Bhagat Singhs writings in Hindi ( PDFDrive )

dks fVdk;s j[kus okyh mRiknu&ç.kkyh dks [k+Re djus ds vykok vkSj fdlh eo+Qln ds fy, ugha djsxkA¸ ¶dkyZ dkmRLdh¸ 1 la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds ckjs esa dqN rF; vkSj vk¡dM+s2 5 vkneh 1000 yksxksa ds fy, jksVh iSnk dj ldrs gSa 1 vkneh 250 yksxksa ds fy, lwrh diM+k iSnk (dj ldrk) gS 1 vkneh 300 yksxksa ds fy, Åuh diM+k iSnk dj ldrk gS 1 vkneh 1000 yksxksa ds fy, cwV vkSj twrs iSnk dj ldrk gS μ vk;ju ghy 3 (i`\"B 78) 15]000]000 yksx csiukg x+jhch (esa) th jgs gSa tks viuh Je&n{krk dks Hkh cuk;s ugha j[k ldrsA 3]000]000 cky&JfedA iqu'p% baXyS.M4 ;q¼&iwoZ vuqeku (!) baXyS.M dk dqy mRiknu £ 2000]000]000 (çfro\"kZ) fons'kh fuos'kksa ls ykHk £ 200]000]000 £ 2200]000]000 tula[;k ds 1@9osa Hkkx us ys fy;k ½ ¾ £ 1100]000]000 tula[;k ds 2@9osa Hkkx us ys fy;k 'ks\"k ¾ £ 1100]000]000 dk 1@3 vFkkZr ¾ £ 300]000]000 (fooj.k dk cko+Qh fgLlk iQVk gqvk μ l- ---) 1- dkyZ dkmRLdh (1854&1938) % teZu lkekftd&tuoknh vkUnksyu rFkk nwljs b.Vjus'kuy ds ,d usrkA 'kq: esa ekDlZoknh Fks ij ckn esa ekDlZokn ds lkFk x+íkjh dh vkSj et+nwj vkUnksyu esa ekStwn ,d voljoknh ço`fÙk (dkmRLdhokn) ds fl¼kUrdkj cu x;sA 2- ;g rFkk uhps vk;k baXyS.M lEcU/h 'kh\"kZd eksVs v{kjksa esa fy[ks gq, gSaA 3- tSd (tkWu) fxzfi+QFk y.Mu (1876&1916) dk miU;kl vk;ju ghy] tks 1908 esa çdkf'kr gvq kA bl miU;kl eas it¡w hokn ds jDrfiiklq vkjS neudkjh pfj=k rFkk blds fo#¼ et+nwjksa ds la?k\"kZ dk vR;Ur çHkko'kkyh fp=k.k gSA 4- Ïksr dk irk ugha 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 595

i`\"B 48 ¼45 ½ (Vsd) b.Vjus'kuy1 mB tkx çrkfM+r èkjrh ds mB tkx Hkw[k ds cUnh U;k; dh ctrh j.kHksjh] ,d csgrj nqfu;k tUesA vc ck¡èk lds uk gedks ijEijk dh csM+h vjs! mBks! X+kqykeks tkxks! vc djuh ugha X+kqykeh! vc u;h uhao ij cusxh nqfu;k] ge vc rd jgs u dqN Hkh] vc lc dqN gksaxsA ;g gS vfUre la?k\"kZ vkvks gksysa vfody dy ekuotkfr cusxh b.Vju's kuyA ns[kks mudks tks cSBs gSa efgekef.Mr jsyksa] [k+kuksa] èkjrh ds jktk! Je dks gh jgs ywVrs ;s cl blds flok fd;k D;k gS\\ ni+Qu gSa turk dh esgur ds iQy dqN dh et+cwr frtksfj;ksa esa_ nsuk gksxk bls okil gS ;g turk dk go+QA (ogh Vsd) ,dtqV gksa dkj[k+kuksa&[ksrksa ds esgurd'k ikVhZ ge lcdh tks dke djsa_ ;g èkjrh gS gekjh] turk dh] ;gk¡ u txg dkepksj dh] gekjs ekal ij gq, gSa fdrus eksVs\\ ysfdu ;fn ;s ?k`f.kr f'kdkjh i{kh] gekjs vkleku ls ,d lqcg gks tk;sa x+k;c lwjt dh vkHkk rc Hkh cuh jgsxhA (ogh Vsd fiQj) 1- ;wthu iksfr, }kjk isfjl dE;wu (1871) ds nkSjku ç+Qsap esa fy[kk x;k ;g xhr b.Vjus'kuy uke ls fo'o loZgkjk dk la?k\"kZxhr cu x;kA 596 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

i`\"B 49 ¼46½ eklZb;st1 vks esgur ds csVks] tkxks] xkSjo gkfly djks! lquks] lquks] os dksfV&dksfV vkokt+sa fd rqe tkxks] cPps] choh] vkSj iqjkru firj rqEgkjs] ns[kks rqe muds vk¡lw] vkSj lquks rqe mudh ph[ksa+! D;k ?k`f.kr fujadq'k 'kkld djrs jgsa 'kjkjr ys HkkM+s ds VV~Vw] vkSj xq.Mksa ds tRFks μ djrs jgsa èkjk dks lU=kLr vkSj ohjku tcfd 'kkfUr vkSj vkt+knh dk cgrk jgs [+kwu\\ (dksjl) vkvks 'kL=k l¡Hkkysa] iafDrc¼ gks tk;sa [ksr lhaprs muds [+kw¡ ls vkxs c<+rs tk;sa csiukg ,s;k'kh vkSj 'kku&'kkSo+Qr dh T+kqjZr djrs gSa vèke vr`Ir fujadq'k] Lo.kZ vkSj lÙkk dh mudh Hkw[k vifjfer Hkksxrs vkSj csprs èkwi&gok Hkh_ ge <ksrs mudk Hkkj cu ds yíw ?kksM+s os dgsa fd muds nkl mUgsa nsork ekusa] ysfdu bUlku ls c<+dj vkSj dkSu gS\\ fiQj os dc rd fVds jgsaxs] dc rd ekjsaxs gedks\\ (fiQj ogh dksjl) vjs vkt+knh! ekuo D;k R;kx ldsxk rqedks] vuqHko dj ysus ds ckn rqEgkjh fnyd'k ykS dks\\ D;k jksd ldsaxh rqedks rg[k+kuksa ds iQkVd vkSj lyk[ksa ;k D;k dksM+s ck¡èk ldsaxs rsjs mnkÙk thoV dks\\ yEcs vlsZ ls fcy[k jgh gS nqfu;k] pyk jgs gSa >wB dh dVkj fujadq'k] ysfdu vkt+knh gS ryokj vkSj <ky gekjh] vkSj O;FkZ gS mudh lkjh dykdkjhA (fiQj ogh dksjl) 1- yk eklZb;st % ç+Qkal dk jk\"VªxkuA 24 vçSy] 1792 dks jpk x;kA ç+Qkalhlh ØkfUr dh fgi+Qkt+r djus ds fy, ;q¼jr lSfudksa ds fy, bls ,d ç+Qkalhlh dIrku Dyksn tkst+si+Q n fyy us laxhrc¼ fd;kA eklZb;st 'kgj ls isfjl dh vksj ekpZ djrs lSfudksa us tc bls igyh ckj xk;k rks ,slk vkosx vkSj tks'k iSnk gqvk fd yksx meM+ iM+sA ,d ç+Qsap tujy us ,d ckj lUn's k Hkts k Fkk fd mlds ikl rRdky eklbZ ;ts Hkts k tk, D;kfas d bldh rkoQ+ r dbZ cVkfy;uksa ds cjkcj gSA 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 597

i`\"B 5 0 ¼47½ voljokn dk tUe o+Qkuwu ds nk;js esa jgdj dke djus dh lEHkkouk us gh nwljs b.Vjus'kuy ds le; esa et+nwj ikfVZ;ksa ds Hkhrj voljokn dks tUe fn;kA (ysfuu] dksySIl vkWi+Q II baV- us-)1 x+Sj&o+Qkuwuh dke % ¶fdlh ns'k esa tgk¡ cqtqZvk oxZ ;k çfrØkfUrdkjh lkekftd tuokn lÙkk esa gS] dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dks vius o+Qkuwuh vkSj x+Sj&o+Qkuwuh dkeksa ds chp ,d rkyesy j[kuk vo'; lh[k ysuk pkfg,] rFkk o+Qkuwuh dke dks ges'kk vkSj fuf'pr :i ls x+Sj&o+Qkuwuh ikVhZ ds çHkkoh fu;U=k.k esa gh jguk pkfg,A μ cq[+kkfju 2 nwljs b.Vjus'kuy ds y{; ds lkFk fo'okl?kkr % lektokn vkSj Je ds bl fojkV laxBu dks ,slh 'kkfUrdkyhu xfrfofèk;ksa ds fy, vuqdwfyr dj fn;k x;k] vkSj tc ladV vk;k] rks cgqr ls usrk vkSj tuleqnk;ksa ds Hkkjh fgLls viusvki dks bl u;h fLFkfr ds vuq:i cukus esa vleFkZ gks x;s---A ;gh og vifjgk;Z fLFkfr gS tks cgqr gn rd nwljs b.Vjus'kuy ds fo'okl?kkr dk dkj.k gSA ekDlZ Vq ysfuu] i`\"B 140 (ekWfjl fgyfDoV) ¶n flfuDl oMZ cqd¸ (1906)3 ,Eczksl fç;lZ fy[krk gS % 1- ysfuu dh iqLrd] f}rh; baVjus'kuy dk iru 2- fudkys kbZ gokukfs op c[q k+ kfju (1888&1938) μ :lh lkekftd&tuoknh etn+ jw ikVhZ ds lnL;A jkT;] loZgkjk vfèkuk;dRo] jk\"Vªh;rkvksa ds vkRefu.kZ; ds vfèkdkj rFkk ,sls gh vU; ç'uksa ij ysfuu fojksèkh n`f\"Vdks.k viukrs jgsA vDVwcj lektoknh ØkfUr ds ckn ckj&ckj ysfuuoknh ikVhZ uhfr dk fojksèk fd;kA 1937 esa viuh ikVhZ fojksèkh xfrfofèk;ksa ds dkj.k ikVhZ ls fudkys x;sA 3- O;aX;kRed ifjHkk\"kkvksa dh iqLrd] tks ckn esa MsfoYl fMD'kujh ds uke ls çdkf'kr gqbZA ,Eczksl fc;lZ (1842&1914) vesfjdh i=kdkj] dFkkdkj vkSj O;aX;dkj FksA 598 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

¶xzsi 'kkWV1 μ (laKk) μ ,d rdZ ftls Hkfo\"; vesfjdh lektokn dh ek¡xksa ds tokc esa rS;kj dj jgk gSA¸ i`\"B 5 1 ¼48½ èkeZ] LFkkfir O;oLFkk dk leFkZd % nklrk % 1835 esa] çsfLcVsfj;u ppZ dh tujy vlsEcyh us çLrko ikfjr fd;k fd % ¶nklrk iqjkus vkSj u;s nksuksa gh VsLVkes.Vksa esa LohÑr gS] vkSj bls b'Z ojh; lÙkk us o£tr ugha fd;k gAS ¸ n pkYlZVu cSfIVLV ,lksfl,'ku us 1835 esa fuEufyf[kr i+Qjeku tkjh fd;k % ¶ekfydksa }kjk vius X+kqykeksa ds le; dk bLrseky djus ds vfèkdkj dks lHkh pht+ksa ds l`\"Vk us Li\"Vr% ekU;rk ns j[kh gS] tks viuh et+hZ ls ftl Hkh pht+ ij pkgs lEifÙk dk vfèkdkj ykxw dj ldrk gSA¸ othZfu;k ds esFkkWfMLV dkWyst ds ,d çksi+Qslj jsoj.M bZ- Mh- lkbeu] MkWDVj vkWi+Q fMokbfuVh] us fy[kk % ¶gksyh fjV (bZlkbZ èkeZ'kkL=k μ l-) ds vorj.kksa esa lki+Q rkSj ij X+kqykeksa ds Åij lEiR;kfèkdkj vkSj bl vfèkdkj ls lEcfUèkr jkst+ejkZ dh ckrksa dk mYy[s k fd;k x;k gAS rc] dqy feykdj] ckr ;gh g]S pkgs ge Lo;a b'Z oj }kjk LFkkfir ;gwnh uhfr dks ns[ksa] ;k lHkh ;qxksa esa ekuotkfr ds ,d leku fopkj vkSj O;ogkj dks ysa] ;k U;w VsLVkes.V vkSj uSfrd fu;e ds fofèk&fu\"ksèk lEcUèkh funsZ'kksa dks ns[ksa_ ge blh fu\"d\"kZ ij igq¡prs gSa fd nklrk vuSfrd ugha gSA tc ;g ckr fl¼ gks pqdh gS fd vÚhdh nkl o+Qkuwuh rkSj ij [k+jhndj c¡èkqvk cuk;s tkrs Fks] rc muds cPpksa dks c¡èkqvk cukdj j[kus dh ckr Hkh vifjgk;rZ % fl¼ gh gks tkrh gSA bl çdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd vesfjdk esa tks nklrk ekStwn gS] mldh LFkkiuk lgh FkhA¸ iw¡thokn dk leFkZu % gsujh okWu MkbZd2 ¶,Lls bu ,Iyhds'ku¸ (1905) esa fy[krk gS % ¶ckbfcy dh f'k{kk gS fd bZ'oj nqfu;k dk ekfyd gSA og viuh 'kqHkadj bPNk ls] lkekU; fu;eksa ds vuq:i] çR;sd vkneh dks mldk Hkkx nsrk gSA¸ 1- cUnwo+Q ds NjsZ 2- gsujh okWu MkbZd (1852&1933) % vesfjdh èkk£ed fopkjd vkSj ys[kd 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 599

i`\"B 5 2 ¼49½ la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds ckjs esa vk¡dM+s % lSU;&la[;k 50]000 Fkh } vc ;g 300]000 gSA èkudqcsjksa ds ikl 67 vjc dh lEink gSA O;olk;ksa esa yxs dqy O;fDr;ksa esa ls dsoy 9@10 çfr'kr gh èkfudrU=k esa 'kkfey gSaA fiQj Hkh muds ikl dqy lEink dk 70 çfr'kr gSA O;olk;ksa esa yxs dqy O;fDr;ksa esa ls 29 çfr'kr eè;e oxZ ls lEcfUèkr gSa muds ikl dqy lEink dk 25 çfr'kr gS ¾ 24 vjc O;olk;ksa esa yxs yksxksa esa ls 'ks\"k 70 çfr'kr loZgkjk oxZ ls lEcfUèkr gSa vkSj muds ikl dqy lEink dk fli+QZ 4 çfr'kr vFkkZr 4 vjc gSA ywfl;u lSfu;y ds vuqlkj] 1900 esa O;olk; esa yxs dqy yksxksa esa ls ¾ 250]251 èkfudrU=k ls lEcfUèkr Fks ¾ 8]429]845 eè;e oxZ ls lEcfUèkr Fks ¾ 20]395]137 loZgkjk oxZ ls lEcfUèkr FksA μ vk;ju ghy 1 jk;i+Qysa % ¶rqe dgrs gks fd laln vkSj jktdh; inksa ij rqEgkjk cgqer gksxk] ysfdu ¶rqEgkjs ikl jk;i+Qysa fdruh gSa\\ D;k rqEgsa ekywe gS fd i;kZIr lhlk rqEgsa dgk¡ ls fey ldrk gS\\ tgk¡ rd ck:n dh ckr gS] jklk;fud feJ.k] ;kfU=kd feJ.kksa ls csgrj gksrs gSa] ;s ckr esjh eku yksA¸ μ vk;ju ghy] i`\"B 198 2 1- vkSj 2- tSd y.Mu dk miU;kl 600 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

i`\"B 5 3 ¼5 0½ lÙkk---1 ,d lektoknh usrk us èkfudrU=k dh ,d eh¯Vx dks lEcksfèkr fd;k vkSj mu ij lekt ds dqçcUèk dk nks\"k yxk;k vkSj bl çdkj ihfM+r ekuork ds lEeq[k mifLFkr lHkh fodjkyrkvksa vkSj nq[k&rdyhi+Qksa dh lkjh dh lkjh ft+Eesnkjh mUgha ij Fkksi nhA ckn esa ,d iw¡thifr (fe- foDlu) mB [kM+k gqvk vkSj mls bl çdkj lEcksfèkr fd;k %2 ¶bl ij gekjk tokc ;g gSA gekjs ikl rqEgkjs Åij cjckn djus ds fy, 'kCn ugha gSaA tc rqe vius xohZys et+cwr gkFk gekjs egyksa vkSj oSHko dh vksj c<+kvksxs] rc ge rqEgsa fn[kk nsaxs fd gekjh D;k rko+Qr gSA cexksyksa dh xM+xM+kgV vkSj e'khuxuksa dh rM+rM+kgV ls ge viuk tokc nsaxsA ge rqe ØkfUrokfn;ksa dks viuh ,fM+;ksa rys ihl Mkysaxs] vkSj rqEgkjs psgjksa dks dqpy MkysaxsA ;g nqfu;k gekjh gSA ge blds ekfyd gSa vkSj ;g gekjh gh jgsxhA tgk¡ rd Je dh ckr gS] ;g rks tc ls bfrgkl 'kq: gqvk rHkh ls èkwy pkVrk jgk gS] vkSj eSaus bfrgkl dks Bhd ls i<+k gSA vkSj ;g rc rd èkwy pkVrk jgsxk tc rd gekjs vkSj gekjs mÙkjkfèkdkfj;ksa ds gkFk esa lÙkk jgsxhA ¶,d 'kCn gS μ lÙkkA ;g lHkh 'kCnksa dk jktk gSA bZ'oj ugha] èku&oSHko ugha] cfYd lÙkkA viuh t+cku ij j[k yks vkSj rc rd j[ks jgks tc rd fd ;g mls >u>ukus u yxsA¸ ¶eq>s mÙkj fey x;k¸] vusZLV (ml lektoknh usrk)3 us fu£odkj Hkko ls dgkA ¶,dek=k ;gh mÙkj fn;k Hkh tk ldrk FkkA lÙkkA ge et+nwj oxZ ds yksx blh dk rks çpkj djrs gSaA ge tkurs gSa vkSj vius dVq vuqHko ls HkyhHkk¡fr tkurs gSa] fd lR; dh] U;k; dh] ekuork dh] dksbZ Hkh vihy dHkh rqEgsa Nw ugha ldrhA rqEgkjs fny Hkh rqEgkjh mu ,fM+;ksa dh rjg gh dBksj gSa ftuls rqe x+jhcksa ds psgjs dqpyrs gksA blhfy, rks geus lÙkk dk çpkj fd;k gSA ysfdu] pquko ds fnu gekjs eri=kksa dh rko+Qr rqels rqEgkjh ljdkj Nhu ys tk;sxh---A¸ ¶vxj pquko ds fnu rqEgsa cgqer] Hkkjh cgqer fey gh tk;s] rks Hkh mlls D;k i+Qo+QZ iM+us okyk gS¸] fe- foDlu rikd ls cksykA 1- 'kh\"kZd dk 'ks\"k fgLlk iQVk gqvk gS 2- Hkxr¯lg ds 'kCn 3- dks\"Bd esa Hkxr¯lg ds 'kCn 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 601

