Bhagat Singhs writings in Hindi ( PDFDrive )

Hkh vkrad! bVyh] vesfjdk] vk;jyS.M vkfn ns'kksa ij dbZ çdkj ds T+kqYe djus okys vR;kpkjh Hkh vkrad iQSykus okys le>s x;s vkSj uaxh ryokj idM+s bu fons'kh MdrS ksa dk fNih gqbZ 'ke'khj ls bykt djus okyksa dks Hkh vkrad (iQyS kus okys) dh mikfèk nh tkrh gSA xSjhckYMh] ok¯'kxVu] ,eV vkSj Mh oysjk vkfn lHkh blh lwph esa Mky fn;s x;sA D;k bls bUlki+Q dgk tk ldrk gS\\ vkHkw\"k.k pqjkus ds fy, eklwe cPps dh xjnu dkV nsus okyk pksj Hkh ?k`f.kr vkSj ml iRFkj&fny pksj dks iQk¡lh ij yVdk nsus okyk U;k;dkjh lezkV Hkh vkraddkjh vkSj ?k`f.kr! Ñ\".k Hkh mruk gh ikih] ftruk dal! 'kwjohj Hkhe Hkh mruk gh xuq gxkj] ftruk fd mldh èkekRZ ek iRuh dk vieku djus okyk n%q 'kklu! vkg! fdruh x+yri+Qgeh gSA fdruk cM+k vU;k; gSA blhfy, dqN lhèks&lkns yksxksa us vPNs dkeksa dks Hkh dsoy cy&ç;ksx ds dkj.k v;ksX; vkSj vkradoknh dg fn;kA lk¡i Mlrk gS] vkneh mls ekj Mkyrk gSA ij nksuksa cjkcj&cjkcj ughaA Mluk rks lk¡i dh vknr Fkh vkSj og bl vknr ls etcwj Fkk] ysfdu bUlku us ;g dke tkucw>dj fd;k] blfy, mls vfèkd uhp le>k tkuk pkfg,! ukScr ;gk¡ rd igq¡ph fd ns'k vkSj o+QkSe ds fy, l'kL=k gks eSnkus&tax esa 'kghn gks tkus okys cgknqj Hkh ikih le>s tkus yxsA f'kokth] jk.kk çrki vkSj j.kthr ¯lg th dks vkrad iQSykus okys dgk x;k vkSj os iwtuh; O;fDrRo Hkh ?k`.kk dk f'kdkj gks x;sA mèkj nqfu;k ds lkjs ns'k 'kL=kèkkjh gSaA çR;sd vius gfFk;kjksa dh rko+Qr dks c<+krk pyk tk jgk gSA bèkj gekjk ;g Hkkjro\"kZ gS] ftlesa jgus okyksa dk 'kL=k idM+uk iki le>k tkrk gSA ^ykBh er idM+ks* μ ;g f'k{kk nsus okys ykBh ns[krs gh Mjiksd vkjS dk;j yksxksa dh ihB Bksadus yxsA ns'k dks fxjh gqbZ voLFkk ls mBkdj mUufr ds jkLrs ij [kM+k djus okyh 'kwj&ohjrk efV;kesV gksus yxh vkjS rkoQ+ r ls Mjus okys n'q eu jkth&[k+ 'q kh fn[kk;h nus s yxAs dNq fcjys gh ykxs Fks tks ;g nq[kn fLFkfr u ns[k lds vkSj mUgksaus bldk [k.Mu djuk 'kq: dj fn;kA ysfdu gSjkuh dh ckr rks ;g gS fd os Lo;a Hkh bl xM+cM+h dk f'kdkj gks x;s vkSj Bksl rdks± ls fojksèk çdV djuk muds fy, dfBu gks x;kA cl blh ls ;qx iyVus okys yksxksa us fp<+dj ;g dguk 'kq: dj fn;k μ gk¡] gk¡] ge vkrda iQyS k;xas ]s ge Violence gh djxas !s tlS s dkbs Z 'kjhiQ+ vkneh vius vPNs dke dks xqukg Bgjk;s tkrs ns[kdj vkjS fiQj rdlZ Eer mÙkj u ns ikus ds dkj.k gM+cM+kdj ;gh dguk 'kq: dj ns μ gk¡] gk¡] eSa xqukg gh d:¡xkA Bhd ;gh fLFkfr bu cspkjs ;qx iyVus okyksa dh gks jgh gSA eækl dkaxzsl ds vè;{k rd us ;g dg fn;k fd vkt ;fn ge 'kkfUriw.kZ (rjho+Qs) ds i{kèkj gSa rks bldk ;g vFkZ ugha gS fd ge ge's kk ,ls s gh jgxas As gks ldrk gS fd geas dy gh vkrda fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 245

(Violence) ds fy, rS;kj gksuk iM+sA nq[k rks bl ckr dk gS fd ;g ^vkrad* 'kCn ?k`f.kr gAS ;g vius x.q kkas o Bhd vFkk±s eas O;k[;kf;r u gkus s ds dkj.k nlw jkas dks vius i{k esa ugha dj ldk μ vFkkZr os yksx tksfd cy&ç;ksx ds i{k esa Hkh gSa] os Hkh t+kfye ;k vkradoknh dgyokuk ilUn ugha dj ldrsA bl ,d 'kCn ^vkrad* ds vFkks± ds vuFkZ gksus ds dkj.k gh fdruk Hkkjh uqo+Qlku gks jgk gAS iwjh x+yri+Qgeh dh tM+ rks bl ,d 'kCn ^vkrad* dh x+yr O;k[;k gS_ D;ksafd vkrad o T+kqYe Hkh cy&ç;ksx ls gh gksrs gSa] blfy, cy&ç;ksx ls cgqr lkjs vPNs o cqjs dke gksrs gSaA T+kqYe buesa ls ,d gSA ,d iq#\"k pksjh ls fdlh ds ?kj esa vkx yxkrk gS] og Hkh vkx yxkus okyk gS vkSj nwljh vksj jlksb;k Hkh vkx tykrk gS] ysfdu jlksb;k vijkèkh ugha dgyk ldrk vkSj u gh vkx yxkus dk dke cqjk dgk tk ldrk gSA blh rjg vius ns'k dh j{kk ds fy, ;k ns'k dh vkt+knh dh çkfIr ds fy, 'kL=k ysdj eSnku esa mrjus okyk ns'kHkDr tc tk+ fye vkjS cy'kkyh dh xjnu ryokj ls mrkj nrs k gS ;k tk+ fye ls fdlh et+ywe dk cnyk ysrk gqvk iQk¡lh ij p<+ tkrk gS] og ;k dksbZ vkSj 'kwjohj] tksfd vius lxs&lEcfUèk;ksa] viuh iRuh ;k ?kj&ckj dh j{kk ds fy, gfFk;kj ysdj yqPps t+kfyeksa dk eqo+Qkcyk djus ds fy, fudyrk gS] og cy&ç;ksx rks t+:j djrk gS] ysfdu vkrad ugha iQSykrk] vFkkZr buds fd;s dke] vkrad ds dkeksa esa ugha fxus tk ldrs] cfYd os vPNs vkSj usd dgs tkrs gSaA og cy&ç;ksx ftlls funksZ\"kksa dks fcuk fdlh dkj.k ls lrk;k tk;s ;k nwljksa dks fdlh uhp bPNk ls uqo+Qlku igq¡pk;k tk;s] dsoy ,sls gh csgwnk dkeksa ds fy, (fd;s x;s) cy&ç;ksx dks vkrad dgk tk ldrk gS] ysfdu tc blh rko+Qr dks fdlh x+jhc vukFk dh enn ds fy, ;k ,sls gh fdlh vkSj dke ds fy, bLrseky fd;k tk;s rks og vkrad ugha] cfYd iq.; vkSj ijksidkj dgykrk gAS ;k fiQj blls fl¼ gqvk fd cy&ç;ksx djuk dksbZ T+kqYe] vR;kpkj ;k vkrad ugha] cfYd ;g cy&ç;ksx djus okys dh uh;r ij fuHkZj jgrk gSA ;fn mlus fdlh Hkys o usd dke ds fy, cy&ç;ksx fd;k gS rks mls vkrad dk nks\"kh ugha Bgjk;k tk ldrk] ysfdu ;fn mlus vius O;fDrxr fgr ;k funksZ\"kksa dks nq[k nsus dh [k+kfrj vius cy dk x+yr ç;ksx fd;k gS rks mls fu%lUnsg] fuHkZ; gksdj ^vkradoknh* dgk tk ldrk gSA vkrad ges'kk gh ?k`.kk ;ksX; gSA vkrad rko+Qr dk ,slk bLrseky gS] ftlls fcuk vijkèk ds fdlh dks nq[k fn;k tk;sA ysfdu tgk¡ t+kfyeksa vkSj xq.Mksa dh xq.MbZ jksdus ds fy, cy&ç;ksx fd;k tk;s] og vkrad ugha cfYd vPNk o Hkyk dke gksrk gS] D;ksafd nqfu;k ds vPNs dkeksa dh ij[k dh ,d gh dlkSVh gS μ ;g fd os 246 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

dke nfq u;k dks l[q k o vkjke nus s okys gkAas fdlh dks n[q k nus k vkrda g]S yfs du nq[k nsus okys t+kfye dk [kqjk&[kkst feVkuk iq.; gSA t+kfye dal tc T+kqYe dh ryokj idM+ nsodh ds ?kj esa tk ?kqlrk gS] mldk ml le; dk dke ?k`f.kr vkrad gS] ysfdu tc blh t+kfye ds iats ls turk dks NqVdkjk fnykus ds fy, JhÑ\".k ryokj ysdj mlds njckj esa ?kql tkrs gSa vkSj ryokj ls mldk flj xjnu ls vyx dj nsrs gSa] ml le; dh mudh ;g dkjZokbZ vfHkuUnuh; gSA nksuksa ryokjsa gSa] nksuksa gfFk;kj gSa] nksuksa dkeksa esa cy&ç;ksx fd;k x;k gS] ysfdu ,d dke T+kqYeksa ls Hkjk g]S blfy, mls vkrad dgk tk;sxk vkjS nwljk dke usd gS] og ,d t+kfye vkSj vR;kpkjh dh gLrh dks] x+yr v{kj dh rjg] feVkdj yksxksa ij ijksidkj djuk gS] blfy, og usd dke lEekuuh; gSA ij ;fn gekjh ekStwnk fi+Qykli+Qh ds fglkc ls ns[kk tk;s rks nksuksa gh dke vkraddkjh vkSj ?k`f.kr gaSA yksxksa dks nq[k nsus okyk t+kfye Hkh vkraddkjh] vkjS yksxksa dks t+kfye ds iats ls NqVdkjk fnykus okyk Hkh vkraddkjh! ;fn gekjs ns'k esa ;gh fLFkfr jgh rks vPNs&cqjs dh igpku dSls gksxh vkSj lEekuuh; dkeksa vkSj ?k`f.kr dkeksa ds i+Qo+ZQ dk dSls irk pysxk\\ ;fn bruk tku fy;k tk;s fd rko+Qr dk x+yr bLrseky vFkkZr x+jhcksa] vukFkksa dks lrkuk vkrad dgykrk gS vkSj bu lcdks jksduk vPNs dke le>k tkrk gS rks lkjs Hkze nwj gks ldrs gSaA pksj] Mkdw vkSj gR;kjs tc gfFk;kjksa dk bLrseky djrs gSa rks os vkrad djrs gSa (That force being aggressively used become violence), ysfdu tc ?kj dk ekfyd le; ikdj ml Mkdw ;k gR;kjs dh Nkrh esa Nqjh ?kksai nsrk gS ;k ml Mkdw dks dksbZ U;k;fç; 'kkld iQk¡lh dh lt+k nsrk gS rks og vPNk dke gksrk gSA blhfy, fgUnw èkeZ'kkL=k ds drkZ euq th fy[krs gSa μ t+kfye] gR;kjs] vijkèkh dks [+kqfi+Q;k <ax ls ;k [kqys eSnku pqukSrh nsdj ;k fdlh vkSj <ax ls Nkik ekjdj tku ls ekj Mkyus okys fnysj bUlku ikih ;k xqukgxkj ugha] cfYd lEekuuh; bUlku dgykrk gSA iqjkus ls iqjkus vkSj u;s ls u;s o+Qkuwu ds vuqlkj vkRej{kk esa fd;s cy&ç;ksx dks dHkh Hkh vkrad ds uke ls ugha iqdkjk x;kA ;gk¡ rd fd fgUnw n.M&foèkku esa Hkh mls vkrad (Violence) ugha dgk x;kA vkrad iQSykuk n.Muh; gS] ysfdu vkRej{kk esa cy&ç;ksx o+Qkuwuh rko+Qr le>h tkrh gSA Bhd ogh ckr jktuhfr dh gSA bVyh ij bl ns'k dh bPNk ds fo#¼ vkfLVª;k fli+QZ ryokj ds t+ksj ls jkt djrk Fkk] blfy, bVyh dks t+cjnLrh vèkhu j[kus dk mldk dke vkrad Fkk] ?k`f.kr Fkk vkSj [k+Re djus ;ksX; FkkA ysfdu tc xSjhckYMh vkSj eSftuh us blds f[k+yki+Q ryokj mBk;h vkSj ml fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 247

t+kfye ckn'kkgr dks myVk fn;k rc mudk ;g dke ?k`.kk yk;d ugha] cfYd iwtuh; ekuk x;kA Bhd ;gh ckr ge 1857 esa fgUnqLrku dh vkt+knh ds fy, yM+h yM+kbZ ds lEcUèk esa dg ldrs gSa] D;ksafd og gekjs igys crk;s vuqlkj Tk+ Yq e ;k vkrda ugha FkkA bl y[s k ls ;g vFkZ fudkyuk fd ge ,d gfFk;kjcUn cx+kor djus dh çsj.kk ns jgs gSa] fcYdqy >wB vkSj csdkj gksxkA vkt ge gfFk;kjcUn cx+kor djus ;k u djus lEcUèkh dqN ugha fy[krsA gfFk;kjcUn cx+kor dh çkS<+rk ;k fojksèk vyx&vyx ns'kksa ds vyx&vyx lekpkjksa ds dkj.k gksrs gSaA tks yksx bl le; gfFk;kjcUn cx+kor dks dfBu ;k le;iwoZ ekurs gksa] os ^vkrad* 'kCn dh vksV ysdj ml fopkj dks gh R;kT; u cuk;saA bl fopkj ls gh vkrad 'kCn dh mDr O;k[;k dh x;h g]S rkfd yksx fiQj olS h gh [k+rjukd vkSj Bhd u gks ldus okyh Hkwy u djsaA (^J¼kuUn*] cEcbZ ls) fdjrh@ebZ] 1928 248 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

èkeZ vkjS gekjk LorU=krk lxa kz e ebZ] 1928 ds ^fdjrh* esa ;g ys[k NikA ve`rlj esa vçSy esa jktuhfrd dkWUç+Qsal vkSj ukStoku lHkk dh dkWUç+Qsal gqbZ Fkh] ftlesa èkeZ dh leL;k ij 'kghn Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa esa tedj fopkj&foe'kZ gqvkA ;g ys[k mlh elys ij çdk'k Mkyrk gSA μ l- ve`rlj esa 11&12&13 vçSy dks jktuhfrd dkWUç+Qsal gqbZ vkSj lkFk gh ;qodksa dh Hkh dkWUç+Qsal gqbZA nks&rhu lokyksa ij blesa cM+k >xM+k vkSj cgl gqbZA muesa ls ,d loky èkeZ dk Hkh FkkA oSls rks èkeZ dk ç'u dksbZ u mBkrk] fdUrq lkEçnkf;d laxBuksa ds fo#¼ çLrko is'k gqvk vkSj èkeZ dh vkM+ ysdj mu laxBuksa dk i{k ysus okyksa us Lo;a dks cpkuk pkgkA oSls rks ;g ç'u vkSj dqN nsj nck jgrk] ysfdu bl rjg lkeus vk tkus ls Li\"V ckrphr gks x;h vkSj èkeZ dh leL;k dks gy djus dk ç'u Hkh mBkA çkUrh; dkWUç+Qsal dh fo\"k; lfefr esa Hkh ekSykuk ti+Qj vyh lkgc ds ik¡p&lkr ckj [+kqnk&[+kqnk djus ij vè;{k if.Mr tokgjyky us dgk fd bl eap ij vkdj [+kqnk&[+kqnk u dgsaA vki èkeZ ds fe'kujh gaS rks eaS èkegZ hurk (Irreligion) dk çpkjd gA¡w ckn eas ykgkjS esa Hkh blh fo\"k; ij ukStoku lHkk us ,d eh¯Vx dhA dbZ Hkk\"k.k gq, vkSj èkeZ ds uke dk ykHk mBkus okys vkSj ;g loky mB tkus ij >xM+k gks tkus ls Mj tkus okys dbZ lTtuksa us dbZ rjg dh usd lykgsa nhaA lcls t+:jh ckr tks ckj&ckj dgh x;h vkSj ftl ij Jheku HkkbZ vej ¯lg th >cky us fo'ks\"k t+ksj fn;k] og ;g Fkh fd èkeZ ds loky dks NsM+k gh u tk;sA cM+h usd lykg gSA ;fn fdlh dk èkeZ ckgj yksxksa dh lq[k&'kkfUr esa dksbZ fo?u u Mkyrk gks rks fdlh dks Hkh mlds fo#¼ vkokt+ mBkus dh D;k t+:jr gks ldrh gS\\ ysfdu loky rks ;g gS fd vc rd dk vuqHko D;k crkrk gS\\ fiNys vkUnksyu esa Hkh èkeZ dk ;gh loky mBk vkSj lHkh dks iwjh vkt+knh ns nh x;hA ;gk¡ rd fd dkaxzsl ds eap ls Hkh vk;rsa vkSj eU=k i<+s tkus yxsA mu fnuksa èkeZ esa ihNs jgus okyk dksbZ Hkh vkneh vPNk ugha le>k tkrk FkkA iQyLo:i ladh.kZrk c<+us yxhA fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 249

tks nq\"ifj.kke gqvk] og fdlls fNik gS\\ vc jk\"Vªoknh ;k LorU=krk çseh yksx èkeZ dh vlfy;r le> x;s gSa vkSj ogh mls vius jkLrs dk jksM+k le>rs gAaS ckr ;g gS fd D;k èkeZ ?kj esa j[krs gq, Hkh] yksxksa ds fnyksa esa HksnHkko ugha c<+rk\\ D;k mldk ns'k ds iw.kZ LorU=krk gkfly djus rd igq¡pus esa dksbZ vlj ugha iM+rk\\ bl le; iw.kZ LorU=krk ds mikld lTtu èkeZ dks fnekx+h X+kqykeh dk uke nsrs gSaA os ;g Hkh dgrs gSa fd cPps ls ;g dguk fd μ bZ'oj gh loZ'kfDreku gS] euq\"; dqN Hkh ugha] feV~Vh dk iqryk gS μ cPps dks ges'kk ds fy, det+ksj cukuk gSA mlds fny dh rko+Qr vkSj mlds vkRefo'okl dh Hkkouk dks gh u\"V dj nsuk gSA ysfdu bl ckr ij cgl u Hkh djsa vkSj lhèks vius lkeus j[ks nks ç'uksa ij gh fopkj djsa rks Hkh gesa ut+j vkrk gS fd èkeZ gekjs jkLrs esa ,d jksM+k gSA elyu ge pkgrs gSa fd lHkh yksx ,d&ls gksaA muesa iw¡thifr;ksa ds Å¡p&uhp dh Nwr&vNwr dk dksbZ foHkktu u jgsA ysfdu lukru èkeZ bl HksnHkko ds i{k esa gSA chloha lnh esa Hkh if.Mr] ekSyoh th tSls yksx Hkaxh ds yM+ds ds gkj igukus ij diM+ksa lfgr Luku djrs gSa vkSj vNwrksa dks tusÅ rd nsus ls bUdkjh gSA ;fn bl èkeZ ds fo#¼ dqN u dgus dh o+Qle ys ysa rks pqi dj ?kj cSB tkuk pkfg,] ugha rks èkeZ dk fojksèk djuk gksxkA yksx ;g Hkh dgrs gSa fd bu cqjkb;ksa dk lqèkkj fd;k tk;sA cgqr [+kwc! Nwr&vNwr dks Lokeh n;kuUn us tks feVk;k rks os Hkh pkj o.kk±s ls vkxs ugha tk ik;As Hkns Hkko rks fiQj Hkh jgk ghA xq#}kjs tkdj tks fl[k ^jkt djsxk [kkylk* xk;sa vkSj ckgj vkdj iapk;rh jkt dh ckrsa djsa] rks bldk eryc D;k gS\\ èkeZ rks ;g dgrk gS fd bLyke ij fo'okl u djus okys dks fiQj ryokj ds ?kkV mrkj nsuk pkfg, vkSj ;fn bèkj ,drk dh nqgkbZ nh tk;s rks ifj.kke D;k gksxk\\ ge tkurs gSa fd vHkh dbZ vkSj cM+s Å¡ps Hkko dh vk;rsa vkSj eU=k i<+dj [khaprku djus dh dksf'k'k dh tk ldrh gS] ysfdu loky ;g gS fd bl lkjs >xM+s ls NqVdkjk gh D;ksa u ik;k tk;s\\ èkeZ dk igkM+ rks gesa gekjs lkeus [kMk+ utj+ vkrk gAS eku yas fd Hkkjr eas LorU=krk&lxa kz e fNM+ tk;As lus k,¡ vkeus&lkeus cUnwo+Qsa rkus [kM+h gksa] xksyh pyus gh okyh gks vkSj ;fn ml le; dksbZ eqgEen xkSjh dh rjg μ tSlhfd dgkor crk;h tkrh gS μ vkt Hkh gekjs lkeus xk;]as lvw j] xUz Fk lkfgc] ons &oQ+ jq ku vkfn phtas+ [kMh+ dj nh tk;]as rks ge D;k djsaxs\\ ;fn iDds èkk£ed gksaxs rks viuk cksfj;k&fcLrj yisVdj ?kj cSB tk;saxsA èkeZ ds gksrs gq, fgUnw&fl[k xk; ij vkSj eqlyeku lwvj ij xksyh ugha pyk ldrsA èkeZ ds cM+s iDds bUlku rks ml le; lkseukFk ds dbZ gt+kj i.Mksa dh rjg Bkdqjksa ds vkxs ykSVrs jgsaxs vkSj nwljs yksx èkeZghu ;k vèkehZ&dke dj 250 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

