Bhagat Singhs writings in Hindi ( PDFDrive )

i`\"B 171 ¼106½ tslqbV1 % 3- ;gk¡ rd fd tslqbV csyk£eu2 vkSj ekfj,uk3 dh Hkh ;gh nyhy Fkh fd jktk viuh lÙkk turk ls çkIr djs_ ijUrq iksi ds vèkhu jgsA jktk tsEl çFke4 (1609) % tsEl çFke us bl fl¼kUr dks] 1609 esa] laln esa ,d oDrO; nsrs gq, ;g dgdj Lohdkj fd;k fd ¶,d LFkkfir jkT; dk gjsd U;k;fç; jktk ;g ns[kus ds fy, ckè; gS fd mldh ljdkj ds xBu esa] turk ds lkFk mlds o+Qkuwuksa ds rgr tks iSDV fd;k tkrk gS og turk dks Lohdk;Z Hkh gksA¸ duosa'ku ik£y;kes.V (1688) % duosa'ku ik£y;kes.V us 1688 esa ?kksf\"kr fd;k fd tsEl f}rh;5 dks ¶jktk vkSj turk ds chp ewy le>kSrs dks rksM+dj lafoèkku dks myVus dh dksf'k'k djus ds dkj.k ¯lgklu [k+kyh dj nsuk iMk+ A¸ cksnSa6 (1586)8 % vkèkqfud dky ds igys lEiw.kZ jktuhfrd nk'kZfud vkSj ^fjifCyd* (1577 vkSj 1586) ds ys[kd] cksfnu dk dguk gS fd ¶le>kSrk ugha] cfYd rko+Qr ls x.kjkT; dh mRifÙk gqbZ gSA¸ vkfndkyhu fir`lÙkkRed ljdkjksa dks thr djds m[kkM+ iQsadk x;k] vkSj bl çdkj] çkÑfrd LorU=krk dk vUr gks x;kA mlds fopkj ls] ¶lEçHkqrk ukxfjdksa ds Åij loksZPp lÙkk gSA¸ og ekurk Fkk fd ¶lEçHkqrk LorU=k] vfoHkkT;] LFkk;h] vgLrkUrj.kh; vkSj 1- tslqbV % lkslk;Vh vkWi+Q thll uked lEçnk; dk lnL;_ bl dSFkksfyd èkk£ed lEçnk; dh LFkkiuk 1540 esa] ls.V bXusf'k;l yks;ksyk us dh FkhA 2- csyk£eu (brkyoh esa csyk£euks) μ jkcVksZ ÚkaflLdks jkseksyks (1542&162) brkyoh èkeZ'kkL=kh] og ekurk Fkk fd iksi ds ikl ,d v;ksX; 'kkld dks gVk nsus dk vçR;{k vfèkdkj gksrk gSA 3- tqvku fM ekfj,uk (1536&1624) % Lisu dk bfrgkldkj vkSj tslqbV_ og ,d fujadq'k 'kkld dks m[kkM+ iQsadus dks oS/ ekurk FkkA 4- tsEl çFke (1602&1625)% fczVsu dk jktkA mlus jktk ds nSoh; vfèkdkj dh ?kks\"k.kk dh] ftldks ysdj laln ls mldk Vdjko gqvkA 5- tsEl f}rh; (1633&1701) % fczVsu dk jktkA viuh dSFkksfyd i{kèkjrk vkSj LosPNkpkjh 'kklu ds dkj.k mls 1688 dh ¶xkSjo'kkyh ØkfUr¸ ds ckn] ¯lgklu NksM+dj ç+Qkal Hkkxuk iM+kA 6- T;k¡ cksnSa (1530&1596) % ç+Qkalhlh nk'kZfudA mldk ekuuk Fkk fd lEçHkq 'kkld dh lÙkk dks turkfU=kd laln la'kksfèkr dj ldrh gSA 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 645

fujis{k lÙkk¸ gSA mlus lEçHkqrk dh viuh èkkj.kk vkSj ml le; dh ekStwn jkt'kkgh ds chp ?kkyesy dj fn;kA vYFkwfl;l (1557&1638)1% og Li\"V :i ls ;g dgus ds fy, tkuk tkrk gS fd lEçHkqrk ,dek=k turk esa gh fufgr gksrh gSA jktk fli+QZ mldk eftLVsªV ;k ç'kkldHkj gksrk gS] vkSj fd leqnk; dk lEçHkqrk dk vfèkdkj vgLrkUrj.kh; gksrk gAS xzksfV;l (1625)2% viuh Ñfr ¶fM T;wjs csyh ,V isfjl¸ (1628) esa xzksfV;l dgrk gS fd euq\"; esa ,d 'kkfUrfç; vkSj O;ofLFkr lekt dh çcy bPNk gksrh gSA ysfdu og v&çfrjksèk dk fl¼kUr fodflr djrk gS] vkSj bl ckr ls bUdkj djrk gS fd yksx ges'kk vkSj gj txg lEçHkqrk lEiUu gksrs gSa vFkok ;g fd lkjh ljdkjsa 'kkflrksa ds fy, xfBr gksrh gSaA lEçHkqrk ;k rks fot; ls vkrh gS ;k lgefr ls] ysfdu og bl èkkj.kk ij t+ksj nsrk gS fd lEçHkqrk vfoHkkT; lÙkk gSA gwdj % og viuh Ñfr ^,Dysfl;fLVdy ikfyVh* μ [k.M 1 (1592&3) esa çÑfr dh ,d ,slh ekSfyd n'kk dks Lohdkj djrk gS ftlesa lHkh euq\"; cjkcj Fks vkSj fdlh Hkh o+Qkuwu ds ekrgr ugha FksA ekuoksfpr xfjek ds vuqdwy thou dh bPNk vkSj ,dkdhiu ds çfr v#fp us mUgsa ^jktuhfrd lektksa* esa ,dc¼ gksus ds fy, çsfjr fd;kA ^çkÑfrd #>ku* vkjS ,d lkFk thou thus dh mudh ,dc¼rk ds rkSj&rjho+Qs ij çR;{k ;k xqIr lgefr ls pyus okyh O;oLFkk gh orZeku ^jktuhfrd lektksa* ds nks cqfu;knh vkèkkj cusA buesa ls nwljs vkèkkj dks gh ge ¶lkekU; fgr ds o+Qkuwu¸ dgrs gSaA i`\"B 172 ¼107½ jkT; dh mRifÙk lEçHkqrk % foèkk;h lÙkk dk dk;Zikfydk ij Hkh fu;U=k.k ^lHkh vkilh f'kdk;rksa] {kfr;ksa vkjS x+yfr;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy, ,dek=k rjho+Qk fdlh fo+QLe dh ljdkj] ;k loZekU; U;k;drkZ dh O;oLFkk djuk gh FkkA* 1- tksgkUl vYFkwfl;l (1557&1638) % ,d teZu fofèkosÙkk vkSj Mp x.kjkT; dh lhek ij fLFkr ,d bEihfj;y 'kgj ,eMSu dk phi+Q eftLVsªV 2- áwxks xzksfV;l (1583&1645) % Mp fofèkosÙkk vkSj jktuhfrKA mldh iqLrd vUrjjk\"Vªh; o+Qkuwu dk lcls igys fu:i.k djus okyh Ñfr ekuh tkrh gSA 646 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

og bl ckr ij vjLrw ls lger Fkk fd ljdkj dh mRifÙk jktrU=k ls gqbZA ysfdu og ;g Hkh dgrk gS fd ^o+Qkuwu fli+QZ HkykbZ dh f'k{kk gh ugha nsrs] cfYd ,d ckè;dkjh 'kfDr Hkh j[krs gSa] tks 'kkflrksa dh lgefr ls çkIr gksrh gS] vkSj tks ;k rks O;fDrxr rkSj ij ;k çfrfufèk;ksa ds eki+QZr çn£'kr gksrh gAS * ¶o+Qkuwu] pkgs ftl fdlh Hkh fo+QLe ds euq\";ksa ds fy, gksa] os mudh lgefr ls gh miyCèk (vFkkZr oSèk) gksrs gSaA¸ ¶os o+Qkuwu o+Qkuwu ugha gSa tks turk ds vuqeksnu ls ugha cuk;s x;s gksrs gSaA¸ ¶turk dh lEçHkqrk¸ bl çdkj mlus Li\"V rkSj ij dgk fd lEçHkqrk ;k o+Qkuwu&fuekZ=kh lÙkk vUrr% turk esa gh fufgr gksrh gSA 1620 % esÝykoj (1620) ij lokj ¶fiyfxze iQknlZ¸1 dh e'kgwj ?kks\"k.kk % ¶bZ'oj dks lk{kh ekudj ge lc feydj ,d nwljs o+Qjkj dh ?kks\"k.kk djrs gSa vkSj viusvki dks ,d ukxfjd jktuhfrd fudk; ds :i esa la;qDr djrs gSaA¸ 1647 % baXy.S M dh turk dk o+Qjkj % ,d vkjS e'kgwj I;wfjVu2 nLrkost+] tks vkehZ vkWi+Q n ik£y;kes.V (1647) ls fu%l`r gqvk] lksp dh blh ço`fÙk dk ladsr nsrk gSA feYVu 3 (turk dh lEçHkqrk)4 1649 viuh Ñfr ¶VsU;ksj vkWi+Q ¯dXl ,.M eSftLVsªV~l¸ (1649) esa og Hkh ,sls gh fl¼kUrksa dk çfriknu djrk gSA og nkos ds lkFk dgrk gS fd ¶lHkh euq\"; çkÑfrd :i ls LorU=k gh iSnk gq, FksA¸ os ,d ¶lkekU; la?k ds :i esa ,d&nwljs ds lkFk c¡èkus ds fy, blfy, lger gq, fd os ,d&nwljs dks {kfr 1- fiyfxez iQ+ knlZ % bXa y.S M ds ppZ ds I;fw jVu foækfs g;kas dk ,d tRFkk tks ij's kku fd;s tkus ls cpus rFkk mÙkjh vesfjdk esa tk clus ds fy,] esÝykoj uked tgkt+ ls Hkkx fudykA 2- I;wfjVu % çksVsLVs.V bZlkbZ lEçnk; dk lnL; 3- tkWu feYVu (1608&1674) % vaxzst+ dfoA iSjkMkbt ykWLV vkSj iSjkMkbt fjxsUM ds jpf;rk 4- eksVs v{kjksa esa gkf'k;s ij ntZ 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 647

igq¡pkus ls cp ldsa rFkk ,d lkFk feydj ml fdlh Hkh pht+ ls viuk cpko dj ldsa tks xM+cM+h iSnk djus okyh gks ;k bl rjg dh lgefr ds f[k+yki+Q iMr+ h gkAs blh dh cnkyS r oQ+ Lc]s uxj vkjS jkT; vfLrRo eas vk;As rc vkRej{kk vkSj laj{k.k dh ;g vkfèkdkfjd lÙkk tks cqfu;knh rkSj ij muesa ls çR;sd ds Hkhrj rFkk la;qDr :i ls lcesa fufgr Fkh] fMfIV;ksa vkSj dfe'ujksa ds :i esa jktkvksa vkSj eftLVsªVksa dks lkSai nh x;hA¸ ¶jktkvksa vkSj eftLVsªVksa dh lÙkk vkSj dqN Hkh ugha gS] flok; blds fd ;g fli+QZ mUgsa turk }kjk lcdh HkykbZ ds fo'okl ds lkFk çnkfur] gLrkUrfjr vkSj lkSaih x;h lÙkk gS] tks vHkh Hkh cqfu;knh rkSj ij mlh esa (;kuh turk eas μ l-) fufgr gksrh gS vkSj tks mlds çkÑfrd tUefl¼ vfèkdkj dk mYya?ku fd;s cx+Sj Nhuh ugha tk ldrhA vr% jk\"Vª jktkvksa dks pqu ;k gVk ldrs gSa] LorU=k&tUek euq\";ksa ds egt bl vfèkdkj vkSj LorU=krk ds vk/kj ij fd os fduls 'kkflr gksuk loksZÙke le>rs gSaA¸ i`\"B 173 ¼108½ jktkvksa ds nSoh vfèkdkjksa dk fl¼kUr fir`lÙkkRed fl¼kUr blh ;qx esa tgk¡ cgqrsjs fopkjd ^turk dh lEçHkqrk* ds bu fl¼kUrksa dk bl çdkj çfriknu djus esa yxs gq, Fks] ogha nwljs fl¼kUrdkj Hkh Fks] tks ;g lkfcr djus dh dksf'k'k dj jgs Fks fd jkT; o`gnkdkj ifjokj gh ga]S ftuesa ,d dqVqEc ds eqf[k;k dh iSr`d lÙkk] T;s\"Brk Øe dh oa'kijEijk esa iwoZorhZ lEçHkq 'kkld ds ml çfrfufèk dks gLrkUrfjr dj nh tkrh gS tks fdlh jk\"Vª ij 'kklu djus esa l{ke fl¼ gks ldsA blhfy, jkt'kkgh dks ,d vts; vfèkdkj ij vkèkkfjr ekuk x;k] vkSj jktk dks dsoy bZ'oj ds çfr gh mÙkjnk;h Bgjk;k x;kA bls gh ¶jktkvksa dk nSoh vfèkdkj¸ dgk x;kA bls gh ¶fir`lÙkkRed fl¼kUr¸ dgk x;kA1 VkWel gkWCl % 1642&1650&1651 esa fy[kh x;h viuh fofoèk jpukvksa esa mlus lEçHkq 'kkld dh vlhfer lÙkk ds fl¼kUr dks turk ds vkjfEHkd o+Qjkj ds fojksèkh fl¼kUr ds lkFk la;qDr dj fn;kA ijUrq fujadq'krkokn μ ewd vkKkdkfjrk μ ds 1- ;g Li\"V ugh gS fd Hkxr¯lg fdlh iqLrd ls m¼j.k uksV dj jgs Fks ;k ;s mudh viuh fVIif.k;k¡ gSaA 648 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

çfr gkWCl dh i{kèkjrk èkeZ'kkL=kh; u gksdj] èkeZfujis{k vkSj rdZlaxr FkhA og leqnk; (iwjh lef\"V) ds lq[k dks ljdkj dk egku y{; ekurk FkkA (euq\"; ,d vlkekftd çk.kh) gkWCl dk n'kZu flfudoknh gSA mlds vuqlkj] euq\"; ds euksosx LokHkkfod :i ls mlds futh laj{k.k vkSj lq[k dh fn'kk esa gh fu£n\"V gksrs gSa] vkSj og mudh çkfIr ds vykok vkSj dksbZ mís'; ugha j[krkA vr% euq\"; LoHkko ls vlkekftd gSA og dgrk gS] ¶çkÑfrd voLFkk esa] gjsd vkneh vius tSlksa ls ;q¼jr jgrk gS] vkSj gjsd dk thou [k+rjs esa] vdsyk] vlgk;] vlqjf{kr] i'kqor vkSj vYidkfyd gksrk gSA¸ bl çdkj ds thou dk Hk; gh mls jktuhfrd ,drk esa c¡èkus ds fy, foo'k djrk gSA (yxkrkj [k+rjk mUgsa jkT; xfBr djus ij foo'k djrk gS!) pw¡fd egt iSDV dke ugha nsrk] blfy, ^,d loksZPp loZekU; lÙkk* μ ¶ljdkj¸ dh LFkkiuk (¶thr¸ ;k ¶vfèkxzg.k¸ vkSj ¶laLFkkc¼rk¸ lHkh jkT;ksa ds ,dek=k vkèkkj) lekt dh LFkkiuk ¶vfèkxzg.k¸ vFkkZr thr }kjk ;k ¶laLFkkc¼rk¸ }kjk] elyu] ikjLifjd le>kSrs ;k o+Qjkj }kjk] gksrh gSA bl çdkj] ,d ckj tc lEçHkq lÙkk o+Qk;e gks tkrh gS] rc lHkh dks bldk vkKkdkjh gksuk vko';d gks tkrk gSA blls foæksg djus okys fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks [k+Re dj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A mls rckg dj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A (lEçHkq 'kkld dh vlhfer lÙkk!) og1 foèkkf;dk] U;k;ikfydk vkSj dk;Zikfydk ds lkjs ds lkjs vfèkdkj lEçHkq 'kkld ds gokys dj nrs k gAS og fy[krk g]S ¶çHkkoh gkus s ds fy, lEçHkq lÙkk dks fu'p; gh vlhfer] vgLrkUrj.kh; vkjS vfoHkkT; gkus k pkfg,A c's kd vlhfer lÙkk xM+cfM+;ksa dks tUe ns ldrh gS] ysfdu lcls bldk cqjk ls cqjk :i Hkh mruk cqjk ugha gS ftruk fd x`g;q¼ ;k vjktdrkA i`\"B 174 ¼109½ mlds fopkj ls jkt'kkgh] dqyhurU=k] ;k turU=k esa lÙkk dks ysdj dksbZ 1- gkCW l 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 649

vUrj ugha gSA lkekU; 'kkfUr vkSj lqj{kk dh fn'kk esa budh miyfCèk;k¡ buds }kjk 'kkflr turk ;k yksxksa dh vkKkdkfjrk ij fuHkZj djrh gSaA fiQj Hkh og ^jkt'kkgh* dks gh vfèkd ilUn djrk gSA mlds fopkj ls ^lhfer jkt'kkgh* gh loksZÙke gSA ysfdu og bl ckr ij Hkh t+ksj nsrk gS fd lEçHkq 'kkld dks fu'p; gh èkk£ed ds lkFk&lkFk ukxfjd ekeyksa dk Hkh fu;eu djuk pkfg,] vkSj ;g rtcht Hkh djuh pkfg, fd dkSu ls fl¼kUr 'kkfUr&O;oLFkk cuk;s j[kus esa lgk;d fl¼ gks ldrs gSaA bl çdkj] og lEçHkqrk ds ,d Li\"V vkSj oSèk fl¼kUr dh fgek;r rks djrk gS] ysfdu blds lkFk gh og jktk ;k lEçHkq 'kkld iSnk djus ds fy, lkekftd le>kSrs dh dYiuk dks Hkh cjo+Qjkj j[krk gSA fLiukst+k1 % (1677) (euq\"; dh vlekftdrk) viuh Ñfr VSªDVsVl ikWfyfVdl (1677)] esa og ekurk gS fd 'kq:&'kq: esa euq\";ksa dk lHkh pht+ksa ij leku vfèkdkj Fkk] blfy, çkÑfrd voLFkk ;q¼ dh voLFkk FkkA euq\";ksa us vius foosd ls çsfjr gksdj viuh 'kfDr;ksa dks ukxfjd ljdkj dh LFkkiuk ds fy, la;qDr fd;kA pw¡fd euq\";ksa ds ikl fujadq'k lÙkk Fkh] blfy, bl çdkj LFkkfir lEçHkq lÙkk Hkh fujda 'q k lÙkk gh FkhA mlds fopkj ls ^vfèkdkj* vkSj ^lÙkk* ,d leku gSA vr% lÙkk ls ySl gksdj lEçHkq 'kkld dks lkjs ds lkjs vfèkdkj Lo;eso çkIr gks tkrs gSaA bl çdkj] og ^fujadq'krkokn* dk leFkZu djrk gSA iqi+QsUMksj2 % (ykW vkWi+Q uspj ,.M us'kal 1672)3 mlds fopkj ls] euq\"; ,d lkekftd çk.kh gS] tks ifjokj vkSj 'kkfUre; thou dh vksj LokHkkfod #>ku j[krk gSA 1- fLiukst+k (1632&1677) % nsdkrZ ls çHkkfor Mp nk'kfZ udA mlus viuh iqLrd ,fFkDl (1677) esa ;g fopkj çdV fd;k fd ekuo&thou bZ'oj (;k çÑfr) ls vksrçksr gSA vikjEifjd fopkjksa ds dkj.k vius ewy lEçnk; ls 1956 esa fu\"dkflrA 2- lSeqvy cSju iQku iqi+QsUMksj (1632&1684) % teZu fofèkosÙkk vkSj bfrgkldkjA mldk fopkj Fkk fd jkT; ds o+Qkuwu çkÑfrd o+Qkuwu esa gh 'kkfey gSaA 3- lEHkor% iqi+QsUMksj dh iqLrd] fn T;wjs uspqjh ,V tsf.V;e dk vaxzst+h 'kh\"kZd 650 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

