Bhagat Singhs writings in Hindi ( PDFDrive )

Lokèkhurk laxzke Hkh blls vNwrk ugha jgkA mlds n`f\"Vdks.k esa Hkh ,d iQSyko vk;k vkSj eglwl fd;k x;k fd vk£Fkd vkSj lkekftd lekurkvksa ds fcuk vkt+knh dk dksbZ vFkZ ugha gksxkA vDVwcj ØkfUr vkSj ;wjksi rFkk ,f'k;k esa lkezkT;okn&fojksèkh ØkfUr dh ygj us] vkSj lkFk gh çFke fo'o;q¼ ds mijkUr Hkkjrh; turk ds ØkfUr dh rji+Q c<+rs o+Qneksa us fczfV'k lkezkT;okfn;ksa dks pkSdUuk dj fn;k FkkA mUgksaus vfç; fLFkfr ls fuiVus ds fy, nksrji+Qk uhfr viuk;hA ,d rji+Q rks mUgksaus ekW.VsX;w&psEli+QksMZ lqèkkjksa dk <dkslyk [kM+k djds ujeiUFkh jk\"Vªh; usrkvksa dk leFkZu çkIr djus dh dksf'k'k dh vkSj nwljh rji+Q jktæksg ds ekeyksa dh Nkuchu djus vkSj ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds neu ds mik; lq>kus ds fy, U;k;ew£r jkSyV dh vè;{krk esa ,d desVh fu;qDr dhA bl desVh dh fli+Qkfj'ksa cM+h gh ik'kfod FkhaA mlus lkèkkj.k jktuhfrd xfrfofèk;ksa rd dks jktæksg o+Qjkj ns fn;k FkkA jkSyV desVh dh neudkjh fli+Qkfj'kksa ds fojksèk esa xk¡èkhth us ,d fnu vke gM+rky dk vkàku fd;kA bl vkàku ds vçR;kf'kr çHkko gq, vkSj turk viuk Økès k O;Dr djus ds fy, ,dtVq gkds j lkeus vk x;hA ;g ljdkj ds fy, gh ugha] gekjs usrkvksa ds fy, Hkh ,d u;h ckr FkhA vaxzst+ksa us Hkkjrh;ksa dks lcd fl[kkus dk fu'p; fd;k vkSj 13 vçSy] 1919 dks tfy;k¡okyk ckx+ esa bl fu'p; dks veyh :i Hkh ns fn;k x;kA blds ckn rks turk esa X+kqLls dh ygj nkSM+ x;h vkSj iatkc ds yxHkx lHkh 'kgjksa esa yksx lM+dksa ij fudy vk;sA ljdkj us mls laxfBr foæksg dh laKk nhA ysfdu okLro esa xk¡èkhth Hkh bl lcds fy, r;S kj ugha FksA mUgksaus ,yku fd;k fd ,d fnu dh vke gM+rky dk ukjk nsdj mUgksaus Hk;adj Hkwy dh FkhA mUgksaus yksxksa ls vkUnksyu cUn djus vkSj lqèkkjksa ij vey djus dk vuqjksèk fd;kA flrEcj] 1920 esa ykyk yktir jk; us dkaxzsl dks vkxkg djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd turk {kCq èk ,oa ij's kku gS vkjS dNq dj xtq j+ us ds eMw eas gAS mUgkuas s dkxa lzs ls ;g Hkh dgk fd vxj turk ds bl X+kqLls dks lgh jkLrs ij u Mkyk x;k rks og viuk jkLrk viuk;sxh tks ns'k ds fy, vfgrdj gksxkA ¶bl rF; dh vksj ls vk¡[ksa cUn djus ls dksbZ ykHk ugha gksxk fd ge ØkfUrdkjh ;qx ls gksdj xqt+j jgs gSaA¸ mUgksaus ,yku fd;k vkSj dgk] ¶çÑfr ls vkSj ijEijk ls ge ØkfUr;ksa dks ilUn ugha djrs gaSA¸23 dkaxslz us ukxiqj vfèkos'ku esa ykyk th dh ml psrkouh ij Hkh fopkj fd;k vkSj xk¡èkhth dks funsZ'k fn;k x;k fd os LojkT; ds fy, vlg;ksx vkUnksyu vkjEHk djsaA vkUnksyu 'kq: djus ls igys egkRek th caxky x;s vkSj dqN ØkfUrdkjh usrkvksa ls feydj muls ,d lky dk le; ek¡xk vkSj dgk fd vxj os ,d lky ds vUnj LojkT; u çkIr dj ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk oSpkfjd fodkl @ 45

ysa rks ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dks vius jkLrs ij pyus dh iwjh NwV gksxhA ØkfUrdkjh usrkvksa us xk¡èkhth dh ckr eku yhA lR;kxzg vkUnksyu 'kq: gqvkA ns[krs&ns[krs og lkjs ns'k esa iQSy x;k vkSj xk¡oksa dh NksVh&NksVh >ksaifM+;ksa rd esa ^LojkT;* 'kCn xw¡tus yxkA vkUnksyu esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, xk¡èkhth us tks Hkh jksdFkke dh 'krs± yxkbZ Fkha mu lcdks Hkh rksM+dj fdlku iwjs tks'k ds lkFk vkUnksyu esa dwn iM+sA ¶ljdkj ijs'kku vkSj ?kcjk;h gqbZ Fkh] mlds gkFk&iSj iQwyus yxs FksA ;fn ljdkj dh pkSeq[kh voKk dh Nwr 'kgjksa ls pydj djksM+ksa fdlkuksa rd igq¡p tkrh gS rks vaxzst+h gqdwer ds ikl cpr ds fy, dksbZ pkjk ugha jg tk;sxk_ rhl djkMs + turk ds foækgs dh [kkyS rh gbq Z gkM¡ h ls mudh lkjh rkis as vkjS gokbZ tgkt+ Hkh mUgsa cpk ugha ldsaxsA¸24 xk¡èkhth Hkh [+kq'k ugha Fks vkSj mrus gh ?kcjk;s gq, FksA os vkUnksyu okil ysus ds fy, fdlh volj dh çrh{kk esa Fks vkSj i+Qjojh] 1922 esa pkSjh&pkSjk dh ?kVuk ls mUgsa ;g volj fey x;kA ctk; blds fd os ml ?kVuk dk Lokxr djrs vkSj turk ls mlh çdkj dh gt+kjksa vkSj ?kVukvksa dh ek¡x djrs] mUgksaus fdlh ls lykg fy;s cx+Sj pqipki vkUnksyu okil ys fy;k vkSj jktuhfr ls vyx gks x;sA bl i`\"BHkwfe esa ØkfUrdkfj;ksa us] ftUgksaus xk¡èkhth ds dgus ij gfFk;kj j[k fn;s Fks] vius dks laxfBr djds fiQj ls gfFk;kj mBkus dk i+QSlyk fd;kA fgUnqLrku fjifCydu ,lksfl,'ku lHkh ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dks ,d vf[ky Hkkjrh; ikVhZ esa laxfBr djus esa igy dh 'kphUæukFk lkU;ky usA blh mís'; ls mUgksaus 1923 ds vUr esa ^fgUnqLrku çtkrU=k la?k* (fgUnqLrku fjifCydu ,lksfl,'ku) dh cqfu;kn MkyhA mUgksaus ikVhZ dk lafoèkku Hkh rS;kj fd;k tks ihys dkx+t+ ij Nik Fkk vkSj blhfy, og ^ihyk ijpk* ds uke ls e'kgwj gSA ,d vkSj egÙoiw.kZ nLrkost+ tks mUgksaus rS;kj fd;k og Fkk ^fgUnqLrku çtkrU=k la?k* dk ?kks\"k.kki=k ftldk 'kh\"kZd Fkk (fn fjoksY;w'kujh)A ;g nLrkost+ igyh tuojh] 1925 dh jkr esa iwjs mÙkj Hkkjr esa ck¡Vk x;k FkkA 1917 dh vDVwcj ØkfUr ls çHkkfor gksdj ?kks\"k.kki=k esa Hkkjrh; ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds mís'; dk ,yku uhps fy[ks 'kCnksa esa fd;k x;k Fkk % ¶jktuhfr ds {ks=k esa ØkfUrdkjh ikVhZ dk rkRdkfyd mís'; laxfBr l'kL=k ØkfUr }kjk Hkkjr ds la;qDr jkT;ksa dk ,d la?kh; x.kjkT; (i+QsMjy fjifCyd vkWi+Q ;wukbVsM LVsV~l vkWi+Q bf.M;k) LFkkfir djuk gSA bl x.kjkT; ds vfUre lafoèkku dk fuekZ.k ,oa ?kks\"k.kk rc gksxh tc lEiw.kZ Hkkjr ds çfrfufèk vius fu.kZ;ksa dks ykxw djus esa l{ke gksaxsA ysfdu bl x.kjkT; dk ewyHkwr fl¼kUr lkoZtfud erkfèkdkj ij vkSj 'kks\"k.k ij vkèkkfjr ,slh leLr O;oLFkkvksa dh 46 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

lekfIr ij vkèkkfjr gksxk tks euq\"; }kjk euq\"; ds 'kks\"k.k dks lEHko cukrh gSaA bl x.kjkT; esa ernkrkvksa dks] ;fn os pkgsa rks] çfrfufèk;ksa dks okil cqykus dk vfèkdkj gksxk] vU;Fkk çtkrU=k ,d e[kkSy cudj jg tk;sxkA¸ ?kks\"k.kki=k esa dgk x;k Fkk fd ¶;g ØkfUrdkjh ikVhZ bu vFkks± esa jk\"Vªh; u gksdj vUrjjk\"Vªh; gS fd bldk vfUre mís'; fo'o esa esy ,oa lkeatL; LFkkfir djuk gSA ;g fofHkUu jk\"Vªksa vkSj jkT;ksa ds chp çfr}fU}rk ds ctk; lg;kxs pkgrh g_S vkjS bu vFkk±s eas og Hkkjr ds mTToy vrhr ds egku Íf\"k;kas ,oa vkt ds cksY'ksfod :l dk vuqlj.k djsxhA¸25 ?kks\"k.kki=k esa lkEçnkf;d leL;k ds ckjs esa] turk ds vk£Fkd ,oa lkekftd fgrksa ds loky ij vkSj dkaxzsl rFkk vU; jktuhfrd ikfVZ;ksa ds ckjs esa ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds n`f\"Vdks.k dks Li\"V fd;k x;k FkkA bu lHkh lokyksa ij ?kks\"k.kki=k dk n`f\"Vdks.k fuf'pr :i ls vrhr dk nkeu NkMs d+ j lektokn dk vkjS lkfs o;r dks ^fot;h lektokn dk igyk n's k* dgdj mldk Lokxr djrk gSA mlesa gesa jk\"Vªh; vkt+knh ds fy, pyus okys vkUnksyuksa ds vUrjjk\"Vªh; pfj=k dh le> Hkh ns[kus dks feyrh gSA gkyk¡fd ;g le> vHkh cgqr lki+Q ugha gSA LorU=k Hkkjr dh lkekftd&vk£Fkd O;oLFkk dSlh gksxh] ?kks\"k.kki=k esa ml ij Hkh çdk'k Mkyus dk ç;kl fd;k x;k gS vkSj bl mís'; dh iw£r ds fy, et+nwjksa vkSj fdlkuksa dks laxfBr djus dh vko';drk dks Hkh Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA ysfdu bldk ;g eryc ugha fd ?kks\"k.kki=k dk ys[kd ekDlZoknh Fkk ;k mlus oSKkfud lektokn ds lkjrÙo dks vkRelkr dj fy;k FkkA mldk >dq ko [kk+ lrkjS ij b'Z oj vkjS jgL;okn dh vkjs gSA ?kks\"k.kki=k ds vuqlkj] ¶ikVhZ dk mís'; lR; dks çLFkkfir djuk vkSj mldk çpkj djuk gSA fo'o u ek;k gS u Hkze fd mldh rji+Q ls vk¡[k cUn dj yh tk;s vkSj mldh mis{kk dh tk;sA og ,d vfoHkkT; vkRek dk çdV Lo:i gS] vkRek tks 'kfDr] Kku vkSj lkSUn;Z dk loksZPp mn~xe gSA¸ ys[kd ekDlZokn ds vk£Fkd i{k dks Lohdkj djrk gS] tks dkdksjh ls igys ds ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds eqo+Qkcys fu'p; gh ,d vkxs c<+k gqvk o+Qne gSA ysfdu tgk¡ rd ekDlZokn ds nk'kZfud i{k dk loky gS] ys[kd HkkSfrdokn dks u ekudj Hkxoku vkSj èkS;Z ij vfMx jgrk gSA vkxs pydj lkU;ky th Lo;a fy[krs gSa % ¶dE;qfuLV n'kZu esa bfrgkl ds HkkSfrdoknh fo'ys\"k.k dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA vkSj bfrgkl dh HkkfS rdoknh O;k[;k eas ox&Z l?a k\"kZ dh voèkkj.kk 'k:q ls vkf[kj+ rd yxkrkj ekStwn gS---eSa vkt Hkh bu fl¼kUrksa dks Lohdkj ugha dj ik;k gw¡---A¸26 ,d vkSj egÙoiw.kZ eqík ftl ij mudk dE;qfuT+e ls erHksn Fkk] og Fkk loZgkjk oxZ ds usr`Ro dh voèkkj.kkA mudk ;g er Fkk fd ¶fli+QZ eè;e oxZ ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk oSpkfjd fodkl @ 47

ds ukStoku gh usr`Ro çnku djus dh {kerk j[krs gSa] tcfd et+nwj vkSj fdlku ØkfUrdkjh lsuk ds flikgh dk dke djsaxsA¸27 'kphUæukFk lkU;ky vkSj muds le; ds vU; ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dh lS¼kfUrd ekU;rkvksa dk lR;sUæ ukjk;.k etwenkj us viuh iqLrd bu lpZ vkWi+Q , fjoksY;w'kujh vkbfM;ksyksth ,.M fjoksY;w'kujh çksxzke esa la{ksi esa cM+k vPNk [kqyklk çLrqr fd;k gSA nksuksa nLrkost+ksa (ØkfUrdkjh vkSj lafoèkku) ij fVIi.kh djrs gq, mUgksaus fy[kk gS % ¶;s nksuksa nLrkost+ mu ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dh lksp dk çfrfufèkRo djrs gSa tks mu fnuksa lkE;okn dh rji+Q vkd£\"kr gks jgs FksA¸28 blds ckn nksuksa nLrkost+ksa dh fof'k\"Vrkvksa dk mYys[k djrs gq, os fy[krs gSa % ¶bu nksuksa nLrkost+ksa dh fof'k\"Vrk,¡ gSa μ (d) lektokn dh fot;&irkdk iQgjkus okys igys ns'k ds :i esa cksY'ksfod :l ds çfr vkSj lkE;okn ds çfr Li\"V >qdko_ ([k) jk\"Vªh; eqfDr ds fy, ØkfUr ds vUrjjk\"Vªh; pfj=k dks le>us dh 'kq#vkr] gkyk¡fd ;g le> vHkh cgqr lki+Q ugha Fkh_ (x) LorU=k Hkkjr dh lkekftd rFkk vk£Fkd O;oLFkk dh :ijs[kk rS;kj djus dh dksf'k'k_ (?k) et+nwjksa vkSj fdlkuksa dks laxfBr djus ds fy, Ñr&ladYi gksuk_ (Ä) ikVhZ esa tuoknh&dsUæh;rk ds fl¼kUr dk ços'kA¸29 nksuksa nLrkost+ksa dh det+ksfj;ksa dks etwenkj us bl çdkj fxuk;k gS % ¶ (d) lkE;okn ds çfr >qdko vo'; Fkk] ysfdu vHkh rd lkE;okn ds vè;;u dk Bkls vkèkkj mls ugha feyk Fkk_ ([k) jk\"Vªh; efq Dr&l?a k\"kZ eas etn+ jw kas vkSj fdlkuksa dh Hkwfedk ds okLrfod egÙo dks Li\"V :i ls ugha le>k x;k Fkk_ (x) ?kks\"k.kki=k dk ys[kd vHkh rd èkk£ed jgL;okn ds çHkko ls xzLr g_S (?k) ?kk\"s k.kki=k ;g le>us eas vliQy jgk fd vkrda okn dk eoq Q+ kcyk djus ds fy, tokch vkradoknh vfHk;ku dk et+nwjksa vkSj fdlkuksa dks laxfBr djus ds dk;Z ls lkeatL; cSBkuk vO;kogkfjd gS_ (Ä) jk\"Vªh; fLFkfr dk x+yr fo'y\"s k.k nrs s g,q ?kk\"s k.kki=k eas dgk x;k Fkk fd ^gekjs thou ds gj {k=s k eas pje vlgk;rk dh Hkkouk fo|eku gS vkjS vkrda okn mleas ;Fkkfs pr mRlkg inS k djus dk çHkkodkjh lkèku* vkfnA tcfd ml le; rd Hkkjr dh esgurd'k turk la?k\"kZ dh jkg ij dwp dj pqdh FkhA mldk vxqok nLrk et+nwj oxZ fueZe iqfyl&neu ds ckotwn yxkrkj vkSj cgknqjh ds lkFk 'kkunkj yM+kb;k¡ yM+ jgk FkkA¸30 caxky esa Hkh mlh fn'kk esa fodkl gks jgk FkkA ogk¡ vuq'khyu vkSj ;qxkUrj ds dbZ usrkvksa us lksfo;r :l rFkk dE;qfuT+e esa fnypLih ysuh 'kq: dj nh FkhA ysfdu ;g fnypLih lkE;okn ds vè;;u ij ;k vDVwcj ØkfUr vkSj mldh fof'k\"Vrk dh Bhd le> ij vkèkkfjr ugha FkhA os lksfo;r ;wfu;u vkSj 48 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

dksfe.VuZ dks ¶gfFk;kj rFkk vU; çdkj dh lgk;rk] elyu ce cukus dh f'k{kk vkfn] çkIr djus ds ,d lEHkkfor Ïksr ds :i esa ns[krs FksA ysfdu tc mUgsa irk pyk fd lksfo;r ;wfu;u vkSj dE;qfuLV b.Vjus'kyu nksuksa gh turk ls vyx fdlh çdkj dh l'kL=k xfrfofèk;ksa dks çksRlkgu ugha nsrs gSa rks mudh fnypLih B.Mh iM+ x;hA¸31 ml le;] vFkkZr rhljs n'kd ds mÙkjk¼Z esa Hkkjro\"kZ esa dE;qfuLV fopkjèkkjk tufç; gks jgh FkhA vDVcw j ØkfUr vkjS :l ds f[k+ ykiQ+ lkekz T;oknh gLr{ksi dh ijkt; ds vykok bl cnyko ds dqN vU; dkj.k Hkh FksA tSls % (d) is'kkoj vkSj dkuiqj ds cksY'ksfod \"kM~;U=k dsl_ ([k) ns'k ds dbZ Hkkxksa esa fdlkuksa ds tq>k: la?k\"kZ_ (x) et+nwjksa dh ns'kO;kih cM+h&cM+h gM+rkysa (?k) et+nwj&fdlku ikVhZ dk xBu_ (Ä) ns'k ds fofHkUu dE;qfuLV xzqiksa dks feykdj ,d vf[ky Hkkjrh; ikVhZ ds xBu dk ç;klA jk\"Vªh; rFkk vUrjjk\"Vªh; iSekus ij ?kfVr bu ?kVukvksa ls çHkkfor gksdj vuq'khyu ds dqN dk;ZdrkZ ikVhZ ls vyx gksdj dE;qfuLV vkUnksyu esa pys x;sA vuq'khyu esa mudk vPNk lEeku Fkk vkSj ØkfUrdkjh ;qodksa esa lkE;okn dks tufç; cukus esa mu yksxksa dh dki+Qh gn rd egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk FkhA fgUnqLrku lektoknh çtkrU=k la?k dk xBu la;qDr çkUr (vc mÙkj çns'k) esa 1925 esa ØkfUrdkjh ikVhZ ds çk;% lHkh çeq[k usrk dkdksjh \"kM~;U=k dsl ds flyflys esa idM+dj tsy esa cUn dj fn;s x;s FksA blls fgUnqLrku çtkrU=k la?k ds laxBu dks cgqr cM+k èkDdk yxkA dsoy pUæ'k[s kj vktk+ n vkjS dUq nuyky xIq r gh ifq yl ds pxa yq ls cpdj fudy ik;s FksA buds vfrfjDr ckgj tks lkFkh jg x;s Fks os lc nwljh iafDr ds flikgh FksA ikVhZ dks fiQj ls laxfBr djus dk nkf;Ro bUgha nwljh iafDr ds lkfFk;ksa ij iM+kA ml le; vFkkZr 1925 esa dqN ØkfUrdkjh ykgkSj esa lfØ; Fks vkSj dqN dkuiqj esa fiQj ls dke vkjEHk djus dk ç;kl dj jgs FksA lS¼kfUrd n`f\"Vdks.k ls ml le; rd bu nksuksa dsUæksa ds lkfFk;ksa ds fnekx+ lki+Q ugha FksA gk¡] ,d lgh fl¼kUr dh ryk'k vo'; vkjEHk gks x;h FkhA bl fn'kk esa nksuksa dsUæksa ds lkfFk;ksa dks ;ksX; ekxZn'kZd Hkh fey x;s FksA bl le; (1925&26) ykgkSj ds lkFkh] [k+kldj Hkxr¯lg vkSj lq[knso] :lh vjktdrkoknh ckdqfuu ls çHkkfor FksA Hkxr¯lg dks vjktdrkokn ls lektokn dh vksj ykus dk Js; nks O;fDr;ksa dks gS μ dkejsM lksgu ¯lg tks'k tks vc gekjs chp esa ugha gSa vkSj ykyk NchynklA tks'k ,d e'kgwj dE;qfuLV usrk vkSj fdjrh uke dh iatkch ekfld if=kdk ds lEiknd FksA os Hkxr¯lg ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk oSpkfjd fodkl @ 49

