; ls gh ,d txg [kM+s (vuqnkj) xqV ds yksx ;g ek¡x dj jgs Fks fd ljdkj dksbZ fcy laln esa is'k djs] ftlls fd lcds lc et+nwj gM+rky gh u dj ldsaA vkSj ;fn ,d ;wfu;u ds et+nwj fdlh nwljh ;wfu;u dh gennhZ esa gM+rky dj nsa rks og gM+rky x+Sj&o+Qkuwuh ekuh tk;sA bl le; ;fn dksbZ ;wfu;u gM+rky djrh gS rks os et+nwj tks gM+rky esa 'kkfey ugha gksaxs] mUgsa ;g le>k;k ugha tk ldsxk fd os Hkh blesa 'kkfey gksa] D;ksafd ;fn et+nwj fids¯Vx vkfn ds tfj;s ,slk djsaxs rks mUgsa lt+k nh tk ldsxhA bl fcy ls flfoy l£ol ds deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, fdlh ikVhZ esa 'kkfey gksuk euk gks x;k gS vkSj lcls cM+h pksV et+nwjksa dh jktuhfrd ikVhZ ij dh x;h gSA og ;g gS fd dksbZ et+nwj jktuhfrd dkeksa ds fy, rc rd pUnk ugha ns ldrk] tc rd fd og fy[kdj u ns fd og jktuhfrd dkeksa ds fy, pUnk bdV~Bk dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu tks yksx pUnk ugha nsuk pkgrs] os fy[kdj nsa fd os pUnk ugha nsuk pkgrsA vc fLFkfr myVh gks x;h gSA bl vkf[k+jh vad ls Jfedksa ds laxBu dks cM+h Hkkjh pksV iM+sxh vkSj bl t+ekus esa tcfd dksbZ ikVhZ #i;ksa ds cx+Sj py gh ugha ldrh rks ;g Li\"V gS fd Jfed ikVhZ dk #i;ksa ds cx+Sj xyk nckus ds fy, ;g pky pyh x;h gSA vU; ikfVZ;ksa dh rjg yscj ikVhZ dks Hkh laln esa vius mEehnokj [kM+s djus vkSj mUgsa liQy cukus ds fy, #i;ksa dh t+:jr gSA tc nwljh ikfVZ;k¡ tSls pkgs #i;s bdV~Bk dj ldrh gSa vkSj mUgsa dHkh iwNk rd ugha x;k gS rks dksbZ otg ugha fd et+nwjksa dh ikVhZ ds Hkhrj dkeksa esa [k+ke[k+kg Vk¡x vM+k;h tk;sA bl le; rd et+nwjksa dh jktuhfrd ikVhZ vius i+Q.M VsªM ;wfu;uksa ls bdV~Bk djrh jgh gSA vuqnkjoknh xqV dk ;g fopkj gS fd bl rjg ;fn et+nwj ikVhZ ds i+Q.M gh cUn dj fn;s x;s rks et+nwjksa dk laxBu Lo;a gh nksiQkM+ gks tk;sxk vkSj buds ?kjksa esa ?kh ds fn;s ty tk;saxsA bl rjg Jfed laxBu ds VwV tkus ls ;g lnk gh bafXyLrku ds jkt ij o+QCt+k tek;s j[ksaxsA ij dkSu&lh ikVhZ 230 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

VwVsxh vkSj dkSu&lh lÙkk esa vk;sxh] bl ckr dk irk rks vuqHko vkSj Hkfo\"; gh crk;sxkA ;fn ;g fcy ikl gks x;k rks et+nwj fiQj mUgha t+athjksa esa tdM+s tk;asxs ftuesa ls fd ;Ru ls vHkh os fudys gh FksA fiQj mu t+athjksa dks rksM+uk vklku ugha gksxkA blfy, Jfedksa dks vc oD+r l¡Hkkyuk pkfg, vkSj ,slk t+ksjnkj vkUnksyu djuk pkfg, fd bl iw¡thifr xqV dks] tks vHkh et+nwjksa dks X+kqykeh ls NwVus ugha nsuk pkgrk] ukuh ;kn vk tk;sA ij ;g ukuh Hkh rHkh ;kn vk ldrh gS] ;fn vkus okyh laln esa budh ,slh gkj gks fd ;kn dj&dj vk¡[ksa eyk djsaA bl le; laln esa bu iw¡thifr;ksa dk cgqer gSA bl cgqer ds vfHk;ku esa gh ;s yksx vdM+s fiQj jgs gSa vkSj et+nwjksa dks ut+jksa esa Hkh ugha ykrsA ge pkgrs gSa fd et+nwj uke ek=k LorU=k (mnkj) xqV esa Hkh çpkj djsa vkSj muesa ls cgqr&ls lnL;ksa dks viuh vksj dj ysa] rkfd ;g fcy ikl gh u gks ldsA vkSj u fli+QZ ;g fcy gh vliQy djk nsa oju bl ekStwnk ljdkj dks Hkh myV nsaA blus ;g o+Qkuwu is'k dj jkt djus ds lHkh vfèkdkj xok¡ fn;s gAaS bl le; t+:jr gS fd et+nwjksa ds vius ?kj esa Hkh fdlh rjg dh iQwV u gks vkSj et+nwjksa ds uje vkSj xje xqVksa ds lc yksx ,dtqV gks tk;sa rkfd lk>s t+ksj ls bl ekStwnk ljdkj dk MVdj eqo+Qkcyk fd;k tk lds vkSj bls ,sls pus pck;s tk;sa fd lkjh mez gh bl oD+r dks ;kn dj&dj gkFk eyk djsaA fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 231

xn+ j vkUnkys u dh dNq O;Fkk flrEcj] 1927 ds ^fdjrh* eas ,d cgrq egÙoi.w kZ y[s k ^xn+ j ygj dh dNq O;Fkk* Nik FkkA ;g ,d v[kc+ kj ls yds j Nkik x;k FkkA y[s ku&'kyS h vkjS fopkjkas ls ;g ys[k 'kghn Hkxorhpj.k oksgjk dk gks ldrk gSA μ l- igys eSa ;g crk nw¡ fd foIyookn dk D;k vFkZ gSA fiQj eSa vkxs pyw¡xkA gj fxjh gqbZ o+QkSe ges'kk fxjh ugha jgrh vkSj ml o+QkSe ds ohj mldh mUufr dk ;Ru djrs gSa vkSj o+QqckZfu;k¡ nsrs gSa] vkSj vc ;g lkspuk gS fd o+QqckZfu;k¡ dbZ rjg ls nh tkrh gSaA o+QkSeksa dks mBkus dk ;Ru Hkh dbZ&dbZ rjho+Qksa vkSj fgEer ls fd;k tkrk gSA ,d rks ns'k esa f'k{kk dk çpkj djukA ;g Hkh dksbZ NksVh&lh ckr ughaA nwljs] yksxksa