tk;xas As rks ge fdl fu\"d\"kZ ij igp¡q \\s èkeZ ds fo#¼ lkps uk gh iMr+ k gAS yfs du ;fn èkeZ ds i{k okyksa ds rdZ Hkh lksps tk;sa rks os ;g dgrs gSa fd nqfu;k esa vUèksj gks tk;sxk] iki c<+ tk;sxkA cgqr vPNk] blh ckr dks ys ysaA :lh egkRek VkWYLVkW; us viuh iqLrd (Essay and Letters) esa èkeZ ij cgl djrs gq, mlds rhu fgLls fd;s gSa μ 1- Essentials of Religion, ;kuh èkeZ dh t+:jh ckrsa vFkkZr lp cksyuk] pksjh u djuk] x+jhcksa dh lgk;rk djuk] I;kj ls jguk] ox+SjkA 2- Philosophy of Religion, ;kuh tUe&e`R;q] iqutZUe] lalkj&jpuk vkfn dk n'kuZ A bleas vkneh viuh eth+ Z ds vulq kj lkps us vkjS le>us dk ;Ru djrk gSA 3- Rituals of Religion, ;kuh jLeks&fjokt+ ox+SjkA eryc ;g fd igys fgLls esa lHkh èkeZ ,d gSaA lHkh dgrs gSa fd lp cksyks] >wB u cksyks] I;kj ls jgksA bu ckrksa dks dqN lTtukas us Individual Religion dgk gSA blesa rks >xM+s dk ç'u gh ugha mBrkA oju ;g fd ,sls usd fopkj gj vkneh esa gksus pkfg,A nwljk fi+Qykli+Qh dk ç'u gSA vly esa dguk iM+rk gS fd Philosophy is the outcome of Human weakness, ;kuh fi+Qykli+Qh vkneh dh det+ksjh dk iQy gSA tgk¡ Hkh vkneh ns[k ldrs gSaA ogk¡ dksbZ >xM+k ughaA tgk¡ dqN ut+j u vk;k] ogha fnekx+ yM+kuk 'kq: dj fn;k vkSj [k+kl&[k+kl fu\"d\"kZ fudky fy;sA oSls rks fi+Qykli+Qh cM+h t+:jh pht+ gS] D;ksafd blds cx+Sj mUufr ugha gks ldrh] ysfdu blds lkFk&lkFk 'kkfUr gksuh Hkh cM+h t+:jh gSA gekjs cqT+kqxZ dg x;s gSa fd ejus ds ckn iqutZUe Hkh gksrk gS] bZlkbZ vkSj eqlyeku bl ckr dks ugha ekursA cgqr vPNk] viuk&viuk fopkj gSA vkb;s] I;kj ds lkFk cSBdj cgl djsaA ,d&nwljs ds fopkj tkusaA ysfdu ^elyk&,&ruklqd* ij cgl gksrh gS rks vk;Zlekft;ksa o eqlyekuksa esa ykfB;k¡ py tkrh gSaA ckr ;g fd nksuksa i{k fnekx+ dks] cqf¼ dks] lkspus& le>us dh 'kfDr dks rkyk yxkdj ?kj j[k vkrs gSaA os le>rs gSa fd osn Hkxoku esa bZ'oj us blh rjg fy[kk gS vkSj ogh lPpk gSA os dgrs gSa fd o+Qqjku 'kjhi+Q esa [+kqnk us ,sls fy[kk gS vkSj ;gh lp gSA vius lkspus dh 'kfDr (Power of Reasoning) dks NqV~Vh nh gqbZ gksrh gSA lks tks fi+Qykli+Qh gj O;fDr dh futh jk; ls vfèkd egÙo u j[krh gks rks ,d [k+kl fi+Qykli+Qh ekuus ds dkj.k fHkUu xqV u cusa] rks blesa D;k f'kdk;r gks ldrh gSA vc vkrh gS rhljh ckr μ jLeks&fjokt+A ljLorh&iwtk okys fnu] ljLorh dh ew£r dk tqywl fudyuk t+:jh gSA mlesa vkxs&vkxs cS.M&cktk ctuk Hkh t+:jh gSA ysfdu gSjheu jksM ds jkLrs esa ,d efLtn Hkh vkrh gSA bLyke èkeZ fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 251

dgrk gS fd efLtn ds vkxs cktk u ctsA vc D;k gksuk pkfg,\\ ukxfjd vktk+ nh dk goQ+ (Civil rights of citizen) dgrk gS fd cktk+ j eas cktk ctkrs g,q Hkh tk;k tk ldrk gSA ysfdu èkeZ dgrk gS fd ughaA buds èkeZ esa xk; dk cfynku t+:jh gS vkSj nwljs esa xk; dh iwtk fy[kh gqbZ gSA vc D;k gks\\ ihiy dh 'kk[kk dVrs gh èkeZ esa vUrj vk tkrk gS rks D;k fd;k tk;s\\ rks ;gh fi+Qykli+Qh o jLeks&fjokt+ ds NksVs&NksVs Hksn ckn esa tkdj (National Religion) cu tkrs gSa vkSj vyx&vyx laxBu cuus ds dkj.k curs gSaA ifj.kke gekjs lkeus gAS lks ;fn èkeZ ihNs fy[kh rhljh vkSj nwljh ckr ds lkFk vUèkfo'okl dks feykus dk uke gS] rks èkeZ dh dksbZ t+:jr ughaA bls vkt gh mM+k nsuk pkfg,A ;fn igyh vkSj nwljh ckr esa LorU=k fopkj feykdj èkeZ curk gks] rks èkeZ eqckjo+Q gSA ysfdu vyx&vyx laxBu vkSj [kkus&ihus dk HksnHkko feVkuk t+:jh gSA Nwr&vNwr 'kCnksa dks tM+ ls fudkyuk gksxkA tc rd ge viuh raxfnyh NksM+dj ,d u gksaxs] rc rd geesa okLrfod ,drk ugha gks ldrhA blfy, Åij fy[kh ckrksa ds vuqlkj pydj gh ge vkt+knh dh vksj c<+ ldrs gSaA gekjh vkt+knh dk vFkZ dsoy vaxzst+h paxqy ls NqVdkjk ikus dk uke ugha] og iw.kZ LorU=krk dk uke gS μ tc yksx ijLij ?kqy&feydj jgsaxs vkSj fnekx+h X+kqykeh ls Hkh vkt+kn gks tk;saxsA 252 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

lR;kxgz vkjS gMr+ kyas twu] 1928 ^fdjrh* esa bu nks fo\"k;ksa ij fVIif.k;k¡ NihaA Hkxr¯lg ^fdjrh* ds lEiknd e.My esa FksA ml le; muds fopkjksa dh >yd buls fey ldrh gSA μ l- lR;kxgz 1928 esa fgUnqLrku esa fiQj çk.k èkM+drs ut+j vkus yxs gSaA ,d vksj gM+rkyksa dk t+ksj gS vkSj nwljh vksj lR;kxzg dh rS;kfj;k¡ 'kq: gks jgh gSaA ;s y{k.k cM+s vPNs gSaA lcls cM+k lR;kxzg ckjnksyh (xqtjkr çkUr) ds fdlku dj jgs gSaA rhl lkyksa ds ckn u;k cUnkscLr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj gj ckj t+ehu dk yxku c<+k fn;k tkrk gSA blh rjg bl ckj Hkh cUnkscLr gqvk vkSj ekeyk c<+k fn;k x;kA yksx cspkjs D;k djsa\\ x+jhc fdlku rks igys gh isV Hkjdj jksVh ugha [kk ldrs vkSj os igys ls 22 çfr'kr yxku dgk¡ ls nsaA lR;kxzg dh rS;kfj;k¡ dh x;haA egkRek xk¡èkh us ykV iatkc ds lkFk i=k&O;ogkj dj yxku de djokus dk ;Ru fd;k Fkk] ysfdu tukc] fli+QZ i=k&O;ogkj ls lj >qdkus okyh ljdkj ;g ugha gSA dqN vlj u gqvkA lR;kxzg djuk gh iM+kA xqtjkr esa igys Hkh fdlku ,d&nks ckj cM+k Hkkjh lR;kxzg djds ljdkj dks gjk pqds gSaA igys&igy 1917&18 esa ckfj'k vfèkd gksus ls i+Qlysa [k+jkc gks x;h Fkha vkSj #i;s esa pkj vkuk Hkh ugha gqb±A o+Qkuwu ;g Fkk fd #i;s esa Ng vkus ls de i+Qly gksus ls ml lky yxku u fy;k tk;s] vxys o\"kZ ,d lkFk ys fy;k tk;sA ml lky yksxksa us tc dgk fd pkj vkus Hkh i+Qly ugha gqbZ rks ljdkj ugha ekuhA fiQj egkRek xk¡èkhth us dke gkFk esa ys fy;kA ,d lHkk dhA yksxksa dks crk;k fd ;fn vki yxku nsus ls bUdkj djksxs rks vkidh tk;nkn t+Cr gks tk;sxh] D;k vki rS;kj gSa\\ yksx pqipki cSBs jgs rks cEcbZ ds lR;kxzgh usrk bl ckr ij cM+s ukjkt+ gq, vkSj py fn;sA ysfdu fiQj ,d cqM~<k fdlku mBk vkSj mlus dgk fd ge lcdqN lgu djsaxs vkSj ckn esa lHkh yksx ;gh dgus yxsA lR;kxzg 'kq: gqvkA ljdkj us Hkh tk;nkn vkSj t+ehusa t+Cr djuk 'kq: fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 253

dj fn;k] ysfdu nks eghus ckn ljdkj us flj >qdk fn;k vkSj t+ehankjksa (\\) dh 'krZ eku yhA nlw jh ckj tc egkRek th 1923&24 eas tys eas Fks rc lR;kxgz gvq kA igyh ckj 600 xk¡oksa us fgLlk fy;k FkkA bl ckj 94 xk¡oksa dk yxku c<+k;k vkSj bu xk¡oksa us lR;kxzg fd;kA mu ij rkthjh VSDl yxk;k x;k FkkA ogk¡ fu;e Fkk fd lw;kZLr gksus ij tk;nkn dqdZ ugha gks ldrh Fkh vkSj fdlku losjs gh vius&vius ?kjksa dks rkys yxkdj pys tkrs vkSj iqfyl dks dksbZ xokg rd u feyrkA vfèkd rax vkdj ljdkj us VSDl okil ys fy;kA bl ckj ckjnksyh esa lR;kxzg 'kq: gqvk gSA ckjnksyh esa 1921&22 esa vkt+knh ds fy, cM+k Hkkjh lR;kxzg djus dh rS;kfj;k¡ dh x;h FkhaA lc fo+QLer ds [ksy! cuk&cuk;k [ksy fcxM+ x;kA [k+Sj] mu fiNyh ckrksa dk D;k djukA vc ml bykds dk cUnkscLr ljdkj us fd;kA cspkjs fdlkuksa dh eqlhcr] vPNk cUnkscLr gqvk] 22 çfr'kr yxku c<+ x;k! cgqr dgk x;k ysfdu ljdkj dc ekurh gSA Jh cYyHkHkkbZ iVsy ds usr`Ro esa dke 'kq: gks x;k vkjS fdlkuksa us yxku nsus ls euk dj fn;kA vc t+Crh vfèkdkjh vkSj lkjs gh vi+Qlj ckjnksyh rkYyqds dh vksj bdV~Bk gq, gSaA tks muls gks ldrk gS] yksxksa dks x+yr jkLrs ij Mkyus ds fy, dj jgs gSaA tk;nkn t+Cr dh tk jgh gS] t+ehusa t+Cr djus ds gqDe tkjh gks jgs gSaA ysfdu eky] lkeku mBkus ds fy, vkneh ugha feyrsA bl le; dke ogk¡ t+ksjksa ij gS] ysfdu ,d ets dh ckr ;g gS fd lkjk dke cM+h 'kkfUr ls gks jgk gSA os vi+Qlj tks yksxksa dks rax djus vk;s Fks] muds lkFk cM+s I;kj dk O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gSA igys mUgsa jksVh&ikuh ugha feyrk Fkk] vc iVsy us dgk fd mUgsa jksVh& ikuh t+:j ns fn;k djksA ,d fnu 'kjkc dh nqdku ls pkj fVu dqdZ fd;s x;s] ysfdu mBkus okyk dksbZ u feykA tc vfèkdkjh us dgk] ^cM+h I;kl yxh gS] ikuh rks nks]* rks >V ,d lsoknkj lR;kxzgh us lksMs dh cksry ykdj fiyk;hA bl rjg dke cM+s t+ksjksa ls] iwjh 'kkfUr ls py jgk gSA cM+h mEehn gS fd ljdkj dks vfèkd >qduk iM+sxkA nwljh txg dkuiqj gS tgk¡ lR;kxzg gksus okyk gSA fiNys fnuksa dkuiqj esa fgUnw&eqfLye naxs gq,A ckn esa rkthjh iqfyl fcBk;h x;hA dqN fnu gq, fd dkuiqj ds dkSafly lnL; Jh x.ks'k'kadj th fo|kFkhZ lEiknd ^çrki*] dkuiqj dks ,d i=k eftLVsªV ls feyk fd vius nÝ+rj ds lHkh deZpkfj;ksa dh lwph vkSj mudk osru ;k in fy[kdj Hkstsa] D;ksafd rkjh rkthjh VSDl olwy fd;k tkuk gSA ysfdu fo|kFkhZ th us fy[k Hkstk fd eSa dksbZ VSDl nsus dks rS;kj ugha gw¡ vkjS u gh bl dke esa dksbZ lgk;rk gh d:¡xk] D;ksafd naxk iqfyl us djok;k FkkA gesa mldk n.M ugha feyuk pkfg,A yksxksa us fo|kFkhZ th ls iwNk fd ge 254 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

D;k djsa\\ vkius dgk fd eqlhcr vk;sxh] uqo+Qlku vfèkd gksxk] ysfdu ;g vR;kpkjh VSDl ugha nsuk pkfg,A tyls gq,A 7000 O;fDr;ksa us VSDl u nsus ds dkx+t+ksa ij gLrk{kj dj ljdkj dks Hkst fn;sA rS;kfj;k¡ gks jgh gSaA rhljh txg esjB gSA ogk¡ Hkh cUnkscLr gqvk vkSj yxku c<+ x;kA ogk¡ Hkh lR;kxzg dh ?kks\"k.kk dj nh x;h gSA iatkc esa Hkh dqN ,slh gh ckrsa ut+j vk jgh gSaA 'ks[kwiqj vkSj ykgkSj ft+yksa esa vksys fxjus ls i+Qlysa u\"V gks x;h FkhaA vukt dqN Hkh ugha gqvk] fiQj yxku dlS s fn;k tk;s\\ ysfdu ;gk¡ ds l;kus&l;kus vkneh vkjS gh rjg dh ckrsa djrs gSa μ ¶dkaxzsl ds ^cnuke* vkneh mu fdlkuksa esa Hkk\"k.k u nsa] dgha ljdkj ukjkt+ u gks tk;!s ¸ ,ls h&,ls h ckras gks jgh g]aS yfs du mUgas vPNh rjg ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd ykrksa ds Hkwr ckrksa ls ugha ekursA vaxzst+ iSls ds ihj vkSj mEehn ;g dh tk;s fd os yxku viusvki eki+Q dj nsaxsA ;g Hkze vHkh dc rd pysxk\\ gM+rkysa mèkj lR;kxzg dh èkwe gS vkSj bèkj gM+rkyksa dk Hkh dqN de t+ksj ughaA cM+h [+kq'kh bl ckr dh gS fd ns'k esa fiQj çk.k txs gSa vkSj igys&igy gh fdlkuksa vkSj Jfedksa dk ;q¼ fNM+k gSA bl ckr dk Hkh vkus okys cM+s Hkkjh vkUnksyu ij vlj jgsxkA okLro esa rks ;gh yksx gSa fd ftUgsa vkt+knh dh t+:jr gSA fdlku vkSj et+nwj jksVh pkgrs gSa vkSj mudh jksVh dk loky rc rd gy ugha gks ldrk tc rd ;gk¡ iw.kZ vkt+knh u fey tk;sA os xksyest dkWUç+Qsal ;k vU; ,slh fdlh ckr ij #d ugha ldrsA [k+SjA vktdy fyyqvk jsyos odZ'kki] VkVk dh te'ksniqj feyksa] te'ksniqj 'kgj ds Hkafx;ksa vkSj cEcbZ dh diM+k&feyksa esa gM+rky gks x;h gSA okLro esa rks eksVh&eksVh f'kdk;rsa lcdh ,d&lh gksrh gSaA osru de] dke T+;knk vkSj O;ogkj cqjkA bl fLFkfr esa x+jhc et+nwj tSls&rSls xqt+kjk djrs gSa] ysfdu vkf[k+j vlguh; gks tkrk gSA vkt cEcbZ esa Ms<+&nks yk[k O;fDr gM+rky fd;s cSBs gSaA fli+QZ ,d fey pyrh gSA ckr ;g fd u;s gFkdj?ks vk;s gSa] ftuesa ,d vkneh dks nks gFkdj?kksa ij dke djuk iM+rk gS vkSj esgur T+;knk djuh iM+rh gSA ;gh dke djus okyksa dk osru [k+klrkSj ls c<+kus] cko+Qh vke et+nwjksa dk osru c<+kus vkSj 8 ?k.Vs ls vfèkd dke u ys ldus vkSj dqN O;ogkj lEcUèkh 'krs± is'k dh x;h gSaA bl le; gM+rky dk cM+k t+ksj gSA te'ksniqj fey ds Jfedksa dh Hkh dqN ,slh gh ek¡xsa gSaA ogk¡ Hkh gM+rky c<+rh tk jgh gSA Hkaxh viuh gM+rky fd;s gq, gSa vkSj 'kgj dh ukd esa ne gqvk gSA lcls vfèkd lsok djus okys Hkkb;ksa dks ge Hkaxh&Hkaxh dgdj ikl u iQVdus nsa vkSj mudh x+jhch dk ykHk fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 255

mBkdj FkksM+s&ls iSls nsdj dke djkrs jgsa vkSj csxkj Hkh [+kwc ?klhVsaA [+kwc! vkf[k+j mUgsa Hkh mBuk gh FkkA os rks yksxksa dks] fo'ks\"kr% 'kgjksa esa] nks fnu esa lhèks jkLrs ij yk ldrs gSaA mudk mBuk cM+h [+kq'kh dh ckr gSA fyyqvk odZ'kki ls dqN vkneh fudky fn;s x;s Fks vkjS osru ds Hkh dqN >a>V Fks] blfy, gM+rky gks x;hA ckn esa ,yku gks x;k fd dbZ gt+kj O;fDr;ksa dk dke fcYdqy gh cUn dj fn;k tk;sxk vkSj gM+rky [k+Re gksus ij Hkh mUgsa dke esa ugha fy;k tk;sxkA blls cM+h luluh iQSyhA ysfdu gM+rky t+ksjksa ij gSA Jh LçSV vkfn lTtu [+kwc dke dj jgs gSaA yksxksa dks pkfg, fd os mudh gj rjg ls lgk;rk djsa vkSj mudh gM+rky rqM+okus dh tks rS;kjh gks jgh gS] og cUn djk;h tk;sA ge pkgrs gSa fd lHkh fdlku vkSj et+nwj laxfBr gksa vkSj vius vfèkdkjksa ds fy, ;Ru djsaA 256 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

lkEçnkf;d nxa s vkSj mudk bykt tfy;k¡okyk ckx+ gR;kdk.M ds ckn fczfV'k ljdkj us lkEçnkf;d c¡Vokjs dh jktuhfr rts + dj nhA blds vlj ls 1924 eas dkgs kV eas Hk;kud fgUn&w efq Lye naxs gq,A blds ckn jk\"Vªh; jktuhfrd psruk esa lkEçnkf;d naxksa ij yEch cgl pyhA bUgsa lekIr djus dh t+:jr rks lcus eglwl dh] ysfdu dkaxzslh usrkvksa us fgUnw&eqfLye usrkvksa esa lqygukek fy[kkdj naxksa dks jksdus ds ;Ru fd;sA bl leL;k ds fuf'pr gy ds fy, ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu us vius fopkj çLrqr fd;sA Hkxr¯lg dk ;g ys[k twu] 1928 ds ^fdjrh* esa NikA Hkkjro\"kZ dh n'kk bl le; cM+h n;uh; gSA ,d èkeZ ds vuq;k;h nwljs èkeZ ds vuq;kf;;ksa ds tkuh nq'eu gSaA vc rks ,d èkeZ dk gksuk gh nwljs èkeZ dk dV~Vj 'k=kq gksuk gSA ;fn bl ckr dk vHkh ;o+Qhu u gks rks ykgkSj ds rkt+k naxs gh ns[k ysaA fdl çdkj eqlyekuksa us funksZ\"k fl[kksa] fgUnqvksa dks ekjk gS vkSj fdl çdkj fl[kksa us Hkh o'k pyrs dksbZ dlj ugha NksM+h gSA ;g ekj&dkV blfy, ugha dh x;h fd iQyk¡ vkneh nks\"kh gS] oju blfy, fd iQyk¡ vkneh fgUnw gS ;k fl[k gS ;k eqlyeku gSA cl fdlh O;fDr dk fl[k ;k fgUnw gksuk eqlyekuksa }kjk ekjs tkus ds fy, dki+Qh Fkk vkSj blh rjg fdlh O;fDr dk eqlyeku gksuk gh mldh tku ysus ds fy, i;kZIr rdZ FkkA tc fLFkfr ,slh gks rks fgUnqLrku dk bZ'oj gh ekfyd gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa fgUnqLrku dk Hkfo\"; cgqr vUèkdkje; ut+j vkrk gSA bu ¶èkeks±¸ us fgUnqLrku dk csM+kxdZ dj fn;k gAS vkjS vHkh irk ugha fd ;s èkk£ed nxa s Hkkjro\"kZ dk ihNk dc NkMs xas+ As bu nxa kas us lla kj dh utj+ kas eas Hkkjr dks cnuke dj fn;k gSA vkSj geus ns[kk gS fd bl vUèkfo'okl ds cgko esa lHkh cg tkrs gSaA dksbZ fcjyk gh fgUnw] eqlyeku ;k fl[k gksrk gS] tks viuk fnekx+ B.Mk j[krk gS] cko+Qh lcds lc èkeZ ds ;s ukeysok vius ukeysok èkeZ ds jksc dks o+Qk;e j[kus ds fy, M.Ms&ykfB;k¡] ryokjsa&Nqjs gkFk esa idM+ ysrs gSa vkSj vkil esa lj iQksM+&iQksM+dj ej tkrs gSaA cko+Qh cps dqN rks iQk¡lh p<+ tkrs gSa vkSj dqN tsyksa esa iQsad fn;s tkrs gSaA bruk jDrikr gksus ij bu ¶èkeZtuksa¸ ij fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 257

