Bhagat Singhs writings in Hindi ( PDFDrive )

euksfoKku vkRelkr djrk tk;sxk oSls&oSls jk\"Vª dh X+kqykeh dk fp=k mlds lkeus Li\"V gksrk tk;sxk rFkk mldh ns'k dks LorU=k djus dh bPNk çcy gksrh tk;sxhA vkSj ;g Øe rc rd pyrk jgsxk tc rd fd ;qod U;k;] Øksèk vkSj {kksHk ls vksrçksr gks vU;k; djus okyksa dh gR;k u çkjEHk dj nsxkA bl çdkj ns'k esa vkradokn dk tUe gksrk gAS vkradokn lEiw.kZ ØkfUr ugha vkjS ØkfUr Hkh vkrda okn ds fcuk i.w kZ ughAa ;g rks ØkfUr dk ,d vko';d vkjS vo';EHkkoh vax gSA bl fl¼kUr dk leFkZu bfrgkl dh fdlh Hkh ØkfUr dk fo'ys\"k.k dj tkuk tk ldrk gSA vkradokn vkrrk;h ds eu esa Hk; iSnk djrk gS vkSj ihfM+r turk eas çfr'kkès k dh Hkkouk tkx`r dj mls 'kfDr çnku djrk gAS vfLFkj Hkkouk okys yksxksa dks blls fgEer c¡èkrh gS rFkk muesa vkRefo'okl iSnk gksrk gSA blls nqfu;k ds lkeus ØkfUr ds mís'; dk okLrfod :i çdV gks tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g fdlh jk\"Vª dh LorU=krk dh mRdV egÙokdka{kk dk fo'okl fnykus okyk çek.k gSA tSls nwljs ns'kksa esa gksrk vk;k gS] oSls gh Hkkjr esa Hkh vkradokn ØkfUr dk :i èkkj.k dj ysxk vkSj vUr esa ØkfUr ls gh ns'k dks lkekftd] jktuhfrd rFkk vk£Fkd LorU=krk feysxhA rks ;s gSa ØkfUrdkjh ds fl¼kUr] ftuesa og fo'okl djrk gS vkSj ftUgsa ns'k ds fy, çkIr djuk pkgrk gSA bl rF; dh çkfIr ds fy, og xqIr rFkk [kqys] nksuksa gh rjho+Qksa ls ç;Ru dj jgk gSA bl çdkj ,d 'krkCnh ls lalkj esa turk rFkk 'kkld oxZ eas tks l?a k\"kZ pyk vk jgk g]S ogh vuHq ko mlds y{; ij igp¡q us dk ekxZn'kZd gSA ØkfUrdkjh ftu rjho+Qksa esa fo'okl djrk gS] os dHkh vliQy ugha gq,A bl chp dkaxzsl D;k dj jgh Fkh\\ mlus viuk è;s; LojkT; ls cnydj iw.kZ LorU=krk ?kksf\"kr fd;kA bl ?kks\"k.kk ls dksbZ Hkh O;fDr ;gh fu\"d\"kZ fudkysxk fd dkaxzsl us fczfV'k 'kklu ds fo#¼ ;q¼ dh ?kks\"k.kk u dj ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds fo#¼ ;¼q dh ?kk\"s k.kk dj nh gAS bl lEcUèk eas dkxa lsz dk igyk okj Fkk mldk og çLrko ftlesa 23 fnlEcj] 1929 dks ok;ljk; dh Lis'ky Vsªu mM+kus ds ç;Ru dh fuUnk dh x;hA bl çLrko dk elfonk xk¡èkhth us rS;kj fd;k Fkk vkSj mls ikfjr djkus ds fy, xk¡èkhth us viuh lkjh 'kfDr yxk nhA ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd 1913 dh lnL; la[;k esa og dsoy 31 erksa ls ikfjr gks ldkA D;k bl vR;Yi cgqer esa Hkh jktuhfrd bZekunkjh Fkh\\ bl lEcUèk esa ge ljyknsoh pkSèkjkuh dk er gh ;gk¡ m¼`r djsaA os rks thouHkj dkaxzsl dh HkDr jgh gSaA bl lEcUèk esa ç'u ds mÙkj esa mUgksaus dgk gS μ eSaus egkRek xk¡èkh ds vuq;kf;;ksa ds lkFk bl fo\"k; esa tks ckrphr dh] mlls eq>s ekywe gqvk fd os bl lEcUèk esa vius LorU=k fopkj egkRek th ds çfr O;fDrxr fu\"Bk ds fopkjksa dh lku ij ØkfUr dh ryokj @ 445

dkj.k çdV u dj lds] rFkk bl çLrko ds fo#¼ er nsus esa vleFkZ jgs] ftlds ç.ksrk egkRek th FksA tgk¡ rd xk¡èkhth dh nyhy dk ç'u gS] ml ij ge ckn eas fopkj djxas As mUgkuas s tks nyhyas nh gaS os dekcs 's k bl lEcUèk eas dkxa lsz esa fn;s x;s Hkk\"k.k dk gh foLr`r :i gSaA bl nq[kn çLrko ds fo\"k; esa ,d ckr ekdsZ dh gS ftls ge vuns[kk ugha dj ldrs] og ;g fd ;g loZfofnr gS fd dkaxzsl v¯glk dk fl¼kUr ekurh gS vkSj fiNys nl o\"kks± ls og blds leFkZu esa çpkj djrh jgh gSA ;g lc gksus ij Hkh çLrko ds leFkZu esa Hkk\"k.kksa esa xkyh&xykSp dh x;hA mUgksaus ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dks cqtfny dgk vkSj muds dk;ks± dks ?k`f.krA muesa ls ,d oDrk us èkedh nsrs gq, ;gk¡ rd dg Mkyk fd ;fn os (lnL;) xk¡èkhth dk usr`Ro pkgrs gaS rks mUgas bl çLrko dks lolZ Eefr ls ikfjr djuk pkfg,A bruk lcdNq fd;s tkus ij Hkh ;g çLrko cgqr FkksM+s erksa ls gh ikfjr gks ldkA blls ;g ckr fu%'kda çekf.kr gks tkrh gS fd n's k dh turk i;kIZ r l[a ;k eas ØkfUrdkfj;kas dk leFkZu dj jgh gSA bl rjg ls blds fy, xk¡èkhth gekjh cèkkbZ ds ik=k gSa fd mUgksaus bl ç'u ij fookn [kM+k fd;k vkSj bl çdkj lalkj dks fn[kk fn;k fd dkaxzsl] tks v¯glk dk x<+ ekuk tkrk gS] og lEiw.kZ ugha rks ,d gn rd rks dkaxzsl ls vfèkd ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds lkFk gSA bl fo\"k; esa xk¡èkhth us tks fot; çkIr dh og ,d çdkj dh gkj gh ds cjkcj Fkh vkSj vc os ^fn dYV vkWi+Q fn ce* ys[k }kjk ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ij nwljk geyk dj cBS s gaSA bl lEcUèk esa vkxs dqN dgus ls iwoZ bl ys[k ij ge vPNh rjg fopkj djsaxsA bl ys[k esa mUgksaus rhu ckrksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA mudk fo'okl] muds fopkj vkSj mudk erA ge muds fo'okl ds lEcUèk esa fo'y\"s k.k ugha djxas ]s D;kfas d fo'okl eas rdZ ds fy, LFkku ugha gAS xkè¡ khth ftls ¯glk dgrs gSa vkSj ftlds fo#¼ mUgksaus tks rdZlaxr fopkj çdV fd;s gSa] ge mudk flyflysokj fo'ys\"k.k djsaxsA xkè¡ khth lkps rs gaS fd mudh ;g èkkj.kk lgh gS fd vfèkdrj Hkkjrh; turk dks ¯glk dh Hkkouk Nw rd ugha x;h gS] vkSj v¯glk mudk jktuhfrd 'kL=k cu x;k gSA gky gh esa mUgksaus ns'k dk tks Hkze.k fd;k gS ml vuqHko ds vkèkkj ij mudh ;g èkkj.kk cuh gS] ijUrq mUgsa viuh bl ;k=kk ds bl vuqHko ls bl Hkze esa u iM+uk pkfg,A ;g ckr lgh gS fd (dkaxzslh) usrk vius nkSjs ogha rd lhfer j[krk gS tgk¡ rd MkdxkM+h mls vkjke ls igq¡pk ldrh gS] tcfd xk¡èkhth us viuh ;k=kk dk nk;jk ogk¡ rd c<+k fn;k gS tgk¡ rd fd eksVjdkj }kjk os tk ldsaA bl ;k=kk esa os èkuh O;fDr;ksa ds gh fuokl&LFkkuksa ij #dsA bl ;k=kk dk vfèkdrj le; muds HkDrksa }kjk vk;ksftr xksf\"B;ksa esa dh x;h mudh 446 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

ç'kalk] lHkkvksa esa ;nk&dnk vf'kf{kr turk dks fn;s tkus okys n'kZuksa esa chrk] ftlds fo\"k; esa mudk nkok gS fd os mUgsa vPNh rjg le>rs gSa] ijUrq ;gh ckr bl nyhy ds fo#¼ gS fd os vke turk dh fopkjèkkjk dks tkurs gSaA dksbZ O;fDr tulkèkkj.k dh fopkjèkkjk dks dsoy eapksa ls n'kuZ vkjS mins'k nsdj ugha le> ldrkA og rks dsoy bruk gh nkok dj ldrk gS fd mlus fofHkUu fo\"k;ksa ij vius fopkj turk ds lkeus j[ksA D;k xk¡èkhth us bu o\"kks± esa vke turk ds lkekftd thou esa Hkh dHkh ços'k djus dk ç;Ru fd;k\\ D;k dHkh mUgksaus fdlh lUè;k dks xk¡o dh fdlh pkSiky ds vyko ds ikl cSBdj fdlh fdlku ds fopkj tkuus dk ç;Ru fd;k\\ D;k fdlh dkj[+kkus ds et+nwj ds lkFk ,d Hkh 'kke xqt+kjdj mlds fopkj le>us dh dksf'k'k dh gS\\ ij geus ;g fd;k gS vkSj blhfy, ge nkok djrs gSa fd ge vke turk dks tkurs gaSA ge xk¡èkhth dks fo'okl fnykrs gaS fd lkèkkj.k Hkkjrh; lkèkkj.k ekuo ds leku gh v¯glk rFkk vius 'k=kq ls çes djus dh vkè;kfRed Hkkouk dks cgrq de le>rk gSA lalkj dk rks ;gh fu;e gS μ rqEgkjk ,d fe=k gS] rqe mlls Lusg djrs gks] dHkh&dHkh rks bruk vfèkd fd rqe mlds fy, vius çk.k Hkh ns nsrs gksA rqEgkjk 'k=kq gS] rqe mlls fdlh çdkj dk lEcUèk ugha j[krs gksA ØkfUrdkfj;kas dk ;g fl¼kUr furkUr lR;] ljy vkjS lhèkk gS vkjS ;g èkozq lR; vkne vkSj gkSok ds le; ls pyk vk jgk gS rFkk bls le>us esa dHkh fdlh dks dfBukbZ ugha gqbZA ge ;g ckr Lo;a ds vuqHko ds vkèkkj ij dg jgs gSaA og fnu nwj ugha tc yksx ØkfUrdkjh fopkjèkkjk dks lfØ; :i nsus ds fy, gt+kjksa dh la[;k esa tek gksaxsA xk¡èkhth ?kks\"k.kk djrs gSa fd v¯glk ds lkeF;Z rFkk viusvki dks ihM+k nsus dh ç.kkyh ls mUgsa ;g vk'kk gS fd os ,d fnu fons'kh 'kkldksa dk ân;&ifjorZu dj viuh fopkjèkkjk dk mUgsa vuq;k;h cuk ysaxsA vc mUgksaus vius lkekftd thou dh bl peRdkj dh ^çse lafgrk* ds çpkj ds fy, viusvki dks le£ir dj fn;k gSA os vfMx fo'okl ds lkFk mldk çpkj dj jgs gSa] tSlkfd muds dqN vuq;kf;;ksa us Hkh fd;k gSA ijUrq D;k os crk ldrs gSa fd Hkkjr esa fdrus 'k=kqvksa dk ân;&ifjorZu dj os mUgsa Hkkjr dk fe=k cukus esa leFkZ gq, gSa\\ os fdrus vksMk;jksa] Mk;jksa rFkk jh¯Mx vkSj bjfou dks Hkkjr dk fe=k cuk lds gSa\\ ;fn fdlh dks Hkh ugha rks Hkkjr mudh bl fopkjèkkjk ls dlS s lger gks ldrk gS fd os baXy.S M dks v¯glk }kjk le>k&cq>kdj bl ckr dks Lohdkj djus ds fy, rS;kj dj ysaxs fd og Hkkjr dks LorU=krk ns nsA ;fn ok;ljk; dh xkM+h ds uhps ceksa dk Bhd ls foLiQksV gqvk gksrk rks nks esa ls ,d ckr vo'; gqbZ gksrh] ;k rks ok;ljk; vR;fèkd ?kk;y gks tkrs fopkjksa dh lku ij ØkfUr dh ryokj @ 447

;k mudh e`R;q gks x;h gksrhA ,slh fLFkfr esa ok;ljk; rFkk jktuhfrd nyksa ds urs kvkas ds chp eU=k.kk u gks ikrh] ;g ç;Ru #d tkrk vkjS mlls jk\"Vª dk Hkyk gh gksrkA dydÙkk dkaxzsl dh pqukSrh ds ckn Hkh Lo'kklu dh Hkh[k ek¡xus ds fy, ok;ljk; Hkou ds vklikl eaMjkus okykas ds ;s ?k`.kkLin ç;Ru foiQy gks tkrAs ;fn cekas dk Bhd ls foLiQksV gvq k gkrs k rks Hkkjr dk ,d 'k=kq mfpr ltk+ ik tkrkA ^esjB* rFkk ^ykgkSj \"kM~;U=k* vkSj ^Hkqlkoy dk.M* dk eqo+Qnek pykus okys dsoy Hkkjr ds 'k=kqvksa dks gh fe=k çrhr gks ldrs gSaA lkbeu deh'ku ds lkewfgd fojksèk ls ns'k esa tks ,dtqVrk LFkkfir gks x;h Fkh] xk¡èkh rFkk usg: dh jktuhfrd ^cqf¼eÙkk* ds ckn gh bjfou mls fNUu&fHkUu djus esa leFkZ gks ldkA vkt dkaxzsl esa Hkh vkil esa iQwV iM+ x;h gSA gekjs bl nqHkkZX; ds fy, ok;ljk; ;k mlds pkVqdkjksa ds flok dkSu ft+Eesnkj gks ldrk gS! bl ij Hkh gekjs ns'k esa ,sls yksx gSa tks mls Hkkjr dk fe=k dgrs gSaA ns'k esa ,sls Hkh yksx gksaxs ftUgsa dkaxzsl ds çfr J¼k ugha] blls os dqN vk'kk Hkh ugha djrsA ;fn xk¡èkhth ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dks bl Js.kh esa fxurs gSa rks os muds lkFk vU;k; djrs gSaA ØkfUrdkjh bl ckr dks vPNh rjg tkurs gSa fd dkaxzsl us tu&tkx`fr dk egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;k gSA mlus vke turk esa LorU=krk dh Hkkouk tkx`r dh gS] xksfd mudk ;g n`<+ fo'okl gS fd tc rd dkaxzsl esa lsuxqIrk tSls ^vn~Hkqr çfrHkk'kkyh* O;fDr;ksa dk] tks ok;ljk; dh Vsªu mM+kus esa xqIrpj foHkkx dk gkFk gksus dh ckr djrs gSa] rFkk valkjh tSls yksx] tks jktuhfr de tkurs gSa vkSj mfpr rdZ dh mis{kk dj csrqdh vkSj rdZghu nyhy nsdj ;g dgrs gSa fd fdlh jk\"Vª us ce ls LorU=krk ugha çkIr dh μ tc rd dkaxzsl ds fu.kZ;ksa esa buds tSls fopkjksa dk çkèkkU; jgsxk] rc rd ns'k mlls cgqr de vk'kk dj ldrk gSA ØkfUrdkjh rks ml fnu dh çrh{kk esa gSa tc dkaxzslh vkUnksyu ls v¯glk dh ;g lud lekIr gks tk;sxh vkSj og ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds dUèks ls dUèkk feykdj iw.kZ LorU=krk ds lkewfgd y{; dh vksj c<+sxhA bl o\"kZ dkaxzsl us bl fl¼kUr (iw.kZ LorU=krk) dks Lohdkj dj fy;k gS] ftldk çfriknu ØkfUrdkjh fiNys 25 o\"kks± ls djrs pys vk jgs gSaA ge vk'kk djsa fd vxys o\"kZ og LorU=krk çkfIr ds rjho+Qksa dk Hkh leFkZu djsxhA xkè¡ khth ;g çfrikfnr djrs gaS fd tc&tc ¯glk dk ç;kxs gvq k gS rc&rc lSfud [+kpZ c<+k gSA ;fn mudk eUrO; ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dh fiNyh 25 o\"kks± dh xfrfofèk;ksa ls gS rks ge muds oDrO; dks pqukSrh nsrs gSa fd os vius bl dFku dks rF; vkSj vk¡dM+ksa ls fl¼ djsaA cfYd ge rks ;g dgsaxs fd muds v¯glk vkSj lR;kxzg ds ç;ksxksa dk ifj.kke] ftudh rqyuk LorU=krk&laxzke ls ugha dh 448 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