dks muds go+Q crkus vkSj mUgsa gkfly djus ds fy, ljdkj ds vkxs çkFkZuk djukA mls (,sls ny dks) ge ekMjsV dgrs gSaA ;g 'kCn ml le; bLrseky gksrk gS] tc ns'k ml fLFkfr ls dqN Åij mB tkrk gSA nwljk ntkZ gksrk gS xeZ ny dk] ftl rjg 1907 esa yksdekU; fryd th dh ikVhZ Fkh ;k vktdy egkRek xk¡èkhth dk çpkj dgk tk ldrk gSA ysfdu ftl le; bu nksuksa jkLrksa ij pyus ls Hkh liQyrk ugha feyrh rks rst+ ukStokuksa dk ,d ny dqN vkSj vkxs c<+rk gSA og gkFkksgkFk dke djuk pkgrk gS] ejuk vkSj ekjuk pkgrk gS vkSj bl <ax ls gh thr çkIr djuk pkgrk gSA mls (,sls yksxksa dks) vaxzst+h Hkk\"kk esa fjOY;w'kujht+ (Revolutionaries) dgrs gSaA bl vkjksi esa os xqIr dke djrs gSa vkSj ckn esa cnydj [kqYye[kqYyk yM+kbZ djus dks rS;kj gks tkrs gSa] ftl rjg fd vk;jyS.M okys vc rd yM+rs jgs gSaA ;g dke tc rd xqIr jgrk gS] rc rd mls nckus dk ;Ru fd;k tkrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa mUgsa fgUnqLrkuh Hkk\"kk esa foIyooknh dgrs gSa] mnwZ esa bUo+Qykch dgk tkrk gSA ;g 'kCn bT+t+r vkSj fuUnk] nksuksa ds fy, bLrseky gks ldrk gS] vFkkZr tc rd ns'k det+ksj gS] rc rd ogk¡ [+kq'kkenh vfèkd gksrs gSa] rc rd ogk¡ mUgsa lHkh yksx cqjk dgrs gSa vkSj 'kkld rks muds nq'eu gksrs gh gSa] ysfdu ckn esa mUgsa gh ns'kHkDr dgk tkrk gSA ge fdlh Mj ds dkj.k pkgs mUgsa cqjk dgas] ysfdu okLro esa os fdlh ls 232 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

Hkh de ^n's kHkDr* ugha gkrs ]s cfYd ge ;g dg ldrs gaS fd os nlw js 'kkjs epkus okyksa ls ns'k dk vfèkd nnZ j[kus okys gksrs gSaA mudh dksbZ lgk;rk ugha djrkA vius&ijk;s lHkh cqjk&Hkyk dgrs gSa vkSj 'kkld rks tks djrs gSa mldk iwNuk gh D;k gAS os ohj fiQj Hkh MVs jgrs gaS vkjS tj+ k Hkh ?kcjkrs ughAa rks D;k os fdlh ls de ns'kHkDr gksrs gSa\\ eSa rks dgw¡xk fd nqfu;k esa 'End Justifies the means' vFkkrZ ifj.kke ls gh irk py tkrk gS fd muds }kjk bLres ky fd;s rjhoQ+ s vPNs Fks ;k cqjs\\ ;fn ifj.kke vPNk gks rks >wB cksyk gqvk] gR;k fd;k x;k Hkh Bhd gks tkrk g]S vkjS ;fn vliQyrk gks rks 'kkfUr ls gksus okyk dke Hkh cqjk gh dgk tkrk gSA D;k ok¯'kxVu dks ml le; ckx+h dgdj nckus dh dksf'k'k ugha dh x;h Fkh\\ D;k ;fn og ml le; nq'euksa ds gkFk vk tkrk rks mls iQk¡lh u feyrh\\ D;k LdkVyS.M dk ohj okyhl lPpk ns'kHkDr ugha Fkk\\ D;k mls iQk¡lh ugha nh x;h\\ bl ns'k esa dke ,sls gh gksrk gSA bVyh dh gkyr ns[k yks] eSftuh tSlksa us Hkh rks xqIr lkslk;fV;k¡ cuk;ha] muds ifjJe dk gh ;g iQy gqvk fd xSjhckYMh tSls ohj us nks&nks gkFk dj fn[kk;sA nwj D;k tkuk gS] vHkh dy dh ckr gS fd :l mBk gSA fdrus vkneh iQk¡lh ij p<+s vkSj ckx+h Bgjk;s x;sA D;k ;s lPps ns'kHkDr ugha Fks\\ bl ckr dk tokc vkt :lokyksa ls iwfN;s rksA bu cspkjksa dks ^fufgfyLV* vkSj ^vuk£dLV* vFkkZr nqfu;k esa ^vjktdrk iQSykus okys* vkSj ^[+kwu&[k+jkck djus okys* dgk tkrk FkkA muds ifjJe ds iQyLo:i gh vkt ogk¡ iapk;rh ljdkj cuh gqbZ gSA gk¡] ;s yksx tks fujk'k gksus ls [+kwu&[k+jkcs ij mrk: gks tkrs gSa os igys xqIr lkslk;fV;k¡ cuk ysrs gSaA mUgsa vaxzst+h esa Revolutionaries vkSj fgUnh esa ^foIyooknh* dgk tkrk gSA ;fn lalkj esa ns[kk tk;s rks ;g ckr fd tksjkoj dh lkr dkSM+h lkS gqvk djrh gSa] Bhd yxrh gS] D;ksafd ftruh nsj ,d i{k dk t+ksj jgk mruh nsj rks det+ksj ckx+h] vuk£dLV] fufgfyLV] foIyooknh] bUo+Qykc&ilUn dgykrs gSa] ysfdu tc nwljk i{k rko+Qroj gks tkrk gS rks os lPps ns'kHkDr] o+QkSe ds ijokus gks tkrs gSa vkSj nwljs t+kfye] vR;kpkjh] ykyph vkfn cu tkrs gSaA f'kokth ejkBk ;fn jkt o+Qk;e u dj ikrk vkSj t+kfye vkSjaxt+sc ds nk¡r [kV~Vs u dj ikrk rks og Mkdw gh dgykrk] ysfdu vkt ge Hkh mls egkiq#\"k dgrs gSaA [k+Sj! ;g [k+;ky fd dksbZ bUo+Qykc djs vkSj [+kwu&[k+jkcs ls u Mjs] >ViV ugha vk tkrkA èkhj&s èkhjs 'kkld ykxs Tk+ Yq e djrs gaS vkjS ykxs nj[o+ kLras nrs s g]aS yfs du vgadkjh 'kkld ml rji+Q è;ku ugha nsrsA fiQj yksx dqN gYyk djrs gSa] ysfdu fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 233