vaxzst+h ljdkj dk M.Mk cjlrk gS vkSj fiQj buds fnekx+ dk dhM+k fBdkus ij vk tkrk gSA tgk¡ rd ns[kk x;k gS] bu naxksa ds ihNs lkEçnkf;d usrkvksa vkSj v[k+ckjksa dk gkFk gSA bl le; fgUnqLrku ds usrkvksa us ,slh yhn dh gS fd pqi gh HkyhA ogh usrk ftUgksaus Hkkjr dks LorU=k djkus dk chM+k mBk;k gqvk Fkk vkSj tks ¶leku jk\"Vªh;rk¸ vkSj ¶Lojkt&Lojkt¸ ds nexts ekjrs ugha Fkdrs Fks] ogh ;k rks vius flj fNik;s pqipki cSBs gSa ;k blh èkekZUèkrk ds cgko esa cg pys gSaA flj fNikdj cSBus okyksa dh la[;k Hkh D;k de gS] vkSj lkEçnkf;drk dh ,slh çcy ck<+ vk;h gqbZ gS fd os Hkh bls jksd ugha ik jgsA ,slk yx jgk gS fd Hkkjr esa usr`Ro dk fnokyk fiV x;k gSA nwljs lTtu tks lkEçnkf;d naxksa dks HkM+dkus esa fo'ks\"k fgLlk ysrs jgs gSa] os v[k+ckj okys gSaA i=kdkfjrk dk O;olk;] tks fdlh le; cgqr Å¡pk le>k tkrk Fkk] vkt cgqr gh xUnk gks x;k gSA ;s yksx ,d&nwljs ds fo#¼ cM+s eksVs&eksVs 'kh\"kZd nsdj yksxksa dh Hkkouk,¡ HkM+dkrs gSa vkSj ijLij flj&iQqVkSOoy djokrs gSaA ,d&nks txg gh ugha] fdruh gh txgksa ij blfy, naxs gq, gSa fd LFkkuh; v[k+ckjksa us cM+s mÙkstukiw.kZ ys[k fy[ks gSaA ,sls ys[kd] ftudk fny o fnekx+ ,sls fnuksa esa Hkh 'kkUr jgk gks] cgqr de gSaA v[k+ckjksa dk vlyh dÙkZO; f'k{kk nsuk] yksxksa ls ladh.kZrk fudkyuk] lkEçnkf;d Hkkouk,¡ gVkuk] ijLij esy&feyki c<+kuk vkSj Hkkjr dh lk>h jk\"Vªh;rk cukuk Fkk_ ysfdu bUgksaus viuk eq[; dÙkZO; vKku iQSykuk] ladh.kZrk dk çpkj djuk] lkEçnkf;d cukuk] yM+kbZ&>xM+s djokuk vkSj Hkkjr dh lk>h jk\"Vªh;rk dks u\"V djuk cuk fy;k gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd Hkkjro\"kZ dh orZeku n'kk ij fopkj dj vk¡[kksa ls jDr ds vk¡lw cgus yxrs gSa vkSj fny esa loky mBrk gS fd ^Hkkjr dk cusxk D;k\\* tks ykxs vlg;kxs ds fnukas ds tk's k o mHkkj dks tkurs g]aS mUgas ;g fLFkfr n[s k jkus k vkrk gAS dgk¡ Fks os fnu fd LorU=krk dh >yd lkeus fn[kk;h nrs h Fkh vkjS dgk¡ vkt ;g fnu fd LojkT; ,d liuk&ek=k cu x;k gAS cl ;gh rhljk ykHk g]S tks bu nxa kas ls vR;kpkfj;kas dks feyk gAS ogh ukdS j'kkgh μ ftlds vfLrRo dks [k+rjk inS k gks x;k Fkk] fd vkt x;h] dy x;h μ vkt viuh tMas+ bruh etc+ rw dj pdq h gaS fd mls fgykuk dkbs Z ekeyw h dke ugha gAS ;fn bu lkEçnkf;d naxksa dh tM+ [kkstsa rks gesa bldk dkj.k vk£Fkd gh tku iMr+ k gAS vlg;kxs ds fnukas eas urs kvkas o i=kdkjkas us <js kas oQ+ cq kfZ u;k¡ nhAa mudh vk£Fkd n'kk fcxM+ x;h FkhA vlg;ksx vkUnksyu ds èkhek iM+us ij usrkvksa ij 258 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

vfo'okl&lk gks x;k] ftlls vktdy ds cgrq &ls lkEçnkf;d urs kvkas ds èkUèks pkSiV gks x;sA fo'o esa tks Hkh dke gksrk gS] mldh rg esa isV dk loky t+:j gksrk gSA dkyZ ekDlZ ds rhu cM+s fl¼kUrksa esa ls ;g ,d eq[; fl¼kUr gSA blh dkj.k ls rcyhx] rudhe] 'kqf¼ vkfn laxBu 'kq: gq, vkjS blh dkj.k ls vkt gekjh ,slh nqnZ'kk gqbZ] tks vo.kZuh; gSA cl] lHkh naxksa dk bykt ;fn dksbZ gks ldrk gS rks og Hkkjr dh vk£Fkd n'kk esa lqèkkj ls gh gks ldrk gS] D;ksafd Hkkjr ds vke yksxksa dh vk£Fkd n'kk bruh [k+jkc gS fd ,d O;fDr nwljs dks poUuh nsdj fdlh vkSj dks viekfur djok ldrk gAS Hkw[k vkjS nq[k ls vkrqj gksdj euq\"; lHkh fl¼kUr rkd ij j[k nsrk gSA lp gS] ejrk D;k u djrkA ysfdu orZeku fLFkfr esa vk£Fkd lqèkkj gksuk vR;Ur dfBu gS] D;ksafd ljdkj fons'kh gS vkSj ;g yksxksa dh fLFkfr dks lqèkjus ugha nsrhA blhfy, yksxksa dks gkFk èkksdj blds ihNs iM+ tkuk pkfg, vkSj tc rd ljdkj cny u tk;s] pSu dh lk¡l u ysuk pkfg,A yksxksa dks ijLij yM+us ls jksdus ds fy, oxZ&psruk dh t+:jr gSA x+jhc esgurd'k o fdlkuksa dks Li\"V le>k nsuk pkfg, fd rqEgkjs vlyh nq'eu iw¡thifr gSa] blfy, rqEgsa buds gFkd.Mksa ls cpdj jguk pkfg, vkSj buds gRFks p<+ dqN u djuk pkfg,A lalkj ds lHkh x+jhcksa ds] pkgs os fdlh Hkh tkfr] jax] èkeZ ;k jk\"Vª ds gksa] vfèkdkj ,d gh gSaA rqEgkjh HkykbZ blh esa gS fd rqe èkeZ] jax] uLy vkSj jk\"Vªh;rk o ns'k ds HksnHkko feVkdj ,dtqV gks tkvks vkSj ljdkj dh rko+Qr vius gkFk esa ysus dk ;Ru djksA bu ;Ruksa esa rqEgkjk uqo+Qlku dqN ugha gksxk] blls fdlh fnu rqEgkjh t+athjsa dV tk;saxh vkSj rqEgsa vk£Fkd LorU=krk feysxhA tks yksx :l dk bfrgkl tkurs gSa] mUgsa ekywe gS fd t+kj ds le; ogk¡ Hkh ,slh gh fLFkfr;k¡ Fkha] ogk¡ Hkh fdrus gh leqnk; Fks tks ijLij twr&irk¡x djrs jgrs FksA ysfdu ftl fnu ls ogk¡ Jfed&'kklu gqvk gS] ogk¡ uD+'kk gh cny x;k gSA vc ogk¡ dHkh naxs ugha gq,A vc ogk¡ lHkh dks ^bUlku* le>k tkrk g]S ^èketZ u* ughaA t+kj ds le; yksxksa dh vk£Fkd n'kk cgqr gh [k+jkc Fkh] blfy, lc naxs&iQlkn gksrs FksA ysfdu vc :fl;ksa dh vk£Fkd n'kk lqèkj x;h gS vkSj muesa oxZ&psruk vk x;h gS] blfy, vc ogk¡ ls dHkh fdlh naxs dh [k+cj ugha vk;hA bu naxksa esa oSls rks cM+s fujk'kktud lekpkj lquus esa vkrs gSa] ysfdu dydÙks ds naxksa esa ,d ckr cgqr [+kq'kh dh lquus esa vk;hA og ;g fd ogk¡ naxksa esa VsªM ;wfu;uksa ds et+nwjksa us fgLlk ugha fy;k vkSj u gh os ijLij fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 259

xqRFkexqRFkk gh gq,] oju lHkh fgUnw&eqlyeku cM+s isze ls dkj[+kkuksa vkfn esa mBr&s cBS rs vkjS nxa s jkds us ds Hkh ;Ru djrs jgAs ;g blfy, fd mueas ox&Z prs uk Fkh vkSj os vius oxZfgr dks vPNh rjg igpkurs FksA oxZ&psruk dk ;gh lqUnj jkLrk gS] tks lkEçnkf;d naxs jksd ldrk gSA ;g [+kq'kh dk lekpkj gekjs dkuksa dks feyk gS fd Hkkjr ds uo;qod vc oSls èkeks± ls tks ijLij yM+kuk o ?k`.kk djuk fl[kkrs gSa] rax vkdj gkFk èkks jgs gSa vkSj muesa bruk [kqykiu vk x;k gS fd os Hkkjr ds yksxksa dks èkeZ dh ut+j ls μ fgUnw] eqlyeku ;k fl[k&:i esa ugha] oju lHkh dks igys bUlku le>rs gSa] fiQj HkkjroklhA Hkkjr ds ;qodksa esa bu fopkjksa ds iSnk gksus ls irk pyrk gS fd Hkkjr dk Hkfo\"; lqugyk gS vkSj Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks bu naxksa vkfn dks ns[kdj ?kcjkuk ugha pkfg,] cfYd rS;kj&cj&rS;kj gks ;Ru djuk pkfg, fd ,slk okrkoj.k gh u cus] rkfd naxs gksa gh ughaA 1914&15 ds 'kghnksa us èkeZ dks jktuhfr ls vyx dj fn;k FkkA os le>rs Fks fd èkeZ O;fDr dk O;fDrxr ekeyk gS] blesa nwljs dk dksbZ n[k+y ughaA u gh bls jktuhfr eas ?klq kuk pkfg,] D;kfas d ;g ljcr dks feydj ,d txg dke ugha djus nsrkA blhfy, x+nj ikVhZ tSls vkUnksyu ,dtqV o ,dtku jgs] ftlesa fl[k c<+&p<+dj iQk¡fl;ksa ij p<+s vkSj fgUnw&eqlyeku Hkh ihNs ugha jgsA bl le; dqN Hkkjrh; usrk Hkh eSnku esa mrjs gSa] tks èkeZ dks jktuhfr ls vyx djuk pkgrs gSaA >xM+k feVkus dk ;g Hkh ,d lqUnj bykt gS vkSj ge bldk leFkZu djrs gSaA ;fn èkeZ dks vyx dj fn;k tk;s rks jktuhfr ij ge lHkh bdV~Bk gks ldrs gSaA èkeks± esa ge pkgs vyx&vyx gh jgsaA gekjk [k+;ky gS fd Hkkjr ds lPps gennZ gekjs crk;s bykt ij t+:j fopkj djsaxs vkSj Hkkjr dk bl le; tks vkRe?kkr gks jgk gS] mlls gesa cpk yxas As 260 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

ifq yl dh dehuh pkyas iqfyl ds yksx fdl rjg ukStokuksa dks iQ¡lkus vkSj cjxykus dk dke djrs gSa] bl lEcUèk esa ;g ys[k twu] 1928 ^fdjrh* esa Nik FkkA μ l- dqN fnuksa ls iatkc esa cM+h luluh iQSyh gqbZ gSA ,d vthc dgkuh dk irk pyk gSA iqfyl dh ,d vthc djrwr dk Hk.MkiQksM+ gqvk gSA vc pw¡fd Hk.MkiQksM+ gks gh x;k gS blfy, ;g dgkuh ets+nkj yxrh gS] ysfdu nqHkkZX; ls ;fn Hk.MkiQksM+ u gqvk gksrk rks mldk ifj.kke ;g gksuk Fkk fd dbZ ukStoku iQk¡lh ij yVd x;s gksrs vkSj db;ksa dks dkykikuh gks x;k gksrkA Hk.MkiQksM+ ykgkSj ds v[k+ckj fVªC;wu (The Tribune) us fd;k gSA dgkuh ;ksa gS fd vçSy] 1927 esa ykgkSj LVs'ku ij ,d caxkyh vkSj ,d esjB fuoklh ukStoku idM+s x;sA caxkyh ds ikl ls fiLrkSy vkSj esjB okys ds ikl ls rst+kc feykA dqN fnu gokykr esa j[kus ds ckn igys rks esjB fuoklh uktS oku ftldk uke ekgs u ¯lg jda Fkk] NkMs + fn;k x;k vkjS cxa kyh ij eoq Q+ nek pyk;k x;kA dqN fnuksa ckn caxkyh dks Hkh tekur ij NksM+ fn;k x;kA tekur ik¡p lkS dh gqbZ FkhA is'kh okys fnu og gkft+j u gqvk] fiQj Hkh mldh tekur t+Cr ugha dh x;hA mls okj.V fudkydj esjB ls fxjÝ+rkj dj yk;k x;k vkSj fe- ghjkyky iQyS wDl us mls ik¡p lky dh oQ+S n dk n.M fn;kA ykgkjS ds jk\"Vªh; dk;dZ rkvZ ksa dks mlls gennhZ inS k gqbAZ mlds fy, vihy dk çcUèk fd;k x;kA vihy vHkh is'k Hkh ugha gqbZ Fkh fd og NwVdj ?kj pyk x;kA lc yksx gSjkuA mM+rh&mM+rh ckr ;g lquh tk jgh Fkh fd og [+kqfi+Q;k iqfyl dk HkkM+s dk VV~Vw FkkA ysfdu fuf'pr rkSj ij dqN ugha dgk tk ldrkA vc dqN fnu igys mlds mu fnuksa ds fy[ks gq, dqN i=k ^fVªC;wu* esa Nis gSaA ,d i=k rks esjB ds iqfyl dIrku ds uke gS vkSj ,d ykgkSj ds iqfyl dIrku ds uke vkSj ,d ,slk gS ftlesa mlus viuk lkjk gky fy[kk gSA mlus fy[kk gS fd og [+kqfi+Q;k iqfyl dk ,d tklwl gS vkSj dbZ cjlksa ls iqfyl dk dke dj jgk gSA iqfyl dks irk pyk fd ,d vkSj vkneh ^,u* uke dk eSuiqjh dk jgus okyk gSA ftlds ikl nks fiLrkSysa gSaA ds-lh- cuthZ dks] tksfd fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 261

ml caxkyh dk uke gS] mlds lkFk nksLrh djus ds fy, dgk x;k rkfd mlls fiLrkSysa ys yh tk;saA mlus ,d fiLrkSy ys fy;k vkSj iqfyl vfèkdkfj;ksa us mlls dgk fd ;g rqe vius ikl gh j[kksA ,d fnu ykgkSj ds fdlh vkneh dk i=k caxkyh ds eki+QZr eksguyky ds uke fy[kk gqvk x;kA mlesa fy[kk gqvk Fkk fd rqe vkneh vkSj pht+sa ysdj ykgkSj igq¡pks] D;ksafd fi+Qjkst+iqj esa Mkdk Mkyuk gSA caxkyh us og i=k iqfyl vfèkdkfj;ksa dks ns fn;k] ftUgksaus i=k dk i+QksVks ysdj i=k ykSVk fn;k] cuthZ us og i=k eksguyky dks ns fn;kA vfèkdkfj;ksa dh lykg ls og fiLrkSy lkFk ysdj eksguyky ds lkFk ykgkSj vk x;kA ;gk¡ ls ,d vkneh dks MdSrh dh txg dh ns[kHkky ds fy, Hkst fn;k x;k] ij u tkus fdl dkj.k ls MdSrh u gqbZ vkSj nksuksa esjB ds fy, ykSV iM+s] ysfdu ykgkSj jsyos LVs'ku ij fxjÝ+rkj dj fy;s x;sA idM+s tkrs gh caxkyh us iqfyl dks crk fn;k Fkk fd og [+kqfi+Q;k iqfyl dk vkneh gS vkjS fiLrkyS Hkh ,d rjg ls ljdkjh gS vkjS mls ;g dgdj fn;k x;k Fkk fd rqe ;g fiLrkSy fdlh nwljs ds gkFk esa ns nsukA ysfdu fLFkfr ,slh cu x;h fd og Lo;a fxjÝ+rkj gks x;kA vc iqfyl mls NksM+uk Hkh pkgrh Fkh ysfdu vpkud NksM+us ls lUnsg gksus dk [k+rjk Fkk] lks mls 500 #i;s dh tekur ij fjgk dj fn;k x;kA rkjh[k+ ds fnu og is'k u gqvk rks Hkh mldh tekur t+Cr u dh x;hA ysfdu eftLVsªV dks iwjh dFkk ekywe ugha Fkh] blfy, mlus T+;knk oi+Qknkjh fn[kkus ds fy, vfèkdkfèkd lEHko lt+k ns nhA vkElZ ,DV ds rgr nwljs çkUrksa eas vkerkjS ij Ng eghus oQS+ n gkrs h g]S yfs du ;g ita kc tks gvq k! ;gk¡ ikp¡ lky lt+k gqbZA vc caxkyh dh lk¡l iQwy x;hA i=k ij i=k fy[ksA dgha jk; lkgc] ykyk pqUuhyky] dIrku ykgkSj vkSj dgha dIrku esjB dks i=k fy[ksA iwjk gky c;ku fd;kA mUgha esa ls dqN i=k fdlh rjg ^fVªC;wu* ds gkFk yx x;s vkjS ogh Niok fn;s x;sA dkSafly esa blh ij cgl gqbZA ljdkjh lnL;ksa us pqipki ckr eku yhA mUgksaus dgk fd og gekjk tklwl FkkA iatkc iqfyl dks igys iwjh ckr irk ugha Fkh] irk yxus ij mls yksxksa ds lUnsg ls cpkus ds fy, eqo+Qnes dk <ksax fd;k x;kA vc loky ;g mBrk gS fd D;k og fli+QZ tklwl gh Fkk ;k lkFk gh HkMd+ kus okyk (Agent Provocateur) Hkh Fkk\\ ,t.s V çkos kds Vs j dk dke (Investigate) ;k rÝ+rh'k djuk ugha gksrk cfYd (To create) tqeZ iSnk djuk gksrk gSA vkerkSj ij iqfyl viuh t+:jr fl¼ djus ds fy, ,slk dqN dke djrh jgrh gSA ykyk yktir jk; us ,d ckj rqdhZ dh [+kqfi+Q;k iqfyl dh djrwr dh dgkuh fy[kh FkhA :l esa ,ts.V çksoksdsVj cgqr&lk dke djrs jgs 262 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

gSaA ysfdu vkerkSj ij iqfyl Hkh ,sls \"kM~;U=k ugha djrh] Lo;a ljdkjsa djokrh gSaA mnkgj.kr% tc dHkh cM+s Hkkjh vkUnksyu dh lEHkkouk gksrh gS] mls nckus ds fy,] vR;kpkj djus dk cgkuk <w¡<+us ds fy, og vius vknfe;ksa dks muesa feyk nrs h gS vkjS os dkbs Z u dkbs Z xy+ rh djok nrs s g]aS ftlls vR;kpkj dk cgkuk fey tkrk gSA nwj tkus dh t+:jr ugha] vktdy tks Hkh gM+rkysa gqbZ gSa muesa Hkh ,sls vkneh NksM+s tkrs gSa tks naxk djokus ds fy, yksxksa dks HkM+dkrs jgrs gSa vkjS vR;kpkj dk cgkuk <w¡<+us dk ;Ru djrs jgrs gaSA :l esa rks bu yksxksa us dbZ ckj cgrq vR;kpkj djok;k vkjS gtk+ jkas funk\"Zs k ykxs kas dks iQkl¡ h ij yVdok fn;kA cM+s&cM+s vkUnksyu dqpy Mkys x;sA ysfdu ;s vkf[k+jh pkysa gksrh gSa] buls jkt çkIr ugha gksrs] cfYd T+kqYe djus ls tM+sa tYnh m[kM+ tkrh gaSA [k+jS ! vaxszt+h jkt Hkh vc ,slh vkf[k+jh pkyksa ij mrj vk;k gSA 1923 ds vkf[k+j esa tc Lojkt ikVhZ cuh] fiNyk 'kkfUriw.kZ vkUnksyu vliQy gks x;k FkkA rc ljdkj us bl fLFkfr ls Mjrs gq, fd dgha fiQj vkradokfn;ksa dh cM+h Hkkjh ikVhZ u cu tk;s] vius vkneh bu ckrksa ds çpkj ds fy, NksM+s vkSj tYn gh fu;e 1818 ds vèkhu cgqr&ls yksxksa dks fxjÝ+rkj dj fy;kA 25 tqykbZ] 1924 dks mu cfUn;ksa esa ls nks ;kuh Jh HkwisUæukFk nÙk vkSj Jh thouyky pVthZ us ,d i=k Hkkjr&eU=kh ds uke fy[kk ftlesa mUgksaus dgk fd caxky esa ,sls vkneh NksM+s x;s gaS ftudh ge] ;fn ,d fu\"i{k lfefr cus rk]s ijw h ikys [kkys nAas yfs du ljdkj dc lquus okyh FkhA bu ckrksa ls fl¼ gksrk gS fd ljdkj dh viuh uh;r Hkh ,slh gh gSA loky ;g iSnk gksrk gS fd ds-lh- cuthZ [+kqfi+Q;k dke djus okyk tklwl (Spy) gh Fkk ;k \"kM~;U=kdkjh Agent Provocateur Fkk\\ ;k ljdkj dk bl ekeys esa dksbZ gkFk Fkk\\ fLFkfr ij t+jk è;ku ls lkspsa rks irk pyrk gS fd bu rhu&pkj vknfe;ksa esa ls ,d ls vfèkd [+kqfi+Q;k tklwl Fks vkSj ljdkj us iatkc ds dke djus okys gksugkj ukStokuksa ds f[k+yki+Q \"kM~;U=k fd;k Fkk] lkSHkkX; ls ftldk cM+s lqUnj <ax ls Hk.MkiQksM+ gks x;kA ckr ;g gS fd us'kuy dkWyst ds ,d xzsT;q,V us] ftlds ckjs esa fVªC;wu esa feLVj ih- fy[kk gS] og i=k fy[kk FkkA ;g ukStoku cgqr ew[kZ o dehuk gSA yxrk gS fd og Hkh ,slk gh ,ts.V çksoksdsVj gSA mlds lEcUèk esa vkerkSj ij f'kdk;r lquh x;h Fkh fd og cgqr cM+h&cM+h Mhaxsa gk¡drk gS vkSj dgrk fiQjrk gS fd eSa ,d jkt ØkfUrdkjh ny dk usrk gw¡A [k+Sj] de ls de og ew[kZ rks cgqr Fkk] cqjk Hkys gh u gksA ysfdu vkxs dh fLFkfr ls ikBd Lo;a fu\"d\"kZ fudky ysaxsA igys dh dgkuh fVªC;wu esa Nih gSA mlds ckn tks gky irk pyk gS] vkxs lc mlh ds vkèkkj ij fy[kk tk jgk gSA mlus ;g i=k fy[kk fd vkvks] fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 263