¶eku yks ;fn erisfVdkvksa esa rqEgkjh thr ds ckotwn ge rqEgsa lÙkk lkSaius ls bUdkj dj nsa rks\\¸ ¹i\"` B 5 4 ¼5 1½ ij tkjhº ¶geus ml ij Hkh lkps j[kk g¸S ] vuLZs V us tokc fn;kA ¶vkjS bldk tokc ge rqEgsa xksfy;ksa ls nsaxsA lÙkk] rqEgha us bls 'kCnksa dk jktk dgk gSA cgqr vPNk! lÙkk] ns[ksaxs blsA vkSj ftl fnu ge pquko esa fot; gkfly dj ysaxs] vkSj rqe gekjh bl laoSèkkfud vkSj 'kkfUriw.kZ <ax ls gkfly dh x;h lÙkk dks gesa lkSaius ls bUdkj dj nksxs] rks rqEgkjs bl loky ds tokc esa fd ge D;k djsaxs μ ml fnu] eSa crk nw¡] fd ge rqEgsa bldk tokc nsaxs] ge cexksyksa dh xM+xM+kgV vkSj e'khuxuksa dh rM+rM+kgV ls viuk tokc nsaxsA ¶rqe gels cp ugha ldrsA ;g lgh gS fd rqeus bfrgkl dks Bhd ls i<+k gSA ;g lgh gS fd Je bfrgkl ds vkjEHk ls gh èkwy pkVrk vk jgk gSA vkSj ;g Hkh lgh gS fd tc rd rqEgkjs vkSj rqEgkjs mÙkjkfèkdkfj;ksa ds gkFk esa lÙkk jgsxh] rc rd Je èkwy gh pkVrk jgsxkA eSa rqels lger gw¡A rqeus tks dqN dgk gS mu lkjh ckrksa ls eSa lger gw¡A lÙkk gh fu.kkZ;d gksxh] tSlkfd ges'kk gksrk vk;k g_S ;gh rks oxk±s dk l?a k\"kZ gAS tlS s rEq gkjs oxZ us ijq kus lkeUrh rU=k dks èoLr fd;k] Bhd olS s gh esjk ox]Z et+nwj ox]Z rqEgkjs oxZ dks èoLr dj MkysxkA vxj rqe vius çkf.kfoKku vkSj vius lekt foKku dks Hkh mruh gh Li\"Vrk ls i<+ks] ftruh Li\"Vrk ls req bfrgkl i<r+ s gk]s rks req n[s kkxs s fd euaS s ftl gJ dk o.kuZ fd;k gS og vifjgk;Z gSA blls dksbZ i+Qo+QZ ugha iM+rk fd blesa ,d o\"kZ yxsxk] nl o\"kZ yxsaxs ;k gt+kj o\"kZ yxsaxs μ ;g r; gS fd rqEgkjk oxZ feV~Vh esa fey tk;sxkA vkSj ;g lÙkk ds tfj;s gh gksxkA ge esgurd'k bl 'kCn dks bruk jV pqds gSa fd gekjs fnekx+ blls >u>uk jgs gSaA lÙkkA ;g ,d jktksfpr 'kCn gSA¸ μ tSd y.Mu Ñr vk;ju ghy (i`\"B 88) i`\"B 5 5 ¼5 2½ vk¡dM+s1 baXyS.M % 1922 μ csjkst+xkjksa dh la[;k ¾ 1]135]000 1926 μ ;g 1¼ ls 1½ fefy;u ds chp vFkkZr 1]250]000 ls 1]500]000 ds chp jgh gSA 1- Ïksr dk irk ugha 602 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

vaxzst+ et+nwj usrkvksa dk fo'okl?kkr 1911 ls 1913 rd ds o\"kZ vkerkjS ij [knku etn+ jw ] jys d£e;kas vkjS ifjogu et+nwjksa ds csfelky oxZ&la?k\"kks± dk le; FkkA vxLr 1911 esa] jsyos dh jk\"Vªh;] nwljs 'kCnksa esa] vke gM+rky] iQwV iM+h FkhA mu fnuksa fcVz su ds Åij ØkfUr dh ,d èkq¡èkyh Nk;k e¡Mjk jgh FkhA ysfdu usrkx.k us bl vkUnksyu dks iaxq dj Mkyus ds fy, viuh iwjh rko+Qr yxk nhA mudk bjknk ¶ns'kHkfDr¸ dk Fkk_ ;g gjdr vxkfnj dh ml ?kVuk ds le; dh tk jgh Fkh] ftlus teZuh ds lkFk ;q¼ dk [k+rjk mifLFkr dj fn;k FkkA tSlkfd vkt HkyhHkk¡fr ekywe gS] çèkkueU=kh us etn+ jw &urs kvkas dks ,d xIq r cBS d eas cyq k;k vkjS muls fir`Hkfw e dh j{kk dh vihy dhA vkSj usrkvksa us] cqtqZvk oxZ dks et+cwr djus ds fy, vius cwrsHkj lc dqN fn;k] vkSj bl çdkj lkezkT;oknh ujlagkj ds fy, jkLrk lki+Q fd;kA (i`\"B 3) g~os;j bt+ fczVsu xksbax\\ 1 =kkRLdh 2 i`\"B 5 6 ¼5 3½ fo'okl?kkr % dsoy 1920] ;kuh ^dkys 'kqØokj* ds ckn gh] vkUnksyu lhekvksa esa okil ykSVk] tc [k+kud£e;ksa] jsyd£e;ksa vkSj ifjogud£e;ksa ds f=ki{kh; laJ; ds usrkvksa us vke gM+rky ds lkFk fo'okl?kkr dj fn;kA (i`\"B 3)3 lqèkkj ds fy, ØkfUr dk [k+rjk t+:jh gS % ---fcfz V'k ctq vZq k oxZ us ;g le> fy;k Fkk fd ,ls s mik; (lèq kkj) ds tfj;s ØkfUr dks Vkyk tk ldrk gSA vr% blls fu\"d\"kZ fudyrk gS fd lqèkkjksa rd 1- =kkRLdh dh Ñfr g~os;j bt+ fczVsu xksbax\\ 2- fyvksu =kkRLdh % yso nohnksfop =kkRLdh (1879&1940) μ ysfuuokn ds ?kksj fojkès khA :lh lkekftd&tuoknh etn+ jw ikVhZ (ckYs 'kfs od) dh NBh dkxa lsz eas (1917) cksY'ksfod ikVhZ ds lnL; cu x;sA vDVwcj ØkfUr esa egÙoiw.kZ fgLlsnkjhA ØkfUr ds ckn dbZ ljdkjh inksa ij jgsA 1923 esa ikVhZ dh vke uhfr vkSj lektokn ds fuekZ.k ds ysfuu ds dk;ZØe ds f[k+yki+Q xqVckt+h Hkjk la?k\"kZ pyk;k rFkk bl ckr dk çpkj fd;k fd lksfo;r la?k esa lektokn dh fot; vlEHko gSA dE;qfuLV ikVhZ us =kkRLdhokn dks ikVhZ eas fuEu it¡w hoknh ço`fÙk ds :i eas cus dkc fd;k vkjS mls lxa Bu o fopkjèkkjk ds n`f\"Vdk.s k ls ijkftr fd;kA =kkRLdh 1927 eas ikVhZ ls fudky fn;s x;s vksj 1929 esa lksfo;r fojksèkh xfrfofèk;ksa ds dkj.k mUgsa ns'k fudkyk ns fn;k x;kA 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 603

dks Hkh ykxw djokus ds fy,] fli+QZ èkhjs&èkhjs dke djrs jgus dk fl¼kUr i;kIZ r ugha gS] vkSj fd ØkfUr dk ,d okLrfod [k+rjk t+:jh gSA (i\"` B 29)1 lkekftd ,drk % ---,slk gks ldrk gS fd ,d ckj tc ge ,d ,sls fo'ks\"kkfèkdkjçkIr oxZ ds liQk;s ds fy, mB [kM+s gksa] tks jaxeap ls gVuk u pkgrk gks] rc oxZ&la?k\"kZ dh cqfu;knh vUroZLrq] mlh esa fufgr çrhr gksA ysfdu ughaA eSdMksukYM2 lkekftd ,drk dh psruk ¶tkx`r¸ djuk pkgrs gSaA ij fdldh\\ et+nwj oxZ dh ,drk rks cqtqZvk oxZ ds fo#¼ la?k\"kZ esa mldh vkUrfjd lqlEc¼rk dh vfHkO;fDr gksrh gSA eSdMksukYM ftl lkekftd ,drk dk mins'k nsrs gSa] og 'kks\"kdksa ds lkFk 'kkfs \"krkas dh ,drk] ;k nlw js 'kCnkas e]as 'kk\"s k.k dks cuk;s j[kus ds vykok vkjS dNq ugha gSA3 ØkfUr ,d vki+Qr % ¶:l dh ØkfUr us¸ eSdMksukYM ds dFkukuqlkj] ¶gesa cM+k lcd fl[kk;kA blus fn[kk fn;k fd ØkfUr ,d cjcknh vkSj foink ds flok; vkSj dqN ugha gSA¸ ¹i\"` B 5 7 ¼5 4½ ij tkjhº ØkfUr rks foink dks gh tUe nsrh gS ysfdu fczfV'k turU=k us rks lkezkT;oknh ;q¼ dks tUe ns fn;k---ftldh cjcknh dh rqyuk ØkfUr dh foinkvksa ls rks fuf'pr rkSj ij rfud Hkh ugha dh tk ldrhA fiQj Hkh] ftl ØkfUr us t+kj'kkgh] dqyhurU=k vkSj cqtqZvk oxZ dks m[kkM+ iQsadk] ppZ dks fgyk dj j[k fn;k] 13 djksM+ yksxksa ds ,d jk\"Vª ;k jk\"Vªksa ds ,d lewps dqy esa] ,d u;s thou dk lapkj fd;k] mlds lkeus ;g ?kks\"k.kk djus ds fy, fd μ ØkfUr ,d foink ds flok; vkSj dqN ugha gS μ ,sls gh cgjs dkuksa vkSj fuyZTt psgjkas dh t+:jr gSA (i\"` B 64)4 1- ogh 2- lEHkor% tsEl jSEt+s eSDMksukYM (1866&1937)% fczfV'k yscj ikVhZ ds usrk vkSj nks ckj çèkkueU=kh 3- g~os;j bt+ fczVsu xksbax\\ 4- ogh 604 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

'kkfUriw.kZ\\ dc vkSj dgk¡ lÙkkèkkjh oxZ us 'kkfUriw.kZ ernku ds tfj;s dHkh lÙkk vkSj lEifÙk lkSaih gS μ vkSj og Hkh] [k+klrkSj ls fczfV'k cqtqZvk oxZ us] tks lfn;ksa ls nqfu;kHkj esa ywVikV djrk vk;k gS\\ (i`\"B 66)1 lektokn dk y{; % 'kkfUr ;g ,dne fu£ookn lPpkbZ gS fd lektokn dk y{;] loZçFke :i ls] rko+Qr ds lcls HkksaM+s vkSj [+kwuh :iksa dks [k+Re djuk gS] vkSj fiQj mlds ckn mlds vkSj fNis :iksa dks Hkh [k+Re djuk gSA (i`\"B 80) ¶g~os;j bt+ fczVsu xksbax\\¸] =kkRLdh fo'o ØkfUr dk y{; % 1- iw¡thokn dks m[kkM+ iQsaduk 2- ekuork dh lsok ds fy, çÑfr dk fu;U=k.k djukA cq[+kkfju us bls ,sls gh ifjHkkf\"kr fd;kA i`\"B 5 8 ¼5 5 ½ vkneh vkSj e'khujh n ;qukbVsM LVsV~l C;wjks vkWi+Q yscj dk dguk gS % μ e'khu ij dke djds ,d vkneh 1 ?k.Vk 34 feuV esa fiuksa dk 12 ikS.M dk iSdsV rS;kj dj ldrk gSA μ vxj vkneh e'khu ij ugha] cfYd fli+QZ vkSt+kjksa ls dke djs rks mrus gh dke esa 140 ?k.Vk 55 feuV dk le; yxsxkA (vuqikr μ 1-34 % 140-55 feuV) μ e'khu ij dke djds 100 tksM+s twrs cukus esa 234 ?k- 25 feuV yxrs gSaA μ gkFk ls blesa 1]831 ?k.Vs 40 feuV yxsaxsA μ e'khu ij dke djus ij Je dh ykxr $ 69-55 vkrh gSA μ gkFk ls---$ 457-79 vkrh gSA μ e'khuh Je }kjk 500 xt pkj[k+kusnkj diM+k rS;kj djus esa 73 ?k.Vs yxrs gSaA μ gkFk ds Je }kjk] blesa 5]844 ?k.Vs yxrs gSaA μ e'khuh Je }kjk 100 ikS.M flykbZ dk lwrh èkkxk 39 ?k.Vksa esa rS;kj gksrk gSA μ gkFk ls blesa 2]895 ?k.Vs yxrs gSaA 1- ogh 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 605

iqu'p% Ñf\"k % μ ,d Hkyk&paxk vkneh g¡lqvk ls ,d ,dM+ i+Qly ,d fnu (12 ?ka-) esa dkV ldrk gSA μ ,d e'khu mlh dke dks 20 feuV esa dj nsrh gSA μ N% vkneh ewly ls 60 yhVj xsgw¡ dh eaM+kbZ vkèks ?k.Vs esa dj ldrs gSaA μ ,d e'khu mrus gh le; esa 12 xquk vfèkd dke dj ldrh gSA ¶e'khujh ds bLrseky ls ekuo&Je dh çHkkodkfjrk esa gksus okyh c<+ksÙkjh---jkbZ ds ekeys esa 150 çfr'kr ls ysdj tkS ds ekeys esa 2]244 çfr'kr rd gks tkrh g-S --A¸1 i`\"B 5 9 ¼5 6½ la-jk-v- vkSj mldh vkcknh dh lEink % (1850&1912)2 çfr O;fDr dqy vkcknh 1850 esa dqy lEink Fkh $ 308 ¾ 23]191]876 $ 514 ¾ 31]443]321 $ 7]135]780]000 $ 780 ¾ 38]558]371 1860 $ 16]159]616]000 $ 870 ¾ 50]155]783 1870 $ 30]068]518]000 $ 1]036 ¾ 62]947]714 1880 $ 43]642]000]000 $ 1]165 ¾ 75]994]575 1890 $ 65]037]091]000 $ 1]318 ¾ 82]466]551 1900 $ 88]517]307]000 $ 1]965 ¾ 95]40503 1904 $ 107]104]202]000 1912 $ 187]139]071]000 e'khujh bLrseky ds dkj.kA e'khu viuh çÑfr esa lkekftd gS] tSlsfd vkSt+kj O;fDrxr FkkA3 ¶gesa [k+jkc diM+k nks] ysfdu gesa csgrj vkneh nks¸] ,elZu4 dk dguk gAS ¶lq[k.Mh jksx ls ejrs f'k'kqvksa dh çk.k&j{kk djks] fiQj mlds ckn diM+k O;kikj dks rjthg nksA¸ i`\"B 815 1- Ïksr vKkr 2- Ïksr vKkr 3- vKkr 4- jSYiQ okYMks ,elZu (1803&1882) % çfl¼ vaxzst+ dfo] fpUrd vSj fucUèkdkj 5- VkWel dkykZby (1795&1881)] ikLV ,.M izt+s.V] cqd IV 606 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

vkneh dks e'khu ij o+QqckZu ugha fd;k tk ldrkA e'khu dks fu'p; gh ekuotkfr dh lsok esa yxuk pkfg,] tcfd vHkh gh bl vkS|ksfxd O;oLFkk esa ekuotkfr ds Åij Hkkjh dgj cjik gksus dk [k+rjk e¡Mjkus yxk gSA ikWoVhZ ,.M fjpst+ (i`\"B 81)] LdkV uhv¯jx 1 i`\"B 60 ¼5 7½ vkneh vkSj e'khujh % lh- uSui+QksMZ gs.Mjlu viuh Ñfr ¶js Ms¸ esa fy[krk gS % ;g m|ksx dh laLFkk] tks lHkh laLFkkvksa esa lcls iqjkuh gS] ekuotkfr dks phtk+ as dh fujda 'q krk ls eDq r djus dh xjt ls lxa fBr vkjS fodflr gbq ]Z yfs du vc ;g Lo;a mlls cM+h fujadq'krk cu pqdh gS] tks fo'kky vkcknh dks X+kqykeksa dh n'kkvksa esa μ ,sls X+kqykeksa dh n'kkvksa esa èkdsyrh tk jgh gS tks yEcs vkSj Fkdk nsus okys ?k.Vksa rd dke djrs gq,] <sjksa pht+sa iSnk djrs jgus ds fy, vfHk'kIr gSa] tcfd os tks pht+sa iSnk djrs gSa] [+kqn mUgha ds vHkko ls =kLr jgus ds fy, foo'k gSaA ¶iko- fjpst+] (i`\"B 87)¸ vkneh e'khujh ds fy, ugha gS % vkneh us bLikr vkjS vkx ds l;a kxs ls tks pht+ inS k dh gS vkjS ftls e'khu dgk gS] mls fu'p; gh ges'kk euq\"; dk Lokeh ugha] cfYd lsod gh jguk pkfg,A u rks e'khu vkSj u gh e'khu ds ekfyd dks ekuotkfr ij 'kklu djus dk vfèkdkj gSA i`\"B 88 lkezkT;okn % lkezkT;okn fodkl ds ml pj.k dk iw¡thokn gS ftlesa bt+kjsnkfj;ksa vkSj foÙkh; iw¡th us ,d çHkqRodkjh çHkko gkfly dj fy;k gS] fu;kZr&iw¡th Hkkjh egÙo çkIr dj pqdh gS] vUrjjk\"Vªh; VªLVksa us nqfu;k dk c¡Vokjk djuk 'kq: dj fn;k gS] vkSj lcls cM+s iw¡thoknh ns'kksa us i`Foh ds lewps HkkSxksfyd {ks=kiQy dk vkil esa c¡Vokjk iwjk dj fy;k gSA¸ μ ysfuu 2 1- LdkWV uhv¯jx (1883&1983) % vesfjdh i;kZoj.koknh] ;q¼fojksèkh dk;ZdrkZ] izpkjd vkSj ys[kdA ikWoVhZ ,.M fjpst+ 1916 esa çdkf'kr gqbZ FkhA 2- oh-vkbZ- ysfuu] lkezkT;okn] iw¡thokn dh pje voLFkk 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 607