,d vkneh }kjk nwljs vkneh dks igq¡pk;h tk ldus okyh {kfr;ksa dk vuqHko gh ukxfjd ljdkj dh çsj.kk nsrk gS] tks bl çdkj xfBr gksrh gS % 1- ,d dkeuosYFk xfBr djus gsrq dqN yksxksa ds chp ,d loZlEer vkilh o+Qjkj }kjk] 2- cgqer ds bl çLrko }kjk fd veqd 'kkld dks lÙkk ij vklhu fd;k tk;s] 3- ljdkj vkSj turk ds chp bl o+Qjkj }kjk fd ljdkj 'kklu djs vkSj turk fofèklEer vkns'kksa dk ikyu djsA i`\"B 175 ¼110½ ykWd % (ukxfjd ljdkj ds nks fl¼kUr&1690) ¶fdlh Hkh euq\"; dks 'kklu djus dk çkÑfrd vfèkdkj ugha gksrkA¸ og çkÑfrd voLFkk dk μ ;kuh 'kklukfèkdkj vkSj çHkqRo ds ekeys esa LorU=krk vkSj lekurk okyh ,d ,slh voLFkk dk fp=k.k djrk gS tks fli+QZ çkÑfrd o+Qkuwu ;k foosd ds gh vèkhu jgs] tks yksxksa dks ,d&nwljs ds thou] LokLF;] vkt+knh vkSj LokfeRo vfèkdkjksa ds ekeys esa uqo+Qlku igq¡pkus ls jksdrs gSaA fu\"ks/ ;k {kfriw£r ds :i esa lt+k nsus dk vfèkdkj çR;sd O;fDr ds gkFk esa gksrk gSA çkÑfrd voLFkk! ¶çkÑfrd voLFkk okLro esa og gS ftlesa yksx vkil esa i+QSlyk djus ds vfèkdkj ds lkFk] fcuk fdlh ,d loZekU; 'kkld ds] foosd ds vuqlkj ,d lkFk jgrs gSaA¸ futh lEifÙk! ¶çR;sd O;fDr dk ;g çkÑfrd vfèkdkj gS fd og vius ikl lEifÙk j[ks vkSj çkÑfrd lkexzh ij vius futh Je ls çkIr mRikn ij Hkh viuk vfèkdkj j[ksA ,d vkneh ftruh vfèkd Hkwfe dks tksr] cks] lqèkkj ldrk gS vkSj [ksrh&ckM+h ds dke esa yk ldrk gS rFkk mlls çkIr ftruh iSnkokj bLrseky esa yk ldrk gS] og lc mlh dh lEifÙk gSaA lEifÙk vkSj ukxfjd lekt! mlds vuqlkj ¶lEifÙk¸ ¶ukxfjd lekt¸ dh iwoZorhZ gSA 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 651

ukxfjd lekt dh mRifÙk! ysfdu ,slk yxrk gS fd yksxksa dks fdlh çdkj dk [k+rjk vkSj Hk; jgrk Fkk] vkSj blhfy,] mUgksaus ukxfjd LorU=krk ds i{k esa] viuh çkÑfrd LorU=krk dks frykatfy ns nhA la{ksi esa] vko';drk] lgwfy;r vkSj #>ku us yksxksa dks lekt esa c¡èkus ds fy, foo'k fd;kA ukxfjd lekt dh ifjHkk\"kk! tks yksx ,d fudk; esa xfBr gks pqds gksrs gSa] vkSj ftuds ikl ,d ,slk loZekU; LFkkfir o+Qkuwu vkSj U;k;kfèkdj.k gksrk gS ftleas vihy dh tk lds rFkk ftls vkilh fooknksa dks fuiVkus ,oa nks\"kh dks nf.Mr djus dk vfèkdkj gks] os ,d ukxfjd lekt esa gksrs gSaA lgefr % nwljksa ij fot; ljdkj dk ^Ïksr* ugha gSA lgefr gh fdlh Hkh oSèk ljdkj dk Ïksr Fkh] vkSj gks ldrh gSA o+Qkuwu&fuekZ=kh lHkk yksxksa ds thou] LorU=krk vkSj lEifÙk ds Åij iw.kZr% euekuk vfèkdkj ugha j[krh] D;kfas d blds ikl fliQ+ Z ogh l;a Dq r vfèkdkj gkrs k gS tks lekt ds xBu ls igys vyx&vyx lnL;ksa ds ikl gqvk djrk Fkk] vkjS ftls mUgksaus vius fo'ks\"k vkSj lhfer mís';ksa ds fy, lkSai fn;k gSA o+Qkuwu % ¶o+Qkuwu dk mís'; LorU=krk dks [k+Re djuk ;k jksduk ugha] cfYd mls lqjf{kr djuk vkSj foLr`r djuk gSA¸ foèkkf;dk % foèkkf;dk dqN fuf'pr mís';ksa ds fy, fli+QZ ,d U;klèkkjh lÙkkHkj gS] tks ;fn blesa U;Lr fd;s x;s fo'okl dks [kf.Mr djs] rks turk }kjk Hkax ;k ifjo£rr dh tk ldrh gSA turk dh loksZifj lEçHkqrk! bl çdkj loksZPp lÙkk ;k loksZifj lEçHkqrk ges'kk tu&leqnk; ds ikl gh jgrh gS] ijUrq og bldk bLrseky rc rd ugha djrk] tc rd fd ljdkj Hkax ugha gks tkrhA 652 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

i`\"B 176 ¼111½ foèkkf;dk vkSj dk;Zikfydk futh fgrksa ij lkekU; fgr dh cfy jksdus ds fy,] ;g t+:jh gS fd foèkkf;dk vkSj dk;Zikfydk dh lÙkk,¡ vyx&vyx gkFkksa esa jgsa] vkSj dk;Zikfydk foèkkf;dk ds ekrgr jgsA tgk¡ ;s nkus kas lÙkk,¡ ,d gh fujda 'q k jktk eas fufgr gkrs h g]aS ogk¡ dkbs Z ukxfjd ljdkj ugha gkrs h] D;kfas d jktk vkjS mldh turk ds chp dkbs Z loeZ kU; U;kf;d lÙkk ugha gksrhA LorU=k lektksa esa jkT;ksa ds fHkUu&fHkUu :i gSa] turU=k1] vYirU=k] ;k fuokZfpr jktrU=k rFkk fefJr :iksa okyh O;oLFkk,¡A ^ØkfUr dk vfèkdkj*! ¶tc ljdkj le>kSrs ds çfr viuk nkf;Ro iwjk djus μ ;kuh O;fDrxr vfèkdkjkas dk lja {k.k djus μ eas foiQy gks tkrh gS rks ØkfUr U;k;lxa r cu tkrh gAS :lks 1 :lk2s % lekurk dksbZ Hkh vkneh bruk vfèkd èkuh ugha gksuk pkfg, fd og nwljs dks [k+jhn lds] vkSj u gh dksbZ vkneh bruk vfèkd x+jhc gksuk pkfg, fd og viusvki dks cspus ds fy, etcwj gks tk;sA Hkkjh vlekurk,¡ fujadq'krk ds fy, jkLrk rS;kj djrh gSaA lEifÙk vkSj ukxfjd lekt % ftl igys vkneh us t+ehu ds ,d VqdM+s dks ?ksjdj ;g dgus dks lkspk gksxk fd ^;g esjk gS*] rFkk ftls viuh ckr ij fo'okl djus okys lhèks&lkns yksx fey x;s gksaxs] ogh ukxfjd lekt dk vlyh laLFkkid FkkA vxj fdlh us bl èkks[ksckt+h dk inkZi+Qk'k dj fn;k gksrk] vkSj ;g ,yku dj fn;k gksrk fd ;g èkjrh fdlh dh lEifÙk ugha gS vkSj fd blds iQy lcds gSa] rc ekuotkfr dks brus ;¼q ] vijkèk vkjS lU=kkl ugha >ys us iMs+ gkrs As 1- vkSj 2- ewy esa ,sls gh uksV fd;s gq,_ ns[ksa uksVcqd i`\"B la- 118 ¼91½ dk lUnHkZ 1 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 653

i`\"B 177 ¼112½ ¶tks vkneh è;ku djrk gS og nqjkpkjh çk.kh gSA¸1 ukxfjd o+Qkuwu % detk+ js kas ds mRihMu+ vkjS lcdh vljq {kk dh vkjs b'kkjk dj èkfudkas us cMh+ pkykdh ls U;k; vkSj 'kkfUr ds fu;e fu:fir fd;s] rkfd muds }kjk lcds LokfeRokas dh xkj.Vh jg]s vkjS oQ+ kuuw kas dks ykxw djus ds fy, ,d lokPZs p 'kkld dh LFkkiuk dhA fu'p; gh lekt vkSj o+Qkuwuksa dh mRifÙk blh Hkk¡fr gqbZ gksxh] ftlus x+jhcksa dks u;h csfM+;k¡ iguk nha vkSj èkfudksa dks u;h rko+Qr çnku dj nh] çkÑfrd LorU=krk dks vfUre :i ls [k+Re dj fn;k] vkSj FkksM+s ls egÙokdka{kh yksxksa ds ykHk ds fy,] ges'kk&ges'kk ds fy, lEifÙk vkSj vlekurk dk o+Qkuwu fuèkkZfjr dj fn;k] ,d pkykdh Hkjh ywV dks ,d vVy vfèkdkj esa rCnhy dj fn;k] vkSj bl çdkj vkbUnk ds fy, lkjh ekuotkfr dks Je] nklrk] vkSj nqxZfr dk f'kdkj cuk fn;kA2 iqu'p% vlekurk,¡ ysfdu ;g ckr iwjh rjg çkÑfrd o+Qkuwu ds f[k+yki+Q gS fd eqV~BhHkj yksx rks cs'kqekj nkSyr xVdrs jgsa] tcfd fo'kky Hkw[kh vkcknh thou dh t+:jh pht+ksa ds fy, Hkh rjlrh jgsA3 i`\"B 178 ¼113½ mldh jpukvksa dk gJ ,feyh vkSj lks'ky dk.VSªDV nksuksa gh 1762 esa çdkf'kr gqb±] igyh dks isfjl esa tyk;k x;k] :lks ceqf'dy fxjÝ+rkj gksrs&gksrs cpk] fiQj nksuksa fdrkcksa dks lkoZtfud rkSj ij] tsuksvk esa] mldh tUeLFkyh esa] tyk;k x;k] tgk¡ mls dgha vfèkd 'kksgjr feyus dh mEehn FkhA 1- lEHkor% :lks dk m¼j.k 2- :lks] lks'ky dkW.VªSDV 3- ogh 654 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

jktk dh lEçHkqrk ls turk dh lEçHkqrk dh vksj :lks ,drk vkSj dsUæhdj.k dh ç+Qkalhlh èkkj.kkvksa dks cuk;s j[krk gS_ tcfd l=kgoha lnh esa jkT; (;k lEçHkqrk) dks jkt'kkgh ds lkFk xM~MeM~M dj fn;k x;k FkkA 18oha lnh esa :lks ds çHkko ls ;g turk esa fufgr le>h tkus yxhA vuqcU/ vuqcU/ ds tfj;s yksx ukxfjd LorU=krk vkSj uSfrd LorU=krk ds fy, çkÑfrd LorU=krk dk çfrnku djrs gSaA1 çFke LokfeRo dk vfèkdkj lEifÙk dk vfèkdkj % bldk vkSfpR; bu n'kkvksa ij fuHkZj djrk gS % (v) fd t+ehu x+Sj&vkckn gS] (c) fd ,d vkneh fli+QZ mrus gh jdcs ij o+QCt+k djrk gS ftruk fd mlds xqt+kjs ds fy, t+:jh gks_ (l) fd og bl ij egt [kks[kyh vkSipkfjdrk ds tfj;s ugha] cfYd esgur vkSj [ksrh&ckM+h djus ds ukrs n[k+y j[krk gSA2 i`\"B 179 ¼114½ èkeZ % :lks èkeZ dks Hkh lEçHkq 'kkld dh fujadq'krk ds vèkhu j[krk gSA Hkwfedk3 % eSa bl ckr dh tk¡p djuk pkgrk gw¡ fd D;k] vkt yksx tSls gSa vkSj tSls o+Qkuwu cuk;s tk ldrs gSa] mudks eísut+j j[krs gq,] ;g lEHko gS fd ukxfjd ekeyksa ds ç'kklu gsrq dqN U;k;laxr vkSj fuf'pr fu;e LFkkfir fd;s tk;sa---A 1- vkSj 2- lks'ky dkW.VªSDV ds vkèkkj ij 3- :lks] lks'ky dk.VSªDV dh Hkwfedk ls 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 655

---eq>ls iwNk tk ldrk gS fd D;k eSa dksbZ jktk ;k fofèk fuekZrk gw¡ tks eSa jktuhfr ij fy[krk gw¡A esjk mÙkj gS fd eSa ugha gw¡A vxj eSa oSlk gksrk] rks ;g dgus esa le; u\"V ugha djrk fd D;k fd;k tkuk pkfg,] cfYd mls dj Mkyrk ;k [k+keks'k jgrkA euq\"; tUe ls LorU=k gksrk gS ysfdu gj txg csfM+;ksa esa tdM+ fn;k tkrk gAS 1 X+kqykeh ds tqos dks cyiwoZd mrkj iQsaduk! eSa dguk pkgw¡xk fd tc rd yksx vkKkikyu ds fy, etcwj fd;s tkrs jgsa vkSj os vkKkikyu djrs jgsa] vPNk gS_ ysfdu os ftruh tYnh bl tqos dks mrkj iQsad ldsa vkSj mrkj iQsadrs gSa] rks og vkSj Hkh vPNk gS_ dkj.k fd] ;fn yksx viuh vkt+knh fiQj mlh vfèkdkj (vFkkZr rko+Qr) ls okil ysrs gSa ftl vfèkdkj ls ;g muls Nhuh x;h gksrh gS] rks ;k rks mudk ,slk djuk U;k;laxr gS] ;k muls bls Nhu fy;s tkus dk dksbZ vkSfpR; ugha FkkA2 i`\"B 180 ¼115 ½ rko+Qr % ¶lÙkk] tks ¯glk ds }kjk gkfly dh tkrh gS] egt ,d gM+ih x;h lÙkk gksrh gS] vkSj fli+QZ rc rd gh cuh jgrh gS tc rd mldh deku l¡Hkkyus okys dh rko+Qr mldks ekuus okyksa dh rko+Qr ij gkoh jgrh gS] vkSj tc bldks ekuus okyksa dh rko+Qr lcls vfèkd gks tkrh gS vkSj os mlds tqos dks mrkj iQsadrs gSa] rks ,slk os mrus gh vfèkdkj vkSj U;k; ds lkFk djrs gSa ftlds lkFk mu ij lÙkk Fkksi j[kh x;h FkhA ogh (rko+Qr dk) o+Qkuwu tks lÙkk dk vfèkdkj nsrk gS] ckn esa mls Nhu Hkh ysrk gS_ ;g lcls rko+Qroj dk o+Qkuwu gSA¸ fnnsjks μ balkbDyksihfM;k 3 ¶lÙkk¸ 1- :lks dh çfl¼ mfDr] lks'ky dkW.VªSDV ls 2- ogh 3- nsuh fnnsjks (1713&1784) % çcksèku dky dk ç+Qkalhlh nk'kZfudA fo'odks\"k (bUlkbDyksihfM;k) dk çeq[k lEikndA ç+Qkalhlh ØkfUr dh oSpkfjd t+ehu rS;kj djus esa :lks vkSj okYrs;j ds lkFk mldh eq[; Hkwfedk FkhA 656 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

nkl viuh csfM+;ksa esa lc dqN [kks nsrs gSa] ;gk¡ rd fd muls futkr ikus dh bPNk Hkh!1 lcls rko+Qroj dk vfèkdkj ¶lÙkkfèkdkfj;ksa dk vkKkikyu djksA ;fn bldk eryc rko+Qr ds vkxs >qduk gS] rks ;g vkns'k vPNk rks gS ysfdu x+Sj&t+:jh gS_ esjk dguk gS fd bldk dHkh mYya?ku ugha gksxkA¸2 nklrk dk vfèkdkj ¶D;k rc ijkèkhu tu viuh vfLerkvksa dk bl 'krZ ij R;kx dj nsa fd mudh lEifÙk Hkh ys yh tk;s\\ eSa le> ugha ikrk fd muds fy, D;k 'ks\"k jg tk;xs k\\ ¶dgk tk ldrk gS fd fujadq'k 'kkld vius 'kkflrksa ds fy, ukxfjd 'kkfUr lfq uf'pr djrk gAS gks ldrk g]S ,ls h gh ckr gk_s yfs du blls mudks feyrk D;k gS] tcfd ;q¼] tks mldh egÙokdka{kkvksa ds pyrs mu ij Fkksi fn;s tkrs gSa] rFkk mldh vrks\"k.kh; yksyqirk vkSj mlds ç'kklu ds lUrki] muds vius cSj&fojksèk ls dgha vfèkd gh mUgsa rax djrs gSa\\ ¹i\"` B 181 ¼116½ ij tkjhº ¶;g dguk] fd ,d vkneh viusvki dks fcuk fdlh ,ot esa ;ksa gh lkSai nsrk gS] ,dne okfg;kr vkSj vdYiuh; ckr gSA¸ bl rjg dh ckr] pkgs ,d vkneh nwljs vkneh dks lEcksfèkr djds dgs ;k jk\"Vª dks lEcksfèkr djds dgs] ges'kk ew[kZrkiw.kZ gh dgh tk;sxh % ¶eSa iwjh rjg ls rqEgkjh o+Qher ij vkSj iwjh rjg ls vius ykHk ds fy, rqels ,d le>kSrk djrk gw¡] vkSj eSa bls rc rd ykxw fd;s j[kw¡xk] tc rd eSa pkgw¡xk] vkSj rqe Hkh bls rc rd ykxw fd;s j[kksxs tc rd eSa pkgx¡w kA¸3 lekurk % ;fn req jkT; dks LFkkf;Ro çnku djuk pkgrs gk]s rks bu nks pje voLFkkvkas dks] tgk¡ rd lEHko gks lds] o+Qjhc ykvks % u rks èkfudksa dks cjnk'r djks] u gh fHk[kkfj;ksa dksA ;s nksuksa gh fLFkfr;k¡] tks LokHkkfod rkSj ij ,d&nwljs ls 1- :lks] lks'ky dkW.VªSDV 2- ogh 3- ogh 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 657

vfoHkkT; gSa] lkekU; fgr ds fy, leku :i ls lka?kkfrd gSa % ,d oxZ ls fujadq'k iSnk gksrs gSa] rks nwljs oxZ ls] fujadq'krk ds leFkZd % ges'kk bUgha nksuksa ds chp lkoZtfud LorU=krk dk O;kikj pyrk jgrk gS % ,d [k+jhnrk gS] nwljk csprk gSA1 i`\"B 182 ¼117½ ¶vksyko`f\"V dqNsd {ks=kksa dks cjckn dj Mkyrh gS] ij blls vdky fcjys gh iM+rk gSA naxs&iQlkn vkSj x`g;q¼ lnkjr djus okys yksxksa dks dki+Qh pkSadk nsrs gSa_ fiQj Hkh os jk\"Vªksa ds fy, dksbZ okLrfod ladV ugha iSnk djrs] tc rd bl ckr dks ysdj fookn pyrk gS fd dkSu mu ij fujadq'k 'kklu djsA mudh okLrfod le`f¼ ;k foink,¡ rks mudh LFkk;h fLFkfr;k¡s ls iSnk gksrh gSaA tc lc dqN tqos rys dqpy dj j[k fn;k tkrk gS] rHkh lc dqN u\"V gks tkrk gS_ rHkh ;s 'kkld] bRehuku ls lc dqN u\"V djus ds ckn] ,d eqnkZ [k+keks'kh iSnk dj nsrs gSa] ftls os 'kkfUr dgrs gSaA¸ i`\"B 176 2 i`\"B 183 ¼118½ ç+Qkalhlh ØkfUr3 % vesfjdk % vesfjdh LorU=krk&laxzke dk ç+Qkal dh fLFkfr ij Hkkjh çHkko iM+kA (1776) VSDl % ^jktk* ds uke ij dke djus okys dksVZ ;k efU=ke.My us euekus <ax ls VDS lkas ds iQ+ jeku r;S kj fd;s vkjS mls ik£y;ke.s V4 eas bUnjkt fd;s tkus ds fy, Hkst fn;k] D;ksafd tc rd ik£y;kes.V mudk bUnjkt ugha dj ysrh] rc rd os ykxw ugha gks ldrs FksA dksVZ dk nkok Fkk fd ik£y;kes.V dh lÙkk dks ,rjkt+ dk dkj.k crkus ds vykok vkSj dksbZ vfèkdkj u Fkk] tcfd og (;kuh dksVZ ;k efU=ke.My) vius ikl ;g i+QSlyk djus dk vfèkdkj lqjf{kr j[ks gq, Fkk fd dkj.k okftc gSa ;k x+Sj&okftc] vkSj fd rnuqlkj gh og viuh et+hZ ls pkgs rks 1- ogh 2- ogh 3- ç+Qkalhlh ØkfUr ds ckjs esa Hkxr¯lg ds bu uksV~l ds Ïksr dk irk ugha pyrkA 4- ik£y;kes.V % okLro esa ;g dksbZ fuokZfpr çfrfufèk;ksa dk fudk; ugha] cfYd jktk ds lykgdkjksa dk ,d fudk; ;k btykl gqvk djrh FkhA 658 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