tk ldrh] ukdS j'kkgh vFkOZ ;oLFkk ij gqvk gAS vkUnksyuksa dk] fiQj os ¯glkRed gksa ;k v¯glkRed] liQy gksa ;k vliQy] ifj.kke rks Hkkjr dh vFkOZ ;oLFkk ij gksxk ghA gesa le> esa ugha vkrk fd ns'k esa ljdkj us tks fofHkUu oSèkkfud lqèkkj fd;s] xk¡èkhth muesa gesa D;ksa my>krs gSa\\ mUgksaus ekysZ&fe.Vks fji+QkeZ] ekW.VsX;w fji+QkeZ ;k ,sls gh vU; lqèkkjksa dh u rks dHkh ijokg dh vkSj u gh muds fy, vkUnksyu fd;kA fczfV'k ljdkj us rks ;s VqdM+s oSèkkfud vkUnksyudkfj;ksa ds lkeus iQsads Fks] ftlls mUgsa mfpr ekxZ ij pyus ls iFkHkz\"V fd;k tk ldsA fczfV'k ljdkj us mUgsa rks ;g ?kwl nh Fkh] ftlls os ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dks lewy u\"V djus dh mudh uhfr ds lkFk lg;ksx djsaA xk¡èkhth tSlkfd bUgsa lEcksfèkr djrs gSa] fd Hkkjr ds fy, ;s f[kykSus tSls gSa] mu yksxksa dks cgykus&iQqlykus ds fy, tks le;&le; ij gkse:y] Lo'kklu] ft+Eesnkj ljdkj] iw.kZ ft+Eesnkj ljdkj] vkSifuosf'kd LojkT; tSls vusd oSèkkfud uke tks X+kqykeh ds gSa] ek¡x djrs gSaA ØkfUrdkfj;kas dk y{; rks 'kklu&lèq kkj dk ugha g]S os rks LorU=krk dk Lrj dHkh dk Å¡pk dj pqds gSa vkSj os mlh y{; dh çkfIr ds fy, fcuk fdlh fgpfdpkgV ds cfynku dj jgs gSaA mudk nkok gS fd muds cfynkuksa us turk dh fopkjèkkjk esa çp.M ifjorZu fd;k gSA mlds ç;Ruksa ls os ns'k dks LorU=krk ds ekxZ ij cgrq vkxs c<k+ ys x;s gaS vkjS ;g ckr muls jktuhfrd {k=s k eas erHkns j[kus okys yksx Hkh Lohdkj djrs gSaA xk¡èkhth dk dFku gS fd ¯glk ls çxfr dk ekxZ vo#¼ gksdj LorU=krk ikus dk fnu LFkfxr gksrk tkrk gS] rks ge bl fo\"k; esa vusd ,sls mnkgj.k ns ldrs gSa] ftuesa ftu ns'kksa us ¯glk ls dke fy;k mudh lkekftd çxfr gksdj mUgsa jktuhfrd LorU=krk gqbZA ge :l rFkk rqdhZ dk gh mnkgj.k ysaA nksuksa us ¯glk ds mik;ksa ls gh l'kL=k ØkfUr }kjk lÙkk çkIr dhA mlds ckn Hkh lkekftd lqèkkjksa ds dkj.k ogk¡ dh turk us cM+h rhoz xfr ls çxfr dhA ,dek=k viQ+ xkfuLrku ds mnkgj.k ls jktuhfrd l=w k fl¼ ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ;g rks viokn&ek=k gSA xk¡èkhth dk fopkj gS fd ^vlg;ksx vkUnksyu ds le; tks tu&tkx`fr gqbZ gS og v¯glk ds mins'k dk gh ifj.kke Fkk*A ijUrq ;g èkkj.kk x+yr gS vkSj ;g Js; v¯glk dks nsuk Hkh Hkwy gS] D;ksafd tgk¡ Hkh vR;fèkd tu&tkx`fr mRiUu gqbZ og lhèks ekspsZ dh dkjZokbZ ls gqbZA mnkgj.kkFkZ :l esa 'kfDr'kkyh tu&vkUnkys u ls gh ogk¡ fdlku vkjS etn+ jw kas eas tkx`fr mRiUu gbq AZ mUgas rks fdlh us v¯glk dk mins'k ugha fn;k Fkk] cfYd ge rks ;gk¡ rd dgsaxs fd v¯glk rFkk xk¡èkhth dh le>kSrk&uhfr ls gh mu 'kfDr;ksa esa iQwV iM+ x;h tks lkewfgd fopkjksa dh lku ij ØkfUr dh ryokj @ 449

ekspsZ ds ukjs ls ,d gks x;h FkhaA ;g çfrikfnr fd;k tkrk gS fd jktuhfrd vU;k;ksa dk eqo+Qkcyk v¯glk ds 'kL=k ls fd;k tk ldrk gS] ij bl fo\"k; esa l{a kis eas rks ;gh dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;g vuk[s kk fopkj g]S ftldk vHkh ç;kxs ugha gqvk gSA nf{k.k vçQ+ hdk eas Hkkjrh;kas ds tks U;k;kfs pr vfèkdkj ekx¡ s tkrs Fks mUgas çkIr djus esa v¯glk dk 'kL=k vliQy jgkA og Hkkjr dks LojkT; fnykus esa Hkh vliQy jgk] tcfd jk\"Vªh; dkaxzsl ds Lo;alsodksa dh ,d cM+h lsuk mlds fy, ç;Ru djrh jgh rFkk ml ij yxHkx lok djkMs + #i;k Hkh [k+ pZ fd;k x;kA gky gh esa ckjnksyh lR;kxzg esa bldh vliQyrk fl¼ gks pqdh gSA bl volj ij lR;kxzg ds usrk xk¡èkh vkSj iVsy us ckjnksyh ds fdlkuksa dks tks de ls de vfèkdkj fnykus dk vk'oklu fn;k Fkk] mls Hkh os u fnyk ldsA blds vfrfjDr vU; fdlh ns'kO;kih vkUnksyu dh ckr gesa ekywe ughaA vc rd bl v¯glk dks ,d gh vk'khokZn feyk vkSj og Fkk vliQyrk dkA ,slh fLFkfr esa ;g vk'p;Z ugha fd ns'k us fiQj muds ç;ksx ls bUdkj dj fn;kA okLro esa xk¡èkhth ftl :i esa lR;kxzg dk çpkj djrs gSa] og ,d çdkj dk vkUnksyu gS] ,d fojksèk gS ftldk LokHkkfod ifj.kke le>kSrs esa gksrk gS] tSlkfd çR;{k ns[kk x;k gSA blfy, ftruh tYnh ge le> ysa fd LorU=krk vkSj X+kqykeh esa dksbZ le>kSrk ugha gks ldrk] mruk gh vPNk gSA xk¡èkhth lksprs gSa ^ge u;s ;qx esa ços'k dj jgs gSaA* ijUrq dkaxzsl foèkku esa 'kCnksa dk gsj&iQsj ek=k dj] vFkkZr LojkT; dks iw.kZ LorU=krk dg nsus ls u;k ;qx çkjEHk ugha gks tkrkA og fnu okLro esa ,d egku fnol gksxk tc dkaxzsl ns'kO;kih vkUnksyu çkjEHk djus dk fu.kZ; djsxh] ftldk vkèkkj loZekU; ØkfUrdkjh fl¼kUr gksaxsA ,sls le; rd LorU=krk dk >.Mk iQgjkuk gkL;kLin gkxs kA bl fo\"k; eas ge ljyknos h pkèS kjkuh ds mu fopkjkas ls lger gaS tks mUgkuas s ,d lekpkji=k laoknnkrk dks HkasV esa O;Dr fd;sA mUgksaus dgk % ¶31 fnlEcj] 1929 dh vèkZjkf=k ds Bhd ,d feuV ckn LorU=krk dk >.Mk iQgjkuk ,d fofp=k ?kVuk gAS ml le; th-vks-lh-] vflLVs.V th-vks-lh- rFkk vU; yksx bl ckr dks vPNh rjg tkurs Fks fd LorU=krk dk >.Mk iQgjkus dk fu.kZ; vkèkh jkr rd vèkj esa yVdk gS] D;ksafd ;fn ok;ljk; ;k lsØsVjh vkWi+Q LVsV dk dkaxzsl dks ;g lUns'k vk tkrk gS fd Hkkjr dks vkSifuosf'kd LojkT; ns fn;k x;k gS] rks jkf=k dks 11 ctdj 59 feuV ij Hkh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu gks ldrk FkkA blls Li\"V gS fd iw.kZ LorU=krk çkfIr dk è;s; usrkvksa dh gk£nd bPNk ugha Fkh] cfYd ,d cky gB ds leku FkkA Hkkjrh; jk\"Vªh; dkaxzsl ds fy, mfpr rks ;gh gkrs k fd og igys LorU=krk çkIr dj fiQj mldh ?kk\"s k.kk djrhA¸ 450 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

;g lp gS fd vc vkSifuosf'kd LojkT; ds ctk; dkaxzsl ds oDrk turk ds lkeus iw.kZ LorU=krk dk <ksy ihVsaxsA os vc turk ls dgsaxs fd turk dks ml la?k\"kZ ds fy, rS;kj gks tkuk pkfg, ftlesa ,d i{k rks eqDdsckt+h djsxk vkSj nwljk mUgsa dsoy lgrk jgsxk] tc rd fd og [+kwc fiVdj bruk grk'k u gks tk;s fd fiQj u mB ldsA D;k mls la?k\"kZ dgk tk ldrk gS vkSj D;k blls ns'k dks LorU=krk fey ldrh gS\\ fdlh Hkh jk\"Vª ds fy, loksZPp y{;&çkfIr dk è;s; lkeus j[kuk vPNk gS] ijUrq lkFk esa ;g Hkh vko';d gS fd bl y{; rd igp¡q us ds fy, mu lkèkukas dk mi;kxs fd;k tk;s tks ;kXs ; gkas vkjS tks igys mi;ksx esa vk pqds gksa] vU;Fkk lalkj ds lEeq[k gekjs gkL;kLin cuus dk Hk; cuk jgsxkA xk¡èkhth us lHkh fopkj'khy yksxksa ls dgk fd os yksx ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ls lg;ksx djuk cUn dj nsa rFkk muds dk;ks± dh fuUnk djsa] ftlls gekjs bl çdkj misf{kr ns'kHkDrksa dh ¯glkRed dk;ks± ls tks gkfu gqbZ] mls le> ldsaA yksxksa dks misf{kr rFkk iqjkuh nyhyksa ds leFkZd dg nsuk ftruk vklku gS] mlh çdkj mudh fuUnk dj turk ls muls lg;ksx u djus dks dguk] ftlls os vyx&vyx gks viuk dk;ZØe LFkfxr djus ds fy, ckè; gks tk;sa] ;g lc djuk fo'ks\"k :i ls ml O;fDr ds fy, vklku gksxk tksfd turk ds dqN çHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa dk fo'oklik=k gksA xk¡èkhth us thouHkj tu&thou dk vuqHko fd;k gS] ij ;g cM+s nq[k dh ckr gS fd os Hkh ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dk euksfoKku u rks le>rs gSa vkSj u le>uk gh pkgrs gSaA og fl¼kUr vewY; gS] tks çR;sd ØkfUrdkjh dks fç; gSA tks O;fDr ØkfUrdkjh curk gS] tc og viuk flj gFksyh ij j[kdj fdlh {k.k Hkh vkRecfynku ds fy, rS;kj jgrk gS rks og dsoy [ksy ds fy, ughaA og ;g R;kx vkSj cfynku blfy, Hkh ugha djrk fd tc turk mlds lkFk lgkuqHkwfr fn[kkus dh fLFkfr esa gks rks mldh t;&t;dkj djsA og bl ekxZ dk blfy, voyEcu djrk gS fd mldk ln~foosd mls bldh çsj.kk nsrk gS] mldh vkRek mls blds fy, çsfjr djrh gSA ,d ØkfUrdkjh lcls vfèkd rdZ esa fo'okl djrk gSA og dsoy rdZ vkSj rdZ esa gh fo'okl djrk gSA fdlh çdkj dk xkyh&xykSp ;k fuUnk] pkgs og Å¡ps ls Å¡ps Lrj ls dh x;h gks] mls vius fuf'pr mís';&çkfIr ls oafpr ugha dj ldrhA ;g lkspuk fd ;fn turk dk lg;ksx u feyk ;k mlds dk;Z dh ç'kalk u dh x;h rks og vius mís'; dks NksM+ nsxk] fujh ew[kZrk gSA vusd ØkfUrdkjh] ftuds dk;ks± dh oSèkkfud vkUnksyudkfj;ksa us ?kksj fuUnk dh] fiQj Hkh os mldh ijokg u dj iQk¡lh ds r[+rs ij >wy x;sA fopkjksa dh lku ij ØkfUr dh ryokj @ 451

;fn rqe pkgrs gks fd ØkfUrdkjh viuh xfrfofèk;ksa dks LFkfxr dj nsa rks mlds fy, gksuk rks ;g pkfg, fd muds lkFk rdZ }kjk viuk er çekf.kr fd;k tk;sA ;g ,d] vkSj dsoy ;gh ,d jkLrk gS] vkSj cko+Qh ckrksa ds fo\"k; esa fdlh dks lUnsg ugha gksuk pkfg,A ØkfUrdkjh bl çdkj ds Mjkus&èkedkus ls dnkfi gkj ekuus okyk ughaA ge çR;sd ns'kHkDr ls fuosnu djrs gSa fd os gekjs lkFk xEHkhjrkiwoZd bl ;q¼ esa 'kkfey gksaA dksbZ Hkh O;fDr v¯glk vkSj ,sls gh vthcks&x+jhc rjho+Qksa ls euksoSKkfud ç;ksx dj jk\"Vª dh LorU=krk ds lkFk f[kyokM+ u djsA LorU=krk jk\"Vª dk çk.k gSA gekjh X+kqykeh gekjs fy, yTtkLin gS] u tkus dc geesa ;g cqf¼ vkSj lkgl gksxk fd ge mlls eqfDr çkIr dj LorU=k gks ldsa\\ gekjh çkphu lH;rk vkSj xkSjo dh fojklr dk D;k ykHk] ;fn geesa ;g LokfHkeku u jgs fd ge fons'kh X+kqykeh] fons'kh >.Ms vkSj ckn'kkg ds lkeus flj >qdkus ls viusvki dks u jksd ldsaA D;k ;g vijkèk ugha gS fd fczVsu us Hkkjr esa vuSfrd 'kklu fd;k\\ gesa fHk[kkjh cuk;k rFkk gekjk leLr [+kwu pwl fy;k\\ ,d tkfr vkSj ekuork ds ukrs gekjk ?kksj vieku rFkk 'kks\"k.k fd;k x;k gSA D;k turk vc Hkh pkgrh gS fd bl vieku dks Hkqykdj ge fczfV'k 'kkldksa dks {kek dj nsa\\ ge cnyk ysaxs] tks turk }kjk 'kkldksa ls fy;k x;k U;k;ksfpr cnyk gksxkA dk;jksa dks ihB fn[kkdj le>kSrk vkSj 'kkfUr dh vk'kk ls fpids jgus nhft;sA ge fdlh ls Hkh n;k dh fHk{kk ugha ek¡xrs gSa vkSj ge Hkh fdlh dks {kek ugha djsaxsA gekjk ;q¼ fot; ;k e`R;q ds fu.kZ; rd pyrk gh jgsxkA bUo+Qykc ft+Unkckn! djrkj ¯lg· vè;{k (26 tuojh] 1930) fgUnqLrku lks'kfyLV fjifCydu ,lksfl,'ku (·Hkxr¯lg dk Nn~e uke) 452 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

Hkkjrh; ØkfUr dk vkn'kZ Hkxr¯lg ØkfUr ds oSpkfjd ç'uksa ij fujUrj vè;;u&euu dj jgs FksA og cM+s O;ofLFkr <ax ls uksV~l ysrs Fks vkSj vius fpUru dks rjrhc nsus dk dke djrs jgrs FksA mudh tsy uksVcqd bl ckr dk Bksl çek.k gSA uhps fn;k x;k nLrkost+ Hkh bldk lk{; gSA ;g ,d fVIi.kh dh 'kDy esa gS] ftls vnkyr esa is'k fd;k x;k FkkA μ l- 1- Hkkjrh; ØkfUr dk vkn'kZ (d) vaxzst+h Hkkjr esa çdV vkSj xqIr ØkfUr;ksa dk bfrgkl ([k) fjifCyd dk vkn'kZ (x) 1914&15 dk foæksg] LorU=krk] lekurk ,oa Hkzkr`Ro dk vkn'kZ (?k) Hkkjrh; jktdqekj vkSj ØkfUrdkjh ^ljdkj dk ijpk*A (^ljdkj* ,d caxkyh ys[kd FksA μ l-) (Ä) Hkkjrh; eqlyeku jktkvksa dks rqdhZ dk lUns'k (p) c£yu desVh vkSj teZu IykV (N) 1919 dk foæksg vkSj naxs (t) vlg;ksx LojkT; fcuk fdlh Li\"V ifjHkk\"kk ds (>) vlg;ksx vkUnksyu dh vliQyrk vkSj ØkfUrdkjh ny (×k) 1925 dk ?kks\"k.kki=k (r) fopkjèkkjkvksa ds vc ds Ldwy μ 1- ljdkj ds Ldwy dh fopkjèkkjk (lkEçnkf;d) 2- caxky Ldwy dh fopkjèkkjk (jk\"Vªoknh) 3- pUæuxj vke fopkjèkkjk dk Ldwy μ eksrhyky (vè;kReoknh) 4- mPp fogkj (lektoknh) MkW- HkwisUæukFk nÙk 5- dE;qfuLV fopkjèkkjk dk Ldwy fopkjksa dh lku ij ØkfUr dh ryokj @ 453

6- cwT+okZth usg: fjiksVZ (eksrhyky usg: fjiksVZ] ftlesa Mksfefu;u LVsVl dh ek¡x dh x;h FkhA μ l-) 7- ih-ch- ('kk;n çks¯of'k;y cksMZ dh vksj ladsr gS] tks ØkfUrdkjh ny dh LFkkiuk ds flyflys esa ,d vkSj txg vk;k gSA μ l-) 8- <ax 1- vkradoknh 2- tuØkfUrdkjh 3- v¯gld flfoy uki+Qjekuh vjktdrkokn lektokn lkE;okn flMuhdsfuT+e dqfYdVhfoT+e 1- Hkkjrh; ØkfUr dk vkn'kZ 2- ØkfUr ;k nqfu;k dh ØkfUr dk vkn'kZ 3- fookgA 454 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

eaS ukfLrd D;kas g\\¡w (Hkxr¯lg us tys eas ;g y[s k 5&6 vDVcw j] 1930 dks fy[kk FkkA ;g igyh ckj ykgkSj ls çdkf'kr vaxzst+h i=k ^n ihiqy* ds 27 flrEcj 1931 ds vad esa çdkf'kr gqvk FkkA bl egÙoiw.kZ ys[k esa Hkxr¯lg us l`f\"V ds fodkl vkSj xfr dh HkkSfrdoknh le> is'k djrs gq, mlds ihNs fdlh ekuosrj bZ'ojh; lÙkk ds vfLrRo dh ifjdYiuk dks vR;Ur rk£dd <ax ls fujkèkkj fl¼ fd;k gSA) ,d u;k loky mB [kM+k gqvk gSA D;k eSa vgEeU;rk ds dkj.k loZ'kfDreku] loZO;kih vkSj loZK bZ'oj ds vfLrRo esa fo'okl ugha djrk gw¡\\ eSaus dYiuk Hkh ugha dh Fkh fd eq>s dHkh ,sls loky dk lkeuk djuk iM+sxkA ysfdu dqN fe=kksa ls gqbZ ckrphr esa eq>s ;g ladsr feyk fd esjs dqN nksLr μ vxj mUgsa nksLr eku dj mu ij eSa cgqr T+;knk vfèkdkj ugha trk jgk gw¡ rks μ esjs lkFk ds vius FkksM+s ls lEidZ ls bl urhts ij igq¡puk pkgrs gSa fd eSa bZ'oj ds vfLrRo dks udkj dj cM+h T+;knrh dj jgk gw¡ vkSj ;g fd eq>esa dqN vgEeU;rk gS ftlus eq>s bl vfo'okl ds fy, çsfjr fd;k gSA cgjgky] leL;k xEHkhj gSA eSa ,slh 'ks[k+h ugha c?kkjrk fd eSa bu ekuoh; det+ksfj;ksa ls ,dne Åij gw¡A eSa ,d euq\"; gw¡] blls T+;knk dqN gksus dk nkok dksbZ Hkh ugha dj ldrkA lks eq>esa Hkh ;g det+ksjh gSA lpeqp vgEeU;rk esjs LoHkko dk ,d vax gSA vius lkfFk;ksa ds chp eq>s fujadq'k dgk tkrk FkkA ;gk¡ rd fd esjs fe=k Jh ch-ds- nÙk Hkh dHkh&dHkh eq>s fujadq'k dgk djrs FksA dbZ voljksa ij rkuk'kkg dg dj esjh fuUnk dh x;hA dqN fe=kksa dks lpeqp ;g f'kdk;r gS] vkSj xEHkhj f'kdk;r gS] fd eSa vutkus gh vius fopkj nwljksa ij Fkksirk gw¡ vkSj viuh ckrsa t+cju euok ysrk gw¡A eSa bUdkj ugha djrk fd ,d gn rd ;g ckr lp gSA bls vgEeU;rk Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA ftruh vgEeU;rk vU; yksdfç; erksa ds eqo+Qkcys gekjs er esa gS] mruh eq>esa Hkh gSA exj og futh ugha gSA gks ldrk gS] gekjs er esa ;g dsoy ,d leqfpr xoZ gks vkSj bls vgEeU;rk u ekuk tkrk gksA vgEeU;rk] vFkok vkSj T+;knk Bhd&Bhd dgsa rks vgadkj] fdlh dks vius Åij gks tkus okys vuqfpr xoZ dk fopkjksa dh lku ij ØkfUr dh ryokj @ 455