ls fofHkUu fo\"k;kas ij ckrphr djrs vkjS mUgas fdjrh eas fy[kus ds fy, çkRs lkfgr djrs FksA ykyk Nchynkl ^fryd Ldwy vkWi+Q iksfyfVDl*] tks us'kuy dkWyst ds uke ls Hkh çfl¼ Fkk] ds çèkkukpk;Z FksA os ukStoku ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dks crykrs jgrs Fks fd D;k i<+sa vkSj dSls i<+saA Hkxorhpj.k oksgjk dk lektokn dh rji+Q vkjEHk ls gh #>ku FkkA lksgu ¯lg tks'k dk lkjk ekxZ&n'kZu vkSj ykyk Nchynkl ds fdrkcksa ds ckjs esa lkjs lq>ko iqLrdksa ds vHkko esa O;FkZ gh jg tkrsA bl vko';drk dks dqN gn rd iwjk fd;k ykyk yktir jk; dh ^}kjdknkl ykbczsjh* usA bl iqLrdky; esa jktuhfr&lEcUèkh iqLrdksa dk vPNk laxzg Fkk ftuesa ekDlZoknh vkSj lksfo;r :l ij ,slh iqLrdsa Hkh 'kkfey Fkha ftUgsa ljdkj us t+Cr ugha fd;k FkkA ykgkSj ds ØkfUrdkfj;ksa us ml iqLrdky; ls iwjk ykHk mBk;kA ml dke esa mUgsa iqLrdky; ds vè;{k vkSj ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds gennZ Jh jktkjke 'kkL=kh (vc LoxhZ;) ls dki+Qh lgk;rk feyrh FkhA iqLrdsa çkIr djus dk ,d vkSj Hkh lkslZ Fkk jkeÑ\".k ,.M lUl uke dh fdrkcksa dh ,d nwdkuA ;g nwdku vukjdyh ckt+kj esa Fkh vkSj mlds ikl baXyS.M ls t+Cr'kqnk iqLrdsa e¡xokus dh vPNh O;oLFkk FkhA iatkc ds ØkfUrdkfj;ksa us] [k+kldj Hkxr¯lg vkSj Hkxorhpj.k oksgjk us] bu lqfoèkkvksa ls iwjk ykHk mBk;kA Jh jktkjke 'kkL=kh us ,d ckj bu iafDr;ksa ds ys[kd ls dgk Fkk fd Hkxr¯lg oLrqr% iqLrdksa dks i<+rk ugha fuxyrk Fkk] ysfdu fiQj Hkh mldh Kku dh fiiklk lnk vucq>h gh jgrh FkhA Hkxr¯lg iqLrdksa dk vè;;u djrk] uksV~l cukrk] vius lkfFk;ksa ls mu ij fopkj&foe'kZ djrk] viuh le> dks u;s Kku dh dlkSVh ij vkRekykspukRed <ax ls ij[kus dk ç;kl djrk vkSj bl çfØ;k esa viuh le> esa tks&tks x+yfr;k¡ fn[kyk;h iM+rha mUgsa lqèkkjus dh dksf'k'k djrkA bu lc ckrksa us iatkc xzqi dks rst+h ds lkFk vkxs c<+us esa enn dhA ifj.kkeLo:i 1928 ds vkjEHk esa mUgksaus vjktdrkokn dks NksM+dj lektokn dks è;s; ds :i esa Lohdkj dj fy;kA bldk ;g eryc ugha fd mUgksaus ekDlZokn dks iwjh rjg ls le> fy;k FkkA vrhr ds çHkko ls vHkh iwjh rjg NqVdkjk ugha fey ik;k FkkA dkuiqj ds lkFkh Hkh Bhd mlh fn'kk esa vkxs c<+ jgs Fks] gkyk¡fd mudh vkxs c<+us dh xfr esa og rst+h ugha Fkh tks ykgkSj ds lkfFk;ksa esa FkhA dkuiqj eas jkèkkekgs u xkds yq th] lR;HkDr vkjS ekyS kuk gljr ekgs kuh vius dks dE;fq uLV dgrs FkAs bueas ls jkèkkekgs u th dk uke fo'k\"s k :i ls mYy[s kuh; gAS muds ikl iqLrdksa dk vPNk laxgz FkkA vè;;u'khy O;fDr gksus ds lkFk gh os ,d l'kDr ys[kd Hkh FksA 1927 esa mUgksaus ,d iqLrd fy[kh Fkh μ dE;qfuT+e D;k gS\\ 50 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

ljy vkSj lhèkh&lknh Hkk\"kk esa bl iqLrd ds ekè;e ls mUgksaus fgUnh ds ikBdksa ds lkeus dE;qfuLV fl¼kUr ds çeq[k eqíksa dks çLrqr fd;k FkkA bu iafDr;ksa ds ys[kd dks Hkh dE;qfuT+e dk igyk lcd jkèkkeksgu th ls gh feyk FkkA jkèkkeksgu th dV~Vj ukfLrd FksA bZ'oj] èkeZ] vUèkfo'okl vkfn ij mUgksaus i=k&if=kdkvksa esa dki+Qh dqN fy[kk FkkA mudk ;g :i ns[kdj fgUnh ds miU;kl&lezkV çsepUn us mUgsa ^vkèkqfud pkokZd* dgdj iqdkjk FkkA lR;HkDr dk dE;qfuT+e vè;kReoknh jax dk Fkk vkjS ekyS kuk gljr eksgkuh ds fopkj dE;qfuT+e vkSj bLyke dh f[kpM+h dgs tk ldrs gSaA bu det+ksfj;ksa ds ckotwn lksfo;r :l vkSj lkE;okn dks fgUnh Hkk\"kk&Hkk\"kh turk ds chp tufç; cukus esa bu rhuksa dh Hkwfedk ls bUdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrkA dkuiqj ds ;qok ØkfUrdkfj;ksa us lektokn dh çFke nh{kk bUgha egkuqHkkoksa ls çkIr dh FkhA 'kkSo+Qr mLekuh Hkh fot;dqekj flUgk ds ekè;e ls dkuiqj xzqi ds lEidZ esa Fks] ysfdu ge yksxksa dks muls fdlh çdkj dk lS¼kfUrd ekxZn'kZu ugha fey ldk FkkA Jh x.ks'k'kadj fo|kFkhZ ls Hkh] tks dkuiqj dh cgqr cM+h e'kgwj gLrh Fks] ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dks gj rjg dh lgk;rk feyrh jgrh FkhA os jktuhfrd vè;;u vkSj turk ds chp dke ij fo'ks\"k :i ls cy nsrs FksA bl lcds ifj.kkeLo:i dkuiqj ds lkfFk;ksa dk >qdko Hkh lektokn dh rji+Q gks x;k FkkA ysfdu ;g >qdko cqf¼laxr gksus ds ctk; HkkokRed vfèkd FkkA ml le; rd dkuiqj xzqi pUæ'ks[kj vkt+kn vkSj dqUnuyky xqIr ls lEidZ LFkkfir dj pqdk FkkA ;s nksuksa lkFkh dkdksjh \"kM~;U=k dsl esa i+Qjkj ?kksf\"kr fd;s tk pqds FksA ;g Fkh i`\"BHkwfe] tc 1928 ds vkjEHk esa Hkxr¯lg us fofHkUu nyksa dks feykdj ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dk ,d vf[ky Hkkjrh; laxBu cukus dk fopkj vius lkfFk;ksa ds lkeus j[kkA muds çLrko bl çdkj Fks % (d) le; vk x;k gS fd ge lektokn dks lkgl ds lkFk viuk vfUre y{; ?kksf\"kr djsa_ ([k) ikVhZ dk uke rnuqlkj cnyk tkuk pkfg, rkfd yksx tku ldsa fd gekjk vfUre y{; D;k g_S (x) gesa fli+QZ mUgha dkeksa dks gkFk esa ysuk pkfg, ftudk lhèkk lEcUèk turk dh t+:jrksa vkSj Hkkoukvksa ls gks ldrk gS] vkSj gesa ekewyh iqfyl vfèkdkfj;ksa vFkok Hksfn;ksa dks ekjus esa viuh 'kfDr vkSj le; dk viO;; ugha djuk pkfg,_ (?k) èku ds fy, gesa ljdkjh [k+t+kus ij gh gkFk Mkyuk pkfg, vkSj ;FkklEHko futh ?kjksa ij dkjZokbZ ugha djuh pkfg,_ vkSj (Ä) lkewfgd usr`Ro ds fl¼kUr dk dM+kbZ ls ikyu djuk pkfg,A Hkxr¯lg us bu lc eqíksa ij ykgkSj vkSj dkuiqj ds vius lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk fopkj&foe'kZ fd;k vkSj pUæ'ks[kj vkt+kn rFkk dqUnuyky dh lgefr Hkh ys ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk oSpkfjd fodkl @ 51

yhA blds ckn ;g r; fd;k x;k fd fofHkUu çkUrksa ds çfrfufèk;ksa dh ,d cSBd 8 vkSj 9 flrEcj] 1928 dks fnYyh esa vk;ksftr dh tk;sA ik¡p çkUrksa ds çfrfufèk;ksa dks blds fy, vkefU=kr fd;k x;k] ysfdu buesa ls pkj çkUrksa us gh viuh LohÑfr nhA caxky dks eh¯Vx esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, ge jkt+h ugha dj ik;sA bl lEcUèk esa ,l-,u- etwenkj us fy[kk gS fd ¶fgUnqLrku fjifCydu ,lksfl,'ku ds caxky ds çfrfufèk;ksa us eh¯Vx esa Hkkx ugha fy;k D;ksafd ,slk dgk tkrk gS fd os vkradokn rFkk ¯glk ds f[+kyki+Q FksA¸ ;g lgh ugha gSA ikVhZ dh vksj ls Lo;a eq>s gh vxLr 1928 ds vfUre lIrkg esa dydÙkk Hkstk x;k Fkk rkfd caxky ds lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk çLrkoksa ij ckrphr djds mUgsa fnYyh eh¯Vx esa vkus ds fy, vkefU=kr fd;k tk ldsA lEidZ feyk Fkk okjk.klh ds ,d rkjkin HkV~Vkpk;Z lsA dydÙks esa esjk ifjp; ftu lTtu ls djk;k x;k muds ckjs esa dgk x;k fd os vHkh&vHkh tsy ls NwVdj vk;s gSaA ns[kus ls os cqT+kqxZ yxrs Fks] mudk 'kjhj eksVk vkSj FkqyFkqyk Fkk vkSj mudk O;ogkj cM+k gh v#fpdj FkkA mudh ckrphr vkjS gko&Hkko ls e>q s ;g le>us eas njs h ugha yxh fd eSa ftl O;fDr ls fey jgk gw¡] og rkuk'kkgh ço`fÙk okyk ,d nEHkh ,oa cMk+ vgda kjh O;fDr gAS pkj&ikp¡ uktS oku yMd+ s tks cjkcj ogk¡ ektS nw jg]s mUgas lq'khy nk dgdj lEcksfèkr djrs FksA eSaus tSls gh muds dejs esa ços'k fd;k oSls gh mUgksaus ;w-ih- xzqi dks dkdksjh dk.M ds fy, Mk¡Vuk&iQVdkjuk 'kq: dj fn;k] ¶rqe yksxksa us ;g dke ge yksxksa ls iwNs cx+Sj D;ksa fd;k\\ vkSj vc lkjk laxBu pkSiV dj nsus ds ckn gels lgk;rk ek¡xus vkus ls D;k i+Qk;nk\\¸ eSaus muls dgk fd eSa vkils dksbZ lgk;rk ek¡xus ugha vk;k gw¡ cfYd dqN eqíksa ij ckrphr djus vkjS vkidks fnYyh eh¯Vx ds fy, vkefU=kr djus vk;k gA¡w blds ckn eSaus ,d&,d djds lHkh çLrkoksa ds ckjs esa mUgsa cryk;k vkSj muls fnYyh eh¯Vx esa Hkkx ysus dk vuqjksèk fd;kA mUgksaus dgk fd os viuh 'krks± ij gh eh¯Vx esa Hkkx ys ldsaxs vkSj eq>ls ;g vk'oklu ek¡xk fd mudh 'krs± eku yh tk;saxhA mudh 'krs± bl çdkj Fkha % (d) fd ge yksx lektokn ;k dE;qfuT+e ls dksbZ ljksdkj ugha j[ksaxs_ ([k) fd ikVhZ dk uke ugha cnyk tk;sxk_ (x) fd gesa ljdkj ls lhèks fHkM+k nsus okys dkdksjh tSls dke Hkfo\"; esa gels iwNs cx+Sj ugha fd;s tk;saxs_ (?k) fd dsUæh; desVh tSlh dksbZ pht+ ugha gksxh vkjS ge yksxksa dks dsoy mUgha ds ekè;e ls caxky ds ekrgr jgdj dke djuk gksxk_ (Ä) fd ge yksxksa dks viuh xfrfofèk;k¡ fli+QZ laxBu cukus] gfFk;kj vkSj iSlk tek djus rd gh lhfer j[kuh gksaxh_ (p) fd iSls ds fy, fli+QZ vjktuhfrd dkeksa dh gh btkt+r gksxhA eSaus mUgsa bl ckr ij jkth djus dh 52 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

dksf'k'k dh fd os cx+Sj fdlh çdkj dh 'krs± yxk;s [kqys fny ls eh¯Vx esa vk;sa vkSj lHkh ckrksa ij cgl esa fgLlk ysaA mUgksaus esjh ckr ekuus ls lki+Q bUdkj dj fn;kA pw¡fd mudh lHkh 'krs± gekjs çLrkoksa ls fcYdqy fHkUu Fkha blfy, eSaus fouezrkiwoZd mudh 'krs± ekuus ls bUdkj dj fn;kA bu dkj.kksa ls fnYyh eh¯Vx caxky ds lkfFk;ksa dh vuqifLFkfr esa gh djuh iM+hA fnYyh eh¯Vx vkSj mlds ckn vkB flrEcj] 1928 dks eh¯Vx esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, pkj çkUrksa dk çfrfufèkRo djus okys dqy feykdj nl lkFkh dksVyk fi+Qjkst+'kkg esa tek gq, FksA buesa nks fcgkj ls] nks iatkc ls] ,d jktLFkku ls vkSj ik¡p la;qDr çkUr (vc mÙkj çns'k) ls FksA ;w-ih- ds ik¡p lkfFk;ksa esa ls Hkh nks us eh¯Vx esa cSBus ls bUdkj dj fn;k D;ksafd cko+Qh lkfFk;ksa us mudh dqN 'krs± ugha ekuhaA bl çdkj dsoy vkB lkfFk;ksa us gh ckrphr esa Hkkx fy;kA vkt+kn dks lqj{kk dh n`f\"V ls fnYyh ugha yk;k x;k FkkA ysfdu muls lHkh eqíksa ij iwoZLohÑfr çkIr dj yh x;h FkhA eh¯Vx esa nks fnu dh cgl ds ckn Hkxr¯lg }kjk j[ks x;s lHkh çLrkoksa dks nks ds f[+kyki+Q Ng ds cgqer ls Lohdkj dj fy;k x;kA iQ.khUæukFk ?kks\"k vkSj eueksgu cuthZ (nksuksa fcgkj ls) us lektokn dks ikVhZ ds vfUre y{; ds :i esa viuk;s tkus vkSj ikVhZ dk uke cnyus ds çLrko dk fojksèk fd;kA vkxs pydj tc fnlEcj 1928 esa Hkxr¯lg dydÙkk x;s vkSj =kSyksD; pØorhZ rFkk çrqy xkaxqyh] tks ml le; rd tsy ls NwVdj ckgj vk pqds Fks] ls feys rks mUgksaus crk;k fd fnYyh eh¯Vx ds fy, caxky dks vkefU=kr djus tks lkFkh igys vk;s Fks] mudks nqHkkZX;o'k ,d x+yr vkneh ls feyk fn;k x;k FkkA Hkxr¯lg us nksuksa usrkvksa dks fnYyh ds i+QSlyksa ls voxr djk;k vkSj lHkh eqíksa ij mudh lgefr Hkh çkIr dj yhA os geesa ls dqN lkfFk;ksa dks ce cukus dk çf'k{k.k nsus ds fy, ;rhUæukFk nkl dks vkxjk Hkstus ds fy, Hkh lger gks x;sA 1928 ds vkrs&vkrs ge yksxksa us lektokn dks fl¼kUr ds :i esa Lohdkj dj fy;k Fkk] ysfdu vey esa ge ij vrhr dk lk;k vc Hkh gkoh FkkA fiQj Hkh ;g dguk x+yr gksxk fd lk.MlZ oèk vkSj dsUæh; vlsEcyh esa ce iQsadus ds ihNs Hkxr¯lg dh fdlh çdkj dh ekufld dq.Bk ;k fujk'kk dke dj jgh Fkh] tSlkfd ,l-,u- etwenkj us lkfcr djus dh dksf'k'k dh gSA os fy[krs gSa % ¶=kSyksD; pØorhZ us mUgsa (Hkxr¯lg dks) ik¡p gt+kj dh ,d ;qok okyf.V;j okfguh laxfBr djus dh lykg nh] tSlhfd dkaxzsl ds dydÙkk vfèkos'ku ds le; (fnlEcj 1928) laxfBr dh x;h ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk oSpkfjd fodkl @ 53