i+Qjeku okil ys ys ;k cko+Qk;nk mls vkfèkdkfjd rkSj ij bUnjkt fd;s tkus dk vkns'k tkjh dj nsA nwljh rji+Q] ik£y;kes.V dk nkok Fkk fd mlds ikl bUdkj dj nsus dk vfèkdkj FkkA eU=kh ,e- dSyksu1 dks eqæk pkfg, FkhA og VSDlksa ds ekeys esa ik£y;kes.V ds dM+s #[k ls ifjfpr FkkA mlus ¶vlsEcyh vkWi+Q uksVscYl¸2 vkgwr dh (1787)A ;g LVsV~l&tujy ugha Fkh] tkfs d puq h tkrh Fkh] cfYd blds lHkh lnL; jktk }kjk euksuhr fd;s x;s Fks vkSj blesa dqy 141 lnL; FksA rc Hkh og cgqer dk leFkZu gkfly u dj ldkA rc mlus bls 7 desfV;ksa esa foHkDr dj fn;kA çR;sd desVh esa 20 lnL; FksA gjsd loky desfV;ksa esa cgqer ls vkSj vlsEcyh esa desfV;ksa ds cgqer ls r; fd;k tkrk FkkA mlus fdUgha pkj ;k çR;sd desVh esa 11 ,sls lnL; j[kus dh dksf'k'k dh] ftu ij og fo'okl dj ldrk FkkA ysfdu mldh ;s ;qfDr;k¡ Hkh vliQy jghaA i`\"B 184 ¼119½ ,e- n yi+Qk;r4 ,d nwljh desVh dk mikè;{k FkkA mlus ,e- dSyksu ij 1- pkYlZ vyDs lkUæ n dyS kus (1734&1802)] çQ+ kla hlh jktuhfrK] tks uoEcj 1783 eas foÙkeU=kh cukA 2- vlsEcyh vkWi+Q uksVscYl % jkT; dk [k+t+kuk [k+kyh gksus ds dkj.k] foÙkeU=kh dSyksu 'kkgh [k+t+kus ds fy, o+Qt+Z ysuk pkgrk Fkk] ijUrq ik£y;kes.V us bls eatwj ugha fd;kA rc mlus jktk dks lykg nh fd vkUrfjd lhek'kqYdksa dks [k+Re dj fn;k tk;s vkSj uksVscYl ;kuh dqyhuksa vkSj iknfj;ksa ij VSDl yxk fn;k tk;sA blds fy, dqyhuksa dh ,d lHkk (vlsEcyh vkWi+Q uksVscYl) tuojh 1787 esa cqyk;h x;hA ijUrq dqyhuksa us vius fo'ks\"kkfèkdkjksa esa dVkSrh fd;s tkus dk fojksèk dj fn;kA 3- LVsV~l tujy% ;g dqyhu oxZ] iknjh oxZ vkSj cqtqZvk oxZ ls pqus x;s çfrfufèk;ksa dh ,d lHkk FkhA 4- ek£Dol n yiQ+ k;r (1757&1834) % vefs jdh LorU=krk lxa kz e vkjS çQ+ kla dh ØkfUr esa Hkkx fy;kA og ç+Qkalhlh lsuk dk duZy (1779) vkSj ckn esa estj tujy (1781) Hkh jgk_ 1790 eas mldh rjDo+ Q+ h u's kuy xkMZ vkWiQ+ ifs jl ds duyZ &tujy in ij gks x;h] vkSj mlus ØkfUr ds vkjfEHkd nkSjksa esa cgqr lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkk;hA ysfdu 1792 esa laoSèkkfud jktrU=k dk leFkZu djus ds dkj.k vlsEcyh us mls x+íkj o+Qjkj dj fuokZflr dj fn;kA vius fuokZlu dky esa Hkh og viuh ØkfUrdkjh Hkwfedk ds dkj.k 5 o\"kks± rd ç'kk] teZuh] vkSj vkfLVª;k dh tsyksa esa o+QSn jgk] vkSj usiksfy;u cksukikrZ ds gLr{ksi ls gh tsy ls fjgk gksdj 1799 esa ç+Qkal ykSVkA 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 659

nks fefy;u ykboj esa 'kkgh t+ehu csp Mkyus dk vkjksi yxk;kA bls mlus fyf[kr :i esa Hkh is'k fd;kA mlds dqN gh le; ckn] ,e- dSyksu dks cj[k+kLr dj fn;k x;kA rksywl dk vkdZfc'ki çèkkueU=kh vkSj foÙkeU=kh fu;qDr gqvkA mlus ik£y;kes.V ds le{k nks çdkj ds VSDlksa dk çLrko j[kk μ LVkEi VSDl vkSj ,d fo+QLe dk Hkwfe VSDlA bl ij ik£y;kes.V us tokc fn;k] fd jk\"Vª vc rd ftl rjg ds jktLo dh fgek;r djrk vk jgk gS] mlds lkFk VSDlksa dh ppkZ muesa dVkSrh djus ds vykok vkSj fdlh Hkh mís'; ls ugha djuh pkfg,] vkSj mu nksuksa gh çLrkoksa dks mBkdj jíh dh Vksdjh esa iQsad fn;kA rc mUgsa olkZbZ cqyk;k x;k] tgk¡ jktk us ^, csM vkWi+Q tfLVl* uke ls ,d fo'ks\"k cSBd dh vkSj mu çLrkoksa dk bUnjkt dj fy;kA ik£y;kes.V isfjl ykSV x;hA ogk¡ ,d vfèkos'ku fd;kA olkZbZ esa dh x;h çR;sd dk;Zokgh dks x+Sj&o+Qkuwuh o+Qjkj nsrs gq,] bUnjkt dks jí dj nsus dk vkns'k fn;kA rc lcdks ^ysVj fM dS'ksRl* uked 'kkgh i+Qjeku tkjh gqvk vkSj lHkh dks fuokZflr dj fn;k x;kA fiQj ckn esa mUgsa okil cqyk fy;k x;kA vkSj fiQj os gh i+Qjeku muds lkeus j[ks x;sA ¹i\"` B 185 ¼120½ ij tkjhº fiQj LVsV~l tujy dh cSBd cqykus dk loky mBkA jktk us blds fy, ik£y;kes.V ls oknk fd;kA ysfdu efU=ke.My us fojksèk fd;k] vkSj ,d ^iQqy dksVZ* xfBr djus dk u;k çLrko j[kkA ysfdu bldk nks vkèkkjksa ij fojksèk gqvk % igyk ;g fd lS¼kfUrd vkèkkj ij ljdkj dks Lo;a dks cnyus dk dksbZ vfèkdkj ugha FkkA bl rjg dh ut+hj uqo+Qlkunsg gksxhA nwljk fojksèk Lo:i dks ysdj Fkk] blds fojksèk esa ;g nyhy nh x;h fd ;g ,d foLrkfjr efU=ke.My ds vykok vkSj dqN u gksrkA vr% ik£y;kes.V us bl çLrko dks Bqdjk fn;kA rc mls l'kL=k lsukvksa ls ?ksj fy;k x;kA dbZ fnuksa rd ;g ?ksjscUnh pyrh jghA fiQj Hkh ik£y;kes.V viuh ckr ij vMh+ jghA rc mlds dbZ lnL;kas dks fxjÝr+ kj djds vyx&vyx tsyksa esa Hkst fn;k x;kA bldk fojksèk&çn'kZu djus ds fy, fczVSuh ls ,d çfrfufèke.My vk;kA mlds lnL;ksa dks ckLrh; (tsy) Hkst fn;k x;kA ^vlsEcyh vkWi+Q uksVscYl* fiQj cqyk;h x;h] vkSj LVsV~l tujy dh cSBd cqykus ds fy, fiQj ogh rjho+Qk viukus dk i+QSlyk fd;k x;k] tks 1614 esa viuk;k x;k FkkA ik£y;kes.V us r; fd;k fd blds fy, dqy 1200 lnL;ksa esa ls 600 660 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

lkèkkj.k turk ls] 300 iknjh oxZ ls] vkSj 300 dqyhu oxZ ls pqus tkus pkfg,A LVsV~l tujy1 dh cBS d ebZ 1789 esa gqbZA dqyhu oxZ vkSj iknjh oxZ ds çfrfufèk nks vyx&vyx d{kksa esa cSBsA i`\"B 186 ¼121½ rhljh Js.kh] ;k lkèkkj.k turk ds çfrfufèk;ksa us iknjh oxZ vkSj dqyhu oxZ ds bl vfèkdkj dks ekuus ls bUdkj dj fn;k vkSj Lo;a dks ^jk\"Vª ds çfrfufèk* ?kksf\"kr djrs gq,] vius d{k esa lkFk cSBs jk\"Vªh; çfrfufèk;ksa ds vykok] vU; fdlh Hkh gSfl;r ds fdlh Hkh lnL; dk dksbZ Hkh vfèkdkj ekuus ls bUdkj dj fn;kA bl çdkj] LVsV~l tujy gh ^jk\"Vªh; vlsEcyh* gks x;hA mlus nwljs d{kkas eas vkeU=k.k Hkts As iknjh oxZ ds çfrfufèk;kas dh vfèkdrj l[a ;k muds lkFk vk x;hA dqyhu oxZ ds 45 lnL; muds lkFk vk x;s] fiQj mudh la[;k c<+dj 80 vkSj ckn esa mlls Hkh vfèkd gks x;hA i`\"B 187 ¼122½ Vsful dksVZ dh 'kiFk dqyhu oxZ vkjS iknjh oxZ ds nq\"V rÙo jk\"Vªh; vlsEcyh dks m[kkM+ iQsaduk pkgrs FksA mUgksaus efU=ke.My ds lkFk feydj \"kM~;U=k jpkA jk\"Vª ds çfrfufèk;ksa dh ekStwnxh esa gh d{k dk njokt+k cUn dj fn;k x;k vkSj ml ij vaxj{kd lsuk dk igjk cSBk fn;k x;kA rc os ,d Vsful dksVZ dh vksj c<+ x;s] vkSj ogk¡ lcus feydj 'kiFk [kk;h fd tc rd os ,d lafoèkku dh LFkkiuk ugha dj ysrs] rc rd vyx ugha gksaxsA ckLrh;2 nwljs fnu d{k dk njokt+k muds fy, fiQj [kksy fn;k x;kA ysfdu pqids&pqids 30 gt+kj dh i+QkSt isfjl dks ?ksjus ds fy, jokuk dh tk pqdh FkhA 1- LVsV~l tujy % 175 o\"kZ ds yEcs vUrjky ds ckn ebZ 1789 esa bldh cSBd gqbZA [k+t+kuk [k+kyh gks tkus ds dkj.k etcwj gksdj lezkV yqbZ pkSngosa dks lkeUrksa] ppZ vkSj cqtqZvk oxZ ds çfrfufèk;ksa dh ;g cSBd cqykuh iM+hA igyh nksuksa Jsf.k;ksa ds o+Qjhc 300&300 vkjS rhljh J.s kh ds blls nkxs uq s çfrfufèk vk;As tYn gh ;g ,d u;s jktuhfrd l?a k\"kZ dk dUs æ cu x;hA turk ds çfrfufèk;kas us c<d+ j igy vius gkFk eas ys yhA çQ+ kla hlh ØkfUr ds rwi+Qkuh ?kVukØe dh 'kq#vkr blh ls gqbZA 2- ckLrh; % isfjl ls dqN nwj fLFkr ckLrh; dk fo+Qyk] tgk¡ jktrU=k fojksèkh cfUn;ksa dks j[kk vkSj ;kruk,¡ nh tkrh Fkha] fujadq'krk vkSj neu dk ,d ?k`f.kr çrhd FkkA 14 tqykbZ 1789 dks fugRFkh turk dh HkhM+ us bl ij èkkok cksydj o+QCt+k dj fy;kA 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 661

isfjl dh fugRFkh HkhM+ us ckLrh; ij èkkok cksy fn;k] ckLrh; dk iru gks x;kA 14 tqykbZ 1789 olkZbZ1 % 5 vDVwcj 1789 μ gtk+ jkas L=kh&i#q \"k jk\"Vªh; çrhd ds çfr vxa j{kd lus k }kjk fd;s x;s xqLrk[k+h Hkjs O;ogkj dk cnyk ysus ds fy, olkZbZ dh vksj dwp dj x;sA bls olkZbZ vfHk;ku ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA mlds ckn ?kVh ?kVukvksa ds iQyLo:i jktk dks isfjl yk;k x;kA i`\"B 188 ¼123½ çR;ds jk\"Vª dk foods tc tkx tkrk g]S rks og vius lHkh mí's ;kas ds fy, i;kZIr fl¼ gksrk gSA (i`\"B 112] jkbV~l vkWi+Q euS )2 pw¡fd gj dky esa ljdkj dk Lo:i iwjh rjg ls jk\"Vª dh bPNk dk gh ekeyk jgk gS] ;kuh fd vxj mlus jktrU=kkRed Lo:i pquk] rks ,slk djus dk mls vfèkdkj Fkk_ vkSj mlds ckn vxj mlus x.krkfU=kd gksuk ilUn fd;k] rks mldk vfèkdkj Fkk fd og x.krkfU=kd gks] vkSj jktk ls ;g dgs fd ¶vc rqEgkjs fy, gekjs ikl dksbZ xaqtkb'k ugha gSA¸ gkml vkWi+Q ykWMZ~l esa] eU=kh vyZ vkWi+Q lsycksuZ 3 i`\"B 189 ¼124½ jktk % ;fn dgha dkbs Z ,ls k vkneh gks tks vU; lcls ykds kÙs kj :i eas bruk vfèkd cfq ¼eku gks fd jk\"Vª ds lpa kyu ds fy, mldh cfq ¼ t:+ jh gk]s rc rks jkt'kkgh dk dqN vkSfpR; ekuk tk ldrk gS] ysfdu tc ge fdlh ns'k ij ut+j nkSM+krs gSa vkSj ns[krs gSa fd dSls mldk gjsd fgLlk vius ekeyksa dh lw>cw> j[krk 1- olkZbZ % isfjl ls dqN nwj fLFkr olkZbZ ds egyksa esa jktk vkSj mlds efU=k;ksa dk fBdkuk Fkk tgk¡ ls os lus k ds lgkjs ØkfUr dks nckus dh dkfs 'k'k dj jgs FkAs 5 vDVcw j 1789 dks gt+kjksa yksxksa us olkZbZ ij èkkok cksyk vkSj jktk yqbZ pkSngosa] jkuh eSjh vUrks;usr rFkk muds veys dks cUnh cukdj isfjl ys vk;sA 2- VkWel isu dh jpuk jkbV~l vkWi+Q eSu ls (ns[ksa i`\"B 14 ¼11½ dk lUnHkZ 3) 3- çFke vyZ vkiW Q+ lYs ckus Z jkm.Mys ikej (1812&1895) ;k mldk i=q k f}rh; vyZ vkiW Q+ lYs ckus Z fofy;e okYMxosz ikej (1859&1942)A nkus kas gh fcfz V'k lla n ds lnL; FkAs isu vkSj lsYcksuZ ds m¼j.k eksVs v{kjksa esa ist ij frjNs fy[ks gq, gSaA 662 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

gS_ vkSj tc ge iwjh nqfu;k ij ut+j nkSM+krs gSa vkSj ns[krs gSa fd blesa jgus okys lHkh euq\";ksa esa ls jktkvksa dk gh oa'k ,slk gS tks viuh {kerk esa lcls ux.; gS] rc gekjh cqf¼ bl loky ij pdjkus yxrh gS fd μ vkf[k+j bu yksxksa dks D;ksa cjo+Qjkj j[kk x;k gS\\ 1121 viekudrkZ % ¶;fn VDS lkas ds Tk+ Yq ek&s flre dks [kR+ e djus dh xjt ls jkt'kkgh vkjS gjds fo+QLe dh oa'kkuqxr ljdkj dh èkks[kkèkM+h vkSj Ny&diV ls Hkjh VSDl&uhfr dk Hk.MkiQksM+ djuk μ vlgk; cPpksa dh f'k{kk rFkk cw<+ksa ,oa eqlhcr ds ekjs yksxksa dh lgk;rk dh ;kstuk,¡ çLrkfor djuk μ ;q¼ ds ?k`f.kr pyu dks [k+Re djuk μ lkoZHkkSfed 'kkfUr] lH;rk vkSj okf.kT; dks çksRlkfgr djuk μ vkjS jktuhfrd vUèkfo'okl dh csfM+;ksa dks rksM+ Mkyuk] rFkk vèkksxfr ds f'kdkj euq\"; dks mldh okftc xfjek rd mBkuk μ ;fn ;s lc pht+sa viekutud g]aS rks e>q s ,d viekudrkZ dk thou thus nk]s vkjS ejs h oQ+ cz ij ¶viekudrk¸Z dk uke [kqnok nsukA¸ xi 2 i`\"B 190 ¼125 ½ ysfdu tc LFkku ugha cfYd fl¼kUr deZ dks ÅtZfLor djus okyk dkj.k cu tkrk gS] rks eSa ns[krk gw¡ fd vkneh gj txg ,d gh tSlk gks tkrk gSA3 e`R;q % ;fn ge vej gksrs rks cgqr nq[kh gksrs] blesa dksbZ 'kd ugha fd ejuk dfBu gS] ij ;g lkspuk eèkqj yxrk gS fd ge ges'kk thrs gh ugha jgsaxsA4 (i`\"B 45] ,feyh) lektoknh O;oLFkk % ¶çR;sd ls mldh ;ksX;rk ds vuqlkj] çR;sd dks mldh vko';drk ds vulq kjA¸5 1- VkWel isu] jkbV~l vkWi+Q eSu 2- fczfV'k ljdkj }kjk jktæksg dk eqo+Qnek pyk;s tkus ij VkWel isu }kjk fn;k x;k çfl¼ tokc 3- vkSj 4- ;s nksuksa m¼j.k eksVs v{kjksa esa ist ij frjNs fy[ks gq, gSaA 5- 'kks\"k.k&foghu] oxZ&foghu] jkT;&foghu lkE;oknh lekt dks vfHkyf{kr djus okyk ekDlZ&,axsYl dk çfl¼ lw=k okD; 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 663

lkgfldrk ØkfUr esa liQyrk dh tku gSA nkUrksa1 dk dguk Fkk] ¶dkjZokbZ] dkjZokbZA lÙkk igys] cgl ckn esa¸A2 i`\"B 191 ¼126½ :lh ç;ksx3 1917&27 1- i+Qsl ,.M ekb.M ^^cksY'ksfodksa dk n'kZu ,dne] vkiW Q+ ckYs 'kfs oTe+ vkØked :i ls HkkSfrdoknh gS] ys- jsus iQqyi&feyj ftldh ,d eqfDrnk;h fo'ks\"krk dks 2- jf'k;k muds dV~Vj ls dV~Vj nq'euksa rd dks ys- ekdho&vks*gkjk Lohdkj djuk iM+sxk] vkSj og ;g fd 3- jf'k;u fjoksY;w'ku muesa fdlh Hkh çdkj ds foHkze dk iwjh ys- ySalykWV yksVu (eSdfeyu) rjg vHkko gSA 4- cksY'ksfoLV jf'k;k ys- ,.Vu dkyZxzhu os vius laLFkkid ds bl fo'okl 5- fyVjspj ,.M fjoksY;w'ku ij iwjh n`<+rk ls o+Qk;e gSa fd ¶çR;sd pht+ dks çkÑfrd fu;eksa }kjk ;k] ,d μ =kkRLdh ladh.kZrj vFkZ esa dgsa rks] HkkSfrd 6- ekDlZ&ysfuu ,.M lkbal fØ;k foKku (fiQftvkWfyth) }kjk vkWi+Q fjoksY;w'ku O;k[;kf;r fd;k tk ldrk gSA¸ ys- ,.Vu dkyZxzhu μ i`\"B 30 1- tkWtZ tkd nkUrksa (1769&1794) % ç+Qkalhlh ØkfUrdkjhA ç[kj oDrk vkSj ç+Qkalhlh ØkfUr ds lcls jSfMdy usrkvksa esa ls ,dA jkt'kkgh dks m[kkM+ iQsadus (1792) esa mldh çeq[k Hkwfedk FkhA og vLFkk;h ljdkj dk çeq[k cuk vkSj ^ukxfjd lqj{kk dh desVh* dh LFkkiuk dh tks ckn esa ØkfUrdkjh vkrad o+Qk;e djus dk lkèku cu x;hA 2- ;s nksuksa okD; eksVs v{kjksa esa ist ij frjNs fy[ks gq, gSaA 3- Hkxr¯lg us ,d vksj dqN iqLrdksa vkSj muds ys[kdksa ds uke ntZ fd;s gSa vkSj muds lkeus ,d m¼j.k fy[kk gS ftldk Ïksr Li\"V ugha gSA 664 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