i`\"B 61 ¼5 8½ vfèkuk;dRo % vfèkuk;dRo ,d lÙkk gS tks lhèks rko+Qr ij vkèkkfjr gksrh gS] vkSj fdlh o+Qkuwu ls ugha c¡èkh gksrhA loZgkjk oxZ dk ØkfUrdkjh vfèkuk;dRo ,d ,slh lÙkk gS tks cqtqZvk oxZ ds fo#¼ vkSj mlds Åij] loZgkjk oxZ }kjk rko+Qr dh cnkSyr ykxw dh tkrh gS] vkSj tks fdlh o+Qkuwu ls ugha c¡èkh gksrhA çksfy- fjoks-1 (i`\"B 18) μ ysfuu ØkfUrdkjh vfèkuk;dRo % ØkfUr ,d dkjZokbZ gS ftlds rgr vkcknh dk ,d rcdk nwljs rcdksa ij jk;iQyksa] laxhuksa] cUnwo+Qksa vkSj ,sls gh vU; vR;Ur lÙkkoknh mik;ksa ds tfj;s] viuh bPNk vkjksfir djrk gSA vkSj tks i{k fot;h gksrk gS og viuk 'kklu vko';d :i ls] ml Hk; ds tfj;s LFkkfir djrk gS] ftls mlds gfFk;kj çfrfØ;kokfn;ksa esa mRiUu djrs gSaA ;fn isfjl ds dE;wu us cqtqZvk oxZ ds f[k+yki+Q gfFk;kjcUn turk ij Hkjkslk ugha fd;k gksrk] rks D;k og viusvki dks pkSchl ?k.Vs ls Hkh vfèkd o+Qk;e j[k ldk gksrk\\ blds foijhr] D;k gekjh ;g vkykspuk tk;t+ ugha gS fd dE;wu us bl lÙkk dk cgqr gh de bLrseky fd;k\\ μ ,iQ- ,axsYl 2 cqtqZvk turU=k % cqtqZvk turU=k] lkeUrokn dh rqyuk esa] ,d egku ,sfrgkfld çxfr gksus ds ckotwn] ,d cgqr gh lhfer] cgqr gh ik[k.Miw.kZ laLFkk] èkfudksa ds fy, ,d LoxZ vkSj 'kksf\"krksa ,oa x+jhcksa ds fy, ,d tky vkSj Nykos ds vykok u rks dqN gS] vkSj u gh gks ldrk gSA ysfuu (i`\"B 28)3 1- ysfuu] loZgkjk ØkfUr vkSj x+íkj dkmRLdh ls 2- ç+QsMfjd ,axsYl] lÙkk ds ckjs esa ls 3- ogh 608 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

i`\"B 62 ¼5 9½ Je dk 'kks\"k.k vkSj jkT; % ¶fli+QZ çkphu vkjS lkeUrh gh ugha] cfYd vkt dk çfrfufèk jkT; Hkh iw¡th }kjk mtjrh Je ds 'kks\"k.k dk ,d midj.k gh gSA¸ μ ,axsYl 1 vfèkuk;dRo % ¶pw¡fd jkT; fli+QZ ,d vLFkk;h laLFkkHkj gS ftldk mi;ksx vius 'k=kqvksa dk cyiwoZd neu djus ds fy, ØkfUr esa fd;k tkrk gS] blfy, turk ds LorU=k jkT; dh ckr djuk dksjh cdokl gS] tc rd loZgkjk oxZ dks jkT; dh vko';drk jgrh gS] rc rd bldh vko';drk LorU=krk ds fgr esa ugha] cfYd vius fojksfèk;ksa dk neu djus ds fy, iM+rh gS] vkSj tsSls gh LorU=krk dh ckr djuk lEHko gks tkrk gS] oSls gh bldk vfLrRo viusvki [k+Re gks tkrk gSA¸ cscsy dks fy[ks ,axsYl ds i=k ls] 28 ekpZ] 18752 vèkhj vkn'kZoknh % vèkhj vkn'kZoknh ds fy, μ vkSj fcuk dqN vèkhjrk ds 'kk;n gh vkneh çHkkoh fl¼ gks lds μ ;g yxHkx r; ckr gS fd nqfu;k dks [+kq'kgky cukus dh dksf'k'k esa mls vius fojksfèk;ksa dh ?k`.kk dk ik=k cuuk gksxk vkSj fujk'k Hkh gksuk iM+ ldrk gSA μ cVªsZ.M jlsy i`\"B 63 ¼60½ usrk % dkykbZ y3 fy[krk gS] ¶dksbZ Hkh le; cjckn u gqvk gksrk¸] ;fn dksbZ egku vkneh fey tkrk tks dki+Qh le>nkj vkSj usd gksrk] ftlesa bruh 1- ifjokj] futh lEifÙk vkSj jkT; dh mRifÙk ls 2- vxLr cscsy (1840&1913) μ teZu rFkk vUrjjk\"Vªh; et+nwj vkUnksyu ds ,d çfl¼ urs kA 1867 ls teuZ etn+ jw l?a kkas dh yhx ds urs k] igys b.Vju's kuy ds lnL;] 1867 ls jkb[k+LVkx (teZu laln) ds lnL;] teZu lkekftd&tuokn ds laLFkkidksa esa ls ,d] ekDlZ rFkk ,axsYl ds fe=k rFkk lg;ksxh] nwljs b.Vjus'kuy ds çeq[k usrk 3- VkWel dkykZby (1795&1881) % fczfV'k ys[kd o fucUèkdkj 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 609

le>nkjh gksrh fd og lgh&lgh tku ys fd oD+r dk ro+Qkt+k D;k gS_ ftlesa bruk ijkØe gksrk fd oD+r ds fygkt+ ls lgh jkLrs ij usr`Ro dj ldrk] rc rks budh cnkSyr dksbZ Hkh le; eqfDr dk le; gks ldrk FkkA LosPNkpkfjrk % dkmRLdh us ¶çksfyrkfj;r fMDVsVjf'ki¸ 'kh\"kZd ls ,d iqfLrdk fy[kh] ftlesa mlus cksY'ksfodksa }kjk cqtqZvk oxZ ds yksxksa dks oksV nsus ds vfèkdkj ls oafpr fd;s tkus dh fuUnk dhA bl ij ysfuu us viuh ¶çksfyrkfj;u fjoksY;w'ku¸ % (i`\"B 77) esa fy[kk % ¶LosPNkpkfjrk! t+jk lkspsa rks fd bl [ksn çdk'k esa dehusiu ds fdl fuÑ\"V Lrj ij mrjdj ctq vZq k oxZ dh pkiylw h dh x;h g]S vkjS fdruk vfèkd ew[kZrkiw.kZ ikf.MR; c?kkjk x;k gSA tcfd lfn;ksa ls] et+nwjksa dk neu djus ds fy,] xj+ hc ykxs kas ds gkFk&iko¡ ckè¡ ks j[kus ds fy,] vkjS turk ds lhèk&s lkns vkjS esgurd'k leqnk;ksa ds jkLrs esa ,d lkS ,d vM+axs vkSj vM+pusa [kM+s djrs jgus ds fy,] iwjh rjg ls cqtqZvk] vkSj mlesa Hkh iw¡thoknh ns'kksa ds çfrfØ;koknh fofèkosÙkk gh fu;e&foèkku cukrs vk;s gSa] vkSj os gh fofoèk lafgrkvksa vkSj o+Qkuwuksa ij lSdM+ksa xzUFk vkSj mudh O;k[;k,¡ fy[krs vk;s gSa μ tgk¡ bruk lc fd;k x;k gS] ogk¡ cqtqZvk mnkjifUFk;ksa vkSj Jh dkmRLdh dks dksbZ ¶LosPNkpkfjrk¸ ugha fn[kk;h nsrh! rc rks ;g lc o+Qkuwu&O;oLFkk gS! ;g lc blfy, lkspk vkSj fy[kk x;k gS fd dSls x+jhcksa dks nck;s j[kdj fupksM+rs jgk tk;sA gt+kjksa&gt+kj cqtqZvk odhy vkSj ljdkjh vgydkj o+Qkuwuksa dh ,slh O;k[;k djrs jgrs gSa fd et+nwj vkSj vkSlr fdlku mudh daVhys rkjksa dh ?ksjscUnh dks dHkh rksM+ u ldsaA cs'kd] ;g dksbZ LosPNkpkfjrk ugha gSA cs'kd] ;g mu xUns ;k equki+Qk[kksj 'kks\"kdksa dk vfèkuk;dRo ugha gS tks turk dk [+kwu ih jgs gSaA vksg] ;g ,slk dqN Hkh ugha gS! ;g rks ^'kq¼ turU=k* gS] tks fnu&çfrfnu 'kq¼rj gksrk tk jgk gSA ¹i\"` B 64 ¼61½ ij tkjhº ysfdu tc] lkezkT;oknh ;q¼ }kjk ljgn ikj ds vius Hkkb;ksa ls vyx dj fn;s x;s egs urd'k vkjS 'kkfs \"kr tulenq k;kas us bfrgkl eas igyh ckj viuh lkfs o;ras xfBr dj yh gSa] tc mUgksaus jktuhfrd fuekZ.k ds fy, et+nwjksa dk vkSj mu oxks± dk vkàku fd;k gS ftUgsa cqtqZvk oxZ mRihfM+r vkSj tM+ cuk;s j[krk Fkk] vkSj tc ls os ,d u;k loZgkjk jkT; fu£er djus ds dke esa yx x;s gSa] rFkk fodV :i ls tkjh ;q¼ ds nkSjku] x`g;q¼ dh Tokyk esa] tc os ^'kks\"kdksa ls jfgr jkT;* ds cfq u;knh fl¼kUr fu:fir djus yx]s rc ctq vZq k oxZ ds lHkh ikth rÙo] vkjS 610 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

[+kwu pwlus okyksa ds lHkh fxjksg dkmRLdh ds lqj esa lqj feykdj] LosPNkpkfjrk dh ph[k+&iqdkj epkus yxs gSa! (ysfuu) i`\"B 77&781 ikVhZ % ysfdu ;g Li\"V gks pqdk gS fd tc rd ØkfUr dk usr`Ro djus ds fy, ,d l{ke ikVhZ u gks] rc rd dksbZ ØkfUr lEHko ugha gks ldrhA (i`\"B 15] yslal vkWi+Q vDVwcj] 1917)2 loZgkjk ØkfUr ds fy, ikVhZ ,d vifjgk;Z midj.k gSA (i`\"B 17] ogh] =kkRLdh Ñr) i`\"B 65 ¼62½ mlds (esgurd'k] vkneh ds) fy, o+Qkuwu] uSsfrdrk] èkeZ ;s lc mlds (loZgkjk ds) fy, ukuk cqtqZvk iwokZxzg ek=k gSa] ftudh vkM+ esa brus gh cqtqZvk LokFkZ ?kkr yxk;s jgrs gSaA dkyZ ekDlZ μ ?kks\"k.kki=k 4 1- ysfuu] loZgkjk ØkfUr vkSj x+íkj dkmRLdh 2- fyvksu =kkRLdh dh fdrkc] yslal vkWi+Q vDVwcj 1917 ls 3- i`\"B dk Åijh yxHkx nks&frgkbZ Hkkx [k+kyh gSA blesa fli+QZ ch-ds- nÙk (cVqds'oj nÙk) dk frjNk gLrk{kj gSA vkSj fnukad 12-7-30 nks ckj vafdr gSA 4- ekDlZ&,axsYl] dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dk ?kks\"k.kki=k 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 611

i`\"B 67 ¼64½ uksVcqd esa i`\"B 66 ¼63½ ugha gSA bl i`\"B] ;kuh uksVcqd i`\"B 67 ¼64½ ij] eè; esa] ch-ds- nÙk dk rkjh[k+ (12-7-1930) lfgr gLrk{kj gSA blds uhps Hkxr¯lg dh fy[kkoV esa i`\"B ij uhps] nk;ha rji+Q ;g fVIi.kh vafdr gS % Jh ch-ds- nÙk dk bl tsy ls i+Qkbuy fMikpZj ls pkj fnu igys dksBjh u- 137] ls.Vªy tsy ykgkSj] esa 12oha tqykbZ *30 dks fy;k x;k vkVksxzki+Q] blds uhps Hkxr¯lg ds gLrk{kj gSaA bu çfof\"V;ksa ds vykok uksVcqd esa vkSj fdlh çfof\"V esa rkjh[k+ ugha gSA uksVcqd esa i`\"B 68 ¼65 ½ ugha gSA 612 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

i`\"B 69 ¼66½ dE;qfuLVksa dk y{; ¶dE;qfuLV vius n`f\"Vdks.k vkSj y{; fNikus ls ?k`.kk djrs gSaA os [kqys rkSj ij ,yku djrs gSa fd mudk y{; fli+QZ leLr ekStwnk lkekftd n'kkvksa dks cyiwoZd m[kkM+ iQasdus ds }kjk gh gkfly gks ldrk gSA 'kkld oxks± dks dE;qfuLV ØkfUr ds Hk; ls dkaius nksA loZgkjkvksa ds ikl viuh csfM+;ksa ds flok; [kksus ds fy, dqN ugha gSA thrus ds fy, muds lkeus lkjh nqfu;k gSA nqfu;k ds et+nwjks] ,d gks!1 dE;qfuLV ØkfUr dk y{; ¶ge Åij ns[k pqds gSa] fd et+nwj oxZ dh ØkfUr esa igyk o+Qne] loZgkjk oxZ dks mBkdj 'kkld oxZ dh fLFkfr esa ykuk gS] tuokn dh yM+kbZ dks thruk gAS logZ kjk vius jktuhfrd çHkRq o dk ç;kxs ctq vZq k oxZ ls èkhj&s èkhjs djds lkjh iw¡th Nhuus] mRiknu ds lHkh midj.kksa dks jkT; ds] vFkkZr 'kkld oxZ ds :i esa laxfBr loZgkjk oxZ ds gkFkksa esa dsUæhÑr djus rFkk mRiknd 'kfDr;ksa dh lexzrk esa ;Fkk'kh?kz o`f¼ djus ds fy, djsxkA¸ ¶dE;fq uLV efS uiQLs Vk¸s 2 i`\"B 70 ¼67½ dkyZ ekDlZ dh x+yfr;k¡ fudkyuk % ---vkSj ;g fuf'pr ekywe iM+rk gS fd =kkRLdh ekuks mlls lEcfUèkr Fks ftls teZu ¶vlyh jktuhfr¸ dk Ldwy dgk djrs Fks] vkSj fdlh Hkh fopkjèkkjk ds çfr ,dne mruk gh eklwe Fks ftruk fd fcLekdZA vkSj] blhfy,] ;g ns[kdj dqrwgy gksrk gS fd =kkRLdh Hkh brus ØkfUrdkjh ugha gSa fd dg ldas fd ekDlZ us ,d x+yrh dh Fkh_ cfYd og ,d ;k vfèkd i`\"B vFkZfu:i.k ds dke esa μ vFkkZr ;g fl¼ djus esa yxkuk t+:jh le>rs gSa fd ifo=k iqLrdksa esa tks dqN dgk x;k gS] mldk vFkZ mlls ,dne fHkUu gSA =kkRLdh Ñr ^yslal vkWi+Q vDVwcj 1917* dh Hkwfedk Hkwfedk ,- lwlu ykWjsal }kjk fyf[kr 1- dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dk ?kks\"k.kki=k dk vkf[k+jh iSjk 2- dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dk ?kks\"k.kki=k 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 613

turk dh vkokt+ % gesa ftruh ljdkjksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh gS] os lcds lc eq[; :i ls] turk ds çfr mnklhu jgdj gh 'kklu djrh jgh gSa] os ges'kk gh ns'k ds jktuhfrd :i ls lpsr bl ;k ml rcds dh] vYila[;d ljdkjsa gh jgh gSaA ysfdu tc ;g nSR; (;kuh turk μ l-) tkx tk;sxk] rks mlh dh et+hZ ykxw gksxh] ysfdu lcls cM+h ckr gS fd ;g le; ls tkxsxk ;k ughaA Hkwfedk 1 i`\"B 71 ¼68½ ysfuu us tqykbZ] 1917 esa fy[kk] ¶;g vDlj gksrk gS fd tc ?kVuk,¡ vpkud eksM+ ys ysrh gSa] rks ,d vxz.kh ikVhZ Hkh dqN le; rd ds fy, bl u;h ifjfLFkfr ds lkFk viuh lqlaxfr ugha cuk ikrhA og os gh iqjkus tqeys nqgjkrh jgrh gS] tks bl u;h ifjfLFkfr esa vFkZghu gks pqds gksrs gSa] rFkk ftl vuqikr esa ?kVukvksa esa ^vçR;kf'kr* ifjorZu gks pqdk gksrk gS] mlh vuqikr esa mudh vFkZoÙkk Hkh ^vçR;kf'kr :i ls* [k+Re gks pqdh gksrh gSA yslal vkWi+Q vDVwcj (i`\"B 17)2 j.kdkS'ky vkSj j.kuhfr % tSls ;q¼ esa] oSls gh jktuhfr esa Hkh] j.kdkS'ky dk vFkZ gS vyx&vyx dkjZokbZ dk lapkyu djus dh dyk_ j.kuhfr dk vFkZ gS fot; ikus dh] vFkkZr lÙkk ij okLrfod o+QCt+k djus dh dykA (i\"` B 18)3 çpkj vkSj dkjZokbZ % vkSj tc loZgkjk oxZ dh ikVhZ rS;kjh ls] ;kuh çpkj vkSj laxBu ,oa vkUnksyu ls] vkxs c<d+ j lÙkk ds fy, okLrfod l?a k\"kZ esa mrjrh gS vkjS cqtvqZ k oxZ ds fo#¼ ,d okLrfod tu&foæksg dks vatke nsus yxrh gS] rc ,d vR;Ur vpkud cnyko ?kfVr gksrk gSA ,sls esa ikVhZ ds Hkhrj ,sls rÙo tks n`<+ladYi ugha j[krs] ;k lansg'khy] ;k le>kSrkoknh] ;k dk;j gksrs gSa μ os 1- ogh 2- vkSj 3- 1926 esa çdkf'kr =kkRLdh dh iqLrd yslal vkWi+Q vDVwcj 1917 ls 614 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

tu&foæksg dk fojksèk djus yxrs gSa] vius fojksèk dks mfpr Bgjkus ds fy, lS¼kfUrd nyhysa [kkstus yxrs gSa] vkSj mUgsa ;s nyhysa] vius dy ds fojksfèk;ksa ds chp] ,dne ids&idk;s rkSj ij] fey Hkh tkrh gSaA =kkRLdh 191 i`\"B 72 ¼69½ ¶vc t+:jr bl ckr fd gS fd ge viusvki dks iqjkus i+QkewZyksa ls ugha] cfYd u;h okLrfodrkvksa ls funsZf'kr djsaA¸ ysfuu (i`\"B25)2 og ges'kk gh Hkfo\"; ds fy, vrhr ls yM+rs jgsA i`\"B 413 ---ysfdu ,d {k.k ,slk vkrk gS tc lkspus dh ;g vknr] fd nq'eu vfèkd cyoku gS] fot; ds fy, eq[; ckèkk cu tkrh gSA =kkRLdh i`\"B 484 ---ysfdu ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gjsd ikVhZ ds ikl viuk ysfuu rks gksxk ughaA ---egÙoiw.kZ {k.k dks x¡ok nsus dk D;k eryc gksrk gS\\--- j.kdkS'kyksa dh lkjh dyk blh esa gS] fd tc ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk la;ksx lokZfèkd vuqdwy gks rks ml {k.k ds vuq:i dkjZokbZ dh tk;s---A ifjfLFkfr;ksa us ,slk gh la;ksx mifLFkr fd;k Fkk vkSj ysfuu us dgk Fkk fd ladV dks fdlh u fdlh i{k esa gy djuk t+:jh gSA ysfuu us ckj&ckj dgk] ^vHkh ;k dHkh ugha*A i`\"B 52 5 i`\"B 73 ¼70½ ,d ØkfUrdkjh ikVhZ dh rko+Qr ,d fuf'pr lhek rd c<+rh gS] ysfdu mlds ckn bldk mYVk Hkh gks ldrk gS---A6 ¶fgpfdpkuk vijkèk gS¸---vDVwcj dh 'kq#vkr esa---(ysfuu us)---fy[kk] 1-] 2-] 3-] 4- vkSj 5- =kkRLdh dh fdrkc yslal vkWi+Q vDVwcj 1917 ls 6- vkf[k+jh 'kCn ewy esa vLi\"V_ yslal vkWi+Q vDVwcj 1917 ls 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 615