FkhA pØorhZ us vkxs fy[kk gS fd Hkxr¯lg us mudh lykg ij vey djus dh dksf'k'k dh ysfdu vliQy jgkA blus mlds fnekx+ esa dq.Bk vkSj fujk'kk dks tUe fn;k vkSj dqN luluh[k+st+ dke dh vfuok;Z vko';drk ds ckjs esa mlds fo'okl dks vkSj iDdk dj fn;kA 'kh?kz gh mlds ckn vlsEcyh esa ce iQsadus dh ?kVuk gqbZA¸32 ;g lkjh dgkuh rF;kas ls eys ugha [kkrh gAS igyh ckr rks ;g fd Hkxr¯lg us dHkh dksbZ cM+k jktuhfrd o+Qne ikVhZ dh dsUæh; desVh dks fo'okl esa fy;s cx+Sj ugha mBk;kA ik¡p gt+kj ukStokuksa dh ,d okyf.V;j lsuk xfBr djus dk ç'u dHkh Hkh dsUæh; lfefr ds lkeus cgl ds fy, ugha vk;kA nwljh ckr ;g fd bl çdkj dh fdlh okyf.V;j lsuk dk fopkj gok esa iqy ck¡èkus tSlk fopkj FkkA pkj&ik¡p fnuksa ds fy, FkSfy;ksa ds lgkjs [kqysrkSj ij ik¡p gt+kj dh okyf.V;j lsuk (dkaxzsl }kjk μ l-) [kM+h dj ysuk ,d ckr Fkh] ysfdu xqIr ØkfUrdkjh dke ds fy, jktuhfrd rkSj ij ltx] çf'kf{kr vkSj vuq'kkflr ukStokuksa dh bruh cM+h lsuk dqN eghuksa esa [kM+h dj ysuk lEHko Hkh ugha FkkA ;gk¡ ;g ckr Hkh è;ku esa j[kuh pkfg, fd Hkxr¯lg dydÙks ls tuojh 1929 ds igys lIrkg esa okil vk;sA i+Qjojh esa tc ;rhUæukFk nkl vkxjk vk;s rks geesa ls gj dksbZ fdlh u fdlh :i esa ce i+QSDVjh LFkkfir djus ds dke esa O;Lr gks x;k FkkA fiQj esjB dh fxjÝ+rkfj;ksa ls igys i+Qjojh ds vUr esa vkxjk esa gh vlsEcyh esa ce iQsadus dk i+QSlyk fy;k x;kA ,slh fLFkfr esa Hkxr¯lg dk =kSyksD; ckcw dh lykg ij vey djus dk ç;kl djuk] foiQy gksuk] fujk'kk vkSj iLrh dk f'kdkj gksuk vkfn dk ç'u ugha mBrk FkkA bl çdkj dh vliQyrk] fujk'kk] dq.Bk vkfn dh eux<+Ur ckrksa ls vlsEcyh esa ce iQsadus ds dke dk jktuhfrd egÙo gh lekIr gks tkrk gS vkSj og ,d O;fDr dh dq.Bk vkSj fujk'kk dk ifj.kke&ek=k jg tkrk gSA ,ls h gh gkfudkjd vkjS vlEs cyh eas ce iQdas us ds egÙo dks de djus okyh dgkuh eUeFkukFk xIq r us nh gAS l[q knos jkt ('kghn l[q knos ugha μ l-)] tks 1928 vkjS *29 ds iow k¼Z Z eas dgha Hkh rLohj eas ugha Fkk] }kjk çlkfjr ,d lkS iQ+ hlnh eux<U+ r dgkuh dks vkèkkj cukdj xIq r th us dgk gS fd ikVhZ vlEs cyh eas ce iQdas us ds fy, l[q knos rFkk cVdq 's oj nÙk dks Hkts us ds i{k eas FkhA yfs du Hkxr¯lg ds çfr O;fDrxr b\"Z ;kZ ds dkj.k mlus Hkxr¯lg dks ch-d-s nÙk ds lkFk tkus ds fy, etcjw dj fn;kA pUæ'k[s kj vktk+ n vkjS nlw js ykxs fudy vkus ds i{k eas FkAs yfs du Hkxr¯lg blds fy, jkth+ ugha g,q A mudk rdZ Fkk fd turk dks txkus ds fy, mPpre cfynku dh vko';drk gAS 33 ;gk¡ ij ;g dguk gh x+yr gS fd vlsEcyh eas ce iQsadus ds fy, lq[knso 54 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

dks pquk x;k FkkA vkxjs esa dsUæh; desVh dh igys fnu dh eh¯Vx esa tks nks uke r; gq, Fks] os Fks cVqds'oj nÙk vkSj fot;dqekj flUgkA bl dke ds fy, fdlh Hkh Lrj ij lq[knso dk uke desVh esa fopkjkFkZ ugha vk;kA gekjs lkeus fopkj&foe'kZ dk eq[; fo\"k; jktuhfr Fkk u fd O;fDrxr bZ\";kZ ;k oSjHkko] tks lkSHkkX;o'k ml le; gekjs chp esa ugha FkkA blesa lUnsg ugha fd vlsEcyh esa ce iQsadus ds fy, fot;dqekj flUgk ds LFkku ij Hkxr¯lg dks Hkstus ds fy, lq[knso iwjh rjg mÙkjnk;h FkkA mlus ;g blfy, fd;k D;ksafd og bZekunkjh ds lkFk fo'okl djrk Fkk fd Hkxr¯lg ds vykok vkSj fdlh ds tkus ls dke dk jktuhfrd mís'; iwjk ugha gksxkA tgk¡ rd mPpre cfynku dk loky gS] ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu esa cfynku dh deh ugha jgh (vkSj gj cfynku mPpre gksrk g)S A ,slk ugha Fkk fd Hkxr¯lg ,d fujk'k ,oa foiQy euksjFk uktS oku Fkk] ftlus vlsEcyh esa ce iQsaddj vkRegR;k djus dk ,d vklku jkLrk fudky fy;k FkkA vlsEcyh esa ce iQsadus dk i+QSlyk dSls vkSj dc fy;k x;k\\ jk\"Vªh; eqfDr&la?k\"kZ ds bfrgkl esa rhljs n'kd ds vfUre o\"kZ] [k+kldj 1928&30 ds o\"kZ] cM+s gh egÙoiw.kZ FksA ;gh le; Fkk tc okeiUFkh 'kfDr;ksa us laxfBr :i ls ,oa n`<+rkiwoZd cksyuk vkjEHk dj fn;k FkkA loZgkjk oxZ dh cM+h&cM+h tq>k: gM+rkyksa us ns'kO;kih :i èkkj.k dj fy;k FkkA et+nwjksa dh laxfBr VsªM ;wfu;u xfrfofèk;k¡ c<+rh tk jgh Fkha] ftlds iQyLo:i et+nwj dke ds gkykr esa lqèkkj vkSj et+nwjh esa c<+ksÙkjh ds fy, vkSj vfèkd eqLrSnh ds lkFk la?k\"kZ djus dh fLFkfr esa vk x;s FksA et+nwjksa] ukStokuksa vkSj fo|k£Fk;ksa esa dE;qfuLVksa dk çHkko rst+h ds lkFk c<+ jgk Fkk % ns'k esa igyh ckj ck;sa ckT+kw dk jktuhfrd vkUnksyu lj mBk jgk FkkA ml le; dh ;qok ih<+h dh lksp dh fn'kk dk o.kZu djrs gq, tokgjyky usg: us fy[kk gS] ¶cqf¼thfo;ksa] ;gk¡ rd fd ljdkjh vi+Qljksa esa Hkh lkE;okn vkSj lektokn ds vLi\"V fopkj iQSy pdq s FkAs dkxa lsz ds uktS oku i#q \"k vkjS efgyk,]¡ tks igys ^ckz bl vkWu Mes kØs ls h*] ekysZ vkSj dhFk vkSj eSft+uh dks i<+k djrs Fks] vc tc Hkh mUgsa miyCèk gksrha rks lektokn] dE;fq uTe+ vkjS :l ij fdrkcas i<r+ s Fks % bu u;s fopkjkas dh rjiQ+ yksxksa dk #>ku iSnk djus esa esjB \"kM~;U=k dsl us dki+Qh lgk;rk igq¡pkbZ FkhA fo'o&vk£Fkd ladV us Hkh yksxksa dks bl rji+Q è;ku nsus ds fy, etcwj dj fn;k FkkA pkjksa rji+Q ftKklk dh ,d u;h Hkkouk Li\"V fn[kyk;h iM+ jgh Fkh μ ekStwnk laLFkkvksa ds çfr ,d ç'uokpd vkSj pqukSrh Hkjh ftKklkA ml ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk oSpkfjd fodkl @ 55

ekufld rwi+Qku dk vke #[k Li\"V FkkA ysfdu og vHkh ,d gydh c;kj Fkh μ Lo;a vius ls vufHkKA¸34 vaxzst+ lkezkT;okfn;ksa dks bl lcls fpUrk gqbZ vkSj mUgksaus vkUnksyu dks çkjEHk esa gh dqpy nsus dk i+QSlyk fd;kA vfèkdkjh fdrus ?kcjk;s gq, Fks vkSj ljdkj dk fnekx+ fdl rjg dke dj jgk Fkk] ;g ns[kus ds fy, ,d felky gh i;kZIr gksxhA xqIrpj C;wjks ds funs'kd lj MsfoM iSfVªd us ^Hkkjr esa dE;qfuT+e* ij viuh fjiksVZ esa] ftls mUgksaus 1929 esa rS;kj fd;k Fkk] ^cksY'ksfod vfHk'kki* ds Lo:i dk uhps fy[ks 'kCnksa esa o.kZu fd;k gS % ¶lu~ 1920 esa rhljh b.Vjus'kuy us viuh nwljh dkaxzsl esa tks Fkhfll ikl dh Fkh mlesa lj lsfly ds, us Hkkjr ds f[k+yki+Q ,d lqfuf'pr \"kM~;U=k ds dhVk.kqvksa dks Bhd gh igpkuk FkkA ml Fkhfll esa dgk x;k Fkk] ^mifuosf'kd vkSj v¼Z&mifuosf'kd ns'kksa dk jk\"Vªh; vkUnksyu oLrqxr n`f\"Vdks.k ls vkSj cqfu;knh rkSj ij ØkfUrdkjh la?k\"kZ gS] vkSj blfy, og fo'o&ØkfUrdkjh la?k\"kZ dk fgLlk gSA* blesa dksbZ lUnsg ugha gks ldrk fd xzsV fczVsu us cksY'ksfod geys dk eq[; çgkj vius Åij fy;k gS---D;ksafd og fo'o&ØkfUr] ftls cksY'ksfod yksx viuh vfUre liQyrk ds fy, t+:jh 'krZ ekurs gSa] ds f[+kyki+Q eq[; fo+Qyksa esa ls ,d gSA cksY'ksfodksa dk ;g fo'okl gS fd fczfV'k lkezkT; esa Hkkjr lcls det+ksj fcUnq gSA vkSj os bls èkk£ed fo'okl ds :i esa fny esa l¡tks;s gq, gSa fd tc rd Hkkjr vkt+kn ugha gks tkrk rc rd :l baXyS.M ds vfHk'kki ls eqDr ugha gks ldsxkA¸35 ts- Øsjj us] tks ml le; Hkkjr ljdkj ds gkse esEcj Fks] dgk Fkk fd ,d O;ofLFkr lekt ds fy, dE;qfuT+e ds fl¼kUr vkjS vey ls vfèkd foèoald vkSj dksbZ pht+ ugha gks ldrhA36 dE;qfuT+e] ck;sa ckT+kw dh 'kfDr;ksa vkjS Jfed oxZ ds vkUnksyu dks dqpyus ds fy, ljdkj us dsUæh; vlsEcyh esa nks fcy is'k djus dk i+QSlyk fd;k μ ifCyd lsÝ+Vh fcy vkSj VsªM fMLI;wV~l fcyA igyk fcy mu yksxksa ds f[k+yki+Q Fkk tks fczfV'k&Hkkjr ;k fdlh Hkkjrh; jtokM+s ds fuoklh ugha FksA igys fcy esa xouZj tujy dks ;g vfèkdkj fn;k x;k Fkk fd og vaxzst+ ;k vU; fons'kh dE;qfuLV dks Hkkjr ls fudky nsaA nwljs fcy dk mís'; et+nwjksa ds VsªM ;wfu;u vfèkdkjksa dh dVkSrh djuk FkkA vlsEcyh esa iwjs fojksèk i{k us] turk us vkSj çsl us nksuksa fcyksa dk tedj fojksèk fd;kA bl pkeS q[kh fojksèk dks ut+jvUnkt+ djrs gq, ljdkj us 6 flrEcj] 1928 dks ifCyd lsÝ+Vh fcy vlsEcyh esa is'k fd;kA 24 flrEcj dks lnu us mls ukeaT+kwj dj fn;kA tuojh 1929 esa dqN iQsj&cny ds lkFk ljdkj us 56 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

mls fiQj vlsEcyh ds lkeus j[kkA37 ftl le; lekpkji=kksa esa ;g [k+cj Nih fd ljdkj us fcy dks vlsEcyh esa fiQj ls is'k djus dk i+QSlyk dj fy;k gS ml le; Hkxr¯lg vkxjs esa FkkA lekpkj ij mldh tks çfrfØ;k gqbZ og cM+h rh[kh FkhkA mlus dgk fd ljdkj ds bl euekuis u ds f[k+ ykiQ+ çfrokn ds :i eas dNq u dNq t:+ j djuk pkfg,A og ykgkjS x;k] l[q knos ds lkFk vius çLrkokas ij ckr dh] okil vk;k] dUs æh; desVh dh cSBd cqyk;h vkSj mlds lkeus vius çLrko j[ksA la{ksi esa mlds çLrko bl çdkj Fks % (1) ikVhZ dks vlsEcyh esa ce iQsaddj ljdkj ds bl l[+r ,oa gBh joS;s dk fojksèk djuk pfg,_ (2) bl dke dks djus ds fy, tks lkFkh rSukr fd;s tk;sa os dke ds ckn Hkkxus dh dksf'k'k djus ds ctk; ogha vkRelei.Z k dj nas vkjS dls ds nkjS ku vnkyr dks ikVhZ ds mí's ;kas ds çpkj ds fy, eap ds rkSj ij bLrseky djsa_ vkSj (3) bl i+QSlys dks dk;kZfUor djus ds fy, ,d vkSj lkFkh ds lkFk mls Lo;a tkus dh vuqefr nh tk;sA Hkxr¯lg ds igys nks lq>koksa dk dsUæh; desVh ds lHkh lnL;ksa us Lokxr fd;kA ysfdu mldk rhljk lq>ko fdlh us Hkh ugha ekukA ;g eh¯Vx vkxjs esa gqbZ Fkh vkSj igys fnu lq[knso mlesa mifLFkr ugha FkkA og nwljs fnu vk;kA lq[knso ds vk tkus ij Hkxr¯lg dks cy feyk vkSj dki+Qh cgl ds ckn vUr esa desVh us Hkxr¯lg dk rhljk çLrko Hkh eku fy;kA nwljk fcy (VsªM fMLI;wV fcy) vlsEcyh esa 4 flrEcj] 1928 dks is'k fd;k x;k FkkA lnu us mls lsysDV desVh ds ikl Hkst fn;kA ogk¡ ls dqN iQsj&cny ds lkFk mls 2 viSzy] 1929 dks cgl ds fy, vlsEcyh ds lkeus fiQj yk;k x;kA lnu us 8 vçSy dks 38 ds f[+kyki+Q dqN oksVksa ls mls ikl dj fn;kA tSls gh vè;{k egksn; oks¯Vx dk ifj.kke ?kksf\"kr djus ds fy, mBs oSls gh Hkxr¯lg vkSj cVqds'oj nÙk us n'kZd nh?kkZ ls vlsEcyh Hkou esa ce iQsads vkSj ukjs yxkus ds lkFk&lkFk ijps Hkh fxjk;s] ftuesa ce iQsadus ds jktuhfrd mís'; dks Li\"V fd;k x;k FkkA ;g ijpk mlh fnu fgUnqLrku VkbEl ds lUè;kdkyhu ifjf'k\"V esa çdkf'kr gks x;k FkkA ;g gesa ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu ds ,d NksVs nkSj esa igq¡pk nsrk gS] ftldk ft+Ø yksx dHkh&dHkh vkradoknh&lkE;okn ;k Vsjks&dE;qfuT+e ds uke ls djrs gSaA Vsjks&dE;qfuT+e ;k vkradoknh&lkE;okn ykgkSj rFkk dkuiqj ds ØkfUrdkfj;ksa us 1926&27 ls gh lektokn dh vksj c<+uk 'kq: dj fn;k FkkA vkB&ukS flrEcj 1928 dh fnYyh eh¯Vx esa gkyk¡fd lektokn dks fl¼kUr ds :i esa vkSj lektoknh lekt dh LFkkiuk dks vfUre ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk oSpkfjd fodkl @ 57

mís'; ds :i esa Lohdkj dj fy;k x;k Fkk] vey esa ge yksx mlh iqjkus O;fDroknh <ax ds dkeksa esa gh yxs jgsA ge et+nwjksa] fdlkuksa] ;qodksa vkSj eè;oxZ ds cqf¼thfo;ksa dks laxfBr djus dh ckr rks djrs Fks ysfdu iatkc esa ukStoku Hkkjr lHkk ds xBu dks NksM+dj vkSj dgha Hkh lathnxh ds lkFk ml fn'kk esa o+Qne mBkus dh dksf'k'k ugha dh x;hA ml ek;us esa gekjh oSKkfud lektokn vFkkZr ekDlZokn dh le> vèkdpjh FkhA ekDlZokn vey dks fl¼kUr ls vyx djus dh btkt+r ugha nsrk] ;g ckr ge le> ugha ik;s Fks vkSj ;g fd mlesa O;fDrxr dkeksa ds fy, dksbZ LFkku ugha gSA ge ¯glkRed xfrfofèk;ksa dks] ftlesa t+kfye ljdkjh vfèkdkfj;ksa dh gR;k vkSj NqViqV foæksg 'kkfey Fks] et+nwjksa] fdlkuksa] ;qodksa vkSj fo|k£Fk;ksa ds tu&laxBu cukus ds dke eas feykuk pkgrs FkAs yfs du vey eas gekjk tk+ js ¯glkRed xfrfofèk;kas vkjS l'kL=k dkeksa dh rS;kjh rd gh lhfer jgkA gekjk fo'okl Fkk fd yksxksa dks uhan ls txkus ds fy, vkSj ljdkjh neu dk tokc nsus ds fy, ;g lc vko';d gSA dkaxzsl ds dydÙkk vfèkos'ku ds volj ij fnlEcj] 1928 esa Hkxr¯lg us dk- lksgu ¯lg tks'k ls dgk Fkk] ¶ge vkidh ikVhZ ds dkeksa ls vkSj mlds dk;ZØe ls lkS i+Qhlnh lger gSa] ysfdu dHkh&dHkh ,sls Hkh {k.k vkrs gSa tc turk esa fo'okl dh Hkkouk tkx`r djus ds fy, nq'eu ds çgkj dk l'kL=k dkeksa }kjk rRdky tokc nsuk vko';d gks tkrk gSA¸38 ml le; gekjs fnekx+ blh rjg dke dj jgs FksA gekjh le> esa fufgr vUrjfojksèk dk viuk rdZ FkkA et+nwjksa&fdlkuksa dks laxfBr djus dk gekjk i+QSlyk dsoy ,d ifo=k bjknk cudj gh jg x;kA gekjh 'kfDr dk vfèkdka'k fgLlk çfr'kksèkkRed dkeksa dks laxfBr djus esa gh t+k;k gqvkA gekjh xy+ r le> dks Bhd djus dk ,d ç;kl rhljs b.Vju's kuy us fd;k FkkA ;g ç;kl fon's k eas xfBr Hkkjr dh dE;fq uLV ikVhZ }kjk ¶jk\"Voª kfn;kas ls vihy¸ ds tf+ j;s fd;k x;k FkkA ;g vihy 15 fnlEcj] 1924 ds ouS xkMZ ds ifjf'k\"V eas çdkf'kr gbq Z FkhA vihy eas ØkfUrdkfj;kas ds ckjs eas dgk x;k Fkk % ¶xqIr lHkkvksa }kjk fd;s tkus okys NqViqV vkradoknh dke Hkh dqN de çHkkoghu ugha gSaA bl çdkj ds O;FkZ mxzokn dks viukus okyksa dh ØkfUr dh le> Hkh mruh gh x+yr gSA lekt dh ekStwnk fLFkfr esa ,slh mEehn ugha dh tk ldrh gS fd jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd ØkfUr;k¡ v¯glkRed gksaxh ;k muesa jDrikr ugha gksxkA ysfdu gj jDrikr ;k ¯glkRed dke dks ØkfUr ugha dgk tk ldrkA ,d [k+kl lkekftd O;oLFkk dks ;k jktuhfrd laLFkk dks mlds pUn leFkZdksa dks ekjdj dHkh Hkh lekIr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA vkSj ;g rks vkSj Hkh ukeqefdu gS fd FkksM+s ls ljdkjh vi+Qljksa dks ekjdj ;k 58 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