uke gSA ;gk¡ eSa ftl loky ij ppkZ djuk pkgrk gw¡] og ;gh gS fd D;k eSa ukfLrd blfy, cu x;k gw¡ fd eq>s vius Åij ,slk vuqfpr xoZ gS\\ vFkok bl fo\"k; ds lpsr vè;;u vkSj dki+Qh lksp&fopkj ds ckn eSaus bZ'oj esa fo'okl djuk NksM+k gS\\ oSls] eSa ;g Li\"V dj nw¡ fd vgadkj vkSj vgEeU;rk nks fHkUu pht+sa gSaA vOoy rks eSa ;g ckr o+QrbZ ugha le> ldk fd vuqfpr xoZ ;k feF;k nEHk fdlh dks vkfLrd cuus ls dSls jksd ldrk gSA okLro esa eSa fdlh egku O;fDr dh egkurk ls bUdkj dj ldrk gw¡] c'krsZ fd oSlh ;ksX;rk u gksus ij Hkh] vFkok egku gksus ds fy, okLro esa vko';d ;k vfuok;Z xq.k u gksus ij Hkh] eq>s fdlh gn rd oSlh gh yksdfç;rk fey tk;sA ;gk¡ rd rks ckr le> esa vkrh gSA exj ;g dSls gks ldrk gS fd dksbZ vkfLrd futh vgEeU;rk ds dkj.k bZ'oj esa fo'okl djuk NksM+ ns\\ nks gh ckrsa gks ldrh gSa % vkneh ;k rks Lo;a dks bZ'oj dk çfr}U}h le>us yxs ;k ;g ekuus yxs fd og Lo;a gh bZ'oj gSA ysfdu bu nksuksa gh fLFkfr;ksa esa og lPpk ukfLrd ugha cu ldrkA igyh fLFkfr eas og vius çfr}U}h ds vfLrRo ls bUdkj gh ugha djrk] nwljh fLFkfr esa Hkh og ,d ,slh lÙkk ds vfLrRo dks Lohdkj djrk gS tks vn`'; jgdj çÑfr dh reke fØ;kvksa dks funZsf'kr djrh gSA gekjs fy, bl ckr dk dksbZ egÙo ugha fd og Lo;a dks loksZPp lÙkk le>rk gS vFkok fdlh lokZsPp lpsr lÙkk dks Lo;a ls vyx le>rk gSA ewy ckr T;ksa dh R;ksa gSA mldk fo'okl T;ksa dk R;ksa gSA og fdlh Hkh rjg ls ukfLrd ugha gSA cgjgky] esjh ckr eku yhft;sA eSa u rks igyh Js.kh esa vkrk gw¡ u nwljh esaA eSa ml loZ'kfDreku ijekRek ds vfLrRo ls gh bUdkj djrk gw¡A D;ksa bUdkj djrk gw¡] bldh ppkZ ckn esa d:¡xkA ;gk¡ eSa dsoy ;g Li\"V djuk pkgrk gw¡ fd ukfLrdrk ds fl¼kUrksa dks viukus dh fn'kk esa eq>s esjh vgEeU;rk us çsfjr ugha fd;k gSA eSa u rks bZ'oj dk çfr}U}h gw¡ u mldk vorkj] u Lo;a ijekRekA iDdh ckr gS fd vgEeU;rk us eq>s ,slk lkspus ds fy, çsfjr ugha fd;k gSA bl vkjksi dks feF;k fl¼ djus ds fy, eq>s rF;ksa dh tk¡p&iM+rky djus dh btkt+r nhft;sA esjs bu nksLrksa ds eqrkfco+Q fnYyh cedk.M vkSj ykgkSj \"kM~;U=k dk.M ds dkj.k pys eqo+Qneksa ds nkSjku eq>s tks vko';d yksdfç;rk fey x;h g]S 'kk;n mlh us eq>eas feF;k nEHk inS k dj fn;k gAS [kj+S ] ns[k ysrs gaS fd mudh ckr lgh gS ;k ughaA esjh ukfLrdrk bruh u;h pht+ ughaA eSaus rks bZ'oj dks ekuuk rHkh cUn dj fn;k Fkk tc eSa ,d vKkr ukStoku Fkk vkSj esjs mi;qZDr fe=kksa dks esjs vfLrRo dk irk Hkh ugha FkkA de ls de dkWyst dk ,d Nk=k ,slk vuqfpr 456 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

xoZ ugha iky ldrk tks mls ukfLrd cuk nsA gkyk¡fd dqN çksi+Qslj eq>s ilUn djrs Fks vkSj dqN ukilUn] ij eSa dHkh Hkh ifjJeh ;k i<+kdw yM+dk ugha jgkA vgEeU;rk tSlh Hkkouk,¡ ikyus dk esjs fy, dksbZ ekSo+Qk ugha FkkA eSa rks cM+s 'kehZys LoHkko dk yM+dk Fkk vkSj vius Hkfo\"; dks ysdj dqN fujk'kkoknh [k+;kyksa esa [kks;k jgrk FkkA vkSj mu fnuksa eSa iDdk ukfLrd ugha FkkA esjs nknk] ftuds çHkko esa esjk ikyu&iks\"k.k gqvk] dV~Vj vk;Zlekth gSaA vk;Zlekth vkSj pkgs dqN Hkh gks] ukfLrd ugha gksrkA viuh çkFkfed f'k{kk iwjh djus ds ckn eSa ykgkSj ds Mh-,-oh- Ldwy esa nkf[ky gqvk vkSj ogk¡ ds cks²Mx gkml esa iwjs ,d lky rd jgkA ogk¡ lqcg vkSj 'kke dh çkFkZukvksa ds vykok Hkh eSa ?k.Vksa xk;=kh eU=k tirk jgrk FkkA mu fnuksa eSa iwjk Hkxr FkkA vkxs pydj eSa vius firk ds lkFk jgus yxkA tgk¡ rd èkk£ed dV~Vjrk dk loky gS] os mnkjrkoknh gSaA mUgha ds mins'kksa ls eq>esa vkt+knh ds mís'; ds fy, viuk thou v£ir dj nsus dh vkdka{kk mRiUu gqbZA ysfdu os ukfLrd ugha gaSA os eq>s çfrfnu lUè;k mikluk djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr fd;k djrs FksA bl <ax ls esjk ikyu&iks\"k.k gqvkA vlg;ksx vkUnksyu ds fnuksa esa eSa us'kuy dkWyst esa nkf[ky gqvkA ogha tkdj eSus mnkjrkoknh <ax ls lkspuk vkSj lkjh èkk£ed leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa] ;gk¡ rd fd bZ'oj ds ckjs esa Hkh] cgl vkSj vkykspuk djuk 'kq: fd;kA exj bZ'oj esa esjk vc Hkh iDdk fo'okl FkkA vc] eSa fcuk dVs&N¡Vs nk<+h vkSj ds'k j[kus yxk Fkk] exj eSa fl[k er ;k fdlh vU; èkeZ ds feFkdksa vkSj fl¼kUrksa esa fo'okl dHkh ugha dj ik;kA fiQj Hkh bZ'oj ds vfLrRo esa esjh iDdh vkLFkk FkhA vkxs pydj eSa ØkfUrdkjh ny esa 'kkfey gqvkA lcls igys eSa ftu usrk ds lEidZ esa vk;k] os bZ'oj dks ekurs rks ugha Fks] ysfdu mlds vfLrRo dks udkjus dk lkgl muesa ugha FkkA eSa bZ'oj ds ckjs esa yxkrkj muls ç'u djrk tkrk rks os dg fn;k djrs Fks] ¶tc rqEgkjk eu djs] çkFkZuk dj fy;k djksA¸ vc ;g rks ,slh ukfLrdrk gqbZ fd ukfLrd cuus pys gSa vkSj ukfLrd cuus dh fgEer vki eas ughAa eaS ftu nlw js urs k ds lEidZ eas vk;k] os vkfLrd FkAs mudk uke crk gh nw¡ μ os Fks vknj.kh; lkFkh 'kphUæukFk lkU;ky] tks djkph \"kM~;U=k dk.M ds flyflys esa vkthou dkysikuh dh lt+k Hkqxr jgs gSaA mudh çfl¼ vkSj ,dek=k iqLrd ^cUnh&thou* esa igys i`\"B ls gh bZ'oj dh efgek dk t+cjnLr xq.kxku fd;k x;k gSA ml [+kwclwjr fdrkc ds nwljs Hkkx ds vfUre i`\"B ij vius osnkUrokn ds dkj.k mUgksaus bZ'oj dks tks jgL;oknh Lrqfr;k¡ xk;h gSa] os muds fopkjksa dk cM+k vthcksx+jhc fgLlk gSaA 28 tuojh] 1926 dks tks ØkfUrdkjh ijpk iwjs Hkkjr esa ck¡Vk x;k Fkk] og eqo+Qnes ds dkx+t+kr ds vuqlkj fopkjksa dh lku ij ØkfUr dh ryokj @ 457

mUgha ds ekufld Je dk ifj.kke FkkA vc ;g rks gksrk gh gS fd xqIr dkjZokbZ esa çeq[k usrk vius mu futh fopkjksa dks O;Dr dj Mkyrk gS tks mls futh rkSj ij cgqr fç; gksrs gSa] vkSj 'ks\"k dk;ZdrkZvksa dks erHksnksa ds ckotwn mu fopkjksa ls ekSu lgefr çdV djuh iM+rh gSA ml ipZs esa ,d iwjk iSjkxzki+Q loZ'kfDreku bZ'oj dh yhyk vkSj djuh dh ç'kalk ls Hkjk gqvk FkkA og lc jgL;okn gSA eSa dguk ;g pkgrk gw¡ fd ukfLrdrk dk fopkj ØkfUrdkjh ny esa Hkh iSnk ugha gqvk FkkA dkdksjh dk.M ds pkjksa fo[;kr 'kghnksa us viuk vfUre fnu çkFkZuk,¡ djrs gq, fcrk;k FkkA jkeçlkn fcfLey dV~Vj vk;Zlekth FksA lektokn vkSj lkE;okn ds vius foLr`r vè;;u ds ckotwn jktsUæ ykfgM+h mifu\"knksa vkSj xhrk ds 'yksdksa dk ikB djus dh viuh bPNk dks nck ugha lds FksA mu yksxksa esa eSaus fli+QZ ,d vkneh ,slk ns[kk tks dHkh çkFkZuk ugha djrk Fkk vkjS dgk djrk Fkk fd ¶n'kuZ ekuoh; nqcyZ rk ;k lhfer Kku ls inS k gksrk gAS ¸ og Hkh vkthou dkysikuh dh lt+k Hkqxr jgk gSA ysfdu bZ'oj ds vfLrRo dks udkjus dk lkgl og Hkh dHkh ugha tqVk ldkA rc rd eSa :ekuh vkn'kZoknh ØkfUrdkjh gh FkkA rc rd ge dsoy vuq;k;h Fks] vkxs pydj iwjh ft+Eesnkjh vius dUèkksa ij mBkus dk le; vk;kA vfuok;Zr% çfrfØ;k bruh t+cjnLr Fkh fd dqN le; rd rks ny dk vfLrRo gh vlEHko yxrk jgkA mRlkgh lkFkh] ugha&ugha] usrk gekjk et+ko+Q mM+kus yxsA dqN le; rd eq>s ,slk yxrk jgk fd dgha eSa Hkh vius dk;ZØe dks O;FkZ u ekuus yxw¡A ;g esjs ØkfUrdkjh thou dk ,d eksM+ FkkA esjs fnekx+ ds gj dksus&vUrjs ls ,d gh vkokt+ jg&jg dj mBrh μ ¶vè;;u djksA Lo;a dks fojksfèk;ksa ds rdks± dk lkeuk djus yk;d cukus ds fy, vè;;u djks!¸ ¶vius er ds leFkZu esa rdks± ls ySl gksus ds fy, vè;;u djks!¸ eSasus vè;;u djuk 'kq: fd;k] mlls esjh iwoZorhZ vkLFkkvksa vkSj ekU;rkvksa esa egÙoiw.kZ ifjorZu gq,A dsoy ¯glkRed mik;ksa esa fo'okl j[kus dk :ekuhiu] tks gels igys ds yksxksa ij gkoh Fkk] nwj gks x;k vkSj mldk LFkku xEHkhj fopkjkas us ys fy;kA jgL;okn vkjS vUèkfo'okl ds fy, vc dkbs Z xtaq kb'k ugha jghA ;FkkFkZokn gekjk er cu x;kA vc gekjh le> esa vk;k fd 'kfDr dk ç;ksx vR;Ur vko';d gksus ij gh mfpr gS vkSj vke turk ds reke vkUnksyukas ds fy, v¯glk dh uhfr vifjgk;Z gSA ;g rks gqbZ rjho+Qksa dh ckrA lcls egÙoiw.kZ ckr Fkh ml vkn'kZ dh Li\"V voèkkj.kk ftlds fy, gesa yM+uk FkkA p¡wfd ml le; lfØ;rk ds Lrj ij dksbZ [k+kl xfrfofèk;k¡ ugha Fkha] blfy, fo'o&ØkfUr ds fofHkUu vkn'kks± dk vè;;u djus ds volj eq>s [+kwc feysA eSaus vjktdrkoknh usrk ckdqfuu dks i<+k] FkksM+k&lk lkE;okn ds tud 458 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

ekDlZ dks i<k+ ] vkjS vius n's k eas liQyrkiow dZ ØkfUr djus okys yfs uu] =kkRLdh rFkk vU; yksxksa dks [+kwc i<+kA ;s lc ukfLrd FksA ckdqfuu dh iqLrd ^bZ'oj vkjS jkT;* vèkwjh&lh gksus ds ckotwn bl fo\"k; dk ,d jkspd vè;;u gAS ckn esa fuyZEc Lokeh dh iqLrd ^lgt Kku* esjs i<+us esa vk;hA mlesa egt ,d jgL;oknh ukfLrdrk FkhA vc ;g fo\"k; esjs fy, lcls T+;knk jkspd cu x;kA 1926 ds vUr rd eSa bl ckr dk dk;y gks x;k fd lkjh nqfu;k dks cukus] pykus vkSj fu;fU=kr djus okyh loZ'kfDreku ijelÙkk ds vfLrRo dk fl¼kUr fujkèkkj gSA eSaus vius vfo'okl ds ckjs esa nwljksa dks crk Hkh fn;k FkkA fe=kksa ds lkFk eSa bl fo\"k; ij cgl djus yxkA eSa ?kksf\"kr :i ls ukfLrd cu pqdk FkkA exj bldk eryc D;k Fkk] bldh ppkZ uhps dh tk jgh gSA ebZ 1927 esa ykgkSj esa esjh fxjÝ+rkjh gqbZA fxjÝ+rkjh vpkud gqbZA eq>s t+jk Hkh vUns'kk ugha Fkk fd iqfyl esjh ryk'k esa gSA vpkud ,d ckx+ esa ls xqt+jrs gq, eSaus ik;k fd eSa iqfyl }kjk ?ksj fy;k x;k gw¡A eq>s [+kqn bl ckr dh gSjkuh gS fd eSa ml le; ,dne 'kkUr jgkA u rks eq>s dksbZ ?kcjkgV gqbZ] u eSaus fdlh mÙkstuk dk vuqHko fd;kA eq>s fgjklr esa ys fy;k x;kA vxys fnu eq>s jsyos iqfyl dh gokykr esa ys tk;k x;k tgk¡ eSaus iwjk ,d eghuk xqt+kjkA iqfyl vi+Qljksa ls dbZ fnu dh ckrphr ds ckn eSaus vuqeku yxk;k fd mUgsa dkdksjh ny ls esjs lEcUèk gksus rFkk ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu ls lEcfUèkr esjh vU; xfrfofèk;ksa ds ckjs esa dqN tkudkjh gSA mUgkasus eq>s crk;k fd ftu fnuksa eqo+Qnek py jgk Fkk] eSa y[kuÅ x;k Fkk_ fd eSaus vfHk;qDrksa ls feydj mUgsa NqM+kus dh ;kstuk cukbZ Fkh_ fd mudh vuqefr ikdj ge yksxksa us dqN ce tek fd;s_ fd tk¡p ds rkSj ij muesa ls ,d ce 1926 ds n'kgjs ds fnu HkhM+ esa iQsadk x;k Fkk] fiQj mUgksaus eq>ls dgk fd rqEgkjh HkykbZ blh esa gS fd rqe ØkfUrdkjh ny dh xfrfofèk;ksa ij çdk'k Mkyrs g,q ,d c;ku ns nk]s blls rEq gas tsy esa ugha Mkyk tk;sxkA cfYd vnkyr eas eq[k+fcj crkSj is'k fd;s fcuk gh rqEgsa NksM+ fn;k tk;sxkA eSa muds bl çLrko ij g¡l fn;kA mudh lc ckras okfg;kr FkhAa gekjs tlS s fopkjkas okys ykxs viuh cds ljw turk ij ce ugha iQdas k djrsA ,d fnu lh-vkbZ-Mh- ds rRdkyhu ofj\"B vèkh{kd feLVj U;weSu esjs ikl vk;sA vkSj dki+Qh nsj rd lgkuqHkwfr trkus okyh ckrsa djus ds ckn mUgksaus eq>s ;g [k+cj lquk;h μ tks muds fglkc ls vR;Ur nq[kn Fkh μ fd os yksx tSlk c;ku e>q ls pkgrs g]aS euaS s ugha fn;k rks etcjw gkds j mUgas e>q ij dkdkjs h dk.M ds flyflys esa 'kklu ds fo#¼ yM+kbZ NsM+us ds \"kM~;U=k vkSj n'kgjk cedk.M ds flyflys esa gqbZ Øwj gR;kvksa ds fy, eqo+Qnek pykuk iM+sxkA fiQj mUgksaus eq>s crk;k fd muds ikl eq>s lt+k fnykus vkSj iQk¡lh p<+kus ds fy, dki+Qh lcwr fopkjksa dh lku ij ØkfUr dh ryokj @ 459