¶lksfo;rksa dh dkaxzsl dk bUrt+kj djuk vkSipkfjdrkvksa dk ,d cpdkuk [ksy [kys uk g]S vkiS pkfjdrkvkas ds lkFk ,d viekutud [kys [kys uk g]S ;g ØkfUr ds lkFk fo'okl?kkr djuk gSA¸ mi;qDr {k.k % jktuhfr esa le; ,d egÙoiw.kZ dkjd gS] vkSj ;q¼ ,oa ØkfUr esa rks ;g gt+kjksa xquk vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ gSA pht+sa tks vkt dh tk ldrh gSa] dy ugha dh tk ldrhaA gfFk;kj ysdj mB [kM+s gksuk] nq'eu dks ijkftr djuk] lÙkk ij o+QCt+k djuk] vkt lEHko gks ldrk g]S vkjS dy vlEHko gks ldrk gAS ysfdu vki dg ldrs gSa fd lÙkk ij o+QCt+k djus dk eryc rks bfrgkl dh èkkjk dks cny Mkyuk gksrk gS] vkSj D;k ;g lEHko gS fd ,d ,slh pht+ egt 24 ?k.Vs dh nsjh ij fuHkZj gks\\ gk¡] tc l'kL=k tu&foæksg dh ?kM+h vk tkrh gS] rc ?kVuk,¡ jktuhfr ds yEcs iSekuksa ls ugha] cfYd ;q¼ ds NksVs iSekuksa ls ukih tkrh gSaA blesa dqNsd gÝ+rs] dqNsd fnu] ;k ;gk¡ rd fd dHkh&dHkh ,d fnu dh nsjh dk eryc ØkfUr dk ifjR;kx gks ldrh gS] ?kqVus Vsd nsuk gks ldrk gAS jktuhfrd pkyckt+h] [k+klrkSj ls ØkfUr esa] ges'kk [k+rjukd gksrh gSA vki nq'eu dks èkks[kk ns ldrs gSa] ysfdu blls vkids ihNs pyus okys tuleqnk; fnXHkzfer gks ldrs gSaA i`\"B 74 ¼71½ fgpfdpkgV % usrkvksa dh vksj ls fn[kk;h tkus okyh] vkSj muds vuq;kf;;ksa }kjk eglwl dh tkus okyh fgpfdpkgV jktuhfr esa vkerkSj ij uqo+Qlkunsg lkfcr gksrh gS] vkSj l'kL=k tu&foæksg dh fLFkfr esa rks ;g ,d ?kkrd [k+rjk gSA ;q¼ ---¶;q¼ ;q¼ gS¸] pkgs tks Hkh gks] blesa dksbZ fgpfdpkgV ;k oD+r dh cjcknh ugha gksuh pkfg,A1 1- mijksDr lHkh m¼j.k lEHkor% =kkRLdh dh fdrkc yslal vkWi+Q vDVwcj 1917 ls gSaA 616 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

v{ke usrk % ---,sls usrkvksa dh nks fo+QLesa gSa tks ikVhZ dks ,sls oD+r ihNs [khapus dh #>ku j[krs gSa] tc mls lcls rst+ xfr ls vkxs c<+us dh t+:jr gksrh gSA ,d fo+QLe ,sls usrkvksa dh gS ftudh ço`fÙk ØkfUr ds jkLrs esa ges'kk gh csiukg dfBukb;k¡ vkSj ckèkk,¡ ns[kus dh gksrhs gS] vkSj tks mUgsa ns[kdj μ lpsr ;k vpsru rkSj ij μ muls cpus dh bPNk j[krs gSaA ;s ekDlZokn dks rksM+&ejksM+dj bl :i esa O;k[;kf;r djus yxrs gSa fd ØkfUrdkjh dkjZokbZ D;ksa vlEHko gSA nwljs fo+QLe ds usrk egt lrgh vkUnksyudrkZHkj gksrs gSaA os tc rd ckèkkvksa ls Vdjkdj viuk flj ugha iQksM+ ysrs] rc rd mUgsa dHkh ckèkk,¡ ut+j gh ugha vkrhaA os le>rs gSa fd cl Hkk\"k.k >kM+ dj gh okLrfod dfBukb;ksa ls futkr ik ysaxsA os çR;sd pht+ dks vfr vk'kkokn ds lkFk ns[krs gSa] vkSj tc lpeqp dqN djus dks gksrk gS] rc Bhd mlh oD+r ikyk cny ysrs gSaA i`\"B 801 i`\"B la- 75 ls 100 uksVcqd dh gesa miyCèk gqbZ çfr esa ugha FksA vxyh i\"` B l-a 101 ¼74½ gSA μ lEiknd i`\"B 101 ¼74½ lekt'kkL=k2 ewY; % ¶1 iko eDdk ¾ d@ yksgs dh o+QherA ;g lehdj.k gesa D;k crkrk gS\\ ;g gesa crkrk gS fd nks fHkUu&fHkUu pht+ksa esa μ eDdk ikoHkj esa vkSj yksgs dh d o+Qher esa μ leku xq.kksa okyh dksbZ pht+ nksuksa esa mHk;fu\"B :i ls ekStwn gSA vr% bu nks pht+ksa dks vo'; gh fdlh ,slh rhljh pht+ ds cjkcj gksuk pkfg,] tks Lo;a u rks igyh pht+ gks] vkSj u gh nwljh pht+---A vc vkb;s ge bu nkus kas mRiknkas eas ls çR;ds ds Hkhrj fufgr bl rhljh vof'k\"V pht+ ij fopkj djsa] ;g çR;sd mRikn esa] ,d gh vHkkSfrd ;FkkFkZ ds :i esa] ,dlkj ekuoh; Je] ;kuh ml Je 'kfDr ds egt ,d teko ds :i esa fufgr gS] ftlesa blls 1- lEHkor% yslal vkWi+Q vDVwcj 1917 ls gh 2- gkf'k;s ij uksV fd;k gqvk 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 617

dksbZ i+Qo+QZ ugha iM+rk fd ml Je'kfDr ds [k+pZ fd;s tkus dh foèkk D;k jgh gAS vc ;s lkjh pht+sa gesa crkrh gaS fd mi;qDZ r mRiknksa ds mRiknu esa ekuo&Je [kp+ Z fd;k x;k g]S ;kuh fd mueas Je gh erw eZ ku gvq k gAS tc ge bl lkekftd inkFkZ ;kuh Je dks mlds vyx&vyx Li\"V ewrZeku :iksa esa ns[krs gSa] rks loZlkèkkj.k ds fy,] os gh ^ewY;* dgykrs gSaA ekDlZ μ ¶iw¡th¸] vaxzst+h vuqokn (i`\"B 3]4]5)  o+Qkuwu1 % ¶cgjgky] lekt o+Qkuwu ij ugha vkèkkfjr gksrk gSA ;g rks ,d o+Qkuwuh xYi gSA blds foijhr] o+Qkuwu dks vo'; gh lekt ij vkèkkfjr gksuk pkfg,A bls fu'p; gh lekt ds fgr vkSj vko';drkvksa dh vfHkO;fDr gksuk pkfg,] vkSj bls vkS|ksfxd mRiknu dh LosPNkpkfjrk ds ctk;] mRiknu dh lkekftd vkSj fujiokn :i ls HkkfS rd mRiknu&ç.kkyh ls fu%l`r gkus k pkfg,A bl le; ejs s gkFk esa usiksfy;u lafgrk gS] ysfdu blus vkèkqfud ukxfjd lekt dks ugha iSnk fd;k gAS 18oha lnh eas tUek vkjS 19oha lnh eas fodflr gvq k lekt bl lfa grk eas fliQ+ Z ,d oQ+ kuuw h vfHkO;fDr ds :i eas fufgr gAS tc ;g lkekftd n'kkvkas ds vu:q i ugha jg tk;sxk] rc ;g egt jíh dkx+t+ dk iqfyUnk gh fl¼ gksxk---A thou dh cnyrh n'kkvksa ds lkFk&lkFk o+Qkuwu Hkh fuf'pr rkSj ij cnyrs jgs gSaA ijUrq lkekftd fodkl dh u;h vko';drkvksa vkSj vis{kkvksa dks njfdukj dj (;qx dh iqdkj ds fygkt+ ls) iqjkus o+Qkuwu dks cuk;s j[kuk] njvly] loZlkèkkj.k ds fgr ds foijhr fdUgha [k+kl fgrksa dh ik[k.Miw.kZ fgek;r ds vykok vkSj dqN ugha gSA¸ ekDlZ (dksyksu dh twjh vnkyr esa)2 1- ewy esa 'kh\"kZd dh ck;ha rji+Q ^lgh*() dk fu'kku 2- 1848 esa] ekDlZ ds Åij muds v[k+ckj dks ysdj dksyksu (teZuh) esa ,d çfl¼ eqo+Qnek pykA ebZ 1848 esa dkyZ ekDlZ vkSj ç+QsMfjd ,axsYl us dqN lkfFk;ksa dh enn ls U;w jkbfu'k tk+ bVxaq (Neue Rheinische Zeitung) uked ,d jktuhfrd nfS ud v[kc+ kj dh LFkkiuk dhA ekDlZ blds lEiknd FksA ;g ;wjksi esa ØkfUrdkjh mFky&iqFky dk nkSj FkkA uoEcj 1848 esa tc ç'kk ds jktk us us'kuy vlsEcyh dks Hkax dj fn;k rks ekDlZ vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa us turk ls dj u pqdkus dk vkàku fd;k vkSj gfFk;kjcUn fojksèk dh odkyr dhA dksyksu dh ?ksjscUnh dj yh x;h vkSj mudk v[k+ckj cUn dj fn;k x;kA eqo+Qnes ds nkSjku ekDlZ us vius rdks± ls twjh dks gh nks\"kh o+Qjkj fn;kA mUgsa cjh dj fn;k x;k ysfdu ç'kk ls fuokZflr dj fn;k x;kA 618 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

 tuleqnk; % ¶turk ,d ,sls Hkkjh&Hkjde vkSj iapesy tkuoj dh Hkk¡fr gksrh gS] tks viuh gh rko+Qr ls vufHkK jgrk gS vkSj blhfy, cks> <ksrs gq, dksM+s&M.Ms [kkrk jgrk gSA ;g ml fiQrus cPps }kjk Hkh gk¡d fy;k tkrk gS] ftls og tc pkgs èkDds ekjdj iQdas ldrk gAS yfs du ;g ml cPps ls Mjrk gS vkjS blhfy, ;g mldh lkjh ludksa vkSj eucgfd;ksa dks >syrk jgrk gS] vkSj dHkh eglwl ugha djrk fd og cPpk [k+ nq mlls fdruk Mjrk g-S --A vnH~ krq g!S ykxs [k+ nq vius gh gkFkksa ls viusvki dks iQk¡lh ns nsrs gSa vkSj [+kqn gh tsy pys tkrs gSa rFkk [+kqn gh vius Åij ;q¼ vkSj ekSr dk dgj cjik dj ysrs gSaA fdlfy,\\ cl ,d neM+h ds fy,] tks mUgha reke nefM+;ksa esa ls ,d gksrh gS ftUgsa os [+kqn gh jktk dks ns pqds gksrs gSaA tcfd èkjrh vkSj vkdk'k ds chp tks dqN gS lc rks mudk gh g]S yfs du os bls ugha tkurs vkjS vxj mUgas dkbs Z ;g crk ns rks os ml vkneh dks fxjkdj ekj MkysaxsA Vkseklks dSEikusyk 1 i`\"B 102 ¼75 ½ ¶ekDlZokn cuke lektokn¸ (1908&12) ys[kd Oykfnehj th- fl[kksfop ih,p-Mh-] dkys fEc;k fo'ofo|ky; og ,d&,d djds ekDlZ ds lkjs fl¼kUrksa dh vkykspuk djrs gSa vkSj bu lHkh dks [k+kfjt djrs gSa % 1- ewY; dk fl¼kUr 2- bfrgkl dh vk£Fkd O;k[;k 3- lEink dk FkksM+s ls gkFkksa] vFkkZr iw¡thifr;ksa ds gkFkksa esa ladsUæ.k] eè;e oxZ dk iwjh rjg [k+kRek vkSj loZgkjk oxZ dh ck<+ 4- c<+rh x+jhch dk fl¼kUr] ftldh ifj.kfr ds rkSj ij 5- vkèkqfud jkT; vkSj lkekftd O;oLFkk dk vifjgk;Z ladVA og fu\"d\"kZ fudkyrs gSa fd ekDlZokn fli+QZ bUgha ewyHkwr fl¼kUrksa ij vkèkkfjr g]S vkjS mUgas ,d&,d djds [kk+ fjt djrs g,q ] fu\"d\"kZ ds rkjS ij dgrs gSa fd ØkfUr ds tYnh iQwV iM+us dh lkjh èkq¡èkyh vk'kadk,¡ vHkh rd fuewZy gh lkfcr gqbZ gSaA eè;e oxZ ?kV ugha] cfYd c<+ jgk gSA èkuh oxZ la[;k esa c<+ 1- rksekLlks dSEikusyk (1568&1639) % brkyoh dfo vkSj nk'kZfud 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 619

jgk gS] rFkk mRiknu vkSj miHkksx dh ç.kkyh Hkh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj cny jgh gS] vr% et+nwjksa dh n'kk esa lqèkkj djds fdlh Hkh çdkj ds la?k\"kZ dks Vkyk tk ldrk gSA lkekftd v'kkfUr dk dkj.k c<+rh x+jhch ugha] cfYd vkS|ksfxd dsUæksa ij x+jhc oxks± dk ladsUæ.k gS] ftlds ukrs oxZ&psruk iSnk gks jgh gSA blhfy, ;g lc fpYy&iksa gSA1 i`\"B 103 ¼76½ ysl fet+jscYl dh Hkwfedk tc rd oQ+ kuuw vkjS ijEijk dh cnkyS r ,d ,ls h lkekftd vèkkxs fr ektS nw jgsxh ftlesa lH;rk ds Hkhrj udZ fu£er gksrs jgsaxs vkSj nSoh; fu;fr ds lkFk ekuoh; fu;fr dk my>ko gksrk jgsxk] tc rd bl ;qx dh rhu leL;k,¡ xj+ hch ds dkj.k eu\"q ; dh nxq fZ r] Hk[w k ds dkj.k ukjh dh vèkkxs fr] vkjS vKkurk ds dkj.k cPpksa dh v'kDrrk μ gy ugha gkrs h]a tc rd dNq {k=s kkas eas lkekftd ?kqVu ekStwn jgsxh μ nwljs 'kCnksa esa] rFkk ,d vkSj Hkh O;kid n`f\"Vdks.k ls μ tc rd bl èkjrh ij vKkurk vkSj cngkyh cjo+Qjkj jgsxh] rc rd ,slh fdrkcsa O;FkZ ugha fl¼ gksaxhA ¶foDVj áwxks¸ 2 ¶U;k;kèkh'k (vius i+QSlys ls) tks d\"V igq¡pkrk gS] ;fn U;k;kèkh'k og Lo;a mlds çfr fu\"Bqj gks] rks og U;k; djus dk dh ifjHkk\"kk % vfèkdkj [kks cSBrk gSA¸ ¶johUæukFk Bkdqj¸ 3 ¶ysfdu vçfrjksèkh 'kgknr tks dj ikus esa vliQy jg tkrh gS] mls U;k;fç; vkSj çfrjksèkh 'kfDr dj Mkyrh gS] rFkk vR;kpkjh dks vkSj vfèkd gkfu igq¡pkus esa ukdke dj nsrh gSA¸4 1- Hkxr¯lg }kjk iqLrd ij ntZ fVIi.kh 2- foDVj áwxks (1802&1885) % ç+Qkalhlh dfo] ukVddkj] miU;kldkj vkjS jksekalokn ds ,d çorZd_ ysl fetjscYl mudk 1862 esa fy[kk ,d Dykfldh; miU;kl gSA 3- ek¡ dh çkFkZuk uked dfork dh iafDr;k¡ 4- vKkr 620 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