ekDlZ us dgk gS] ¶nk'kZfudksa us] bl nqfu;k dh egt rjg&rjg ls O;k[;k dh gS] njvly egÙoiw.kZ ckr rks bls cnyus dh gSA¸1 i`\"B 192 ¼127½ èkeZ vkSj lektokn ¶èkeZ ekuork ds fy, vi+Qhe gS¸] ekDlZ dk dguk FkkA2 ¶lkjs ds lkjs Hkkooknh fpUru vUrr% ,d u ,d çdkj dh nSoh;rk dh voèkkj.kk ij gh tk igq¡prs gSa] vkSj blhfy,] ekDlZokfn;ksa dh ut+j esa] os 'kq¼ cdokl gSaA ;gk¡ rd fd gsxsy3 dks Hkh bl nqfu;k ij 'kklu djus okyh çR;sd vPNh vkSj rdZlaxr pht+ dk Bksl :i bZ'oj esa gh fn[kk;h nsrk FkkA Hkkooknh fl¼kUr çR;sd pht+ dks cjcl blh vHkkxs idh nk<+h okys (vFkkZr bZ'oj μ l-) ds dUèkksa ij Mky nsrk gS] tks mlds HkDrksa dh f'k{kkvksa ds vuqlkj] iw.kZ g]S vkjS ftlus] vkne ds vykok] fiLlqvksa vkjS os';kvksa] o+Qkfryksa vkjS dksf<+;ksa] Hkw[k vkSj nq[k] Iysx vkSj oksndk dh l`f\"V dh gS] rkfd mu ikfi;ksa dks lt+k ns lds] ftudks mlus [+kqn gh iSnk fd;k] vkSj tks [+kqn mlh dh et+hZ ls iki djrs gSa---A oSKkfud n`f\"Vdks.k ls] ;g fl¼kUr okfg;kr gh fl¼ gksrk gSA bl nqfu;k dh lHkh ifj?kVukvksa dh ,dek=k oSKkfud O;k[;k rks iw.kZ HkkSfrdokn gh nsrk gSA (i`\"B 32] cq[+kkfju)4 muds (;kuh HkkSfrdokfn;ksa ds μ l-) vuqlkj] vkjEHk esa Fkh çÑfr_ mlls thou_ vkSj thou ls fpUru vkSj os lkjh 1- ekDlZ dh Fkhfll vkWu i+Qk;jck[k+ ls 2- ns[ksa uksVcqd i`\"B 40 ¼37½ dk lUnHkZ 1 3- xsvksxZ foYgsYe ç+QsMfjd gsxsy (1770&183) % teZu nk'kZfud ftlus fpUru vkSj O;k[;k dh }U}kRed i¼fr nh] ftls ekDlZ us HkkfS rdoknh n'kuZ ds fy, viuk;k μ ijUrq myVdj] D;ksafd bl i¼fr ls gsxsy us psruk ;k ije rÙo ;k bZ'oj dks çkFkfed dgk Fkk tcfd blh dk bLrseky dj ekDlZ us inkFkZ dks çkFkfed vkSj psruk dks mlls O;qRiUu fl¼ fd;kA 4- ns[ksa uksVcqd i`\"B 5 0 ¼47½ dk lUnHkZ 2 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 665

vfHkO;fDr;k¡] ftUgsa ge ekufld ;k uSfrd ifj?kVuk,¡ dgrs gSaA vkRek tSlh dksbZ pht+ gS gh ugha] vkSj eu%psruk inkFkZ dh] ,d [k+kl <ax ls laxfBr] ,d fØ;k ds vykok vkSj dqN ugha gSA1 (i\"` B) 33 i`\"B 193 ¼128½ vke cx+kor ds ckjs esa ekDlZ dk n`f\"Vdks.k igyh ckr % ¶vxj vke cx+kor dks mlds dM+os vatke rd ys tkus (vFkkZr μ mlds lkjs ifj.kkeksa dks >syus) dk n`<+ladYi u gks] rks mlds lkFk [ksyks erA vke cx+kor ,d ,slk lehdj.k gS ftlds eku cgqr vfuf'pr gksrs gSa] tks gj fnu cny ldrs gSaA blesa ftu 'kfDr;ksa dk fojksèk fd;k tkuk gksrk gS muds ikl laxBu] vuq'kklu vkSj ijEijkxr lÙkk dh lkjh vuqdwy fLFkfr;k¡ gksrh gSaA ¶vxj vke cx+kor djus okys vius 'k=kqvksa ds f[k+yki+Q Hkkjh rko+Qr ugha tqVk ik;sa] rks os dqpy Mkys vkSj u\"V dj fn;s tk;saxsA nwljh ckr % ¶;fn vke cx+kor ,d ckj 'kq: gks x;h] rks ;g vko';d gS fd iwjs ladYi ds lkFk dkjZokbZ dh tk;s vkSj vkØked #[k+ vf[+r;kj fd;k tk;sA j{kkRed #[k+ gjsd l'kL=k vke cx+kor dh ekSr lkfcr gksrk gS_ ;g nq'eu ls t+ksj&vkt+ekb'k djus ls igys gh rckg gks tkrk gSA nq'eu dks mlh oD+r gDdk&cDdk dj Mkyuk vko';d gS tc mlds lSfud vHkh fc[kjs gq, gksa] vkSj gj jkst+ u;h&u;h liQyrk,¡ gkfly djuk t+:jh gS] pkgs os fdruh Hkh NksVh D;ksa u gksaA igyh liQyrk ls c<+s eukscy dks cuk;s j[kuk t+:jh gSA Mk¡ok¡Mksy rÙoksa dks vke cx+kor ds i{k esa ykecUn djuk t+:jh gS] tks ges'kk gh rko+Qroj ds ihNs gks ysrs gSa] vkSj ges'kk vfèkd lqjf{kr i{k ryk'krs jgrs gSa--- ,d 'kCn esa nkUrksa μ vc rd dh tkudkjh esa ØkfUrdkjh uhfr ds lcls cM+s fo'kkjn μ ds bu 'kCnksa ds vuqlkj dkjZokbZ djks % lkgfldrk--- lkgfldrk---vkSj ,d ckj fiQj lkgfldrk!¸2 1- ogh 2- ,xa Ys l] teuZ h eas ØkfUr rFkk çfrØkfUr lAs Hkxr¯lg us ;g m¼j.k eyw jpuk ls ugh]a cfYd ,d vU; iqLrd ls fy;k Fkk vkSj blhfy, og bl Hkze esa jgs fd og ekDlZ dks m¼`r dj jgs gSaA 666 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

uksVcqd esa vxyh fy[kkoV i`\"B 273 ¼130½ ij gSA i`\"B 194 ls i`\"B 272 rd lkns gSaA ihNs Hkh ,sls gh lkns i`\"B ;k vUrjky vk;s gSaA gks ldrk gS fd Hkxr¯lg us viuh 404 i`\"Bksa dh uksVcqd esa vius vè;;u ds fofHkUu fo\"k;ksa ds vuqlkj vyx&vyx fgLls fuèkkZfjr fd;s gksaA ;gk¡ [k+Re gq, fgLls esa i\"` B 165 ¼100½ ls 193 ¼128½ rd muds uksV~l jkT; ds foKku ij μ LorU=krk vkSj lEçHkqrk dh voèkkj.kkvksa vkSj muds fodkl ij] rFkk mudh fujUrjrk esa ç+Qkalhlh ØkfUr vkSj lksfo;r ç;ksx ij dsfUær jgsA vxys fgLls esa fofHkUu fofoèk fo\"k;ksa ij mudh fVIif.k;k¡ vkSj iqLrdksa ds vorj.k ntZ gSaA ysfdu bu lcesa ,d lkekU; lw=k ;g gS fd T+;knkrj rRdkyhu Hkkjrh; fLFkfr;ksa vkSj vU; lEcfUèkr eqíksa ds ckjs esa gSaA μ l- i`\"B 273 ¼130½ ¶---D;k req pkgrs gks fd foèkku ifj\"knkas dk vkjS foLrkj gk\\s D;k req pkgrs gks fd dqNsd Hkkjrh; rqEgkjs çfrfufèk;ksa ds :i esa gkml vkWi+Q dkeal esa tkdj cBS \\as D;k req pkgrs gks fd Hkkjrh;kas dh ,d cMh+ l[a ;k flfoy l£ol eas Hkjrh gks tk;s\\ rks vkvks ns[ksa fd D;k 50] 100] 200] ;k 300 (Hkkjrh; μ l-) flfofy;u Hkjrh gks tkus ls ljdkj gekjh gks tk;sxh---A Hkys gh iwjh dh iwjh flfoy l£ol Hkkjrh; gks tk;s] ysfdu flfoy losZ.V~l dks rks fli+QZ gqDe dh gh rkehy djuh gksxh μ os dksbZ funsZ'k ugha ns ldrs] dksbZ uhfr ugha fuèkkZfjr dj ldrsA ,d eqxkZ fogku ugha ykrkA fczfV'k ljdkj dh lsok esa ,d flfofy;u] 100 flfofy;u ;k 1000 flfofy;u Hkjrh gksdj ljdkj dks Hkkjrh; ugha cuk ldrsA tks ijEijk,¡ gSa] o+Qkuwu gSa] uhfr;k¡ gSa] mudh rkcsnkjh rks gj flfofy;u dks djuh gksxh] pkgs og dkyk gks] Hkwjk gks] xksjk gks] vkjS tc rd ;s ijEijk,¡ ugha cnyh tkrh]a tc rd buds fl¼kUrkas eas jíkcs ny ugha fd;k tkrk] vkSj tc rd budh uhfr;ksa esa vkewypwy ifjorZu ugha fd;k tkrk] rc rd ;wjksfi;uksa ds LFkku ij Hkkjrh;ksa dks Hkjrh dj nsus ek=k ls gh bl ns'k esa viuh ljdkj ugha o+Qk;e gks ldrh---A vxj vkt ljdkj vkdj eq>ls dgs fd] ¶Lojkt yks¸] rks eSa bl migkj 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 667

ds fy, èkU;okn rks ns nx¡w k] ij ml pht+ dks Lohdkj ugha d:x¡ k ftls euaS s Lo;a vius gkFkksa ls v£tr ugha fd;k gS---A ¶dkbs Z Hkh lÙkk tks gekjs fo#¼ tkrh g]S mls ge cjcl viuh eth+ Z ds vkxs >qdus ds fy, etcwj djsaxsA ¶---cqfu;knh pht+ ljdkj dh xfjek gSA ¹i\"` B 274 ¼131½ ij tkjhº ¶D;k lkezkT; ds Hkhrj Lo&'kklu dk gksuk okLro esa ,d O;kogkfjd vkn'kZ gks ldrk gS\\ bldk eryc D;k gksxk\\ bldk eryc ;k rks gekjk dksbZ Lo&'kklu ugha gksxk] ;k baXy.S M dk gekjs Åij dksbZ okLrfod vkfèkiR; ugha gksxkA D;k ge Lo&'kklu ds ek=k Nk;kHkkl ls gh lUrq\"V gks ysaxs\\ vxj ugha rks D;k baXyS.M gekjs Åij vius ek=k Nk;kHkklh vkfèkiR; ls gh lUrq\"V gks ysxk\\ nksuksa gh n'kkvksa esa] baXy.S M ,d Nk;kHkklh vkfèkiR;Hkj ls gh lUrq\"V ugha gks ldrk] vkjS ge Hkh ek=k Nk;kHkklh Lo&'kklu ls lUr\"q V gkus s ls bUdkj djrs gSaA vkSj blhfy, Hkkjr esa Lo&'kklu vkSj baXyS.M ds ml ij vkfèkiR; ds chp ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dksbZ le>krS k lEHko ugha g-S --A ;fn Lo&'kklu μ okLrfod μ gks] rks fli+QZ Hkkjr esa gh ugha] cfYd Lo;a fczfV'k lkezkT; ds Hkhrj baXyS.M dh fLFkfr D;k gksxh\\ Lo&'kklu dk eryc gS Lo;a VSDl yxkus dk vfèkdkj] bldk eryc gS viuk fu;U=k.k] bldk eryc gS viuh turk dks fons'kh fu;kZrksa ij laj{k.kkRed vkSj fu\"ksèkkRed pqaxh yxkus dk vfèkdkjA ftl {k.k gedks [+kqn VSDl yxkus dk vfèkdkj fey tk;sxk] ml {k.k ge D;k djsaxs\\ rc ge vkS|ksfxd ck;dkV ds bl dfBu dke esa yxus dh dksf'k'k ugha djsaxsA cfYd ogh djsaxs tks gjsd jk\"Vª djrk vk;k gSA vkt ge ftu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa th jgs gSa] muds eísut+j ge eSupsLVj ls vkus okys diM+s ds ,d&,d bap ij] vkSj yhM~l ls vkus okyh ,d&,d CysM ;k Nqjh ij] Hkkjh fu\"kès kkRed vkjS lja {k.kkRed pxaq h yxk nxas As ge vius n's k eas ,d Hkh vaxzst+ dks ?kqlus dh vuqefr ugha nsaxsA vkt ftl rjg fczfV'k iw¡th Hkkjrh; lalkèkuksa ds fodkl ds uke ij ;gk¡ yxh gqbZ gS] mldh ge drbZ vuqefr ugha nsaxsA ge fczfV'k iw¡thifr;ksa dks ns'k dh [kfut lEink dh [kqnkbZ djus vkSj mls vius ns'k mBk ys tkus dk dksbZ vfèkdkj ugha nsaxsA ¹i\"` B 275 ¼132½ ij tkjhº gesa fons'kh iw¡th dh t+:jr gksxhA ij blds fy, ge iwjh nqfu;k ds [kqys ckt+kjksa ls fons'kh o+Qt+Z ysus dh nj[+okLr djsaxs] vkSj o+Qt+Z dh okilh ds fy, Hkkjrh; ljdkj] Hkkjrh; jk\"Vª dh lk[k dh xkj.Vh nxas -s --A vkjS vkt ftl rjg ls baXyS.M ds okf.kfT;d fgr fl¼ gks jgs gSa] rc] turk ds Lo&'kklu dh n'kk esa] ugha fl¼ gksaxs] Hkys gh ;g ljdkj lkezkT; ds vèkhu gh D;ksa u 668 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

jgsA ysfdu rc lkezkT; ds Hkhrj bldk D;k eryc gksxk\\ bldk eryc ;g gksxk fd baXyS.M dks pqaxh lEcUèkh dqN rjthg ikus ds fy, gekjs lkFk dqN o+Qjkj djus dks ckè; gksuk iM+sxkA vxj baXy.S M Hkkjr ds gekjs ckt+kjksa esa ços'k dh [kyq h NVw pkgxs k] rks mls gekjs }kjk j[kh x;h 'krk±s ds rgr gh vkuk gkxs k] vkjS ,d le; ds ckn tc ge vius lalkèkuksa dk fodkl dj ysaxs vkjS vius vkS|ksfxd thou dks lqO;ofLFkr dj ysaxs] rc ge fli+QZ baXyS.M ds fy, gh ugha] cfYd fczfV'k lkezkT; ds gjsd fgLls ds fy, viuk njokt+k [kksy nsaxsA vkSj D;k rqe le>rs gks fd baXyS.M tSlk eqV~BhHkj vkcknh okyk ,d NksVk&lk ns'k] tks pkgs fdruk Hkh vfèkd lEiUu D;ksa u gks] fu\"i{krk vkSj cjkcjh dh 'krks± ij] Hkkjr tSls çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa ls Hkjiwj ns'k ds lkFk çfr;ksfxrk dj ldsxk] ftlds ikl bruh Hkkjh vkcknh gS] tks nqfu;k ds fdlh Hkh Hkkx esa lcls 'kkyhu vkSj la;eh le>h tkrh gS\\ ¶vxj lkezkT; ds Hkhrj lpeqp gekjh viuh ljdkj gks tk;s] vxj 30 djksM+ yksxksa dks ogh LorU=krk fey tk;s tks lkezkT; dks gkfly gS] rc rks fczfV'k lkezkT; jg gh ugha tk;sxkA Hkkjrh; lkezkT; gks tk;sxk---A¸ fc-p- iky 1 U;w fLifjV] 1907 esa i`\"B 276 ¼133½ fgUnw lH;rk % geas ,ls k yx ldrk gS fd vius dbZ i{kkas dh n`f\"V ls ;g ,d ,ls k yxHkx vdYiuh;&lk leqPp; gS ftlesa ,d rji+Q vkè;kfRed Hkkookn gS rks nwljh rji+Q LFkwy HkkSfrdokn Hkh gS] ,d rji+Q bfUæ;fuxzg gS rks nwljh rji+Q bfUæ;fyIlk Hkh gS] ,d rji+Q ;g ekuoh; vkRek dks oSf'od vkRek ds lkFk ,dkdkj djus dk niZHkjk nkok djrh gS rFkk euq\"; dks nSoh;rk esa vkSj nSoh;rk dks eu\"q ; eas lekfgr djrh g]S rks nlw jh rjiQ+ og grk'k dj nus s okyk fujk'kkokn Hkh gS ftlds rgr ;g mins'k nsrh gS fd thou viusvki esa nq[knk;h çrhfr 1- fcfiupUæ iky (1858&1932) % Lokèkhurk laxzke ds nkSjku caxky esa ,oa vU;=k Lon's kh ,oa fon's kh oLrvq kas ds cfg\"dkj vkUnkys ukas ds çe[q k urs k_ cky xxa kèkj fryd] ykyk yktir jk; vkSj fcfiupUæ iky ;kuh ^yky&cky&iky* dh frdM+h us dkaxzsl esa ^xje ny* dk usr`Ro fd;kA iky us dbZ v[k+ckjksa tSls U;w bf.M;k] oUnsekrje] Lojkt] n bf.Mis.Ms.V ,oa U;w fLifjV dk lEiknu fd;kA 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 669

ds vykok vkSj dqN ugha gS vkSj fd blls eqfDr dk ,oa lHkh cqjkb;ksa ds vUr dk] ,dek=k mik; vfLrRoghu gks tkus esa gh gSA f'kjksy i`\"B 26 bf.M;u vujsLV 1 f'k{kk uhfr % Hkkjr eas if'peh f'k{kk dks pkyw djus dk eyw eUrO; uktS oku Hkkjrh;kas dh ,d vPNh&[kk+ lh l[a ;k dks çf'kf{kr djuk Fkk] rkfd ljdkjh nÝr+ jkas eas ekrgrh inksa dks vaxzst+h cksyus okys ns'kt yksxksa ls Hkjk tk ldsA i`\"B 34 2 i`\"B 277 ¼134½ fczfV'k ukSdj'kkgh ds vR;kpkj ds f[k+yki+Q viusvki dks jktuhfrd vkUnksyu esa >ksad nsus okys fdrus if'peh f'k{kkçkIr Hkkjrh;ksa us vius ns'kokfl;ksa dks mudh lkekftd cqjkb;ksa dh u`'kalrk ls eqDr djus ds fy, dHkh v¡xqyh mBk;h gS\\ muesa ls fdrus ,sls gSa tks Lo;a blls eqDr gSa] ;k] ;fn eqDr Hkh gSa] rks D;k muesa vius fopkj ds vuqlkj vkpj.k djus dk lkgl Hkh gS\\ bf.M;k vksYM ,.M U;w] i`\"B 107 3 i`\"B 278 ¼135 ½ fdlh Hkkjrh; laln dh dYiuk djuk dfBu gS! Hkkjrh; jk\"Vªh; dkxa lsz yxHkx 'k:q ls gh ,d lla n dh dk;'Z kyS h vf[r+ ;kj dj pqdh FkhA ijUrq Hkkjr esa laln dh u rks dksbZ xqatkb'k Fkh] vkSj u gS dkj.k 1- lj oSys.Vkbu f'kjksy (1858&1929) % ,d e'kgwj fczfV'k i=kdkj] ftUgksaus Hkkjr dk 17 ckj nkSjk fd;k_ mUgksaus Hkkjr lEcUèkh nks çeq[k fdrkcsa fy[kha % bf.M;u vujsLV vkSj bf.M;k % vksYM ,.M U;wA og 1890 ls 1912 rd yUnu ds ^VkbEl* v[k+ckj ds fons'k foHkkx ds çHkkjh Fks rFkk 1912 ls 1914 rd Hkkjrh; yksd lsok vk;ksx ds lnL; Hkh jgsA 2- bf.M;u vujsLV ls 3- f'kjksy dh iqLrd 670 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