ekStwn gSaA mu fnuksa eSa ;g ekurk Fkk μ gkyk¡fd eSa fcYdqy funksZ\"k Fkk μ fd iqfyl pkgs rks ,slk dj ldrh gSA mlh fnu dqN iqfyl vi+Qljksa us eq>s lqcg&'kke nksuksa le; fu;e ls çkFkuZ k djus ds fy, çsfjr djuk 'kq: dj fn;kA vc eSa Bgjk ukfLrdA eSaus vius eu esa ;g i+QSlyk dj ysuk pkgk fd eSa lq[k&'kkfUr ds fnuksa esa gh ukfLrd gksus dh 'ks[kh c?kkjrk gw¡ ;k ,slh dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh vius fl¼kUrksa ij vVy jg ldrk gw¡A cgqr lksp&fopkj ds ckn eSaus ;g fu'p; fd;k fd eSa Lo;a dks bZ'oj esa fo'okl djus vkSj mldh çkFkZuk djus ds fy, rS;kj ugha dj ldrkA vkSj eSaus çkFkZuk ugha dhA ,d ckj Hkh ugha dhA ;g vlyh ijh{kk Fkh vkSj eSa mlesa mÙkh.kZ gqvkA ,d {k.k ds fy, Hkh esjs eu esa ;g fopkj ugha vk;k fd dqN vU; pht+ksa dh o+Qher ij eaS viuh tku cpk yA¡w bl rjg eaS iDdk ukfLrd Fkk vkjS rc ls vkt rd gA¡w ml ijh{kk eas mÙkh.kZ gksuk dksbZ vklku dke ugha FkkA vkfLrdrk eqf'dyksa dks vklku dj nsrh gS] ;gk¡ rd fd mUgsa [+kq'kxokj Hkh cuk ldrh gSA vkneh bZ'oj esa cM+h t+cjnLr jkgr vkSj fnyklk ik ldrk gSA mlds fcuk vkneh dks vius Åij gh Hkjkslk djuk iM+rk gSA vkSj vk¡fèk;ksa&rwi+Qkuksa ds chp vius iSjksa ij [kM+s jguk cPpksa dk [ksy ugha gSA ijh{kk dh ,slh ?kfM+;kas esa vgEeU;rk vxj gks Hkh rks diwj dh rjg mM+ tkrh gS vkSj vkneh çpfyr fo'oklksa dks Bqdjkus dh fgEer ugha dj ikrk] vxj djrk gS rks gesa dguk iM+sxk fd mlesa fujh vgEeU;rk ds vykok dksbZ vkSj rko+Qr gSA Bhd ;gh fLFkfr vkt gSA lc yksx vPNh rjg tkurs gSa fd gekjs eqo+Qnes dk i+QSlyk D;k gksuk gSA gÝ+rsHkj esa og lquk Hkh fn;k tk;sxkA esjs fy, bl [k+;ky ds vykok vkSj D;k jkgr gks ldrh gS fd eSa ,d mís'; ds fy, vius çk.kksa dk cfynku djus tk jgk gw¡\\ bZ'oj esa fo'okl djus okyk fgUnw jktk cudj iqutZUe ysus dh vk'kk dj ldrk gS] eqlyeku ;k bZlkbZ tUur esa feyus okys et+s ywVus vkSj viuh eqlhcrksa vkSj o+QqckZfu;ksa ds cnys buke gkfly djus ds lius ns[k ldrk gSA exj eSa fdl pht+ dh mEehn d:¡\\ eSa tkurk gw¡ fd tc esjh xjnu esa iQk¡lh dk iQUnk Mkydj esjs iSjksa ds uhps ls r[+rs [khaps tk;saxs] lcdqN lekIr gks tk;sxkA ogh esjk vfUre {k.k gksxkA esjk] vFkok vkè;kfRed 'kCnkoyh esa dgw¡ rks esjh vkRek dk] lEiw.kZ vUr mlh {k.k gks tk;sxkA ckn ds fy, dqN ugha jgsxkA vxj eq>eas bl n`f\"V ls ns[kus dk lkgl gS rks ,d NksVk&lk la?k\"kZe; thou gh] ftldk vUr Hkh dksbZ 'kkunkj vUr ugha] viusvki esa esjk iqjLdkj gksxkA cl vkSj dqN ughaA fdlh LokFkZiw.kZ bjkns ds fcuk] bgyksd ;k ijyksd esa dksbZ iqjLdkj ikus dh bPNk ds fcuk] fcYdqy vuklDr Hkko ls eaSus viuk thou vkt+knh ds mís'; ds fy, v£ir 460 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

fd;k gS] D;ksafd eSa ,slk fd;s fcuk jg ugha ldkA ftl fnu ,slh ekufldrk okys cgqr ls yksx gks tk;saxs tks ekuo&lsok vkSj ihfM+r ekuork dh eqfDr dks gj pht+ ls Åij le> dj mlds fy, viusvki dks v£ir djsaxs] mlh fnu vkt+knh dk ;qx 'kq: gksxkA tc os jktk cuus ds fy, ugha_ bgyksd esa] vxys tUe ;k e`R;q ds mijkUr LoxZ esa tkdj dksbZ vU; iqjLdkj ikus ds fy, ugha cfYd ekuork dh xjnu ij j[kk nklrk dk tqok mrkj iQsadus ds fy, vkSj LorU=krk ,oa 'kkfUr dh LFkkiuk ds fy, neudkfj;ksa] 'kks\"kdksa vkSj vR;kpkfj;ksa dks pqukSrh nsus dh çsj.kk xzg.k djsaxs] rHkh os bl ekxZ ij py ldsaxs tks O;fDrxr :i ls muds fy, Hkys gh [k+rjukd gks ysfdu mudh egku vkRekvksa ds fy, ,dek=k xkSjoiw.kZ ekxZ gSA bl egku mís'; ds fy, Lo;a dks v£ir djus esa mUgsa tks xoZ gksxk] D;k mls vgEeU;rk dgk tk ldrk gS\\ mu ij ,slk ?k`f.kr ykaNu yxkus dh fgEer dkSu dj ldrk gS\\ vxj dksbZ djrk gS rks eSa dgw¡xk fd ;k rks og ew[kZ gS ;k èkwrZA pfy,] ge mls eki+Q fd;s nsrs gSa] D;ksafd og ân; dh xgjkbZ vkSj vkosx dks] mlesa mBus okyh Hkkoukvksa vkSj mnkÙk vuqHkwfr;kas dks le> gh ugha ldrkA mldk fny ekal dk cstku yksFkM+k gSA mldh vk¡[kksa ij vU; LokFkks± dk ijnk iM+k gqvk gS] blfy, os vPNh rjg ns[k gh ugha ldrhaA vkRefuHkZjrk dks vgEeU;rk ds :i esa O;k[;kf;r dj ysus dh xqatkb'k ges'kk cuh jgrh gSA ;g cM+h nq[kn vkSj cqjh ckr gS] ysfdu blds ckjs esa dqN fd;k ugha tk ldrkA vki fdlh çpfyr fo'okl dk fojksèk djds nsf[k;s] fdlh ,sls uk;d ;k egku O;fDr dh vkykspuk djds nsf[k;s] ftlds ckjs esa yksx ;g ekurs gksa fd og dHkh dksbZ x+yrh dj gh ugha ldrk blfy, mldh vkykps uk dh gh ugha tk ldrh] vki ds rdk±s dh rkoQ+ r ykxs kas dks etcjw djxs h fd os vgadkjh dgdj vki dk et+ko+Q mM+k;saA bldk dkj.k ekufld tM+rk gAS vkykps uk vkjS LorU=k fpUru ØkfUrdkjh ds nks vfuok;Z x.q k gkrs s gAaS ;g ugha fd egkRekth egku gSa blfy, fdlh dks mudh vkykspuk ugha djuh pkfg,_ pw¡fd os igq¡ps gq, vkneh gSa blfy, jktuhfr] èkeZ] vFkZ'kkL=k ;k uhfr'kkL=k ij os tks dqN dg nsaxs og lgh gh gksxk_ vki lger gksa ;k u gksa ij vki dks dguk t:+ j iMxs+ k fd ;gh lR; gAS ;g ekufldrk çxfr dh vkjs ugha ys tkrhA lki+Q t+kfgj gS fd ;g çfrfØ;koknh ekufldrk gSA pw¡fd gekjs iwoZtksa us fdlh ijelÙkk esa μ loZ'kfDreku bZ'oj esa fo'okl cuk fy;k Fkk] blfy, ml fo'okl dks ;k ml ije lÙkk dks pqukSrh nsus okyksa dks vxj dkfi+Qj vkSj x+íkj dgk tkuk gS_ pw¡fd mlds rdZ brus ot+uh gSa fd mudh dkV lEHko ugha vkSj mldh Hkkouk bruh çcy gS fd loZ'kfDreku ds fopkjksa dh lku ij ØkfUr dh ryokj @ 461

dksi ls ml ij iM+us okyh eqlhcrksa dk Hk; fn[kk dj Hkh mls nck;k ugha tk ldrk] blfy, vgadkjh dg dj mldk vkSj vgEeU;rk dgdj mldh Hkkouk dk et+ko+Q mM+k;k gh tkuk gS rks fiQj bl csdkj cgl eas le; u\"V djus dh t+:jr gh D;k\\ bl lkjs elys ij ftjg djus dh dksf'k'k gh D;ksa\\ eSa tks ;g foLr`r ppkZ NsM+ cSBk gw¡] mldh otg ;g gS fd turk ds lkeus ;g loky igyh ckj vk jgk gS vkSj igyh ckj bl ij fdlh ykxyisV ds fcuk ckrphr gks jgh gSA tgk¡ rd igys loky dk lEcUèk g]S esjk [k+;ky gS eaSus ;g Li\"V dj fn;k gS fd eSa vgEeU;rk ls çsfjr gksdj ukfLrd ugha cukA esjh rdZi¼fr Lohdk;Z gS ;k ugha] ;g i+QSlyk eq>s ugha] cfYd esjs ikBdksa dks djuk gSA eSa tkurk gw¡ fd ;fn eSa vkfLrd gksrk rks bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa esjh ft+Unxh vklku gks x;h gksrh] esjk cks> gydk gks x;k gksrkA bZ'oj esa fo'okl u djus ds dkj.k esjh gkyr [k'q d gS vkjS blls Hkh cnrj gks ldrh gAS FkkMs k+ &lk jgL;okn bl fLFkfr dks [+kq'kxokj cuk ldrk Fkk] exj eSa viuh fu;fr dk lkeuk djus ds fy, fdlh u'ks dk lgkjk ysuk ugha pkgrkA eSa ;FkkFkZoknh gw¡A eSa viuh lgto`fÙk ij foods ls fot; ikus dh dkfs 'k'k djrk jgk gA¡w eaS bl dkfs 'k'k eas ge's kk oQ+ ke;kc ugha jgk gA¡w exj bUlku dk iQ+ tZ+ gS fd og dkfs 'k'k djAs liQyrk rks l;a kxs vkjS ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSA tgk¡ rd nwljs loky dk lEcUèk gS fd ;fn bZ'oj ds vfLrRo lEcUèkh iqjkus vkSj çpfyr fo'okl esa vfo'okl vgEeU;rk ds dkj.k ugha rks mldk dksbZ vkSj dkj.k gksuk pkfg,] eq>s ;g dguk gS fd gk¡] dkj.k gSA esjs fopkj ls ftl vkneh esa FkksM+k&lk Hkh foosd gksrk gS] og ges'kk viuh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks rdZlaxr <ax ls le>uk pkgrk gSA tgk¡ lhèks çek.k ugha feyrs ogk¡ n'kZu gkoh gks tkrk gSA tSlkfd eSa igys dg pqdk gw¡] esjs ,d ØkfUrdkjh fe=k dgk djrs Fks fd n'kZu ekuoh; nqcZyrk dk ifj.kke gSA gekjs iwoZt tc bl nqfu;k ds jgL;kas dh xRq Fkh lyq >kus dh dkfs 'k'k djrs Fk_s blds vrhr] oreZ ku vkjS Hkfo\"; dks rFkk blls lEcfUèkr ^D;ksa* vkSj ^dgk¡ ls* vkfn dks le>us pyrs Fks] rks muds ikl i+Qqjlr dh rks dksbZ deh ugha gksrh Fkh exj çR;{k çek.k cgqr gh de gksrs FksA blfy, gj vkneh vius <ax ls leL;k dks gy djus dh dksf'k'k djrk FkkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd fofHkUu èkk£ed erksa esa cqfu;knh fl¼kUr ij Hkkjh erHkns feyrs g]aS tks dHkh&dHkh furkUr fojkès kh vkjS 'k=krq ki.w kZ :i xgz .k dj yrs s gAaS çkP; vkSj ik'pkR; n'kZuksa esa fHkUurk gS gh] fo'o ds çR;sd Hkw&Hkkx dh viuh fopkj ç.kkfy;ksa esa Hkh erHksn gSA çkP; èkeks± esa bLyke vkSj fgUnw èkeks± 462 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

esa dksbZ vuqdwyrk ugha gSA dsoy Hkkjr esa gh ns[ksa rks ckS¼ vkSj tSu èkeZ dgh&a dgha ckz ã.kokn ls fcYdyq vyx g]aS tks Lo;a vk;lZ ekt vkjS lukru èkeZ tSls ijLij fojksèkh fo'oklksa esa c¡Vk gqvk gSA bu lcls vyx çkphu dky esa pkokZd n'kZu esa ,d vius gh <ax dk LorU=k fopkj feyrk gSA pkokZd us cgqr igys gh bZ'oj dh çHkqlÙkk dks pqukSrh ns nh FkhA thou vkSj txr&lEcUèkh vkèkkjHkrw ç'u ij bu lHkh erkas esa fHkUurk gS vkjS gj dkbs Z viuvs ki dks gh lgh ekurk gSA ;gh gS lkjh cqjkbZ dh tM+A çkphu dky ds fo}kuksa vkSj fpUrdksa ds ç;ksxksa rFkk mn~xkjksa dks vkèkkj cukdj vKku ds fo#¼ vkxs dh yM+kbZ yM+us vkSj bl jgL;e;h leL;k dk lekèkku [kkstus ds ctk; ge fudEes yksx μ geus fl¼ dj fn;k gS fd ge fudEes gSa μ fo'okl dh] vius&vius erksa esa vVy vkSj vfMx fo'okl dh] ph[k+&iqdkj epkrs jgrs gSaA bl çdkj ge ekuoh; çxfr dks vo#¼ dj nsus ds nks\"kh gSaA çxfr ds leFkZd çR;sd O;fDr ds fy, ;g vfuok;Z gS fd og iqjkus fo'okl ls lEcfUèkr gj ckr dh vkykspuk djs] mlesa vfo'okl djs vkSj mls pqukSrh nsA çpfyr fo'okl dh ,d&,d ckr ds gj dksus&vUrjs dh foosdiw.kZ tk¡p&iM+rky mls djuh gksxhA ;fn dksbZ foosdiw.kZ <ax ls i;kZIr lksp&fopkj ds ckn fdlh fl¼kUr ;k n'kZu esa fo'okl djrk gS rks mlds fo'okl dk Lokxr gSA mldh rdZ&i¼fr HkzkfUriw.kZ] x+yr] iFk&Hkz\"V vkSj dnkfpr gsRokHkklh gks ldrh gS] ysfdu ,slk vkneh lqèkjdj lgh jkLrs ij vk ldrk gS] D;ksafd foosd dk èkzqorkjk lgh jkLrk cukrk gqvk mlds thou esa pedrk jgrk gSA exj dksjk fo'okl vkSj vUèkfo'okl [k+rjukd gksrk gSA D;ksafd og fnekx+ dks dqUn djrk gS vkSj vkneh dks çfrfØ;koknh cuk nsrk gSA ;FkkFkZoknh gksus dk nkok djus okys dks rks lewps iqjkru fo'okl dks pqukSrh nsuh gksxhA ;fn fo'okl foosd dh vk¡p cjnk'r ugha dj ldrk rks èoLr gks tk;sxkA rc ;FkkFkZoknh vkneh dks lcls igys ml fo'okl ds <k¡ps dks iwjh rjg fxjkdj ml txg ,d u;k n'kZu [kM+k djus ds fy, t+ehu lki+Q djuh gksxhA ;g rks gqvk udkjkRed i{kA blds ckn 'kq: gksrk gS ldkjkRed dk;Z] ftlesa dbZ ckj iqjkus fo'okl dh dqN lkexzh iqu£uekZ.k ds fy, bLrseky dh tk ldrh gSA tgk¡ rd esjh ckr gS] igys gh dg nw¡ fd eSa bl fo\"k; dk T+;knk vè;;u ugha dj ik;k gw¡A esjh cM+h bPNk Fkh fd çkP; n'kZu dk vè;;u d:¡] ysfdu oSlk dksbZ la;ksx ;k volj eq>s ugha feyk] exj tgk¡ rd udkjkRed i{k dk lEcUèk gS] eSa iqjkus fo'okl ds lgh gksus dh ckr ij ç'ufpÉ yxkus fopkjksa dh lku ij ØkfUr dh ryokj @ 463

dk dk;y gks pqdk gw¡A eq>s iDdk fo'okl gks x;k gS fd çÑfr dk funsZ'ku vkSj lapkyu djus okyh fdlh psru ije lÙkk dk dksbZ vfLrRo ugha gSA ge çÑfr esa fo'okl djrs gSa vkSj çÑfr dks ekuo lsok esa fu;ksftr djus ds fy, mls eu\"q ; dh o'korhZ cukuk lepw s çxfr'khy vkUnkys u dk y{; gAS mls pykus okyh dksbZ psru 'kfDr mlds ihNs ugha gS] ;gh gekjk n'kZu gSA udkjkRed i{k dh vksj ls ge vkfLrdksa ls dqN loky iwNrs gSa % ;fn vki ds fo'okl ds vuqlkj dksbZ loZ'kfDreku] loZO;kih vkSj loZK bZ'oj gS] ftlus bl i`Foh ;k nqfu;k dh l`f\"V dh rks Ñi;k ;g crkb;s fd mlus ,slk D;ksa fd;k\\ mlus ,slh nqfu;k D;ksa cukbZ ftlesa reke nq[k gSa] rdyhi+Qsa gSa] ftlesa okLrfod thou dh =kklfn;ksa dk ,d vuUr flyflyk gS vkSj ftlesa ,d Hkh çk.kh iwjh rjg lUrq\"V ugha gS\\ Ñik djds ;g u dfg;s fd ;g mldk fu;e gS] D;ksafd og fdlh fu;e ls c¡èkk gqvk gS rks loZ'kfDreku ugha gS] rc rks og ge tSlk gh ,d X+kqyke gSA Ñi;k ;g Hkh u dfg;s fd ;g mldh yhyk ;k ØhM+k gS ftlesa mls vkuUn vkrk gSA uhjks us rks ,d gh jkse dks tyk;k FkkA mlus rks FkksM+s&ls yksxksa dh gh tkusa yh FkhaA mlus rks iw.kZr% vius vkuUn ds fy, dqN gh =kklfn;ksa dks tUe fn;k FkkA vkSj bfrgkl esa mldh txg dgk¡ gS\\ bfrgkldkj mls fdl uke ls ;kn djrs gSa\\ nqfu;kHkj dh ui+QjrHkjh ykursa ml ij cjlk;h tkrh gSaA vR;kpkjh] ân;ghu vkSj nq\"V uhjks dh HkRlZuk djrs gq, i`\"B ij i`\"B xkfy;kas ls Hkjh dVq fuUnkvksa ls dkys fd;s x;s gSaA ,d paxst+[k+k¡ Fkk] ftlus gR;k dk vkuUn ysus ds fy, dqN gt+kj yksxksa dh tkusa ys yh Fkh vkSj ge mlds uke rd ls uiQ+ jr djrs gAaS rc vki vius lo'Z kfDreku] 'kk'or uhjks dks mfpr dlS s Bgjk;saxs tks gj fnu] gj ?k.Vs vkSj gj feuV vla[; =kklfn;ksa dks tUe nsrk jgk gS vkSj vkt Hkh ns jgk gS\\ dSls vki mlds mu nq\"ÑR;ksa dk leFkZu djsaxs] tks çfr{k.k paxst+[k+k¡ ds nq\"ÑR;ksa dks ekr djrs gSa\\ eSa iwNrk gw¡] mlus ;g nqfu;k cuk;h gh D;ksa] tks lk{kkr udZ gS] tks vuUr vkSj rY[k+ cspSuh dk ?kj gS\\ ml loZ'kfDreku us euq\"; dh l`f\"V D;ksa dh tcfd mlds ikl ,slh l`f\"V u djus dh 'kfDr Fkh\\ bl lcdk vkSfpR; D;k gS\\ D;k dgk] ijyksd esa funksZ\"k mRihfM+rksa dks iqjLdkj vkSj dqdeZ djus okyksa dks n.M nsus ds fy,\\ vPNk] rks ;g crkb;s fd ml vkneh dks vki dgk¡ rd lgh Bgjk;asxs tks ckn esa eqyk;e vkSj vkjkensg ejge yxkus ds fy, vkids 'kjhj dks t+[+eksa ls Nyuh dj ns\\ XySfM,Vjksa dh laLFkk ds leFkZd vkSj çcUèkd] tks igys rks yksxksa dks Hkw[ks vkSj Øq¼ 'ksjksa ds lkeus iQsad nsrs Fks vkSj ckn esa vxj os yksx ft+Unk cp tkrs rks mudh cM+h vPNh ns[kHkky djrs Fks] 464 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