dqN ugha curkA ml le; fiQj vkxs c<+s gq, ukStoku bl dke dks l¡Hkkyrs gSaA ;fn fdlh ns'k esa 'kkfUr gks vkSj yksx lq[k&pSu ls cSBs gksa rks ogk¡ mruh nsj bu fopkjksa dk çpkj ugha gks ldrk] tc rd fd mUgsa dksbZ ,slk cM+k Hkkjh u;k fopkj u fn;k tk;s] ftl ij fd os ijokuksa dh rjg o+QqckZu gks tk;saA ;k ^T+kqYe* bl ckr ds fy, yksxksa dks rS;kj djrs gSaA ;fn ge vius ns'k dh vksj è;ku nsa rks bl ckr dk Li\"V irk py tkrk gAS lcls igys ;g fopkj egkjk\"Vª vFkkZr ejkBksa esa fdlh egkiq#\"k dks lw>k] ysfdu bldk çpkj ugha gks ldkA fiQj caxky esa ;g fopkj vk;kA ohj ohjsn~;'k lcls igys bl ckr dk çpkj djus yxkA ;g ckr 1903 dh gSA ysfdu yksx iwjs vkjke esa jgrs Fks rks [k+ke[k+kg dksbZ nq[k esa iM+s] fdlh us Hkh mudh ckr u ekuhA os viuk tk+ js yxkdj vliQy gkds j cBS x;As ;g ijw k fooj.k jkYs V deVs h dh fjiksVZ esa fn;k gSA fiQj 1905 esa caxHkax gks x;kA yksxksa us nj[+okLrsa nha] ysfdu ykWMZ dtZu us dgk] ^lwjt if'pe ls mx tk;s ysfdu eSa caxky dk foHkktu ,sls gh j[kw¡xkA* fiQj Lons'kh dk çpkj gqvkA dbZ cspkjs funksZ\"k gh tsyksa esa Bw¡l fn;s x;sA dtZu us viuh ^Vsa* ugha NksM+hA crkvks ml le; tc yksx nq[kh cSBs gksa] rc muesa bu ckrksa dk çpkj >ViV gks tkuk gh gqvk fd ugha\\ cl ce cuus yxsA [k+Sj] 1908 esa vyhiqj \"kM~;U=k dsl pykA fiQj rks dke vkSj Hkh t+ksjksa ij gks x;k vkSj 1916 rd gksrk jgkA fiQj yksxksa dks MdSfr;k¡ Mkyuh iM+haA dqN fnu igys ,d caxkyh lTtu us Hkk\"k.k fn;k Fkk fd yksx mUgsa Mkdw dgrs gSaA ysfdu vki ;g rks crkvks fd rqe mUgsa ,d iSlk Hkh nsrs gksA os cspkjs viuk rks lcdqN NksM+ cSBs gSa vkSj vki mudh lgk;rk ugha djrs rks vki lkspks fd os D;k djsa] D;k viuk dke jksd nsa\\ eSa cgqrksa ls feyk gw¡] os lPps laU;klh gSa] ns'kHkDr gSaA [k+Sj] vc ge vius çns'k dh vksj vkrs gSaA igys&igys ;g gYyk ljnkj vthr ¯lg th ds le; gqvk FkkA lu~ 1907 dh ckr gSA nks o+Qkuwuksa ds f[k+yki+Q vkokt+ mBk;h x;hA tks'k c<+rk ns[kdj ljdkj us mudh ckr >ViV eku yh vkSj 'kksj&'kjkck #d x;kA og t+ekuk pyk x;kA dgk tkrk gS fd 1909 esa ljdkj dks fpUrk gqbZ fd caxky dh chekjh dgha iatkc esa Hkh u vk iQSysA mUgksaus ljnkj vthr ¯lg dks idM+us dh dksf'k'k dh] ysfdu os cpdj fudy x;sA mlds ckn iatkc esa flok; fnYyhokys ce dsl ds vkSj dksbZ f'kxwi+Qk ugha nh[krkA ogk¡ og fopkj Hkh caxky us gh fn;k FkkA ysfdu mUgksaus fdrus yksxksa dks vius lkFk feyk;k Fkk\\ dqy nl&ckjg vkneh gksaxsA lkèkkj.k yksx tyrh vkx esa D;ksa tkus yxsA pkj dks iQk¡lh feyh] 234 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

dqN dks o+SQn dj fn;k vkSj ckr [k+Re gqbZA ysfdu >ViV vxys gh cjl 1915 esa fiQj iatkc esa x+nj dh rS;kfj;k¡ ut+j vkrh FkhaA rc nks ckrsa Fkha μ ,d rks yM+kbZ fNM+ x;h (çFke egk;q¼ μ vuq-)_ nwljs] ljdkj us dkekxkVkek#okyksa ij vR;kpkj fd;kA os Hkh vesfjdk ls] cspkjs fopkj gh ysdj vk;s FksA ysfdu iatkc esa jgus okys fdrus yksxksa us mudk lkFk fn;k\\ flok; 1907 ds dqN vknfe;ksa ds fdrus yksx Fks muds lkFk\\ [k+Sj] eSaus viuh cqf¼ ds vuqlkj la{ksi esa ØkfUrdkjh fopkjkas ds fodkl o çpkj dk dqN o.kZu djus dk ;Ru fd;k gS vkSj ;fn eq>s le; feyk rks ,d yEck ys[k fy[kdj vU; ns'kksa ds foLr`r gky lesr bldk o.kZu djus dk ;Ru d:¡xkA (,d v[k+ckj ls) fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 235

r[+rkiyV xqIr \"kM;~ U=k tuojh] 1928 esa tc 'kghn Hkxr¯lg ds nks ys[k ^fdjrh* esa Nis rks muds lkFk ,d ys[k ^r[+rkiyV xqIr \"kM~;U=k* uke ls Hkh NikA blds ys[kd dk uke ugha fn;k x;k] yfs du vxa tsz + ljdkj fdl rjg ds rjhoQ+ s bLres ky dj ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu ds f[k+yki+Q çpkj djrh Fkh] ;g ys[k bl lEcUèk esa vPNh tkudkjh nsrk gSA μ l- v[k+ckj i<+us&lquus okys yksx bl ckr ls ifjfpr gSa fd ,slh [k+cjsa vDlj Nirh gh jgrh gSa fd fgUn esa vkt iQyk¡ txg vaxzst+h ljdkj ds f[k+yki+Q \"kM~;U=k dk irk iqfyl us yxk;k gSA vkSj iQyk¡ LFkku ij \"kM~;U=k dk eqo+Qnek pyk;k x;k gSA vkt iQyk¡ txg \"kM~;U=kdkfj;ksa dks iQk¡lh nh x;h gSA vHkh gh ,d [k+cj Nih gS fd ,d ,sls \"kM~;U=k dk eqo+Qnek pyus okyk gS ftlesa pkjksa mÙkjh çkUr yisVs tk;saxsA ,slh [k+cjsa i<+dj vke Hkksys&Hkkys yksx bu \"kM~;U=kksa lEcUèkh vius fny esa cM+s cqjs fopkj j[kus