fd tc rd fcfz V'k 'kklu ,d okLrfodrk cuk jgxs k] rc rd Hkkjrh; ljdkj] tSlkfd ykWMZ ekslyh us lki+QrkSj ij dgk gS] ,d fujadq'k rU=k gh gks ldrk gS μ tks Hkys gh dY;k.kdkjh gks vkSj Hkkjrh; fopkjksa ds lkFk iwjh lgkuqHkwfr j[ks] fiQj Hkh ,d fujadq'krU=k gh gksxkA 154] vujsLV 1 dkaxzsl dk mís'; ;k y{; % ¶Hkkjrh; jk\"Vªh; dkaxzsl dk mís'; Hkkjrh; turk dks ljdkj dh ,d ,slh ç.kkyh miyCèk djkuk gS tks Bhd oSlh gh gks tSlhfd fczfV'k lkezkT; ds vUrxrZ Lo&'kkflr n's k pyk jgs g]aS ftleas os lkekz T; ds vfèkdkjkas vkjS nkf;Rokas esa cjkcj ds Hkkxhnkj gksaA¸ ekyoh; th dk vè;{kh; Hkk\"k.k 1909 2 (dkaxzsl dk ykgkSj vfèkos'ku) i`\"B 276 ¼136½ LorU=k Hkkjr dk lafoèkku1 vkSj dksbZ ugha] cfYd Lo;a (Hkkjr) ek¡ gh ;g r; djsxh vkSj dj ldrh gS fd ,d ckj tc og viuh vfLerk ik ysrh gS vkSj vkt+kn gks tkrh gS rks bl ØkfUr ds lEiUu gks tkus ds ckn og vius thou ds ekxZ&n'kZu ds fy, dkSu&lk lafoèkku viuk;sxh---A fcuk foLrkj esa x;s] ge bruk dg ldrs gSa fd Hkkjrh; jk\"Vª dh bEihfj;y ljdkj dk eqf[k;k jk\"Vªifr cusxk ;k jktk] ;g bl ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd ;g ØkfUr Lo;a dks dSls vkxs c<+krh gS---A ek¡ dk vkt+kn gksuk] mldk v[k.M vkSj ,d gksuk] rFkk mldh bPNk dk loksZifj jguk t+:jh gSA mlds ckn gh og viuh bPNk t+kfgj dj ldrh gS fd og vius flj ij jktlh eqdqV èkkj.k djs ;k viuh ifo=k dk;k dks x.krkfU=kd ifjèkku ls vkosf\"Br djsA 1- f'kjkys dh bf.M;u vujsLV_ Hkxr¯lg us f'kjksy dh iqLrd ls foLr`r uksV~l fy;s gaAS [k+kldj blesa m¼`r usrkvksa ds Hkk\"k.kksa vkSj ijpksa lsA ihNs vk;k fcfiupUæ iky dk yEck m¼j.k vkSj vkxs vk;k enueksgu ekyoh; dk m¼j.k blh iqLrd ls fy;k x;k gSA 2- if.Mr enu eksgu ekyoh; (1861&1946) 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 671

ij er Hkwyks gs jktkvks! fd rqEgkjs ÑR;ksa vkSj vÑR;ksa dk dM+k fglkc fy;k tk;sxk] vkSj u;k tUe ik;h gqbZ turk rqEgkjs lkFk rqEgkjs gh <ax ls fglkc pqdrk djus esa ugha pwdsxhA gj dksbZ tks turk ds lkFk lfØ; :i ls fo'okl?kkr djsxk] vius iqj[kksa dk frjLdkj djsxk] vkSj ek¡ ds f[k+yki+Q tkdj vius [+kwu dks xUnk djsxk---mls dqpy dj èkwy vkSj xnZ esa feyk fn;k tk;sxk---A D;k rqEgsa gekjs bl dBksj ladYi ij 'kqcgk gS\\ vxj gS] rks lqu yks uke èkhaxjk1 dk vkSj pqi dj tkvksA ml 'kghn dk uke ysdj dgrs gSa fd vjs Hkkjrh; jktkvks] bu 'kCnksa ij xEHkhjrk ls vkSj xgjkbZ ls lkspksA tSlh et+hZ gks djks] ysfdu rqe ogh ikvksxs tks cksvksxsA pqu yks fd rqe jk\"Vª ds laLFkkidksa esa igyk cuksxs ;k jk\"Vª ds vR;kpkfj;ksa esa vkf[k+jhA i`\"B 196] bf.M;u vujsLV ¶r; djks] vks Hkkjrh; 'kkldks¸ 2 vNwr % jktuhfrd n`f\"Vdks.k ls Hkkjrh; vkcknh ds yk[kksa&yk[k yksxksa dk vius 'kkldksa dh vkLFkk ds vuq:i èkekZUrj.k ,slh lEHkkoukvksa ds }kj [kksy nsxk fd eSa mudk foLrkjiwoZd o.kZu djus dh t+:jr ugha eglwl djrkA i`\"B 184 3 1- enuyky èkhaxjk % yUnu esa ^bf.M;u gkse:y lkslk;Vh* rFkk ^bf.M;k gkml xzqi* ls tqM+s ;qok ØkfUrdkjhA bldh LFkkiuk ØkfUrdkjh ';keth Ñ\".k oekZ us ykyk gjn;ky] lkojdj vkSj èkhaxjk tSls ns'kHkDr ;qokvksa dks lkFk ysdj dh FkhA enuyky èkhaxjk us cax&Hkax vkSj mlds ckn ns'k esa pys vkUnksyu ij ccZj neu ds fojksèk esa lj fofy;e dtZu ok;Zyh dh yUnu esa 1 tqykbZ 1909 dks xksyh ekj dj gR;k dj nhA mUgsa ckn esa iQk¡lh ns nh x;hA 2- ¶r; djks] vks Hkkjrh; 'kkldks¸ 'kh\"kZd ;g ijpk jk\"Vªoknh ØkfUrdkfj;ksa us Hkkjr ds jtokM+ksa@fj;klrksa ds 'kkldksa ds uke Hkstk FkkA ,d 'kkld us bls f'kjksy dks fn;k Fkk ftlus blds nks fgLls viuh iqLrd bf.M;u vujsLV esa 'kkfey fd;sA 3- f'kjksy] bf.M;u vujsLV] vè;k; ^nfyr tkfr;k¡* ls 672 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

i`\"B 280 ¼137½ gR;k ukW; ;K1 lksus dh eqæk ikus ds ykyp esa ekuo os\"kèkkjh dqN ns'kh ujfi'kkpksa] Hkkjr ds dyad μ iqfyl μ us okjhUæ ?kks\"k2 vkfn mu egku liwrksa dks fxjÝ+rkj dj fy;k] tks vius futh fgrksa dk cfynku djds vkSj ce cukus tSls ^;K* ds ifo=k vuq\"Bku dks iwjk djus esa vius thou dks le£ir djds] vius ns'k dh vktk+ nh ds fy, dke dj jgs FkAs bu ujfi'kkpkas eas lcls cMk+ ujfi'kkp] vk'krq k\"s k fo'okl3 bu cgknqj liwrksa dks iQk¡lh ds r[+rs ij igq¡pkus dk jkLrk lki+Q djus yxkA ysfdu 'kkckl pk#4! (vk'kqrks\"k fo'okl dks [k+Re djus okys) rqEgkjs ek¡&cki loZiwT; gSaA rqeus mudk xkSjo c<+k;k] loksZPp lkgl dk ifjp; fn;k] tks bl {k.kHkaxqj thou dh ijokg u djrs gq,] ml ujfi'kkp dh bl nqfu;k ls NqV~Vh dj nhA vHkh T+;knk fnu ugha gq, tc xksjksa us] Ny&cy ls Hkkjr dks Hkkjrh;ksa (ewy ikB esa eqgEeMuksa μ l-) ls] mpDdksa dh rjg >iV fy;k FkkA vkSj og dehuk 'kEl&my&vkye5] ftlus ml vkyexhj ikn'kk6 dk jkLrk 1- gR;k ugha ;K % ;g ijw k vorj.k f'kjkys dh iLq rd bf.M;u vujLs V (edS feyu ,.M dEiuh] yUnu ls 1910 esa çdkf'kr) ds fVIif.k;ksa okys fgLls ls fy;k x;k gSA blesa ¶n fjewoy vkWi+Q bui+QkeZlZ¸ (Hksfn;ksa dk liQk;k) 'kh\"kZd ds vUrxZr fy[kk x;k gS fd ¶'kEl&my&vkye dh gR;k ds rjq Ur ckn fuEufyf[kr vihy¸ ØkfUrdkfj;kas }kjk dydÙks esa tkjh dh x;h % ^gR;k ukW; ;K* (gR;k ugha ;K) uo+Qn buke % ,d ;wjksih; ;k nks Hksfn;ksa dk flj dkVus ij 50ok¡ vad] dydÙkk] jfookj pS=k v\"Veh 1316) 2- okjhUæ ?kks\"k % vjfoUnks ?kks\"k ds NksVs HkkbZ vkSj ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds ekfudryk xzqi ds ,d usrk] tks vyhiqj \"kM~;U=k dsl (ebZ 1909) ds vfHk;qDr Fks_ os ^;qxkUrj* uked ØkfUrdkjh i=k Hkh çdkf'kr djrs FksA 3- vk'kqrks\"k fo'okl % ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dks lt+k fnykus ds fy, reke x+yr rjho+Qs viukus okyk vaxzst+ijLr ,d ljdkjh odhy ftls vyhiqj iqfyl dksVZ ls ckgj ØkfUrdkjh pk# pUæ xqgk us xksyh ekjdj ekSr ds ?kkV mrkj fn;kA 4- pk#pUæ xqgk % ,d ohj r#.k ftlus nk;sa gkFk dh gFksyh tUe ls gh ugha gksus ds ckotwn ns'kæksgh ljdkjh odhy vk'kqrks\"k fo'okl dks xksyh ekj nhA mls 10 ekpZ 1909 dks vyhiqj ls.Vªy tsy esa iQk¡lh ns nh x;hA 5- 'kEl&my&vkye % fczfV'k iqfyl dk lh-vkbZ-Mh- baLisDVj tks ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dh lqjkxj'kh djrk FkkA mls ohjsUæukFk nÙk us 24 tuojh] 1910 dks xksyh ls mM+k fn;k_ bl ukStoku ØkfUrdkjh dks 21 i+Qjojh 1910 dks iQk¡lh ns nh x;hA 6- vkyexhj ikn'kk % eqxy ckn'kkg vkSjxatsc 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 673

viuk;k] ftlus lksus dh eqæk ikus dh ykyp esa iwoZtksa ds uke dks dyafdr fd;k μ vkt ml nqjkpkjh dks rqeus Hkkjr dh bl ifo=k èkjrh ls feVk fn;k gSA ujsu xkslkb±1 ls ysdj rfyr pØorhZ rd lHkh ml dehus tkylkt+ 'kEl&my&vkye dh tkylkft+;ksa vkSj ;kruk ds iQyLo:i ljdkjh xokg cu x;s FksA vxj rqeus ujfi'kkpksa ds bl ennxkj dh NqV~Vh ugha dj nh gksrh] rks D;k Hkkjr ds fy, dksbZ mEehn cph jg tkrh\\ dbZ yksx ;g ph[k+&iqdkj epk jgs gSa fd foæksg djuk egkiki gSA ysfdu foæksg gS D;k\\ D;k Hkkjr esa dksbZ ,slh pht+ gS] ftlds f[k+yki+Q foæksg fd;k tk,\\ D;k ,d fiQjaxh dks Hkkjr dk jktk ekuk tk ldrk gS] ftlds Li'kZek=k ls] ftldh egt ijNkb± iM+ tkus ls gh fgUnw viuk 'kqf¼dj.k djus ds fy, ckè; gks tkrs gSa\\ ;s egt if'peh yVq js s gaS tks Hkkjr dks yVw jgs g-aS --A mUgas fudky ckgj djk]s gs Hkkjr ds liwrks! os rqEgsa tgk¡ dgha Hkh feysa] mu ij vkSj muds lkFkh tklwlksa vkSj [+kqfi+Q;k ,ts.Vksa ij dksbZ jge er djksA fiNys o\"kZ] vdsys caxky esa gh 19 yk[k yksx cq[kkj] pspd] gStk] Iysx vkSj nwljh chekfj;ksa ls ej x;sA rqe viusvki dks HkkX;'kkyh le>ks fd rqe cp x;s] ysfdu ;kn j[kks fd dy rqe Hkh Iysx vkSj gStk dh pisV esa vk ldrs gksA D;k rqEgkjs fy, csgrj ugha gksxk fd rqe cgknqjksa dh ekSr ejks\\ tc bZ'oj dk ;gh foèkku gS] rks t+jk lkspks] fd D;k bl 'kqHk csyk esa Hkkjr ds gjsd liwr dk dÙkZO; ugha gS fd og bu xksjs nq'euksa dk lagkj djs\\ ¹i\"` B 282 ¼138½ ij tkjhº2 viusvki dks Iysx vkSj gStk ls er ejus nks] ,slk djds Hkkjr ek¡ dh ifo=k èkjrh dks nwf\"kr er djksA iq.; vkSj iki esa i+Qo+QZ djus ds fy, gekjs 'kkL=k gekjs ekxZn'kZd gSaA gekjs 'kkL=k ckj&ckj gesa crkrs gSa fd bu xksjs dehuksa vkSj muds lg;ksfx;ksa ,oa lgvijkfèk;ksa dks o+QRy djuk v'oesèk ;K ds cjkcj gAS vkvk]s lc ds lc vkvkAs vkvks ge lc feydj bl cfyons h ij viuh ;Kkgqfr v£ir djsa] vkSj çkFkZuk djsa fd bl ;K esa lkjs xksjs lk¡i bldh Tokyk esa oSls gh HkLe gks tk;sa tSls tuest; ;K esa lk¡i u\"V gks x;s FksA ;kn j[kks] ;g gR;k ugha] ;K gSA (i`\"B 342] uksV~l) vkb-;w-3 1- iwjk uke ujsUæukFk xkslkbZ % eqt+Ý+i+Qjiqj ce dk.M esa (ftlds fy, [+kqnhjke cksl dks iQk¡lh ns nh x;h) fczfV'k ljdkj dk eq[k+fcj] ftls 31 vxLr 1908 dks dukbZ yky nÙk vkSj lR;sUæ ukFk nÙk us ekj MkykA 2- uksVcqd i`\"B la[;k 281 ugha gS] ij i\"` B ¼137½ ds ckn i`\"B ¼138½ dk Øe Bhd gAS 3- f'kjksy dh iqLrd bf.M;u vujsLV 674 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

¶Hkkjr esa dqy ernkrk 62]00]000 vFkkZr Hkkjr dh dqy vkcknh dk 2¾ çfr'kr gSa ftlesa os {ks=k 'kkfey ugha] ftu ij 1919 dk o+Qkuwu ugha ykxw gksrk FkkA¸ 194 vkb-vks-,u-1 i`\"B 283 ¼140½2 bf.M;k vksYM ,.M U;w % f'kjksy oh- ¶fczfV'k yksx ;g tku ysa fd ;fn os U;k; ugha djuk pkgrs] rks ;g çR;sd Hkkjrh; dk ije dÙkZO; cu tk;sxk fd bl lkezkT; dks u\"V dj nsA¸ egkRekth3 (ukxiqj dkaxzsl) nsgkr vkSj 'kgj dk loky dqN ljdkjh cqf¼eÙkk bl :i esa fn[kk;h x;h Fkh fd HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr ij fcuk è;ku fn;s] nwj&njkt ds 'kgjksa dks ,d fuokZpu {ks=k esa j[k fn;k x;k Fkk] rkfd ,sls 'kgjh O;fDr;ksa dks] tksfd (ljdkj ds) u pkgrs gq, Hkh vfèkd fodflr jktuhfrd n`f\"Vdks.k ik pqds Fks] mu nsgkrh fuokZpu {ks=kksa ls mEehnokj cuus ls jksdk tk lds] ftuesa ;fn mi;qZDr O;oLFkk u dh x;h gksrh rks dbZ ,d NksVs 'kgj Hkh LokHkkfod rkSj ij 'kkfey gks tkrsA ;g ,d vkf[k+jh dksf'k'k Fkh tks bl fo'okl ij vkèkkfjr Fkh fd iatkc dh vkcknh dks cdfj;ksa vkSj HksM+ksa ds :i esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk Fkk] ftlesa cdfj;k¡ ^fo'okl?kkrh* 'kgjh yksx rFkk HksM+sa ^fo'oklik=k* fdlku leqnk; ds yksx ekus x;s FksA4 [kkylk dkyst 1892 esa LFkkfir gqvk 5 1- f'kjksy dh iqLrd bf.M;k vksYM ,.M U;w 2- uksVcqd i\"` B 282 ds ckn i\"` B 283 dk Øe rks Bhd gS ij ¼138½ ds ckn ¼139½ ugha] cfYd ¼140½ fn;k x;k gSA 3- egkRek xk¡èkh_ f'kjksy dh iqLrd bf.M;k vksYM ,.M U;w ls m¼`r 4- bf.M;k vksYM ,.M U;w ls gh m¼`r 5- ewy esa] ist ds uhps dh vksj gkf'k;s ij frjNk fy[kk gqvk 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 675

i`\"B 284 ¼141½ Hkkjr tSlk eSaus bls tkuk1 ,d ^egkRek* dk jkLrk lpeqp dfBu gS] vkSj ;g vk'p;Ztud ugha gS fd xk¡èkh us gky gh esa bl mikfèk dks μ vkSj bldh ft+Eesnkfj;ksa dks R;kx nsus dh dkfs 'k'k dh gAS Hkkjr eas mudk çHkko fujUrj ?kVrk tk jgk g]S fiQj Hkh mudk laU;klh dk ckuk vkSj egku uSfrd lPpkb;ksa ds :i esa muds }kjk vR;Ur dq'kyrk ls fu:fir fd;s tkus okys vLi\"V vkSj vO;kogkfjd rksyLrks; ekdkZ fl¼kUr cgqrsjs yksxksa dks lkFkZd yxus dk Hkze nsrs gSa rFkk Hkkoqd baXyS.M ds nqcZy eu okys rFkk ç+Qkal ds dqN rdZ'khy yksx Hkh blh Hkze esa gSa] tks iwoZ ls ,d u;h jks'kuh dh mEehn yxk;s gq, gSaA i`\"B 65 Hksfn;k2 % vk;fj'k \"kM~;U=kksa esa tks ?k`f.kr ysfdu mi;ksxh oxZ vkerkSj ij (Hksfn;ksa dh μ l-) vkiw£r fd;k djrk Fkk] og tM+ewy ls D;ksa lw[k x;k] blds eq[; dkj.kksa esa ls eSa le>rk gw¡ ,d rks ;gh jgk gS fd lÙkkèkkjh vius Hksfn;s dks fNikus vkSj cpkus esa vliQy jgs (tSls tsEl dSjh ds ekeys esa] tcfd mlh us ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds vHksn~; fxjksg dk jgL;ksn~?kkVu fd;k Fkk vkSj mlh ds lk{; ij czSMh] fiQV~t+gjcVZ vkSj eqysu dks iQhfuDl ikdZ dh nks gR;kvksa] vFkkZr phi+Q lsØsVjh vkSj v.MjlsØsVjh dh gR;kvksa ds cnys iQk¡lh ij p<+k fn;k x;kA ml Hksfn;s dh ,d ukStoku ØkfUrdkjh vks*MkWusy us] Mjcu esa] fnu&ngkM+s xksyh ekjdj gR;k dj nhA3) xks fd gR;k djus okyk idM+k x;kA egk;q¼ ls igys 1- lj ekbdsy vks*M~ok;j (1885&1823) dh iqLrd bf.M;k ,st+ vkbZ fum bV ls m¼`r] tks 1925@28 esa yUnu ls çdkf'kr gqbZA 1988 esa feÙky ifCyds'kal] fnYyh ls iqueqfZ ærA vks*M~ok;j çFke fo'o;q¼ ds nkjS ku iatkc dk ysfÝ+Vus.V xoujZ Fkk] mlus iatkc ls cM+s iSekus ij ukStokuksa dh t+cju lsuk esa Hkjrh djk;h] yksxksa dks ;q¼ ds fy, ljdkj dks ½.k nsus ij ckè; fd;k vkSj jktuhfrd usrkvksa dks ØwjrkiwoZd çrkfM+r fd;kA tfy;ko¡ kyk ckx+ dk.M dk mlus leFkuZ fd;kA ckn e]as Åèke¯lg us yUnu eas mldh gR;k dj nhA 2- bl fgLls esa vks*M~ok;j us vk;jyS.M ds ØkfUrdkfj;ksa }kjk fczfV'k ljdkj ds Hksfn;ksa ds liQk;s dk mnkgj.k nsrs gq, iatkc esa [+kqn mlds }kjk ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds fo#¼ viuk;s rjho+Qksa dh ppkZ dh gSA 3- tc vk;fj'k ØkfUrdkfj;ksa us iQhfuDl ikdZ esa phi+Q vkSj v.MjlsØsVfj;ksa dh gR;k dj nh] rc mUgas idMo+ kus vkjS iQkl¡ h p<o+ kus eas tEs l djS h us e[q kfcj dh Hkfw edk fuHkk;h] gkykf¡ d mldh Hkh ifS Vªd vk*s Mkus ys uked ØkfUrdkjh us xkys h ekjdj gR;k dj nh] ftlls Hkkjr ds ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dks Hkkjh eukscy çkIr gqvkA 676 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