Mkdk MkysaA os ;gk¡ vk;sA tc ykSV pys vkSj cM+k \"kM~;U=k u cu ldk vkSj fiLrkSy okyk caxkyh Hkh gkFkksa ls fudy pyk rc mls fxjÝ+rkj djok fn;k x;kA mlds idM+s tkrs gh iwjk Hk.MkiQksM+ gks x;kA vc D;k fd;k tk;s\\ fiQj iqfyl mls NksM+uk Hkh pkgrh Fkh ysfdu fdlh cgkus lsA mlh i=k fy[kus okys ^ih* dks cqykdj mldh tekur ys yh x;hA ^ih* ds ikl dksbZ lEifÙk ugha Fkh] mldk iwjk eky 5 #i;s ls T+;knk dk ugha Fkk] ysfdu 500 dh tekur eaT+kwj gks x;hA [+kqfi+Q;k dke djus okyk vkradoknh Hkyk fdl rjg vkxs vkdj ml ijns'kh ls viuh nksLrh çdV dj \"kM~;U=k dk lcwr iSnk dj ldrk Fkk\\ os rks lHkh iqfyl ds vkneh FksA fiQj rkjh[k+ ij caxkyh gkft+j u gqvkA tekur Hkh t+Cr u gqbZA og vkSj rst+kc okyk eksguyky Hkh D;ksa NwV x;k\\ ;fn ;g eku Hkh ysa fd muds f[k+yki+Q dksbZ lcwr ugha Fks] rks Hkh 120ch èkkjk ds vèkhu mu ij lkft+'k dk eqo+Qnek D;ksa u pyk;k x;k\\ ,d us Mkdk Mkyus dk i=k fy[kkA iqfyl us mldk fp=k ys fy;kA i=k i=kokys ds ikl igq¡p x;kA og Hkyk vkneh iqfyl dks i=k ugha nsrk fd eq>s fdlh us MdSrh ds fy, cqyk;k gS] cfYd og ,d vkSj vkneh dks fiLrkSy lfgr ys tkrk gS tks fiLrkSy lfgr idM+k tkrk gSA D;k lkft+'k dk eqo+Qnek ugha curk Fkk\\ èkkjk 120ch esa lki+Q fy[kk gS fd μ 'Who ever is party to a criminal conspiracy to Commit an offence—be punished is the same manner as if he had abetted such offence.' ;kuh tks Hkh ,slh lkft+'k dk lnL; gks ftlus dksbZ tqeZ djus dh lkft+'k dh gks] mls ,sls tqeZ esa enn djus dh lt+k feyuh pkfg,A nso?kj (fcgkj) esa bl le; tks cM+k Hkkjh lkft+'k dk dsl py jgk gS] mlesa ;gh gS fd μ 'You—did agree with one another— to do or cause to be done an illegal act—and thereby you committed an offence punishable under section 120 B—' rqe yksxksa us vkil esa r; fd;k fd tqeZ fd;s tk;sa] blfy, rqe ij èkkjk 120ch yxk;h tkrh gSA mu ij Hkh fdlh tqeZ djus dk vkjksi ugha yxk;k x;k] fli+QZ ^;g djus dh*] ^og djus dh* lkft+'k dk tqeZ yxk;k x;kA ml eqo+Qnes dk iwjk gky i<+us ij rks gekjk ;gh fopkj curk gS fd og eqo+Qnek Hkh iqfyl us cuk;k gSA ,d O;fDr ohjsUæukFk HkV~Vkpk;Z ds ?kj dh ryk'kh gqbZA mlus iqfyl dks vius dejs esa cqykdj nks fiLrkSy vkSj ,d dkih nh] ftlesa lkB O;fDr;ksa ds irs fy[ks gq, FksA iqfyl ds vkus rd mlus dkih dks tyk Mkyus dh Hkh dksf'k'k ugha dhA tkucw>dj gh ugha dhA muesa ls chl O;fDr idM+dj lkft+'k dk ekeyk cuk fn;k x;kA ,d iatkch ukStoku] ftldk uke Jh bUæpUæ ukjax gS] dks Hkh jxM+k tk jgk gSA vki dkefy;sokyh Jh ikoZrh nsoh ds lcls NksVs HkkbZ 264 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

gSaA Bhd oSlk gh eqo+Qnek bèkj Hkh cu jgk FkkA ;fn bèkj vdsyk ds-lh- cuthZ gh [+kqfi+Q;k iqfyl dk gksrk rks eqo+Qnek t+:j py tkrkA ij ogk¡ rks iwjh gok gh fcxM+h gqbZ Fkh vkSj ftu vknfe;ksa dks iQk¡lh ij p<+kus dh dksf'k'k dh x;h Fkh] muds f[k+yki+Q dksbZ Hkh lcwr ugha fey ik;k Fkk] blhfy, og eqo+Qnek ugha pyk;k x;kA ljdkj dh ;g pky [k+jkc vkSj ?k`f.kr gSA vkradoknh vkUnksyu dks jksdus ds fy, Hkh ;g dksbZ vPNk rjho+Qk ughaA ysfdu uo+Qyh lkft+'kksa esa funksZ\"kksa dks ekjus ls jkt dh uhaosa iDdh ugha] cfYd [kks[kyh gks jgh gSaA (bl lUnHkZ esa) :l ds t+kj vkSj ç+Qkal ds yqbl dks ugha Hkwyuk pkfg,A fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 265

^vNwr dk loky* dkdhukMk esa 1923 esa dkaxzsl&vfèkos'ku gqvkA eqgEen vyh ftUuk us vius vè;{kh; Hkk\"k.k esa vktdy dh vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dks] ftUgsa mu fnuksa ^vNwr* dgk tkrk Fkk] fgUnw vkSj eqfLye fe'kujh laLFkkvksa esa ck¡V nsus dk lq>ko fn;kA fgUnw vkSj eqfLye vehj yksx bl oxZ&Hksn dks iDdk djus ds fy, èku nsus dks rS;kj FksA mlh le; tc bl elys ij cgl dk okrkoj.k Fkk] Hkxr¯lg us ^vNwr dk loky* uked ys[k fy[kkA bl ys[k esa Jfed oxZ dh 'kfDr o lhekvksa dk vuqeku yxkdj mldh çxfr ds fy, Bksl lq>ko fn;s x;s gSaA Hkxr¯lg dk ;g ys[k twu] 1928 ds ^fdjrh* esa ^foæksgh* ds uke ls çdkf'kr gqvk FkkA gekjs ns'k tSls cqjs gkykr fdlh nwljs ns'k ds ugha gq,A ;gk¡ vtc&vtc loky mBrs jgrs gSaA ,d vge loky vNwr&leL;k gSA leL;k ;g gS fd 30 djksM+ dh tula[;k okys ns'k esa tks 6 djksM+ yksx vNwr dgykrs gSa] muds Li'kZ&ek=k ls èkeZHkz\"V gks tk;sxk! muds efUnjksa esa ços'k ls nsox.k ukjkt+ gks mBsaxs! dq,¡ ls muds }kjk ikuh fudkyus ls dqvk¡ vifo=k gks tk;sxk! ;s loky chloha lnh esa fd;s tk jgs gSa] ftUgsa fd lqurs gh 'keZ vkrh gSA gekjk ns'k cgqr vè;kReoknh gS] ysfdu ge euq\"; dks euq\"; dk ntkZ nsrs gq, Hkh f>>drs gSa tcfd iw.kZr;k HkkSfrdoknh dgykus okyk ;wjksi dbZ lfn;ksa ls bUo+Qykc dh vkokt+ mBk jgk gSA mUgksaus vesfjdk vkSj ç+Qkal dh ØkfUr;ksa ds nkSjku gh lekurk dh ?kks\"k.kk dj nh FkhA vkt :l us Hkh gj çdkj dk HksnHkko feVkdj ØkfUr ds fy, dej dlh gqbZ gSA ge lnk gh vkRek&ijekRek ds otwn dks ysdj fpfUrr gksus rFkk bl t+ksjnkj cgl esa my>s gq, gSa fd D;k vNwr dks tusÅ ns fn;k tk;sxk\\ os osn&'kkL=k i<+us ds vfèkdkjh gSa vFkok ugha\\ ge mykguk nsrs gSa fd gekjs lkFk fons'kksa esa vPNk lywd ugha gksrkA vaxzst+h 'kklu gesa vaxzst+ksa ds leku ugha le>rkA ysfdu D;k gesa ;g f'kdk;r djus dk vfèkdkj gS\\ flUèk ds ,d eqfLye lTtu Jh uwj eqgEen us] tks cEcbZ dkSafly ds 266 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

lnL; gSa] bl fo\"k; ij 1926 esa [+kwc dgk μ \"If the Hindu society refuses to allow other human beings, fellow creatures so that to attend public schools, and if...the president of local board representing so many lakhs of people in this house refuses to allow his fellows and brothers the elementary human right of having water to drink, what right have they to ask for more rights from the bureaucracy? Before we accuse people coming from other lands, we should see how we ourselves behave toward our own peoply... How can we ask for greater political rights when we ourselves deny elementary rights to human beings.'' os dgrs gSa fd tc rqe ,d bUlku dks ihus ds fy, ikuh nsus ls Hkh bUdkj djrs gks] tc rqe mUgsa Ldwy esa Hkh i<+us ugha nsrs rks rqEgsa D;k vfèkdkj gS fd vius fy, vfèkd vfèkdkjksa dh ek¡x djks\\ tc rqe ,d bUlku dks leku vfèkdkj nsus ls Hkh bUdkj djrs gks rks rqe vfèkd jktuhfrd vfèkdkj ek¡xus ds dSls vfèkdkjh cu x;s\\ ckr fcYdqy [kjh gSA ysfdu ;g D;ksafd ,d eqfLye us dgh gS blfy, fgUnw dgsaxs fd ns[kks] og mu vNwrksa dks eqlyeku cukdj vius esa 'kkfey djuk pkgrs g!aS tc req mUgas bl rjg i'kvq kas ls Hkh x;k&chrk le>kxs s rks og t:+ j gh nlw js èkek±s eas 'kkfey gks tk;xas ]s ftueas mUgas vfèkd vfèkdkj feyxas ]s tgk¡ muls bUlkukas tSlk O;ogkj fd;k tk;sxkA fiQj ;g dguk fd ns[kks th] bZlkbZ vkSj eqlyeku fgUnw o+QkSe dks uqo+Qlku igq¡pk jgs gSa] O;FkZ gksxkA fdruk Li\"V dFku gS] ysfdu ;g lqudj lHkh fryfeyk mBrs gSaA Bhd blh rjg dh fpUrk fgUnqvksa dks Hkh gqbZA lukruh if.Mr Hkh dqN u dqN bl elys ij lkps us yxAs chp&chp eas cMs+ ^;xq kUrjdkjh* dgs tkus okys Hkh 'kkfey gq,A iVuk esa fgUnw egklHkk dk lEesyu ykyk yktirjk; μ tksfd vNwrksa ds cgqr iqjkus leFkZd pys vk jgs gSa μ dh vè;{krk esa gqvk] rks t+ksjnkj cgl fNM+hA vPNh uksd&>ksad gqbZA leL;k ;g Fkh fd vNwrksa dks ;Kksiohr èkkj.k djus dk go+Q gS vFkok ugha\\ rFkk D;k mUgsa osn&'kkL=kksa dk vè;;u djus dk vfèkdkj gS\\ cM+s&cM+s lekt&lqèkkjd rerek x;s] ysfdu ykyk th us lcdks lger dj fn;k rFkk ;s nks ckrsa LohÑr dj fgUnw èkeZ dh ykt j[k yhA ojuk t+jk lkspks] fdruh 'keZ dh ckr gksrhA dqÙkk gekjh xksn esa cSB ldrk gSA gekjh jlksbZ esa fu%lax fiQjrk gS] ysfdu ,d bUlku dk gels Li'kZ gks tk;s rks cl èkeZ Hkz\"V gks tkrk gSA bl le; ekyoh; th tSls cM+s lekt&lqèkkjd] vNwrksa ds cM+s çseh vkSj u tkus D;k&D;k igys ,d esgrj ds gkFkksa xys esa gkj Myok ysrs gSa] ysfdu diM+ksa lfgr Luku fd;s fcuk Lo;a dks v'kq¼ le>rs gSa! D;k fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 267

[+kwc ;g pky gS! lcdks I;kj djus okys Hkxoku dh iwtk djus ds fy, efUnj cuk gS yfs du ogk¡ vNrw tk ?klq s rks og efUnj vifo=k gks tkrk g!S Hkxoku #\"V gks tkrk gS! ?kj dh tc ;g fLFkfr gks rks ckgj ge cjkcjh ds uke ij >xM+rs vPNs yxrs gSa\\ rc gekjs bl joS;s esa Ñr?urk dh Hkh gn ik;h tkrh gSA tks fuEure dke djds gekjs fy, lqfoèkkvksa dks miyCèk djkrs gSa] mUgsa gh ge nqjnqjkrs gSaA i'kqvksa dh ge iwtk dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu bUlku dks ikl ugha fcBk ldrAs vkt bl loky ij cgqr 'kksj gks jgk gSA mu fopkjksa ij vktdy fo'ks\"k è;ku fn;k tk jgk gSA ns'k esa eqfDr&dkeuk ftl rjg c<+ jgh gS] mlesa lkEçnkf;d Hkkouk us vkSj dksbZ ykHk igq¡pk;k gks vFkok ugha ysfdu ,d ykHk t+:j igq¡pk;k gSA vfèkd vfèkdkjksa dh ek¡x ds fy, viuh&viuh o+QkSe dh la[;k c<+kus dh fpUrk lHkh dks gqbZA eqfLyeksa us t+jk T+;knk t+ksj fn;kA mUgksaus vNwrksa dks eqlyeku cukdj vius cjkcj vfèkdkj nsus 'kq: dj fn;sA blls fgUnqvksa ds vge dks pksV igq¡phA LièkkZ c<+hA iQlkn Hkh gq,A èkhjs&èkhjs fl[kksa ds chp vNwrksa ds tusÅ mrkjus ;k ds'k dVokus ds lokyksa ij >xM+s gq,A vc rhukas oQ+ keS as vNrw kas dks viuh&viuh vkjs [khpa jgh gAaS bldk 'kkjs &'kjkck gAS mèkj bZlkbZ pqipki mudk #rck c<+k jgs gSaA pyks] bl lkjh gypy ls gh ns'k ds nqHkkZX; dh ykur nwj gks jgh gSA bèkj tc vNwrksa us ns[kk fd mudh otg ls buesa iQlkn gks jgs gSa rFkk mUgsa gj dksbZ viuh&viuh [+kqjkd le> jgk gS rks os vyx gh D;ksa u laxfBr gks tk;sa\\ bl fopkj ds vey esa vaxzst+h ljdkj dk dksbZ gkFk gks vFkok u gks ysfdu bruk vo'; gS fd bl çpkj esa ljdkjh e'khujh dk dki+Qh gkFk FkkA ^vkfn èkeZ e.My* tSls laxBu ml fopkj ds çpkj dk ifj.kke gSaA vc ,d loky vkSj mBrk gS fd bl leL;k dk lgh funku D;k gks\\ bldk tokc cM+k vge gSA lcls igys ;g fu.kZ; dj ysuk pkfg, fd lc bUlku leku gSa rFkk u rks tUe ls dksbZ fHkUu iSnk gqvk vkSj u dk;Z&foHkktu lsA vFkkZr D;ksafd ,d vkneh x+jhc esgrj ds ?kj iSnk gks x;k gS] blfy, thouHkj eSyk gh lki+Q djsxk vkSj nqfu;k esa fdlh rjg ds fodkl dk dke ikus dk mls dksbZ go+Q ugha gS] ;s ckrsa fi+QT+kwy gSaA bl rjg gekjs iwoZt vk;ks± us buds lkFk ,ls k vU;k;i.w kZ O;ogkj fd;k rFkk mUgas uhp dgdj nRq dkj fn;k ,oa fuEudksfV ds dk;Z djokus yxsA lkFk gh ;g Hkh fpUrk gqbZ fd dgha ;s foæksg u dj nsa] rc iqutZUe ds n'kZu dk çpkj dj fn;k fd ;g rqEgkjs iwoZtUe ds ikiksa dk iQy gSA vc D;k gks ldrk gS\\ pqipki fnu xqt+kjks! bl rjg mUgsa èkS;Z dk mins'k nsdj os yksx mUgsa yEcs le; rd ds fy, 'kkUr djk x;sA ysfdu 268 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

mUgksaus cM+k iki fd;kA ekuo ds Hkhrj dh ekuoh;rk dks lekIr dj fn;kA vkRefo'okl ,oa LokoyEcu dh Hkkoukvkas dks lekIr dj fn;kA cgrq neu vkjS vU;k; fd;k x;kA vkt ml lcds çk;f'pr dk oD+r gSA blds lkFk ,d nwljh xM+cM+h gks x;hA yksxksa ds euksa esa vko';d dk;ks± ds çfr ?k`.kk iSnk gks x;hA geus tqykgs dks Hkh nqRdkjkA vkt diM+k cquus okys Hkh vNwr le>s tkrs gSaA ;w-ih- dh rji+Q dgkj dks Hkh vNwr le>k tkrk gSA blls cM+h xM+cM+h iSnk gqbZA ,sls esa fodkl dh çfØ;k esa #dkoVsa iSnk gks jgh gSaA bu rcdksa dks vius le{k j[krs gq, gesa pkfg, fd ge u bUgsa vNwr dgsa vkSj u le>saA cl] leL;k gy gks tkrh gSA ukStoku Hkkjr lHkk RkFkk dkaxzsl us tks <ax viuk;k gS] og dki+Qh vPNk gSA ftUgsa vkt rd vNwr dgk tkrk jgk] muls vius bu ikiksa ds fy, {kek&;kpuk djuh pkfg, rFkk mUgsa vius tSlk bUlku le>uk] fcuk ve`r Ndk;s] fcuk dyek i<+k;s ;k 'kqf¼ fd;s mUgsa vius esa 'kkfey djds muds gkFk ls ikuh ihuk] ;gh mfpr <ax gSA vkSj vkil esa [khaprku djuk vkSj O;ogkj esa dksbZ Hkh go+Q u nsuk] dksbZ Bhd ckr ugha gSA tc xk¡oksa esa et+nwj&çpkj 'kq: gqvk] ml le; fdlkuksa dks ljdkjh vkneh ;g ckr le>kdj HkM+dkrs Fks fd ns[kks] ;s Hkaxh&pekjksa dks flj ij p<+k jgs gSa vkSj rqEgkjk dke cUn djok;saxsA cl fdlku brus esa gh HkM+d x;sA mUgsa ;kn jguk pkfg, fd mudh gkyr rc rd ugha lqèkj ldrh tc rd fd os bu x+jhcksa dks uhp vkSj dehuk dgdj viuh twrh ds uhps nck;s j[kuk pkgrs gSaA vDlj dgk tkrk gS fd os lki+Q ugha jgrsA bldk mÙkj lki+Q gS μ os x+jhc gSaA x+jhch dk bykt djksA Å¡ps&Å¡ps dqyksa ds x+jhc yksx Hkh dksbZ de xUns ugha jgrsA xUns dke djus dk cgkuk Hkh ugha py ldrk] D;ksafd ekrk,¡ cPpksa dk eSyk lki+Q djus ls esgrj rFkk vNwr rks ugha gks tkrhaA ysfdu ;g dke mrus le; rd ugha gks ldrk ftrus le; rd fd vNwr o+QkSesa viusvki dks laxfBr u dj ysaA ge rks le>rs gS fd mudk Lo;a dks vyx laxBuc¼ djuk rFkk eqfLyeksa ds cjkcj fxurh esa gksus ds dkj.k muds cjkcj vfèkdkjksa dh ek¡x djuk cgqr vk'kktud ladsr gSA ;k rks lkEçnkf;d Hksn dk >a>V gh [k+Re djks] ugha rks muds vyx vfèkdkj mUgsa ns nksA dkSaflyksa vkSj vlsEcfy;ksa dk dÙkZO; gS fd os Ldwy&dkWyst] dq,¡ rFkk lM+d ds mi;ksx dh iwjh LorU=krk mUgsa fnyk;saA t+ckuh rkSj ij gh ugha] oju lkFk ys tkdj mUgsa dqvksa ij p<+k;saA muds cPpksa dks Ldwyksa esa ços'k fnyk;saA ysfdu ftl ysftLysfVo vlsEcyh esa cky&fookg ds fo#¼ is'k fd;s fcy rFkk et+gc ds cgkus gk;&rkSck epk;h tkrh gS] ogk¡ os vNwrksa dks vius lkFk fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 269