yxrs gSaA okLro esa mUgsa bu \"kM~;U=kksa ls lEcUèkh dksbZ tkudkjh ugha gksrh] ftlls bl fo\"k; ij çdk'k Mkyuk t+:jh gSA ftl rjg jkr ds ckn fnu vkSj fnu ds ckn jkr vkus dh okLrfodrk ls dksbZ bUdkj ugha dj ldrk] mlh rjg dh okLrfodrk bl dFku esa gS fd fgUnqLrku bl X+kqykeh dks mrkjdj vkt+kn gks tk;sxkA ;g ckr vyx gS fd bl euksjFk dks iwjk djus esa le; de ;k T+;knk yxs] vkSj ewY; Hkh eg¡xk gh nsuk iM+sA ;gh okLrfodrk et+nwj oxZ lEcUèkh gS fd vkt og Hkh iw¡thifr;ksa dh X+kqykeh dk tqvk mrkjdj gh jgsxkA vkt+knh ds vkUnksyu nqfu;k esa u dHkh #ds gSa vkSj u #d ldrs gSa] ysfdu bUgsa jksdus ds fy, o+QkSeksa vkSj et+nwj oxZ ds vkUnksyu ds fojksfèk;ksa us tks&tks gfFk;kj bLrseky fd;s gSa] os lk{kkr :i esa bfrgkl esa ekStwn gSa vkSj bUgsa vPNh rjg le>us ds fy, fgUnqLrku dk ekStwnk bfrgkl gh dki+Qh gSA tc vkt+knh dk dksbZ vkUnksyu liQy rjho+Qksa ij pyrk fn[kk;h ns rks bls vliQy djus ds fy, blds lsodksa ij lcls cM+s vkjksi tks yxk;s tkrs gSa] os ;g gksrs gSa μ 1- fd ;s \"kM~;U=k dj jgs gSa] vkSj 2- ;s èkeZ&fojksèkh gSaA bl ys[k 236 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

esa bu nksuksa fo\"k;ksa ij fopkj djus dk ;Ru djuk gS rkfd vke turk dks budh rg rd igq¡pus dk volj feys vkSj ;g irk py lds fd lgh ek;uksa esa \"kM~;U=k djus okyk vkSj èkeks± dk fojksèkh dkSu gksrk gS vkSj fdl rjg nqfu;k dk Hkyk djus okyksa dks \"kM~;U=kdkjh vkSj vèkehZ dgk tkrk gSA okLro esa \"kM~;U=kdkjh vkSj vèkehZ rks ;s Lo;a gksrs gSaA xqIr r[+rkiyV vkUnksyu orZeku ljdkj ;g gYyk djrh ugha Fkdrh fd fgUnqLrku esa xqIr r[+rkiyV vkUnksyu o+Qk;e gSA bl vkUnksyu ds vfLrRo dks çdV djus ds fy, dgha u dgha ls VwVs&iQwVs fiLrkSy vkSj ce vkfn vius [+kq'kkefn;ksa ds ekè;e ls idM+us dk <ksax jp ysrh gS vkSj dgha fdlh vfèkdkjh ij dksbZ [k+kyh tkus okyk geyk gh djok;k tkrk gS vkSj dHkh jsyiVjh ds isap <hys fd;s tkrs gSa] tcfd ykV lkfgc vkfn dks xqt+juk gksA ;g lc ,slh ckrsa gSa] ftUgsa xqIr r[+rkiyV \"kM~;U=k ;k vkUnksyu vkerkSj ij bLrseky djrs gSaA ysfdu bl le; ;g lcdqN iqfyl dh vksj ls gks jgk gS] ftldk lcwr bl ckr ls feyrk gS fd crk;s x;s r[+rk iyVus okyksa dh bl dkjoZ kbZ ls uqo+Qlku dgk¡ rd gksrk g\\S caxky dks bl le; ljdkj bl vkUnkys u dk ?kj crk jgh gAS fiNys dNq lkykas eas pkgs cxa ky ifq yl us fdruh gh txgksa ls VwVs&iQwVs gfFk;kj vkfn idM+s vkSj dbZ ckj ljdkjh vfèkdkfj;kas ij geykas dh lkft'+ k dk vfLrRo Hkh crk;k] yfs du vkt rd ogk¡ fdlh Hkh ljdkjh vfèkdkjh dh ;k dksbZ jktuhfrd e`R;q ugha gqbZ] ftlls ;g fl¼ gksrk gS fd ;g lcdqN iqfyl ds vkneh gh djrs gSaA ;fn r[+rk iyVus okys fdlh ljdkjh vfèkdkjh dh tku ysus ds fy, rS;kj gks tk;sa rks D;k os mls lw[kk tkus nsaxs\\ ;fn r[+rk iyVus okys gfFk;kj vkfn j[ksa rks D;k bl rjg ds VVw &s iQVw s gh j[k]as ftuds ckjs eas cxa ky ifq yl Hkh viuh xokfg;kas eas crk pdq h gS fd ;s gfFk;kj pykus okykas ds fy, gh T;+ knk [kr+ jukd gaS vkjS ftl ij pyk;s tkrs gSa mlds fy, de! ;fn r[+rk iyVus okys xkfM+;k¡ myVus dk ;Ru djsa rks D;k bleas liQy u gk\\as ;s lc ,ls h ckras gaS tks fl¼ djrh gaS fd ;g lcdNq vkt+knh ds mikldksa dks dqpyus ds fy, iqfyl&deZpkfj;ksa dh vksj ls fd;k tkrk gSA gesa bl ckr ls bUdkj ugha fd fgUnqLrku esa r[+rk iyVus dk vkUnksyu gS] ysfdu gekjk dguk gS fd bl le; tks gks jgk gS og iqfyl dh vksj ls gS vkSj bfrgkl crkrk gS fd tc Hkh dksbZ r[+rk iyVus dk dke 'kq: djrs gSa] os vius okj de gh [k+kyh tkus nsrs gSaA vkSj ljdkj dks Hkh ;g fu'p; j[kuk pkfg, fd ,sls yksxksa dks (ftudk èkeZ&bZeku gh ns'k dh vkt+knh gks vkSj tks fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 237