vkSj mlds nkSjku] iatkc ds ysÝ+Vhus.V xouZj ds :i esa] esjk dbZ ØkfUrdkjh \"kM~;U=kksa ls ikyk iM+k] ftudk inkZi+Qk'k djus esa Hksfn;ksa dh tkfr us ,d cM+h Hkwfedk vnk dh] vkSj gekjh lrdZrk bruh eqdEey jgh fd ,d Hkh ekeys esa fdlh Hkh Hksfn;s ij dksbZ vk¡p ugha vk;hA1 i`\"B 285 ¼142½ eSa le> ldrk gw¡ fd viuh uhprkHkjh pkyckt+h] vlkekU; vgEeU;rk] nqjfHklfUèk jpus dh viuh tUetkr #>ku] vkSj v#fpdj rF;ksa ij inkZ Mkyus dh {kerk ls iwjh rjg ySl Hkkjrh; \"kM~;U=kdkjh dSls bl ekgkSy esa vkjke ls dke djrs FksA i\"` B 187 bf.M;k ,st+ vkb fum bV 2 vk;Zlekt % okLro esa vk;Zlekt if'peh çHkko ds fo#¼ ,d jk\"Vªoknh iqutkZxj.k gSA ;g bl lEçnk; ds laLFkkid n;kuUn ds vkfèkdkfjd xzUFk] lR;kFkZ çdk'k esa vius vuq;kf;;ksa dk vkàku djrk gS fd os osnksa dh vksj ykSVsa vkSj vk;ks± ds dkYifud Lo£.ke vrhr esa Lo£.ke Hkfo\"; dh ryk'k djsaA lR;kFkZ çdk'k x+Sj&fgUnw 'kklu ds fo#¼ nyhysa Hkh nsrk gS] vkSj dqN o\"kZ igys] bl lEçnk; ds ,d vxz.kh eq[ki=k us rks n;kuUn dks gh Lojkt ds fl¼kUr dk vlyh çorZd gksus dk nkok Hkh fd;kA ysfdu 1907 esa tc dqN 'kjkjrh yksxksa us vk;Z lekt ds fo#¼ vi+Qokgsa iQSykuk 'kq: fd;k] rc bl lEçnk; us vius iqjkus èkeZ fl¼kUr dks nqgjkrs gq, bl vk'k; dk ,d çLrko çdkf'kr djus dh cqf¼eÙkk fn[kk;h fd bl laxBu dk fdlh Hkh fo+QLe ds jktuhfrd fudk; ;k fdlh Hkh fo+QLe ds jktuhfrd vkUnksyu ls dksbZ lEcUèk ugha gSA vc ;fn ,d fudk; ds :i esa lekt }kjk pjeiUFkh jktuhfr ls lEcUèk&foPNsn ds bl nkos dks eku Hkh fy;k tk;s] rc Hkh dV~Vj fgUnqvksa ds fy, ;g ckr x+kSjryc gksuh gh pkfg, fd Hkys gh] vk;Z lekt esa iatkc dh fgUnw vkcknh ds 5 çfr'kr ls vfèkd yksx 'kkfey ugha gSa] fiQj Hkh 1907 ls ysdj vkt rd fgUnqvksa dh ,d cM+h vkcknh tks jktæksg 1- vks*M~ok;j dh iqLrd bf.M;k ,st+ vkbZ fum bV ls 2- vks*M~ok;j dh iqLrd 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 677

vkSj nwljs jktuhfrd vfHk;ksxksa ds rgr nf.Mr gksrh jgh gS] og bl lekt dh gh lnL; jgh gSA i`\"B 184] ogh i`\"B 286 ¼143½ Hkkjr ds ckjs esa lkaf[;dh; vk¡dM+s % baXyS.M vkSj osYl esa 4@5 vkcknh 'kgjksa esa jgrh gSA 'kgjh thou dk ekud ogk¡ ls Hkkjr (fczfV'k) 'kq: gksrk gS tc 1000 yksx ,d lkFk jgus yxrs gSaA dsoy dqy rHkh uxjikfydk dh vksj ls 244]000]000 {tyfudkl] jks'kuh vkSj ikuh dh esa ls 226]000]000 yksx vkiw£r dh O;oLFkk dh tk ldrh gAS xkaoksa esa jgrs gSaA baXyS.M μ lkekU; le;ksa esa eqgS;k djrk gS 58 % (vkcknh dk μ l-) m|ksx dks 8 % Ñf\"k dks Hkkjr nsrk gS 71 % Ñf\"k dks 12 % m|ksx dks 5 % O;kikj dks 2 % ?kjsyw lsokvksa dks 1) % LorU=k is'kksa dks 1) % lsuk lesr] ljdkjh lsok dksA μ iwjs Hkkjr esa 31 djksM+ 50 yk[k yksxksa esa ls 22 djksM+ 60 yk[k yksx Hkwfe ij vkfJr gSaA μ muesa ls 20 djksM+ 80 yk[k yksx lhèks Ñf\"k ij thrs ;k vkfJr gSaA (ekW.Vi+QksMZ fjiksVZ)1 1- ekW.Vi+QksMZ fjiksVZ % Hkkjrh; laoSèkkfud lqèkkjksa ij rS;kj dh x;h fjiksVZA bls ekW.Vi+QksMZ fjiksVZ blfy, dgk x;k fd bls lsØsVjh vkWi+Q LVsV] ekW.VsX;w] vkSj xouZj tujy psEli+QksMZ us feydj rS;kj fd;k FkkA ;g fjiksVZ 8 tqykbZ 1918 dks çLrqr dh x;hA 678 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

i`\"B 288 ¼144½ dqy {ks=kiQy & 1]800]000 oxZ ehy xzsV fczVsu ls 20 xquk cM+k μ 700]000 oxZehy ;k 1@3 ls vfèkd jkT;ksa ds vèkhu gSA Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa dh la[;k 600 gSA μ cekZ ç+Qkal ls cM+k gSA eækl vkSj cEcbZ (çkUr)] vyx&vyx bVyh ls cM+s gSaA Hkkjr dh dqy tula[;k (1921 dh tux.kuk) μ 318] 942] 000 vFkkZr dqy ekuotkfr dk 1@5 μ 247]000]000 vkcknh fczfV'k Hkkjr esa vkSj 71]900]000 jkT;ksa esa gSA 25 yk[k yksx vaxzst+h i<+uk tkurs gSa μ çfr ,d gt+kj iq#\"kksa esa ls 16 vkSj çfr gt+kj fL=k;ksa esa ls 2 ns'kh Hkk\"kkvksa dh dqy la[;k 222 gS xk¡oksa dh dqy la[;k 500]0001 i`\"B 288 ¼145 ½ Lost ugj 1869 esa [kqyhA ml le; Hkkjr dk dqy fu;kZr Fkk % #- 80 djksM+ ¾ £ 80]000]000 1926&27 vkSj mlds igys ds nks o\"kks± esa bldk vkSlr Fkk % #- 350 djksM+] vFkkZr yxHkx £ 262]500]000 1- mijksDr lHkh vk¡dM+ksa dk Ïksr lEHkor% ekW.Vi+QksMZ fjiksVZ 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 679

dqy tula[;k ¾ 31 djksM+ 90 yk[k ftlesa ls 3 djksM+ 20 yk[k 50 gt+kj vFkkZr 10-2 çfr'kr yksx o+QLcksa vkSj 'kgjksa ('kgjh {ks=k) esa jgrs gSa] tcfd baXyS.M esa ;g 79 % gSA1 vkSj dke dk lcls dfBu fgLlk gksxk >qXxh&>ksaifM+;ksa esa jgus okyksa ds fnekx+ esa dqN csgrjh dh bPNk dks fcBkukA i`\"B 22 lkbeu fjiksVZ 2 1- vk¡dM+ksa dk Ïksr vLi\"V 2- lkbeu fjikVs Z % fjikVs Z vkiW Q+ n bf.M;u LVVS ;~ Vw jh deh'ku (lkbeu deh'ku) (yUnu] 1930) 680 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

i`\"B 3041 Hkxr¯lg ds y?kq gLrk{kj fnukad 12-9-1929 1- uksVcqd esa i`\"B 289 ls i`\"B 303 rd dqN ugha vafdr gSA uksVcqd ds çFke i`\"B ij ukVs cdq eas i`\"Bkas dh l[a ;k 404 vfa dr gAS ijUrq i`\"B 305 ls yds j i`\"B 404 rd ds iUukas dk dksbZ vrk&irk ugha gSA dqy 304 i`\"B miyC/ gSa ftu ij jcj dh eqgj ls uEcj Mkys x;s gSaA ;s uEcj dc vkSj fdlus Mkys ;g Li\"V ugha gSA 'ks\"k 100 i`\"B D;k gq,\\ os x+k;c gks x;s ;k fdlh vU; dke ds fy, bLrseky fd;s x;s] ;g Hkh Li\"V ugha gSA Hkxr¯lg us dqy 145 i`\"Bksa ij uksV~l fy;s gSa ftuesa chp&chp esa [k+kyh i`\"B gSaA 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 681



ifjf'k\"V Hkxr¯lg dh tys ukVs cdq % ,d egku fopkj;k=kk dk nqyZHk lk{; ,y- oh- fe=kksf[ku vDVwcj] 1967 esa ,d o;kso`¼ Hkkjrh; ØkfUrdkjh fot; dqekj flUgk ls ejs h HksaV gqbZA 1929 esa vaxzst+ ljdkj us mUgsa ml eqo+Qnes esa lt+k fnyok;h Fkh] tks bfrgkl esa ykgkSj \"kM~;U=k dsl ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA mu fnuksa dh ?kVukvksa dks ;kn djrs gq, Jh flUgk us egku Hkkjrh; ØkfUrdkjh Hkxr¯lg ds ckjs esa crk;k] tks iQk¡lh ds r[+rs ij p<+us ls dqN ?k.Vs igys rd ysfuu dh thouh i<+rs jgs FksA dSlk vuqie bPNk&cy Fkk ml ohj dk! mu vdFkuh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa] iQk¡lh ls igys ,d iqLrd i<+uk! ijUrq ysfuu ds O;fDrRo dk çHkko bruk çcy Fkk fd lqnwj vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr esa e`R;qn.M çkIr o+QSnh muds thou dk o.kZu djus okyh iafDr;ksa dks ;ksa i<+rs Fks] ekuks thounk;h Ïksr ls ?kw¡V Hkj jgs gkAas ---lqcg dk oD+r FkkA bl fnu Hkxr¯lg rsbZl o\"kZ] ik¡p eghus vkSj NCchl fnu ds gq, FksA ykgkSj dk ,d v[k+ckj ns[krs gq, Hkxr¯lg dh ut+j gky gh esa Nih ysfuu dh thouh ds ckjs esa ,d ys[k ij iM+hA yfs uu ij ,d fdrkc---og gj gkyr eas mls i<u+ k pkgrs FkAs Hkxr¯lg tkurs Fks fd vkSifuosf'kd ¶U;k;ky;¸ viuk i+QSlyk lquk pqdk gS vkSj mUgsa iQk¡lh feydj jgsxhA ;s ,sls {k.k gksrs gSa] tc vkneh dh lcls cM+h bPNk gksrh gS fd vius fç;tuksa ds vfUre n'kZu ik ysA ^;qxn`\"Vk Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds e`R;qat; iqj[ks* iqLrd esa Hkxr¯lg dh Hkrhth ohjsUæ flUèkq us muds vfUre fnuksa dk o.kZu bl çdkj fd;k gSA og fy[krh gSa % ¶Hkxr¯lg ds fy, ysfuu ls vfèkd o+Qjhch vkSj dkSu Fkk\\ og 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 683

viuh e`R;q ls igys muls feyus dks mRlqd Fks vkSj muds fy, ysfuu dh thouh i<+us dk vFkZ ysfuu ls feyuk FkkA¸ ,d foy{k.k ØkfUrdkjh vkSj Hkkjr ds jk\"Vªh; uk;d Hkxr¯lg dk thou] ftUgsa fczfV'k vkSifuosf'kd vfèkdkfj;ksa us 1931 esa iQk¡lh ns nh] ,d ohj dk thou FkkA Hkkjr ds vykok muds ckjs esa lksfo;r la?k vkSj nwljs ns'kksa esa Hkh iqLrdsa fy[kh x;h gSaA1 esjh ^ysfuu ds ckjs esa Hkkjr* esa ,d iwjk vè;k; ^og iqLrd] tks Hkxr¯lg us i<+h* bl ohj ds tsy ds thou dks le£ir gSA2 vkSj vc nl lky ckn eq>s u;s nLrkost+ksa ds gksus dk irk pyk] tks Hkxr¯lg ds HkkbZ dqychj ¯lg us ÑikiwoZd eq>s fn[kk;sA mudk lkjk ifjokj vius fj'rsnkj ls] ftls usg: us Hkkjrh; yksxksa ds LorU=krk laxzke dk çrhd dgk] lEcfUèkr lHkh nLrkost+ tek djrk vkjS l¡Hkkydj j[krk gAS bu nLrkost+ksa ls bl ckr ij u;k çdk'k iM+rk gS fd fdl çdkj Hkxr¯lg ,d vkradoknh ls fodflr gksrs gq, ,d vkLFkkoku ekDlZoknh cusA buls muds lkfFk;ksa ij Hkxr¯lg ds çHkko rFkk muds fopkjèkkjkRed fodkl esa Hkxr¯lg dh Hkwfedk dk irk pyrk gSA ;s nLrkost+ gSa Hkxr¯lg dh tsy Mk;jh] mUgksaus tks iqLrdsa i<+ha] muds lkjk'a k vkjS m¼j.kA buds vfLrRo dk Kku Hkkjrh; i=k&if=kdkvkas ls gvq kA 1968 esa Hkkjrh; bfrgkldkj th- nsoy us ^ihiqYl ikFk* if=kdk ds fy, ^'kghn Hkxr¯lg* ys[k fy[kk] ftlesa mUgksaus 200 i`\"Bksa dh ,d dkih dk ft+Ø fd;k vkSj crk;k fd mlesa vusd fo\"k;ksa ij Hkxr¯lg ds uksV gSa] ftuls mudh #fp dh O;kidrk dk irk pyrk gSA dkih esa iw¡thokn] lektokn] jkT; dh mRifÙk] dE;qfuT+e] èkeZ] lektfoKku] Hkkjr] ç+Qkal dh ØkfUr] ekDlZokn] ljdkj ds :ik]as ifjokj vkjS vUrjjk\"Vªh;rkokn ij ukVs gAaS nos y us ;s ukVs i<s+ vkjS bl ckr ij t+ksj fn;k fd bUgsa çdkf'kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,] gkyk¡fd mudh ;g bPNk vHkh rd lkdkj ugha gks ik;h gSA ;g dkih] ftlds ckjs esa Jh nsoy us fy[kk] ØkfUrdkjh ds nwljs dkx+t+kr ds lkFk tsy vfèkdkfj;ksa us 23 ekpZ] 1931 dks Hkxr¯lg dks iQk¡lh nsus ds ckn muds ifjokjokyksa dks lkSai nh vkSj vc iQjhnkckn esa jg jgs muds HkkbZ dqychj ¯lg ds ikl gSA bu nLrkost+ksa dh çkekf.kdrk dh u dsoy bl rF; ls iqf\"V gksrh gS fd os ØkfUrdkjh ds ifjokj esa lqjf{kr j[ks x;s gSa_ dkih ds i`\"B Hkxr¯lg dh NksVs v{kjksa dh fy[kk;h ls Hkjs gq, gSa] og vaxzst+h esa fy[krs Fks] dgha&dgha mnwZ dk Hkh bLrseky mUgksaus fd;kA i`\"B 68 ij frfFk vafdr gS % 12-7-1930 vkSj gLrk{kj gSa % ^Hkxr¯lg*A 684 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