'kkfey djus dk lkgl dSls dj ldrs gSa\\ blfy, ge ekurs gSa fd muds vius tu&çfrfufèk gksaA os vius fy, vfèkd vfèkdkj ek¡xsaA ge rks lki+Q dgrs gSa fd mBks] vNwr dgykus okys vlyh tu&lsodks rFkk Hkkb;ks mBks! viuk bfrgkl ns[kksA xq# xksfoUn ¯lg dh i+QkSt dh vlyh 'kfDr rqEgha Fks! f'kokth rqEgkjs Hkjksls ij gh lcdqN dj lds] ftl dkj.k mudk uke vkt Hkh ft+Unk gSA rqEgkjh o+QqckZfu;k¡ Lo.kkZ{kjksa esa fy[kh gbq Z gAaS req tks fuR;çfr los k djds turk ds l[q kkas eas c<k+ Ùs kjh djds vkjS ftU+ nxh lEHko cukdj ;g cM+k Hkkjh vglku dj jgs gks] mls ge yksx ugha le>rsA yS.M&,fy,us'ku ,DV ds vuqlkj rqe èku ,d=k dj Hkh t+ehu ugha [k+jhn ldrsA rqe ij bruk T+kqYe gks jgk gS fd fel es;ks euq\";ksa ls Hkh dgrh gSa μ mBks] viuh 'kfDr dks igpkuksA laxBuc¼ gks tkvksA vly esa Lo;a dksf'k'ksa fd;s fcuk dqN Hkh u fey ldsxkA (Those who would be free must themselves strike the blow) LorU=krk ds fy, Lokèkhurk pkgus okyksa dks Lo;a ;Ru djuk pkfg,A bUlku dh èkhj&s èkhjs dNq ,ls h vknras gks x;h gaS fd og vius fy, rks vfèkd vfèkdkj pkgrk gS] ysfdu tks muds ekrgr gSa mUgsa og viuh twrh ds uhps gh nck;s j[kuk pkgrs gSaA dgkor gS] ^ykrksa ds Hkwr ckrksa ls ugha ekurs*A vFkkZr laxBuc¼ gks vius iSjksa ij [kM+s gksdj iwjs lekt dks pqukSrh ns nksA rc ns[kuk] dksbZ Hkh rqEgsa rqEgkjs vfèkdkj nsus ls bUdkj djus dh T+kqjZr u dj ldsxkA rqe nwljksa dh [+kqjkd er cuksA nwljksa ds eq¡g dh vksj u rkdksA ysfdu è;ku jgs] ukSdj'kkgh ds >k¡ls esa er iQ¡lukA ;g rqEgkjh dksbZ lgk;rk ugha djuk pkgrh] cfYd rqEgsa viuk eksgjk cukuk pkgrh gSA ;gh iw¡thoknh ukSdj'kkgh rqEgkjh X+kqykeh vkSj x+jhch dk vlyh dkj.k gSA blfy, rqe mlds lkFk dHkh u feyukA mldh pkyksa ls cpukA rc lcdqN Bhd gks tk;sxkA rqe vlyh logZ kjk gk-s --lxa Buc¼ gks tkvkAs rEq gkjh dNq gkfu u gkxs hA cl Xk+ yq keh dh tta+ hjas dV tk;xas hA mBk]s vkjS oreZ ku O;oLFkk ds fo#¼ cxk+ or [kMh+ dj nkAs èkhj&s èkhjs gksus okys lqèkkjksa ls dqN ugha cu ldsxkA lkekftd vkUnksyu ls ØkfUr iSnk dj nks rFkk jktuhfrd vkSj vk£Fkd ØkfUr ds fy, dej dl yksA rqe gh rks ns'k dk eq[; vkèkkj gks] okLrfod 'kfDr gks] lks;s gq, 'ksjks! mBks] vkSj cx+kor [kM+h dj nksA 270 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

fo|kFkhZ vkjS jktuhfr bl egÙoi.w kZ jktuhfrd elys ij ;g y[s k tyq kb]Z 1928 eas ^fdjrh* eas Nik FkkA mu fnuksa vusd usrk fo|k£Fk;ksa dks jktuhfr esa fgLlk u ysus dh lykgsa nsrs Fks] ftuds tokc esa ;g ys[k cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gSA ;g ys[k lEikndh; fopkjksa esa Nik Fkk] vkSj lEHkor% Hkxr¯lg dk fy[kk gqvk gSA μ l- bl ckr dk cM+k Hkkjh 'kksj lquk tk jgk gS fd i<+us okys ukStoku (fo|kFkhZ) jktuhfrd ;k iksfyfVdy dkeksa esa fgLlk u ysaA iatkc ljdkj dh jk; fcYdqy gh U;kjh gSA fo|k£Fk;ksa ls dkWyst esa nkf[k+y gksus ls igys bl vk'k; dh 'krZ ij gLrk{kj djok;s tkrs gSa fd os iksfyfVdy dkeksa esa fgLlk ugha ysaxsA vkxs gekjk nqHkkZX; fd yksxksa dh vksj ls pquk gqvk euksgj] tks vc f'k{kk&eU=kh gS] Ldwyksa&dkWystksa ds uke ,d ldqZyj ;k ifji=k Hkstrk gS fd dksbZ i<+us ;k i<+kus okyk iksfyfVDl esa fgLlk u ysA dqN fnu gq, tc ykgkSj esa LVwMs.V~l ;wfu;u ;k fo|kFkhZ lHkk dh vksj ls fo|kFkhZ&lIrkg euk;k tk jgk FkkA ogk¡ Hkh lj vCnqy dknj vkSj çksi+Qslj bZ'ojpUæ uUnk us bl ckr ij t+ksj fn;k fd fo|kk£Fk;ksa dks iksfyfVDl esa fgLlk ugha ysuk pkfg,A ita kc dks jktuhfrd thou eas lcls fiNMk+ gvq k (Politically backward) dgk tkrk gSA bldk D;k dkj.k gS\\ D;k iatkc us cfynku de fd;s gSa\\ D;k iatkc us eqlhcrsa de >syh gSa\\ fiQj D;k dkj.k gS fd ge bl eSnku esa lcls ihNs gSa\\ bldk dkj.k Li\"V gS fd gekjs f'k{kk foHkkx ds vfèkdkjh yksx fcYdqy gh cq¼w gSaA vkt iatkc dkSafly dh dkjZokbZ i<+dj bl ckr dk vPNh rjg irk pyrk gS fd bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd gekjh f'k{kk fudEeh gksrh gS vkSj fi+QT+kwy gksrh gSA vkSj fo|kFkhZ ;qok&txr vius ns'k dh ckrksa esa dksbZ fgLlk ugha ysrkA mUgsa bl lEcUèk esa dksbZ Hkh Kku ugha gksrkA tc os i<+dj fudyrs gSa rc muesa ls dqN gh vkxs i<+rs gSa] ysfdu os ,slh dPph&dPph ckrsa djrs gSa fd lqudj Lo;a gh vi+Qlksl dj cSB tkus ds flok; dksbZ pkjk ugha gksrkA ftu ukStokuksa dks dy ns'k dh ckxMksj gkFk esa ysuh gS] mUgsa vkt gh vDy ds vUèks cukus dh dksf'k'k dh tk jgh gSA blls tks ifj.kke fudysxk og gesa fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 271

[+kqn gh le> ysuk pkfg,A ;g ge ekurs gSa fd fo|k£Fk;ksa dk eq[; dke i<+kbZ djuk gS] mUgsa viuk iwjk è;ku ml vksj yxk nsuk pkfg, ysfdu D;k ns'k dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk Kku vkSj muds lqèkkj ds mik; lkspus dh ;ksX;rk iSnk djuk ml f'k{kk esa 'kkfey ugha\\ ;fn ugha rks ge ml f'k{kk dks Hkh fudEeh le>rs gSa] tks fli+QZ DydhZ djus ds fy, gkfly dh tk;sA ,slh f'k{kk dh t+:jr gh D;k gS\\ dqN T+;knk pkykd vkneh ;g dgrs gSa μ ¶dkdk] rqe iksfyfVDl ds vuqlkj i<+ks vkSj lkspks t+:j] ysfdu dksbZ O;kogkfjd fgLlk u yksA rqe vfèkd ;ksX; gksdj ns'k ds fy, i+Qk;nseUn lkfcr gksxsA¸ ckr cM+h lqUnj yxrh gS] ysfdu ge bls Hkh jí djrs gSa] D;ksafd ;g Hkh fli+QZ Åijh ckr gSA bl ckr ls ;g Li\"V gks tkrk gS fd ,d fnu fo|kFkhZ ,d iqLrd ^Appeal to the Young* Prince Kropotkin (^ukStokuksa ds uke vihy*] fçUl ØksiksVfdu) i<+ jgk FkkA ,d çksi+Qslj lkgc dgus yxs] ;g dkSu&lh iqLrd gS\\ vkSj ;g rks fdlh caxkyh dk uke tku iM+rk gS! yM+dk cksy iM+k μ fçUl ØksiksVfdu dk uke cM+k çfl¼ gSA os vFkZ'kkL=k ds fo}ku FksA bl uke ls ifjfpr gksuk çR;sd çksi+Qslj ds fy, cM+k t+:jh FkkA çksi+Qslj dh ^;ksX;rk* ij yM+dk g¡l Hkh iM+kA vkSj mlus fiQj dgk μ ;s :lh lTtu FksA cl! ^:lh!* dgj VwV iM+kA çksi+Qslj us dgk fd ¶rqe cksY'ksfod gks] D;ksafd rqe iksfyfVdy iqLrdsa i<+rs gksA¸ nsf[k;s vki çksi+Qslj dh ;ksX;rk! vc mu cspkjs fo|k£Fk;ksa dks muls D;k lh[kuk gS\\ ,slh fLFkfr esa os ukStoku D;k lh[k ldrs gSa\\ nwljh ckr ;g gS fd O;kogkfjd jktuhfr D;k gksrh gS\\ egkRek xk¡èkh] tokgjyky ugs : vkjS lHq kk\"kpUæ ckls dk Lokxr djuk vkjS Hkk\"k.k luq uk rks gbq Z O;kogkfjd jktuhfr] ij dfe'ku ;k okbljk; dk Lokxr djuk D;k gqvk\\ D;k og iksfyfVDl dk nwljk igyw ugha\\ ljdkjksa vkSj ns'kksa ds çcUèk ls lEcfUèkr dksbZ Hkh ckr iksfyfVDl ds eSnku esa gh fxuh tk;sxh] rks fiQj ;g Hkh iksfyfVDl gqbZ fd ugha\\ dgk tk;sxk fd blls ljdkj [+kq'k gksrh gS vkSj nwljh ls ukjkt+\\ fiQj loky rks ljdkj dh [+kq'kh ;k ukjkt+xh dk gqvkA D;k fo|k£Fk;ksa dks tUers gh [+kq'kken dk ikB i<+k;k tkuk pkfg,\\ ge rks le>rs gSa fd tc rd fgUnqLrku esa fons'kh Mkdw 'kklu dj jgs gSa rc rd oi+Qknkjh djus okys oi+Qknkj ugha] cfYd x+íkj gSa] bUlku ugha] i'kq gSa] isV ds X+kqyke gSaA rks ge fdl rjg dgsa fd fo|kFkhZ oi+Qknkjh dk ikB i<sa+A lHkh ekurs gSa fd fgUnqLrku dks bl le; ,sls ns'k&lsodksa dh t+:jr gS] tks ru&eu&èku ns'k ij v£ir dj nsa vkSj ikxyksa dh rjg lkjh mez ns'k dh vkt+knh ds fy, U;ksNkoj dj nsaA ysfdu D;k cqM~<ksa esa ,sls vkneh fey ldsaxs\\ 272 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

D;k ifjokj vkSj nqfu;knkjh ds >a>Vksa esa iQ¡ls l;kus yksxksa esa ls ,sls yksx fudy ldsaxs\\ ;g rks ogh ukStoku fudy ldrs gSa tks fdUgha tatkyksa esa u iQ¡ls gksa vkjS tta kykas eas iMu+ s ls igys fo|kFkhZ ;k uktS oku rHkh lkps ldrs gaS ;fn mUgkuas s dqN O;kogkfjd Kku Hkh gkfly fd;k gksA fli+QZ xf.kr vkSj T;ksxzki+Qh dk gh ijh{kk ds ijpksa ds fy, ?kksaVk u yxk;k gksA D;k baXyS.M ds lHkh fo|kk£Fk;ksa dk dkWyst NksM+dj teZuh ds f[k+yki+Q yM+us ds fy, fudy iM+uk iksfyfVDl ugha Fkh\\ rc gekjs mins'kd dgk¡ Fks tks muls dgrs μ tkvks] tkdj f'k{kk gkfly djksA vkt us'kuy dkWyst] vgenkckn ds tks yM+ds lR;kxgz ds ckjnksyh okyksa dh lgk;rk dj jgs ga]S D;k os ,sls gh ew[kZ jg tk;saxs\\ ns[krs gSa fd mudh rqyuk esa iatkc dk fo'ofo|ky; fdrus ;ksX; vkneh iSnk djrk gS\\ lHkh ns'kksa dks vkt+kn djokus okys ogk¡ ds fo|kFkhZ vkSj ukStoku gh gqvk djrs gSaA D;k fgUnqLrku ds ukStoku vyx&vyx jgdj viuk vkSj vius ns'k dk vfLrRo cpk ik;saxs\\ ukStokuksa ds 1919 esa fo|k£Fk;ksa ij fd;s x;s vR;kpkj Hkwy ugha ldrsA os ;g Hkh le>rs gSa fd mUgsa ,d Hkkjh ØkfUr dh t+:jr gSA os i<+saA t+:j i<+saA lkFk gh iksfyfVDl dk Hkh Kku gkfly djsa vkSj tc t+:jr gks rks eSnku esa dwn iM+s vkSj vius thou blh dke esa yxk nsaA vius çk.kksa dk blh esa mRlxZ dj nsaA oju cpus dk dksbZ mik; ut+j ugha vkrkA fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 273

Jh bUæpUæ ukjxa dk eoq Q+ nek Jh bUæpUæ ukjax dk nso?kj \"kM~;U=k dsl ls lEcfUèkr ;g lEikndh; fVIi.kh μ flrEcj] 1928 ^fdjrh* eas Nih FkhA fcfz V'k 'kklu eas ukxfjd LorU=krk vkSj tuoknh vfèkdkjksa dh fLFkfr ij ;g fVIi.kh egÙoiw.kZ çdk'k Mkyrh gSA μ l- ikBd fiNyh ckj nso?kj lkft+'k dsl ds ckjs esa i<+ pqds gSaA ml eqo+Qnes ds fu.kZ; ds ckjs esa geus la{ksi esa fy[kk FkkA mlesa gh ,d iatkch ukStoku Jh bUæpUæ ukjxa dks vdkj.k rhu lky dh ltk+ nh x;h gAS vkt muds eoq Q+ nes dk fu.kZ; gekjs lkeus gSA bls i<+rs gq, vk'p;Z gks jgk gS fd fdl dkj.k mUgsa lt+k nh x;h gSA muds fo#¼ ;gh jgk fd nso?kj dh ryk'kh esa tks ,d lwph feyh Fkh mlesa mudk uke Hkh FkkA vkSj ryk'kh esa ^cUnh thou* dh lkB çfr;k¡ feyh Fkha vkSj ,d vU; O;fDr ds ikl ls ryk'kh esa MkWDVj HkwisUæukFk nÙk] vè;{k jktuhfrd ihfM+r dkWUç+Qsal (iksfyfVdy li+QjlZ dkWUç+Qsal) dk irk feyk FkkA mlus dgk Fkk fd ;g mlus Jh bUæpUæ ls fy;k Fkk] clA lwph esa uke feyus ls bUæpUæ dk dksbZ fo'ks\"k vijkèk ugha cu tkrkA vU; lkB&lÙkj O;fDr;ksa ds Hkh rks uke Fks] ysfdu muls rks iwNrkN Hkh ugha dh x;hA lcls vfèkd t+ksj bl ckr ij fn;k x;k gS fd og ^cUnh thou* csprk Fkk vkSj blfy, ;g jktifjorZudkjh lkft+'k dk lnL; le>k tkrk gSA [+kwc! ge iwNrs gSa fd ^cUnh thou* D;k t+Cr fdrkc gS\\ D;k ljdkj us mldh fcØh ij jksd yxk;h gqbZ gS\\ ;fn ugha rks Jh bUæpUæ dks lt+k fdl ckr dh nh x;h gS\\ et+k rks ;g gS fd fdrkc mlds HkkbZ us ykgkSj&fgUnh Hkou ls çdkf'kr dh gSA mldh fcØh ds fy, lHkh us ç;Ru fd;s gSaA ysfdu blesa lkft+'k dk D;k lcwr gS\\ D;k MkWDVj HkwisUæukFk nÙk dk vè;{kh; lEcksèku ljdkj us t+Cr dj fy;k gS\\ ;fn ugha] rks og fdlh O;fDr dks i<+us ds fy, nsuk gh fdl rjg vijkèk gks x;k\\ igys Jh bUæpUæ us lekpkji=k dh ,tsalh ysus dk ç;kl fd;k FkkA og tSls&rSls iSls dekdj xqt+kjk dj jgk Fkk 274 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

vkSj f'k{kk Hkh çkIr dj jgk FkkA vxj og vius HkkbZ }kjk çdkf'kr fdrkc dh fcØh djds dqN èku dek ysrk gS] rks D;k og vijkèk Fkk\\ ge le> ugha ik jgs gSa fd ;g vijkèk dSls gks x;k\\ vkt gt+kjksa O;fDr;ksa ds ?kjksa esa ^cUnh thou* gksxkA lSdM+ksa vkneh og fdrkc csprs gksaxsA rks D;k os lHkh \"kM~;U=kdkjh gSa\\ vkSj tsy Hkstus yk;d gSa\\ vxj ugha rks ,d cspkjs bUæpUæ ds gkFkksa esa tkrs gh ^cUnh thou* t+gj gks x;k gS\\ gesa rks nky esa dqN dkyk&okyk ut+j vkrk gSA dgha fdlh vkSj rS;kjh ds flyflys esa gh ml x+jhc dks ;w¡ gh tsy esa rks ugha Mky fn;k x;k\\ gesa yxrk gS fd iatkc ds ukStokuksa ij eqlhcr vkus okyh gS vkSj ;g blh dh rS;kjh esa igyk o+Qne mBk;k x;k gSA ysfdu vaxzst+h ljdkj t+jk t+kj dk bfrgkl ;kn dj fy;k djsA bl rjg ds T+kqYe dj&djds vius jkt dks et+cwr ik¡o ij [kM+k djrk&djrk t+kj vkt viuh gLrh feVk cSBk gSA ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd T+kqYe ds lkFk dHkh 'kkfUr o+Qk;e ugha gks ldrh] jkt et+cwr ugha gks ldrs] cfYd ;g vius iSjksa ij dqYgkM+k ekjuk gSA ysfdu gekjs cM+s 'kksj&'kjkck djus okys ns'kHkDrksa vkSj usrkvksa dks ;g vUèksjxnhZ cUn djus ds fy, vkUnksyu djuk pkfg,A fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 275