dgk¡ rd lgh Fks\\ blhfy, eSa iwNrk gw¡ fd ml psru ije lÙkk us bl nqfu;k dh vkSj mlesa euq\"; dh l`f\"V D;ksa dh\\ vius et+s ds fy,\\ rks fiQj mlesa vkSj uhjks esa D;k i+Qo+QZ gS\\ fgUnw n'kZu ds ikl rks vHkh vkSj Hkh rdZ gksaxs] ysfdu eqlyekuks vkSj bZlkb;ks] eSa vki yksxksa ls iwNrk gw¡ fd vki ds ikl Åij ds loky dk D;k tokc g\\S vki rks iow tZ Ue eas fo'okl ugha djrAs fgUnvq kas dh rjg vki ;g rdZ ugha ns ldrs fd çR;{k :i ls funksZ\"k yksx blfy, nq[k ik jgs gSa fd iwoZtUe esa mUgksaus cqjs deZ fd;s FksA eSa rks vki ls iwNrk gw¡ fd ml loZ'kfDreku us Ng fnukas rd 'kCn ds }kjk bl nfq u;k dks cukus dh egs ur D;kas dh vkjS D;kas çfrfnu ;g dgk fd lc Bhd gS\\ vkt mls cqykb;sA mls fiNyk bfrgkl fn[kkb,A mlls dfg;s fd og orZeku fLFkfr dk vè;;u djsA ns[ksa og dSls dgrk gS fd ¶lc Bhd gS¸! tsyksa dh dkydksBfj;ksa] xUnh cfLr;ksa vkSj >qXxh&>ksaifM+;ksa esa Hkw[ks ejrs yk[kksa yksx] iw¡thoknh jk{klksa }kjk viuk jDr pwls tkus dh çfØ;k dks èkS;ZiwoZd ;k fjDr Hkko ls ns[kus okys 'kksf\"kr et+nwjksa] ekewyh le> okys vkneh dks Hkh vkrafdr dj nsus okyh ekuoh; ÅtkZ dh fi+QT+kwy[k+£p;ksa vkSj t+:jreUn mRikndksa esa ck¡Vus ds ctk; vfrfjDr mRiknu dks leqæ esa iQsad nsus tSls dk;ks± ls ysdj ujdadkyksa dh uhao ij [kM+s fd;s x;s 'kkgh egyksa rd] gj pht+ mls fn[kkb;s vkSj t+jk mlls dgykb;s fd ¶lc Bhd gS¸! ;g lc D;ksa vkSj dgk¡ ls vk;k\\ ;g gS esjk lokyA vki [k+keks'k gSa\\ rks Bhd gS] eSa viuh ckr vkxs c<+krk gw¡A vPNk] fgUnqvks] vki dgrs gSa fd tks yksx vkt nq[k ik jgs gSa os iwoZtUeksa ds ikih gSaA Bhd] vki ;g Hkh dgrs gSa fd vkt ds mRihM+d yksx iwoZtUeksa ds èkeZkRek gSa blfy, muds gkFk esa lÙkk gSA ekuuk iM+sxk fd vki ds iwoZt cM+s pkykd FksA mUgksaus ,sls fl¼kUr [kkst fudkyus dk ç;kl fd;k ftuls foosd vkSj vfo'okl ds vkèkkj ij dh tkus okyh reke dksf'k'kksa dks nck fn;k tk;sA ysfdu vkb;s] fo'ys\"k.k djds ns[ksa fd okLro esa bl rdZ esa fdruk ne gSA o+Qkuwu ds çfl¼re tkudkjksa dh jk; esa nq\"deZ djus okys dks nh tkus okyh lt+k dsoy rhu&pkj mís';ksa dh n`f\"V ls gh mfpr Bgjk;h tkrh gSA ;s mí's ; gaS % çfrdkj] ;kuh cnyk yus k_ lèq kkj ;kuh nk\"s kh O;fDr dks lèq kkjdj lgh jkLrs ij ykuk_ vkSj fuokj.k ;kuh n.M dk Hk; fn[kkdj yksxksa dks nq\"deZ djus ls jksdukA çfrdkj ds fl¼kUr dh HkRlZuk rks vkt ds lHkh çxfr'khy fopkjd djrs gh gSa] fuokj.k ds fl¼kUr dk Hkh ;gh gJ gksus okyk gSA ,dek=k lqèkkj dk fl¼kUr gh lkjoku vkSj ekuoh; çxfr ds fy, vifjgk;Z gSA bldk mís'; gS nk\"s kh O;fDr dks vR;Ur l;q kXs ; ,oa 'kkfUrfç; ukxfjd cukdj lekt dks ykVS k fopkjksa dh lku ij ØkfUr dh ryokj @ 465

nsukA ysfdu vxj ge lHkh euq\";ksa dks vijkèkh eku Hkh ysa rks bZ'oj }kjk mUgas nh tkus okyh lt+k dSlh gS\\ vki dgrs gSa fd og mUgsa xk;] fcYyh] o`{k] tM+h&cwVh ;k tkuoj cukdj nqfu;k esa Hkstrk gSA vki bu lt+kvksa dh la[;k 84 yk[k crkrs gSaA eSa iwNrk gw¡] bldk euq\"; ij dkSu&lk lqèkkjkRed çHkko iM+rk gS\\ vki dks ,sls fdrus yksx feys tks dgrs gksa fd iki djus ds dkj.k fiNys tUe esa os xèkk cus Fks\\ ,d Hkh ughaA vius iqjk.kksa ds m¼j.k jgus nhft;sA vki dh ikSjkf.kd dgkfu;ksa esa my>us dh i+Qqjlr esjs ikl ugha gSA vki rks ;g crkb;s] D;k vki tkurs gSa fd bl nqfu;k esa lcls cM+k iki x+jhc gksuk gS] ysfdu vki ds vuqlkj ;g yksxksa dks bZ'oj }kjk nh x;h lt+k gSA eSa iwNrk gw¡] vki ml vijkèkfoKkuh dks] ml fofèkosÙkk ;k foèkk;d dks dSls mfpr Bgjk;saxs tks vkneh dks vfuok;Zr% vkSj T+;knk vijkèk djus ds fy, etcwj djus okyh lt+k,¡ rtoht+ djs\\ D;k vkids bZ'oj us bl pht+ ij x+kSj ugha fd;k\\ ;k mls Hkh ,slh ckrsa vuqHko ls lh[kuh iM+rh gSa\\ ysfdu ekuork dks vdFkuh; nq[k >sydj blds fy, fdruh cM+h o+Qher pqdkuh iM+rh gS! fdlh x+jhc vkSj vui<+ pekj ;k Hkaxh ds ?kj iSnk gksus okys vkneh dh fu;fr vki ds [k;+ ky ls D;k gkxs h\\ og xj+ hc gS blfy, i<&+ fy[k ugha ldrkA rFkkdfFkr Å¡ph tkfr esa iSnk gksus ds dkj.k Lo;a dks Js\"B ekuus okys mlds laxh&lkFkh mlls ui+Qjr djrs gSa vkSj vNwr ekudj vyx&Fkyx j[krs gSaA mldk vKku] mldh x+jhch vkSj mlds lkFk fd;k tkus okyk cjrko lekt ds çfr mlds ân; dks dBksj cuk nsxkA eku yhft;s] og dksbZ iki djrk gS] rks mldh ltk+ dkuS Hkxq rxs k\\ b'Z oj\\ og Lo;]a ;k lekt ds Kkuoku ykxs \\ ?ke.Mh vkSj LokFkhZ czkã.kksa }kjk tku&cw>dj vKkuh cukdj j[ks x;s mu yksxksa dh lt+k ds ckjs esa vki D;k dgrs gSa ftUgsa vki ds ifo=k Kku&xzUFkksa] ;kuh osnksa dh dqN iafDr;k¡ lqu ysus dk n.M vius dkuksa esa fi?kys gq, xje lhls dh èkkj >sydj Hkjuk iM+rk Fkk\\ vxj mudk dksbZ vijkèk Fkk Hkh rks mlds fy, ft+Eesnkj dkSu Fkk vkSj mldk urhtk fdldks Hkqxruk pkfg, Fkk\\ esjs I;kjs nksLrks] ;s fl¼kUr fo'ks\"kkfèkdkj çkIr yksxksa ds eux<+Ur fl¼kUr gSaA os bu fl¼kUrkas ds tfj;s t+cjnLrh gfFk;kbZ gqbZ viuh 'kfDr] lEiUurk vkSj Js\"Brk dks mfpr Bgjkrs gSaA ;kn vk;k] 'kk;n vIVu ¯lDys;j us dgha fy[kk gS fd vkneh dks vejrk esa fo'okl djus okyk cuk nks vkSj mlds ikl èku&lEifÙk vkfn tks dqN Hkh gS] lc ywV yksA og mi+Q ugha djsxk] ;gk¡ rd fd vius dks ywVus esa [+kqn vki dh enn djsxkA èkk£ed mins'kdksa vkSj lÙkkèkkfj;ksa dh feyhHkxr ls gh tsyksa] iQk¡fl;ksa] dksM+ksa vkSj bu fl¼kUrksa dk fuekZ.k gqvk gSA 466 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

eSa iwNrk gw¡] tc dksbZ vkneh iki ;k vijkèk djuk pkgrk gS rks vkidk loZ'kfDreku bZ'oj mls jksdrk D;ksa ugha\\ mlds fy, rks ;g cgqr gh vklku dke gksxkA mlus taxckt+ksa dks ekjdj ;k muds Hkhrj ;q¼ksUekn dks ekjdj euq\";rk dks fo'o;q¼ dh egkfoifÙk ls D;ksa ugha cpk;k\\ og vaxzst+ksa ds eu esa dksbZ ,slh Hkkouk D;ksa ugha iSnk dj nsrk fd os fgUnqLrku dks vkt+kn dj nsa\\ og reke iw¡thifr;ksa ds fnyksa esa ijksidkj dk ,slk tT+ck D;ksa ugha Hkj nsrk fd os mRiknu ds lkèkuksa ij vius futh LokfeRo ds vfèkdkj dks R;kx nsa vkSj bl çdkj lkjs esgurd'k oxZ dks gh ugha cfYd lEiw.kZ ekuo lekt dks iw¡thokn ds cUèku ls eDq r dj n\\as vki lektokn ds fl¼kUr dh O;kogkfjdrk ij cgl djuk pkgrs gSaA pfy;s] eSa ;g ft+Eesnkjh vkids loZ'kfDreku ij gh Mkyrk gw¡ fd og mls O;kogkfjd cuk nsA yksx bruk rks ekurs gh gSa fd vke turk dh HkykbZ ds fy, lektokn vPNh pht+ gAS mldk fojkès k djus ds fy, muds ikl ,d gh cgkuk gS fd og O;kogkfjd ugha gSA rks vius loZ'kfDreku dks cqykb;s vkSj mlls dfg, fd og cko+Qk;nk lkjh nqfu;k esa lektokn o+Qk;e dj nsA vc vki xksyeky rdZ nsuk cUn dhft;s] os pysaxs ughaA eSa vkidks crk nw¡] vaxzst+ksa dk 'kklu ;gk¡ blfy, ugha gS fd ;g bZ'oj dh bPNk gS] cfYd blfy, gS fd muds ikl rko+Qr gS vkSj ge mudk fojksèk ugha djrsA os bZ'oj dh lgk;rk ls ugha] cfYd rksiksa] cUnwo+Qksa] ceksa vkSj xksfy;ksa] iqfyl vkSj i+QkSt rFkk gekjh mnklhurk dh lgk;rk ls gesa X+kqyke cuk;s gq, gSa vkSj ,d jk\"Vª }kjk nwljs jk\"Vª dk fuyZTt 'kks\"k.k djus dk lcls ?k`f.kr iki lekt ds fo#¼ liQyrkiwoZd djrs pys tk jgs gSaA bZ'oj dgk¡ gS\\ og D;k dj jgk gS\\ D;k og ekuotkfr ds bu lc nq[kksa vkSj rdyhi+Qksa dk et+k ys jgk gS\\ rc rks og uhjks gS] paxst+[k+k¡ gS] mldk uk'k gks! D;k vki eq>ls ;g tkuuk pkgrs gSa fd ;fn eSa bZ'oj dks ugha ekurk rks nqfu;k vkSj bUlku dks dgk¡ ls iSnk gqvk ekurk gw¡\\ Bhd gS] crkrk gw¡A pkYlZ Mk£ou us bl fo\"k; ij dqN çdk'k Mkyus dh dksf'k'k dh gSA mldk vè;;u dhft;sA fuyZEc Lokeh dh iqLrd ^lgt Kku* if<+,A blls dqN gn rd vkids loky dk tokc fey tk;sxkA ;g çkÑfrd ?kVuk gSA fofHkUu inkFkks± ds vkdfLed la;ksx ls mRiUu uhgkfjdk ls i`Foh dh mRifÙk gqbZA dc\\ ;g tkuus ds fy, bfrgkl nsf[k;sA blh çdkj thoèkkjh mRiUu gq, vkSj muesa ls gh ,d yEcs vjls ds ckn euq\"; dk fodkl gqvkA Mk£ou dh iqLrd ^thoksa dh mRifÙk* if<+,A vkSj blds ckn dh reke çxfr çÑfr ij fot; çkIr djus ds fy, euq\"; }kjk mlds fo#¼ fd;s x;s vuojr la?k\"kZ ls gqbZ gSA bl ?kVuk dh ;g laf{kIrre O;k[;k gSA fopkjksa dh lku ij ØkfUr dh ryokj @ 467

vkidk nwljk rdZ ;g gks ldrk gS fd tUe ls gh vUèks ;k yaxM+s iSnk gksus okys cPps ;fn iwoZtUe ds deks± ds dkj.k ugha rks vkSj fdl dkj.k ls ,sls iSnk gkrs s gAaS thofoKkuh bldh O;k[;k dj pdq s gaS vkjS muds vulq kj ;g egt ,d thooSKkfud ?kVuk gSA muds vuqlkj blds fy, ekrk&firk mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSa] pkgs os xHkkoZ LFkk esa gh cPps esa gks tkus okyh foÑfr;ksa dks tUe nsus okys vius dk;ks± ds çfr lpsr gksa ;k u gksaA LokHkkfod gS fd vc vki ,d vkSj loky iwNsaxs μ gkyk¡fd lkjr% og loky cpdkuk gSA vkidk loky gksxk % ;fn bZ'oj Fkk gh ugha rks yksx mlesa fo'okl dSls djus yxs\\ esjk mÙkj Li\"V vkSj laf{kIr gSA yksx ftl rjg Hkwrksa vkjS çrs kRekvkas eas fo'okl djus yx]s mlh rjg b'Z oj eas fo'okl djus yx_s iQ+ oQ+ Z fli+QZ ;g gS fd bZ'oj esa fo'okl loZO;kih gS vkSj bldk n'kZu cgqr fodflr gSA dqN ifjorZuoknh ;g ekurs gSa fd bZ'oj dh mRifÙk 'kks\"kdksa dh pkyckt+h ls gqbZ] tks ,d ijelÙkk ds vfLrRo dk çpkj djds vkSj fiQj mlls çkIr lÙkk vkSj fo'ks\"k vfèkdkjksa dk nkok djds yksxksa dks X+kqyke cukuk pkgrs FksA eSa ;g ugha ekurk fd mUgha yksxksa us bZ'oj dks iSnk fd;k] gkyk¡fd eSa bl ewy ckr ls lger gw¡ fd lHkh fo'okl] èkeZ] er vkSj bl çdkj dh vU; laLFkk,¡ vUrr% neudkjh rFkk 'kks\"kd laLFkkvksa] O;fDr;ksa vkSj oxks± dh leFkZd cudj gh jghaA jktk ds fo#¼ foæksg djuk gj èkeZ ds eqrkfco+Q iki gSA b'Z oj dh mRifÙk ds ckjs eas ejs k viuk fopkj ;g gS fd eu\"q ; us tc viuh dfe;ksa vkSj det+ksfj;ksa ij fopkj djrs gq, viuh lhekvksa dk vglkl fd;k rks euq\"; dks reke dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkgliwoZd lkeuk djus vkSj reke [k+rjksa ds lkFk ohjrkiwoZd tw>us dh iszj.kk nsus okyh rFkk lq[k&le`f¼ ds fnuksa esa mls mPNa`[ky gks tkus ls jksdus vkjS fu;fU=kr djus okyh lÙkk ds :i] b'Z oj] dh dYiuk dhA vius futh fu;eksa okys vkSj ikyugkj tSlh mnkjrk okys bZ'oj dh dYiuk [+kwc c<+k&p<+kdj dh x;h vkSj oSlk gh mldk fo'kn fp=k.k fd;k x;kA mlds Øksèk vkSj euekus fu;eksa dh ppkZ djds mldk bLrseky ,d fuokjd rÙo ds :i esa fd;k tkrk Fkk] rkfd vkneh lekt ds fy, [k+rjk u cu tk;As mlds ikyugkj tlS s x.q kkas dh ppkZ djds mlls firk] ekrk] cfgu vkjS HkkbZ] fe=k vkSj lgk;d dk dke fy;k tkrk Fkk] rkfd vkneh tc Hkkjh eqlhcr esa gks vkSj lc yksx èkks[kk nsdj mldk lkFk NksM+ x;s gks rks og bl fopkj ls rlYyh ik lds fd de ls de ,d rks mldk lPpk fe=k gS tks mldh lgk;rk djsxk] mls lgkjk nsxk] vkSj tks ,slk loZ'kfDreku gS fd dqN Hkh dj ldrk gSA vkfne ;qx ds lekt esa ;g pht+ lpeqp cM+h mi;ksxh FkhA eqlhcr esa iMs+ vkneh ds fy, bZ'oj dk fopkj ennxkj gksrk FkkA 468 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

lekt us ftl çdkj ew£riwtk vkSj èkk£ed ladh.kZrkvksa ds fo#¼ la?k\"kZ fd;k gS] mlh çdkj mls bl fo'okl ds fo#¼ Hkh la?k\"kZ djuk gksxkA blh rjg bUlku tc vius iSjksa ij [kM+s gksus dh dksf'k'k djsxk vkSj ;FkkFkZoknh cusxk] rks mls viuh vkfLrdrk dks >Vddj iQsad nsuk iM+sxk vkSj ifjfLFkfr;k¡ pkgs mls dSlh Hkh eqlhcr vkSj ijs'kkuh esa Mky nsa] mudk lkeuk enkZuxh ds lkFk djuk iM+sxkA esjh gkyr Bhd blh rjg dh gSA esjs nksLrks] ;g vgEeU;rk ugha gSA ;g esjs lkspus dk rjho+Qk gS] ftlus eq>s ukfLrd cuk fn;k gSA eSa ugha tkurk fd bZ'oj esa fo'okl djus vkSj jkst+ çkFkZuk djus ls μ ftls eSa vkneh dk lcls LokFkZiw.kZ vkSj ?kfV;k dke le>rk gw¡ μ eq>s jkgr feyrh ;k esjh gkyr vkSj Hkh cnrj gqbZ gksrhA eSaus mu ukfLrdksa ds ckjs eas i<k+ g]S ftUgkuas s lkgliow dZ lkjh elq hcrkas dk lkeuk fd;kA mUgha dh rjg eSa Hkh ;g dksf'k'k dj jgk gw¡ fd vkf[k+j rd] iQk¡lh ds r[+rs ij Hkh] enZ dh rjg flj Å¡pk fd;s [kM+k jgw¡A nfs [k;]s bl dkfs 'k'k eas dgk¡ rd oQ+ ke;kc gkrs k gA¡w ,d fe=k us e>q ls çkFkuZ k djus ds fy, dgk FkkA tc mUgas irk pyk dh eSa ukfLrd gw¡] rks mUgksaus dgk] ¶vius vfUre fnuksa esa rqe b'Z oj dks ekuus yxksxsA¸ eaSus dgk] ¶ugha tukc] ;g ugha gkxs kA eaS bls vius fy, vieku vkjS iLrfgEerh dk dke le>x¡w kA LokFkiZ .w kZ bjknkas ls çkFkuZ k gjfxt+ ugha d:x¡ kA¸ ikBdks vkjS fe=kk]s D;k ;g vgEeU;rk g\\S vxj gS rks eSa bldk gkeh gw¡A (vDVwcj] 1930) fopkjksa dh lku ij ØkfUr dh ryokj @ 469