cko+Qh lc rjho+Qksa ls fujk'k gksdj vkt+knh ds fy, bl rjho+Qs ij Hkjkslk j[kus yxsa) nckus esa og dHkh Hkh liQy ugha gks ldrh] pkgs og fdruh gh lf[+r;k¡ djs vkSj fdruh gh pkysa pys vkSj u gh vkt rd dksbZ ljdkj blesa liQy gqbZ gSA bu vkUnksyuksa dks lekIr djus dk lgh rjho+Qk rks ;gh gS fd mu yksxksa dh ek¡x iwjh dh tk;s] rkfd os 'kkUr gksaA Åij tks crk;k x;k gS ;g dsoy gekjk viuk gh [k+;ky ugha] cfYd bldh iqf\"V caxky vk£Musal lEcUèkh dbZ ft+Eesnkj lTtuksa ds Hkk\"k.kksa vkjS muds c;kuksa ls gksrh gSA bUgha lTtuksa ds lokyksa dk mÙkj ljdkj dh vksj ls flok; pqi ds dqN ugha feykA uhps ge vius fopkjksa dh iqf\"V ds fy, dqN m¼j.k ns jgs gSa ftuls Li\"V fl¼ gks tk;sxk fd ljdkj dSls fgUnqLrku dks X+kqyke j[kus ds fy, dehuh pkysa py jgh gSA Jh;qr lqHkk\"kpUæ cksl dks] tksfd dydÙkk uxj lHkk ds phi+Q ,XT+;wfDVo vkWfi+Qlj Fks vkSj ftUgsa r[+rk iyV djus dk vijkèkh dgdj caxky vk£Musal ds vuqlkj tsy esa cUn fd;k x;k Fkk] vc [k+jkc lsgr ds dkj.k fjgk fd;k x;k gSA vkius caxky vk£Musal ds lEcUèk esa vHkh ,d c;ku çdkf'kr djok;k gS] ftlesa vki fy[krs gSa μ ¶caxkyh jktuhfrd ut+jcUnksa dks vkSj nsj rd tsyksa esa cUn j[kus dh dksbZ lUrks\"ktud otg u gksus ds dkj.k iqfyl us vc ce vkSj VwVs gq, fiLrkSy idM+us 'kq: dj fn;s gSa] rkfd fl¼ fd;k tk lds fd r[+rkiyV vkUnksyu vHkh rd ekStwn gSA okLro esa fiNys dqN lkyksa esa tc Hkh dHkh caxkyh jktcfUn;ksa dh fjgkbZ dh ppkZ pyh gS vkSj tc Hkh dHkh vlsEcyh ;k caxky dkSafly esa ut+jcUnksa ds loky ij fopkj djus ds fy, cSBd gqbZ gS rks iqfyl ds gkFkksa esa [ksyus okys dqN yksx vius ikl ls gfFk;kj ysdj >V fxjÝ+rkjh ds fy, iqfyl ds vkxs is'k gks tkrs jgs gSa vkSj i+QkSju gh dfFkr ce&dkj[+kkuksa dk irk iqfyl dks yx tkrk gSA bu dkj[+kkuksa esa vkerkSj ij dqN elkyk gksrk gS] tks gj txg fey ldrk gSA fiQj VwVs gq, fiLrkSy] tksfd ftl ij fu'kkuk lkèkk tk;s mlls T+;knk [k+rjukd mls pykus okyksa ds fy, gks ldrs gSa] tSlkfd nf{k.ks'oj ce dsl esa iqfyl ds xokgksa us vius eq¡g ls ekuk fd ;s nksuksa pht+sa pkgs bLrseky esa fdlh dke dh u gksa] ysfdu fdlh dks vijkèkh Bgjkus ds fy, dki+Qh gksrh gSaA r[+rkiyV \"kM~;U=k lkfcr djus ds fy, 'kL=k o+Qkuwu ds vUrxrZ pyk;s x;s lkèkkj.k eqo+Qneksa dks iqfyl vkSj ,aXyks&bf.M;u v[k+ckjksa dh vksj ls iksfyfVdy eqo+Qnes fl¼ fd;k tkrk gSA vHkh ,d ,sls iksfyfVdy eqo+Qnes esa tks ok;nk eki+Q xokg cuk] og ,d iqjkuk iqfyl ,ts.V gSA 238 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

fiNys dqN lkykas esa fu%lUnsg iqfyl dh vksj ls eux<+Ur r[+rkiyV vkUnksyu cukus ds fy, nyky (Agent Provocateuors) j[ks tkrs gSa rkfd [+kqfi+Q;k iqfyl ds [k+kl fgLls (Intelligence Branch) dks o+Qk;e j[kus dh t+:jr fl¼ dh tk lds] ftUgsa dqN lky igys caxky dh ljdkjh [k+pZ de djus okyh lfefr (Bengal Retrenchment Committee) us gVkus dh fliQ+ kfj'k dh FkhA eSa ;g c;ku viuh ft+Eesnkjh dks iwjh rjg vuqHko dj fy[k jgk gw¡ vkjS tks vkjksi eaS iqfyl ij yxk jgk gw¡] budh tk¡p ds fy, ;fn dksbZ fu\"i{k lfefr cuk;h tk;s vkSj ut+jcUnksa vkSj ifCyd dks ;fn blds lkeus xokfg;k¡ nsus esa dksbZ ckèkk u nh tk;s vkSj iwjh NwV gks rks blds çek.k nsus dks Hkh eSa çLrrq g-¡w --A LoxZoklh Jh;qr ns'kcUèkqnkl th us Hkh caxky dkSafly esa Hkk\"k.k nsrs gq, 23 tuojh] 1924 dks lki+Q&lki+Q crk;k fd dSls Åy&tywy (lcwr) bdV~Bk dj cxa kyh n's kHkDrkas dks tys eas Mky fn;k x;k gS vkjS fdl çdkj ds fujkèkkj vkjkis yxk;s x;s gSaA vkius ;g Hkh t+kfgj fd;k fd bl rjg ds vkUnksyu neudkjh rjho+Qksa ls nck;s ugha tk ldrsA uhps vkids }kjk dkSafly esa fn;k x;k Hkk\"k.k iwjs dk iwjk nt+Z gS μ ¶gesa ;g f'kdk;r ugha gS fd ljdkj us bu O;fDr;ksa dks cx+Sj dksbZ lwpuk ,d=k fd;s gh fxjÝ+rkj dj fy;k gS] ysfdu gekjh f'kdk;r ;g gS fd bu lwpukvksa dh vPNh rjg tk¡p ugha dh x;h vkSj gekjh bl f'kdk;r ds mÙkj esa ,d 'kCn Hkh ugha dgkA gesa ;g crk;k x;k gS fd bl lEcUèk esa dbZ vknfe;ksa us c;ku fn;s gSa vkSj ;g Hkh crk;k x;k gS fd tks fjiksVs± feyh gSa] ljdkj us mu ij fopkj fd;k gSA ysfdu tks dqN eSa iwNuk pkgrk gw¡ og ;g gS fd dksbZ ljdkjh vfèkdkjh pkgs fdruk Hkh ;ksX; D;ksa u gks] fdlh c;ku ds Bhd gksus dk vuqeku dlS s dj ldrk g]S tc rd fd c;ku nsus okys dks lkeus cqykdj mlls loky u fd;s tk;sa\\ (tc Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkFk Hkkjrh; vkSj vUrjjk\"Vªh; ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dh leh{kk djrs gq, yksxksa ls mls lka>k dj jgs Fks rks Hkkjr dh LorU=krk&çkfIr ds <ax vkSj LorU=krk&vkUnksyu ds njis'k iSnk #dkoVksa ds ckjs esa ppkZ Hkh iwjs t+ksj ls py jgh FkhA ebZ] 1928 ls flrEcj] 1928 rd tc Hkxr¯lg iwjh rjg ^fdjrh* v[k+ckj pykus esa O;Lr Fks] ml le; ds ;s ys[k ;gk¡ fn;s tk jgs gSaA pkgs buds ys[kdksa ds ukeksa dk irk ugha] ysfdu ;s ys[k 'kghn Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds rRdkyhu fopkjksa dk çfrfufèkRo djrs gAaS blhfy, bUgas ;gk¡ fn;k tk jgk gAS 'kghn Hkxorhpj.k okgs jk ^fdjrh* v[kc+ kj ls xgjs :i ls tqM+s gq, FksA μ l-) fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 239