;xq kUrdkjh ek¡ flrEcj] 1928 ds ^fdjrh* esa lqçfl¼ ns'kHkDr 'kphUæukFk lkU;ky dh ek¡ ds ckjs esa çdkf'kr ,d lEikndh; uksVA μ l- gekjs ikBd fgUnqLrku ds çeq[k ;qxkUrdkjh Jh 'kphUæukFk lkU;ky th ds uke&dke ls vPNh rjg ifjfpr gSaA ge mudk fp=k Hkh ^fdjrh* esa çdkf'kr dj pqds gSaA mudk lEiw.kZ ifjokj gh ;qxkUrdkjh gSA 1914&15 okys x+nj vkUnksyu esa muds nks HkkbZ fxjÝ+rkj fd;s x;s Fks] ftuesa ls ,d ut+jcUn gS vkSj nwljs dks nks lky dh o+SQn gqbZ vkSj Lo;a mUgsa vkthou dkjkokl dh lt+k,¡ gks x;h FkhaA vc mUgsa dkdksjh dsl esa fiQj vkthou o+SQn dh lt+k gks x;h gSA lkFk gh muds lcls NksVs HkkbZ Jh HkwisUæukFk lkU;ky th dks ik¡p cjl dh o+SQn gks x;h gSA ;g Hkh vius cM+s Hkkb;ksa dh rjg fnysj gSa vkSj [+kq'kfny jgus okys gSaA ,sls ohj iq=kksa dh tuuh ek¡ èkU; gSA ysfdu gesa vi+Qlksl ds lkFk dguk iM+ jgk gS fd 52 lky dh mez eas yxHkx ,d ekg iwoZ mudk nsgkUr gks x;k FkkA og dksbZ lkekU; L=kh ugha FkhA og Lo;a Hkh i<+h&fy[kh vkSj ØkfUrdkjh fopkjksa okyh FkhA budk tUe caxky ds lcls vfèkd f'kf{kr fo}ku vkSj HkfDr ds x<+ 'kkfUrijq ds ,d cMs+ ifjokj eas gvq kA buds ,d cgu vkjS ,d HkkbZ vkjS FkAs buds cM+s HkkbZ Jh ;ksxs'kpUæ jk; vc rd thfor gSaA os 1907 ds Lons'kh vkUnksyu esa dki+Qh lfØ; :i ls dke djus okyksa esa gSaA ckn esa jktifjorZudkjh vkUnksyuksa ds lEcUèk esa mudh vusdksa ckj rykf'k;k¡ gqb± vkSj iqfyl muds ihNs yxh jgrh FkhA Jh 'kphUæukFk dh ekrk Jherh {khjksnokfluh nsoh dki+Qh f'kf{kr FkhaA vkidks i<+kbZ esa vOoy gksus dh otg ls ot+hi+Qk feyrk jgkA vki ges'kk lekpkji=k] if=kdk,¡ vkSj u;h&u;h iqLrdsa i<+rh jgrh FkhaA Jh 'kphUæ ds firk Jh gfjukFk lkU;ky Hkh Lons'kh vkUnksyu ds lfØ; leFkdZ FksA 1907 ds Lons'kh vkUnksyu ds cgqr igys ls gh og Lons'kh oLrqvksa dk gh mi;ksx djus yxs FksA Jh 'kphUæ dh ekrk muds ,sls fopkjksa vkSj dk;ks± 276 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

esa cgqr lgk;rk djrh Fkha vkSj Lons'kh vkUnksyu pyus ij nksuksa blh dke esa yx x;sA gkyk¡fd gfjukFk lkU;ky ljdkjh ukSdjh esa Fks vkSj vPNk&[k+klk osru ikrs FksA Jherh {khjksnokfluh nsoh vius cPpksa dks ?kj esa Lo;a i<+krh FkhaA Lons'kh vkUnksyu ds ckn esa mUgksaus Lo;a gh vius iq=kksa dks vuq'khyu lfefr esa Hkjrh djok;kA vuq'khyu lfefr caxky dh ,d ikVhZ Fkh] tks ml le; rd [+kqfi+Q;k jktifjorZudkjh ny ugha cuh Fkh] ysfdu ckn esa ogh lcls cMh+ vkjS 'kfDr'kkyh jktifjoruZ dkjh ikVhZ cu x;h FkhA ckn esa ek¡ dks ;g Hkh irk yx x;k fd 'kphUæ ;qxkUrdkjh ny esa 'kkfey gqvk gSA ysfdu og dHkh ?kcjk;h ugha] cfYd ges'kk muls lgkuqHkwfriwoZd O;ogkj djrh FkhaA og çlUu Fkha fd mudk csVk ns'k&lsok esa layXu gSA muds lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ O;ogkj ds dkj.k dki+Qh nwj&nwj ls ;qxkUrdkjh muds n'kZuksa ds fy, vkrs FksA muesa Jh jklfcgkjh cksl] fgUnqLrku ds jktifjorZudkjh 'kghnkas ds fljekjS Jh trhUæukFk edq thZ rFkk Jh 'k'kkda gktjk vkfn 'kkfey FkAs og caxky ds ;qxkUrdkfj;ksa esa ^;qxkUrdkjh ek¡* ds :i esa e'kgwj FkhaA nwj v.Meku ds cfUn;ksa ds chp Hkh mudh [;kfr igq¡p pqdh FkhA 1915 esa tc x+nj ikVhZ us pkjksa rji+Q t+cjnLr cx+kor djus dh rS;kfj;k¡ dh Fkha] ml le; Jh 'kphUæukFk lkU;ky vkSj muds nksuksa ;qok HkkbZ bl dke esa tqVs gq, FksA Lej.k jgs fd buds firk dk nsgkolku gks pqdk FkkA bl dkj.k ifjokj dk cks> Hkh buds flj vk iM+kA tc i+Qjojh esa foæksg iSnk djus dh rkjh[k+ Hkh r; gks pqdh Fkh] rc bu Hkkb;ksa esa vkil esa fookn py iM+k fd dkSu ihNs jgdj ifjokj dh ns[kHkky djs] D;ksafd dksbZ Hkh ihNs jgus ds fy, lger ugha gksuk pkgrk FkkA nksuksa dh ;g bPNk Fkh fd ns'k ds LorU=krk&la?k\"kZ esa os lfØ; :i ls eSnku esa dwn iM+saA rc mudh ohj ekrk us vkxs vkdj dgk fd og fdlh dh jkg esa ugha vkuk pkgrh] ftl fdlh dh Hkh bPNk gks] og mudh fpUrk NksM+dj ns'k&lsok ds dk;Z esa tqV tk;sA ij og lkjk dke rks chp esa gh jg x;kA x+nj dh lkjh ;kstuk iQsy gks x;hA eqo+Qnek pykA Jh 'kphUæukFk lkU;ky dks vkthou o+SQn gks x;hA tc og cukjl tsy ls v.Meku (dkysikuh) Hksts x;s] ml le; mudh vk;q 22 cjl dh FkhA ek¡ muls feyus x;h vkSj çlUurkiwoZd dgk μ ¶esjk iq=k lpeqp laU;klh gks x;k gSA eSa cgqr çlUu gw¡ fd mlus viuk thou ns'k&lsok ds fy, v£ir dj fn;k gSA¸ blds i'pkr iqfyl mudk ihNk djus yxh vkSj cgqr ijs'kku djrh jghA vc dkdksjh dsl pyk vkSj tc mudk NksVk iq=k Jh HkwisUæukFk lkU;ky Hkh fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 277

fxjÝ+rkj dj fy;k x;k rks budks cgqr ?kcjkgV gqbZ] D;ksafd og vHkh fcYdqy cPpk Fkk vkSj i<+ jgk FkkA T+;knk fpUrk ;g Fkh fd ladV esa dgha og ?kcjk u tk;sA ysfdu ekywe gqvk fd og tsy esa fcYdqy fuf'pUrrk ls jg jgk gSA bl ckr ls bUgsa cgqr [+kq'kh gkfly gqbZA dgus yxha] ¶eq>s vius HkwisUæ ls ;gh vk'kk,¡ FkhaA¸ ysfdu mudk lkjk thou dfBukb;ksa esa gh xqt+j x;kA mUgsa dHkh pSu dk le; gh ugha feykA ns[krs&ns[krs dkdksjh dk eqo+Qnek lekIr gks x;kA vkSj dkbs Z Bkls lcrw u feyus ds ckotnw Jh 'kphUæukFk lkU;ky dks vkthou oQS+ n vkjS Hkiw Us æukFk dks ikp¡ lky dh ltk+ gks x;hA ;g >Vdk muls cjnk'r u gks ldkA ;g pksV muls lgh u x;hA og fiQj dHkh u l¡Hky ldhaA ysfdu vius i=q kkas ij mUgas cgrq iQ+ –+ jgkA mUgkuas s 'kphUæukFk lkU;ky dks vius vfUre i=k esa fy[kk Fkk fd nqfu;knkjh ds fglkc ls Hkys gh eaS cgqr x+jhc gw¡] ysfdu esjs tSlk vehj dkSu gS ftlds iq=k lR;iFk ij py jgs gSa vkSj ns'k&lsok esa ftUgksaus viuh ft+Unfx;k¡ viZ.k dj nh gSa] eq>s vius ij cgqr ukt+ gSA vkg! ,slh vkSj fdruh ekrk,¡ vkt gekjs ns'k esa gSa\\ èkU; gS ;g ek¡ vkSj èkU;&èkU; gSa buds lqiq=k! 278 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

\"kM;~ U=k D;kas gkrs s gaS vkjS dlS s #d ldrs g\\aS flrEcj] 1928 ds ^fdjrh* esa Nik ;g ys[k jktuhfrd vkUnksyudkfj;ksa ij pyus okys eqo+Qneksa ds ihNs ds fopkjksa ij dsfUær gSA vaxzst+ ljdkj bUgsa \"kM~;U=k dsl dgrh FkhA blesa lki+Q dgk x;k fd \"kM~;U=kksa dks jksdus dk ,d gh rjho+Qk gS μ nqfu;k ls x+jhch o X+kqykeh nwj djukA bl ys[k esa 'kkfUriw.kZ o vkradoknh rjho+Qksa ij Hkh cM+s rdZiw.kZ <ax ls fopkj fd;k x;k gSA Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds fopkjèkkjkRed fodkl dks tkuus ds fy, ;g ys[k egÙoiw.kZ nLrkost+ksa esa ls ,d gSA μ l- ,d \"kM~;U=k dh ppkZ vHkh [k+Re ugha gksrh fd nwljs \"kM~;U=k dh ppkZ 'kq: gks tkrh gAS dNq le; iow Z ge dkdkjs h \"kM~;U=k dk gky i<+ jgs Fk]s bu fnukas nos ?kj ds \"kM~;U=k ds gky lqu jgs gSaA buls igys ykgkSj \"kM~;U=k dsl] fnYyh \"kM~;U=k dsl] cksY'ksfod \"kM~;U=k dsl vkSj u tkus vkSj fdrus \"kM~;U=k dsl py pqds gSa] ftuesa fd ntZuksa gh ukStoku iQk¡fl;ksa ij yVdk;s x;sA xksfy;ksa ls mM+k fn;s x;sA lSdM+ksa gh ugha] gt+kjksa dkysikuh Hksts x;s] vla[; ns'kHkDr vHkh rd tsyksa esa o+SQn dkV jgs gSaA \"kM~;U=k D;k gksrs gSa\\ ljdkjksa dk fopkj gS fd euq\"; ds fnekx+ esa ;g ,d chekjh gS] tks fu;fer py jgh O;oLFkk dks rksM+us&iQksM+us ds fy, \"kM~;U=kdkjh dks etcwj dj nsrh gSA og bl chekjh ds o'k esa gksdj o+Qkuwu rksM+rk gS] 'kkfUr Hkax djrk gS] gR;k,¡ djrk gS vkSj MdSfr;k¡ Mkyrk gS vkSj dbZ ,sls rjho+Qs bLrseky djrk gS tksfd lekt esa xM+cM+h iQSykus vkSj 'kkfUr&Hkax dk dkj.k curs gSaA og py jgh O;oLFkk dh rksM+&iQksM+ dh Bku ysrk gS vkSj fiQj bl y{; ds fy, dksbZ dlj ugha NksM+rkA blds foijhr \"kM~;U=kdkjh yksxksa dk nkok gS fd \"kM~;U=k mu vkn'kZoknh yksxksa dh dksf'k'k gksrh gS tks py jgh O;oLFkk dh dfe;ksa] vU;k; vkSj T+kqYe dks lgu ugha dj ikrs] tks vehj&x+jhc] cM+s&NksVs] t+kfye&et+ywe] fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 279

'kkld&çtk] iw¡thifr&et+nwj] t+ehankj&fdlku vkfn dk i+Qo+ZQ [k+Re dj ,d tSls vfèkdkjksa vkSj vkt+knh dk nkSj ykuk pkgrs gSa vkSj tks iqjkuh] xUnh vkSj vR;kpkjh O;oLFkk dks lekIr dj ,d u;h o lqUnj O;oLFkk LFkkfir djuk pkgrs gSa] ftlesa fd dksbZ 'kkld&çtk] vehj&x+jhc] t+ehankj&fdlku u gks] cfYd lHkh ,d tSls HkkbZ&HkkbZ gksaA çR;sd dke djs vkSj [kk;s vkSj lHkh dh çR;sd t+:jr iwjh gksA ;s ckrsa lgh gSa ;k x+yr tksfd nksuksa vius&vius fopkj dks lkeus j[kdj dh tkrh gSa] ;g ikBd Lo;a gh vuqeku yxk;saA xtq j+ s oDr+ dk bfrgkl çek.k gS fd l[r+ ltk+ vkas vkjS iQkf¡ l;kas ls \"kM~;U=k ugha #d ldrs] u gh T+kqYeksa vkSj vR;kpkjksa ls μ pkgs os fdrus Hkh Hk;kud D;ksa u gksa μ vkt+knh dh pkg dqpyh tk ldrh gSA vla[; ukStoku] tks fdlh nwljs vkt+kn ns'k esa gksrs rks vius ns'k ds fy, rksgi+Qk lkfcr gksrs] vR;kpkjh vkjS tk+ fye 'kkldkas ds vR;kpkjkas dk f'kdkj gks x;As gtk+ jkas n's kHkDr VqdM+s&VqdM+s dj o+QRy dj fn;s x;s rkfd yksx blls vkrafdr gksdj \"kM~;U=k djus ls ckt+ vk tk;sa vkSj vkt+knh ds fy, gkFk&ik¡o u fgyk;saA reke lt+kvksa] iQk¡fl;ksa] o+SQn vkSj csar ekj&ekjdj ns[k fy;k x;k gS] ysfdu ;s reke lt+k,¡ Hkh \"kM~;U=kksa dks jksdus esa vliQy jgh gSaA cfYd μ ^c<+rk gS 'kkSo+Qs&'kgknr gj lt+k ikus ds ckn* ds vuqlkj \"kM~;U=kksa dh vkx HkM+drh x;h vkSj bu lt+kvksa ls u #dhA ;g D;ksa gS] vkf[k+j bu \"kM~;U=kksa dks jksdus dk D;k dksbZ bykt Hkh gks ldrk gS\\ ;fn \"kM~;U=kksa ds fiNys bfrgkl dks vPNh rjg ns[kk tk;s rks gesa bl ckr dk Hkyh çdkj irk pyrk gS fd \"kM~;U=kksa dks jksdus ds fy, ftruh vfèkd dksf'k'ksa gksrh gSa] mrus gh vfèkd \"kM~;U=k fdlh u fdlh 'kDy esa otwn esa vkrs jgrs gAaS bl rjg irk pyrk gS fd ;s ltk+ ,¡ \"kM~;U=kkas dh vkx HkMd+ kus eas ydMh+ dk gh dke djrh gSaA lSdM+ksa ukStoku xksfy;ksa ls mM+k fn;s tkrs gSa] ysfdu mudh txg Hkjus ds fy, gt+kjksa gh ukStoku gFksfy;ksa ij lj j[kdj eSnku esa dwn iM+rs gSa vkSj vius çk.kksa dks [kr+ js esa Mky ml vèkjw s dke dks 'kq: dj nsrs gAaS vkf[k+j bldk dkj.k D;k gS\\ cnyk ysuk bUlkuh LoHkko gSA bUlku tc rd bUlku gS] og vius nq'euksa ls cnyk t:+ j yxs k] [k;+ kyh iyq ko idkus okys pkgs dNq Hkh dgAas vke uktS oku tc ns[krs gSa fd muds HkkbZ fli+QZ ns'kçse ds fy, gh fdl csnnhZ vkSj csjgeh ls T+kqYeksa dk f'kdkj gks jgs gSa rks muds fnyksa esa vius Hkkb;ksa ij gq, T+kqYeksa dk cnyk ysus dh vkx HkM+d mBrh gSA os 'kkfUr vkSj lUrks\"k dks vyfonk dg nsrs 280 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

gSaA viuh fd'rh bZ'oj ds lgkjs NksM+ yaxj rksM+ nsrs gSaA fiQj ;k rks os [+kqn ml cnys dh vkx esa tydj jk[k gks tkrs gSa ;k nq'euksa dks jk[k djds gh lk¡l ysrs gSaA ;g bUlkuh fnysjh gSA Hk¡xsfM+;ksa] u'ksckt+ksa dk iqyko ugha gSA nlw jh vkjs ,d ctq f+ ny vkjS dk;j gkrs k gAS mls viuh tku cgrq I;kjh gkrs h g]S D;kfas d og ugha pkgrk fd mlds ikl ls ,'s kk&s vkjke vkjS liQ+ ns &L;kg djus dh rko+Qr Nhu yh tk;sA ij tc mldh tku ij geyk fd;k tkrk gS vkSj mlds e¡qg ls >kx fxjus yxrh gS rks og X+kqLls esa vkdj ,sls&,sls d\"V <gkrk gS fd t+ehu vkSj vkleku dk¡i mBrs gSaA og vR;kpkj esa vUèkk gksdj ftl ij Hkh gkFk mBkrk gS] pkgs og funksZ\"k gh D;ksa u gks] mls ikj cqykdj gh NksM+rk gSA bl rjg vDlj xsgw¡ ds lkFk ?kqu Hkh fil tkrk gS vkSj gt+kjksa gh csxqukg ukStoku ns'k ij 'kghn gks tkrs gSaA ;g funksZ\"kksa dk [+kwu gksrk gS tks vUr esa jax ykrk gSA turk esa cspSuh iQSy tkrh gSA \"kM~;U=kdkfj;ksa ds gkFk et+cwr gks tkrs gSa] D;ksafd ;g T+kqYe] vU;k; vkSj vkrad gh \"kM~;U=k iSnk djus ds dkj.k gSaA os [kqyh ?kks\"k.kk,¡ dj nsrs gSa fd ns[kk] ge ugha dgrs Fks fd ykrksa ds Hkwr ckrksa ls ugha lqèkjrs] ysfdu rqeus gekjh ckrksa ij è;ku ugha fn;kA vc [+kwc xr cu jgh gSA ysfdu ;g rks μ bfCrnk, b'd gS jksrk gS D;k\\ vkxs&vkxs nsf[k;s gksrk gS D;k\\ bl rjg \"kM~;U=k dk o`{k funksZ\"kksa ds [+kwu ls ¯lpdj c<+rk gS vkSj FkksM+s gh le; esa iQyus&iQwyus yxrk gSA tc rd yksx [kqysvke vius nq[k&rdyhi+Qsa O;Dr dj ldrs gSa vkSj ljdkjh vR;kpkjksa dh iksy [kksy ldrs gSa] rc rd rks \"kM~;U=kksa dh t+:jr ugha iM+rh] ysfdu tc ljdkjsa [kqys vkUnksyuksa dks dqpyus yxrh gSa vkSj tc μ u rM+ius dh btkt+r gS] u i+Qfj;kn dh gSA ?kqV&?kqV ds ej tkÅ¡] ;gh ejt+h esjs lS;kn dh gSA ij vey 'kq: gks tkrk gS rks bèkj tks'khys vkSj xohZys toku Hkh bl cqjh fLFkfr esa ugha thuk pkgrsA os fljksa dh ckt+h yxk nsrs gSa vkSj ,sls vR;kpkjh ('kklu) dks rksM+us dh fljrksM+ dksf'k'kksa esa O;Lr gks tkrs gSaA tc rd 'kkfUriw.kZ vkUnksyu esa vkt+knh dh ek¡x dh NwV jgh] dksbZ \"kM~;U=k ugha gvq k] dkbs Z xIq r vkUnkys u ugha py ldk] yfs du T;kas gh 'kkfUri.w kZ vkUnkys u dks dqpyus ds vkns'k tkjh fd;s x;s mlh le; xqIr vkUnksyu 'kq: gks x;s vkjS \"kM~;U=kksa dh rS;kfj;k¡ gksus yxhaA ljdkj dh l[+rh dk nkSj 'kq: gqvk vkSj dkys o+Qkuwuksa ds vèkhu lSdM+ksa ukStokuksa dks] tks [kqys :i esa dke dj jgs Fks] tsyksa esa ut+jcUn dj fn;k x;k rks tks'khys ukStokuksa dks blls vkx yx x;h vkSj os fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 281

rM+i mBsA cl fiQj D;k Fkk\\ fdlh vksj dkdksjh&\"kM~;U=k dk rks dgha fdlh vkSj \"kM~;U=k dk èkqvk¡ fudyus yxkA tc rd nqfu;k esa og'kh t+ekus dh X+kqykeh vkjS x+jhch tlS h Le`fr;k¡ o+Qk;e jgsaxh rc rd dksbZ Hkh rko+Qr nqfu;k ds r[+r ls \"kM~;U=kksa vkSj xqIr vkUnksyuksa dks feVk ugha ldrhA ;fn t+ksj&t+cjnLrh vkSj T+kqYe \"kM~;U=kksa ds jksdus dk lgh bykt gksrk rks \"kM~;U=kksa dk ukeks&fu'kku dc dk feV x;k gksxkA ysfdu ;g bykt ugha gSA lEHko gS] T+kqYe vkSj vR;kpkj dqN le; ds fy, \"kM~;U=kksa dks jksd ldas] ysfdu T+kqYe vkSj vR;kpkj \"kM~;U=k jksdus dk dksbZ dkjxj uqL[k+k ugha gAS db;kas dk fopkj gS fd dos y vktk+ nh gh \"kM~;U=kkas dks [kR+ e djus dk vlyh bykt gS] ysfdu gekjk blls erHksn gSA ;g rks Bhd gS fd ;g vkt+knh gh gS tks cgqr gn rd \"kM~;U=kksa dks jksd ldrh gS] ysfdu fiQj Hkh blesa lksyg vkus lp ugha g]S D;ksafd oreZ ku le; esa lkfcr gks x;k gS fd dsoy (vkt+knh dh) çkfIr ls gh \"kM~;U=k ugha #d ldrsA gekjs lkeus vesfjdk] teZuh vkSj ç+Qkal vkt+kn ns'kksa esa ekus tkrs gSa vkSj os gSa Hkh fcYdqy vkt+kn μ fdlh ds X+kqyke ;k fdlh rjg ls Hkh eksgrkt ugha gSa] ysfdu fiQj Hkh ogk¡ \"kM~;U=k gksrs jgrs gSa] vkSj vHkh cgqr le; ugha gqvk] tcfd ^lkdks* vkSj ^oSuftjh* dks vesfjdk dh iw¡thifr ljdkj us \"kM~;U=k ds vijkèk esa fctyh dh dqlhZ ij fcBkdj ekj Mkyk FkkA teZuh esa dE;qfuLVksa us ,d {ks=k ij o+QCt+k dj fy;k Fkk] ysfdu os o+QCt+k cukdj u j[k ldsA ç+Qkal vkSj baXyS.M esa Hkh \"kM~;U=k gksrs jgrs gSaA vesfjdk tSlk le`¼ ns'k iwjh nqfu;k ds uD+'ks ij Hkh ugha gSA ogk¡ ^jkd&iQyS j*s tlS s rxMs+ vehj vkneh gAaS ;fn os pkgas rks vdys s gh ijw s fgUnLq rku dks [k+jhn ldrs gSaA ysfdu nwljh vksj csjkst+xkjh vkSj x+jhch dk ;g gky gS fd gt+kjksa gh ugha] cfYd yk[kksa vesfjdh et+nwj ,sls gSa tks csjkst+xkj Hkw[ks nj&nj HkVd jgs gSa vkSj ftudk xqt+kjk fli+QZ ljdkjh nku ls gh gksrk gSA rks D;k tc rd ;g gn ntsZ dh x+jhch vkSj gn ntsZ dh vehjh nqfu;k esa o+Qk;e jgsxh] \"kM~;U=k nqfu;k ls [k+Re gks ldrs gSa\\ gekjk fopkj rks ^ugha* esa gSA \"kM~;U=kksa dk gVuk ;k u gVuk jksVh ds loky ds gy gksus ij fuHkZj gSA ;fn jksVh dk loky vkt gy gks tk;s rks vkt gh \"kM~;U=kksa dh lekfIr gks ldrh gS] ysfdu ;fn jksVh dk loky u fuiVk rks ;s \"kM~;U=k dHkh Hkh #d ugha ldrs] pkgs uh: vkSj tgkn tSls t+kfye gh D;ksa u iSnk gks tk;saA 'kk;n dqN yksx dgsa fd ;fn jksVh ds loky dk gy gh \"kM~;U=kksa dh chekjh ds fy, ve`rèkkjk gS rks fiQj :l esa D;ksa \"kM~;U=k gksrs gSa\\ gekjk tokc Li\"V gS fd :l esa tks \"kM~;U=k gksrs gSa os fli+QZ fons'kh iw¡thifr ljdkjksa ds NksM+s g,q dNq HkkMs+ ds VV~Vvq kas }kjk djok;s tkrs gaS vkjS os fon's kh ljdkjas vius ,t.s Vkas 282 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