¶èkekUZ rfjr gkus s ds ctk; ekj Mkys tkvk¸s ml le; fgUnvq kas ds chp ;gh iqdkj çpfyr FkhA ysfdu jkenkl1 mB [kM+s gq, vkSj dgk] ¶ugha! ,sls ugha! èkekZUrfjr gksus ls csgrj gS ekj Mkys tkuk μ ;g dguk dki+Qh vPNk gS] ysfdu blls Hkh csgrj gS ;g dksf'k'k djuk fd u rks ekjs tkvks vkSj u gh èkekZUrfjr gksvks] cfYd [+kqn ¯glk dh 'kfDr;ksa dks ekj MkyksA blesa vxj ejuk gh gks rks ekj fn;s tkvks] ysfdu fot; dh [k+kfrj ekjrs gq, ejks μ U;k; dh thr ds fy, ejksA¸ fgUnw in ikn'kkgh i`\"B 181&82 i`\"B 104 ¼77½ lHkh fof/&fuekZrk vijkfèk;ksa ds :i esa ifjHkkf\"kr % vkfndky ls ysdj ykbdjxl2] lksyksu3] eksgEen4] usiksfy;u5] vkfn rd euq\";ksa ds fy, ftrus Hkh fofèk&fuekZrk vkSj 'kkld gq, gSa os lc ds lc vijkèkh jgs gSa] D;ksafd u;s o+Qkuwuksa dk foèkku djds] LokHkkfod rkSj ij] mUgksaus mu iqjkus o+Qkuwuksa dks Hkax fd;k] ftUgsa lekt J¼kiwoZd ekurk vk jgk Fkk vkSj tks iwoZtksa ls fojklr esa feys gq, FksA (i`\"B 205) vijkèk vkSj n.M μ nksLrksOLdh 6 cd7Z dk dguk g]S ¶,d lPpk jktuhfrK] ges'kk bl ckr ij lksprk jgrk gS fd dSls og vius ns'k esa ekStwn lalkèkuksa ls T+;knk ls T+;knk v£tr djsA¸ 1- çfl¼ ejkBk lUr vkSj f'kokth ds çsj.kk&xq# 2- ykbdjxl % çkphu LikVkZ (;wuku) dk lafoèkku fuekZrkA mlds thouhdkj IyqVkdZ ds vulq kj og ¶fofèk fuekrZ k¸ Fkk] vkjS gjs kns krs l ds vulq kj] mlus ¶lkjh ijEijk,¸¡ cny MkyhAa 3- lksyksu (639 bZ-iw-&559 bZ-iw-)% çkphu ,Fksal (;wuku) dk jktuf;d] ftlus lhfer turU=k nsus ds fy, ,Fksal ds lafoèkku dk la'kksèku fd;k] vkSj Hkwfe&lqèkkj ykxw fd;kA 4- gt+jr eksgEen (570&632 bZ-) dk mYys[k vjc ns'kksa esa çpfyr iqjkus o+Qkuwuksa vkSj çFkkvksa ds LFkku ij bLykeh o+Qkuwuksa ds laLFkkid ds :i esa fd;k x;k gSA 5- usiksfy;u cksukikVZ (1769&1821) us usiksfy;u lafgrk rS;kj dh ftls ;wjksi esa ykxw fd;k x;kA 6- çfl¼ :lh miU;kldkj Ý;ksnksj fe[kkbyksfop nksLrks;sOLdh (1821&1881) dk çfl¼re miU;kl vijkèk vkSj n.M tks 1866 esa çdkf'kr gqvkA 7- ,Me.M cdZ (1729&1797) % fczfV'k jktuhfrK vkSj ys[kd 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 621

i`\"B 105 ¼78½ fofèk'kkL=k1 % o+Qkuwu % { {1- o+Qkuwu dk çkfoèkku ftl :i esa og ekStwn gSA 2- o+Qkuwu dk bfrgkl ftl :i esa mldk fodkl gqvkA 3- o+Qkuwu&foèkku dk foKku tSlk mls gksuk pkfg,A { {1- lS¼kfUrd (i) n'kZu fof/ ds foKku ds fy, vkèkkj çnku djukA 2- lkekU; fofèk'kkL=k {1- fo'y\"s k.kkRed 2- ,sfrgkfld fofèk'kkL=k 3- uhfr'kkL=kh; 1- fo'ys\"k.kkRed fofèk'kkL=k o+Qkuwu ds çFke fl¼kUr dh O;k[;k djrk gSA bldh fo\"k;&oLrq gS % (v) ukxfjd o+Qkuwu dh voèkkj.kk (c) ukxfjd vkSj vU; o+Qkuwuksa ds chp lEcUèk (l) fofoèk la?kVd fopkj tks o+Qkuwu dh èkkj.kk] tSls jkT;] lEçHkqrk vkSj U;k;&ç'kklu dk la?kVu djrs gSaA (n) o+Qkuwu ds o+Qkuwuh Ïksr vkSj fofèk fuekZ.k dk fl¼kUr vkfnA (;) o+Qkuwu ds oSKkfud oxhZdj.kA (j) o+Qkuwuh vfèkdkj (y) o+Qkuwuh (ukxfjd vkSj i+QkStnkjh) nkf;Ro dk fl¼kUr (o) vU; o+Qkuwuh voèkkj.kk,¡A i`\"B 106 ¼79½ 2- ,sfrgkfld fofèk'kkL=k o+Qkuwu] o+Qkuwuh voèkkj.kkvksa dh mRifÙk vkSj fodkl dks fuèkkZfjr djus okys lkekU; fl¼kUrksa dk vè;;u djrk gSA ;g bfrgkl gSA 1- ,slk çrhr gksrk gS fd Hkxr¯lg us fofèk'kkL=k lEcUèkh O;kid vè;;u dh :ijs[kk cuk;h Fkh] tks uksVcqd ds vxys dbZ i`\"Bksa rd tkjh gSA 622 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

3- uhfr'kkL=kh; fofèk'kkL=k % ;g o+Qkuwu ds lEcUèk esa U;k; ds fl¼kUr ls lEcfUèkr gSA o+Qkuwu vkSj U;k; % o+Qkuwu ds uhfr'kkL=kh; fufgrkFkks± dh iw.kZ vogsyuk fo'ys\"k.kkRed fofèk'kkL=k dks ,d cstku ç.kkyh esa rCnhy dj ldrh gSA baXyS.M esa % nks fHkUu&fHkUu 'kCn ¶o+Qkuwu¸ vkSj ¶U;k;¸ yxkrkj bl ckr dks ;kn fnykrs jgrs gSa fd ;s nksuksa ,d gh pht+ ugha cfYd nks fHkUu pht+sa gSaA ysfdu buds bLrseky esa bu nksuksa ds chp ekStwn okLrfod vkSj ?kfu\"B lEcUèk vDlj vk¡[k&vks>y gks tk;k djrk gSA vkSj egk}hi esa % ¹jspsV % jkbV (vfèkdkj) ¾ MªkWbV % ykW (o+Qkuwu)º egk}hih; Hkk\"kk&'kSyh ¶o+Qkuwu¸ vkSj ¶vfèkdkj¸ ds chp ds i+Qo+QZ dks fNikrh gS] tcfd vaxzst+h Hkk\"kk&'kSyh muds chp ds lEcUèk dks fNikrh gSA i`\"B 107 ¼80½ o+Qkuwu % ¶ge ml fdlh Hkh fo+QLe ds fu;e ;k fl¼kUr dks o+Qkuwu uke ns nsrs gSa] ftlds }kjk dkjZokb;k¡ fuèkkZfjr dh tkrh gSaA¸ (gdw j)1 ¶o+Qkuwu vius lokZfèkd lkekU; vFkZ esa dkjZokbZ lEcUèkh fu;e dks fof'k\"VhÑr djrk g]S vkjS ;g lHkh çdkj dh dkjoZ kbZ ij fcuk Hkns Hkko d]s ykxw gksrk gS] pkgs os rdZijd gksa ;k rdZghu] thoèkkjh ls lEcfUèkr gksa] ;k futhZo lsA blhfy, ge xfr ds] xq#Rokd\"k.Z k ds] çdk'k ds] HkkfS rdh ds] çÑfr ds vkjS jk\"Vªksa ds fu;eksa dh ckr djrs gSa¸A (CydS LVkus )2 1- lEHkor% vaxzst+ èkeZ'kkL=kh; fjpMZ gwdj (1554&1600) ftlus n ykW vkWi+Q ,Dysfl,fLVdy ikWfylh esa ,aXyhdfuT+e ds fl¼kUrksa dks lafgrkc¼ fd;kA 2- lEHkor% lj fofy;e CydS LVksu (1723&1780)% vaxszt+ fofèkosÙkk] ftlus des.Vªht+ vkWu n ykWt+ vkWi+Q baXyS.M (1765&1769) fy[kh] tks vaxzst+h o+Qkuwu ds fl¼kUr ij ,d vkfèkdkfjd iqLrd ekuh tkrh gSA 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 623

o+Qkuwuksa ds çdkj 1- vfuok;Z o+Qkuwu 2- HkkSfrd fu;e ;k oSKkfud o+Qkuwu 3- çkÑfrd ;k uSfrd o+Qkuwu 4- çpfyr o+Qkuwu 5- ijEijkxr o+Qkuwu 6- O;kogkfjd ;k rduhdh o+Qkuwu 7- vUrjjk\"Vªh; o+Qkuwu 8- ukxfjd o+Qkuwu ;k jkT; dk o+Qkuwu i`\"B 108 ¼81½ )vfuok;Z o+Qkuwu dh 1- vfuok;Z o+Qkuwu dk vFkZ gS dkjZokbZ dk fu;e] vuqKfIr μ 1- ltk] tks fdlh ,slh lÙkk }kjk yksxksa ij ykxw fd;k tkrk gS ;q¼ vkfn tks bldk vuqikyu cyiwoZd djok ysrh gSA ^oQ+ kuuw ,d vkn's k gS tks O;fDr ;k O;fDr;kas dks ,d fuf'pr vkpj.k djus ds fy, foo'k djrk gS* (vkfW LVu)1 lekt dh çR;{k uSfrdrk Hkh vfuok;Z o+Qkuwuksa ds nk;js esa vkrh gSA gkWCl dk n`f\"Vdks.k % euq\"; vkSj gfFk;kj gh o+Qkuwuksa dh 'kfDr vkSj lEcy gSA (gkCW l)2 2- HkkSfrd o+Qkuwu py jgh dkjZokb;ksa dh vfHkO;fDr gSA (uSfrd o+Qkuwu ;k foosd dk o+Qkuwu dkjZokb;ksa dh bl :i esa vfHkO;fDr gS] tSlh os gksuha pkfg,)A 3- çkÑfrd ;k uSfrd o+Qkuwu dk vFkZ gS çkÑfrd :i ls lgh ;k x+yr ds fl¼kUr μ ;kuh lHkh lgh dkjZokb;ksa lesr çkÑfrd U;k; ds fl¼kUrA U;k; ds nks çdkj gSa μ çR;{k vkSj çkÑfrdA çkÑfrd U;k; og U;k; gS tks okLro esa vkSj lpeqp gksA 1- tkWu vkWfLVu (1811&1680) % fczfV'k nk'kZfud jktuhfrd fpUrd 2- VkWel gkWCl (1588&1689) % vaxzst+ nk'kZfud&jktuhfrd fpUrdA jkT; dh mRifÙk ds lkekftd le>kSrs ds fl¼kUr dk tudA jktrU=kkRed fujadq'krkokn dk leFkZd FkkA 624 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

çR;{k U;k; U;k; dk og :i gS ftl :i esa mls le>k tkrk gS] Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj vfHkO;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA i`\"B 109 ¼82½ 4- çpfyr o+Qkuwu % ,slk dksbZ Hkh fu;e ;k fu;eksa dh ç.kkyh gS ftl ij yksx vius vkpj.k ds fu;eu ds fy, lger gksrs gSaA lger gksus okys i{kksa dh lgefr gh o+Qkuwu gSA 5- ijEijkxr o+Qkuwu % euq\";ksa }kjk okLro esa dh tkus okyh dkjZokbZ dk dksbZ Hkh fu;e μ tks LoSfPNd dkjZokbZ dh fdlh okLrfod le:irk dh vfHkO;fDr gSA ijEijk mu yksxksa dk o+Qkuwu gS tks bls ekurs gSaA 6- O;kogkfjd ;k rduhdh o+Qkuwu % blesa ,sls fu;e vkrs gSa tks O;kogkfjd mís'; dh çkfIr ds fy, gksrs gSaA [ksyksa esa] ^çpfyr o+Qkuwu* vkSj ^O;kogkfjd o+Qkuwu* nksuksa gh vkrs gSa] ftuesa igys çdkj ds o+Qkuwuksa ds vUrxZr os fu;e vkrs gSa ftu ij f[kykfM+;ksa dh lgefr gksrh gS] vkSj nwljs çdkj ds o+Qkuwuksa ds vUrxZr os fu;e vkrs gSa] tks [ksy dks liQy cukrs gSa] ;k [ksy dks liQyrkiwoZd pykus ds fy, gksrs gSaA 7- vUrjjk\"Vªh; o+Qkuwu % blesa os fu;e vkrs gSa tks lEçHkqrklEiUu jkT;ksa ds vkilh lEcUèkksa ,oa ,d&nwljs ds çfr vkpj.k dk fu;eu djrs gSaA (i) ,Dlçsl o+Qkuwu (lfUèk;k¡ vkfn) (ii) vUr£ufgr o+Qkuwu (ijEijkxr) iqu% nks çdkjksa esa foHkkftr % (i) lkekU; o+Qkuwu (lHkh jk\"Vªksa ds chp) (ii) fof'k\"V o+Qkuwu (nks ;k vfèkd jk\"Vª fo'ks\"k ds chp) 8- ukxfjd o+Qkuwu % jkT; ;k ns'k dk o+Qkuwu] tks U;kf;d vnkyr esa ç;qDr gksrk gSA i`\"B 110 ¼83½ lt+k % jktuhfrd tqeZ % ge fofèk&fuekZrkvksa ds Hkkjh leqnk; dh bl lksp ls lger gSa fd] Hkys gh] vkerkSj ij ml O;fDr ij dM+h dkjZokbZ ugha dh tkuh pkfg,] tks ,slh eqtfjekuk lkft+'k esa 'kkfey jgk gks] ftl lkft+'k dks vatke ugha fn;k x;k gks] fiQj Hkh jkT; ds f[k+yki+Q fd;s x;s cM+s tqeks± ds flyflys esa bl fu;e dk ,d viokn t+:j j[kk tkuk pkfg,] dkj.k fd jkT; ds 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 625

f[k+yki+Q fd;s tkus okys tqeks± dh [k+kfl;r ;g gksrh gS fd ;fn muesa eqtfje o+Qke;kc gks tkrk gS] rks og lt+k ls ro+Qjhcu lki+Q cp tkrk gSA o+Qkfry o+QRy djus ds ckn] o+QRy djus dh vis{kk dgha vfèkd [k+rjs esa gksrk gS] ysfdu jktæksgh tc ljdkj dk r[+rk iyV nsrk gS] rks og [k+rjs ls ckgj gks tkrk gSA pw¡fd n.MkRed o+Qkuwu ,d o+Qke;kc foæksgh ds fo#¼ uiqald gh fl¼ gksrk gS] blfy, t+:jh gS fd bls foæksg dh igyh 'kq#vkr ds f[k+yki+Q gh l'kDr vkSj dM+k cuk;k tk;s---A¸ (II ,y-lh-lh- ttes.V 1906] i`\"B 120)1 i`\"B 111 ¼84½ lt+k % LoIu tks çk.kn.M dk dkj.k cuk % tc eklsZt us liuk ns[kk fd mlus Mk;ksuhfl;l2 dk xyk dkV fn;k gS] rc fujadq'k 'kkld us mls çk.kn.M ns fn;k] ftlds ihNs mldh nyhy ;g Fkh fd ;fn mlus fnu esa ,slk lkspk u gksrk rks jkr esa ;g liuk dnkfi ugha ns[krkA çk.kn.M vkSj MªSdks dk o+Qkuwu % MªSdks3 ds o+Qkuwu esa yxHkx lHkh çdkj ds tqeks±] tSls ekewyh pksjh ls ysdj èkeZ&æksg vkSj gR;k rd ds fy, ,d leku ekSr dh lt+k dk foèkku Fkk] vkSj dgk tkrk gS fd bldk ,dek=k Li\"Vhdj.k tks MªSdks us fn;k Fkk] og ;g fd NksVs&eksVs tqeks± dh rks ;gh lt+k gksuh pkfg, vkSj cM+s tqeks± ds fy, bls cM+h lt+k og lksp ugha ldkA lt+k dks cgqrsjs nk'kZfudksa us ,d vko';d cqjkbZ ekuk gSA jkT; vkSj euq\"; % jkT; viusvki esa dksbZ y{; ugha g]S vkjS euq\"; o+Qkuwu ;k jkT; ds fy, ugha] cfYd ;s gh euq\"; ds fy, gksrs gSaA 1- Ïksr vkSj fooj.k vuqiyCèk 2- Mk;ksuhfl;l n ,YMj (430&367 bZ- iw-) % fllyh dk ;wukuh jktusrk] tks 400 bZ-iw- esa lkbjsD;wl dk fujadq'k 'kkld cukA 3- MdªS ks (b-Z i-w lkroha lnh) % ,Fklas (;uw ku) dk jktuhfrK ftlus ijEijkxr vfYyf[kr lfa oèkku dks lfa grkc¼ fd;k] NkVs s ls yds j] cMs+ rd lHkh çdkj ds teq k±s ds fy, çk.kn.M nsus ds fy, dq[;kr mldk o+Qkuwu (MªSdfu;u ykW) vkt Hkh ,sls dkys o+Qkuwuksa ds fy, eqgkojs ds rkSj ij bLrseky gksrk gSA 626 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

i`\"B 112 ¼85 ½ U;k; % jkT; dh HkkSfrd rko+Qr ds tfj;s ,d jktuhfrd leqnk; ds Hkhrj vfèkdkj cuk;s j[kukA blus ml O;fDrxr çfr'kksèk dk LFkku ys fy;k gS] tc yksx x+yfr;ksa dk çfr'kksèk Lo;a ;k vius cUèkq&ckUèkoksa ds lg;ksx ls ys fy;k djrs FksA mu fnuksa] ^ftldh ykBh mldh HkSal* dk fl¼kUr dke djrk FkkA nhokuh vkSj i+QkStnkjh U;k; % ukxfjd U;k; vfèkdkj ykxw djrk gAS iQ+ ktS nkjh U;k; xy+ fr;kas ds fy, ltk+ nsrk gSA ,d vkneh vius cdk;s dk] ;k mlls x+yr <ax ls nck yh x;h lEifÙk dks fiQj ls okil ikus dk nkok djrk gSA ;g nhokuh (U;k; dk ekeyk) gSA i+QkStnkjh ds ekeys esa] çfroknh ij x+yr djus dk vkjksi yxk gksrk gSA vnkyr bl eqfYte dks dÙkZO; dh vogsyuk ds tqeZ esa rFkk vfèkdkj ds mYya?ku ds tqeZ esa] lt+k nsrh gS] ftlesa ;fn gR;k dk tqeZ gS rks iQk¡lh vkSj ;fn pksjh dk tqeZ gS rks tsy dh lt+k nsrh gSA ¹i\"` B 113 ¼86½ ij tkjhº nhokuh vkSj i+QkStnkjh] nksuksa gh çdkj dh dkjZokbZ esa] x+yrh dh f'kdk;r ntZ dh tkrh gSA nhokuh (dkjZokbZ) esa vfèkdkj dk nkok fd;k tkrk gS] i+QkStnkjh (dkjZokbZ) esa x+yrh dk vkjksi yxk;k tkrk gSA nhokuh U;k; dk ljksdkj] çkFkfed rkSj ij] oknh vkSj mlds vfèkdkjksa ls gksrk gS] i+QkStnkjh (U;k;) dk çfroknh vkSj ml ij yxs vkjksi lsA i+QkStnkjh U;k; ds mís'; lt+k % ;g rVLFk ^vijkèkdrkZvksa* tSls jktuhfrd O;fDr;ksa ds ekeyksa esa mi;ksxh ugha gks ldrhA ;g muds fy, ,d cqjk lkSnk fl¼ gks ldrh gSA 1- fuokjd % o+Qkuwu dk çeq[k mís'; nks\"kh O;fDr dks ,d ut+hj cukuk vkSj ml tSls cko+Qh lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks ,d psrkouh nsuk gSA ;g çR;sd vijkèk dks ¶vijkèkdrkZ dh ,d nqHkkZouk¸ fl¼ djrk gSA (bjkns dk cnyko) 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 627