fczfV'k ik£y;kes.V ls cgqr ls lqèkkj ikl djokdj ns'k dh vkt+knh gkfly dh tk ldsA ;s nksuksa mik; leku :i ls çk.kghu gSa] D;ksafd buesa ls dksbZ Hkh cqjkbZ dh tM+ ij pksV ugha djrkA nksuksa gh jktuhfrd Hkwy gSaA ysfdu vkradokfn;ksa dks ^ØkfUrdkjh vijkèkh* dguk fuiV ew[kZrk gS] D;ksafd ^laoSèkkfudrkoknh* fuf'pr :i ls x+Sj&ØkfUrdkjh gSa vkSj fu.kkZ;d ?kM+h vkrs gh os çfrfØ;koknh gks tk;saxsA¸39 mlh ys[k esa nwljh txg ij ØkfUr dh lgh&lgh ifjHkk\"kk ns nh x;h Fkh % ¶ØkfUr D;k gS\\ Hkkjr ds jk\"Vªh; gydksa esa blds ckjs esa ,d cM+h x+yr èkkj.kk cuh gqbZ gSA vkerkSj ij ØkfUr dks ce] fjokYoj vkSj xqIr laLFkkvksa ls tksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd 'kCndks\"k esa cgq&çpfyr okD; ^ØkfUrdkjh vijkèk* ØkfUr dh blh x+yr voèkkj.kk dh mit gSA cgjgky] ØkfUr bl lcls dgha vfèkd xEHkhj leL;k gSA ØkfUr ,d egÙoiw.kZ ,fs rgkfld ?kVuk g]S tks çLrrq ,fs rgkfld ;xq dk vUr vkjS mlds LFkku ij ,d u;s ;qx dk 'kqHkkjEHk djrh gSA pw¡fd tkus okys lekt ds çfrfufèk ;k nyky] vk£Fkd oxZ vkSj jktuhfrd laLFkk,¡] tks ml lekt esa çpfyr gkykr ls ykHkkfUor gksrs jgs gSa] ,d Hk;kud çfrjksèk ds cx+Sj ,slk dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksus nsaxs ftlls muds çHkqRo dk vUr gks tk;s vkSj] tSlkfd vkerkSj ij gksrk gS] ftldk vUr muds pkSeq[kh fouk'k esa gks tk;sA blhfy, vkerkSj ij jktuhfrd ¯glk vkSj lkekftd mFky&iqFky ^ØkfUr* dgykus okyh ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk ds vax cu tkrs gSaA¸40 lu~ 1925 esa ;ax dE;qfuLV b.Vjus'kuy us caxky ds ;qok ØkfUrdkjh laxBu ds uke ,d vihy 'kk;k dh FkhA ;g ;ax dE;qfuLV b.Vjus'kuy ds ?kks\"k.kki=k ds :i esa Fkh tks eklst+ ds ftYn 1] uEcj 7 esa çdkf'kr gqvk FkkA ?kks\"k.kki=k esa bl ckr dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k Fkk fd iwoZ ds ØkfUrdkjh ukStoku jk\"Vªh; vkt+knh dh yM+kbZ esa cM+h egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dj jgs gSaA turk ds fy, viuk thou cfynku djus okys ^ghjks&vkradoknh* ds lkgl vkSj cgknqjh ds çfr xgjk vknj O;Dr djrs gq, ?kks\"k.kki=k us dgk Fkk fd ¶,d ØkfUrdkjh tks turk ds fy, yM+ jgk gS mls uSfrd vfèkdkj gS fd og turk dk xyk ?kksaVus okyksa vkSj tYyknksa dks jkLrs ls gVk nsA¸41 nHq kkXZ ;o'k bueas ls dkbs Z Hkh nLrkots + ml le; geas ugha feyk vkjS geas vius vuqHkoksa ds lgkjs gh vkxs c<+uk iM+kA O;fDrxr dkeksa dk nk;jk cgqr lhfer gS ;g le>us esa gesa rhu lky yx x;sA ge o+Qne&c&o+Qne lektokn dh rji+Q c<+ jgs FksA fxjÝ+rkjh ds ckn tsy esa dki+Qh le; feyk] i<+us ds fy, dki+Qh lkexzh feyh] vkil esa cgl djus vkSj vius vrhr ij lathnxh ls ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk oSpkfjd fodkl @ 59

lkps us dk dkiQ+ h ekoS Q+ k feyk vkjS rc dgha tkdj ge lgh urhts ij igp¡q ik;As bldk ;g eryc ugha fd ftl nkSj dh leh{kk dh tk jgh gS mlesa ldkjkRed dqN Fkk gh ughaA mldh det+ksfj;ksa ds lkFk gh mlds dqN ldkjkRed vkSj et+cwr igyw Hkh FksA eSa viuh vkSj vius lkfFk;ksa dh le> dh [k+kl dfe;ksa ij jks'kuh Mky pqdk gw¡A la{ksi esa fiQj ls nksgjk nw¡] igyh ckr rks ;g fd gekjk dE;qfuT+e dks Lohdkj djuk ekDlZokn ds lgh vè;;u ij vkèkkfjr ugha FkkA nwljh det+ksjh Fkh et+nwjksa vkSj fdlkuksa dks laxfBr djus vkSj tokch vkradokn ds chp rkyesy fcBykus dh vO;kogkfjdrk dks u le> ikukA bu lkjh dfe;ksa vkSj lhekvksa ds ckotwn bl FkksM+s le; pyus okys p£pr nkjS ds [kkrs eas dNq cgrq egÙoi.w kZ miyfCèk;k¡ Hkh gAaS ykgkjS dh ^uktS oku Hkkjr lHkk dk ?kks\"k.kki=k* (1928)] vlsEcyh ce dsl ds nkSjku Hkxr¯lg vkSj cVdq 's oj nÙk }kjk vnkyr ds lkeus fn;k x;k c;ku (1929)] dkxa lsz ds ykgkjS vfèkos'ku ds le; ck¡Vk x;k ^fgUnqLrku lektoknh çtkrU=k la?k dk ?kks\"k.kki=k* (fnlEcj 1929) vkSj ^ce dk n'kZu* (tuojh 1930) ml ;qx ds loZJs\"B çfrfufèk nLrkost+ gSaA bu nLrkost+ksa ds vkèkkj ij ge dg ldrs gSa fd ^fgUnqLrku lektoknh çtkrU=k la?k* (fglçl) dk igyk vkxs c<+k gqvk o+Qne Fkk ekDlZokn dks fl¼kUr ds :i esa vkSj lektokn dks vfUre mís'; ds :i esa Lohdkj djukA caxky esa Hkh vkUnksyu dk #[k+ ;gh Fkk] gkyk¡fd xfr vis{kkÑr èkheh FkhA ftl le; fglçl us lektokn dks Mads dh pksV ij viuk vfUre mís'; ?kksf\"kr dj fn;k Fkk] ml le; caxky ds yxHkx lHkh ØkfUrdkjh ny vkSj çeq[k ikfVZ;k¡ bl loky ij vfuf'prrk dh fLFkfr esa FksA lektokn dks è;s; ds :i esa Lohdkj djus ds vykok bl nkSj ds ØkfUrdkjh euq\"; }kjk euq\"; ds vkSj ,d jk\"Vª }kjk nwljs jk\"Vª ds 'kks\"k.k ls eqDr oxZghu lekt ds i{k esa FksA mUgksaus ,yku fd;k fd mudh yM+kbZ fli+QZ fczfV'k lkezkT;okn ds f[k+yki+Q gh ugha gS] cfYd fo'o lkezkT;oknh O;oLFkk ds f[k+yki+Q gSA muds fnyksa esa lksfo;r ;wfu;u ds çfr çxk<+ vknj vkSj viukiu FkkA mudk fo'okl Fkk fd ØkfUr ds ckn tks ljdkj cusxh mldk :i ,d çdkj dh loZgkjk oxZ dh rkuk'kkgh dk gksxkA mUgksaus bZ'oj] èkeZ vkSj jgL;okn ls ijw h rjg NVq dkjk ik fy;k FkkA os èkefZ uji{s krk eas fo'okl djrs Fks vkjS mudk n`f\"Vdks.k ?kksj lkEçnkf;drkokn fojksèkh FkkA vlEs cyh cedk.M ds ckn fgUnLq rku lektoknh çtkrU=k l?a k ds vfèkdk'a k lkFkh fxjÝ+rkj dj fy;s x;sA mUgksaus vius eqo+Qnes dh lquokbZ ds nkSjku vius n`f\"Vdks.k dks çpkfjr djus] lektokn ds fopkjksa dks yksdfç; cukus vkSj 60 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

ØkfUrdkjh ikVhZ ds mís';ksa rFkk ç;kstuksa dks turk ds lkeus j[kus ds fy, vnkyr dk eap ds :i esa tedj bLrseky fd;kA mudh ;g j.kuhfr o+Qke;kc gqbZA blds ckjs esa ,l-,u- etwenkj us fy[kk gS % ¶fgUnqLrku lks'kfyLV fjifCydu ,lksfl,'ku dh reke x+yfr;ksa vkSj det+ksfj;ksa ds ckotwn lewps jk\"Vªh; vkUnksyu esa vkSj r#.k ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dks lkE;okn dh vksj vkd£\"kr djus esa bl ikVhZ ds ;ksxnku dh mis{kk ugha dh tk ldrh gSA¸42 th-,l- nsvksy ds vuqlkj] ¶ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk dk;Z{ks=k pkgs ftruk lhfer jgk gks mlus Hkkjrh; jk\"Vªh; vkUnksyu dh xfr dks ,d nwljh èkkjk ds ekè;e ls vkSj rst+ fd;kA cs'kd ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd muds (Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds μ f'k-o-) dk;Zdykiksa us Hkkjrh; jk\"Vªh; dkaxzsl ds fy, fnlEcj 1929 ds ykgkSj vfèkos'ku esa iw.kZ LorU=krk dh ek¡x djus vkSj iw.kZ LojkT; dk çLrko ikl djus dk iFk ç'kLr fd;kA¸43 nvs kys ds vulq kj ØkfUrdkfj;kas ds dk;dZ ykikas vkjS l?a k\"kk±s us n's k eas vR;Ur foLiQksVd fLFkfr iSnk dj nh Fkh] ftlds dkj.k dkaxzsl 1930 dk vlg;ksx vkUnksyu 'kq: djus ds fy, etcwj gks x;h FkhA ¶;g vkUnksyu Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds mxz vkUnksyu ds fodYi ds :i esa 'kq: fd;k x;k FkkA bl er dh iqf\"V egkRek xk¡èkh }kjk 2 ekpZ] 1930 dks ok;ljk; dks fy[ks x;s ,d i=k ds bl va'k ls gksrh gS % ^¯glkoknh ikVhZ viuh txg cukrh tk jgh gS vkSj mlus vius vfLrRo dk vglkl djkuk 'kq: dj fn;k gSA* mUgksaus vkxs Li\"V fd;k Fkk fd os ftl rjg dk v¯gld vkUnksyu 'kq: djuk pkgrs gSa] mlls u fli+QZ fczfV'k gqdwer dh ¯gld 'kfDr dk cfYd mHkjrs gq, ¯glkoknh ny dh laxfBr ¯gld 'kfDr;ksa dk Hkh çfrjksèk fd;k tk ldsxkA¸44 oSKkfud lektokn dh vksj ^fgUnLq rku lektoknh çtkrU=k l?a k* ds vfèkdk'a k çe[q k urs k 1929 ds eè; rd fxjÝ+rkj djds tsyksa esa cUn dj fn;s x;s Fks] tgk¡ mUgsa i<+us vkSj fopkj&foe'kZ djus dk Hkjijw ekoS Q+ k feykA blls muds vUnj tks u;h le> inS k gbq Z Fkh] mlds vkèkkj ij mUgksaus vius iwjs vrhr dks] [k+kldj oS;fDrd dk;Zdykiksa vkSj 'kkS;Z çn'kZu ds vkn'kZ dks u;s fljs ls tk¡pk&ij[kk vkSj viuh vc rd dh dk;Zç.kkyh dks NksM+dj lektoknh ØkfUr dk jkLrk viukus dk fu'p; fd;kA xgu vè;;u vkSj cksLVZy tsy esa nwljs lkfFk;ksa ls yEcs fopkj&foe'kZ ds ckn Hkxr¯lg bl fu.kZ; ij igq¡ps fd ;gk¡&ogk¡ dqN Hksfn;ksa vkSj ljdkjh vi+Qljksa dh oS;fDrd gR;kvksa ls y{; dh çkfIr ugha gks ldrh gSA ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk oSpkfjd fodkl @ 61

Hkxr¯lg us 19 vDVwcj] 1929 dks iatkc LVwMs.V~l dh dkaxslz ds uke ,d lUns'k Hkstk Fkk ftlesa mUgksaus dgk Fkk μ ¶vkt ge ukStokuksa dks ce vkSj fiLrkSy viukus ds fy, ugha dg ldrsA---bUgsa vkS|ksfxd {ks=kksa dh xUnh cfLr;ksa esa vkSj xk¡oksa ds VwVs&iQwVs >ksaiM+ksa esa jgus okys djksM+ksa yksxksa dks txkuk gSA¸ 2 i+Qjojh] 1931 dks mUgksaus ^;qok jktuhfrd dk;ZdrkZvksa ds uke* ,d vihy fy[kh Fkh ftlesa mUgksaus tulkèkkj.k ds chp dke djus ds egÙo dks ckjEckj j[s kkfa dr fd;k FkkA mUgkuas s dgk Fkk] ¶xko¡ kas vkjS dkj[k+ kukas eas fdlku vkjS et+nwj gh vlyh ØkfUrdkjh lSfud gSaA¸ blh vihy esa Hkxr¯lg us cyiwoZd bl ckr ls bUdkj fd;k Fkk fd os vkradoknh gSaA mudk dguk Fkk] ¶eSaus ,d vkradoknh dh rjg dke fd;k gSA ysfdu eSa vkradoknh ugha gw¡A eSa rks ,slk ØkfUrdkjh gw¡ ftlds ikl ,d yEck dk;ØZ e vkjS mlds ckjs eas lfq uf'pr fopkj gkrs s gAaS eaS ijw h rkoQ+ r ds lkFk crkuk pkgrk gw¡ fd eSa vkradoknh ugha gw¡ vkSj dHkh Fkk Hkh ugha] dnkfpr mu dqN fnuksa dks NksM+dj tc eSa vius ØkfUrdkjh thou dh 'kq#vkr dj jgk FkkA eq>s fo'okl gS fd ge ,sls rjho+Qksa ls dqN Hkh çkIr ugha dj ldrs gSaA¸ mUgksaus ukStoku jktuhfrd dk;ZdrkZvksa dks lykg nh fd os ekDlZ vkSj ysfuu dk vè;;u djsa] mudh f'k{kk dks viuk ekxZn'kZd cuk;sa] turk ds chp tk;sa] et+nwjksa] fdlkuksa vkSj f'kf{kr eè;oxhZ; ukStokuksa ds chp dke djsa] mUgsa jktuhfrd n`f\"V ls f'kf{kr djsa] muesa oxZ&psruk mRiUu djsa] mUgsa ;wfu;uksa esa laxfBr djsa] vkfnA mUgksaus uo;qodksa ls ;g Hkh dgk fd ;g lkjk dke rc rd lEHko ugha gS tc rd turk dh ,d viuh ikVhZ u gksA os fdl rjg dh ikVhZ pkgrs Fks bldk [kqyklk djrs gq, mUgksaus fy[kk Fkk] ¶gesa is'ksoj ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dh t+:jr gS μ ;g 'kCn ysfuu dks cgqr fç; Fkk μ iw.kZdkfyd dk;ZdrkZvksa dh] ftudh ØkfUr ds flok vkSj dksbZ vkdka{kk u gks] vkSj u thou dk dksbZ nwljk y{; gksA ,sls dk;ZdrkZ ftruh cM+h la[;k esa ,d ikVhZ ds :i esa laxfBr gksaxs] mruh gh rqEgkjh liQyrk dh lEHkkouk,¡ c<+ tk;saxhA¸ mUgksaus vkxs dgk % ¶O;ofLFkr <ax ls vkxs c<+us ds fy, vkidks ftldh lcls vfèkd vko';drk g]S og gS ,d ikVhZ ftlds ikl ftl Vkbi ds dk;dZ rkvZ kas dk Åij ft+Ø fd;k tk pqdk gS oSls dk;ZdrkZ gksa μ ,sls dk;ZdrkZ ftuds fnekx+ lki+Q gksa vkSj leL;kvksa dh rh[kh idM+ gks vkSj igy djus vkSj rqjUr i+QSlyk ysus dh {kerk gksA bl ikVhZ dk vuq'kklu cgqr dBksj gksxk vkSj ;g t+:jh ugha gS fd og Hkwfexr ikVhZ gks] cfYd Hkwfexr ugha gksuh pkfg,---ikVhZ dks vius dke dh 'kq#vkr voke ds chp çpkj ls djuh pkfg,A fdlkuksa vkSj et+nwjksa dks 62 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

laxfBr djus vkSj mudh lfØ; lgkuqHkwfr çkIr djus ds fy, ;g cgqr t+:jh gSA bl ikVhZ dks dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dk uke fn;k tk ldrk gSA¸ ;gk¡ Hkxr¯lg [kYq ye&[kYq yk ekDloZ kn] lkE;okn vkjS ,d lkE;oknh ikVhZ dh odkyr djrs fn[kk;h nsrs gSaA ØkfUr dh ifjHkk\"kk ØkfUr ds lEcUèk esa Hkxr¯lg ds fopkj cgqr Li\"V FksA fupyh vnkyr esa tc muls iwNk x;k fd ØkfUr 'kCn ls mudk D;k eryc gS] rks mÙkj esa mUgksaus dgk Fkk] ¶ØkfUr ds fy, [+kwuh la?k\"kZ vfuok;Z ugha gS] vkSj u gh mlesa O;fDrxr çfr¯glk dk dksbZ LFkku gSA og ce vkSj fiLrkSy dh laLÑfr ugha gSA ØkfUr ls gekjk vfHkçk; ;g gS fd orZeku O;oLFkk] tks [kqysrkSj ij vU;k; ij fVdh gqbZ g]S cnyuh pkfg,A¸ viuh ckr dks vkjS Hkh Li\"V djrs gq, mUgksaus dgk Fkk] ¶ØkfUr ls gekjk vfHkçk; vUrr% ,d ,slh lkekftd O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk ls gS ftldks bl çdkj ds ?kkrd [kr+ jkas dk lkeuk u djuk iMs+ vkjS ftleas logZ kjk oxZ dh çHkqlÙkk dks ekU;rk gks rFkk ,d fo'ola?k ekuotkfr dks iw¡thokn ds cUèku ls vkSj lkezkT;oknh ;q¼ksa ls mRiUu gksus okyh cjcknh vkSj eqlhcrksa ls cpk ldsA¸ lektokn dh fn'kk esa Hkxr¯lg dh oSpkfjd çxfr dh jÝ+rkj cgqr rst+ FkhA mUgksaus 1924 ls 1928 ds chp fofHkUu fo\"k;ksa dk foLr`r vè;;u fd;k FkkA ykyk yktir jk; dh }kjdknkl ykbczsjh ds iqLrdky;kè;{k jktkjke 'kkL=kh ds vuqlkj mu fnuksa Hkxr¯lg oLrqr% ¶fdrkcksa dks fuxyk djrk FkkA¸ muds fç; fo\"k; Fks :lh ØkfUr] lksfo;r la?k] vk;jyS.M] ç+Qkal vkSj Hkkjr dk ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu] vjktdrkokn vkSj ekDlZoknA mUgksaus vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa us 1928 ds vUr rd lektokn dks vius vkUnksyu dk vfUre y{; ?kksf\"kr dj fn;k Fkk vkSj viuh ikVhZ dk uke Hkh rnuqlkj cny fn;k FkkA mudh ;g oSpkfjd çxfr muds iQk¡lh ij p<+us ds fnu rd tkjh jghA bZ'oj vkSj èkeZ ds ckjs esa b'Z oj] èkeZ rFkk jgL;okn ij Hkxr¯lg ds fopkjksa ds ckjs esa dqN 'kCn dgs cx+jS ;g Hkwfedk vèkwjh jg tk;sxhA ;g blfy, Hkh t+:jh gS fd vkt gj rjg ds çfrfØ;koknh] :f<+oknh vkSj lkEçnkf;drkoknh yksx Hkxr¯lg rFkk pUæ'ks[kj vkt+kn ds uke vkSj ;'k dks viuh fut dh jktuhfr vkSj fopkjèkkjk ds i{k esa bLrseky djus dh dksf'k'k dj jgs gSaA viusvki dks ukfLrd crkrs gq, ¶Hkxr¯lg us 'kq: ds ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk oSpkfjd fodkl @ 63