;s nLrkost+ ;qok ØkfUrdkjh ds le`¼ vkfRed thou ij] vkRe f'k{kk ds fy, muds ?kksj ifjJe rFkk tsy esa o+QSn ds nkSjku mudh fopkjèkkjkRed [kkst ij çdk'k Mkyrs gSaA bu dkx+t+ksa dks ljljh rkSj ij ns[kus ij Hkh ;g irk pyrk gS fd budk ys[kd ç[kj cqf¼ dk èkuh O;fDr Fkk] tks lkspus ds vknru <ax dks R;kxus esa liQy jgk vkSj ftlus çxfr'khy if'peh fpUrdksa ds fopkjksa dks vkRelkr fd;kA bu uksVksa esa ekDlZokn esa Hkxr¯lg dh #fp gh 'kk;n lcls vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ gSA muds n`f\"Vdks.kksa ds bl igyw dks gh Hkkjr vkSj nwljs ns'kksa ds cqtqZvk bfrgkldkj fNikus dk ;Ru djrs gSaA vesfjdh bfrgkldkjksa th- Mh- vksojLVªhV vkSj ,e- fo.Mfeyj dk nkok gS fd ¶T+;knkrj bl lEcUèk ds vkèkkj ij gh Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV ikVhZ us Hkxr¯lg dks ikVhZ dk ghjks fn[kkus dh dksf'k'k dh gSA¸3 Hkxr¯lg ds uksV] tks mUgksaus laf{kIr] lkjxfHkZr 'kh\"kZdksa ds lkFk fy[ks] mudh O;fDrxr Hkkoukvksa dks Hkh çfrfcfEcr djrs gSsaA og vkt+knh ds fy, rM+i jgs Fks] blhfy, mUgksaus ck;ju] fOgV~eSu vkSj oMZ~loFkZ dh LorU=krk ds fo\"k; ij iafDr;k¡ viuh dkih esa mrkjhaA mUgksaus bClu ds ukVd] nksLrks;sOLdh dk ^vijkèk vkSj n.M* vkSj áwxks dk ^innfyr* miU;kl i<+s A :lh ØkfUrdkjh osjk fi+QXuj rFkk :lh fo}ku vkSj ØkfUrdkjh u- eksjkst+kso dh jpukvksa ls tsy thou dh dfBukb;ksa ds tks m¼j.k mrkjs] os mudh euksHkkoukvksa ds vuq:i FksA mej [k+Õ;ke dh iafDr;k¡ Hkh Fkha] tks ;g fn[kkrh gSa fd fdl çdkj Hkxr¯lg us thou vkSj e`R;q ds ç'uksa ij euu fd;k] tcfd os vkSifuosf'kd vnkyr ds i+QSlys dh çrh{kk dj jgs FksA Hkxr¯lg us vius dks eqo+Qnes ds fy, rS;kj djus ds mís'; ls o+Qkuwu dk Hkh vè;;u fd;kA tsy esa iqLrdsa Hkxr¯lg dh fpUrk dk çeq[k fo\"k; FkhaA tqykbZ] 1930 esa mUgksaus vius fe=k t;nso xqIrk dks fy[kk % ¶Ñi;k ykgkSj ds }kjdknkl iqLrdky; ds ykbczsfj;u ls iwNuk fd cksLVsZy tsy esa o+QSfn;ksa dks fdrkcsa Hksth x;h gSa ;k ughaA mUgsa fdrkcksa dh cgqr raxh gSA mUgksaus lq[knso ds HkkbZ t;nso ds gkFk lwph Hksth Fkh] exj fdrkcsa mUgsa ugha feyhaA vxj lwph [kks x;h gS] rks tjk ykyk fi+Qjkst+pan ls fourh djuk fd mlds cnys viuh ilUn ls dqN jkspd iqLrdsa Hkst nsaA bl brokj dks mUgsa fdrkcsa fey tkuh pkfg, FkhaA Ñi;k fourh djuk fd fdrkcsa t+:j Hkst nsaA¸ 4 16 flrEcj] 1930 dks mUgksaus nq[kh eu ls vius HkkbZ dqychj ¯lg dks fy[kk fd i+QSlyk lquk;s tkus rd muls feyus dksbZ ugha vk ldrk % ¶blfy, esjh fourh gS fd rqe [k+ku lkgc ds nÝ+rj tkuk vkSj ogk¡ ls esjh fdrkcsa vkSj nwljh tks pht+sa eSaus ogk¡ NksM+h gSa] ys ysukA eq>s ykbczsjh dh iqLrdksa dh cM+h 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 685

fpUrk gSA fi+Qygky esjs fy, dksbZ fdrkcsa ykus dh t+:jr ugha gS] D;ksafd esjs ikl vHkh dqN gSaA vPNk gks] vxj rqe ykbczsjh ls mu fdrkcksa dh lwph ek¡x yks] tks eSaus ogk¡ ls fudyok;h FkhaA¸ ØkfUrdkjh ts- lkU;ky us] tks dqN le; rd Hkxr¯lg ds lkFk tsy esa jgs Fks] bl ckr ij t+ksj fn;k gS fd og cM+s è;ku ls i<+us ds fy, iqLrdsa pqurs Fk]s fMdsal] ¯lDys;j] okbYM vkSj xksdhZ mUgsa vfèkd ilUn FksA5 tsy esa mUgksaus ftl jktuhfrd vkSj oSKkfud lkfgR; dh ek¡x dh] mlls mudh #fp;kas dk irk pyrk gAS tyq kb]Z 1930 eas mUgkuas s nwljs b.Vjus'kuy dk iru vkSj ¶okeiUFkh¸ dE;qfuT+e (¶okeiUFkh¸ dE;qfuT+e % ,d cpdkuk etZ μ çR;{kr% ;s nksuksa iqLrdsa ysfuu dh Fkha)] i- ØksiksfRdu dh ^ijLij lgk;rk* rFkk ekDlZ dh ^ç+Qkal esa x`g;q¼* jpuk,¡ e¡xok;haA Hkxr¯lg ds dqN uksV mudh thouh dk vkn'kZokD; gks ldrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] vesfjdh lektoknh ;wthu oh- MsCl dk fuEu dFku % ¶tc rd fuEu oxZ gS] eSa mlesa gw¡A tc rd dksbZ vijkèkh rÙo gS] eSa mlesa gw¡A tc rd dksbZ tsy esa gS] eSa LorU=k ugha gw¡¸ (Hkxr¯lg dh Mk;jh dk i`\"B 21A vkxs mudh Mk;jh dh iafDr;ksa ds ckn mldk i`\"B bafxr fd;k x;k gS)A i`\"B 29 ij mUgksaus fy[kk % ¶fujFkdZ ?k`.kk dh [k+kfrj ugha] lEeku] ;'k vkjS vkRe'yk?kk dh [k+kfrj ugha] cfYd vius è;s; dh dh£r dh [k+kfrj rqeus ,slk dqN fd;k gS] tks dHkh Hkqyk;k ugha tk;sxkA¸ LorU=krk ds fy, la?k\"kZ vkSj nwljksa ds fy, vkRecfynku ds fopkj ge mudh Mk;jh ds gj i`\"B ij ikrs gSaA i`\"B 23 ij Hkxr¯lg us VkWel tSiQjlu5 ds ;s çfl¼ 'kCn fy[ks % ¶vkt+knh ds fcjos dks le;&le; ij ns'kHkDrksa vkSj rkuk'kkgksa ds [+kwu ls rkt+k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;g o+Qqnjrh [kkn gSA¸ bfrgkl] n'kZu vkSj vFkZ'kkL=k ds fofHkUu fo}kuksa dh iqLrdksa ls tks m¼j.k Hkxr¯lg us viuh Mk;jh esa mrkjs] os vR;Ur jkspd gSaA dguk u gksxk fd tsy ds gkykr esa og dksbZ lqO;ofLFkr vè;;u ugha dj ldrs Fks] muds fy, rks ckgj ls fdrkcsa ikuk rd eqf'dy FkkA muds uksV i<+rs gq, ,d ckr dh vksj è;ku tkrk gS % mUgksaus BsB Hkkjrh; leL;kvksa dh vksj dgha de è;ku fn;kA dsoy dqNsd ckj gh ykyk yktir jk;] fcfiupUæ iky vkSj enu eksgu ekyoh; tSls LorU=krk lus kfu;kas dk mYy[s k fd;kA ,d fcfz V'k y[s kd dh iLq rd eas ls mUgkuas s egkRek xkè¡ kh dk dos y ,d m¼j.k mrkjkA o\"kk±s rd vxa tsz k+ as }kjk Hkkjr ds 'kk\"s k.k dh fofèk;ksa dk fo'ys\"k.k vkSj vkSifuosf'kd jkT;rU=k ds fujadq'k mik;ksa dk Hk.MkiQksM+ Hkkjrh; ns'kHkDrksa ds vè;;u dk ijEijkxr fo\"k; jgk FkkA Hkxr¯lg us dsoy nks&rhu ckj bldk ft+Ø fd;k gS] 'kk;n ;g ekurs gq, fd bl fo\"k; 686 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

ij cgqr dqN fy[kk tk pqdk g]S fd vkiS fuosf'kd nklrk ls muds ns'k dks eqDr djkus dh vko';drk lcds fy, Li\"V vkjS çekf.kr ckr gks x;h gAS ml le; mudk è;ku lekt ds fodkl dh vke leL;kvksa esa vfèkd Fkk] lks og Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa dh vis{kk if'peh fpUrdksa dh vksj vfèkd mUeq[k gq,A tgk¡ muds iwoZorhZ μ jk\"Vªh; ØkfUrdkjh μ Hkkjr dks gh fo'o ds vUrjfojksèkksa dk dUs æ ekurs Fk]s ogha Hkxr¯lg lda h.kZ jk\"Vªh;rkoknh iow kxZ gz kas ls ijw h rjg Åij mB x;s Fks vkSj ;g ekurs Fks fd Hkkjr dh leL;k,¡ fo'o ds fodkl dh ifjfèk esa gh gy dh tk ldrh gSaA ftu y[s kdkas ds m¼j.k Hkxr¯lg us viuh Mk;jh eas mrkj]s muds çfr muds #[k esa iwjh lqlaxfr gSA 'kq: esa og 18oha lnh dh vesfjdh vkSj ç+Qkalhlh ØkfUr;kas rFkk fopkjdkas ds çfr Hkkjrh; ØkfUrdkfj;kas dk ijEijkxr yxko n'kkrZ s gAaS mUgkuas s :lks7] VkeW l ius 8] VkeW l tiS Qjlu vkjS iSfVªd gsujh9 ds LorU=krk rFkk ekuo ds tUefl¼ vfèkdkjksa ij fopkj uksV fd;sA i`\"B 16 ij mUgksaus iSfVªd gSujh dk fuEu Hkkoiw.kZ dFku uksV fd;k % ¶D;k ft+Unxh bruh I;kjh vkSj pSu bruk ehBk gS fd csfM+;ksa vkSj nklrk dh o+Qher ij mUgsa [k+jhnk tk;sA {kek djks] loZ'kfDreku çHkq! eSa ugha tkurk fd os D;k jkLrk viuk;saxs] eq>s rks cl% ^LorU=krk ;k ekSr* nksA¸ rkuk'kkgh dh HkRluZ k djus ds fy, Hkxr¯lg n'kuZ dh jpukvkas dk gh ugh]a yfyr lkfgR; dk Hkh lgkjk ysrs gSaA ekdZ V~osu ds fuEu 'kCn mUgksaus viuh Mk;jh esa mrkjs % ¶ge bl ckr dks Hk;kud ekurs gSa fd yksxksa dh xjnusa mM+k;h tkrh gSa] ysfdu gesa ;g ns[kuk ugha fl[kk;k x;k gS fd ft+UnxhHkj yEch og ekSr fdruh Hk;kud gS] tks x+jhch vkSj rkuk'kkgh iwjh vkcknh ij yknrh gSA¸ iw¡thoknh fodkl ds fu;eksa dks le>us ds Hkxr¯lg ds ç;klksa dks çn£'kr djrh Hkh cgqr lkjh lkexzh gSA mUgksaus bl fo\"k; dks xEHkhjrk ls fy;k vkSj lkaf[;d lkefxz;ksa dk vè;;u fd;kA ToyUr lkekftd vUrjfojksèkksa dks fn[kkrs vk¡dM+ksa dh vksj mUgksaus lcls igys è;ku fn;kA fofHkUu ys[kdksa ls tks m¼j.k mUgksaus fy;s] os laf{kIr] fdUrq çHkkoksRiknd gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] og fy[krs gSa fd fczVsu dh vkcknh dk ukSok¡ fgLlk ogk¡ ds vkèks mRikn dks gfFk;krk gS vkSj bl mRikn dk dsoy lkrok¡ fgLlk nks frgkbZ vkcknh ds fgLls esa vkrk gS_ fd vesfjdk dh vkcknh dk ,d çfr'kr ls de va'k og èkfud oxZ gS] ftlds ikl 67 vjc Mkyj rd dh lEifÙk gS] tcfd 70 çfr'kr vkcknh loZgkjkvksa dh gS] tks jk\"Vªh; mRikn ds dsoy pkj çfr'kr ij nkok dj ldrh gSA cgqr ls m¼j.k ;g fn[kkrs gSa fd Jfedksa ds çfr muds eu esa xgjh ln~Hkkouk Fkh vkSj iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk ds çfr mudk #[k vkykspukRed FkkA 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 687

mnkgj.kr%] iQwfj;s dk ,d m¼j.k mUgksaus uksV fd;k vkSj mldk 'kh\"kZd j[kk % ^lcds f[k+yki+Q vdsyk* % ¶orZeku lkekftd O;oLFkk ,d csgwnk dk;ZrU=k gS] ftlesa lexz ds va'k ,d&nwljs ds foijhr gSa vkSj lexz ds f[k+yki+Q dke djrs gSaA ge ns[krs gSa fd lekt esa çR;sd oxZ vius LokFkZ ds dkj.k nwljs oxks± dk vfgr pkgrk gS] gj rjg ls O;fDrxr fgr dks tu dY;k.k ds f[k+yki+Q j[krk gS¸ (vkSj vkxs ;g fy[krs gSa fd MkWDVj dk LokFkZ ;g gS fd lekt esa T+;knk ls T+;knk jksx gksa] odhy T+;knk ls T+;knk eqo+Qnes pkgrk gS] okLrqdkj vkSj c<+bZ pkgrs gSa fd edku tysa] bR;kfn)A blh Hkkouk esa johUæukFk Bkdqj ds tkikuh fo|k£Fk;ksa ds le{k ml Hkk\"k.k dk m¼j.k gS] ftlesa Bkdqj us tkiku eas ilS s ds ihNs nkMS + dks ¶ekuotkfr ds fy, Hk;kud [kr+ jk¸ crk;k] tks ¶'kfDr ds vkn'kZ dks ifj\"dkj ds Åij j[krh gS¸A ;s lHkh m¼j.k fn[kkrs gSa fd Hkxr¯lg iw¡thokn dks vLohdkj djrs gSaA blhfy, mUgksaus ;g fu\"d\"kZ fudkyk % ¶loky ;g ugha gS fd orZeku lH;rk dks cnyk tkuk pkfg, ;k ugha] cfYd ;g fd mls dSls cnyk tk;sxkA¸ Hkxr¯lg us iw¡thokn dh vkykspuk lkekftd vkSj jktdh;] nksuksa O;oLFkkvksa ds çlax esa dhA i`\"B 46 ij ysfuu dk uke igyh ckj vk;k gAS ;gk¡ Hkxr¯lg us vefs jdh lektoknh ekfW jl fgyfDoV dh iLq rd ^ekDlZ ls ysfuu rd* ls cqtqZvk yksdrU=k ds lhfer Lo:i ij m¼j.k fy;k % ¶iw¡thokn esa yksdrU=k ,d lk£od vewrZ yksdrU=k ugha Fkk] cfYd fof'k\"V cqtqZvk yksdrU=k] ;k tSlkfd ysfuu us bls dgk Fkk] cqtqZvk oxZ ds fy, yksdrU=kA¸ vkxs og fy[krs gSa % ¶yksdrU=k fl¼kUrr% jktuhfrd vkSj o+Qkuwuh lekurk dh O;oLFkk g]S fdUrq Bkls vkjS O;kogkfjd :i eas ;g >Bw g]S D;kfas d tc rd vk£Fkd lÙkk esa Hkkjh vlekurk gS] rc rd dksbZ lekurk ugha gks ldrh] u jktuhfr esa vkSj u gh o+Qkuwu ds lkeusA---iw¡thoknh 'kklu esa yksdrU=k dh lkjh e'khujh 'kkld vYier dks Jfed cgqer dh ;krukvksa ds tfj;s lÙkk esa cuk;s j[kus ds fy, dke djrh gSA¸ Hkxr¯lg us cqtqZvk O;oLFkk dh fopkjèkkjkRed lajpuk dh vksj Hkh è;ku fn;k vkSj bl flyflys esa cqtqZvk lekt esa èkeZ dh Hkwfedk esa #fp yhA vius fy, og èkeZ dk ç'u gy dj pqds Fks] bl le; rd og ,d iDds fujh'ojoknh cu pqds FksA ysfdu mUgksaus Hkkjrh; lekt esa èkeZ dh Hkwfedk vkSj LFkku dks rFkk vius lkfFk;ksa] jk\"Vªh; ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dh fopkjèkkjk ij blds çHkko dks le>uk pkgkA ^èkeZ μ LFkkfir O;oLFkk dk leFkZd % ^nklrk* 'kh\"kZd ls mUgksaus vesfjdk ds çslfcVsfj;u ppZ dh egklHkk (1835) ds çLrko dk ;g m¼j.k 688 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

uksV fd;k fd ¶nklrk dks ckbfcy ds iqjkus vkSj u;s èkeZxzUFkksa esa ekU;rk çkIr gS vkSj bZ'oj dh lÙkk mldh fuUnk ugha djrhA¸ Hkxr¯lg vkxs fy[krs gSa fd mlh o\"kZ pkYlZVu cSifVLV ,lksfl,'ku us ¶vius nklksa ds le; dk mi;ksx djus ds ekfydksa ds vfèkdkj¸ dh iqf\"V dhA bl flyflys esa Hkxr¯lg us bl ckr ij t+ksj fn;k fd èkeZ us ¶iw¡thokn dk leFkZu¸ fd;k gSA èkeZ dh mRifÙk ds dkj.kkas vkjS mlds eeZ dks le>us dh p\"s Vk eas og ekDlZ dh vksj mUeq[k gq,A i`\"B 40 ij ge ekDlZ dh jpuk ^gsxsy ds U;k;&n'kZu dh lekykspuk dk ç;kl* ls ^èkeZ ds ckjs esa ekDlZ ds fopkj* 'kh\"kZd dk ,d m¼j.k ikrs gaS % ¶---eu\"q ; èkeZ dh jpuk djrk g]S èkeZ eu\"q ; dh jpuk ugha djrkA---euq\"; dk vFkZ gS euq\"; dk lalkj] jkT;] lektA ;g jkT;] ;g lekt èkeZ dks] ,d foÑr fo'on`f\"Vdks.k dks tUe nsrs gSa] D;ksafd os Lo;a ,d foÑr lalkj gSaA èkeZ bl lalkj dk lkekU; fl¼kUr] mldk lkj&laxzg] lqcksèk :i esa mldk rdZ gSA---èkeZ ds fo#¼ la?k\"kZ ijks{k :i ls ml lalkj ds fo#¼ la?k\"kZ gS] ftldk vkè;kfRed lUrks\"k èkeZ gSA-- èkeZ turk ds fy, vi+Qhe gSA¸ mYys[kuh; gS fd i`\"B 192 ij Hkxr¯lg us vfUre okD; nksgjk;k gSA lks] vius uksVksa esa Hkxr¯lg us iw¡thokn ds mUewyu ds i{k esa Bksl rdZ is'k fd;sA ekDlZokn&ysfuuokn ds laLFkkidksa dh Hkk¡fr og Hkh ;gh ekurs Fks fd Hkkoh lekt dos y lektoknh lekt gh gks ldrk gAS muds ukVs kas eas Hkkoh lekt dk dksbZ foLr`r fooj.k rks ugha gS] fdUrq dqN fopkj ;g fn[kkrs gSa fd og lektokn dh èkkj.kk dk oSKkfud vFkZ yxkrs FksA mUgksaus Hkkoh lekt ds nf{k.kiUFkh lkekftd&tuokfn;ksa ds vkn'kZ dks vLohdkj fd;k rFkk iw¡thokn ds LFkku ij lektokn ykus dh leL;k ds çfr lkekftd&lqèkkjoknh #[k dks HkhA mUgksaus if'pe ds nf{k.kiUFkh lektokfn;ksa dh HkRlZuk dh vkSj vkj- eSdMksukYM dks ¶fczfV'k yscj ikVhZ dk lkezkT;oknh usrk¸ dgk (i`\"B 13)A i`\"B 52 ij nwljs b.Vjus'kuy ds usrkvksa }kjk et+nwj oxZ ds è;s; ls dh x;h x+íkjh ds ckjs esa fgyfDoV dh iqLrd ls ,d m¼j.k gSA tsy esa og iwjh rjg iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk dk r[+rk iyVus rFkk lkjh ekuotkfr ds fgr esa vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj lkjh çkÑfrd lEink ij fu;U=k.k LFkkfir djus dh vksj yf{kr fo'o lektoknh ØkfUr ds fopkj esa rYyhu jgsA i`\"B 190 ij mUgksaus fy[kk % ¶lektoknh O;oLFkk % çR;sd ls mldh ;ksX;rk ds vuqlkj] çR;sd dks mldh vko';drk ds vuqlkjA¸ Hkxr¯lg lektokn esa laØe.k dks loZgkjk ds la?k\"kZ ds lkFk tksM+rs Fks] tks Hkkoh lekt esa 'kkld oxZ cusxkA i`\"B 69 ij ^dE;qfuLV ikVhZ ds ?kks\"k.kki=k* dk ,d m¼j.k gS % ¶---et+nwj oxZ dh ØkfUr dk igyk o+Qne loZgkjk oxZ dks mBkdj 'kkld oxZ 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 689