^Mhª ey.S M* dh Hkfw edk ykyk jkelju nkl vkt+knh dh yM+kbZ ds iqjkus flikgh FksA 1907 esa tc Hkxr¯lg dk tUe gqvk rc og muds pkpk vthr ¯lg ds lkFk taxs&vkt+knh esa o+Qne j[k pqds FksA mezo+SQn dkVdj ckgj vk;s rks ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dh enn djus yxsA ykgkSj \"kM~;U=k dsl esa mUgsa iQ¡lk;k x;k vkSj fiQj ik¡p lky dh o+SQn gqbZA tsy esa gh os vaxzst+h esa dfork fy[krs FksA mudh dkO; iqLrd ^n MªheyS.M* tc r;S kj gbq Z rks Hkxr¯lg ls mUgkuas s bldh Hkfw edk fy[kus dk vujq kès k fd;kA Hkxr¯lg us bls cM+s ladksp ls Lohdkjk vkSj ykgkSj ls.Vªy tsy esa gh 15 tuojh] 1931 dks Hkwfedk ds rkSj ij ;g vkykspukRed ys[k fy[kkA ;g mudh lkfgfR;d le>] xgu vUrn`Zf\"V] xgjh laosnuk vkSj vkykspukRed foosd dk ,d Js\"B mnkgj.k gSA μ l- esjs Js\"B fe=k ykyk jkelju nkl us eq>ls viuh dkO;Ñfr ^n MªheyS.M* dh Hkfw edk fy[kus ds fy, dgk gAS eaS u rks dfo g]¡w u lkfgR;dkj g¡w vkjS u i=kdkj ;k vkykspd gh gw¡] blfy, mudh bl ek¡x dk vkSfpR; eaS fdlh Hkh rjg ls ugha le> ik jgk gw¡A ysfdu ftu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa eSa gw¡ muesa ys[kd ls bl ckjs esa cgl&eqckglk dj ikuk lEHko ugha gS] blfy, esjs lkeus fe=k dh bPNk iwjh djus ds vfrfjDr dksbZ fodYi ugha jg tkrkA pw¡fd eSa dfo ugha gw¡] blfy, eSa ml n`f\"Vdks.k ls bl ij cgl djus ugha tk jgk gw¡A eSa NUnksa&rqdksa ds Kku ls loZFkk vufHkK gw¡ vkSj ;g Hkh ugha tkurk fd NUnksa ds ekun.Mksa ij ;g [kjh mrjsxh ;k ughaA ,d lkfgR;dkj ugha gksus ds ukrs eSa jk\"Vªh; lkfgR; esa bldk mfpr LFkku fnykus ds n`f\"Vdks.k ls bl ij cgl djus ugha tk jgk gw¡A ,d jktuhfrd dk;ZdrkZ gksus ds ukrs vfèkd ls vfèkd eSa bl ij mlh n`f\"Vdks.k ls cgl dj ldrk gw¡A ysfdu ;gk¡ Hkh ,d ckr esjs dke dks O;kogkfjd rkSj ij vlEHko] ;k de ls de cgqr dfBu cuk nsrh gSA fu;ekuqlkj Hkwfedk ges'kk og vkneh fy[krk gS tks Ñfr dh fo\"k;oLrq ds ckjs esa ogh fopkj j[krk gks tks ys[kd j[krk gSA ysfdu ;gk¡ ekeyk dki+Qh fHkUu 470 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

gSA eSa vius fe=k ls lHkh ekeyksa ij ,der ugha gw¡A os bl rF; ls ifjfpr Fks fd fofHkUu vge fcUnqvksa ij eSa muls fHkUu fopkj j[krk gw¡A blfy,] eSa ;g tks fy[k jgk gw¡ og de ls de bl iqLrd dh Hkwfedk ugha gksus tk jgh gS] vkSj pkgs tks gksA ;g dki+Qh gn rd mldh vkykspuk gks ldrh gS] blfy, bldk LFkku iqLrd ds vUr esa gksxk u fd mlds vkjEHk esaA jktuhfrd {ks=k esa ^MªheyS.M* dk LFkku vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ gSA orZeku ifjfLFkfr eas og vkUnkys u dh ,d egRi.w kZ fjDrrk dks Hkjrh gAS okLro e]as gekjs ns'k ds lHkh jktuhfrd vkUnksyuksa esa] ftUgksaus gekjs vkèkqfud bfrgkl esa dksbZ u dksbZ egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;h gS] ml vkn'kZ dh deh jgh gS ftldh çkfIr mldk y{; FkkA ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu bldk viokn ugha gAS ,d x+nj ikVhZ dks NksM+dj ftlus vesfjdh ç.kkyh dh ljdkj ls çsfjr gksdj Li\"V 'kCnksa esa dgk Fkk fd os ekStwnk ljdkj dh txg x.krkfU=kd <ax dh ljdkj o+Qk;e djuk pkgrs gSa] eq>s viuh reke dksf'k'kksa ds ckotwn ,d Hkh ,slh ØkfUrdkjh ikVhZ ugha feyh ftlds lkeus ;g fopkj Li\"V gks fd og fdlfy, yM+ jgh gAS lHkh ikfVZ;ksa esa dsoy ,sls yksx Fks ftuds ikl dsoy ,d fopkj Fkk vkSj og ;g Fkk fd mUgsa fons'kh 'kkldksa ds fo#¼ la?k\"kZ djuk gSA ;g fopkj i;kZIr :i ls ljkguh; gSA ysfdu bls ,d ØkfUrdkjh fopkj ugha dgk tk ldrkA gesa ;g Li\"V dj nsuk pkfg, fd ØkfUr dk vFkZ ek=k mFky&iqFky ;k jDrjaftr la?k\"kZ ugha gksrkA ØkfUr esa] ekStwnk gkykr (;kuh lÙkk) dks iwjh rjg ls èoLr djus ds ckn] ,d u;s vkSj csgrj LohÑr vkèkkj ij lekt ds lqO;ofLFkr iqu£uekZ.k dk dk;ZØe vfuok;Z :i ls vUr£ufgr jgrk gSA jktuhfrd {ks=k esa] mnkjoknh yksx ekStwnk ljdkj esa gh dqN lqèkkj pkgrs Fks] tcfd mxzoknh blls dqN vfèkd pkgrs gSa vkSj ml mís'; ds fy, mxzoknh lkèku viukus ds fy, rS;kj FksA ØkfUrdkjh yksx ges'kk vfroknh lkèkuksa dks viukus ds i{kèkj jgs gSa vkSj mudk ,d gh mís'; jgk gS μ fons'kh çHkqRo dks m[kkM+ iQsadukA cs'kd buesa dqN ,sls yksx Hkh jgs gSa tks bu lkèkuksa ls dqN lqèkkj çkIr djus ds i{kèkj FksA bu lHkh vkUnksyuksa dks lgh ek;us esa ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dh laKk ugha nh tk ldrhA ysfdu] ykyk jkelju nkl igys ØkfUrdkjh gSa ftUgsa 1908 esa ,d caxkyh i+Qjkj (ØkfUrdkjh) us iatkc esa vkSipkfjd :i ls ØkfUrdkjh ikVhZ esa 'kkfey fd;k FkkA rc ls os yxkrkj ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu ls tqM+s jgs vkSj vUrrksxRok x+nj ikVhZ esa 'kkfey gks x;s] ysfdu mUgksaus vius mu fopkjksa dk ifjR;kx ugha fd;k tks vkUnksyu ds vkn'kks± ds ckjs esa iqjkus ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds FksA iqLrd ds vkd\"kZ.k vkSj ewY; dks c<+kus okyk ;g nwljk fnypLi rF; gSA ykyk jkelju fopkjksa dh lku ij ØkfUr dh ryokj @ 471

nkl dks 1915 esa ekSr dh lt+k feyh Fkh vkSj ckn esa mls vkthou dkjkokl esa cny fn;k x;k FkkA vkt [+kqn iQk¡lh dh dkydksBjh esa cSBdj eSa ikBdksa dks lkfèkdkj crk ldrk gw¡ fd vkthou dkjkokl ekSr dh vis{kk dgha vfèkd dBksj gSA ykyk jkelju nkl dks iwjs pkSng o\"kZ tsy dh lt+k Hkqxruh iM+hA ;g dfork mUgksaus nf{k.k dh fdlh tsy esa fy[kh FkhA ys[kd dh ml le; dh eu%fLFkfr vkjS ekufld l?a k\"kZ dk dfork ij Li\"V çHkko gS tks bls vkjS vfèkd lqUnj vkSj fnypLi cuk nsrk gSA mlus ftl le; bls fy[kus dk fu'p; fd;k ml le; og fdUgha uSjk';iw.kZ euksHkkoksa ds fo#¼ dfBu la?k\"kZ dj jgk FkkA mu fnuksa esa] tc cgqr ls lkFkh vk'oklu (^v.MjVs¯dx*) nsdj NwV pqds Fks vkSj lcds lkeus] mlds (ys[kd ds) lkeus Hkh cM+s&cM+s çyksHku Fks] vkSj tc iRuh vkSj cPpksa dh eèkqj nq[knk;h ;knsa viuh eqfDr dh vkdka{kk dks vkSj vfèkd et+cwr dj jgh Fkha] ,slh fLFkfr esa ys[kd dks bu pht+ksa ds iLrfgEerh iSnk djus okys çHkko ds fo#¼ dfBu la?k\"kZ djuk iM+k Fkk vkSj mlus viuk è;ku bl jpuk&dk;Z dh vksj eksM+ fn;k FkkA blfy,] çkjfEHkd inksa esa gesa bl rjg dk vkdfLed Hkkoks}sx feyrk gS μ ¶iRuh] cPps vkSj fe=k tks eq>s ?ksjs jgrs Fks os pkjksa vksj ?kwers t+gjhys lk¡iksa ds leku FksA¸ (\" Wife, children, friends, that me surround Were poisonous snakes all around\") og (dfo) 'kq: esa n'kZu dh ppkZ djrk gSA ;g n'kZu caxky vkSj iatkc ds lHkh ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyuksa dh jh<+ gSA bl fcUnq ij eSa ys[kd ls cgqr O;kid erHksn j[krk gw¡A mldh czãk.M dh O;k[;k gsrqoknh vkSj vkfèkHkkSfrd gS] tcfd eSa ,d HkkSfrdoknh gw¡ vkSj bl ifj?kVuk (iQsukWesuk) dh esjh O;k[;k dkj.klEc¼ gksxhA fiQj Hkh fdlh Hkh rjg ls ;g jpuk ns'k&dky dh n`f\"V ls vuqi;qDr ugha gSA tks lkekU; fopkj gekjs ns'k esa ekStwn gSa os ys[kd }kjk vfHkO;Dr fopkjksa ds vuq:i vfèkd gSaA viuh uSjk';iw.kZ euksn'kk ls la?k\"kZ ds fy, mlus çkFkZuk dk jkLrk vf[+r;kj fd;k gSA ;g bl ckr ls Li\"V gS fd iqLrd dk çkjEHk iwjh rjg bZ'oj] mldh efgek ds o.kZu vkSj mldh ifjHkk\"kk dks le£ir gSA bZ'oj esa fo'okl jgL;okn dk ifj.kke gS tks fujk'kk dk LokHkkfod çfriQyu gSA ;g fo'o ,d ^ek;k*] ,d LoIu ;k dYiuk gS μ ;g Li\"Vr% jgL;okn gS ftls 'kadjkpk;Z rFkk nwljs vU; çkphu dky ds fgUnw lUrksa us tUe fn;k vkSj fodflr fd;kA ysfdu HkkSfrdoknh n'kZu esa bl 472 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

fpUru&i¼fr ds fy, dksbZ LFkku ugha gSA fiQj Hkh ys[kd dk ;g jgL;okn fdlh Hkh rjg ls gs; ;k [ksntud ugha gSA bldk viuk lkSUn;Z vkSj vkd\"kZ.k gSA mlds fopkj mRlkgçn gSa] mnkgj.k ds fy, μ ¶uhao ds iRFkj cuks] vutkus&vKkr] vkSj vius lhus ij cjnk'r djks [+kq'kh&[+kq'kh fo'kky Hkkjh&Hkjde fuekZ.k dk cks>] ik yks vkJ; d\"V lgu esa] er djks bZ\";kZ 'kh\"kZ ij tM+s iRFkj ls ftl ij mM+syh tkrh gS lkjh ykSfdd ç'kalk]¸ vkfn vkfnA (\"Be a foundation stone obscure, And on thy breast cheerfully bear The architecture vast and huge, In suffering find true refuge. Envy not the plastered top-stone, On which all worldly praise is thrown\", etc. etc.) vius futh vuqHko ds vkèkkj ij eaS vfèkdkjiwodZ dg ldrk gw¡ fd xqIr dk;ks± ds nkSjku] tc euq\"; ^fcuk fdlh vk'kk vkSj Hk; ds*] yxkrkj vifjfpr] vlEekfur] vç'kfa lr O;fDr dh ekrS ejus ds fy, r;S kj jgrs g,q * yxkrkj ,d tksf[ke Hkjh ft+Unxh fcrkrk gS] rks og O;fDrxr çyksHkuksa vkSj bPNkvksa ls fli+QZ bl rjg ds jgL;okn ds lgkjs gh yM+ ldrk gS vkSj ,slk jgL;okn fdlh Hkh rjg ls iLrfgEerh iSnk djus okyk ugha gksrkA vlyh pht+ ftldk mUgksaus o.kZu fd;k gS og ,d ØkfUrdkjh dh ekufldrk gSA ykyk jkelju nkl ftl ØkfUrdkjh ikVhZ ds lnL; Fks] mls dbZ ¯glkRed dk;ks± ds fy, ft+Eesnkj Bgjk;k x;k FkkA ysfdu blls fdlh Hkh rjg ;g lkfcr ugha gksrk fd ØkfUrdkjh èoal esa lq[k vuqHko djus okys [+kwu ds I;kls jk{kl gksrs gSaA if<+;s μ ¶vxj t+:jr gks] rks mxz cuks Åijh rkSj ij ysfdu ges'kk uje jgks vius fny esa vxj t+:jr gks] rks iQq¡iQdkjks ij Mlks er fny esa I;kj dks ft+Unk j[kks vkSj yM+rs jgks Åijh rkSj ij¸A (\"If need be, outwardly be wild, But in thy heart be always mild Hiss if need be, but do not bite Love in thy heart and outside fight\".) fuekZ.k ds fy, èoal t+:jh gh ugha] vfuok;Z gSA ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dks bls fopkjksa dh lku ij ØkfUr dh ryokj @ 473

vius dk;ZØe ds ,d vko';d vax ds :i esa viukuk iM+rk gS] vkSj Åij dh iafDr;ksa esa ¯glk vkSj v¯glk ds n'kZu dks [+kwclwjr <ax ls c;ku fd;k x;k gSA ysfuu us ,d ckj xksdhZ ls dgk fd mUgsa ,slk laxhr lquus dks ugha feyk tks lHkh ukfM+;ksa&f'kjkvksa dks >d>ksj ns vkSj ftls lqudj dykdkj dk flj FkiFkikus dh bPNk iSnk gks tk;sA ¶ysfdu]¸ mUgksaus vkxs dgk Fkk] ¶;g le; flj FkiFkikus dk ugha gAS bl le; gkFkkas dks [kkis fM;+ k¡ rkMs u+ h g]aS gkykf¡ d gekjk pje mí's ; gj çdkj dh ¯glk dks lekIr djuk gAS ¸· ,d Hk;kud vko';drk ds :i esa ¯glkRed lkèkuksa dk mi;ksx djrs gq, ØkfUrdkjh Hkh Bhd ,slk gh lksprs gSaA blds ckn ys[kd ijLij&fojksèkh èkeks± dh leL;k ij fopkj djrk gSA og lHkh èkeks± esa leUo; LFkkfir djus dh ps\"Vk djrk gS tSlkfd çk;% lHkh jk\"Vªoknh fd;k djrs gSaA bl loky dks gy djus dk ;g rjho+Qk yEck vkSj xksyeksy gSA tgk¡ rd esjk ç'u gS] eSa bl elys dks dkyZ ekDlZ ds ,d okD; }kjk [k+kfjt dj nw¡xk fd ¶èkeZ turk ds fy, vi+Qhe gSA¸ vUr esa mldh dfork dk lokZfèkd egÙoiw.kZ fgLlk vkrk gS tgk¡ mlus ml Hkkoh lekt ds ckjs esa fy[kk gS ftldh jpuk djus ds fy, ge lHkh ykykf;r gAaS yfs du eaS 'k:q eas gh ,d ckr Li\"V dj nus k pkgrk gA¡w ^Mªhey.S M* njvly ,d ;wVksfi;k gSA ys[kd us Lo;a bl ckr dks Li\"V :i ls 'kh\"kZd esa gh Lohdkj fd;k gSA og bl fo\"k; ij dksbZ oSKkfud 'kksèk&çcUèk fy[kus dk nkok ugha djrkA ysfdu fuLlUnsg] ;wVksfi;k dh lkekftd çxfr esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkfw edk gkrs h gAS l.s V lkbeu] iQfw j;]s jkWcVZ vkos us vkjS muds fl¼kUrkas ds vHkko esa oSKkfud ekDlZoknh lektokn Hkh ugha gksrkA ykyk jkelju nkl dh ^;wVksfi;k* dk Hkh mlh rjg ls egÙo gSA tc gekjk dk;ZdrkZ vius vkUnksyu ds n'kZu dks O;ofLFkr :i nsus vkSj ,d oSKkfud n`f\"Vdks.k viukus dk egÙo le>sxk] ml le; ;g iqLrd mlds fy, cgqr gh mi;ksxh lkfcr gksxhA bl ckr dh vksj esjk è;ku x;k gS fd ys[kd dh vfHkO;fDr dh 'kSyh vifj\"Ñr gSA viuh ^;wVksfi;k* dk o.kZu djrs gq, ys[kd orZeku lekt ds fopkjksa ls vNwrk ugha jg ik;k gSA t+:jreUnksa dks nku nsuk Hkfo\"; ds lekt esa ;kuh dE;qfuLV lekt esa ftls ge cukuk pkgrs gSa ge èkekZFkZ laLFkk,¡ LFkkfir djus ugha tk jgs gSa] cfYd ml lekt eas u t+:jreUn gksaxs u x+jhcA u nku nsus okysA bl vlaxfr ds ckotwn] bl ç'u dks cM+s [+kwclwjr <ax ls çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA 474 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