rjho+Qs vkSj n`f\"Vdks.k ds fy, iwjk lEeku çn£'kr fd;k gS vkSj mudh èkk£edrk ds Ïksrksa dh iM+rky dh gSA os ladsr djrs gSa fd vius Lo;a ds jktuhfrd dk;ks± dh oSKkfud le> ds vHkko esa mu ØkfUrdkfj;kas dks viuh vkè;kfRedrk dh j{kk djus] oS;fDrd çyksHkuksa ds fo#¼ la?k\"kZ djus] volkn ls mcjus] HkkSfrd lq[kksa vkSj vius ifjokjksa rFkk thou rd dks R;kxus dh lkeF;Z tqVkus ds fy, foosdghu fo'oklksa ,oa jgL;okfnrk dh vko';drk FkhA ,d O;fDr tc fujUrj vius thou dks tksf[ke esa Mkyus vkSj nwljs lkjs cfynku djus ds fy, rRij gksrk gS rks mls çsj.kk ds xgjs Ïksr dh vko';drk gksrh gSA 'kq: ds ØkfUrdkjh] vkradokfn;ksa dh ;g vfuok;Z vko';drk jgL;okn vkSj èkeZ ls iwjh gksrh FkhA ysfdu mu yksxksa dks ,sls Ïksrksa ls çsj.kk ysus dh t+:jr ugha jg x;h Fkh tks vius dkeksa dh çÑfr dks le>rs Fks] tks ØkfUrdkjh fopkjèkkjk dh fn'kk esa vkxs c<+ pqds Fks] tks Ñf=ke vkè;kfRedrk dh cSlk[kh yxk;s fcuk vU;k; ds fo#¼ la?k\"kZ dj ldrs Fks] tks LoxZ vkSj eks{k ds çyksHku vkSj vk'oklu ds fcuk gh fo'okl ds lkFk vkSj fuHkhZd Hkko ls iQk¡lh ds r[+rs ij p<+ ldrs Fks] tks nfyrksa dh eqfDr vkSj LorU=krk ds i{k esa blfy, yM+s D;ksafd yM+us ds vykok vkSj dksbZ jkLrk gh u FkkA¸46 vlsEcyh cedk.M ds dsl dh vihy ds nkSjku ykgkSj gkbZdksVZ esa c;ku nsrs gq, Hkxr¯lg us fopkjksa dh egÙkk ij cy nsrs gq, dgk Fkk % ¶bUo+Qykc dh ryokj fopkjksa dh lku ij rst+ dh tkrh gS]¸ vkSj mlds vkèkkj ij mUgksaus ;g lw=k çLrqr fd;k fd ¶vkykspuk vkSj LorU=k fopkj fdlh ØkfUrdkjh ds nks vifjgk;Z xq.k gSa]¸ vkSj ;g fd ¶tks vkneh çxfr ds fy, la?k\"kZ djrk gS mls iqjkus fo'oklksa dh ,d&,d ckr dh vkykspuk djuh gksxh] ml ij vfo'okl djuk gksxk vkSj mls pqukSrh nsuh gksxhA bl çpfyr fo'okl ds ,d&,d dksus esa >k¡ddj mls foosdiwoZd le>uk gksxkA¸ mUgksaus n`<+rk ds lkFk dgk Fkk fd ¶fujk fo'okl vkSj vUèkfo'okl [k+rjukd gS] blls efLr\"d dqf.Br gksrk gS vkSj vkneh çfrfØ;koknh gks tkrk gSA¸ Hkxr¯lg Lohdkj djrs Fks fd ¶bZ'oj esa det+ksj vkneh dks t+cjnLr vk'oklu vkSj lgkjk feyrk gS vkSj fo'okl mldh dfBukb;ksa dks vklku gh ugha cfYd lq[kdj Hkh cuk nsrk gAS ¸ os ;g Hkh tkurs Fks fd ¶vk¡èkh vkjS rwi+Qku esa vius ik¡oksa ij [kM+s jguk dksbZ cPpksa dk [ksy ugha gSA¸ ysfdu os lgkjs ds fy, fdlh Hkh cukoVh vax ds fopkj dks n`<+rkiwoZd vLohdkj djrs FksA os dgrs Fks] ¶viuh fu;fr dk lkeuk djus ds fy, eq>s fdlh u'ks dh t+:jr ugha gSA¸ mUgksaus ,yku fd;k Fkk fd ¶tks vkneh vius ik¡oksa ij [kM+s gksus dh 64 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

dksf'k'k djrk gS vkSj ;FkkFkZoknh gks tkrk gS] mls èkk£ed fo'okl dks ,d rji+Q j[kdj] ftu&ftu eqlhcrksa vkjS nq[kksa esa ifjfLFkfr;ksa us mls Mky fn;k g]S mudk ,d enZ dh rjg cgknqjh ds lkFk lkeuk djuk gksxkA¸ bZ'oj] èkk£ed fo'okl vkSj èkeZ dks ;g frykatfy Hkxr¯lg ds fy, u rks vkdfLed Fkh vkSj u gh muds vfHkeku ;k vga dk ifj.kke FkhA mUgksaus cgqr igys 1926 esa bZ'oj dh lÙkk dks vLohdkj dj fn;k FkkA mUgha ds 'kCnksa esa] ¶1926 ds vUr rd eq>s bl ckr ij ;o+Qhu gks x;k Fkk fd l`f\"V dk fuekZ.k] O;oLFkkiu vkSj fu;U=k.k djus okyh fdlh loZ'kfDreku ije lÙkk ds vfLrRo dk fl¼kUr ,dne fujkèkkj gSA¸ Hkkouk dHkh ugha ejrh og tqykbZ] 1930 dk vfUre jfookj FkkA Hkxr¯lg ykgkSj ls.Vªy tsy ls gesa feyus ds fy, cksLVZy tsy vk;s FksA os bl rdZ ij ljdkj ls ;g lqfoèkk gkfly djus esa o+Qke;kc gks x;s Fks fd mUgsa nwljs vfHk;qDrksa ds lkFk cpko ds rjho+Qksa ij ckrphr djuh gSA rks ml fnu ge fdlh jktuhfrd fo\"k; ij cgl dj jgs Fks fd ckrksa dk #[k+ i+QSlys dh rji+Q eqM+ x;k] ftldk ge lcdks cslczh ls bUrt+kj FkkA et+ko+Q&et+ko+Q esa ge ,d&nwljs ds f[k+yki+Q i+QSlys lqukus yxs] fli+QZ jktxq# vkSj Hkxr¯lg dks bu i+QSlyksa ls cjh j[kk x;kA ge tkurs Fks fd mUgsa iQk¡lh ij yVdk;k tk;sxkA ¶vkSj jktxq# vkSj esjk i+QSlyk\\ D;k vki yksx gesa cjh dj jgs gSa\\¸ eqLdqjkrs gq, Hkxr¯lg us iwNkA fdlh us dksbZ tokc ugha fn;kA ¶vlfy;r dks Lohdkj djrs Mj yxrk gS\\¸ èkhes Loj esa mUgksaus iwNkA pqIih NkbZ jghA gekjh pqIih ij mUgksaus Bgkdk yxk;k vkSj cksys] ¶gesa xjnu ls iQk¡lh ds iQUns ls rc rd yVdk;k tk;s tc rd fd ge ej u tk;saA ;g gS vlfy;rA eSa bls tkurk gw¡A rqe Hkh tkurs gksA fiQj bldh rji+Q ls vk¡[ksa D;ksa cUn djrs gk\\s ¸ vc rd Hkxr¯lg vius jax esa vk pqds FksA os cgqr èkhes Loj esa cksy jgs FksA ;gh mudk rjho+Qk FkkA lquus okyksa dks yxrk Fkk fd os mUgsa iQqlykus dh dksf'k'k dj jgs gSaA fpYykdj cksyuk mudh vknr ugha FkhA ;gh 'kk;n mudh 'kfDr Hkh FkhA os vius LokHkkfod vUnkt+ esa cksyrs jgs] ¶ns'kHkfDr ds fy, ;g loksZPp iqjLdkj gS] vkSj eq>s xoZ gS fd eSa ;g iqjLdkj ikus tk jgk gw¡A os lksprs gSa fd ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk oSpkfjd fodkl @ 65

esjs ik£Fko 'kjhj dks u\"V djds os bl ns'k esa lqjf{kr jg tk;saxsA ;g mudh Hkwy gSA os eq>s ekj ldrs gSa] ysfdu esjs fopkjksa dks ugha ekj ldrsA os esjs 'kjhj dks dqpy ldrs gSa] ysfdu esjh Hkkoukvksa dks ugha dqpy ldsaxsA fczfV'k gqdwer ds flj ij esjs fopkj ml le; rd ,d vfHk'kki dh rjg e¡Mjkrs jgsaxs tc rd os ;gk¡ ls Hkkxus ds fy, etcwj u gks tk;saA¸ Hkxr¯lg iwjs vkos'k esa cksy jgs FksA dqN le; ds fy, ge yksx Hkwy x;s fd tks vkneh gekjs lkeus cSBk gS og gekjk lg;ksxh gSA os cksyrs tk jgs Fks % ¶ysfdu ;g rLohj dk fli+QZ ,d igyw gSA nwljk igyw Hkh mruk gh mTToy gSA fczfV'k gqdwer ds fy, ejk gqvk Hkxr¯lg thfor Hkxr¯lg ls T+;knk [k+rjukd gksxkA eq>s iQk¡lh gks tkus ds ckn esjs ØkfUrdkjh fopkjksa dh lqxUèk gekjs bl euksgj ns'k ds okrkoj.k esa O;kIr gks tk;sxhA og ukStokuksa dks engks'k djsxh vkSj os vkt+knh vkSj ØkfUr ds fy, ikxy gks mBsaxsA ukStokuksa dk ;g ikxyiu gh fczfV'k lkezkT;okfn;ksa dks fouk'k ds dxkj ij igq¡pk nsxkA ;g esjk n`<+ fo'okl gSA eSa cslczh ds lkFk ml fnu dk bUrt+kj dj jgk gw¡ tc eq>s ns'k ds fy, esjh lsokvksa vkSj turk ds fy, esjs çse dk loksZPp iqjLdkj feysxkA¸ Hkxr¯lg dh Hkfo\";ok.kh ,d lky ds vUnj gh lp lkfcr gqbZA mudk uke ekSr dks pqukSrh nsus okys lkgl] cfynku] ns'kHkfDr vkSj ladYi'khyrk dk çrhd cu x;kA lektoknh lekt dh LFkkiuk dk mudk liuk f'kf{kr ;qodksa dk liuk cu x;k vkSj ^bUo+Qykc ft+Unkckn* dk mudk ukjk lewps jk\"Vª dk ;q¼ukn gks x;kA 1930&32 esa turk ,d gksdj mB [kM+h gqbZA dkjkxkj] dksM+s vkSj ykfB;ksa ds çgkj mlds eukscy dks rksM+ ugha ldsA ;gh Hkkouk] blls Hkh Å¡ps Lrj ij] ^Hkkjr NksM+ks* vkUnksyu ds nkSjku fn[kk;h nh FkhA Hkxr¯lg dk uke gksaBksa ij vkSj mudk ukjk vius >.Mksa ij fy;s gq, fd'kksjksa vkSj cPpksa us xksfy;ksa dk lkeuk bl rjg fd;k ekuks os eD[ku dh cuh gqbZ gksaA iwjk jk\"Vª ikxy gks mBk FkkA vkSj fiQj vk;k 1945&46 dk nkSj tc fo'o us ,d loZFkk u;s Hkkjr dks djoVsa cnyrs ns[kkA et+nwj] fdlku] Nk=k] uo;qod] ukSlsuk] Fkylsuk] ok;qlsuk vkSj iqfyl rd μ lc dM+k çgkj djus ds fy, vkrqj FksA fuf\"Ø; çfrjksèk dh txg lfØ; tokch geys us ys yhA cfynku vkjS ;krukvksa dks lgu djus dh tks Hkkouk 1930&31 rd FkksM+s ls ukStokuksa rd lhfer Fkh] vc lewph turk esa fn[kk;h ns jgh FkhA foæksg dh Hkkouk us iwjs jk\"Vª dks viuh fxjÝ+r esa tdM+ fy;k FkkA Hkxr¯lg us Bhd gh rks dgk Fkk] ¶Hkkouk dHkh ugha ejrhA¸ vkSj ml le; Hkh og ejh ugha FkhA 66 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

lUnHkZ 1. Quoted in the Sedition Committee (Rowlatt) Report 1919, p. 3 2- ogh] i`\"B 2 3- ogh] i`\"B 2 4- eUeFkukFk xqIr % Hkkjrh; ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk bfrgkl] nwljk laLdj.k] 1960] i`\"B 44 5- rkfj.kh 'kadj pØorhZ % Hkkjr esa l'kL=k ØkfUr dh Hkwfedk] ØkfUrdkjh çdk'ku] fet+kZiqj] i`\"B 142 6. Budhadeva Bhattacharya (ed.), Freedom Struggle µ Anushilan Samiti, p. 48 7- ogh] i`\"B 68 8. J. C. Car: Political Troubles in India 1907-1917, Preface, 1973, p. XIII 9. Quoted in Sedition Committee Report, p. 7 10- rkfj.kh 'kadj pØorhZ % i`\"B 93 11. G. Adhikari: Challenge, PPH, New Delhi, Jan. 1984, p. 3 12. Tridib Chaudhary: Freedom Struggle and Anushilan Samiti, Introduction, p. XVI-XVII 13- vesfjdk ds Hkkjrh; ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dh xfrfofèk;ksa ds ckjs esa vfèkdrj lkexzh ,y-ih- ekFkqj dh iqLrd Indian Revolutionary Movement in United States of America ls yh gSA ;g iqLrd ,l- pk¡n ,.M d-] u;h fnYyh ls 1970 esa çdkf'kr gqbZ FkhA 14. Paraphrased from Ghadar Weekly, Vol. 1, No. 3 (Dec. 30, 1913) by Sohan Singh Josh, Hindustan Ghadar Party, A Short History, p. 160 15- ogh] i`\"B 189 16- ogh] i`\"B 175 17- ogh] i`\"B 192 18- ogh] i`\"B 177 19- ogh] i`\"B 193 20- ogh] i`\"B 193 21. L.P. Mathur, op. Cit., p. 23 22- ogh] i`\"B 29 23. Presidential Address to Special (Calcutta) Session of the Indian National Congress, September 1920. Quoted by R.P. Dutt; India Today, p. 280 24- ogh] i`\"B 284 25- nsf[k;s ifjf'k\"V u- 1 26- 'kphUæukFk lkU;ky dh iqLrd cUnh thou ls fo'ofe=k mikè;k; }kjk 'kphUæukFk lkU;ky vkSj mudk ;qx esa m¼`r] i`\"B 195 27- ogh] i`\"B 156 28. S.N. Mazumdar: In Search of a Revolutionary Theory and a Revolutionary Program. p. 178 29- ogh] i`\"B 177 ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk oSpkfjd fodkl @ 67

30- ogh] i`\"B 178 31- ogh] i`\"B 154 32- ogh] i`\"B 181&2 33- ogh] i`\"B 183 34. Jawaharlal Nehru: An Autobiography, John Lane, The Bodley Head, London, 1936, p. 164-5 35. Quoted by Pratima Ghosh, Meerut Conspiracy Case µ the Left-Wing in India, p. 47 36- ogh] i`\"B 53 37- ;g fcy lnu esa cgl ds fy, 21 ekpZ dks is'k fd;k x;kA ysfdu vè;{k us mls 2 vçSy] 1929 rd ds fy, LFkfxr dj fn;kA 2 vçSy dks mUgksaus fu.kZ; fn;k fd pw¡fd fcy dk vkèkkj vkSj esjB \"kM~;U=k dsl esa vfHk;qDrksa ds f[k+yki+Q yxk;s x;s vfHk;kxs ,d tlS s g]aS bl fLFkfr esa fcy ij tks cgl gksxh mlls vfHk;qDrksa ds cpko ij vlj iM+sxkA bu dkj.kksa ls mUgksaus fcy ij cgl dh vuqefr ugha nhA 4 vçSy dks Hkkjr ljdkj us mls fiQj lnu ds lkeus is'k fd;k vkSj cgl dh vuqefr ek¡xhA 11 vçSy dks vè;{k us ljdkj dh vihy Bqdjk nh vkSj viuk fu.kZ; cjo+Qjkj j[kkA 13 vçSy dks ok;ljk; us mls vè;kns'k ds :i esa ykxw dj fn;kA 38. Quoted by G. Adhikari in an article in Mainstream, April 29, 1981 39. G. Adhikari (ed.): Documents of the History of the Communist Party of India, Vol. II, p. 443 40- ogh] i`\"B 442 41- ogh] i`\"B 473 42. S.N. Mazumdar, op. Cit. p. 176 43. G. S. Deol, Sardar Bhagat Singh 44- ogh] i`\"B 113 45. Bipan Chandra, Introduction to 'Why I am an Atheist?', Sardar Bhagat Singh Research Committee, New Delhi. 1979 46- ogh 68 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

[k.M ,d nLrkots + vkjS i=k (fo\"k;kulq kj] dkyØekulq kj)



I. ;g thou n's k dks le£ir % Hkxr¯lg ds Ng 'k#q vkrh i=k



nknk th ds uke ,d i=k 'kghn Hkxr¯lg dk tUe 28 flrEcj] 1907 dks gvq kA ml le; muds pkpk vthr ¯lg dks ykyk yktirjk; ds lkFk fdlku&vkUnksyu dk çfrfufèkRo djus ij vaxzst+ ljdkj us ek.Mys (cekZ) esa fuokZflr dj j[kk FkkA turk ds jks\"k ds vkxs >dq rs g,q uoEcj] 1907 eas mUgas fjgk fd;k x;kA firk fd'ku ¯lg dks vxa tsz + ljdkj us usiky ls idM+k Fkk vkSj NksM+ fn;k FkkA lcls NksVs pkpk Lo.kZ ¯lg ij dbZ eqo+Qnes cuk;s x;s Fks] vkSj os tekur ij fjgk gq, FksA blhfy, nknh us Hkxr¯lg dks ^Hkkxk¡okyk* (HkkX;'kkyh) eku fy;k FkkA ckck vtqZu ¯lg us vius iksrs dk ikyu&iks\"k.k viuh ns[kjs[k esa fd;kA os 'kq: ls gh mlds Hkhrj lkekftd psruk vkSj rdZ&'kfDr ds fodkl ds fy, ç;Ru'khy Fks] vkSj mls lkekftd cjkcjh vkSj çxfr ds fopkjksa ls ifjfpr djk jgs FkAs Hkxr¯lg dh igys pkj lky dh i<k+ bZ vius xko¡ cxa k pDd u- 105 xxq jS k ckz pa (vc yk;yijq ] ikfdLrku) eas gbq Z vkjS vkxs i<u+ s ds fy, os firkth ds ikl ykgkSj vk x;sA ;g Hkxr¯lg dk igyk [k+r gS] tc os NBh d{kk esa i<+ jgs FksA mudk ;g i=k nknk vtqZu ¯lg dks lEcksfèkr gS] tks mu fnuksa xk¡o [kVdM+ dyk¡ vk;s gq, FksA i=k mnwZ esa gSA μ l- ykgkSj] 22 tqykbZ] 1918 iwT; ckckth] ueLrAs vtZ+ ;g gS fd vkidk [kr+ feykA i<d+ j fny [k+ 'q k gvq kA bfErgku dh ckcr ;g gS fd euaS s igys bl okLrs ugha fy[kk Fkk D;kfas d geas crk;k ugha x;k FkkA vc geas vxa tsz h+ vkjS lLa Ñr dk urhtk crk;k x;k gAS mueas eaS ikl gA¡w lLa Ñr eas ejs s 150 uEcjkas eas 110 uEcj gAaS vxa tsz h+ eas 150 eas ls 68 uEcj gAaS tks 150 eas ls 50 uEcj ys tk;s og ikl gkrs k gAS 68 uEcjkas dks yds j eaS vPNh rjg ikl gks x;k gA¡w fdlh foQ+ Le dh fpUrk u djukA ckoQ+ h ugha crk;k x;kA Nfq VV~ ;k]¡ 8 vxLr dks igyh NVq V~ h gkxs hA vki dc vk;xas ]s fy[kukA vkidk rkcsnkj Hkxr¯lg ;g thou ns'k dks le£ir % Hkxr¯lg ds Ng 'kq#vkrh i=k @ 73

nknk th ds uke ,d vkjS i=k ykgkSj] 27 tqykbZ] 1919 Jheku iwT; nknk th] ueLrs! vt+Z gS fd [k+Sfj;r gS vkSj vkidh [k+Sfj;r Jhukjk;.k th ls usd euk;k djrk gw¡A vgoky ;s gS fd gekjk Nekgh bfErgku gks x;s] tks tqykbZ ls 'kq: gq, FksA fglkc ds ijps esa cgqr yM+ds iQsy gks x;s Fks] blfy, gekjk fglkc dk bfErgku ukS vxLr dks nkcs kjk gkxs kA vkjS lc rjg ls [kfS+ j;r gAS vkius dc vkuk gSA Hkkb;k th dks ;g crkb;s fd eSa Nekgh bfErgku esa lkjs etewuksa esa ikl gks x;k gw¡A ekrkth] pkphth dks ueLrsA dqyrkj ¯lg dks 24 tqykbZ dh jkr vkSj 25 tqykbZ dh 'kke dks cq[kkj FkkA vHkh mls vkjke gS] fdlh fo+QLe dh fi+QØ u djsaA vkidk rkcns kj--- Hkxr¯lg Hkxr¯lg us 12 lky dh mez eas nknk vtuZq ¯lg ds uke mnZw eas ;g i=k fy[kk FkkA μ l- 74 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