dks èku vkfn nsdj muls \"kM~;U=k djokrh gSa] ugha rks :l esa \"kM~;U=k djus ds fy, dksbZ dkj.k gh ugha gS] uk gh :lh yksxksa dks dksbZ rdyhi+Q gS] ftlls fd mUgsa \"kM~;U=k djus dh t+:jr iM+sA dqN t+kj ds psys&pikVs gSa ;k fons'kh ,ts.V gSa tks dHkh&dHkkj gaxkek djrs gSa] ojuk :l rks bl le; ,d ,slk ns'k gS tks gj bUlku dks [+kq'k ns[kuk pkgrk gS vkSj çR;sd bUlku dh t+:jrsa iwjh djrk gSA fgUnqLrku dk D;k dgukA igys rks ;g X+kqyke gAS ;gk¡ ds uktS oku tc nwljs ns'kksa dks mUufr djrs ns[krs gSa rks muds dystksa ij Nqfj;k¡ py tkrh gSaA os vuqHko djrs gSa fd mUufr djuk rks nwj jgk] muds rks lk¡l ysus ds fy, Hkh ;gk¡ txg ugha gAS blfy, fgUnLq rku dk Xk+ yq ke gkus k gh ;gk¡ vktk+ nh dh dkfs 'k'kkas ds fy, ,d vPNk rdZ gSA vkt+knh ds fy, nks gh çdkj dh dksf'k'ksa gks ldrh gSa μ 'kkfUriw.kZ o vkradoknh rjho+Qksa lsA vkt+knh dh çkfIr ds gj rjho+Qs dh ,d u ,d fnu ijh{kk gksrh gSA og rjho+Qk ijh{kk esa [kjk mrjs rks yksx mlesa fo'okl djrs gSa] ysfdu ;fn ijh{kk esa vliQy jgs rks yksxksa dk fo'okl mlls gV tkrk gSA fgUnqLrku esa Hkkjh la[;k mu yksxksa dh gS tks 'kkfUriw.kZ rjho+Qs ds leFkZd gSaA 'kk;n blfy, fd mUgsa blds flok vkSj dqN lw>rk Hkh ugha ;k ;fn dNq l>w rk Hkh gS rks os ml ij O;ogkj djus eas Lo;a dks vleFkZ ikrs gAaS yfs du ;g ckr vc lUnsg ls ijs gS fd ,sls vkneh Hkh fgUnqLrku esa ekStwn gSa] tks 'kkfUriw.kZ rjho+Qksa ij fo'okl [kks pqds gSa] vkSj fgUnqLrku dh vkt+knh ds fy, dke Hkh djuk pkgrs gSaA tc rd ,sls vkneh ekStwn gksa rc rd \"kM~;U=kksa dk gksrs jguk vpEHks dh ckr ugha gSA ysfdu ,d X+kqykeh gh D;k\\ fgUnqLrku esa bruh x+jhch gS fd rkSck gh HkyhA gt+kjksa ugha] yk[kksa ugha] cfYd djksM+ksa gh vkneh jkVs h ds nks Vdq Mk+ as ds fy, rjlrs ej tkrs gAaS tc rd Xk+ yq keh vkjS xj+ hch [k+Re ugha gksrh rc rd yksx Hkyk dSls vkjke ls cSB ldrs gSa\\ gks ldrk gS fd vehj yksx ,s'kks&vkjke esa vkt+knh dks Hkwy tk;sa vkSj X+kqykeh dks ilUn djsa D;ksafd muds fy, rks ,s'k&ijLrh gh vkt+knh gks ldrh gS] ysfdu tks yksx Hkw[ks ej jgs gSa] os le>rs gSa fd gesa ejuk gh gS] rks fiQj D;ksa u ensZ&eSnku cudj bl vU;k;iw.kZ vkSj t+kfye O;oLFkk dks jí djus eas ejsa] D;ksa u ns'k ds x+jhcksa dks txkus ds fy, vkSj Hkkjrekrk dks vkt+kn djokus ds fy, 'kh'k fn;s tk;sa\\ gks ldrk gS ,sls fopkj dqN nsj rd x+jhcksa ds fnekx+ esa u vk;sa] ysfdu dc rd #d ldsaxs] bl vU;k;] X+kqykeh vkSj x+jhch ds f[k+yki+Q 'kq: ls gh \"kM~;U=k gksrs vk;s gSaA tc rd ;g gky jgsxk] tks'khys yksx \"kM~;U=k djrs jgsaxs] D;ksafd reke \"kM~;U=kksa dh tM+ x+jhch vkSj X+kqykeh gh gSA pkgs ljdkjsa bl ckr dks ugha ekurha fiQj Hkh ;g fcYdqy lgh gS fd 'kkld tks Hkh dqN vfèkdkj ;k dqN lqfoèkk,¡ nsrs gSa os bu \"kM~;U=kdkfj;ksa ds Hk; ls gh fn;k djrs gSaA ugha rks μ fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 283

;fn ukStoku gFksfy;ksa ij flj j[kdj fcuk fdlh LokFkZ ds lekt dks vPNk cukus ds fy, cfynku u djrs rks ljdkjksa ls ftrus vfèkdkj vHkh rd Nhus tk pqds gSa] mrus Hkh u Nhus tk ldrsA 1925 esa fofiupUæ iky us ,d ys[k esa fy[kk Fkk fd ¶;g iksfyfVdy oQ+ kfry gh Fk]s ftUgkuas s fd fe.Vk&s ekjys ;kts uk ds fy, jkLrk lkiQ+ fd;kA¸ ,d vkSj ekMjsV ,l-vkj- nkl us fy[kk Fkk fd ¶bafXyLrku dks bl ehBh uhan ls txkus ds fy, fd fgUnqLrku ds lkFk ^vPNk lywd* gks jgk gS] ,d ce dh t+:jr FkhA¸ ;ksa vkerkSj ij usrk yksx bu \"kM~;U=kdkfj;ksa ds f[k+yki+Q gh jgk djrs gSa rks Hkh gekjs usrk lkfgc cCcj vdkyh ny dh rkjhi+Q ;g dgdj fd;k djrs gSa fd fl[kksa dks xq#}kjk fcy blh vkUnksyu us fnyok;k gS] ugha rks xq#}kjk fcy dHkh Hkh u feyrkA ;g ys[k fy[kus ls u rks gekjk ;g vk'k; gS fd ce iQsadus dh çsj.kk nh tk;s vkSj u gh ;g fd \"kM~;U=kdkfj;ksa dh rkjhi+Q ds cM+s&cM+s iqy ck¡èk fn;s tk;sa] pkgs ge le>rs gSa fd os lPps ns'kHkDr gksrs gSa vkSj vius Hkhrj lPph jk\"Vªh; vkSj ns'kHkfDr dh fLifjV j[krs gSa vkSj vius fo'oklksa ds vuqlkj dke djrs gSa] os blh esa ns'k vkSj o+QkSe dh csgrjh le>rs gSaA bl ys[k dks fy[kus dk vk'k; rks ;g gS fd turk dks ;g crk;k tk;s fd tgk¡ Hkh X+kqykeh vkSj x+jhch ekStwn gS ogk¡ dqN tks'khys yksx mBrs gh jgsaxs vkSj X+kqykeh vkSj x+jhch ds tq, dks mrkj iQsadus ds ;Ru djrs jgsaxs] pkgs os liQy gksa ;k ughaA ge le>rs gSa fd bfrgkl geas ;gh crkrk gS fd bu \"kM~;U=kksa dks jksdus vkSj ges'kk ds fy, [k+Re djus dk ,d gh rjho+Qk gS fd nqfu;k ls x+jhch vkSj X+kqykeh nwj dh tk;s vkSj çR;sd ns'k esa vkt+knh ds lkFk jksVh ds loky dk Hkh iwjk lekèkku gksA tc rd ;g ugha gksrk] \"kM~;U=kksa dk cUn gksuk eqf'dy gSA 284 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

Jfed vkUnkys u dks nckus dh pkyas flrEcj] 1928 ds ^fdjrh* ds pkj vkSj lEikndh; egÙoiw.kZ gSaA ,d ifCyd lÝs V+ h fcy] nlw jk VMªs fMLI;Vw fcy lEcUèkh Hkxr¯lg vkjS muds lkfFk;kas ds fopkjksa dks çdV djrk gSA bUgha fcyksa ds fojksèk esa Hkxr¯lg vkSj cVqds'oj nÙk us 8 vçSy] 1929 dks vlsEcyh gkWy esa ce dk èkekdk fd;k FkkA rhljh lEikndh; fVIi.kh eas ekrs hyky ugs : fjikVs Z ij ppkZ gS vkjS bls ctq vZq k fopkjèkkjk dk çrhd crk;k x;k gAS pkFS ks lEikndh; eas ckjnkys h fdlku vkUnkys u ij fopkj j[ks x;s gAaS flrEcj] 1928 eas gh fgUnLq rku çtkrkfU=kd ikVh]Z fgUnLq rku lektoknh çtkrkfU=kd ikVhZ cu x;h FkhA μ l- fo'o eas tks vUèkjs xnhZ bu [k+ nq xtZ+ vkjS cbs eZ ku it¡w hifr 'kkldkas us epk j[kh g]S og fy[kdj ykxs kas dks le>k;h ugha tk ldrhA vc tc muds inZs nfq u;k eas [kyq jgs gaS vkjS vc tc Jfed Hkh bu ykxs kas dks vius Je ij gjke dh ekVs h&ekVs h [kky p<k+ us ls jkds us dk ;Ru djus yxs gaS rks ;s rMi+ rs gaS vkjS 'kkfUr&'kkfUr dk 'kkjs epkus yxrs gAaS lEifÙk [kr+ js eas g]S nfq u;k dlS s pyxs h] vkfn okD;kas ls 'kkjs epkdj vke ykxs kas vkjS Jfedkas dks lektoknh vkUnkys u ds fojkès kh cuk jgs gAaS lkFk gh lkFk mu vkUnkys ukas dks nckus ds fopkj ls vUèkk vR;kpkj djus dh Bku yh gAS vkt ge lekpkji=kkas eas i<+ jgs gaS fd ykxs kas dh ljq {kk uke dk ,d (Public Safety—removed from India-bill) fcy vlEs cyh eas i's k gks jgk gAS i's k ljdkj dh vkjs ls gh gkus k gAS fcy dk vk'k; ;g gS fd ;fn lektoknh fopkjkas dk çpkj djus okyk dkbs Z ,ls k vkneh Hkkjr eas vk tk;xs k] tks ;gk¡ dk ukxfjd u gkxs k rks mls ukfs Vl nds j ,dne n's k ls fudky fn;k tk;xs kA ;g fcy D;kas ikl fd;k tk;xs k vkjS bls ikl djokus ds fy, D;k&D;k ?kfV;k pkyas pyh tk jgh g]aS ;gh ge ikBdkas dks crkuk pkgrs gAaS dqN fnu igys v[k+ckjksa esa ,d i=k Nik Fkk ftlds ckjs esa dgk tkrk Fkk fd dE;qfuLVksa dh vksj ls ;g i=k baXyS.M dh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dks fy[kk x;k FkkA mlesa mUgksaus dgk Fkk fd vkf[k+j esa ge l'kL=k ØkfUr ;k gfFk;kjksa ls ;q¼ dj gh ØkfUr lEiUu djsaxs] ysfdu mlls igys dE;qfuLV ikVhZ xqIr fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 285

:i eas dke djsxh vkSj Jfed fdlku ikVhZ dks fu;U=k.k esa dj çpkj dk dke [kqys :i esa fd;k tk;sxk] vkfnA mèkj D;ksafd :l pkgrk gS fd nqfu;kHkj esa et+nwjksa dk 'kklu LFkkfir fd;s cx+Sj LFkk;h 'kkfUr ugha gks ldrh] blhfy, og gj txg lektoknh vkUnksyu djokuk pkgrk gSA vkSj pw¡fd nqfu;k esa lcls cM+s iw¡thifr vkSj lezkVilUn vaxzst+ gSa] blfy, mudk jkt u\"V djuk t+:jh gS vkSj mudk jkt gh fgUnqLrku ds flj ij gS] blhfy, ;gk¡ ØkfUr djokuk vfuok;Z gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa vaxzst+ :l ls cgqr Hk;Hkhr gSa vkSj os dE;qfuLV ;k lektoknh fopkjksa ds çpkj dks jksduk pkgrs gSaA ij fd;k D;k tk;s\\ fgUnqLrkuh iw¡thifr;ksa dh lgkuqHkwfr thrus ds fy, og i=k Niok;k x;kA v[k+ckjksa esa fy[kk x;k Fkk μ fnYyh] vxLr 20 fuEu i=k dks çlkfjr fd;k x;kA fdldh vksj ls] dc] dgk¡\\ ;g dqN irk ughaA vkSj ;g i=k gS Hkh fiNys fnlEcj dh rkjh[k+ dkA vc rd og dgk¡ fNik jgk\\ dE;qfuLV ikVhZ us bl i=k ds lkFk viuk dksbZ lEcUèk ekuus ls bUdkj dj fn;k gSA Jfed fdlku ikVhZ us Hkh ,slh gh ?kks\"k.kk dh gSA fiQj ;g i=k vk;k dgk¡ ls\\ vkSj bls vc gh D;ksa Nkik x;k\\ ;s ckrsa lkspus ;ksX; gSaA bl i=k ds lkFk] vkSj :l dh dqN ?kks\"k.kkvksa dks ckj&ckj Nkius ls fgUnh iw¡thifr;ksa dks Hkh ljdkj us vius lkFk feyk fy;kA gesa irk gS fd fuBYys iw¡thifr feydj ;g fcy ikl djok ysaxsA ij D;k ljdkj le>rh gS fd bl rjg lektoknh fopkjksa dk çpkj #d tk;sxk\\ D;k bu uhprkHkjh pkyksa ls os vius iSj iDds dj fLFkj jg ldxas \\s bfrgkl dh vkjs ls tku&c>w dj D;kas vk[¡ kas cUn j[kh tkrh gSa\\ vkt ç+Qkal ds Ý+;wMy ykWMZ~l vkSj :lh ukscYl dgk¡ gS\\ D;k bu yksxkas us bu fopkjkas dks nckus ds fy, viuk&viuk tk+ js ugha yxk;k vkjS D;k ØkfUr #d ldh Fkh\\ fiQj ;gha ØkfUr dSls #d ldsxh\\ tc rd Hkw[k gS vkSj Je djus okys Hkw[ks ejrs jgsaxs vkSj fuBYys cSBus okys gj rjg dh ekSt+ mM+krs jgsaxs] rc rd lektoknh fopkj nckus ls vkSj Hkh t+ksj idM+rs jgsaxsA ysfdu Jfedksa dks lH¡ ky tkuk pkfg, vkjS le> yus k pkfg, fd muds vkUnkys u dks nckus ds fy, fdrus vR;kpkj fd;s tk jgs gSa vkSj ;fn os vc Hkh u l¡Hkys rks ckn esa iNrkus ls dqN gkFk u vk;sxkA 286 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

,d vkjS neudkjh oQ+ kuuw ftl rjg fgUnqLrku esa dkj[+kkus c<+ jgs gSa] mlh rjg gekjs iw¡thifr vkSj vaxzst+ksa ds ykHk&gkfu Hkh lk>s gksrs tk jgs gSa vkSj ;s n'k esa mHkj jgs tu&vkUnksyu dks lkekU;r;k nckus dk la;qDr :i ls ç;Ru dj jgs gSaA vc ,d le; nks o+Qkuwu LohÑr gks jgs gSa % ,d gS tu&lqj{kk fcy (ifCyd lsÝ+Vh fcy) vkSj nwljk gS vkS|ksfxd fookn fcy (VsªM~l fMLI;wV fcy) vFkkZr fdlh iw¡thifr vkSj et+nwjksa dk fdlh loky ij >xM+k gks tk;s rc rqjUr ,d iapk;r xfBr dj nh tk;]s ftleas it¡w hifr ekfydkas rFkk etn+ jw kas ds çfrfufèk 'kkfey gkas vkjS bldk vè;srk ,d fu\"i{k O;fDr gksA og tks fu.kZ; ns mls lHkh LohdkjsaA gM+rky dk vfèkdkj ugha gksxkA gM+rky djus okys dks 500 #i;s tqekZuk ;k ,d ekg dh o+SQn dh lt+k nh tk;sxh vkSj vxj dksbZ jktuhfrd fopkjèkkjk dks ysdj gM+rky djsxk] mls rhu ekg dh o+SQn rFkk 500 #i;s ds tqekZus dh lt+k gksxhA ysfdu ;s lt+k,¡ D;ksa\\ fookn fuiVkus ds fy, tks desVh cuk;h tk;sxh] vxj og et+nwjksa dh bPNkvksa ds fo#¼ i+QSlyk dj ns] rc\\ rks Hkh D;k mu x+jhcksa dks gM+rky djus dk vfèkdkj ugha feyuk pkfg,\\ cM+h vthc ckr gSA et+nwjksa dks tYnh gh l¡Hky tkuk pkfg,] D;ksafd ;s muds gh vkUnksyuksa dks nckus dk ;Ru gks jgs gSaA cEcbZ dh et+nwj&fdlku ikVhZ us ?kksf\"kr fd;k gS fd bl fcy ds fo#¼ et+nwjksa dks gM+rkysa djuh pkfg,] ckr Hkh Bhd gSA vlsEcyh ds iw¡thifr lnL; rqjUr gh ;g o+Qkuwu LohÑr dj nsaxsA mUgha ds fy, rks ljdkj us ;g oQ+ kuuw cuk;k gAS igys gh çes pUn dhdk HkkbZ tlS s it¡w hifr ljdkj ls xgq kj djrs Fks fd et+nwj&vkUnksyuksa dks nckus dh dksf'k'k dh tkuh pkfg,A lks ljdkj us bldk gy cukdj is'k dj fn;k gSA nksuksa o+Qkuwu LohÑr gks tk;saxsA ysfdu et+nwjksa dks l¡Hky tkuk pkfg,] D;ksafd ;fn vHkh dksbZ è;ku u fn;k x;k rks ckn esa cgqr dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+sxkA ;g Lej.k j[kuk pkfg, fd baXyS.M esa Hkh ,slk o+Qkuwu LohÑr djkus dh vaxzst+h ljdkj dks fgEer ugha gks ldrhA et+nwjksa ds lkFk jÙkhHkj Hkh lgkuqHkwfr j[kus okys lTtuksa dks bl voSèk rFkk neudkjh o+Qkuwu ds fojksèk esa vkokt+ mBkuh pkfg,A fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 287

ckjnksyh lR;kxzg ge igys ls gh vius ikBdksa ds lkeus ckjnksyh ds cgknqj fdlkuksa ds gkykr j[krs jgs gAaS mUgkuas s lR;kxgz 'k:q fd;k Fkk] D;kfas d mudk cUnkcs Lr djds yxku c<+k fn;k x;k gSA mUgksaus yxku nsus ls gh bUdkj dj fn;k Fkk! cM+k >xM+k c<+kA vUr esa le>kSrk gks x;kA i+QSlyk ;g gqvk fd ,d O;fDr us viuh rji+Q ls c<+k gqvk yxku tek djok fn;k gS rFkk vc ,d lfefr tk¡p djsxh fd yxku c<+kuk mfpr gS vFkok ughaA vkSj og tks i+QSlyk djsxh og nksuksa i{kksa dks eaT+kwj djuk iM+sxkA vxj og lfefr i+QSlyk dj ns fd yxku c<+k fn;k tk;s μ dksbZ Mj ugha] rks fiQj D;k gksxk\\ cspkjs fdlku igys gh brus det+ksj rFkk vlgk; gSa fd os ,d iSlk Hkh vfèkd ugha ns ldrsA fiQj ;g rks dqN ckr u cuhA ysfdu ge ns[krs gSa fd ;g lR;kxzg ljdkj ds lkFk la?k\"kZ ds fopkj ls ugha vkjEHk fd;k x;k oju dsoy ;g f'kdk;r nwj djus ds fy, FkkA usrkvksa us ;g Lohdkj Hkh fd;k gSA ysfdu le> esa ugha vkrk fd ,d&,d f'kdk;r ds fy, yM+us&>xM+us ds ctk; ewy ;k tM+ dk D;ksa ugha bykt fd;k tkrk\\ vly esa ft+Eesnkj usrk rks ft+Eesnkjh ls Hkkxrs gSa vkSj rqjUr le>kSrs ij mrj vkrs gSaA rks ;g ckr Li\"V gS fd bl rjg ykHk ges'kk rko+Qroj dks gh gksrk gSA ge le>rs gaS fd tc rd urs k ;xq kUrdkjh Hkkouk vkjS mRlkg ds lkFk ,ls k ØkfUrdkjh la?k\"kZ ugha NsM+saxs] rc rd vkt+knh&vkt+knh dk 'kksj djuk nwj dh ckr gSA 288 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