2- fujksèkd % nwljs ekeys esa] ;g fujksèkd ;k v;ksX; fl¼ djus okyk gSA bldk fo'ks\"k mís'; vijkèkdrkZ dks ukdke dj mls iqu% x+yr dke djus ls jksduk gSA ge gR;kjksa dks iQk¡lh egt blhfy, ugha nsrs fd ;g nwljksa dks çk.kn.M (gR;k djus ls) fojr djrh gS] cfYd mlh dkj.k ls] ftl dk dkj.k ls ge] mnkgj.k ds fy,] lk¡i dks ekj Mkyrs gSa] D;ksafd vkSfpR; % gekjs fy, ;gh cgs rj gS fd os bl nfq u;k eas jgus ds ctk; blls ckgj gks tk;saA 3- lqèkkjkRed % vijkèk pfj=k ds Åij bjknksa ds çHkko ls fd;s tkrs gSa] vkSj os ;k rks bjknksa ds cnyko ls ;k pfj=k ds cnyko ls jksds tk ldrs gSaA fuokjd lt+k igys ekeys esa nh tkrh gS] (dqN 'kCn vLi\"V μ l-) tcfd lqèkkjkRed (lt+k) nwljs ekeys esa nh tkrh gSA i`\"B 114 ¼87½ ¶lqèkkjkRed fl¼kUr¸ ds iSjksdkj lt+k ds fli+QZ mUgha :iksa dh fgek;r djrs gSa] tks vijkèkh dh f'k{kk vkSj mls vuq'kkflr djus ds fy, mi;ksxh gksrs gSa] vkSj cko+Qh mu lHkh (lt+kvksa) dks vekU; Bgjkrs gSa tks ykHkdkjh rkSj ij fliQ+ Z fuokjd ;k v;kXs ;dkjh (gkrs h g)aS A mudh n`f\"V eas e`R;q dkbs Z mi;Dq r ltk+ ugha gSa] ^gesa vius vijkfèk;ksa dk bykt djuk pkfg,] mudh gR;k ughaA* fiVkbZ vkSj vU; 'kkjhfjd lt+k,¡ ccZjrk dh fu'kkuh dgdj fufUnr dh tkrh gSaA os ,slh lt+kvksa dks lt+k Hkksxus okys vkSj lt+k nsus okys nksuksa dks gh uhps fxjkus okyh vkSj Øwj ekurs gSaA dM+h lt+k dk urhtkA jkT; dh cyç;ksx dh dkjZokbZ ftruh l{ke gksrh vijkfèk;ksa dk [k+rjukd g]S og lHkh lkekU; eu\"q ;kas dks [kr+ jukd jkLrkas (ij vkSj nqLlkgfld oxZ tkus) ls jksdus esa mruh gh liQy gksrh gS] ysfdu iSnk gks tkrk gSA o+Qkuwu rksM+us okyksa esa vèk%iru dk vuqikr Hkh mruk gh vfèkd gksrk gSA 4- çfrdkjkRed lt+k % lokfZ èkd Hk;kog fl¼kUr! ,ls h lkps j[kus okys ykxs okLro eas çkphu vkjS lH;rkiwoZ dkyksa dh ccZj eu%fLFkfr;ksa ds fgek;rh gksrs gSaA1 ;g çfr'kksèk ;k cnys dh ml uSl£xd ço`fÙk dks rq\"V djrh gS] tks fli+QZ 1- gkf'k;s ij fy[kk gqvk 628 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

x+yrh dk f'kdkj gq, O;fDr esa gh ugha ekStwn jgrh] cfYd O;kid iSekus ij lekt esa mlds çfr gennhZ ds :i esa Hkh ekStwn jgrh gSA bl n`f\"Vdks.k ds vuqlkj] ;g lgh vkSj mfpr gS fd cqjkbZ dk cnyk cqjkbZ ls fy;k tk;sA vk¡[k ds cnys vk¡[k vkSj nk¡r ds cnys nk¡r çkÑfrd U;k; dk ,d lhèkk vkjS viuvs ki eas i.w kZ fu;e ekuk tkrk gAS lt+k [+kqn esa ,d eo+Qln cu tkrh gSA i`\"B 115 ¼88½ lt+k ,d cqjkbZ % lt+k viusvki esa gh ,d cqjkbZ gS] vkSj bls fli+QZ ,d egÙkj mís'; dh çkfIr ds lkèku ds rkSj ij gh mfpr Bgjk;k tk ldrk gSA ysfdu çfrdkjkRed fl¼kUr ds leFkZd bl <ax ls nyhy nsrs gSa % ¶nks\"k èku lt+k cjkcj funksZ\"krkA¸ ¶mlus U;k; ds o+Qkuwu dk ftl x+yrh }kjk mYya?ku fd;k gS] mlls mlds Åij ,d ½.k vk;n gks x;k gSA vr% U;k; dk ro+Qkt+k gS fd og ½.k pqdk fn;k tk;s---lt+k dk igyk mís'; Hkax fd;s x;s o+Qkuwu dks rq\"V djuk gSA¸ Peine forte et dure % ;kruk nsdj ekSr---ftldk i+QSlyk fuEufyf[kr :i esa fn;k x;k % ¶fd rqEgsa fiQj mlh tsy esa okil ys tk;k tk;s tgk¡ ls rqe vk;s Fks] ;kuh fd mlh yEch dkydksBjh esa] ftlds Hkhrj dksbZ jks'kuh u tk lds] fiQj rqEgsa ogk¡ uaxh i+Q'kZ ij ihB ds cy fyVk;k tk;s] fli+QZ rqEgkjh dej esa ,d diM+k fyiVk jg]s tcfd 'k\"s k lHkh Hkkx uxa k jg]s fd rEq gkjs 'kjhj ij ykgs s dk ,d bruk Hkkjh cks> j[kk tk;s ftruk fd rqe cjnk'r dj ldks] vkSj fiQj mlls Hkh vfèkd Hkkjh] fd rqEgsa igys fnu [kkus ds fy, eksVh ls eksVh jksfV;ksa ds flok;] vkSj dksbZ pht+ u nh tk;s] nwljs fnu tsy ds iQkVd ds lcls ut+nhd ds xM~<s esa tek ikuh ds rhu ?kw¡V fn;s tk;sa] rhljs fnu fiQj igys tSlk gh [kkuk fn;k tk;s] vkSj ,slh jksfV;k¡ vkSj ,slk ikuh ,d&,d fnu ds vUrj ij rc rd fn;k tk;s] tc rd fd rqe ej u tkvksA¸1 ;g lt+k L=kh&iq#\"k nksuksa dks leku :i ls mu lHkh çdkj ds tqeks± ds fy, nh x;h tks x+Sj&ekewyh ugha FksA2 1- mUuhloha lnh ds iwokZ¼Z esa baXyS.M esa ,d tt }kjk lquk;h x;h ekSr dh lt+k 2- gkf'k;s ij uksV fd;k gqvk vkSj js[kkafdr 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 629

i`\"B 116 ¼89½ fons'kh vèkhurk % fon's kh toq s dh vèkhurk jk\"Vkª as ds iru ds lcls çcy dkj.kkas eas ls ,d gAS μ çks-,-bZ-jkWl 1 turU=k dk ,d fons'kh turk ds Åij ,d turU=k dh dkjZokb;k¡ çHkqRo vkSj fons'kh jk\"Vª % ftruh >iV~Vkekj vkSj fueZe gksrh gSa] mruh vkSj fdlh Hkh 'kklu dh ugha gksrhA μ ykykth 2 fookg % MkW- VSxksj3 dk ekuuk gS fd vkfne ;qxksa ls ysdj vkt rd fookg dh ç.kkyh fli+QZ Hkkjr esa gh cfYd lkjh nqfu;k esa L=kh vkSj iq#\"k ds lPps feyu ds jkLrs esa ,d ckèkk gh cuh gqbZ gS] tksfd dsoy rHkh lEHko gS tc lekt bruk l{ke gks tk;s fd og L=kh dks] ?kj esa jpukRed dk;Z djus ls jksds cx+Sj] mldh fof'k\"V çfrHkk dks jpukRed dk;Z esa yxkus ds fy, ,d O;kid {ks=k eqgS;k dj ldsA i`\"B 117 ¼90½ ukxfjd vkSj euq\"; % LikVkZoklh isMkdZVht+ rhu lkS dh ifj\"kn esa nkf[k+ys ds fy, mifLFkr gqvk] ijUrq mls okil dj fn;k x;k_ og bl [+kq'kh esa pyk x;k fd 300 LikVkZoklh mlls csgrj rks FksA eSa le>rk gw¡ fd blesa lUnsg dh dksbZ xqatkb'k ugha fd og lPPkk Fkk] og ,d lPPkk ukxfjd FkkA 1- vKkr 2- ykyk yktir jk; (1865&1928)] ykgkSj esa lkbeu deh'ku dk fojksèk djus ij fcfz V'k iqfyl us ccjZ ykBhpktZ fd;k] vkjS blh esa yxh lka?kkfrd pksV ds iQyLo:i ckn esa] ykyk th dh e`R;q gks x;hA mudh ekSr vkSj iatkc ds vieku dk cnyk ysus ds fy, Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds ØkfUrdkjh lkfFk;ksa us fczfV'k iqfyl vi+Qlj] lk.MlZ dh xksyh ekj dj gR;k dj nhA 3- johUæukFk Bkdqj 630 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

,d LikVkZoklh ek¡ ds ik¡p csVs lsuk esa FksA ,d nkl vk;kA dk¡irs gq, mlus lekpkj iwNkA ¶rqEgkjs ik¡pksa csVs ekj Mkys x;sA¸  ¶rqPN nkl] D;k rqels eSaus ;g iwNk Fkk\\¸ ¶geus fot; gkfly dj yh g¸S A og nos rkvkas dks èkU;okn nus s ds fy, nkSM+h&nkSM+h efUnj pyh x;hA og ,d lPph ukxfjd FkhA μ ,feyh] i`\"B 8 1 thou vkSj f'k{kk % yksx fli+QZ vius cPps dh ft+Unxh dh lykerh ds gh ckjs esa lksprs jgrs gSa] ysfdu bruk gh dki+Qh ugha gS] vxj og euq\"; gS rks mls Lo;a Hkh viuh ft+Unxh dh lykerh ds ckjs esa f'kf{kr gksuk t+:jh gS] rkfd og HkkX; ds FkisM+ksa dks lg ldsa] lEink vkSj x+jhch dk cgknqjh ls eqo+Qkcyk dj lds] t+:jr iM+us ij vkblyS.M dh ci+QZ ds chp ;k ekYVk dh rirh pV~Vkuksa ij fuokl dj ldsaA csdkj gh rqe ekSr ds f[k+yki+Q [kSj eukrs gks] mls ejuk rks gS gh] vkSj Hkys gh rqe viuh lrdZrkvksa ds pyrs mls u ejus nsuk pkgks] ysfdu ;g eqxkyrk gh gSA mls ekSr ls cpus ds ctk; thus dh f'k{kk nks! thou lk¡l ysuk ugha cfYd deZ gAS viuh bfUæ;ksa dk] vius fnekx+ dk] viuh {kerkvksa dk] vkjS vius vfLrRo dks prs u cuk;s j[kus okys çR;ds Hkkx dk bLres ky djuk  gAS thou dk vFkZ mez dh yEckbZ esa de] thus ds csgrj <ax esa vfèkd gSA ,d vkneh lkS o\"kZ thus ds ckn o+Qcz esa tk ldrk gS] ysfdu mldk thuk fujFkZd Hkh gks ldrk gSA vPNk gksrk fd og tokuh esa gh ej x;k gkrs kA μ ,feyh] i`\"B 10 i`\"B 118 ¼91½ lR; % lR; dksbZ [k+t+kuk ugha çnku djrk] vkSj turk dksbZ jktnwr ;k çksi+Qslj dk 1- ,feyh μ ç+Qkalhlh nk'kZfud T;k¡ tkd :lks (1712&1778) dk miU;kl (1762) ftlesa ;g fl¼kUr fu:fir fd;k x;k gS fd cPps dks lH;rk ds cqjs çHkkoksa ls cpkus ds fy, çkÑfrd okrkoj.k esa fodkl dk iw.kZ volj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 631

in ;k isa'ku ugha çnku djrhA μ :lks] 122 ,l-lh-1 tqeZ vkSj eqtfje % ¶---idh&idk;h èkkj.kk,¡ nds j teq Z dks le>k ugha ldrkA ykxs tlS k lkps rs gSa mlls bldk i+Qyli+Qk dqN vfèkd gh tfVy gSA ;g rks ekuh gqbZ ckr gS fd u rks dksbZ o+QSn] u dksbZ dkydksBjh vkSj u dksbZ dM+h e'kD+o+Qr dh ç.kkyh gh fdlh eqtfje dks lqèkkj ldrh gSA n.M&foèkku ds ;s :i fli+QZ mls nf.Mr djrs gSa vkSj lekt dks ;g vk'oklu nsrs gSa fd og vkSj tqeZ ugha djsxkA o+QSn] fu;e&foèkku vkSj dM+h ls dM+h e'kD+o+Qr ml ij dksbZ vlj ugha Mky ikrs] flok; blds fd ,sls O;fDr;ksa esa ,d Hkkjh ui+Qjr] o£tr dke dks vkSj pko ls djus dh ,d yyd] vkSj ,d [k+kSi+Qukd uki+Qjekuh gh fodflr gks tkrh gSA blhfy, esjk iDds rkSj ij ekuuk gS fd ;g dkydksBjh okyh ijEijkxr ç.kkyh fn[kkoVh vkSj diViw.kZ urhts gh nsrh gSA ;g eqtfje ls mldh rko+Qr fupksM+ ysrh gS] mls v'kDr djds vkSj Mjk dj mldh vkRek dks fuLrst dj Mkyrh gS] vkSj bl çdkj vUrr% mls i'pkrki vkSj lqèkkj ds ,d uewus ds rkSj ij] ,d cstku ;knxkj ds :i esa gh çLrqr djrh gSA n gkml vkWi+Q MsM i`\"B] 17 i+Qsnksj nksLrksOLdh 2 i`\"B 119 ¼92½ bPNk cuke lUrqf\"V! ;fn ,d psru çk.kh dh 'kfDr;k¡ mldh bPNkvksa ds cjkcj gksrha rks og iwjh rjg lq[kh gksrk---A ysfdu fli+QZ viuh bPNkvksa dks lhfer djuk gh dki+Qh ugha g]S D;kafs d ;fn os gekjh 'kfDr;ksa ls de ga]S rc rks gekjh {kerkvksa dk ,d va'k ;ksa gh csdkj pyk tk;sxk] vkSj rc ge vius iwjs vfLrRo dk vkuUn Hkh 1- :lks dh iqLrd lks'ky dk.VSªDV % blesa ,d ,sls vkn'kZ jkT; dk o.kZu çLrqr fd;k x;k gS ftlesa lEçHkqrk iwjh turk esa fufgr FkhA mlds fopkj 1789 dh ç+Qkalhlh ØkfUr dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ çsjd'kfDr cusA 2- Ý+;ksnksj fe[kkbyksfop nksLrks;sOLdh (1821&1881) dk miU;kl n gkml vkWi+Q MsM] tks Lo;a muds dkjkokl ds vuqHkoksa ds vkèkkj ij 1861 esa fy[kk x;kA 632 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

ugha ys ik;saxsA blh rjg] viuh 'kfDr;ksa dk egt foLrkj Hkh i;kZIr ugha gS] D;ksafd ;fn gekjh bPNk,¡ Hkh c<+ tk;sa] rc rks ge vkSj vfèkd nq[kh gh gks tk;saxsA lPpk lq[k rks viuh bPNkvksa vkSj viuh 'kfDr;ksa ds chp ds vUrj dks ?kVkrs tkus esa fufgr gSA μ 44 ,feyh i`\"B 120 ¼93½ ¶cqtqZvk ØkfUr dk tUe viuh iwoZorhZ 'kklu&O;oLFkk esa igys ls ekStwn ifjfLFkfr ls gksrk gSA ¶cqtqZvk ØkfUr vkerkSj ij lÙkk ij o+QCt+s ds lkFk gh [k+Re gks tkrh gSA yfs du logZ kjk ØkfUr ds fy, lÙkk ij oQ+ Ctk+ rks egt ,d 'k#q vkrHkj g]S lÙkk] tc oQ+ Cts+ eas vk tkrh g]S rc og ijq kuh vFkOZ ;oLFkk ds :ikUrj.k vkjS ,d u;h vFkZO;oLFkk ds laxBu ds fy, ,d mÙkksyd ds :i esa bLrseky dh tkrh gSA¸ i`\"B 201 ¶vHkh Hkh nks Hkkjh&Hkjde vkSj vR;Ur nq\"dj dk;ZHkkj cko+Qh gSa μ (,d ns'k μ ;kuh :l μ esa ekStwnk 'kklu&O;oLFkk dks m[kkM+ iQsadus ds ckn Hkh)A ¶lcls igyk dk;ZHkkj gS vkUrfjd laxBuA ¶nwljh egÙoiw.kZ leL;k fo'o ØkfUr dh--- μ vUrjjk\"Vªh; leL;kvksa dks gy djus dh] fo'o ØkfUr dks vkxs c<+kus dh gS (ftlds gy fd;s fcuk dE;qfuLV 'kklu&O;oLFkk vUrjjk\"Vªh; iw¡thokn ds [k+rjs ds fo#¼ lqjf{kr ugha jg ldrhA) i\"` B 21&22 2 i`\"B 121 ¼94½ 1- ;fn loZgkjk dks vkcknh ds cgqer dks vius i{k esa djuk gS rks mlds fy, lcls igys t+:jh gS fd og cqtqZvk oxZ dks m[kkM+ iQsads vkSj jkT; lÙkk ij o+QCt+k djsA 2- nwljs] mls iqjkus jkT; midj.k dks rksM+dj lksfo;r lÙkk LFkkfir djuk] vkSj ,d >Vds esa ml çHkko dks [k+Re dj nsuk t+:jh gS] ftls cqtqZvk oxZ vkSj 1- vkSj 2- ysfuu dh jpukvksa ls m¼`r va'k 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 633