ys[kd us lekt dh ftl lkekU; :ijs[kk dh ppkZ dh gS og dki+Qh gn rd oSKkfud lektokn tSlh gh gSA ysfdu dqN ,slh Hkh pht+sa iqLrd esa gSa ftudk fojkès k ;k [k.Mu dju]s ;k vkjS lVhd <xa ls dg]as rks ftueas lèq kkj djus dh t+:jr gSA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij 427osa in ds uhps ds ,d iQqVuksV eas os fy[krs gSa fd ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dks viuh jksth dekus ds fy, çfrfnu pkj ?k.Vs [krs ksa ;k dkj[k+ kukas eas dke djuk gkxs kA yfs du ;g fiQj ,d dkYifud vkjS vO;kogkfjd ckr gAS lEHkor% vkt dh O;oLFkk eas jktdepZ kjh tks vuko';d :i ls Å¡pk osru ikrs gSa] ;g ckr mlh dh çfrfØ;k dh mit gSA okLro esa cksY'ksfodksa dks Hkh ;g ekuuk iM+k Fkk fd ekufld Je Hkh mruk gh mRiknd Je gS ftruk 'kkjhfjd JeA vkSj Hkfo\"; ds lekt esa tc fofHkUu rÙoksa ds lEcUèkkas dk lek;kts u lekurk ds vkèkkj ij gkxs k rks mRiknd vkjS forjd nkus kas dks leku egÙo dk ntkZ çkIr gksxkA vki ,d ukfod ls ;g mEehn ugha dj ldrs fd og pkSchl ?k.Vs esa ,d ckj tgkt+ pykuk jksd dj mrj tk;s vkSj jksth dekus ds fy, pkj ?k.Vs dke djus pyk tk;s] ;k ,d oSKkfud viuh ç;kxs 'kkyk ;k viuk ç;ksx (dke) NksMd+ j viuk dke dk dkVs k ijw k djus [krs esa pyk tk;sA nksuksa gh vR;Ur mRiknd Je dj jgs gSaA lektoknh lekt esa ,dek=k bl vUrj dh vk'kk dh tkuh pkfg, fd ekufld Je djus okyk 'kkjhfjd Je djus okys ls Js\"B ugha ekuk tk;sxkA fu%'kqYd f'k{kk ds ckjs esa ykyk jkelju nkl ds fopkj oko+QbZ è;ku nsus ;ksX; gSaA :l esa lektoknh ljdkj us cgqr dqN mlh rjg ds o+Qne mBk;s gSaA vijkèk ds ckjs esa mUgksaus tks ppkZ dh gS] og lpeqp lokZfèkd fodflr fpUruèkkjk gSA vijkèk lokZfèkd xEHkhj lkekftd leL;k gS ftls gy djus esa cgqr lrdZrk dh t+:jr gSA ys[kd us viuh ft+Unxh dk cM+k fgLlk tsy esa fcrk;k gSA muds ikl dqN O;kogkfjd vuqHko gSaA ,d LFkku ij mUgksaus ^gydh e'kD+o+Qr] njfe;kuh e'kD+o+Qr] l[+r e'kD+o+Qr* tSls BsB tsy dh 'kCnkoyh dk bLrseky fd;k gSA lHkh nwljs lektokfn;ksa dh rjg os lq>ko nsrs gSa fd n.M dk vkèkkj çfr'kksèk ds ctk; lqèkkj dk fl¼kUr gksuk pkfg,A U;k; O;oLFkk dk funsZ'kd fl¼kUr n.M nsuk u gksdj lqèkkjuk gksuk pkfg, vkSj tsyksa dk :i okLrfod udZ ds ctk; lqèkkjky;ksa dk gksuk pkfg,A bl lEcUèk esa ikBdksa dks :lh tsy&O;oLFkk dk vè;;u djuk pkfg,A lsuk dh ppkZ djrs le; mUgksaus ;q¼ dh Hkh ppkZ dh gSA esjs fopkj ls ml le; fo'odks'kksa esa ,d laLFkk ds :i esa ;q¼ dh ppkZ cgqr FkksM+s iUuksa esa jgsxh vkSj ;q¼ lkefxz;k¡ laxzgky;ksa dh xSyfj;ksa dh 'kksHkk c<+k;saxh] D;ksafd ml lekt eas ijLij 'k=kqrkiw.kZ fgr ugha jg tk;saxs tks ;q¼ dks tUe nsrs gSaA fopkjksa dh lku ij ØkfUr dh ryokj @ 475

T+;knk ls T+;knk ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd ,d laLFkk ds :i esa ;q¼ dk vfLrRo laØe.k dky rd jgsxkA orZeku :l ds mnkgj.k ls bl ckr dks vPNh rjg le>k tk ldrk gSA ogk¡ ij bl le; loZgkjk dk vfèkuk;dRo o+Qk;e gSA os lektoknh lekt dh LFkkiuk djuk pkgrs gSaA rc rd ds fy, iw¡thoknh lekt ls viuh j{kk ds fy, mUgsa ,d lsuk j[kuh iM+ jgh gSA ij muds ;q¼&mís'; fHkUu gksaxsA gekjs LoIuyksd dh turk dks lkezkT;oknh ;kstuk,¡ ;q¼ ds fy, çsfjr ugha djsaxhA ;q¼ dh VªkfiQ;ksa dk vfLrRo 'ks\"k ugha jg tk;sxkA ØkfUrdkjh lsuk,¡ nwljs ns'kksa esa ogk¡ dh turk ij 'kklu djus ds fy, ;k mUgsa ywVus ds fy, ugha cfYd ogk¡ ds ijthoh 'kkldksa dks ¯lgkluksa ls uhps fxjkus ds fy,] ogk¡ dh turk dk [+kwu pwlus okys 'kks\"k.k dks cUn djus ds fy, vkSj esgurd'k turk dks eqDr djus ds fy, tk;saxhA ysfdu gekjs tokuksa dks ;q¼ ds fy, mdlkus okys iqjkus jk\"Vªh; ;k tkrh; fo}s\"k dk vfLrRo ugha jg tk;sxkA eqDr fpUru djus okys lHkh yksxksa ds fy,] fo'o la?k dh LFkkiuk lokZfèkd yksdfç; vkSj i+QkSjh mís'; gSA ys[kd us bl fo\"k; ij vPNh ppkZ dh gS vkSj rFkkdfFkr ^yhx vkWi+Q us'kal* dh lqUnj vkykspuk dh gSA 571(572) osa in ds uhps ds ,d iQqVuksV esa ys[kd us lkèku ds ç'u dh laf{kIr ppkZ dh gSA og dgrk gS] ¶,slk jkT; 'kkjhfjd ¯glkRed ØkfUr;ksa }kjk LFkkfir ugha gks ldrkA ;g lekt ij ckgj ls Fkksik ugha tk ldrkA ;g vUnj ls fodflr gksxk---bldh çkfIr èkhjs&èkhjs Øefodkl dh çfØ;k }kjk vkjS turk dks Åij p£pr ykbu ij çf'kf{kr djds gksxh¸] vkfnA ;g oDrO; viusvki esa vlaxr ugha gSA ;g loZFkk lgh gS] ysfdu iwjh rjg O;k[;k u dh tkus ds dkj.k ;g x+yri+Qgeh ;k Hkze iSnk dj ldrk gSA D;k bldk ;g eryc gS fd ykyk jkelju nkl dks cy&ç;ksx ds jkLrs dh fujFkZdrk dk vkHkkl gks x;k gS\\ D;k os v¯glk ds iqjkruiUFkh leFkZd gks x;s gS\\ ugha] bldk ;g eryc ugha gSA vkb;s] bl ckr dh O;k[;k djsa fd Åij m¼`r c;ku dk D;k eryc gS\\ fdlh vU; O;fDr dh vis{kk ØkfUrdkjh bl ckr dks T+;knk vPNh rjg le>rs gSa fd lektoknh lekt dh LFkkiuk ¯glkRed lkèkuksa ls ugha gks ldrh gS cfYd mls vUnj ls çLiQqfVr vkSj fodflr gksuk pkfg,A ys[kd blds fy, ,dek=k vL=k ds :i esa f'k{kk dks viukus dk lq>ko nsrk gSA ysfdu gj vkneh bl ckr dks vklkuh ls le> ldrk gS fd ;gk¡ dh orZeku ljdkj vkSj njvly lHkh iw¡thoknh ljdkjsa u dsoy ,sls ç;klksa dh lgk;rk ugha djsaxh cfYd blds foijhr funZ;rkiwoZd bldk neu djsaxhA rc mlds ^Øfed 476 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

fodkl* ls D;k miyfCèk gksxh\\ ge ØkfUrdkjh yksx lÙkk ij vfèkdkj djus vkSj ,d ØkfUrdkjh ljdkj ds xBu dk ç;kl dj jgs gS] tks tu&f'k{kk ds fy, vius lHkh lkèkuksa dk bLrseky djsxh tlS kfd vkt :l esa gks jgk gAS lÙkk ij vfèkdkj djus ds i'pkr jpukRed dk;ks± ds fy, 'kkfUriw.kZ rjho+Qs viuk;s tk;saxs vkSj ckèkkvksa dks dqpyus ds fy, 'kfDr dk ç;ksx fd;k tk;sxkA ;fn ys[kd dk ;gh eryc gS rks ge mlls lger gSa vkSj eq>s fo'okl gS fd ;gh mldk eryc gSA eSaus bl iqLrd ij foLrkj ls ppkZ dh gSA cfYd eSaus mldh vkykspuk gh dj Mkyh gSA ysfdu eSa iqLrd esa fdlh çdkj dk ifjorZu djus ds fy, ugha dgus tk jgk gw¡ D;ksafd mldk ,d ,sfrgkfld ewY; gSA 1914&15 ds ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds ;gh fopkj FksA eSa fo'ks\"k rkSj ij ukStokuksa ds fy, bl iqLrd dh t+ksjnkj fli+Qkfj'k djrk gw¡ ysfdu ,d psrkouh ds lkFk] Ñi;k vk¡[k ew¡ndj vuqdj.k djus ds fy, bls er if<+;sA bls if<+;s] bldh vkykspuk dhft;s] bl ij lksfp;s vkSj bldh lgk;rk ls viuh le>nkjh o+Qk;e djus dh dksf'k'k dfj;sA (tuojh] 1931) fopkjksa dh lku ij ØkfUr dh ryokj @ 477

ØkfUrdkjh dk;ØZ e dk elfonk Hkxr¯lg }kjk rS;kj fd;s x;s ØkfUrdkjh dk;ZØe dh ;kstuk ds nks fgLls gSaA ,d] Nkidj ck¡Vus ds fy, tks ,d i=k dh rjg fy[kk x;k gS vkSj nwljk] ,d ys[k ds :i esa ØkfUrdkjh lkfFk;ksa esa fopkj] cgl o dke esa fnXn'kZu ds fy, gSA bldk igyk fgLlk ^ukStoku jktuhfrd dk;ZdrkZvksa ds uke* 'kh\"kZd ls ml le; ds fofHkUu lekpkji=kksa esa dkV&Nk¡Vdj Nik FkkA Hkxr¯lg dks iQk¡lh ds ckn ykgkSj ds ^n ihiqy* esa 29 tqykbZ] 1931 vkSj bykgkckn ds ^vH;qn;* esa 8 ebZ] 1931 ds vad esa blds dqN va'k çdkf'kr gq, FksA ;g nLrkost+ vius lexz :i esa dqN o\"kZ igys vaxzst+ ljdkj dh ,d xqIr iqLrd esa feykA ;g iqLrd lh-vkbZ-Mh- vfèkdkjh lh-bZ-,l- iQs;josnj us 1936 eas ^cxa ky eas l;a Dq r ekps k&Z vkUnkys u dh çxfr ij ukVs * 'kh\"kdZ ls fy[kh FkhA mlds vuqlkj ;g elfonk Hkxr¯lg us fy[kk Fkk vkSj 3 vDVwcj] 1931 dks Jherh foeyk çHkk nsoh ds ?kj ls ryk'kh esa gkfly gqvk FkkA bl iqfyl vfèkdkjh us ;g dgk Fkk fd vc lHkh ØkfUrdkjh 'kfDr;k¡ bl dk;ZØe esa mfYyf[kr lq>koksa ds vuqlkj dke dj jgh gSaA ;g nLrkost+ ;gk¡ vius lEiw.kZ :i esa çLrqr fd;k tk jgk gSA ukStoku jktuhfrd dk;ZdrkZvksa ds uke i=k fç; lkfFk;ks] bl le; gekjk vkUnksyu vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ nkSj ls xqt+j jgk gSA ,d lky ds dM+s la?k\"kZ ds ckn xksyest lEesyu us gekjs lkeus] laoSèkkfud lqèkkjksa&lEcUèkh dqN fuf'pr ckrsa çLrqr dh gSa vkSj dkaxzslh usrkvksa ls dgk x;k gS fd orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa viuk vkUnksyu okil ysdj blesa enn djsaA bl ckr dk gekjs fy, dksbZ egÙo ugha gS fd os vkUnksyu lekIr djus dk fu.kZ; djrs gSa ;k ugha djrsA ;g rks fuf'pr gS fd orZeku vkUnksyu dk vUr fdlh u fdlh rjg ds le>kSrs ds :i esa gksxkA ;g ckr vyx gS fd le>kSrk tYn gkrs k gS ;k njs lAs okLro eas le>krS k dkbs Z ?kfV;k ;k ?k`f.kr oLrq ugha g]S tlS kfd çk;% le>k tkrk gSA jktuhfrd la?k\"kks± dk ;g ,d t+:jh nk¡o&isap gSA dksbZ Hkh 478 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

jk\"Vª tks vR;kpkjh 'kkldkas ds f[k+ ykiQ+ mB [kMk+ gkrs k g]S 'k:q eas vo'; vliQy jgrk gSA la?k\"kZ ds chp esa le>kSrs }kjk dqN vkèks&vèkwjs lqèkkj gkfly djrk gS vkSj fli+QZ vfUre nkSj esa gh μ tc lHkh 'kfDr;k¡ vkSj lkèku iwjh rjg laxfBr gks tkrs gSa μ 'kkld oxZ dks u\"V djus ds fy, vkf[k+jh t+ksjnkj geyk fd;k tk ldrk gSA ysfdu ;g Hkh lEHko gS fd rc Hkh vliQyrk gkFk yxs vkSj fdlh çdkj dk le>kSrk vfuok;Z gks tk;sA :l ds mnkgj.k ls ;g ckr vPNh rjg Li\"V dh tk ldrh gSA 1905 esa tc :l esa ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu 'kq: gqvk rks jktuhfrd usrkvksa dks cM+h vk'kk,¡ FkhaA ysfuu rc fons'k ls] tgk¡ os 'kj.k fy;s gq, Fks] ykSV vk;s Fks vkjS l?a k\"kZ dk urs `Ro dj jgs FkAs ykxs mUgas ;g crkus igp¡q s fd ntuZ kas tkxhjnkj ekj fn;s x;s gSa vkSj chfl;ksa egy tyk fn;s x;s gSaA ysfuu us mÙkj esa dgk fd ykSVdj 1200 tkxhjnkj ekjks vkSj brus gh egy o gosfy;k¡ tyk nks] D;ksafd ;fn vliQy jgs rks Hkh bldk dqN eryc gksxkA M~;wek (:lh laln) dh LFkkiuk gqbZA vc ysfuu us M~;wek esa fgLlk ysus dh odkyr dhA ;g 1907 dh ckr gS] tcfd 1906 esa os igyh M~;wek esa fgLlk ysus ds f[+kyki+Q Fks] ckotwn blds fd ml M~;wek esa dke djus dk volj vfèkd Fkk vkSj bl M~;wek ds vfèkdkj vR;Ur lhfer dj fn;s x;s FksA ;g i+QSlyk cnyh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k FkkA vc çfrfØ;koknh 'kfDr;k¡ cgqr c<+ jgh Fkha vkSj ysfuu M~;wek ds eap dks lektoknh fopkjksa ij cgl ds fy, bLrseky djuk pkgrs FksA iqu% 1917 dh ØkfUr ds ckn] tc cksY'ksfod czs'r&fyrksOLd lfUèk ij gLrk{kj djus ds fy, foo'k gq, rks ysfuu ds flok; cko+Qh lHkh bldk fojksèk dj jgs FksA ysfdu ysfuu us dgk] ¶'kkfUr] 'kkfUr vkSj iqu% 'kkfUr! fdlh Hkh o+Qher ij 'kkfUr gksuh pkfg,A¸ tc dqN cksY'ksfod&fojksfèk;ksa us bl lfUèk ds fy, ysfuu dh fuUnk dh rks mUgksaus Li\"V dgk fd ¶cksY'ksfod teZu geys dk lkeuk djus dh lkeF;Z ugha j[krs] blhfy, lEiw.kZ rckgh dh txg lfUèk dks çkFkfedrk nh x;h gSA¸ tks ckr eSa Li\"V djuk pkgrk gw¡ og ;g gS fd le>kSrk ,d ,slk t+:jh gfFk;kj gS] ftls la?k\"kZ ds fodkl ds lkFk gh lkFk bLrseky djuk t+:jh cu tkrk gS] ysfdu ftl pht+ dk ges'kk è;ku jguk pkfg, og gS vkUnksyu dk mís';A ftu mís';ksa dh çkfIr ds fy, ge la?k\"kZ dj jgs gSa] muds ckjs esa] gesa iwjh rjg Li\"V gksuk pkfg,A bl ckr ls vius vkUnksyu dh miyfCèk;ksa] liQyrkvksa o vliQyrkvksa dks vk¡dus esa gesa lgk;rk feyrh gS vkSj vxyk dk;ZØe cukus o r; djus esa HkhA fryd dh uhfr μ muds mís';ksa ds ckotwn μ ;kuh muds nk¡o&isap cgqr vPNs FksA vki vius 'k=kq ls lksyg vkuk ikus ds fopkjksa dh lku ij ØkfUr dh ryokj @ 479