ugs : lfefr dh fjikVs Z fgUnqLrku Hkh vtc ns'k gSA ;gk¡ ds usrk Hkh vthcks&x+jhc gSaA cSBs&Bkys fopkj fd;k fd pyks ,d lafoèkku gh rS;kj dj ysa fd ge fgUnqLrku esa dSlk jkt pkgrs gSaA rqjUr loZnyh; dkWUç+Qsal cqyk;h x;h] ftlesa usg: lfefr cuk;h x;h fd og ,d fjiksVZ rS;kj djsA fjiksVZ rS;kj gks x;h vkSj çdkf'kr Hkh dh x;hA cM+h ç'kalk gks jgh gS] cM+h 'yk?kk gks jgh gSA rkjhi+Qksa ds iqy ck¡èks tk jgs gSaA fjiksVZ dk vFkZ D;k gS\\ D;k gesa Hkh ljdkj dukMk] vkLVsªfy;k vkSj vk;jyS.M tSlk jkt ns ns\\ cgqr [+kwc! ok;ljk; vaxzst+ gksxk tks dki+Qh vfèkdkj lEiUu gkxs kA yfs du puq ko ls gh dkfaS ly vkjS vlEs cyh eas lnL; Hkts s tk;xas s vkjS puq ko esa er nsus dk vfèkdkj ckfyx O;fDr;ksa dks gh gksxkA lnu esa os Lo;a dqN ugha dj ldsaxsA dsoy ok;ljk; dh m¡xfy;ksa ij ukpsaxsA ,ls k yxrk gS fd os dukMk vkjS vk;jy.S M vkfn ds lfa oèkku [kkys dj vkjS lkeus j[kdj cBS x;s vkjS ;g fjikVs Z fy[k nhA yfs du leL;k ;g gS fd ;g fjikVs Z fy[kh D;kas x;h\\ tc vlg;kxs vkUnkys u tk+ js kas ij Fkk] ml le; ckcw Hkxokunkl vkfn tk+ js &'kkjs ls viuh ckras mBkrs jg]s yfs du fdlh us LojkT; dh O;k[;k djus dh vko';drk u le>hA ij vkt tcfd dkbs Z vkUnkys u Hkh ugha g]S lfa oèkku r;S kj djds j[k fn;k x;k gAS vkf[kj+ bldk D;k dkj.k g\\S vly eas ckr ;g gS fd dNq ykxs kas dk fopkj gS fd lkbeu deh'ku cuk gS rks ;g t:+ j dNq u dNq nus s ds fy, gh cuk gAS vkjS vc ljdkj vkus okyh txa vkjS vU; n's kkas dh fLFkfr;kas dks lkeus j[krh gbq Z fgUnLq rku dks dNq u dNq nus s dks r;S kj gAS deh'ku dk cfg\"dkj rks blfy, fd;k tk jgk gS fd fe'ku eas dkbs Z fgUnLq rkuh lnL; ugha g]S vkjS rks dkbs Z ckr ughAa vkjS vc lhèks ugha cfYd ;kas gh nlw jh rjg ls deh'ku dks crkuk pkgrs gaS fd ge ;g dNq yus k pkgrs gAaS ,d lTtu us vPNk mnkgj.k fn;k fd ,d iQ+ dhj us viuh yEch ykBh ls ,d ykVs k ckè¡ k fy;k vkjS dgus yxk μ e>q s Hkh[k ugha pkfg,] ejs s ykVs s dks ns nk!s gekjs mxz urs kvkas dh ;g fLFkfr gAS ;s lHkh le>s cBS s gaS fd vc dNq u dNq feydj gh jgxs kA blfy, crk nas fd ge D;k yus k pkgrs gAaS vDy ds vUèks urs k vk;jy.S M ds leku vfèkdkj rks fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 289

t:+ j ekx¡ rs gaS yfs du ;g ugha n[s krs fd vk;jy.S M dh turk us ;s vfèkdkj fdl rjg fy, g\\aS 1916 ls 1923 rd ,Mh+ &pkVs h dk tk+ js yxkdj os vxa tsz k+ as ls l?a k\"kZ djrs jgs vkjS bu vxa tsz k+ as dh ukd eas ne dj fn;kA rxa vkdj] etcjw gkds j tc ogk¡ ls tMas+ fcYdyq gh m[kM+ x;ha rc mUgkuas s mudks FkkMs &s+ cgrq vfèkdkj fn;As vkjS ge pkgrs gaS fd geus cBS dj cfr;k;k g]S blfy, geas Hkh muds leku vfèkdkj fey tkus pkfg,! fdruh cMh+ xy+ riQ+ geh g\\S vPNk fiQj ;g rks gS gh cMk+ Hkkjh ækgs A vHkh fiNyh dkxa lsz eas ^i.w kZ LojkT;* dk çLrko ikl gvq k FkkA vkjS vc mUgkusa s rjq Ur gh Mkes fs u;u LVVs l~ cuk;k tkuk eTa k+ jw dj fy;k gAS bldk D;k vFkZ g\\S dgk tkrk gS fd ;g dkxa lsz ikVhZ FkkMs s+ gh Fkh] ftlus dkxa lzs ds lkFk ækgs fd;k gk]s ;g rks gS lonZ yh; dkUW çQ+ las A cgrq [k+ cw ! req dkxa lsz okys gh le>krS s ds Bds ns kj gks x;s gk!s mnkjoknh urs kvkas us D;kas u le>krS k djus ds fy, i.w kZ LorU=krk Lohdkj dh\\ mUgas rks fgUnLq rku dh LorU=krk dh dkbs Z vko';drk ugh\\a rc dkxa lsz ds gkus s okys vè;{k if.Mr ekrs hyky ugs : vkfn dkxa lsz dks ihNs [khpa us dk ;Ru u djxas \\s le> ugha vkrk fd if.Mr tokgjyky vkfn tkfs d lektoknh fopkjkas ds leFkdZ g]aS D;kas bl lfefr eas 'kkfey gkds j viuk vkn'kZ cny ld\\s D;k og bUoQ+ ykc ugha pkgr]s olS s gh bUoQ+ ykc&bUoQ+ ykc fpYykrs jgrs g\\aS D;k mUgas vk'kk gS fd ;g ljdkj Lo;a gh] tks ekx¡ as çLrrq dh x;h gaS mUgas Lohdkj dj yxs h (,ls k lkps uk) tku&c>w dj vk[¡ kas en¡w uk gAS ;k ugs : lkgc dos y ljdkj dks Hk;Hkhr djus ds fy, gh i.w kZ LorU=krk dk 'kkjs epkrs jgrs gaS vkjS pkgrs vèkhu jkt gh g\\aS vly eas ;g vk'kk fd vHkh dNq feyxs k] vHkh dNq feyxs k] cgrq cjckn djrh gAS nkl] cjdus gMS dh pkiylw h eas fdruk fxj x;k Fkk] ;g mlds iQjhnijq ds lEckès ku ls gh irk py ldrk gAS vkt lHkh urs k ml jkg ij py iMs+ gAaS LorU=krk dHkh nku esa çkIr ugha gksxhA ysus ls feysxhA 'kfDr ls gkfly dh tkrh gSA tc rko+Qr Fkh rc ykWMZ jh¯Mx xksyest+ dkWUç+Qsal ds fy, egkRek xk¡èkh ds ihN&s ihNs fiQjrk Fkk vkjS tc vkUnkys u nc x;k] rks nkl vkjS ugs : ckj&ckj t+ksj yxk jgs gSa vkSj fdlh us xksyest rks nwj] ^LVwy dkWUç+Qsal* Hkh u ekuhA blfy, viuk vkSj ns'k dk le; cjckn djus ls vPNk gS fd eSnku esa vkdj ns'k dks LorU=krk&la?k\"kZ ds fy, rS;kj djuk pkfg,A ugha rks eq¡g èkksdj lHkh rS;kj jgsa fd vk jgk gS μ LojkT; dk iklZy! uktS okukas dks bu cgdkokas ls cpdj piq pki viuk dke djrs jguk pkfg,A 290 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

fnypLi vkSj ykHknk;d iqLrdsa uo;qodksa dks bl rjg dh iqLrdsa i<+us dk lq>ko fn;k tkrk FkkA μ l- 1- fgUnqLrku vkSj vkus okyh tax (vaxzst+h esa)A ys[kd] fel ,fXul LesMyh] c£yu (teZuh)A o+Qher μ ¾) 2- , dky Vw ,D'ku (vxa tsz h+ e)as A bleas ektS nw k fLFkfr dks cMh+ HkkMaS h+ fuxkg ls c;ku fd;k x;k gS vkjS lkfcr fd;k x;k gS fd ektS nw k urs k eYq oQ+ dks futkr ugha fnyk ldrsA o+Qher&AA) 3- ukStokuksa ls nks&nks ckrsa (mnwZ)A ys[kd] HkkbZ Nchynkl ch-,- vkWulZA o+Qher μ ) 4- cUnh thou] nksuksa Hkkx (iatkch) iatkc vkSj caxky dh 1914&15 dh x+nj&ygj ds iwjs vkSj fnypLi gkykrA o+Qher&2@& 5- 'kghnksa ds n'kZu (iatkch) cM+k fnypLi] miU;kl ds <ax dk jktuhfrd ikB gSA o+Qher&1) ^eSustj] fdjrh] ve`rlj* flrEcj] 1928 fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 291

vkElZ ,DV [k+Re djkvks 1857 ds LorU=krk&laxzke ds ckn Hkkjr dks iwjh rjg tdM+us ds fy, cuk;s x;s o+Qkuwu ds f[k+yki+Q ^fdjrh* vDVwcj] 1928 esa çdkf'kr ,d ys[kA μ l- fdlh ns'k ij dqN yksx tc fdlh çdkj o+QCt+k tek ysrs gSa rks mudh ;gh dkeuk jgrh gS fd og ns'k ges'kk gh muds o+QCt+s esa jgs vkSj os mldk ygw fupksM+&fupksM+dj eksVs gksrs jgsa vkSj ekSt+ ekjrs jgsaA blds fy, os yxkrkj ç;kljr jgrs gSaA os pkgrs gSa fd ml o+QkSe dk dksbZ lkfgR; rFkk Hkk\"kk u jgsA n's k dk dkbs Z bfrgkl u jgAs enkuZ xh vkjS cgknjq h dk fu'kku rd feVk fn;k tk;As bl çdkj ogk¡ dh turk dks yxkrkj nck;k tkrk gSA vkt ge X+kqyke gSaA gekjs Åij 'kklu djus okyh o+QkSe nqfu;kHkj dh o+QkSeksa esa ls T+;knk pkykd] ckn'kkgr ds ekeys esa T+;knk ;ksX; vkSj le>nkj gSA mUgksaus èkhjs&èkhjs fgUnqLrku dks det+ksj djus dh dksf'k'ksa dhaA x+yfr;k¡ Hkh muls gqb±A mudh ,slh gh x+yfr;ksa dk urhtk Fkk 1857 esa fgUnqLrku dh LorU=krk dh igyh tax tks bruh t+ksjnkj jghA ysfdu og viuh x+yfr;ksa ls lh[k ysrs jgsA blfy, ge ns[krs gSa fd mUgksaus fiQj fdlh tu&vkUnksyu dks t+ksj ugha idM+us fn;kA mlh le; mUgksaus ,d fo'ks\"k ;kstuk ds vUrxZr fgUnqLrku dks yxkrkj detk+ js djus dh dNq uhfr;k¡ viuk yhAa mueas ls vkt ge ,d dk ftØ+ djuk pkgrs gaS vkjS og gS fgUnLq rkfu;kas ls 'kL=k Nhuus dh uhfrA 1857 ds xn+ j] foækgs ;k LorU=krk&vkUnksyu esa lkekU;&tu ds ikl 'kL=k Fks] blfy, cgqr Åèke epkA fgUnqLrkuh cgknqjksa us ,d ckj gypy epk nhA ysfdu fgUnqLrku dh fo+QLer vkSj iatkc ds cqjs HkkX;A iatkfc;ksa us dyad dk Vhdk ekFks ij yxk fy;kA LorU=krk&vkUnksyu dks dqpy Mkyk x;kA vaxzst+ksa us lkspk] vkf[k+j ;g fons'k gS μ fiQj volj feyk rks fgUnqLrkuh iqu% foæksg [kM+k dj nsaxs] blfy, ,d ckj eas gh budk ijw k bykt dj nus k pkfg,A mUgkuas s ,d lkèkkj.k&i=k oQ+ kuuw cuk;kA mlds vuqlkj mUgksaus dqN fo'ks\"k ft+yksa ds {ks=kksa dks fu%'kL=k dj fn;kA 292 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

rc 17 tqykb]Z 1860 dks cko+Qk;nk tks 'kL=k&o+Qkuwu dkafS ly esa LohÑr gqvk Fkk] ok;ljk; us mls eaT+kwj dj fy;kA vDVwcj] 1860 ls mls vey esa yk;k x;k] ysfdu mlds vuqlkj Hkh flok; mu {ks=kksa ds tgk¡ os fo'ks\"k v'kkfUr dh vk'kadk eglwl djrs Fks] cko+Qh ns'k esa 'kL=kksa dh dksbZ eukgh ugha FkhA ml le; bl ckr ij cgrq tk+ js fn;k tkrk Fkk fd lkekU;&tu fcuk ykbllas rkis as u j[kAas dNq lkekU; 'kL=kksa ds fy, Hkh eukgh gks x;hA rc 1878 esa og dBksj o+Qkuwu ikl gqvk tks 1891] 1919] 1920 ds FkksM+s&FkksM+s la'kksèkuksa ds ckn ls vc rd py jgk gSA lkekU;&tu dks bl ekeys esa cM+h cspSuh gqbZA (mèkj) bl fopkj ds yksx ?kcjkdj dksbZ vkSj dk;Zokgh u dj cSBsa] mudks o+Qkuwuh vkUnksyu (Constitutional Agitation) fl[kkus ds fy, dkaxzsl dh cqfu;kn j[kh x;hA ;g ckr rks ekuh gqbZ gS fd ml oD+r ds xouZj tujy ;k ok;ljk; ykWMZ fjiu vkSj ckn esa ykWMZ Msi+Qfju ds dFkukuqlkj] feLVj áwe us dkaxzsl dh uhao j[kh Fkh vkSj lHkh yksxksa dks mlds vklikl bdV~Bk fd;k FkkA mlesa 'kL=k&o+Qkuwu ij lkekU;r;k cgl dh tkrh jghA blh Hkkjrh; jk\"Vªh; dkxa lsz ds pkFS ks vfèko's ku e]as tkfs d 1888 eas bykgkckn esa gqvk Fkk] tks çLrko is'k vkSj ikl gqvk] mlesa bl ckjs esa dgk x;k fd μ turk dh oi+Qknkjh vkSj vkElZ ,DV dh ijs'kkfu;ksa dks ns[krs gq, ;g vko';d gS fd ljdkj dks euk;k tkuk pkfg, fd og oQ+ kuuw dks dNq bl rjg cuk ns ftlls fd flok; (,sls O;fDr;ksa ds) ftUgsa ljdkj us fo'ks\"k :i ls fdlh dkj.ko'k jksdk gqvk gS] çR;sd O;fDr dks gfFk;kj j[kus dh eaT+kwjh nsA bl çLrko dks LohÑr djrs g,q mnkjoknh urs k lj fiQ+ jkts '+ kkg egs rk us ,d cgqr egÙoiw.kZ Hkk\"k.k fn;k] ftlesa mUgksaus dgk fd ;w¡ gh tks'k esa vkdj eSa bl çLrko dk leFkZu djus ds fy, [kM+k ugha gks x;kA eSa rks ;g dgrk gw¡ fd vki lkjs ns'k dks uiqald u cuk;saA dgrs gSa fd og le; Hkh tYn vk;sxk tc 'kL=k&o+Qkuwu gVk fn;k tk;sxkA ysfdu Lej.k jgs] ,d ckj ;fn fgUnqLrkuh turk uiqald cuk nh x;h rks fiQj mlls l¡Hkyuk eqf'dy gks tk;sxkA lkFk gh mUgksaus ml O;fDr dk mnkgj.k fn;k ftlds csVs dks ckn'kkg us fdlh ckr ij iQk¡lh ij Vx¡ ok fn;k FkkA fiQj ,d ckj tc ckn'kkg mlls lgk;rk ekx¡ us x;k rks mlus tokc fn;k fd esjs ,d csVk Fkk] ftls eSa vkidh lgk;rk ds fy, Hkst ldrk Fkk] ysfdu bl oD+r og csVk gS gh ugha] blfy, eSa vkidh dksbZ enn ugha dj ldrkA vkf[k+j og le; tYnh gh vkus okyk gS tc ge Hkh vaxzst+h ljdkj dks ;gh mÙkj nsaxsA ysfdu fu%'kL=k ge fdl dke ds gSa vkSj gekjh D;k rko+Qr] D;k o+Qher gksxh\\ fofoèk lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'u % dq'kkxz fo'ys\"kd n`f\"V @ 293

[k+Sj] fgUnqLrkuh igys ls gh (;g o+Qkuwu gVkus dh) t+:jr eglwl djrs jgs gSa] ysfdu fnuksfnu l[+rh c<+rh gh pyh x;hA igys dgk x;k Fkk fd ;g o+Qkuwu dsoy pkj ;k ik¡p lkyksa ds fy, gh gSA ckn esa og ,slk iDdk gqvk fd vc ;g ykur njw gkus s eas gh ugha vkrhA ,d ckj l'a kkès ku i's k gvq k fd ftl rjg vaxzst+ksa] ,aXyks&bf.M;uksa vkSj ,sls nwljs vU; yksxksa dks ykblsal dh vko';drk ugha iM+rh] mlh çdkj vke fgUnqLrkfu;ksa dks Hkh LorU=krk gksuh pkfg,A bleas gekjk vieku gkrs k gAS exj vieku dk bykt vxa tsz k+ as us ;g fd;k fd pyks] ykblsal lHkh ds fy, vko';d dj nsrs gSaA vaxzst+ Hkh ykblsal ysaA fgUnqLrkfu;ksa dks NwV ugha ns ldrsA yksx tkurs gh gaS fd vaxstz +ksa dks ykblsal ysus esa fdruk ^d\"V* mBkuk iM+rk gS vkSj fgUnqLrkfu;ksa dh D;k xr curh gSA [k+Sj] eryc rks ;g gS fd vaxzst+h ljdkj tksfd tkurh gS fd mldk o+QCt+k fgUnqLrku ij ljklj uktk;t+ vkSj vU;k;iw.kZ gS] og fdlh Hkh lwjr esa fgUnqLrkfu;ksa dks gfFk;kj j[kus dh btkt+r ugha ns ldrhA exj eqYo+Q ds fy, ,sls o+Qkuwu gn ntsZ ds uqo+Qlkunsg gksrs gSaA yksxksa esa ukenhZ] cqt+fnyh] det+ksjh bruh T+;knk vk x;h gS fd lqurs gh 'keZ vkrh gSA vkt ge ns[krs gSa fd tgk¡ vU; jk\"Vª ;q¼&fo|k dh vke f'k{kk nsdj iwjs ds iwjs ns'k dks ,d rjg dh fcYdqy rS;kj i+QkSt cukdj (Nation in Arms) eqYo+Q dks T+;knk egi+Qwt+ vkSj i+QkSth [+kpZ dks gn ntsZ rd ?kVk nsrs gSa] ogk¡ gekjh ;g gkyr gS fd fgUnqLrku esa 99 i+Qhlnh ls vfèkd yksx dHkh fiLrkSy vkSj cUnwo+Q dh 'kDy Hkh ugha ns[k ldrsA fiQj dgk tkrk gS fd fgUnLq rku eas ls dkbs Z çfrHkk'kkyh tujy (Military Genius) inS k ugha gks jgsA dgk tkrk gS fd fgUn esa veu o+Qk;e j[kus vkSj vijkèk ?kVkus ds fy, gh yksxksa dks fugRFks j[kk tkrk gS] ysfdu ge ns[krs gSa fd pksj vkSj Mkdw rks tSls Hkh cu iM+rk gS] gfFk;kj gkfly dj gh ysrs gSa] ysfdu Hkys yksx viuh fgi+Qkt+r ds fy, dgha ls Hkh gfFk;kj gkfly ugha dj ldrsA fdruh l[+r rdyhi+Q gesa bl ckr ls gksrh gS] ;g vUnkt+k vklkuh ls gh yx ldrk gSA tc Hkh lSfud&f'k{kk dk loky mBrk gS] mlh le; ljdkj vk;sa&ck;sa djds Vkyuk 'kq: dj nsrh gSA D;k gesa lki+Q rkSj ij ugha le> ysuk pkfg, fd ;g gesa [k+klrkSj ij det+ksj cukdj X+kqyke cuk;s j[kus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS\\ ge ns[krs gSa fd cspkjh vkSjrsa Hkh vdsyh li+Qj ugha dj ldrha] D;ksafd muds ikl viuh j{kk dk Hkh iwjk lkeku ekStwn ughaA vxj çR;sd L=kh ds ikl de ls de ,d fiLrkSy gks rks og Hkh csfi+QØh ds lkFk ?kwe ldsa vkSj vkjke ds lkFk ft+Unxh xqt+kj ldsaA vkSj ;fn t+jk è;ku ls ns[ksa rks ekywe gksxk fd bl fopkj ds lkFk fd gesa 294 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+