nknk th ds uke ,d vkjS i=k ykgkSj] 14 uoEcj] 1921 esjs iwT; nknk lkgc th] ueLrAs vt+Z ;g gS fd bl txg [k+Sfj;r gS vkSj vkidh [k+Sfj;r Jh ijekRek th ls usd erywc g¡wA vgoky ;s gS fd eqír ls vkidk Ñik&i=k ugha feykA D;k lcc gS\\ dqychj ¯lg] dqyrkj ¯lg dh [k+Sfj;r ls tYnh eqÙkyk i+Qjek;saA cscs lkgck vHkh eksjk¡okyh ls okil ugha vk;haA cko+Qh lc [k+Sfj;r gSA (dkMZ dh nwljh rji+Q) ekrk th dks ueLrsA pkph lkgck dks ueLrsA eaxw pekj vHkh rd rks ugha vk;kA eSaus ,d iqjkuh fdrkc eksy yh Fkh] tksfd cgqr lLrh fey x;h FkhA (dkMZ dh ykbuksa ds chp mYVs #[k+) vktdy jys os okys gMr+ ky dh r;S kjh dj jgs gAaS mEehn gS fd vxys gÝr+ s ds ckn tYn 'kq: gks tk;sxhA vkidk rkcsnkj Hkxr¯lg bl i=k ls irk pyrk gS fd ml le; py jgs vlg;kxs vkUnkys u ds çHkko ls Hkxr¯lg vutkus ugha FksA os nknk dks crk;s fcuk u jg lds fd tYnh vkjEHk gksus okyh jsy&gM+rky dh mUgsa [k+cj gSA μ l- ;g thou ns'k dks le£ir % Hkxr¯lg ds Ng 'kq#vkrh i=k @ 75

xq#eq[kh esa fy[kk igyk i=k % pkph ds uke 13 vçSy] 1919 dks tfy;k¡okyk ckx+ esa vaxzst+ksa us ccZj o+QRysvke fd;kA 12 o\"khZ; Hkxr¯lg nwljs fnu ogk¡ x;s vkSj jDr&luh feV~Vh ysdj ?kj ykSVs] rks dbZ loky muds eu esa FksA viuh NksVh cfgu chch vejdkSj ls mUgksaus vius eu dh ckrsa dhaA 21 i+Qjojh] 1921 dks egUr ukjk;.knkl us uudkuk lkfgc esa 140 fl[kksa dks cM+h csjgeh ls ekj MkykA cgqrksa dks ft+Unk gh tyk fn;kA ykgkSj ls vius xk¡o caxk tkrs le; Hkxr¯lg us og LFkku ns[kk vkSj 5 ekpZ dks gqbZ cM+h dkWUç+Qsal Hkh ns[khA os uudkuk lkfgc ls bl ?kVuk lEcUèkh ,d dSys.Mj Hkh ysrs x;s FksA bl ?kVuk ls iwjs iatkc ds xk¡oksa esa vaxzst+ ljdkj ds f[k+yki+Q] ftlus egUr dh enn dh Fkh] ,d t+ksjnkj vkUnksyu mBkA gj xk¡o esa dkyh ixfM+;k¡ ck¡èkus vkSj iatkch i<+us dk fjokt+ py iM+kA Hkxr¯lg Hkh blds çHkko esa vk;sA HkkbZ&cfgu μ chch vejdkSj vkSj Hkxr¯lg μ us iatkch i<+uh o fy[kuh lh[khA ;g i=k mlh le; dk gS] tks 1910 esa tsy&;krukvksa ls 'kghn gq, pkpk Lo.kZ ¯lg dh iRuh pkph gDq edkjS dks fy[kk x;k FkkA fgTts tlS s ds rlS s fn;s tk jgs gAaS x#q e[q kh fyfi esa fy[kk Hkxr¯lg dk ;g igyk i=k gSA ckn esa iatkch esa Hkxr¯lg us cgqr&ls ys[k Hkh fy[ksA μ l- 15 uoEcj] 1921 esjh ije I;kjh pkph th] ueLrAs eq>s [k+r fy?k fy?kus (fy[kus) esa nsjh gks x;h gSA lks mEehn gS fd vki eki+Q djksxsA Hkkb;k th (firk fd'ku ¯lg) fnYyh x;s gq, gSaA HksHks (cscs μ ek)¡ ekjs ko¡ kyh dks x;h gbq Z gAaS ckoQ+ h lc jkth&[k+ 'q kh gAS cMh+ pkph th dks eRFkk VsdukA ekrk th dks eRFkk Vsduk] dqychj] dqyrkj ¯lg dks lfr Jh vdky ;k ueLrsA vkidk vkKkdkjh Hkxr¯lg 76 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

pkph ds uke ,d vkjS i=k ykgkSj] 24 vDVwcj] 1921 esjh fiz; pkph th] ueLrs! eaS tYlk n[s kus ds fy, yk;yijq x;k FkkA e>q s xko¡ vkuk Fkk] yfs du ckitw h us euk dj fn;k Fkk] blfy, eSa xk¡o ugha vk;kA eq>s eki+Q djuk ;fn dksbZ Hkwy gks x;h gks] pkpk th (Lo.kZ ¯lg) dk fp=k cu x;k gS] eq>s lkFk gh ykuk Fkk] ysfdu rc rd og iwjk ugha gqvk Fkk] blfy, eki+Q djukA tokc tYnh ns nsukA cM+h pkph th dks ekFkk Vsduk] ekrk th dks Hkh ekFkk VsdukA dqychj vkSj dqyrkj (NksVs HkkbZ) dks ueLrsA vkidk iq=k Hkxr¯lg Hkxr¯lg us o+Qjhc 14 lky dh mez esa viuh NksVh pkph (pkpk Lo.kZ ¯lg dh fo/ok gqDe dkSj) dks fy[kk FkkA iatkch Hkk\"kk o xqjeq[kh fyfi esa fy[kk ;g i=k pd u- 105] ft+yk yk;yiqj ds irs ij Hkstk x;k FkkA irk mnwZ esa fy[kk gS ij ft+yk yk;yiqj vaxzst+h v{kjksa esa gSA μ l- ;g thou ns'k dks le£ir % Hkxr¯lg ds Ng 'kq#vkrh i=k @ 77

?kj dks vyfonk % firk th ds uke i=k 1923 esa Hkxr¯lg] us'kuy dkWyst] ykgkSj ds fo|kFkhZ FksA tu&tkxj.k ds fy, Mªkek&Dyc esa Hkh Hkkx ysrs FksA ØkfUrdkjh vè;kidksa vkSj lkfFk;ksa ls ukrk tqM+ x;k FkkA Hkkjr dks vkt+knh dSls feys] bl ckjs esa yEck&pkSM+k vè;;u vkSj cglsa tkjh FkhaA ?kj esa nknh th us vius iksrs dh 'kknh dh ckr pyk;hA muds lkeus viuk rdZ u pyrs ns[k Hkxr¯lg us firk th ds uke ;g i=k fy[kk vkSj dkuiqj esa x.ks'k'kadj fo|kFkhZ ds ikl igq¡pdj ^çrki* esa dke 'kq: dj fn;kA ogha ch-d-s nÙk] f'ko oek]Z fot;deq kj flUgk tlS s ØkfUrdkjh lkfFk;kas ls eyq koQ+ kr gbq AZ mudk dkuiqj igq¡puk ØkfUr ds jkLrs ij ,d cM+k o+Qne cukA μ l- iwT; firk th] ueLrAs esjh ft+Unxh eo+Qlns&vkyk1 ;kuh vkt+knh&,&fgUn ds vlwy2 ds fy, oDiQ+ 3 gks pdq h gAS blfy, ejs h ftU+ nxh eas vkjke vkjS nfq u;koh [kk+ g'kkr4 ck;ls df'k'k5 ugha gSaA vkidks ;kn gksxk fd tc eSa NksVk Fkk] rks ckiw th us esjs ;Kksiohr ds oD+r ,yku fd;k Fkk fd eq>s f[k+ners&oru6 ds fy, oDi+Q fn;k x;k gSA fygkt+k eSa ml oD+r dh çfrKk iwjh dj jgk gw¡A mEehn gS vki eq>s eki+Q i+Qjek;saxsA vkidk rkcsnkj Hkxr¯lg 1- mPp mís'; 2- fl¼kUr 3- nku 4- lkalkfjd bPNk,¡ 5- vkd\"kZd 6- ns'k&lsok 78 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

II. fopkj&;k=kk dk igyk iMk+ o



iatkc dh Hkk\"kk vkSj fyfi dh leL;k 1924 ds nkSjku iatkc esa Hkk\"kk&fookn py jgk FkkA iatkch Hkk\"kk dh fyfi ds ç'u ij mnwZ vkSj fgUnh ds i{kèkjksa esa cgl tkjh FkhsA Hkxr¯lg Hkh bl cgl ij vius fopkj cukus yxs FksA iatkc dh Hkk\"kk vkjS fyfi dh leL;k ij ;g ys[k mUgkuas s ita kc fgUnh lkfgR; lEeys u ds vkeU=k.k ij fy[kk Fkk vkjS vOoy ekudj lEesyu us bl ij 50@& dk bZuke Hkh fn;k FkkA ;g ys[k lEesyu ds çèkkueU=kh Jh Hkhelsu fo|kyadkj us lqjf{kr j[kk vkSj Hkxr¯lg ds cfynku ds ckn 28 i+Qjojh] 1933 ds ^fgUnh lUns'k* esa çdkf'kr fd;kA μ l- ¶fdlh lekt vFkok ns'k dks igpkuus ds fy, ml lekt vFkok ns'k ds lkfgR; ls ifjfpr gksus dh ijeko';drk gksrh gS] D;ksafd lekt ds çk.kksa dh psruk ml lekt ds lkfgR; esa Hkh çfrPNfor gqvk djrh gSA¸ mijksDr dFku dh lR;rk dk bfrgkl lk{kh gSA ftl ns'k ds lkfgR; dk çokg ftl vksj cgk] Bhd mlh vksj og ns'k Hkh vxzlj gksrk jgkA fdlh Hkh tkfr ds mRFkku ds fy, Å¡ps lkfgR; dh vko';drk gqvk djrh gSA T;ksa&T;ksa ns'k dk lkfgR; Å¡pk gksrk tkrk gS] R;ksa&R;ksa ns'k Hkh mUufr djrk tkrk gSA ns'kHkDr] pkgs os fujs lekt&lqèkkjd gksa vFkok jktuhfrd usrk] lcls vfèkd è;ku ns'k ds lkfgR; dh vksj fn;k djrs gSaA ;fn os lkekftd leL;kvksa rFkk ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj uohu lkfgR; dh l`f\"V u djsa rks muds lc ç;Ru fu\"iQy gks tk;sa vkSj muds dk;Z LFkk;h u gks ik;saA 'kk;n xSjhckYMh dks bruh tYnh lsuk,¡ u fey ikrha] ;fn esftuh us 30 o\"kZ ns'k esa lkfgR; rFkk lkfgfR;d tkx`fr iSnk djus esa gh u yxk fn;s gksrsA vk;jyS.M ds iqu#RFkku ds lkFk xSfyd Hkk\"kk ds iqu#RFkku dk ç;Ru Hkh mlh osx ls fd;k x;kA 'kkld yksx vk;fj'k yksxksa dks nck;s j[kus ds fy, mudh Hkk\"kk dk neu djuk bruk vko';d le>rs Fks fd xSfyd Hkk\"kk dh ,d&vkèk dfork j[kus ds dkj.k NksVs&NksVs cPpksa rd dks nf.Mr fd;k tkrk FkkA :lks] okYVs;j ds lkfgR; ds fcuk ç+Qkal dh jkT;ØkfUr ?kfVr u gks ikrhA ;fn fopkj&;k=kk dk igyk iM+ko @ 81

VkyLVk;] dkyZ ekDlZ rFkk eSfDle xksdhZ bR;kfn us uohu lkfgR; iSnk djus esa o\"kks± O;rhr u dj fn;s gksrs] rks :l dh ØkfUr u gks ikrh] lkE;okn dk çpkj rFkk O;ogkj rks nwj jgkA ;gh n'kk ge lkekftd rFkk èkk£ed lqèkkjdksa esa ns[k ikrs gSaA dchj ds lkfgR; ds dkj.k muds Hkkoksa dk LFkk;h çHkko nh[k iM+rk gSA vkt rd mudh eèkqj rFkk ljl dforkvksa dks lqudj yksx eqXèk gks tkrs gSaA Bhd ;gh ckr xq# ukudnso th ds fo\"k; esa Hkh dgh tk ldrh gSA flD[k xq#vksa us vius er ds çpkj ds lkFk tc uohu lEçnk; LFkkfir djuk 'kq: fd;k] ml le; mUgksaus uohu lkfgR; dh vko';drk Hkh vuqHko dh vkSj blh fopkj ls xq# vaxnnso th us xq#eq[kh fyfi cuk;hA 'krkfCn;ksa rd fujUrj ;q¼ vkSj eqlyekuksa ds vkØe.kksa ds dkj.k iatkc esa lkfgR; dh deh gks x;h FkhA fgUnh Hkk\"kk dk Hkh yksi&lk gks x;k FkkA bl le; fdlh Hkkjrh; fyfi dks gh viukus ds fy, mUgksaus d'ehjh fyfi dks viuk fy;kA rRi'pkr xq# vtqZunso th rFkk HkkbZ xq#nkl th ds ç;Ru ls vkfnxzUFk dk ladyu gqvkA viuh fyfi rFkk viuk lkfgR; cukdj vius er dks LFkk;h :i nsus esa mUgksaus ;g cgqr çHkko'kkyh rFkk mi;ksxh o+Qne mBk;k FkkA mlds ckn T;ksa&T;ksa ifjfLFkfr cnyrh x;h] R;ksa&R;ksa lkfgR; dk çokg Hkh cnyrk x;kA xq#vksa ds fujUrj cfynkuksa rFkk d\"V&lgu ls ifjfLFkfr cnyrh x;hA tgk¡ ge çFke xq# ds mins'k esa HkfDr rFkk vkRefoLe`fr ds Hkko lqurs gSa vkSj fuEufyf[kr in esa deky vkftt+h dk Hkko ikrs gSa % ukud uUgs gks jgs] tSlh uUgha nwcA vkSj ?kkl tfj tkr gS] nwc [+kwc dh [+kwcAA ogha ij ge uosa xq# Jh rsxcgknqj th ds mins'k esa innfyr yksxksa dh gennhZ rFkk mudh lgk;rk ds Hkko ikrs gSa % ck¡fg ftUgk¡ nh idfM+;s] flj nhft;s ck¡fg u NksfM+;sA xq# rsxcgknqj cksy;k] èkjrh iS èkeZ u NksfM+;sAA muds cfynku ds ckn ge ,dk,d xq# xksfoUn ¯lg th ds mins'k esa {kk=k èkeZ dk Hkko ikrs gSaA tc mUgksaus ns[kk fd vc dsoy HkfDr&Hkko ls gh dke u pysxk] rks mUgksaus p.Mh dh iwtk Hkh çkjEHk dh vkSj HkfDr rFkk {kk=k èkeZ dk lekos'k dj flD[k leqnk; dks HkDrksa rFkk ;ks¼kvksa dk lewg cuk fn;kA mudh dfork (lkfgR;) esa ge uohu Hkko ns[krs gSaA os fy[krs gSa % ts rksfg çse [ksy.k dk pko] flj èkj ryh xyh eksjh vkoA ts br ekjx iSj èkjhtS] flj nhtS dka.k u dhtSAA 82 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

vkSj fiQj μ lwjk lks ifgpkfu;s] tks yM+S nhu ds gsrA iqt+kZ&iqt+kZ dV ejS] dHkw¡ u Nk¡M+S [ksrAA vkSj fiQj ,dk,d [kM~x dh iwtk çkjEHk gks tkrh gSA [kx [k.M fog.M] [ky ny [k.M vfr ju e.M ç[k.MA Hkqt n.M v[k.M] rst çp.M tksfr vHk.M HkkuqçHkaAA mUgha Hkkoksa dks ysdj ckck cUnk vkfn eqlyekuksa ds fo#¼ fujUrj ;q¼ djrs jgs] ijUrq mlds ckn ge ns[krs gaS fd tc flD[k lEçnk; dsoy vjktdksa dk ,d legw jg tkrk gS vkjS tc os xjS+ &oQ+ kuuw h (Outlaw) ?kkfs \"kr dj fn;s tkrs gSa] rc mUgsa fujUrj taxyksa esa gh jguk iM+rk gSA vc bl le; uohu lkfgR; dh l`f\"V ugha gks ldhA muesa uohu Hkko ugha Hkjs tk ldsA muesa {kk=k&o`fÙk Fkh] ohjRo rFkk cfynku dk Hkko Fkk vkjS elq yeku 'kkldkas ds fo#¼ ;¼q djrs jgus dk Hkko Fkk] ijUrq mlds ckn D;k djuk gksxk] ;g os Hkyh&Hkk¡fr ugha le>sA rHkh rks mu ohj ;ks¼kvksa ds lewg (felysa) vkil esa fHkM+ x;sA ;gha ij lkef;d Hkkoksa dh =kqfV cqjh rjg v[kjrh gSA ;fn ckn esa j.kthr ¯lg tSlk ohj ;ks¼k vkSj pkykd 'kkld u fudy vkrk] rks flD[kksa dks ,df=kr djus ds fy, dksbZ mPp vkn'kZ vFkok Hkko 'ks\"k u jg x;k FkkA bu lcds lkFk ,d ckr vkSj Hkh [k+kl è;ku nsus ;ksX; gSA laLÑr dk lkjk lkfgR; fgUnw lekt dks iuq thfZ or u dj ldk] blhfy, lkef;d Hkk\"kk eas uohu lkfgR; dh l`f\"V dh x;hA ml lkef;d Hkko ds lkfgR; us viuk tks çHkko fn[kk;k ogh ge vkt rd vuqHko djrs gaSA ,d vPNs le>nkj O;fDr ds fy, fDy\"V laLÑr ds eU=k rFkk iqjkuh vjch dh vk;rsa bruh çHkkodkjh ugha gks ldrha ftruh fd mldh viuh lkèkkj.k Hkk\"kk dh lkèkkj.k ckrsaA Åij iatkch Hkk\"kk rFkk lkfgR; ds fodkl dk laf{kIr bfrgkl fy[kk x;k gAS vc ge oreZ ku voLFkk ij vkrs gAaS yxHkx ,d gh le; ij cxa ky eas Lokeh foosdkuUn rFkk iatkc esa Lokeh jkerhFkZ iSnk gq,] nksuksa ,d gh <jsZ ds egkiq#\"k FksA nksuksa fons'kksa esa Hkkjrh; rÙoKku dh èkkd tekdj Lo;a Hkh txr&çfl¼ gks x;s] ijUrq Lokeh foosdkuUn dk fe'ku caxky esa ,d LFkk;h laLFkk cu x;k] ij ita kc eas Lokeh jkerhFkZ dk Lekjd rd ugha nh[k iMr+ kA mu nkus kas ds fopkjkas esa Hkkjh vUrj jgus ij Hkh rg esa ge ,d xgjh lerk ns[krs gSaA tgk¡ Lokeh foods kuUn de;Z kxs dk çpkj dj jgs Fk]s ogk¡ Lokeh jkerhFkZ Hkh eLrkukokj xk;k djrs Fks % ge :[ks VqdM+s [kk;saxs] Hkkjr ij okjs tk;saxsA ge lw[ks pus pck;saxs] Hkkjr dh ckr cuk;saxsA fopkj&;k=kk dk igyk iM+ko @ 83