ox&Z lg;kxs ds fuEu ctq vZq koxh;Z leFkdZ egs urd'k (xjS+ &logZ kjk) tulenq k;kas ds Åij Mkyrs jgrs gSaA 3- rhljs] logZ kjk oxZ ds fy, vko';d gS fd og ml çHkko dks iwjh rjg vkSj vfUre :i ls u\"V dj ns] ftls cqtqvZ k oxZ vkSj fuEu&cqtqZvk le>kSrkoknh cgqla[;d esgurd'k (x+Sj&loZgkjk) tuleqnk;ksa ds Åij Mkyrs jgrs gSaA ;g 'kks\"kdksa dh o+Qher ij bu leqnk;ksa dh vk£Fkd vko';drkvksa ds ØkfUrdkjh rqf\"Vdj.k ds }kjk fd;k tkuk pkfg,A fudksykbZ ysfuu 1 i`\"B 23 ¶loZgkjk vfèkuk;dRo dk eryc gS tuleqnk;ksa dk dE;qfuLV ikVhZ }kjk ekxnZ 'kuZ vkjS fun'Zs kuA ;|fi ikVhZ dki+Qh çHkko ;k fu;U=k.k j[ks gq, g]S fiQj Hkh bruk gh lc dqN ugha gSA vius ekxZn'kZu ds vykok] tuleqnk;ksa dh ^bPNk* Hkh fdlh mís'; fo'ks\"k dh çkfIr ds fy, vko';d gksrh gSA ¶gesa ;g Lohdkj djuk gksxk fd et+nwjksa ds O;kid leqnk;ksa dk oxZ&psru vYila[;k }kjk usr`Ro vkSj ekxZn'kZu vko';d gSA vkSj ;g ikVhZ gh gks ldrh gSA ikVhZ ds ikl ikVhZ dks loZgkjk et+nwjksa ds lkFk tksM+us ds fy, ^VsªM ;wfu;usa* gSa---jktuhfrd {ks=k esa lHkh esgurd'k tuleqnk;ksa dks blls tksM+us ds fy, lksfo;rsa gSaA ¹i\"` B 122 ¼95 ½ ij tkjhº vk£Fkd {ks=k esa [k+klrkSj ls fdlku leqnk;ksa dks tksM+us ds fy, ^dksvkijsfVosa* gSa] mnh;eku ih<+h ds chp ls dE;qfuLVksa dks çf'kf{kr djus ds fy, ^;qok yhx* gAS vUrr% ikVhZ Lo;a gh logZ kjk vfèkuk;dRo ds vUrxrZ ,d vuU; ekxnZ 'kdZ 'kfDr gSA¸2 i`\"B 123 ¼96½ vk¡dM+s % vkenfu;ksa esa vlekurk mRiknu % ;q¼ iwoZ ;wukbVsM ¯dXMe dk (baXyS.M) { ok£\"kd mRiknu dk eku jgk % £ 2000]000]000 fons'kh fuos'kksa ls ykHk £ 200]000]000 ;kxs £ 2200]000]000 1- vkSj 2- ysfuu dh jpukvksa ls 634 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

forj.k % { U;wure ok£\"kd vkSlr dqy vkcknh ds 1@9 vFkkZr] vk; £ 160 iw¡thifr ;k cqtqZvk us ys fy;k dqy mRiknu dk 1@2 vFkkrZ £ 1100]000]000 dqy vkcknh ds 2@9 vFkkZr { vkSlr vk; £ 160 fuEu cqtqZvk oxZ us 'ks\"k vkèks dk 1@3 ;k çfro\"kZ ls de dqy dk 1@6 ys fy;k vFkkrZ £ 300]000]000 vkcknh ds 2@3 vFkkZr 'kkjhfjd {vkSlr vk; £ 60 ok£\"kd Je djus okys ;k loZgkjk dks cko+Qh feyk £ 800]00]000 la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk % 1890 esa dqy mRiknu dk 40 çfr'kr (mRiknu ds) lkèkuksa ds ekfydksa dks feyk dqy mRiknu dk 60 çfr'kr lHkh et+nwjksa dks fn;k x;kA1 i`\"B 124 ¼97½ thou dk mís'; ¶thou dk mís'; eu dks fu;fU=kr djuk ugha cfYd mldk lqlaxr fodkl djuk gS] ejus ds ckn eks{k çkIr djuk ugha] cfYd bl lalkj esa gh mldk loksZÙke bLrseky djuk gS] dsoy è;ku esa gh ugha] cfYd nSfud thou ds ;FkkFkZ vuqHko esa Hkh lR;] f'ko vkSj lqUnj dk lk{kkRdkj djuk gS] lkekftd çxfr dqNsd dh mUufr ij ugha] cfYd cgqrksa dh le`f¼ ij fuHkZj djrh gS] vkSj vkfRed turU=k ;k lkoZHkkSfed Hkzkr`Ro dsoy rHkh çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS] tc lkekftd&jktuhfrd vkSj vkS|ksfxd thou esa volj dh lekurk gks¸A2 uksVcqd esa i`\"B la- 125 ls 164 ugha gSA gesa miyCèk çfr esa i\"` B ¼97½ ds ckn i\"` B ¼100½ gSA μ lEiknd 1- vkSj 2- Ïksr vKkr 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 635

i`\"B 165 ¼100½ jkT; dk foKku çkphu jkT; O;oLFkk % jkes 1 vkjS LikVk]Z 2 vjLrw3 vkjS IyVs ks4 % jkT; ds çfr O;fDr dh ekrgrh bu çkphu jkT; O;oLFkkvksa] LikVkZ vkSj jkse dh çeq[k fo'k\"s krk FkhA gys kl5 e]as ;k jkes e]as ukxfjd dks cl FkkMs s+ ls futh vfèkdkj çkIr FksA mldk vkpj.k dki+Qh gn rd lkoZtfud lsaljf'ki ds vèkhu Fkk] vkSj mldk èkeZ jkT;lÙkk }kjk ykxw fd;k x;k gksrk FkkA ,dek=k lPps ukxfjd vkSj lEçHkqrklEiUu fudk; ds lnL; fo'ks\"kkfèkdkj çkIr dqyhu oxZ ds eqDr yksx gksrs Fks] ftuds fy, 'kkjhfjd Je nkl fd;k djrs Fks] ftuds ikl dksbZ ukxfjd vfèkdkj u FksA lqdjkr % ldq jkr6 dks ;g nyhy nsrs gq, çLrqr fd;k tkrk gS fd tks dksbZ Hkh ukxfjd jkT; esa igq¡pus ds ckn] ;fn LosPNk ls ,d uxj esa jgus yxs] rks mls ljdkj dh ekrgrh Lohdkj djuh pkfg,] Hkys gh mls blds o+Qkuwu vuqfpr D;ksa u yxsa] rnuqlkj gh] bl vkèkkj ij fd ;fn og tsy ls i+Qjkj gksdj Hkkx tk;s] rks jkT; ds lkFk mldk o+Qjkj Hkax gks tk;sxk] og ,d vuqfpr lt+k ds ykxw gksus dk Hkh bUrt+kj djrs jgus ds fy, rS;kj jgsA IysVks % (lkekftd le>kSrk) og lekt vkSj jkT; dh mRifÙk dks ikjLifjd vko';drkvksa esa ns[krk gS] D;ksafd euq\"; vyx&vyx jgdj viuh cgqfoèk vko';drkvksa dks rq\"V djus esa vleFkZ gksrs gSaA og ,d fo+QLe ds vkn'khZÑr LikVkZ dk fp=k.k djrs gq, dgrk g]S ¶,d vkn'kZ jkT; e]as nk'kfZ udkas dks 'kklu djuk pkfg,] vkjS ukxfjdkas ds fudk; dks bl dqyhu rU=k ;k loZJs\"Bksa dh ljdkj ds çfr fuf'pr :i 1- çkphu jkseu x.kjkT; vkSj lkezkT; 2- ;wuku dk çkphu uxjjkT; 3- vjLrw (384&322 bZ-iw-) % ;wukuh nk'kZfud vkSj IysVks dk f'k\";A mlus cgqrsjs fo\"k;ksa ij fy[kk] ftuesa ls ikfyfVDl vkSj iks;fVDl fo'ks\"k :i ls mYys[kuh; gSaA 4- IysVks (427&347 bZ-iw-)% ;wukuh nk'kZfud vkSj lqdjkr dk f'k\";] vkSj vkn'kZ jkT; ds ;wVksfi;k ds rkSj ij] fjifCyd dk ys[kd] ftlesa mlus ,d nk'kZfud jktk vkSj foosdlEer jkT;&O;oLFkk dh dYiuk dh FkhA 5- gsykl % çkphu ;wuku 6- lqdjkr (469&399 bZ- iw-) % ;wukuh nk'kZfud ftls ukStokuksa dks ¶Hkz\"V djus¸ ds vkjksi esa tgj dk I;kyk ihdj vkRegR;k dj ysus dh lt+k nh x;hA 636 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

ls vkKkdkjh gksuk pkfg,A¸ og ukxfjdksa ds lpsr çf'k{k.k vkSj f'k{kk ij t+ksj nsrk gSA vjLrw % og igyk O;fDr Fkk ftlus jktuhfr dks uhfr'kkL=k ls eqDr fd;k] gkyk¡fd og lrdZ Hkh Fkk fd ;s nksuksa ,d&nwljs ls fcYdqy i`Fkd u gks tk;saA mldh nyhy Fkh] ¶yksxksa dh cgqla[;k foosd ds ctk; viuh Hkkoukvksa ls 'kkflr gksrh gS] vkSj blhfy, jkT; ds fy, t+:jh gS fd og mUgsa thou&i;ZUr vu'q kklu eas jgus dk çf'k{k.k n]s tlS kfd LikVkZ eas gAS tc rd jktuhfrd lekt LFkkfir ugha gksrk] rc rd U;k; dk dksbZ ç'kklu ugha gks ldrk---(ysfdu) blds fy, vko';d gS fd loksZÙke lafoèkku vkSj fofèk&fuekZ.k dh loksZÙke ç.kkyh dh [kkst dh tk;s---A ¹i\"` B 166 ¼101½ ij tkjhº ¶jkT; dk cht ifjokj ;k dqVqEc esa gksrk gSA dbZ dqVqEcksa ds la;qDr gksus ls xzke leqnk; dh mRifÙk gqbZ gS (ftlds) lnL; fir`lÙkkRed ljdkj ds vèkhu gksrs gSaA ¶dbZ xk¡oksa dks feykdj jkT; dk fuekZ.k gvq k] tks ,d çkÑfrd] LorU=k] vkSj vkRefuHkZj laxBu FkkA ¶ysfdu tgk¡ dqVqEc ,d O;fDrRo }kjk 'kkflr gksrk gS] ogha laoSèkkfud ljdkjksa esa O;fDr LorU=k vkSj vius 'kkldksa ds leku gksrs gSaA ¶çkÑfrd lkekftd eS=kh vkSj ijLij ykHk ls ,drk xfBr gksrh gSA euq\"; vius LoHkko ls ,d jktuhfrd (lkekftd) çk.kh gSA ¶jkT; ,d laJ; ls dgha vfèkd gS] ftlls O;fDr tqM+ ldrs gSa ;k fcuk dksbZ i+Qo+QZ iM+s NksM+ ldrs gSa] ysfdu LorU=k ;k ukxfjdrkjfgr euq\"; vfo'oluh;] vlH;] vkSj ,d ukxfjd ls fHkUu dksbZ pht+ gksrk gSA IysVks % IysVks us ,d ,sls fudk; ds :i esa jkT; dh bl voèkkj.kk dk iwokZuqeku fd;k Fkk ftlds lnL; ,d loZekU; y{; ds fy, lkeatL;iw.kZ <ax ls la;qDr gksaA vjLrw % vjLrw dk ekuuk Fkk fd tgk¡ LorU=krk vkSj lekurk gks] ogk¡ ckjh&ckjh ls 'kklu vkSj vèkhuhdj.k gks] ysfdu lcls vPNk ;gh gS fd ;fn lEHko gks rks] os gh O;fDr ges'kk 'kklu djrs jgsaA IysVks ds lkE;okn ds fojksèk esa mldh nyhy cko+Qk;nk fu;e fuèkkZfjr futh lEifÙk ds i{k esa Fkh] ftlds ihNs mldk fopkj ;g Fkk fd jkT; esa fli+QZ ,d uSfrd ,drk gh lEHko ;k okaNuh; gSA 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 637

(ljdkjksa ds çdkj) mlus ljdkjksa dks jktrU=kksa] dqyhurU=kksa vkSj x.krU=kksa rFkk Øe'k% muds foÑr :iksa] tSls fujadq'k rU=kksa] vYirU=kksa vkSj turU=kksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k] ftldk vkèkkj ;g Fkk fd buesa loksZPp lÙkk ,d ;k dqN ;k dbZ ds gkFkksa esa gksrh gS] vkSj budk mís'; lkekU; fgr ;k 'kkldksa dk futh fgr gksrk gS rFkk buesa LorU=krk] lEink] laLÑfr vkSj dqyhurk dks Hkh roTtks nh tkrh gSA çR;sd jkT; O;oLFkk ds rhu vax gksrs gSa % (1) foe'kkZRed (2) dk;kZRed vkjS (3) U;kf;d fudk;A ukxfjdrk dk fuèkkZj.k u rks fuokl ls gksrk gS u gh o+Qkuwuh vfèkdkj j[kus ls] cfYd U;kf;d lÙkk vkSj ljdkjh dkedkt esa Hkkxhnkjh ls gksrk gSA uSfrdrk dk ,d fuf'pr Lrj çkIr djds db;ksa dks 'kklu djuk pkfg,] D;ksafd vyx&vyx O;fDrxr rkSj ij de ;ksX; gksus ds ckotwn] os lfEefyr :i l]s dNq ds pfq uUnk O;fDr;kas ls dgha vfèkd prjq vkjS vfèkd ln~x.q klEiUu gksrs gSaA ysfdu lkjh foe'kkZRed vkSj U;kf;d dk;Zokfg;ksa dks l¡Hkkyus ds ckotwn] mUgsa mPpre dk;kZRed inksa ls ckgj gh j[kuk pkfg,A lcls vPNh jkT;O;oLFkk og gS ftlesa cgqr èkuh vkSj cgqr x+jhc ds chp dk eè;e oxZ ljdkj pyk;s] dkj.k fd bl oxZ dk thou lcls LFkk;h gksrk gS rFkk ;g lcls foosdlEer] vkSj lkFk gh laoSèkkfud dk;Zokgh esa lcls l{ke Hkh gksrk gSA ¹i\"` B 167 ¼102½ ij tkjhº oLrqr% blh ds fy, ;g dgk tkrk gS fd lEçHkqrk dks ukxfjdksa dh cgqla[;k esa fufgr gksuk pkfg,] ftlesa cs'kd nkl ugha vkrsA turU=k O;fDrxr LorU=krk ds ekeys esa lekurk ij ,der gksrs gSa] ftldk fufgrkFkZ ;g gS fd lHkh ukxfjd] jkT; ds inksa ij vklhu gksus ;k pqus tkus ds fy,] rFkk gjsd lc ij vkSj lHkh gjsd ij 'kklu djus ds fy, vgZ~; gksrs gSaA vjLrw Hkh] IyVs ks dh Hkkf¡ r gh turU=k dks ljdkj dk ,d foÑr :i ekurk Fkk] vkSj dgrk Fkk fd ;g vU; fdlh çdkj ds jkT;ksa dh vis{kk cM+s jkT;ksa ds fy, vfèkd mi;qDr gSA LVksbdoknh % flfudoknh % ,ihD;wjloknh % ,ihD;wjl1 dk dguk Fkk] ¶U;k; Lo;a esa dqN ugha gS] ;g cl ijLij uqo+Qlku jksdus ds fy, (U;k; ds vkèkkj ds rkSj ij) le>kSrs 1- ,ihD;jw l % (341&270 b-Z i-w ) ;uw kuh nk'kfZ ud] tks ekurk Fkk fd vkRel;a e ls thou lq[ke; cuk;k tk ldrk gSA uSfrdrk lUrks\"kçkfIr dk ,d lkèku gSA 638 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