gj lEHko rjhoQ+ s ls i.w kZ LorU=krk ve`rlj dkWUç+Qsal esa ftu ckrksa dk cgqr >xM+k gqvk vkjS cgl gqb]Z muesa ls ,d lcls vfèkd t+:jh vkjS egÙoiw.kZ ckr ;g Fkh fd dkaxslz dk mís'; gj lEHko rjho+Qs ls ^vaxzst+h jkt ls ckgj iw.kZ LorU=krk* çkIr djuk gksA çLrko ikl gks x;k vkSj cM+s&cM+s usrkvksa us dkaxzsl ls bLrhi+Qs ns fn;s vkSj èkefd;k¡ nus h 'k:q dj nha vkjS çLrko ikl djus okykas dks \"kM~;U=kdkjh] urs kfxjh ds Hk[w ks ykxs dgk x;kA ita kcHkj ds v[kc+ kjkas us vkleku lj ij mBk fy;k vkjS gk;&rkSck epk nhA gesa le> ugha vk jgk fd D;k dgj VwV iM+kA eækl dkaxzsl us iw.kZ LorU=krk (Complete Independence) dk çLrko ikl dj fn;k FkkA ;gk¡ mlus Li\"V dj fn;k fd vkt+knh] iw.kZ vkt+knh vaxzst+h jkt ls ckgj gh gks ldrh gSA gk¡] ;g ckr lki+Q gS fd eækl ds çLrko dks (vc) T+;knk t+ksjnkj vkSj fuf'pr cuk fn;k x;k gSA ml çLrko ij rks fdlh dks dksbZ [k+kl f'kdk;r gqbZ ut+j ugha vk;h FkhA >xM+k fli+QZ ^gj lEHko rjho+Qs ls* (By all possible means) (vktk+ nh) çkIr djus dk gAS vc rks dkxa lsz dkMs eas fy[kk gqvk Fkk fd μ By all peaceful and legitimate means μ lHkh 'kkfUriw.kZ vkSj U;kf;d rjho+Qksa ls Lojkt fy;k tk;sA ijw k n's k r;S kj FkkA uktS okukas us xko¡ &xko¡ eas flfoy ukiQ+ jekuh dh r;S kjh dj nh FkhA pkSjk&pkSjh esa ,d&nks HkkM+s ds VV~Vqvksa us vR;kpkj dj fn;k ;k ;ksa dgks fd dqN yksxksa ls djok fn;kA cl iw.kZ 'kkfUr okyh ckr [k+ReA fiQj D;k Fkk] iwjs ns'k dk csM+k xdZ dj fn;kA D;k [+kwc fi+Qykli+Qh gS fd 'kkfUriw.kZ 'kCn dk cgkuk ysdj gjke[k+ksj t+ehankjksa vkSj rkYyqdsnkjksa dk i{k fy;k x;kA vkSj ckjnkSyh jSnyhiQu esa lki+Q dg fn;k x;k fd gs fdlkuks] rqe vius ekfydksa dks yxku ns nksA cl 'kkfUri.w kZ ds cgkus n's k dk cMs k+ xdZ dj fn;k x;kA ;krukvkas ds >Bw s vkjkis kas eas iQl¡ k;s x;s ykxs kas dk i{k yus s dh fgEer rd geas u gbq Z vkjS dbZ xj+ hc ogk¡ iQkl¡ h ij p<+ x;As ;g rks vR;kpkj gvq k u\\ bl iow kxZ gz dks feVkuk cgrq t:+ jh FkkA bl çLrko ds ikl gkus s ls ykxs kas ds n[s kus dk nk;jk dNq c<+ x;k gAS nwljh ckr ;g gS fd D;k geus o+Qle [kk j[kh gS fd ;fn 'kkfUriw.kZ rjho+Qs 240 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

ls Lojkt feysxk rks ysaxs] vU;Fkk ge vaxzst+h jkt esa gh jguk ilUn djsaxs\\ ^gk¡* dgus okys vUèks vkn'kZoknh yksxksa ds lkFk ge ckr ugha djuk pkgrsA ftl Lojkt ds ckjs esa nqfu;k dk lcdqN o+QqckZu fd;k tk ldrk gS] mlds ckjs esa ,slh csdkj ckrksa dh D;k t+:jr gS\\ gk¡] rhljk loky mBk gS fd D;k foæksg djds] yM+kbZ djds ge Lojkt ys ldrs gSa\\ vkt rks ,d gh tokc fey ldrk gS fd ughaA vkt ge brus laxfBr] l'kL=k vkSj rko+Qroj ugha gSa] blhfy, ;g rjho+Qk vHkh vlEHko gSA fiQj >xM+k fdl ckr dk\\ loky ;g gS fd D;k gj o+QkSe dks dHkh Hkh cy&ç;ksx dk vfèkdkj gS ;k ugha\\ MkWDVj lR;iky th ds 'kCnksa esa μ Have we not a right to employ all possible means to attain our goal. mlds tokc esa ^fVªC;wu* dgrk gS fd ughaA (Not a right can either be legal or moral right) cgqr vPNk th! o+Qkuwuh vfèkdkj rks ugha gks ldrk] D;ksafd o+Qkuwu ijk;ksa ds gkFk esa gSA ij D;ksa th] flfoy uki+Qjekuh& flfoy uki+Qjekuh djds vkleku lj ij mBk ysus okys lTtu ;g ugha tkurs fd flfoy uki+Qjekuh Hkh dksbZ o+Qkuwuh rkSj ij tk;t+ (legal right) ugha dgyk ldrhA og Hkh Li\"Vr% le; ds o+Qkuwu (law) dks rksM+uk vkSj mldk fojksèk djuk gSA fdlh Hkh jkt (State) ds f[k+yki+Q fdlh rjg dh vkokt+ mBkuh dHkh Hkh legal right ugha dgyk ldrhA ;gk¡ uSfrd vfèkdkj (Moral right) gksrk gSA ;fn lEHko gksus vkSj vR;Ur t+:jh gksus ij Hkh cy&ç;ksx dks Moral right