ge uaxs mej fcrk;saxs] Hkkjr ij tku feVk;saxsA os dbZ ckj vefs jdk esa vLr gkrs s l;w Z dks n[s kdj vkl¡ w cgkrs g,q dgk djrs Fks μ ¶rqe vc esjs I;kjs Hkkjr esa mn; gksus tk jgs gksA esjs bu vk¡lqvksa dks Hkkjr ds lfyy lqUnj [ksrksa esa vksl dh c¡wnksa ds :i esa j[k nsukA¸ bruk egku ns'k rFkk bZ'oj&HkDr gekjs çkUr esa iSnk gqvk gks] ijUrq mldk Lekjd rd u nh[k iM+s] bldk dkj.k lkfgfR;d fiQlM~Mhiu ds vfrfjDr D;k gks ldrk gS\\ ;g ckr ge in&in ij vuqHko djrs gSaA caxky ds egkiq#\"k Jh nsosUæ Bkdqj rFkk Jh ds'kopUæ lsu dh VDdj ds iatkc esa Hkh dbZ egkiq#\"k gq, gSa] ijUrq mudh og o+Qæ ugha vkSj ejus ds ckn os tYn gh Hkqyk fn;s x;s] tSls Kku ¯lg th bR;kfnA bu lcdh rg esa ge ns[krs gSa fd ,d gh eq[; dkj.k gS] vkSj og gS lkfgfR;d #fp&tkx`fr dk loZFkk vHkkoA ;g rks fu'p; gh gS fd lkfgR; ds fcuk dksbZ ns'k vFkok tkfr mUufr ugha dj ldrh] ijUrq lkfgR; ds fy, lcls igys Hkk\"kk dh vko';drk gkrs h gS vkjS iatkc esa og ugha gSA brus fnuksa ls ;g =kqfV vuqHko djrs jgus ij Hkh vHkh rd Hkk\"kk dk dksbZ fu.kZ; u gks ik;kA mldk eq[; dkj.k gS gekjs çkUr ds nqHkkZX; ls Hkk\"kk dks et+gch leL;k cuk nsukA vU; çkUrksa esa ge ns[krs gSa fd eqlyekuksa eas çkUrh; Hkk\"kk dks [+kwc viuk fy;k gSA caxky ds lkfgR;&{ks=k esa dfo ut+j&my&bLyke ,d pedrs flrkjs gSaA fgUnh dfo;ksa esa yrhi+Q gqlSu ^uVoj* mYys[kuh; gSaA blh rjg xqtjkr esa Hkh gSa] ijUrq nqHkkZX; gS iatkc dkA ;gk¡ ij eqlyekuksa dk ç'u rks vyx jgk] fgUnw&flD[k Hkh bl ckr ij u fey ldsA iatkc dh Hkk\"kk vU; çkUrksa dh rjg iatkch gh gksuh pkfg, Fkh] fiQj D;ksa ugha gqbZ] ;g ç'u vuk;kl gh mBrk gS] ijUrq ;gk¡ ds eqlyekuksa us mnwZ dks viuk;kA eqlyekuksa esa Hkkjrh;rk dk loZFkk vHkko gS] blhfy, os leLr Hkkjr esa Hkkjrh;rk dk egÙo u le>dj vjch fyfi rFkk iQkjlh Hkk\"kk dk çpkj djuk pkgrs gSaA leLr Hkkjr dh ,d Hkk\"kk vkSj og Hkh fgUnh gksus dk egÙo mudh le> esa ugha vkrkA blfy, os rks viuh mnZw dh jV yxkrs jgs vkSj ,d vksj cSB x;sA fiQj flD[kksa dh ckjh vk;hA mudk lkjk lkfgR; xq#eq[kh fyfi esa gSA Hkk\"kk eas vPNh&[kk+ lh fgUnh g]S ijUrq e[q ; ita kch Hkk\"kk gAS blfy, flD[kkas us x#q e[q kh fyfi esa fy[kh tkus okyh iatkch Hkk\"kk dks gh viuk fy;kA os mls fdlh rjg NksM+ u ldrs FksA os mls et+gch Hkk\"kk cukdj mlls fpiV x;sA bèkj vk;Zlekt dk vkfoHkkZo gqvkA Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh us leLr Hkkjro\"kZ esa fgUnh çpkj djus dk Hkko j[kkA fgUnh Hkk\"kk vk;Zlekt dk ,d èkk£ed vax cu x;hA èkk£ed vax cu tkus ls ,d ykHk rks gqvk fd flD[kksa 84 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

dh dV~Vjrk ls iatkc dh j{kk gks x;h vkSj vk;Zlekft;ksa dh dV~Vjrk ls fgUnh Hkk\"kk us viuk LFkku cuk fy;kA vk;Zlekt ds çkjEHk ds fnuksa esa flD[kksa rFkk vk;Zlekft;ksa dh èkk£ed lHkk,¡ ,d gh LFkku ij gksrh FkhaA rc muesa dksbZ fHkUu HksnHkko u Fkk] ijUrq ihNs ^lR;kFkZ çdk'k* ds fdUgha nks&,d okD;ksa ds dkj.k vkil esa euksekfyU; cgqr c<+ x;k vkSj ,d&nwljs ls ?k`.kk gksus yxhA blh çokg esa cgdj flD[k yksx fgUnh Hkk\"kk dks Hkh ?k`.kk dh n`f\"V ls ns[kus yxsA vkSjksa us bldh vksj ¯dfpr Hkh è;ku u fn;kA ckn esa] dgrs gSa fd vk;Zlekth usrk egkRek galjkt th us yksxksa ls dqN ijke'kZ fd;k Fkk fd ;fn og fgUnh fyfi dks viuk ysa] rks fgUnh fyfi esa fy[kh tkus okyh iatkch Hkk\"kk ;wfuo£lVh esa eaT+kwj djok ysaxs] ijUrq nqHkkZX;o'k os yksx ladh.kZrk ds dkj.k vkSj lkfgfR;d tkx`fr ds u jgus ds dkj.k bl ckr ds egÙo dks le> gh u lds vkSj oSlk u gks ldkA [k+Sj! rks bl le; iatkc esa rhu er gSaA igyk eqlyekuksa dk mnwZ lEcUèkh dV~Vj i{kikr] nwljk vk;Zlekft;ksa rFkk dqN fgUnqvksa dk fgUnh lEcUèkh] rhljk iatkch dkA bl le; ge ,d&,d Hkk\"kk ds lEcUèk esa dqN fopkj djsa] rks vuqfpr u gksxkA lcls igys ge eqlyekuksa dk fopkj j[ksaxsA os mnwZ ds dV~Vj i{kikrh gSaA bl le; iatkc esa blh Hkk\"kk dk t+ksj Hkh gSA dksVZ dh Hkk\"kk Hkh ;gh gS] vkSj fiQj eqlyeku lTtuksa dk dguk ;g gS fd mnwZ fyfi esa T+;knk ckr FkksM+s LFkku eas fy[kh tk ldrh gAS ;g lc Bhd g]S ijUrq gekjs lkeus bl le; lcls e[q ; ç'u Hkkjr dks ,d jk\"Vª cukuk gSA ,d jk\"Vª cukus ds fy, ,d Hkk\"kk gksuk vko';d gS] ijUrq ;g ,dne gks ugha ldrkA mlds fy, o+Qne&o+Qne pyuk iM+rk gSA ;fn ge vHkh Hkkjr dh ,d Hkk\"kk ugha cuk ldrs rks de ls de fyfi rks ,d cuk nsuh pkfg,A mnwZ fyfi rks lok±xlEiw.kZ ugha dgyk ldrh] vkSj fiQj lcls cM+h ckr rks ;g gS fd mldk vkèkkj iQkjlh Hkk\"kk ij gSA mnwZ dfo;ksa dh mM+ku] pkgs os fgUnh (Hkkjrh;) gh D;ksa u gksa] bZjku ds lkdh vkSj vjc dh [ktwjksa dks tk igq¡prh gSA dkth ut+j&my&bLyke dh dfork esa rks èkwjtVh] fo'okfe=k vkSj nqokZlk dh ppkZ ckj&ckj gS] ijUrq gekjs iatkch fgUnh&mnwZ dfo ml vksj è;ku rd Hkh u ns ldsA D;k ;g nq[k dh ckr ugha\\ bldk eq[; dkj.k Hkkjrh;rk vkjS Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ls mudh vufHkKrk gAS muesa Hkkjrh;rk vk gh ugha ikrh] rks fiQj muds jfpr lkfgR; ls ge dgk¡ rd Hkkjrh; cu ldrs gSa\\ dsoy mnwZ i<+us okys fo|kFkhZ Hkkjr ds iqjkru lkfgR; dk Kku ugha gkfly dj ldrsA ;g ugha fd mnwZ tSlh lkfgfR;d Hkk\"kk esa mu xzUFkksa dk vuqokn ugha gks ldrk] ijUrq mlesa Bhd oSlk gh vuqokn gks ldrk fopkj&;k=kk dk igyk iM+ko @ 85

g]S tlS kfd ,d bjZ kuh dks Hkkjrh; lkfgR; lEcUèkh Kkukis ktuZ ds fy, vko';d gkAs ge vius mijksDr dFku ds leFkZu esa dsoy bruk gh dgsaxs fd tc lkèkkj.k vk;Z vkSj LojkT; vkfn 'kCnksa dks vk;kZ vkSj Lojkft;k fy[kk vkSj i<+k tkrk gS rks xw<+ rÙoKku lEcUèkh fo\"k;ksa dh ppkZ gh D;k\\ vHkh ml fnu Jh ykyk gjn;ky th ,e-,- dh mnwZ iqLrd ^o+QkeS sa fdl rjg ft+Unk jg ldrh gaS\\* dk vuqokn djrs gq, ljdkjh vuqoknd us Íf\"k ufpdsrk dks mnwZ esa fy[kk gksus ls uhph dqfr;k le>dj ^, fcp vkWi+Q yks vksfjftu* vuqokn fd;k FkkA blesa u rks ykyk gjn;ky th dk vijkèk Fkk] u vuqoknd egksn; dkA blesa o+Qlwj Fkk mnwZ fyfi dk vkSj mnwZ Hkk\"kk dh fgUnh Hkk\"kk rFkk lkfgR; ls fofHkUurk dkA 'k\"s k Hkkjr eas Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kk,¡ vkjS fyfi;k¡ çpfyr gAaS ,ls h voLFkk eas ita kc esa mnwZ dk çpkj dj D;k ge Hkkjr ls ,dne vyx&Fkyx gks tkosa\\ ughaA vkSj fiQj lcls cM+h ckr rks ;g gS fd mnwZ ds dV~Vj i{kikrh eqlyeku ys[kdksa dh mnwZ esa iQkjlh dk gh vkfèkD; jgrk gSA ^t+ehankj* vkSj ^fl;klr* vkfn eqlyeku&lekpkji=kksa esa rks vjch dk t+ksj jgrk gS] ftls ,d lkèkkj.k O;fDr le> Hkh ugha ldrkA ,slh n'kk esa mldk çpkj dSls fd;k tk ldrk gS\\ ge rks pkgrs gSa fd eqlyeku HkkbZ Hkh vius et+gc ij iDds jgrs gq, Bhd oSls gh Hkkjrh; cu tk;sa tSlsfd deky VdZ (rqdZ) gSaA Hkkjrks¼kj rHkh gks ldsxkA gesa Hkk\"kk vkfn ds ç'uksa dks ek£ed leL;k u cukdj [+kwc fo'kky n`f\"Vdks.k ls ns[kuk pkfg,A blds ckn ge fgUnh&iatkch Hkk\"kkvksa dh leL;k ij fopkj djsaxsA cgqr&ls vkn'kZoknh lTtu leLr txr dks ,d jk\"Vª] fo'o jk\"Vª cuk gqvk ns[kuk pkgrs gAaS ;g vkn'kZ cgrq lUq nj gAS gedks Hkh blh vkn'kZ dks lkeus j[kuk pkfg,A ml ij i.w krZ ;k vkt O;ogkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk] ijUrq gekjk gj ,d oQ+ ne] gekjk gj ,d dk;Z bl lalkj dh leLr tkfr;ksa] ns'kksa rFkk jk\"Vªksa dks ,d lqn`<+ lw=k esa ck¡èkdj lq[k&o`f¼ djus ds fopkj ls mBuk pkfg,A mlls igys gedks vius ns'k esa ;gh vkn'kZ o+Qk;e djuk gksxkA leLr ns'k esa ,d Hkk\"kk] ,d fyfi] ,d lkfgR;] ,d vkn'kZ vkSj ,d jk\"Vª cukuk iM+sxk] ijUrq leLr ,drkvksa ls igys ,d Hkk\"kk dk gksuk t+:jh gS] rkfd ge ,d&nwljs dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr le> ldsaA ,d ita kch vkjS ,d eæklh bdV~Bk cBS dj dos y ,d&nlw js dk eg¡q gh u rkdk djsa] cfYd ,d&nwljs ds fopkj rFkk Hkko tkuus dk ç;Ru djsa] ijUrq ;g ijk;h Hkk\"kk vaxzst+h esa ugha] cfYd fgUnqLrku dh viuh Hkk\"kk fgUnh esaA ;g vkn'kZ Hkh] iwjk gksrs&gksrs vHkh dbZ o\"kZ yxsaxsA mlds ç;Ru esa gesa lcls igys lkfgfR;d tkx`fr iSnk djuh pkfg,A dsoy fxurh ds dqNsd O;fDr;ksa esa ugha] cfYd 86 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

lolZ kèkkj.k eAas lolZ kèkkj.k eas lkfgfR;d tkx`fr inS k djus ds fy, mudh viuh gh Hkk\"kk vko';d gSA blh rdZ ds vkèkkj ij ge dgrs gSa fd iatkc esa iatkch Hkk\"kk gh vkidks liQy cuk ldrh gSA vHkh rd iatkch lkfgfR;d Hkk\"kk ugha cu ldh gS vkSj leLr iatkc dh ,d Hkk\"kk Hkh og ugha gSA xq#eq[kh fyfi esa fy[kh tkus okyh eè; iatkc dh cksypky dh Hkk\"kk dks gh bl le; rd iatkch dgk tkrk gSA og u rks vHkh rd fo'ks\"k :i ls çpfyr gh gks ik;h gS vkSj u gh lkfgfR;d rFkk oSKkfud gh cu ik;h gSA mldh vksj igys rks fdlh us è;ku gh ugha fn;k] ijUrq vc tks lTtu ml vksj è;ku Hkh ns jgs gSa mUgsa fyfi dh viw.kZrk csrjg v[kjrh gSA la;qDr v{kjksa dk vHkko vkSj gyUr u fy[k ldus vkfn ds dkj.k mlesa Hkh Bhd&Bhd lc 'kCn ugha fy[ks tk ldrs] vkSj rks vkSj] iw.kZ 'kCn Hkh ugha fy[kk tk ldrkA ;g fyfi rks mnwZ ls Hkh vfèkd viw.kZ gS vkSj tc gekjs lkeus oSKkfud fl¼kUrksa ij fuHkZj lok±xlEiw.kZ fgUnh fyfi fo|eku gS] fiQj mls viukus esa fgpd D;k\\ xq#eq[kh fyfi rks fgUnh v{kjksa dk gh fcxM+k gqvk :i gSA vkjEHk esa gh mldk m dk X] v dk A cuk gqvk gS vkSj e V B vkfn rks os gh v{kj gSaA lc fu;e feyrs gSa fiQj ,dne mls gh viuk ysus ls fdruk ykHk gks tk;sxk\\ lok±xlEiw.kZ fyfi dks viukrs gh iatkch Hkk\"kk mUufr djuk 'kq: dj nsxhA vkSj mlds çpkj esa dfBukbZ gh D;k gS\\ iatkc dh fgUnw fL=k;k¡ blh fyfi ls ifjfpr gSaA Mh-,-oh- Ldwyksa vkSj lukru èkeZ Ldwyksa esa fgUnh gh i<+kbZ tkrh gSA ,slh n'kk esa dfBukbZ gh D;k gS\\ fgUnh ds i{kikrh lTtuksa ls ge dgsaxs fd fu'p; gh fgUnh Hkk\"kk gh vUr esa leLr Hkkjr dh ,d Hkk\"kk cusxh] ijUrq igys ls gh mldk çpkj djus ls cgqr lqfoèkk gksxhA fgUnh fyfi ds viukus ls gh iatkch fgUnh dh&lh cu tkrh gSA fiQj rks dksbZ Hksn gh ugha jgsxk vkSj bldh t+:jr gS] blfy, fd loZlkèkkj.k dks f'kf{kr fd;k tk lds vkjS ;g viuh Hkk\"kk ds vius lkfgR; ls gh gks ldrk gAS ita kch dh ;g dfork nsf[k;s μ vks jkfg;k jkgs tkUn;k] lqu tk xy esjh] flj rs ix rsjs oySr nh] bguw¡ iQwd evkrM+k ykAA vkSj blds eqo+Qkcys esa fgUnh dh cM+h&cM+h lqUnj dfork,¡ dqN çHkko u dj ldsaxh] D;ksafd og vHkh loZlkèkkj.k ds ân; ds Bhd Hkhrj viuk LFkku ugha cuk ldh gSA og vHkh dqN cgqr ijk;h&lh nh[k iM+rh gSA dkj.k fd fgUnh dk vkèkkj laLÑr gSA iatkc mlls dkslksa nwj gks pqdk gSA iatkch esa iQkjlh us viuk çHkko cgqr dqN j[kk gSA ;Fkk] pht+ dk tek ^pht+sa* u gksdj iQkjlh dh rjg ^pht+k¡* cu x;k gSA ;g vlwy vUr rd dk;Z djrk fn[kk;h nsrk gSA fopkj&;k=kk dk igyk iM+ko @ 87

dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd iatkch ds fudV gksus ij Hkh fgUnh vHkh iatkch&ân; ls dki+Qh nwj gSA gk¡] iatkch Hkk\"kk ds fgUnh fyfi esa fy[ks tkus ij vkSj mlds lkfgR; cukus ds ç;Ru esa fu'p; gh og fgUnh ds fudVrj vk tk;xs hA çk;% lHkh eq[; rdks± ij rdZ fd;k tk pqdk gSA vc dsoy ,d ckr dgsaxsA cgqr&ls lTtuksa dk dFku gS fd iatkch Hkk\"kk esa ekèkq;Z] lkSUn;Z vkSj Hkkoqdrk ugha gSA ;g ljklj fujkèkkj gSA vHkh ml fnu μ yPNh, ftRFks rw ikuh Mksfy;k vksRFks mx i;s lUny ns cwVs okys xkus ds ekèkq;Z us dohUæ johUæ rd dks eksfgr dj fy;k vkSj os >V vaxzst+h esa vuqokn djus yxs μ O Lachi, where there spilt water, where there spilt water....etc...etc... vkSj cgqr&ls vkSj mnkgj.k Hkh fn;s tk ldrs gSaA fuEu okD; D;k fdlh vU; Hkk\"kk dh dforkvksa ls de gS\\ μ fiiys ns iÙk;k os dsgh [kM+[kM+ yk;h ,sA iÙks >M+s iqjkus gq.k #Ùk uo;k¡ nh vk;h vkAA vkSj fiQj tc iatkch vdsyk vFkok lewg cSBk gks rks ^xkSgj* ds ;s in ftruk çHkko djsaxs] mruk dksbZ vkSj Hkk\"kk D;k djsxh\\ yke yD[kk¡ rs djksM+k¡ ns 'kkg os[ks u eqlkfiQjk¡ dksbZ mèkkj nsank] fnus jkrha ftUgk¡ ns dwp Msjs u mUgk¡ ns Fkk;ha dksbZ ,rckj nsankA HkkSjs cgans xqyk¡ nh ok'kuk rs uk lIik ns eqgk¡ rs dksbZ I;kj nsank xkSgj le; lywd gu T;wan;k ns eks;k¡ fx;k¡ uw¡ gj dksbZ folkj nsankA vkSj fiQj μ the T;wfn;k¡ uw¡ D;ksa ekjuk ,sa] tsdj ugha rwa eks;k¡ uw¡ ftvkS.k tksxk ?kj vk;s lokyh uw¡ D;ksa ?kwjuk ,sa] tsdj ugha rw gRFkha [k+Sj ikS.k tksxk feys fnyk¡ uw¡ D;ksa fcNksM+uk ,sa] tsdj ugha rw fcNM+;k¡ uw feykS.k tksxk xkSgjk cnh;k¡ j[k cUn [kkus] tsdj ugha rw usdhvk¡ dekS.k tksxkA vkSj fiQj vc rks nnZ] eLrkuk] nhokuk cM+s vPNs&vPNs dfo iatkch dh dfork dk Hk.Mkj c<+k jgs gSaA ,slh eèkqj] ,slh foeqXèkdkjh Hkk\"kk rks iatkfc;ksa us gh u viuk;h] ;gh nq[k gAS vc Hkh ugha viukr]s leL;k ;gh gAS gjds viuh ckr ds ihNs etg+ ch M.Mk fy;s [kM+k gSA blh vM+axs dks fdl rjg nwj fd;k tk;s] ;gh iatkc dh Hkk\"kk rFkk fyfi fo\"k;d leL;k gS] ijUrq vk'kk dsoy bruh gS fd flD[kksa esa bl le; lkfgfR;d tkx`fr iSnk gks jgh gSA fgUnqvksa esa Hkh gSA lHkh le>nkj yksx feydj&cSBdj fu'p; gh D;ksa ugha dj ysrsA ;gh ,d mik; gS bl leL;k 88 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