dh ,d rjdhcHkj gSA LVksbd % (okn) nk'kZfud t+suks (340&260 bZ-iw-)1 dk ,d f'k\";] ftlus ,Fksal ds ^LVksvk ikWbdykbV* (is.VsM ikspZ) uked cx+hps esa viuh nk'kZfud 'kk[kk dk f'k{k.k&laLFkku [kksykA ckn esa dSVks n ;axj2] lsusdk3] ekD;wZl vkWjsfy;l4 jkseu LVksbdoknh gq,A LVksbd 'kCn dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS % ^og O;fDr tks lq[k ;k nq[k ds çfr fojDr gksA* LVksbdokn iqjkus n'kZu dh ,d 'kk[kk gS] tks thou vkSj dÙkZO; ds çfr vius n`f\"Vdks.k esa ,ihD;wjlokn dk çcy fojksèkh gS_ vkSj lq[k ;k nq[k ds çfr mnklhu gSA flfudokn % nk'kZfudksa dk ,d lEçnk; ftldh LFkkiuk ,Fksal ds ,.VhLFksuht5 (tUe 444 bZ-iw-) us dh Fkh] ftldh vfHkyk{kf.kd fof'k\"Vrk èku&nkSyr] dyk] foKku vkSj vkeksn&çeksn ds fo#¼ ,d çdV ?k`.kk ds :i esa FkhA bUgsa flfud buds :[ks O;ogkj ds dkj.k dgk tkrk gSA flfudokn dHkh&dHkh ekuo& LoHkko ds çfr frjLdkj Hkkouk ds fy, Hkh bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA ,ihD;wjloknh % ,ihD;wjl (341&270 bZ-iw-) ,d ;wukuh nk'kZfud Fkk] ftldh f'k{kk Fkh fd lq[k gh vlyh pht+ gSA ,ihD;wjloknh mls dgk tkrk gS tks [kkvks&ihvks vkSj ekSt&eLrh esa fo'okl djrk gSA 1- tus+ ks % ;uw kuh nk'kfZ ud] tks vkRel;a e vkjS çÑfr dh lxa fr eas thou thus dk fgek;rh FkkA 2- dVS ks n ;xa j (95&46 b-Z i-w ) % jkes u nk'kfZ ud tks LVkbs dokfn;kas dk lja {kd lUr cukA 3- lsusdk % iwjk uke Y;wfl;l ,uh;l lsusdk (4 bZ-iw-&65 bZ-) % jkseu ys[kd vkSj jktuhfrK rFkk jkseu lezkV uhjks dk f'k{kd] ftlus LVksbdokn ij dbZ fucUèk vkSj nq[kkUr ukVd Hkh fy[ksA FkksM+s le; ds fy, og ,d rjg ls jkse dk 'kkld Hkh jgk] fiQj ckn esa vkRegR;k djus dh lt+k feyhA 4- ekdZl vkjsfy;l ,Urksfu;l % (121&180 bZ-) % jkseu nk'kZfud vkSj lezkV (161&180 bZ- rd)A mlus esfMVs'kal uke ls ,d Dykfldh; LVksbdoknh xzUFk fy[kkA 5- ,.VhLFksuht+ (444&365 b-Z iw-) % lqdjkr ls çHkkfor ;wukuh nk'kfZ udA mlds lknxh Hkjs thou vkSj f'k{kkvksa us x+jhcksa dks vkd£\"kr fd;kA 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 639

i`\"B 168 ¼103½ jkseu jkT;&O;oLFkk jkseuksa us jktuhfrd fl¼kUr esa de gh ,slk bt+ki+Qk fd;k x;k ftldk çR;{k egÙo gks] ysfdu ,d ?kfu\"B :i ls lEcfUèkr foHkkx] ;kuh fofèk'kkL=k esa μ mUgksaus xgjh #fp okyk vkSj ewY;oku ;ksxnku fd;kA tl&flfod x.krU=k ds vUrxZr] ¶ukxfjd o+Qkuwu¸ (tl&flfod) tl&tsf.V;e ds vfrfjDr] tl&tsf.V;e (jk\"Vª ds o+Qkuwu) uke ls <sjksa fu;e vkSj fl¼kUr vfLrRo esa vk pqds Fks] tks brkyoh o+Qchyksa ds chp çpfyr lkekU; fo'ks\"krkvksa dks çfrfcfEcr djrs FksA egku jkseu T;wfjl&dalYV~l (o+Qkuwu&foKku ds fo'ks\"kK) tl uspqjsy (LVksbdokfn;ksa ds fopkj ls çsj.kk ysdj) èkhjs&èkhjs çÑfr ds o+Qkuwu (tl uspqjsy) dks tl&tsf.V;e ds le:i ekuus yxsA mudh f'k{kk Fkh fd ;g o+Qkuwu nSoh; vkSj 'kk'or Fkk] vkSj fd ;g fdUgha fof'k\"V jkT;ksa ds o+Qkuwuksa ls viuh HkO;rk vkSj oSèkrk esa dgha vfèkd Js\"B FkkA çkÑfrd o+Qkuwu dks okLro esa vfLrRoeku ekuk tkrk Fkk] vkSj bls ukxfjd o+Qkuwu ls lEc¼ le>k tkrk FkkA ,.Vksfu;kbZ dky 1 esa] tc jkseu o+Qkuwu viuk pje fodkl dj pqdk Fkk vkSj LVksbdoknh fl¼kUr lokZfèkd çHkkoh gks pqds Fks] rc fofèkosÙkkvksa us jktuhfrd fl¼kUrksa ds :i esa ugha] cfYd U;k;'kkL=kh; :i ls] ;g fl¼kUr lw=kc¼ fd;k fd % ¶lkjs euq\"; tUetkr LorU=k gksrs gSaA¸ vkSj fd çÑfr ds o+Qkuwu ls] ¶lkjs euq\"; leku gksrs gSa¸ μ ftldk fufgrkFkZ ;g Fkk fd Hkys gh ukxfjd o+Qkuwu esa oxZ&Hksn dh ekU;rk Fkh] çÑfr ds o+Qkuwu ds le{k lewph ekuotkfr cjkcj FkhA jkseu jkT; O;oLFkk esa lkekftd le>kSrk % ;|fi jkseu fofèkosÙkkvksa us ukxfjd lekt dh mRifÙk ds rkSj ij fdlh le>kSrs dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k Fkk fiQj Hkh LohÑr vfèkdkjksa vkSj nkf;Roksa dks ,d dfYir] ysfdu x+Sj&ekStwn le>kSrs ls fuxfer djus dh ,d #>ku ekStwn FkhA 1- jkes u lekz V ,.Vkfs u;l ik;l (86&161 b-Z ) dk 'kkludky (138&161 b-Z )A mldk 'kkludky 'kkfUr vkSj mÙke ç'kklu dk dky ekuk tkrk gSA 640 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

lEçHkqrk ds ekeys esa] ukxfjd dksfefV;k fVªC;wjk 1 esa ,d=k gksdj] x.krU=k ds Lo£.ke fnuksa esa] loksZPp lÙkk ds :i esa dke djrs FksA lkezkT; ds vUrxZr] lEçHkq lÙkk lezkV esa fufgr Fkh] vkSj ckn ds T;wfjl dalYV~l ds vuqlkj] turk ysDl jsft;k 2 ds vuqlkj] loksZPp deku çR;sd lezkV dks] mlds 'kklu ds 'kq: gksrs gh] lkSai nsrh Fkh] vkSj bl çdkj 'kklu djus vkSj o+Qkuwu cukus ds vius lkjs vfèkdkj mls lkSai nsrh FkhA i`\"B 169 ¼104½ eè; ;qx (VkWel ,fDoukl) VkWel ,fDoukl3 % (1226&1274) ds ckjs esa dgk tkrk gS fd og eè; ;qx ds jktuhfrd fl¼kUr dk çeq[k çorZd FkkA mlus] jkseu fofèkosÙkkvksa dk vulq j.k djrs g,q ] ,d çkÑfrd oQ+ kuuw dks ekU;rk nh] ftlds fl¼kUr ekuoh; foosd esa nSoh; :i ls fufo\"V fd;s x;s (ekus x;s μ l-) vkSj blds lkFk gh mlus mu çR;{k o+Qkuwuksa dks Hkh ekU;rk nh] tks fHkUu&fHkUu jkT;ksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu gqvk djrs FksA mldk dguk Fkk fd o+Qkuwu cukus okyh lÙkk] tksfd lEçHkqrk dh vfuok;Z fo'ks\"krk gksrh gS] lkekU; dY;k.k dh fn'kk esa funsZf'kr gksuh pkfg,] vkSj fd bl mís'; dh çkfIr ds fy,] bls cgqla[;d turk ;k mlds çfrfufèk] jktk] ls lEc¼ gksuk pkfg,A mls jktk] dqyhuksa] vkSj turk dh feyh&tqyh ljdkj loksZÙke çrhr gksrh Fkh ftlesa loksZPp lÙkk ds :i esa iksi gkAs iknqvk dk ek£lfyvks4 (1328 esa fuèku) le>kSrs dh èkkj.kk viuh Ñfr ^fMiQsalj iSfll* esa iknqvk ds ek£lfyvks us yksdkèkkfjr 1- jktdh; ;k 'kkgh desVh] tks lezkV }kjk xfBr dh tkrh FkhA 2- jktdh; oQ+ kuuw 3- VkWel ,fDoukl (1226&1274) % brkyoh nk'kfZ ud 4- iknqvk dk ek£lfyvks (e`R;q 1328 bZ-) % bVyh ds iknqvk 'kgj dk fuoklh jktuhfrd fl¼kUrdkj ftlus ppZ vkSj jkT; dks ,d&nwljs ls i`Fkd djus dks ysdj ckn'kkg ybq Z prFq kZ ds fy, fMiQlas j ifS ll xUz Fk fy[kk] tks dkiQ+ h fooknkLin fl¼ gvq kA 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 641

lEçHkrq k ds fl¼kUr dh fgek;r dh] vkjS ykSfdd lÙkk ds çfr mu iksioknh ik[k.Mksa dk fojksèk fd;k] tks iQkYlks fMfØVYl ij vkèkkfjr FksA (turk dh lEçHkqrk) pw¡fd euq\"; us ukxfjd thou vius ikjLifjd fgr ds fy, viuk;k blfy, o+Qkuwu Hkh ukxfjd ds fudk; }kjk gh cuk;s tkus pkfg,_ o+Qkuwu tc rd mu yksxksa }kjk ugha cuk;s tkrs] ftuds fgr buls lhèks çHkkfor gksrs gSa vkSj ftUgsa irk gksrk gS fd mudh vko';drk,¡ D;k gSa] rc rd u rks os loksZÙke dgs tk ldrs gSa] vkSj u gh mudk rRijrk ls ikyu fd;k tk ldrk gSA mlus nkos ds lkFk dgk fd o+Qkuwu cukus okyh lÙkk turk esa fufgr gksrh gS] vkSj fd foèkkf;dk dk dke dk;Zikfydk dk xBu djuk gS] ysfdu og mls Hkh ifjo£rr ;k jí dj ldrh gSA iqutkZxj.k μ lqèkkj!! iqutkZxj.k esa] Kku ds lHkh {ks=k tkx:d gks mBs vkSj tks yhdc¼ n'kZu gt+kjksa o\"kks± ls èkeZ'kkL=k dh pkdjh djrk vk jgk Fkk] vc mldk LFkku çÑfr vkSj euq\"; ds ,d u;s n'kZu us ys fy;k] tks vfèkd mnkj] vfèkd xgjk] vkSj vfèkd cksèkxE; FkkA csdu1 us euq\"; dks vfèkHkwrokn ls çÑfr vkSj ;FkkFkZ dh vksj ykSVus dk vkàku fd;kA n'kZu dh 'kq#vkr fu'p; gh lkoZHkkSfed lUnsgokn ls gksuh pkfg,A ysfdu tYn gh ;g rF; vlfUnXèk ik;k tkrk gS % euq\"; esa fpUru'khy fl¼kUr dk vfLrRoA psruk dk vfLrRo! dkrZoknh n'kZu lqèkkj dky esa vkRexr lPpkbZ ij fo'okl vkSj O;fDr dh lÙkk dk ftl t+ksj&'kksj ds lkFk vkàku fd;k x;k ogh dkrZoknh n'kZu dk vkèkkj cukA dkrZoknh μ ç+Qkalhlh nk'kZfud jsus n dkrZ2 (1596&1650) vkSj mlds n'kZu ls lEcfUèkrA 1- lEHkor% Úkafll csdu (1561&1626) % vaxzst+ nk'kZfud vkSj jktuhfrK dh fdlh jpuk ls m¼`rA 2- ç+Qkalhlh nk'kfZ ud vkjS xf.krKA dkroZ knh n'kuZ psruk vkjS inkFkZ ds Hksn ij vkèkkfjr gS] tks n dkrZ dh Ñfr fMLdkslZ vkWu eSVj (1673) esa mlds bl lw=k&okD; ls Li\"V gS % dkWxfuVks vxksZ le (Cognito ergo sum) μ vFkkZr ¶eSa lksprk gw¡] blfy, eSa gw¡A¸ 642 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

i`\"B 170 ¼105 ½ u;k ;qx lèq kkj&dky ds ckn] ikis dh lÙkk pjejk x;h] rFkk 'kkld vkjS turk nkus kas ds fnekx+ vkt+knh dh ygj esa rjaxkf;r gks pysA ysfdu ,d Ågkiksg dh fLFkfr Hkh iSnk gks x;hA bl u;h fLFkfr ls fuiVus ds fy, cgqrsjs fpUrdksa us jkT; ds loky ij lkspuk 'kq: dj fn;kA fpUru dh fofHkUu 'kk[kk,¡ mB [kM+h gqb±A eSfd;kosyh % eSfd;kosyh μ bl e'kgwj brkyoh jktuhfrd fopkjd us ljdkj ds x.krkfU=kd :i dks loksZÙke ekuk] ysfdu ljdkj ds bl :i ds LFkkf;Ro ij lUnsg gksus ds dkj.k] mlus ,d l'kDr jktrU=kkRed 'kklu dks lqjf{kr j[kus ds fl¼kUrksa dk Hkh fu:i.k fd;k] vkSj blh ukrs mlus ¶n fçUl¸1 dh jpuk dhA ,d dsUæhÑr ljdkj dh mldh fgek;r dk ;wjksi ds jktuhfrd fl¼kUr vkSj O;ogkj ij Hkkjh çHkko iM+kA eSfd;kosyh lEHkor% igyk ys[kd Fkk ftlus ,dne èkeZfujis{k n`f\"Vdks.k ls ¶jktuhfr¸ ij fopkj fd;kA vU; fopkjd o+Qjkj vkSj le>kSrk vU; fopkjdksa esa ls T+;knkrj us o+Qjkj ;k le>kSrs ds fl¼kUr dk leFkZu fd;kA jkseu o+Qkuwu esa (o+Qjkj) O;fDr;ksa ds chp ,d lgefr dk urhtk gqvk djrk Fkk vkSj bldk nk;jk le>kSrs ls NksVk gqvk djrk Fkk] tcfd le>kSrk o+Qjkj ds lkFk&lkFk ,d ckè;dkjh nkf;Ro Hkh gksrk FkkA ,sls fopkjdksa ds nks vyx&vyx lEçnk; FksA igys çdkj dk lEçnk; bZ'oj vkSj euq\"; ds chp o+Qjkj dh ;gwnh èkkj.kk ij vkèkkfjr fl¼kUr dk çfriknu djrk Fkk] tks le>krS s dh jkes u èkkj.kk ls lEifw jr FkkA ;g ljdkj vkjS turk ds chp ,d vfyf[kr le>kSrs dk çfriknu djrk FkkA 1- n fçUl % 1527 esa] brkyoh jktuhfrd fpUrd eSfd;kosyh }kjk fy[kh x;h çfl¼ iqLrd] ftlesa jkT;lÙkk gkfly djus ds mik;ksa dk foLrkjiwoZd foospu vkSj fo'ys\"k.k fd;k x;k gAS efS d;koys h vkjS mldh iLq rd us vius le; rFkk ckn ds ;xq eas Hkh jktuhfr ij dki+Qh çHkko MkykA 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 643

nlw jk ;k vkèkfq ud çdkj dk lEçnk; O;fDr;kas ds chp ,d oQ+ jkj ds tfj;s jktuhfrd lekt dh laLFkkc¼rk ls lEcfUèkr gSA fpUru dh bl 'kk[kk ds çeq[k fopkjd gwdj1] gkWCl2] ykWd3 vkSj :lks4 gq, gSaA yksd&LorU=krk ds fgek;rh áwftukWr5 1- fof.Mfl, dks.Vªk VkbjSuWl 6 (1576) áwftukWr ySaxq,r dh jpukA blesa nyhy nh x;h Fkh fd jktk viuh lÙkk turk dh bPNk ls çkIr djs] vkSj fd ;fn jktk oQ+ kuuw kas ds ifjikyu eas ml oQ+ jkj dks Hkxa djs tks mlds vkjS turk ds chp la;qDr :i ls jkt'kkgh dh LFkkiuk ds le; fd;k x;k gksrk gS] rc turk Hkh jkT;fu\"Bk ls eqDr gks tk;sxhA cqdkuu7 % 2- cqdkuu dk Hkh ;gh dguk Fkk fd jktk vkSj turk ,d iSDV ds rgr opuc¼ gksrs gSa] vkSj fd ;fn jktk bls Hkax dj ns] rks og vius vfèkdkj Hkh [kks cSBrk gSA 1- fjpMZ gwdj % ns[ksa uksVcqd i`\"B 107 ¼80½ dk lUnHkZ 1 2- VkWel gkWCl % ns[ksa uksVcqd i`\"B 108 ¼81½ dk lUnHkZ 2 3- tkWu ykWd (1632&1707) % vaxzst+ nk'kZfud vkSj ,d vxz.kh O;ogkjoknhA mlus lkekftd lafonk ds gkWCl ds fl¼kUr dh vkykspuk dh tks jktrU=k ds leFkZu rd tkrs Fks_ 1689 esa viuh çfl¼ Ñfr Vw VªhVkbtst+ vkWu xouZes.V fy[kh] ftlus vkxs pydj vesfjdh lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa dks çHkkfor fd;k_ mldh nwljh çfl¼ iqLrd ,Lls dal²ux áweu v.MjLVS¯.Mx gS tks ,sfUæd vuqHko ij vkèkkfjr Kku dh voèkkj.kk ds leFkZu esa gAS 4- T;k¡ tkd :lks % ns[ksa uksVcqd i`\"B 119 ¼92½ dk lUnHkZ 1 5- áwftukr % ;g uke lksygoha lnh ds eè; ls ç+Qkal ds çksVsLVs.Vksa dks fn;k tkus yxk Fkk] dkj.k fd rlw Z 'kgj eas LFkkuh; çkVs Ls V.s V blZ kbZ jkr eas jktk áxw ks ds iQkVd ij eyq koQ+ kr fd;k djrs FksA jktk áwxks dks turk ,d nSoh; 'kfDr ekurh FkhA 6- fo.Mhfl, dks.Vªk VkbjSul % áwcVZ ySaxq,r (1518&1581) dh jpuk ftlesa fujadq'k 'kklu ds fo#¼ çfrjksèk djus dk fl¼kUr çfrikfnr fd;k x;k Fkk_ ijUrq blds fy, ;g Hkh t+:jh crk;k x;k Fkk fd ,slk çfrjksèk ,d leqfpr :i ls xfBr vkfèkdkfjd fudk; }kjk gh fd;k tkuk pkfg,A 7- tkWtZ cqdkuu (1506&1582) % LdkWV fopkjd] ftUgksaus viuh jpuk fM T;wj jsXuh ,iqM LdksVksl (1579) esa fy[kk fd jktk mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls c¡/k gksrk gS ftuds rgr mls loksZPp lÙkk çnku dh x;h_ vkSj fujadq'k 'kkldksa dk çfrjks/ djuk rFkk ;gk¡ rd fd mUgsa nf.Mr djuk Hkh U;k;iw.kZ gSA 644 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+