ugha le>k tkrk rks vesfjdk ds ohj ok¯'kxVu vkSj iSfVªd gsujh] bVyh ds eSftuh vkSj xSjhckYMh] :l ds ysfuu vkfn vkt+knh fnykus okyksa vkSj vius lHkh cqT+kqxks± Jh jkepUæ] Jh Ñ\".k] Jh f'kokth] Jh çrki vkSj xq# xksfoUn ¯lg th us dqdeZ fd;s vkSj os lEekuuh; u gq,! ;g fi+Qykli+Qh Hkh deky gS! loky fli+QZ ;g mBrk gS fd tc vkt foæksg djuk Hkh ugha vkSj gS Hkh vlEHko rc All possible means ikl djus dh t+:jr D;ksa iM+ x;h\\ ysfdu tc vkt iw.kZ LorU=krk dk çLrko ikl djrs gSa rks D;k vkt gh LorU=krk ys ysrs gSa\\ ;g fli+QZ Å¡pk vkn'kZ lkeus j[kk x;k gSA bl rjg ^gj lEHko rjho+Qs ls* ikl djus ls yksxksa dh raxfnyh nwj dj nh x;h vkSj muds lkeus cM+k Hkkjh vkn'kZ j[k fn;k x;k gSA lkFk gh ,d vkSj ckr Hkh gSA vkt dbZ lky gks x;s gSa] tc ls fdrus gh ohj ^iw.kZ LorU=krk] iw.kZ LorU=krk* dh jV yxk;s iQk¡lh ij yVd x;sA vkt gekjs le>nkj usrkvksa dks iw.kZ LorU=krk dh ?kks\"k.kk djus dh t+:jr iM+h vkSj os lcls xeZ usrk dgkus yxsA vkSj ge fdlh Hkh ukStoku dks rko+Qr esa fo'okl fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 241

j[kus ij nqRdkjuk 'kq: dj nsrs gSa vkSj mu cspkjs ns'kHkDrksa ij dgj cjik djrs gSa vkSj dksbZ ijokg ugha djrsA 1914&15 ds eqo+Qneksa esa tks vUèksjxnhZ gqbZ] D;k os lkFkh viuh gh ykijokgh dk ifj.kke ugha Fks\\ rc xyk iQkM+&iQkM+dj dk¡o&dk¡oA ;s cM+s [k+rjukd gSa] [+kw¡[k+kj gSaA vkSj tc mu cspkjksa dk iQk¡lh yx tkuk] rc Hkhrj ?kql&?kql ckrsa djukA os lPps ns'kHkDr FksA 1908 ls yksx iQk¡lh ij p<+rs jgs] ij lc vDyeUn yksx mUgsa xkfy;k¡ nsrs jgsA 1925 esa fofiupUæ iky us ,d ys[k fy[kk fd It were political assasins who passed their way to Minto Morely scheme. ;kuh jktuhfrd gR;kjksa dh Ñik ls gh fe.Vks&ekjys Ldhe feyh FkhA vkSj vkt dkdksjh okys 'kghnksa ds ?kjokyksa ls lgkuqHkwfr çdV djus ij fcxM+ tkus okyk Modern Review Hkh fofiupUæ iky dh mijkDs r ckr dh rkbZn djrk gqvk ,d cM+s ekMjsV ,l-vkj- nkl ds ,d i=k esa fy[krk gS fd bafXyLrku dks txkus ds fy, vkSj ;g crkus ds fy, fd fgUnqLrku dh fLFkfr vPNh ugha gS] ,d ce dh t+:jr Fkh μ 'A bomb was necessary to awaken England from Iber sweet dream that all was well with India.' ;fn mu xj+ hckas dh vkjs ] tkfs d 'kkfUr eas fo'okl ugha djr]s yfs du vktk+ nh ds fy, ge yksxksa ls vfèkd cfynku dj ldrs gSa] le; ij è;ku fn;k tk;s rks de ls de muds lkFk vUèksjxnhZ vkSj T+kqYe rks u gqvk djsa vkSj mudh eqlhcr esa dqN rks deh gks tk;k djsA ,d vkSj Hkh ckr gS fd ekMjsVksa dks lnL; cukus ds fy, [kíj dh 'krZ yxkus ij t+ksj nsus okys lTtu ;g rks crk;sa fd D;k ekMjsVksa ls vfèkd cfynku djus okys uktS okukas ds fy, dkxa lsz dk nj [kkys uk iki g\\S mudks vkxs ugha vkus nsuk\\ ;g rks ge tkurs gSa fd vkt+knh dh tax esa bLrseky ds fy, gekjs ikl dsoy ,d gh gfFk;kj gS ^flfoy uki+Qjekuh* vkSj oSlk vkUnksyu vfèkd 'kkfUriw.kZ gksxk gh] ysfdu ^lEHko* 'kCn ds vk tkus ls fdlh dks Hkh dksbZ f'kdk;r ugha jg tkuh pkfg,A vkSj ;fn 'kCn dgus ls Mjrs gks fd ljdkj vk xyk idM+sxh rks lqu yks μ \"Freedom has to be won inch by inch and whether peaceful or other methods are employed, the Government of the day will not spare any pains to crush the movement of independence.\" ;kuh ljdkj rks 'kkfUriw.kZ ;k v'kkfUriw.kZ] lHkh vkUnksyuksa dks nckus dh dksf'k'k djsxhA blfy, gesa ml çLrko ls Mjuk ugha pkfg, ftlus gekjs dke ds nk;js dks T+;knk [kqyk dj fn;k vkSj gekjh raxut+j dks [kksy fn;k gS] cfYd mldk rks Lokxr djuk pkfg,A fdjrh@ebZ] 1928 242 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