dks gy djus dkA et+gch fopkj ls Åij mBdj bl ç'u ij x+kSj fd;k tk ldrk gS] oSls gh fd;k tk;s] vkSj fiQj ve`rlj ds ^çse* tSls i=k dh Hkk\"kk dks tj+ k lkfgfR;d cukrs g,q ita kc ;fw uo£lVh eas ita kch Hkk\"kk dks eTa k+ jw djk nus k pkfg,A bl rjg lc c[ksM+k r; gks tkrk gSA bl c[ksM+s ds r; gksrs gh iatkc esa bruk lqUnj vkSj Å¡pk lkfgR; iSnk gksxk fd ;g Hkh Hkkjr dh mÙke Hkk\"kkvksa esa fxuh tkus yxsxhA fopkj&;k=kk dk igyk iM+ko @ 89

fo'oçse cyoUr ¯lg ds Nn~e uke ls fy[kk x;k Hkxr¯lg dk ;g ys[k dydÙkk ls çdkf'kr lkIrkfgd ^erokyk* (o\"kZ % 2] vad la- 13&14) ds nks vadksa esa Nik FkkA bu vadksa dh rkjh[ksa+ Øe'k% 15 uoEcj] 1924 ,oa 22 uoEcj] 1924 FkhaA μ l- ¶olqèkSo dqVqEcde~!¸ ftl dfo lezkV dh ;g vewY; dYiuk gS] ftl fo'oçse ds vuqHkoh dk ;g ân;ksn~xkj gS] mldh egÙkk dk o.kZu djuk euq\";&'kfDr ls loZFkk ckgj gSA ^fo'ocUèkqrk!* bldk vFkZ eSa rks leLr lalkj eas lekurk (lkE;okn] World wide Equality in the true sense) ds vfrfjDr vkSj dqN ugha le>rkA dlS k mPp gS ;g fopkj! lHkh vius gkAas dkbs Z Hkh ijk;k u gkAs dlS k l[q ke; gksxk og le;] tc lalkj ls ijk;kiu loZFkk u\"V gks tk;sxk_ ftl fnu ;g fl¼kUr leLr lalkj esa O;kogkfjd :i esa ifj.kr gksxk] ml fnu lalkj dks mUufr ds f'k[kj ij dg ldsaxsA ftl fnu çR;sd euq\"; bl Hkko dks ân;axe dj ysxk] ml fnu μ ml fnu lalkj dSlk gksxk\\ t+jk dYiuk djks rks! ml fnu bruh 'kfDr gksxh fd ^'kkfUr 'kkfUr* dh iqdkj Hkh 'kkfUr Hkax u dj ldsxhA ml fnu Hkw[k yxus ij jksVh ds fy, fdlh dks Hkh fpYy&iksa epkus dh vko';drk ugha gqvk djsxhA O;kikj ml fnu mUufr ds f'k[kj ij gksxk] ijUrq ç+Qkal vkSj teZuh esa O;kikj ds uke ij ?kksj ;q¼ u gqvk djsaxsA ml fnu vesfjdk vkSj tkiku nksuksa gksaxs] ijUrq muesa iwohZ vkSj if'pehiu u gksxkA dkys&xksjs ml fnu Hkh gksaxs ijUrq vesfjdkoklh ogk¡ ds dkys fuoklh (Red Indians) dks thrs&th tyk u ldsaxsA 'kkfUr gksxh ijUrq ihuydksM dh vko';drk u gksxhA vaxzst+ Hkh gksaxs vkSj Hkkjroklh Hkh] ijUrq ml le; muesa X+kqyke vkSj 'kkld dk Hkko u gksxkA ml fnu egkRek VkyLVk; ds Resist not the evil (cqjkb;ksa dk çfrdkj er djks) okys fl¼kUr dh mPp èofu u yxkus ij Hkh lla kj eas cjq kb;k¡ utj+ u vk;xsa hA ml le; gkxs h i.w kZ LorU=krkA dlS k gkxs k og le;\\ t+jk dYiuk djks! 90 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

orZeku n'kk dks ns[kdj dkSu dg ldrk gS fd ,slk le; Hkh vk ldrk gS] ftl le; fdlh ds Hk; ls ugha] ijUrq vius ân; dh çsj.kk ls gh euq\"; iki&deZ ugha djsaxsA ;fn ml fnu Hkh gesa fdlh dfYir LoxZ dh fyIlk gksxh rks ge dg nsaxs fd LoxZ dksbZ oLrq gS gh ugha! D;k og le; vk ldrk gS! ;g gS ,d leL;k μ ,d cM+h leL;k gSA bldk mÙkj nsuk dksbZ lqxe dk;Z ugha gSA ijUrq eSa iwNrk gw¡ fd D;k yksx ml le; dks ykuk pkgrs gSa\\ os yksx tks ^fo'ocUèkqrk* (Universal brotherhood ;k Cosmopolitanism) dk ?kksj ukn fd;k djrs gSa_ D;k okLro esa mls ykus ds bPNqd gSa\\ ^gk¡* dg nsus ls gh dke ugha pysxkA dkaxzsl dk çLrko ugha gSA ç'u xEHkhjrkiwoZd fopkj djus ;ksX; gSA D;k yksx mlds fy, cfynku nsus dks rS;kj gSa\\ ml dfYir Hkfo\"; ds fy, gesa ?kksj orZeku nsuk gksxkA ml dfYir 'kkfUr ds fy, gesa v'kkfUr iQSykuh gksxhA ml gokbZ fo+Qys ds fy, gesa loZLo nsuk gksxkA ml 'kkfUriw.kZ jkT; dh LFkkiuk ds fy, gesa ?kksj vjktdrk iQSykuh gksxhA ml vR;kpkj jfgr lalkj dks viuh vksj [khapus ds fy, vR;kpkj djus gksaxsA ml lq[ke; thou ds fy, μ ugha] ugha] mldh vk'kk&ek=k ds fy, ej feVuk gksxkA D;k yksx mlds fy, rS;kj gSa\\ gesa çpkj djuk gksxk lerk&lekurk dkA vR;kpkj djuk gksxk mu ij tks mlls bUdkjh gksaA vjktdrk iQSykuh gksxh mu jkT;&lkezkT;ksa ds LFkku ij tks 'kfDren ls vUèks gksdj djksM+ksa dh ihM+k dk dkj.k gks jgs gSaA D;k yksx mlds fy, rS;kj gSa\\ geas leLr lalkj dks ml fl¼kUr ds Lokxr ds fy, r;S kj djuk gkxs kA ml vk'kke;h [ksrh ds fy, gesa [ksrksa esa ls lcdqN m[kkM+ iQsaduk gksxkA dk¡Vsnkj >kfM+;ksa dks m[kkM+dj Tokyk dh 'kkfUr ds fy, efV;kesV dj nsuk gksxkA jksM+k] dda M+ ihl Mkyuk gkxs k\\ geas ?kkjs ifjJe djuk gkxs kA fxjs gvq kas dk mRFkku djuk gksxkA ^iLrh* okyksa dks mUufr dk ekxZ fn[kkuk gksxkA feF;k 'kfDrokfn;ksa dks ?klhVdj vius lkFk [kM+s gksus dks foo'k djuk gksxkA vgadkfj;ksa dk vgadkj rksM+ mUgsa uezrk çnku djuh gksxhA fucZyksa dks cy] ijkèkhuksa dks Lokèkhurk] vf'kf{krkas dks f'k{kk] fujk'kkokfn;kas dks vk'kk dh vkHkk] Hk[w kkas dks jkVs h] c?s kjkas dks ?kj] ukfLrdksa dks fo'okl] vUèkfo'okfl;ksa dks fopkj&LorU=krk nsuh gksxhA D;k ykxs bruk dke djxas As ,s fo'ocUèkrq k fo'ocUèkrq k fpYykus oky!s D;k req mlds fy, rS;kj gks\\ ;fn ugha rks vkt ls bl <ksax dks NksM+ nksA gesa ml fo'oçse dh nsoh ds pj.kksa ij rqEgkjk Hkh cfynku nsuk gksxk] D;ksafd rqe feF;koknh gksA vxj rS;kj gks rks vk tkvks deZ{ks=k eas vHkh ijh{kk gks tk;sxhA ?kj esa cSBs gq,] dksuksa esa nqcds gq, deZ{ks=k ds Hk;adj n`'; dh dYiuk&ek=k ls dk¡irs gq,] fopkj&;k=kk dk igyk iM+ko @ 91

lR;çdk'k ls ^ckt* jgus ds fy, bl egku fl¼kUr dh vkM+ er yksA ;fn lpeqp ml dfYir le; dks ykus dh ps\"Vk gS rks vkvksA igyk dke ifrr Hkkjr dk mRFkku djuk gkxs kA Xk+ yq kfe;kas dh tta+ hjkas dks dkVuk gkxs kA vR;kpkj dk loZuk'k djuk gksxkA ijkèkhurk dks feV~Vh esa feyk nsuk gksxk D;ksafd ;g viuh det+ksjh ds dkj.k ml euq\";&tkfr dks] ftldh l`f\"V ijefirk us vius gh vuq:i dh Fkh] U;k;iFk ls Hkz\"V djus dk çyksHku gks jgk gSA ;fn mijksDr dFku dh lR;rk dks ekurs gq, Hkh rqe tsy ds Mj ls ;k iQk¡lh ds Mj ls bl ekxZ esa vkus ls f>>drs gks rks vkt ls bl <ksax dks NksM+ nksA vxj bl Hk; ls fd ØkfUr ds ihNs ?kksj vjktdrk iQSy tk;sxh ;k ?kksj jDrikr gksxk] ,dne v'kkfUr gksxh μ rqe bl ekxZ esa ugha vkrs rks Hkh rqe Hkh# gks] dk;j gks] cqt+fny gks] bl vkMEcj dks NksM+ nksA v'kkfUr iQSyrh gS rks iQSyus nks] ijrU=krk Hkh rks u gksxhA vjktdrk iQSyrh gS rks iQSyus nks] ijkèkhurk dk Hkh rks loZuk'k gks tk;sxkA vkgk! ml d'ked'k eas detk+ js fil tk;xas As jkts &+ jkts + dk jkus k cUn gks tk;xs kA fucyZ u jgxas ]s cyokukas esa eS=kh gksxhA cfy\"B yksxksa esa ?kfu\"Vrk gksxhA muesa çse gksxk] lalkj esa fo'oçse dk çpkj gks ldsxkA gk¡! gk¡!! fucZyksa dks ,dckjxh fil tkuk gksxkA os leLr lalkj ds vijkèkh gSaA mUgksaus gh ?kksj v'kkfUr iQSyk j[kh gSA lc cyoku cusa] ugha rks ml pDdh esa fildj eyhnk gks tk;saxsA vk;s! dkSu ekrk dk yky lPps ân; ls fo'ocUèkqrk dk bPNqd gSA dkSu gS leLr lalkj ds fy, viuk lq[k cfynku djus okyk\\ dksbZ X+kqyke tkfr bl mPpre fl¼kUr dk uke rd ysus dh vfèkdkfj.kh ugha gSA ,d X+kqyke euq\"; ds eq[k ls fudydj bldk egÙo gh tkrk jgrk gSA ,d viekfur euq\";] in&nfyr euq\";] iSjksa rys jkSans tkus okyk euq\"; ;fn dgs μ eSa fo'ocUèkqrk dk vuqxkeh gw¡] Universal brotherhood dk i{kikrh gw¡] blfy, bu vR;kpkjksa dk çfrdkj ugha djrk μ rks mldk dFku D;k ewY; j[k ldrk gS\\ dkSu lqusxk mlds bl dk;jrkiw.kZ okD; dks\\ gk¡ μ rqeesa 'kfDr gks] rqeesa cy gks] pkgks rks cM+s&cM+ksa dks iSjksa rys jkSan ldks] ,d b'kkjs ls cM+s&cM+s vfHkekfu;ksa dks feV~Vh esa feyk ldks] r[+rks&rkt okyksa dks [k+kd esa lqyk ldks] mudks èkfw y eas feyk ldk]s vkjS fiQj req ;g okD; dgrs g,q fd ^ge fo'oçes h gSa* ,slk u djks] rks rqEgkjh ckr ot+unkj gksxh μ fiQj rqEgkjk ,d&,d okD; çHkko'kkyh gksxkA fiQj ^olqèkSo dqVqEcde~* Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gks tk;sxkA vkt rqe X+kqyke gks] ijkèkhu gks] ijrU=k gks] cUnh gks] rqEgkjh ;gh ckr vkt 92 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

<ksax çrhr gksrh gS] ,d vkMEcj nh[k iM+rk gSA cdokl ekywe nsrh gSA D;k rqe mldk çpkj djuk pkgrs gks\\ vxj gk¡] rks mldk vuqlj.k djuk gksxk] tks dgrk Fkk] \"He who loveth Humanity loveth God μ \" \"God is love and love is God\" μ tks jktæksg ds vijkèk esa iQk¡lh p<+k] mldh rjg ohjrkiwoZd fo'oçse dk çpkj djus dks rS;kj gks\\ ftl fnu rqe lPps çpkjd cuksxs bl vf}rh; fl¼kUr ds] ml fnu rqEgsa ek¡ ds lPps lqiq=k xq# xksfoUn ¯lg dh rjg deZ{ks=k esa mrjuk iM+sxkA ml fo'oçse ds lPps vuqxkeh μ lPps i{kikrh dh rjg μ lc liwr gaS ,d firk ds] dgus okys ml egkiq#\"k dh rjg] vius pkjksa μ vk¡[kksa ds rkjksa] y[+rs&ft+xjksa dks tkfr ds HksaV dj ekrk ds iwNus ij ljyrk ls mÙkj nsus okys dh rjg rqEgsa èkS;Z fn[kkuk gksxkA D;k rqe vius fç; ls fç; dks μ ftldh Le`fr&ek=k ls ân; èkM+dus yxrk gks] ftls rqe gj le; vius ân; esa fNik;s j[kus ds bPNqd gks μ dks viuh vk¡[kksa ds lkeus cfyosnh ij p<+rk ns[k] vdFkuh; d\"V lgrk ns[k èkS;Z j[k ldksxs\\ D;k mlds lkeus gh rqe thrs&th vfXu&fprk ij çlUurkiwodZ p<+ ldksxs_ vkjS g¡lrs gq, lalkj dh vksj d#.kkHkjh n`f\"V ls ns[krs gq, fonk gks ldksxs\\ ;fn gk¡] rks vkvks ijh{kk gks tk;sxh] le; vk x;k gSA ;fn ân; esa dqN Hkh f>>d gS rks [+kqnk ds okLrs bl vkMEcj dks NksM+ nksA tc rd ^dkyk&xksjk*] ^lH;&vlH;*] ^'kkld&'kkflr*] ^èkuh&fuèkZu*] ^Nwr&vNwr* vkfn 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx gksrk gS rc rd dgk¡ fo'ocUèkqrk vkSj fo'oçse\\ ;g mins'k LorU=k tkfr;k¡ dj ldrh gSaA Hkkjr tSlh X+kqyke tkfr bldk uke ugha ys ldrhA fiQj mldk çpkj dSls gksxk\\ rqEgsa 'kfDr ,d=k djuh gksxhA 'kfDr ,d=k djus ds fy, viuh ,df=kr 'kfDr [k+pZ dj nsuh iM+sxhA jk.kkçrki dh rjg vk;iq ;UZ r Bkds jas [kkuh gkxas h] rc dgha ml ijh{kk eas mÙkh.kZ gks ldkxs As n[s krs ugha fo'ocUèkqrk dk lPpk çpkjd Fkk esftuh tks chl o\"kZ Lo;a gh ,d txg cUn jgrk gSA ysfuu Fkk mldk i{kikrh μ fdruk #fèkj mUgksaus cgk fn;k FkkA vkn'koZ knh cwzVl Fkk fo'oçseh μ ftlus viuh tUeHkwfe ds fy, vius ijefç; ^lht+j* dks vius gkFkksa o+Qry dj Mkyk Fkk vkSj ihNs Lo;a Hkh vkRegR;k dj yh FkhA lkuUn ;q¼ksa esa çoh.k jgus okyk xSjhckYMh Fkk] ftls fo'oçseh gksus dk Js; çkIr gks ldrk gSA fo'oçseh og ohj gS ftls Hkh\"k.k foIyooknh] dV~Vj vjktdrkoknh dgus esa ge yksx rfud Hkh yTtk ugha le>rs μ ogh ohj lkojdjA fo'oçse dh rjax esa vkdj ?kkl ij pyrs&pyrs #d tkrs fd dksey ?kkl iSjksa rys elyh tk;sxhA fopkj&;k=kk dk igyk iM+ko @ 93

75 fnu vu'ku djds LoxZèkke dks flèkkjus okyk ohj eSdLosuh bl ekxZ dk ifFkd gksus dk Js; çkIr dj ldrk gS tks dgrk Fkk μ \"It is the love of the country that inspires us and not the hate of the enemy and the desire for full satisfaction for the past.\" fo'oçse dh nsoh dk mikld Fkk ^xhrk jgL;* dk ys[kd iwT; yksdekU; frydA vkSj ns[kksxs\\ og lw[kk lqdM+k&lk ^y¡xksVcUn* tks lt+k dk gqDe lquk;s tkus ij LoxhZ; g¡lh ds lkFk dg ldrk Fkk μ eq>s tks n.M fn;k x;k og vR;Ur gydk gS vkSj esjs lkFk tSlk fouez O;ogkj fd;k x;k gS mlls vfèkd dh vk'kk eSa ugha dj ldrk Fkk] ftlds eeZLi'khZ dFku dk rqEgkjs iRFkj ds ân;ksa ij dqN çHkko ugha gksuk μ egkRek gS bl fl¼kUr dk i{kikrhA vjs! jko.k vkSj ckyh dks ekj fxjkus okys jkepUæ us vius fo'oçse dk ifjp; fn;k Fkk Hkhyuh ds twBs&dwBs csjksa dks [kkdjA ppsjs Hkkb;ksa esa ?kksj ;q¼ djok nsus okys] lalkj ls vU;k; dks loZFkk mBk nsus okys Ñ\".k us ifjp; fn;k vius fo'oçse dk μ lqnkek ds dPps pkoyksa dks iQk¡d tkus esaA rqe Hkh fo'oçse dk ne Hkjrs gks! ifgys iSjksa ij [kM+k gksuk lh[kksA LorU=k tkfr;ksa esa vfHkeku ds lkFk flj Å¡pk djds [kM+s gksus ds ;ksX; cuksA tc rd rqEgkjs lkFk dkekxkVkek: tgkt+ tSls nqO;Zogkj gksrs jgsaxs] tc rd MSe dkyk eSu dgykvksxs] tc rd rqEgkjs ns'k esa tfy;k¡okys ckx+ tSls Hkh\"k.k gR;kdk.M gkrs s jgxas ]s tc rd ohjkx¡ ukvkas dk vieku gkxs k vkjS rEq gkjh vkjs ls dkbs Z çfrdkj u gksxk_ rc rd rqEgkjk ;g <ksax dqN ekuh ugha j[krkA dSlh 'kkfUr] dSlk lq[k vkSj dSlk fo'oçse\\ ;fn okLro eas pkgrs gks fd lla kjO;kih l[q k&'kkfUr vkjS fo'oçes dk çpkj djks rks ifgys viekuksa dk çfrdkj djuk lh[kksA ek¡ ds cUèku dkVus ds fy, dV ejksA cUnh ek¡ dks LorU=k djus ds fy, vktUe dkysikuh esa Bksdjsa [kkus dks rS;kj gks tkvksA flldrh ek¡ dks thfor j[kus ds fy, ejus dks rRij gks tkvkAs rc gekjk n's k LorU=k gkxs kA ge cyoku gkxas As ge Nkrh Bkdas dj fo'oçes dk çpkj dj ldsaxsA lalkj dks 'kkfUr&iFk ij pyus dks ckè; dj ldsaxsA 94 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+