ds vklu ij cSBkuk vkSj tuokn ds fy, gksus okyh yM+kbZ dks thruk gSA ¶loZgkjk oxZ viuk jktuhfrd çHkqRo iw¡thifr oxZ ls èkhjs&èkhjs dj lkjh it¡w h Nhuus ds fy,] mRiknu ds lkjs vktS k+ jkas dks jkT;] vFkkrZ 'kkld oxZ ds :i esa laxfBr loZgkjk oxZ] ds gkFkksa esa dsUæhÑr djus ds fy, rFkk lexz mRiknd 'kfDr;ksa esa ;Fkk'kh?kz o`f¼ ds fy, bLrseky djsxkA¸10 Hkxr¯lg us ;g Hkh bafxr fd;k fd ;fn loZgkjk dk iFkçn'kZu mldk gjkoy nLrk] mldh ikVhZ] tks loZgkjk ØkfUr dk vfuok;Z midj.k gS] u dj jgh gks] rks dksbZ ØkfUr ugha gks ldrhA mUgksaus loZgkjk xhr ^b.Vjus'kuy* ds 'kCn viuh Mk;jh esa mrkjsA ;g rdZlaxr gh Fkk fd Hkxr¯lg ØkfUr ds vkjEHk ds ukrs l'kL=k foæksg ds ç'u ij igq¡psA ,slk foæksg Hkkjrh; ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dh vusd ihf<+;ksa dk y{; jgk Fkk] ijUrq os bls yk ikus esa liQy ugha jgs FksA ;gh dkj.k gS fd Hkxr¯lg us bl fo\"k; ij ekDlZoknh jpukvksa esa [k+kl fnypLih yhA mUgksaus ,axsYl dh jpuk ^teZuh esa ØkfUr rFkk çfrØkfUr* ls yEcs m¼j.k mrkjs] gkyk¡fd ,slk mUgksaus ewy jpuk ls ugha] cfYd ,d vU; iqLrd ls fd;k Fkk vkSj blhfy, og bl Hkze esa jgs fd og ekDlZ dks m¼`r dj jgs gSa % ¶igyh pht+ μ foæksg ls rc rd f[kyokM+ u djsa] tc rd vki ml [ksy ds ifj.kkeksa dk lkeuk djus ds fy, iwjh rjg rS;kj ugha gksrsA foæksg rks ,d ,slk dyu gS] ftlds ifjek.k loZFkk vfuf'pr gksrs gSa] ftudk ewY; jkst+ cny ldrk gSA eqo+Qkcys esa [kM+h 'kfDr;ksa dks laxBu] vuq'kklu rFkk ijEijkxr çfr\"Bk ds lkjs ykHk miyCèk gksrs gSaA ;fn foæksgh vius nq'euksa ds f[k+yki+Q vkSj cM+h rko+Qr eSnku esa ugha mrkjsaxs] rks os gkj tk;saxs vkSj cjckn gks tk;saxsA nwljh pht+ μ ,d ckj foæksg 'kq: gksus ij vfèkdre n`<+ladYi ds lkFk dke djus rFkk çgkj djus dh t:+ jr gkrs h gAS çfrj{kk dh fLFkfr çR;ds l'kL=k foækgs dh ekrS gvq k djrh gS_ vius 'k=kq ls eqo+Qkcyk gksus ls igys gh eSnku gkFk ls fudy tkrk gSA¸ 11 bl m¼j.k eas çR;ds 'kCn foækgs ds ç'u ij Hkxr¯lg ds lkfFk;kas ds lrgh #[k ds f[k+yki+Q rFkk dqN gn rd ØkfUrdkjh xfrfofèk;ksa ds vkjEHk esa Lo;a Hkxr¯lg ds n`f\"Vdks.k ds f[k+yki+Q psrkouh nsrk gSA dki+Qh yEcs le; rd Hkkjrh; ØkfUrdkfj;ksa us u rks Hkkoh LorU=k Hkkjr esa lÙkk ds Lo:i ij vkSj u gh mldh ljdkj dh lkekftd&vk£Fkd uhfr ds ç'u ij fopkj fd;kA os ;g lksprs Fks fd LorU=krk gh ,d ¶jkeck.k¸ gksxhA ekDlZoknh lkfgR; ls çHkkfor gksdj Hkxr¯lg us bu lHkh ç'uksa esa xgjh fnypLih yhA muds dqN uksV ;g fn[kkrs gSa fd mUgksaus loZgkjk vfèkuk;dRo ds fopkj dks Lohdkj dj fy;k FkkA 'kq: esa mUgksaus ,axsYl dk ;g dFku uksV 690 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

fd;k fd fot;h loZgkjk dks oxZ&'k=kq dks dqpyus ds fy, vfèkuk;dRo dh t+:jr gS vkSj blfy, ,d ¶LorU=k yksd jkT;¸ dh ckr djuk csrqdk gS (i`\"B 62)A blds vkxs mUgksaus ysfuu dh ifjHkk\"kk tksM+h % ¶vfèkuk;dRo çR;{k :i ls ¯glk ij vkèkkfjr vkSj fdlh Hkh o+Qkuwu ls u c¡èkh gqbZ lÙkk gSA ¶loZgkjk oxZ dk ØkfUrdkjh vfèkuk;dRo loZgkjk oxZ }kjk cqtqZvk oxZ ds fo#¼ ¯glk }kjk gkfly dh tkus okyh vkSj cjo+Qjkj j[kh tkus okyh lÙkk gS] fdlh Hkh o+Qkuwu ls u c¡èkh gqbZ lÙkk gSA¸ 12 Hkxr¯lg ds ukVs kas eas logZ kjk vfèkuk;dRo ds lkj ij l'a kkès kuoknh #[kkas dh vkykspuk ge ikrs gSaA mUgksaus ysfuu dh jpuk ^loZgkjk ØkfUr vkSj x+íkj dkmRLdh* ls yEcs m¼j.k mrkjs vkSj ysfuu ds bl fopkj ij [k+kl è;ku fn;k fd cqtqZvk fuUnd ¶'kq¼ yksdrU=k¸ ds ukjs dk lgkjk ysdj lksfo;r ljdkj ij vR;kpkj dk vkjksi yxkrs gSa % ¶ijUrq vc pw¡fd Jfed rFkk 'kksf\"kr oxks± us lkezkT;oknh ;q¼ ds dkj.k fons'kksa ds vius Hkkb;ksa ls dVs jgdj Hkh bfrgkl esa igyh ckj Lo;a viuh lksfo;rksa dh LFkkiuk dj yh gS] mu tu lewgksa dks jktuhfrd fuekZ.k ds dke esa tqVk fn;k gS] ftudk cqtqZvk oxZ mRihM+u djrk Fkk] ftUgsa og dqpyrk Fkk vkSj ftUgsa efrew<+ cukrk Fkk] vc pw¡fd mUgksaus Lo;a ,d u;s] loZgkjk jkT; dk fuekZ.k djuk vkjEHk dj fn;k gS] Hkh\"k.k la?k\"kZ dh Tokyk ds chp] x`g;q¼ dh Tokyk ds chp 'kks\"kdksa ls eqDr jkT; ds cqfu;knh fl¼kUrksa dh :ijs[kk rS;kj djuh 'kq: dj nh gS μ blfy, lkjs yqPps cqtqZvk tu] [+kwu pwlus okyksa dk iwjk fxjksg ^euekusiu* dk 'kksj epkus yxk gS vkSj dkmRLdh Hkh mUgha ds Loj dks çfrèofur dj jgs gSa!¸ 13 loZgkjk vfèkuk;dRo dks u;s lekt ds fuekZ.k dk midj.k ekurs gq, Hkxr¯lg us ,sls lekt dh LFkkiuk ds iFkksa dh vksj cgqr è;ku fn;kA bl flyflys esa og lksfo;r :l ds vuqHko vkSj ogk¡ dqN le; igys gq, ØkfUrdkjh iquxZBu dh vksj fujUrj mUeq[k gksus yxsA Mk;jh ds i`\"B 36 ij igyh ckj ¶cksY'ksfod :l¸ dk ft+Ø vk;k gSA blds vkxs gkf'k;ksa ij fofHkUu ys[kdksa }kjk :l ij fy[kh x;h iqLrdksa dh lwph gS % jsus iQqyksi&feyj dh ^cksY'ksfoT+e dk psgjk vkSj fnekx+*] ,e- vks*gkjk dh ^jf'k;k*] ySalyks yksVu dh ^:lh ØkfUr*] ,.Vu dkyZxzhu dh ^cksY'ksfod :l* vkSj ^ekDlZ] ysfuu rFkk ØkfUr dk foKku* (i`\"B 191)A bl lwph esa :l ij os lHkh iqLrdsa ugha gSa] ftuesa Hkxr¯lg us tsy esa fnypLih fn[kk;h FkhA ts- lkU;ky ds vuqlkj Hkxr¯lg us tkWu jhM dh ^nl fnu tc nqfu;k fgy mBh*] xksdhZ dh ^ek¡* vkjS l- LrsIU;kd&ØkOphaLdh dh ^:lh yksdrU=k dk tUe* Hkh i<+h FkhaA14 ts- lkU;ky vkxs fy[krs gSa % ¶gkyk¡fd lektokn mudk fo'ks\"k fo\"k; Fkk] 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 691

rFkkfi mUgksaus 19oha lnh ds vkjEHk esa :lh ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dh mRifÙk ls ysdj 1917 dh vDVwcj ØkfUr rd mlds bfrgkl dk xgjkbZ ls vè;;u fd;kA ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd Hkkjr esa cgqr de yksx ,sls Fks] ftuds bl fo\"k; ij Kku dh rqyuk Hkxr¯lg ds Kku dh tk ldrh gSA cksY'ksfod 'kklu esa :l esa gks jgs vk£Fkd ç;ksx esa Hkh mudh xgjh fnypLih FkhA¸15 Hkxr¯lg ;g le>rs Fks fd lektoknh ØkfUr ds lEeq[k fojkV l`tukRed dk;ZHkkj gSa tks bls cqtqZvk ØkfUr ls vyx djrs gSaA fuEu m¼j.k esa bl Hksn ij tk+ js fn;k x;k gS % ¶ctq vZq k ØkfUr vkerkjS ij lÙkk ikus ds lkFk lekIr gks tkrh gAS logZ kjk ØkfUr ds fy, lÙkk ikuk ,d 'kq#vkr gh g_S lÙkk ik ysus ij mldk mi;ksx iqjkuh vFkZO;oLFkk dk dk;kdYi djus vkSj u;h vFkZO;oLFkk xfBr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA¸ (i`\"B 120) ØkfUr ds ekDlZoknh fl¼kUr dk Lo;a gh LorU=k :i esa vè;;u djrs gq, Hkxr¯lg us mlds lokZfèkd egÙoiw.kZ rÙo igpkusA mUgksaus iqjkuh jktdh; e'khujh dks rksM+us vkSj u;h e'khujh cukus dh vko';drk ij ysfuu ds fopkj uksV fd;s vkSj ;g bafxr fd;k fd vkUrfjd dk;ks± ds vykok lektoknh ØkfUr ds lkeus vUrjjk\"Vªh; dk;ZHkkj Hkh gksrs gSa] D;ksafd fo'o ØkfUr ds fcuk fdlh ,d ns'k esa dE;qfuLV 'kklu [k+rjs ls eqDr ugha gks ldrk] D;ksafd vUrjjk\"Vªh; iw¡thoknh gLr{ksi dk [k+rjk mlds flj ij lnk e¡Mjkrk jgsxk (i`\"B 120)A Hkkjrh; ØkfUrdkjh gjkoy ds] ftldk tulkèkkj.k ds lkFk igys dksbZ lEidZ ugha jgk] çfrfufèk ds ukrs Hkxr¯lg }kjk ysfuu ds bl fopkj dks Lohdkj fd;k tkuk ,d cgqr cM+h ckr Fkh fd turk ij ikVhZ dk çHkko cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gSA i`\"B 121 ij muds uksV ysfuu ds bl fopkj dks çfrfcfEcr djrs gSa fd loZgkjk dks vkcknh ds cM+s Hkkx dks vius i{k esa ykuk gksrk gS vkSj lkFk gh oxZ&lg;ksx dh odkyr djus okys cqtqZvk vkSj VqViq¡ft;k rÙoksa ds Jfedksa ij çHkko dks feVkuk gksrk gSA bl rjg ge ns[krs gSa fd tsy esa FkksM+s le; esa gh Hkxr¯lg us ekDlZoknh f'k{kk ds çeq[k fl¼kUrksa dks le> fy;k vkSj vkRelkr dj fy;kA muds thou dk ,sls {k.k esa =kkln vUr gks x;k] tcfd og ekDlZokn ds Kku dk mi;ksx djus ds fy, rS;kj gks x;s FksA ijUrq tsy esa mUgksaus tks HkxhjFk ifjJe fd;k] og fujFkZd ugha FkkA Hkxr¯lg us Lo;a tks dqN tkuk&le>k] mls mUgksaus vius fe=kksa vkjS lkfFk;ksa rd igq¡pkus dh dksf'k'k dh] ;g le>rs gq, fd Hkkjr esa ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu ds fodkl ds fy, ekDloZ knh fl¼kUr fdruk egÙoi.w kZ gAS ;g dkbs Z l;a kxs dh ckr ugha fd vius ,d i=k eas mUgkuas s vius dks ,d LorU=krk lus kuh ugh]a lektoknh 692 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

fopkjksa dk çpkjd dgkA16 tsy esa Hkxr¯lg us vius ØkfUrdkjh lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk gh ugha] cfYd x+nj ikVhZ ds cgqr ls lnL;ksa ds lkFk Hkh lEidZ LFkkfir fd;s] tks çFke fo'o;q¼ ds fnukas ls tys eas cUn FkAs jk\"Vªh; efq Dr vkUnkys u dh leL;kvkas ij mUgkuas s xn+ j ikVhZ okyksa ls yEch ckrsa dhaA th- nsoy us x+nj ikVhZ ds lnL;ksa ds lkFk Hkxr¯lg ds lEcUèkksa ds ckjs esa ,d ys[k fy[kk gSA17 tsy esa og x+nj ikVhZ ds ,d usrk lksgu ¯lg Hkduk ls feys] tks dkykUrj esa Hkkjr esa dE;qfuLV vkUnksyu ds ,d çeq[k usrk cusA18 Hkxr¯lg vius lkfFk;kas dks lykg nrs s Fks fd os ekDloZ kn dk vè;;u djAas mnkgj.k ds fy,] mUgksaus ekDlZ dh ^iw¡th* ds vè;;u dh vko';drk ij t+ksj fn;kA t;nos çlkn xIq r dks 24 tyq kb]Z 1930 dks fy[ks i=k eas mUgkuas s vius fy, fdrkcsa e¡xok;h Fkha vkSj dgk Fkk fd vius lkfFk;ksa ds fy, fdrkcksa dh lwph igys Hkst pqds gSa vkSj fourh dh Fkh fd mudk ;g vuqjksèk tYnh iwjk fd;k tk;s] D;ksafd mUgsa fdrkcksa dh l[+r raxh gSA19 bl ckr ds Hkh çek.k feyrs gSa fd tks lkFkh lkSHkkX;o'k tsy tkus ls cp x;s] muds lkFk Hkh Hkxr¯lg us lEidZ cuk;s j[ksA viuh dkydksBjh ls Hkh og 1929 eas ykgkjS eas gbq Z ukStoku Hkkjr lHkk dh dkxa lsz dks ,d egÙoi.w kZ lUn's k Hkstus esa liQy jgsA viuh ØkfUrdkjh iqfLrdkvksa dh] ftuesa ^ce dk n'kZu* Hkh Fkk] ik.Mqfyfi;k¡ mUgksaus tsy ls ckgj fHktok nhaA iQk¡lh ij p<+us ls dqN fnu igys gh mUgksaus ;qok jktuhfrd dk;ZdrkZvksa ds uke viuh ?kks\"k.kk fy[kh vkSj ckgj fHktok;h] ftls mudh vfUre bPNk vkSj olh;rukek dgk tk ldrk gAS 20· tys eas mUgkuas s dNq iLq rdas Hkh fy[kha % ^vkRedFkk*] ^lektokn dk vkn'k*Z vkSj ^Hkkjr esa ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu*A nqHkkZX;o'k] bu iqLrdksa dh ik.Mqfyfi;k¡ ugha cph jgha] gkyk¡fd muds O;fDrxr vkSj jktuhfrd i=k cps jgsA bu i=kksa ls Hkxr¯lg ds bl vkReewY;kadu dh iqf\"V gksrh gS fd og lektoknh fopkjksa dk çpkjd gSa vkSj bl ckr dh Hkh fd mUgksaus vius lkfFk;ksa dh ekDlZoknh #[k viukus esa enn djus dh dksf'k'k dhA lq[knso dks] ftUgsa Hkxr¯lg ds lkFk gh iQk¡lh nh x;h] mudk ,d i=k çdkf'kr gqvk gSA blls bl ckr dh iqf\"V gksrh gS fd Hkxr¯lg bl lPpkbZ dks le>us yxs Fks fd Hkkjr esa O;kIr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lektokn ,d rdZlaxr jkLrk gAS blls ;g Hkh irk pyrk gS fd Hkxr¯lg Hkkjr ds lkekftd thou ij vius çHkko dks le>rs FksA mUgksaus fy[kk fd vius lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk mUgksaus (jktuhfrd) okrkoj.k dks 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 693

dki+Qh cnyk vkSj os vius le; dh iSnkb'k FksA ekDlZ dk gokyk nsrs gq,] ftUgkuas ]s Hkxr¯lg ds 'kCnkas e]as vk|S kfs xd ØkfUr ls tUeh fopkjèkkjk dks fu:fir fd;k] mUgksaus fy[kk fd mUgksaus vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa us Hkkjr esa lektoknh vkSj dE;qfuLV fopkjksa dh jpuk ugha dh gS] os rks dky vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds çHkko dk ifj.kke gSaA ijUrq blesa dksbZ lUnsg ugha fd mUgksaus ;Fkk'kfDr bu fopkjksa dk çpkj djus esa enn dh gSA21 Hkxr¯lg vius thou ds vfUre {k.k rd ekDloZ knh fopkjkas dk çpkj djrs jgsA ^ce dk n'kZu* iqfLrdk esa mUgksaus oxZ jfgr lekt vkSj loZgkjk vfèkuk;dRo dk leFkZu fd;kA22 iQk¡lh dh lt+k lquk;h tk pqdus ds ckn iatkc ds xouZj dks Hksts ,d i=k esa Hkxr¯lg us fy[kk fd Hkkjr esa esgurd'k tulkèkkj.k vkSj muds mRihM+dksa ds chp yEck la?k\"kZ py jgk gS] fd ;g la?k\"kZ nqxus mRlkg] lkgl vkSj vVwV ladYi ds lkFk rc rd pyrk jgsxk] tc rd fd ,d lektoknh x.krU=k dh LFkkiuk ugha gks tkrh] oreZ ku O;oLFkk dk LFkku ,d u;h O;oLFkk ugha ys ysrh] ftldk mís'; tu dY;k.k gksxk vkSj ftlesa gj rjg ds 'kks\"k.k dk vUr gks tk;sxk vkSj ekuotkfr lPph vkSj fo'oO;kih 'kkfUr ds ;qx esa inkiZ.k djsxhA (bl i=k dh ,d uo+Qy eq>s Hkxr¯lg ds lkFkh fot; dqekj flUgk us nhA) Hkkjr dh LorU=krk ds vnE; lsukuh Hkxr¯lg us viuk ru&eu ns'k dh vkt+knh ds la?k\"kZ dh leL;kvksa esa rFkk jk\"Vªh; ØkfUrdkjh laxBuksa dks l`n`<+ djus esa yxk;kA O;fDrxr vkrad dh uhfr ls mUgksaus iwjh rjg bUdkj dj fn;kA mUgksaus lkjh isphnfx;ksa] vçR;kf'kr eksM+ksa vkSj mrkj&p<+koksa ds lkFk jktuhfrd l?a k\"kZ ds egÙo dks Lohdkj fd;k vkjS og bl ckr ds fy, mRldq Fks fd muds tks lkFkh tsy tkus ls cp x;s gSa] os Bhd ,sls la?k\"kZ esa tqVsaA 2 i+Qjojh] 1931 ds vius i=k eas lkfFk;kas dks ;g lykg nrs s g,q mUgkuas s yfs uu ds vuHq ko dks è;ku esa j[kkA blls irk pyrk gS fd mUgksaus rRdkyhu Hkkjrh; ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds fy, yk{kf.kd cgqr ls ¶okeiUFkh¸ n`f\"Vdks.kksa ls NVq dkjk ik fy;k FkkA mUgsa bl ckr dk o+Qk;y djus ds fy, fd la?k\"kZ dh dqN eaft+yksa esa 'k=kq ds lkFk ckrphr dh tk ldrh gS] mUgksaus fy[kk fd le>kSrk viusvki esa dksbZ cqjh ckr ugha gS vkSj viuk mís'; ikus esa vkjEHk esa mldk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA 1905&1907 esa nwek ds çfr ysfuu dh uhfr dk gokyk nsrs gq, mUgksaus fy[kk fd ¶le>kSrk¸ ,d ,slk gfFk;kj gS] ftldk jktuhfrd la?k\"kZ esa bLrseky fd;k tkuk pkfg,] rkfd jk\"Vª dks FkksM+h nsj ds fy, vkjke fey lds vkSj og vius dks vkxs ds la?k\"kZ ds fy, rS;kj dj ldsA Hkxr¯lg us ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dk vkàku fd;k fd os vius vfUre y{; dks dHkh u HkwysaA 694 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+