vkrda ds vlyh vFkZ vius le; dh fopkjèkkjkRed cgl esa fgLlk ysrs gq, Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa us ^vkrad* 'kCn ds vFkZ le>us dh dksf'k'k dhA ebZ] 1928 ds ^fdjrh* esa ;g ys[k blh fo\"k; ij Nik tks cEcbZ ds v[k+ckj ^J¼kuUn* ls vuwfnr Fkk rFkk Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds ml le; ds fopkjksa dk çfrfufèkRo djrk gSA μ l- fiNys lkr&vkB lkyksa esa ftu dqN 'kCnksa us gekjs jktuhfrd thou esa rwi+Qku [kM+k fd;k gS vkSj ftuds ckjs esa cgqr yksxksa dks x+yri+Qgeh jgh gS muesa lcls t+:jh 'kCn ^vkrad* gAS vc rd fdlh us Hkh xgu fopkj dj bl 'kCn ds vFkZ le>us ds ;Ru ugha fd;sA blhfy, vkt rd bl 'kCn dk x+yr bLrseky gksrk jgk gSA iwjh o+QkSe vius y{; dks Bhd u le> ikus ds dkj.k fnu dks jkr vkSj jkr dks fnu le>rh gqbZ Bksdjsa [kk jgh gSA vkrad ij cksyrs gh vuqHko gksus yxrk gS fd og R;kT; vkSj cqjk 'kCn gSA lqurs gh ;g fopkj iSnk gksrk gS fd og nq[k nsus okyk] vR;kpkjh] t+ksj&t+cjnLrh vkSj vU;k;iw.kZ gSA ftl dke ds lkFk ^vkrad* 'kCn yx tk;s ogh dke iyhr] gkfudj vkSj R;kT; yxus yxrk gSA bl gkyr esa dksbZ 'kjhi+Q vkSj usdfny bUlku blls ges'kk ds fy, ijs jgus dk ;Ru djs rks ;g ,d LokHkkfod ckr gSA vkrad vkSj T+kqYe ls vk'k; rko+Qr dk v;ksX; <ax ls ç;ksx gSA bu nksuksa 'kCnksa ls rko+Qr ds bLrseky dh cw rks vkrh gS] ysfdu rko+Qr ds bLrseky dh ,d lhek gSA mlh lhek dk [k+;ky u j[krs gq, dqN gaxkekckt+ yksxksa us ^vkrad* uke ns fn;k gS vkSj fgUnh Hkk\"kk esa bldh rqyuk esa ^v¯glk* 'kCn Bkasd fn;k x;k gSA blh dkj.k vkt ,d cM+h [k+rjukd x+yri+Qgeh iQSyh gqbZ gSA vkrad esa rko+Qr dk bLrseky Hkh gksrk gSA blfy, dqN ?kfV;k fnekx+ okyksa us rkoQ+ r ds bLres ky dks gh vkrda dk uke ns MkykA fdlh vkneh dks cjq s dke ls jkds us ds fy, ;gh dg nus k dkiQ+ h gkrs k gS fd og dke cgrq cjq k vkjS ?k`f.kr gAS ,sls gh 'kCnksa esa vkrad Hkh ,d gAS dkaxszl ds vkns'kkuqlkj gt+kjksa bUlku fcuk fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 243

fdlh u&udkj ds 'kkfUr dh o+Qlesa mBkrs pys x;sA ckr rks Bhd FkhA vkrad dk vFkZ T+kqYe vkSj t+cjnLrh djuk gSA ,slk cqjk dke u djus dh o+Qle [kkus eas fdlh dks D;k mtz gks ldrk gS] ysfdu vlyh ckr ;g gS fd T+kqYe dks ugha] cfYd rko+Qr ds bLrseky dks gh vkrad dk uke nsdj yksxksa esa x+yri+Qgeh iQyS k nh x;h gAS cgrq &ls ykxs tkfs d rkoQ+ r ds bLres ky ds goQ+ eas Fk]s os vkrda dk i{k ysus dh fgEer u fn[kk lds vkSj mUgksaus Hkh pqipki 'kkfUriw.kZ (vkUnksyu) ds i{k esa gksus dh o+Qle mBk yhA blhfy, v¯glk (Non- violence) tSls 'kCnksa us cgqr xM+cM+h epk nhA gt+kjksa gh dke tks vkt rd u fliQ+ Z tk;t]+ cfYd vPNs ekus tkrs Fk]s og iyd >idus eas gh ?k`f.kr ekus tkus yxsA ohjrk] fgEer] 'kgknr] cfynku] lSfud&dÙkZO;] 'kL=k pykus dh ;ksX;rk] fnysjh vkSj vR;kpkfj;ksa dk lj dqpyus okyh cgknqjh vkfn xq.k cy&ç;ksx ij fuHkZj FksA vc ;s xq.k v;ksX;rk vkSj uhprk le>s tkus yxs! vkrad 'kCn ds bu Hkzked vFkks± us o+QkSe dh le> ij ikuh iQsj fn;kA ukScr ;gk¡ rd igq¡ph fd gFkkSM+s ls iRFkj dk cqr rksM+uk Hkh vkrad ds nk;js esa eku fy;k x;k vkSj ykBh idM+us rd dks vkrad ekuk x;kA rks D;k cqr dks gkFkksa ls rksM+k tk;s\\ fdlh Hkh 'kCn ds lqurs gh gj bUlku ds fny esa ,d fofp=k <ax dh Hkkouk,¡ iSnk gks tkrh gSa vkSj mlds ckn >ViV ,d çdkj ds vFkZ le> pqdus ds dkj.k bUlku mldh rg rd tkus ds fy, vfèkd fnekx+ ugha yM+krkA fdlh vtuch bUlku ds vkrs gh ;fn ;g dg fn;k tk;s fd og cM+k ikih gS] yqPpk gS] rks lquus okys ds fny esa mlds f[k+yki+Q LoHkkor% gh ,d rjg ds ?k`f.kr [k+;ky mRiUu gks tkrs gSaA ml vkneh ds lEcUèk esa vfèkd tk¡p fd;s cx+Sj gh jk; cuk yh tkrh gSA blh rjg 'kCnksa ds ç;ksx lEcUèkh ekeys esa dgk tk ldrk gSA osnksa vkSj iqjk.kksa esa bl ckr ij t+ksj fn;k x;k gS fd tks Hkh 'kCn cksys tk;sa] mudk lgh ç;ksx gksuk pkfg,] D;ksafd 'kkfCnd Hkze ls nsorkvksa rd esa cMs+&cM+s naxs gks x;s Fks vkSj cM+k Hkkjh uqo+Qlku gks x;k FkkA Bhd ogh n'kk fiNys lkr lky ls gekjh gks jgh gSA rko+Qr ds ;ksX; vkSj v;ksX; bLrseky dks fcuk fdlh tk¡p&fopkj ds i+QkSju vkrad dk iQrok nsdj ?k`f.kr gksus dh ?kks\"k.kk dj nh x;h gSA ;fn dksbZ Mkdw dqYgkM+h ysdj fdlh ds ?kj esa vk ?kqls rks mls vkrad (dh dk;Zokgh) dgk x;k] ysfdu ;fn ?kjokyksa us Nqjh dk bLrseky dj Mkdw dks ekj Mkyk rks mls Hkh vkrad (dk dke) ekuk x;kA vFkkZr tc vius vkSj vius ifjokj dh j{kk ds fy, rko+Qr dk ;ksX; vkSj usd bjknksa ls bLrseky fd;k x;k rc Hkh mls vkrad gh dgk x;kA jko.k t+ksj&t+cjnLrh lhrk dks mBk ys x;k rks og vkradA vkSj lhrk dks NqM+kus x;s jke us jko.k dk flj dkV fn;k rks og 244 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+