fy, yM+ jgs gSaA vkidks ,d vkuk feyrk gS] mls tsc esa Mkfy;s vkSj cko+Qh ds fy, la?k\"kZ tkjh jf[k;sA uje ny ds yksxksa esa ftl pht+ dh deh ge ns[krs gSa og muds vkn'kZ dh gSA os bdUuh ds fy, yM+rs gSa vkSj blfy, mUgsa fey gh dqN ugha ldrkA ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dks ;g ckr ges'kk vius eu esa j[kuh pkfg, fd os vkewy ifjorZu ykus okyh ØkfUr ds fy, yM+ jgs gSaA mUgsa rko+Qr dh ckxMksj iwjh rjg vius gkFkksa esa ysuh gSA le>kSrksa ls blhfy, Mj eglwl gksrk gS] D;ksafd çfrfØ;koknh 'kfDr;k¡ le>kSrs ds ckn ØkfUrdkjh 'kfDr;ksa dks lekIr djokus dh dkfs 'k'kas djrh gaS yfs du le>nkj vkjS cgknjq ØkfUrdkjh urs k vkUnksyu dks ,sls x<~Mksa esa fxjus ls cpk ldrs gSaA gesa ,sls le; vkSj ,sls eksM+ ij okLrfod eqíksa vkSj fo'ks\"kr% mís';ksa&lEcUèkh dqN xM+cM+ ugha gksus nsuh pkfg,A baXyS.M dh yscj ikVhZ us okLrfod la?k\"kZ ls èkks[kk fd;k gS vkSj os (mlds usrk) fli+QZ dqfVy lkezkT;oknh cudj jg x;s gSaA esjs fopkj esa bu j¡xs gq, lkezkT;oknh yscj usrkvksa ls dV~Vj çfrfØ;koknh gekjs fy, cgs rj gAaS nko¡ &ipas kas vkjS j.kuhfr&lEcUèkh yfs uu ds thou vkjS y[s ku ij gesa fopkj djuk pkfg,A le>kSrs ds ekeys ij ^okeiUFkh dE;qfuT+e* esa muds Li\"V fopkj feyrs gSaA dkaxzsl dk mís'; D;k gS\\ eSaus dgk gS fd orZeku vkUnksyu fdlh u fdlh le>kSrs ;k iw.kZ vliQyrk esa lekIr gkxs kA eSaus ;g blfy, dgk gS D;ksafd esjh jk; esa bl le; okLrfod ØkfUrdkjh rko+Qrsa eSnku esa ugha gSaA ;g la?k\"kZ eè;oxhZ; nqdkunkjksa vkSj pUn iw¡thifr;ksa ds cycwrs fd;k tk jgk gSA ;s nksuksa oxZ] fo'ks\"kr% iw¡thifr] viuh lEifÙk ;k fefYd;r [k+rjs esa Mkyus dh T+kqjZr ugha dj ldrsA okLrfod ØkfrUdkjh lsuk,¡ rks xko¡ kas vkjS dkj[k+ kukas eas gaS μ fdlku vkjS etn+ jw A yfs du gekjs ^ctq vZq k* urs kvkas esa mUgsa lkFk ysus dh fgEer ugha gS] u gh os ,slh fgEer dj ldrs gSaA ;s lks;s gq, ¯lg ;fn ,d ckj xgjh uhan ls tx x;s rks os gekjs usrkvksa dh y{;&iw£r ds ckn gh #dus okys ugha gSaA 1920 esa vgenkckn ds et+nwjksa ds lkFk vius çFke vuqHko ds ckn egkRek xk¡èkh us dgk Fkk] ¶gesa et+nwjksa ds lkFk lk¡B&xk¡B ugha djuk pkfg,A dkj[+kkuksa ds loZgkjk oxZ dk jktuhfrd fgrksa ds fy, bLrseky djuk [k+rjukd gSA¸ (ebZ] 1921 ds ^fn VkbEl*) lsA rc ls mUgksaus bl oxZ dks lkFk ysus dk d\"V ugha mBk;kA ;gh gky fdlkuksa ds lkFk gSA 1922 dk ckjnksyh&lR;kxzg iwjh rjg ;g Li\"V djrk gS fd usrkvksa us tc fdlku oxZ ds ml foæksg dks ns[kk] ftls u fli+QZ fons'kh jk\"Vª ds çHkqRo ls gh eqfDr gkfly 480 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

djuh Fkh oju ns'kh t+ehankjksa dh t+athjsa Hkh rksM+ nsuh Fkha] rks fdruk [k+rjk eglwl fd;k FkkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd gekjs usrk fdlkuksa ds vkxs >qdus dh txg vaxzst+ksa ds vkxs ?kqVus Vsduk ilUn djrs gSaA if.Mr tokgjyky dks NksM+ nsa rks D;k vki fdlh Hkh usrk dk uke ys ldrs gSa] ftlus et+nwjksa ;k fdlkuksa dks laxfBr djus dh dkfs 'k'k dh gkAs ugh]a os [kr+ jk ekys ugha yxas As ;gh rks mueas deh g]S blhfy, eSa dgrk gw¡ fd os lEiw.kZ vkt+knh ugha pkgrsA vk£Fkd vkSj ç'kkldh; ncko Mkydj os pUn vkSj lqèkkj] ;kuh Hkkjrh; iw¡thifr;ksa ds fy, pUn vkSj fj;k;rsa gkfly djuk pkgsaxsA blhfy, eSa dgrk gw¡ fd bl vkUnksyu dk csM+k rks Mwcsxk gh μ 'kk;n fdlh u fdlh le>kSrs ;k ,slh fdlh pht+ ds fcuk ghA uo;qod dk;ZdrkZ] tks iwjh runsgh ls ^bUo+Qykc ft+Unkckn* ds ukjs yxkrs gSa] Lo;a iwjh rjg laxfBr ugha gSa vkSj viuk vkUnksyu vkxs ys tkus dh rko+Qr ugha j[krs gSaA okLro esa if.Mr eksrhyky usg: ds flok; gekjs cM+s usrk dksbZ ft+Eesnkjh ugha ysuk pkgrsA ;gh dkj.k gS fd os gj ckj xk¡èkh ds vkxs fcuk 'krZ ?kqVus Vsd nsrs gSaA vyx jk; gksus ij Hkh os iwjs t+ksj ls fojksèk ugha djrs vkSj xk¡èkh ds dkj.k çLrko ikl dj fn;s tkrs gSaA ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa] ØkfUr ds çfr iwjh lathnxh j[kus okys ukStoku dk;ZdrkZvksa dks eSa psrkouh nsuk pkgrk gw¡ fd dfBu le; vk jgk gS] os pkSdl jgsa] fgEer u gkjsa vkSj my>uksa esa u iQ¡lsaA ^egku xk¡èkh* ds nks la?k\"kks± ds vuqHkoksa ds ckn ge vkt dh ifjfLFkfr o Hkfo\"; ds dk;ZØe ds ckjs esa Li\"V jk; cuk ldrs gSaA vc eSa fcYdqy lkns <ax ls ;g dsl crkrk gw¡A vki ^bUo+Qykc&ft+Unkckn* dk ukjk yxkrs gksA eSa ;g ekudj pyrk gw¡ fd vki bldk eryc le>rs gksA vlsEcyh ce dsl esa nh x;h gekjh ifjHkk\"kk ds vuqlkj bUo+Qykc dk vFkZ ekStwnk lkekftd <k¡ps esa iw.kZ ifjorZu vkSj lektokn dh LFkkiuk gSA bl y{; ds fy, gekjk igyk o+Qne rko+Qr gkfly djuk gSA okLro esa ^jkT;*] ;kuh ljdkjh e'khujh] 'kkld oxZ ds gkFkkas eas vius fgrkas dh j{kk djus vkjS mUgas vkxs c<+kus dk ;U=k gh gSA ge bl ;U=k dks Nhudj vius vkn'kks± dh iw£r ds fy, bLrseky djuk pkgrs gSaA gekjk vkn'kZ gS μ u;s <ax ls lkekftd lajpuk] ;kuh ekDlZoknh <ax lsA blh y{; ds fy, ge ljdkjh e'khujh dk bLrseky djuk pkgrs gSaA turk dks yxkrkj f'k{kk nsrs jguk gS rkfd vius lkekftd dk;ZØe dh iw£r ds fy, vuqdwy o lqfoèkktud okrkoj.k cuk;k tk ldsA ge mUgsa la?k\"kks± ds nkSjku gh vPNk çf'k{k.k vkSj f'k{kk ns ldrs gSaA bu ckrksa ds ckjs esa Li\"Vrk] ;kuh gekjs i+QkSjh vkSj vfUre y{; dks Li\"Vrk ls le>us ds ckn ge vkt dh ifjfLFkfr dk fo'ys\"k.k dj ldrs gSaA fdlh fopkjksa dh lku ij ØkfUr dh ryokj @ 481

Hkh fLFkfr dk fo'ys\"k.k djrs le; gesa ges'kk fcYdqy csf>>d] csykx o O;kogkfjd gksuk pkfg,A ge tkurs gSa fd tc Hkkjr ljdkj esa Hkkjrh;ksa dh fgLlsnkjh dks ysdj gYyk gqvk Fkk rks fe.Vks&ekysZ lqèkkj ykxw gq, Fks] ftuds }kjk dsoy lykg nsus dk vfèkdkj j[kus okyh ok;ljk;&ifj\"kn cuk;h x;h FkhA fo'o;q¼ ds nkSjku tc Hkkjrh; lgk;rk dh vR;Ur vko';drk Fkh rks Lok;Ùk 'kklu okyh ljdkj dk ok;nk fd;k x;k vkSj ekStwnk lqèkkj ykxw fd;s x;sA vlsEcyh dks dqN lhfer o+Qkuwu cukus dh rko+Qr nh x;h] ysfdu lcdqN ok;ljk; dh [+kq'kh ij fuHkZj gSA vc rhljh LVst gSA vc lqèkkjksa&lEcUèkh fopkj gks jgk gS vkSj fudV Hkfo\"; esa ;s ykxw gksaxsA vc ukStoku budh ijh{kk dSls dj ldrs gSa\\ ;g ,d loky gSA eSa ugha tkurk fd dkxa lsz h urs k dlS s budh ij[k djxas \\s yfs du ge ØkfUrdkjh bUgas fuEufyf[kr dlkSVh ij ij[ksaxs μ 1- fdl lhek rd 'kklu dh ft+Eesnkjh Hkkjrh;ksa dks lkSaih tkrh gS\\ 2- 'kklu pykus ds fy, fdl rjg dh ljdkj cuk;h tkrh gS vkjS lkekU; turk dks blesa fgLlk ysus dk dgk¡ rd volj feyrk gS\\ 3- Hkfo\"; esa D;k lEHkkouk,¡ gks ldrh gSa vkSj bu miyfCèk;ksa dks fdl çdkj cpk;k tk ldrk gS\\ blds fy, 'kk;n dqN vkSj Li\"Vhdj.k dh t+:jr gksA igyh ckr ;g fd gekjh turk ds çfrfufèk;ksa dks dk;Zikfydk ij fdruk vfèkdkj vkSj ft+Eesnkjh gkfly gksrh gSA vc rd dk;Zikfydk dks ysftLysfVo vlsEcyh ds lkeus mÙkjnk;h ugha cuk;k x;k gSA ok;ljk; ds ikl oksVksa dh rko+Qr gS] ftlls pqus gq, çfrfufèk;ksa dh lkjh dksf'k'ksa csvlj vkSj BIi dj nh tkrh gSaA ge LojkT; ikVhZ ds 'kØq xtq k+ j gaS ftudh dkfs 'k'kkas ls ok;ljk; us viuh bl rko+Qr dk cM+h cs'kehZ ls ckj&ckj bLrseky fd;k vkSj jk\"Vªh; çfrfufèk;ksa ds e;kZnk Hkjs fu.kZ; ik¡o rys dqpy fn;sA ;g ckr iwjh rjg Li\"V gS vkSj bl ij vkSj cgl dh t+:jr ugha gSA vkb;s] lcls igys dk;Zdkfj.kh dh LFkkiuk ds <ax ij fopkj djsa\\ D;k dk;Zdkfj.kh dks vlsEcyh ds pqus gq, lnL; pqurs gaS ;k igys dh gh rjg Åij ls Fkkis h tk;xs h\\ D;k ;g vlEs cyh ds vkxs mÙkjnk;h gkxs h ;k igys dh gh rjg vlsEcyh dk vieku djsxh\\ tgk¡ rd nwljh ckr dk lEcUèk gS] mls ge o;Ld erkfèkdkj dh lEHkkouk ls ns[k ldrs gSaA lEifÙk gksus dh èkkjk dks iwjh rjg lekIr dj O;kid erkfèkdkj fn;s tkus pkfg,A gj o;Ld L=kh&iq#\"k dks oksV dk 482 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

vfèkdkj feyuk pkfg,A vc rks fli+QZ ;g ns[k ldrs gSa fd erkfèkdkj fdl lhek rd fn;s tkrs gSaA tgk¡ rd O;oLFkk dk ç'u g]S vHkh nks lHkkvksa okyh ljdkj gAS esjs [k+;ky esa mPp lHkk cqtqZvk Hkzetky ;k cgdkos ds vfrfjDr dqN ughaA esjh le> ls tgk¡ rd mEehn dh tk lds] ,d lHkk okyh ljdkj vPNh gSA ;gk¡ eSa çkUrh; Lok;Ùkrk ds ckjs esa dqN dguk pkgrk gw¡A tks dqN eSaus lquk gS] mlds vkèkkj ij eSa ;g dg ldrk gw¡ fd Åij ls Fkksik gqvk xouZj] ftlds ikl vlsEcyh ls Åij fo'ks\"k vfèkdkj gksaxs] rkuk'kkg ls de fl¼ ugha gksxkA ge bls çkUrh; Lok;Ùkrk u dgdj çkUrh; vR;kpkj dgsaA jkT; dh laLFkkvksa dk ;g vthc yksdrkU=khdj.k gSA rhljh ckr rks fcYdqy Li\"V gSA fiNys nks lky ls vaxzst+ jktuhfrK ml ok;ns dks feVkus esa yxs gSa] ftls eks.VsX;w us ;g dgdj jí dj fn;k Fkk fd tc rd vaxzst+h [k+t+kus esa ne gS] çR;sd nl o\"kZ ij vkSj lqèkkj fd;s tkrs jgsaxsA ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd mUgksaus Hkfo\"; ds fy, D;k i+QSlyk fd;k gSA eSa ;g ckr Li\"V dj nw¡ fd ge bu ckrksa dk fo'ys\"k.k blfy, ugha dj jgs fd miyfCèk;kas ij t'u euk;s tk;]as oju blfy, fd turk eas tkx`fr yk;h tk lds vkjS mUgas vkus okys l?a k\"kk±s ds fy, r;S kj fd;k tk ldAs gekjs fy, le>krS k ?kVq us Vsduk ugha gS] cfYd ,d o+Qne c<+uk vkSj fiQj dqN vkjke djuk gSA ysfdu blds lkFk gh gesa ;g Hkh le> ysuk pkfg, fd le>kSrk blls vfèkd dqN vkSj gS Hkh ughaA ;g vfUre y{; vkSj vfUre foJke dh txg ugha gSA orZeku ifjfLFkfr ij dqN gn rd fopkj djus ds ckn Hkfo\"; ds dk;ZØe vkSj dk;Zuhfr ij Hkh fopkj dj fy;k tk;sA tSlkfd eSaus igys Hkh dgk gS fd fdlh ØkfUrdkjh ikVhZ ds fy, fuf'pr dk;ZØe gksuk cgqr t+:jh gSA vkidks ;g irk gksuk pkfg, fd ØkfUr dk eryc xfrfofèk gSA bldk eryc laxfBr o Øec¼ dke }kjk lksph&le>h rCnhyh ykuk gS vkSj ;g rksM+&iQksM+ μ vlaxfBr] ,dne ;k Lor% ifjorZu μ ds fo#¼ gSA dk;ZØe cukus ds fy, vfuok;Z :i ls bu ckrksa ds vè;;u dh t+:jr gS μ 1- eaft+y (y{;) ;k mís';A 2- vkèkkj] tgk¡ ls 'kq: djuk gS] ;kuh orZeku ifjfLFkfrA 3- dk;Z:i] ;kuh lkèku o nk¡o&isapA tc rd bu rÙoksa ds lEcUèk esa dqN Li\"V ladYi ugha gS] rc rd fopkjksa dh lku ij ØkfUr dh ryokj @ 483

dk;ZØe&lEcUèkh dksbZ fopkj lEHko ughaA orZeku ifjfLFkfr ij ge dqN gn rd fopkj dj pqds gSa] y{;&lEcUèkh Hkh dqN ppkZ gqbZ gSA ge lektoknh ØkfUr pkgrs gSa] ftlds fy, cqfu;knh t+:jr jktuhfrd ØkfUr dh gSA ;gh gS tks ge pkgrs gSaA jktuhfrd ØkfUr dk vFkZ jktlÙkk (;kuh eksVs rkSj ij rko+Qr) dk vaxzst+h gkFkksa ls Hkkjrh; gkFkksa esa vkuk gS vkSj og Hkh mu Hkkjrh;ksa ds gkFkksa esa] ftudk vfUre y{; gekjs y{; ls feyrk gksA vkSj Li\"Vrk ls dgsa rks μ jktlÙkk dk lkekU; turk dh dksf'k'k ls ØkfUrdkjh ikVhZ ds gkFkksa esa vkukA blds ckn iwjh lathnxh ls iwjs lekt dks lektoknh fn'kk esa ys tkus ds fy, tqV tkuk gksxkA ;fn ØkfUr ls vkidk ;g vFkZ ugha gS rks egk'k;] esgjckuh djsa vkSj ^bUo+Qykc ft+Unkckn* ds ukjs yxkus cUn dj nsaA de ls de gekjs fy, ^ØkfUr* 'kCn esa cgqr Å¡ps fopkj fufgr gaS vkjS bldk ç;kxs fcuk lta hnxh ds ugha djuk pkfg,] ugha rks bldk n#q i;kxs gksxkA ysfdu ;fn vki dgrs gSa fd vki jk\"Vªh; ØkfUr pkgrs gSa ftldk y{; Hkkjrh; x.krU=k dh LFkkiuk gS rks esjk ç'u ;g gS fd mlds fy, vki] ØkfUr esa lgk;d gksus ds fy,] fdu 'kfDr;ksa ij fuHkZj dj jgs gSa\\ ØkfUr jk\"Vªh; gks ;k lektoknh] ftu 'kfDr;ksa ij ge fuHkjZ gks ldrs gaS os gaS fdlku vkjS et+nwjA dkaxszlh usrkvksa esa bUgsa laxfBr djus dh fgEer ugha gS] bl vkUnksyu esa ;g vkius Li\"V ns[k fy;k gSA fdlh vkSj ls vfèkd mUgsa bl ckr dk vglkl gS fd bu 'kfDr;kas ds fcuk os foo'k gAaS tc mUgkuas s lEi.w kZ vktk+ nh dk çLrko ikl fd;k rks bldk vFkZ ØkfUr gh Fkk] ij budk (dkaxzsl dk) eryc ;g ugha FkkA bls ukStoku dk;ZdrkZvksa ds ncko esa ikl fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj bldk bLrseky os èkedh ds :i esa djuk pkgrs Fks] rkfd viuk eupkgk Mksfefu;u LVsVl gkfly dj ldsaA vki dkaxzsl ds fiNys rhuksa vfèkos'kuksa ds çLrko i<+dj bl lEcUèk esa Bhd jk; cuk ldrs gSaA esjk b'kkjk eækl] dydÙkk o ykgkSj vfèkos'kuksa dh vksj gSA dydÙkk esa Mksfefu;u LVsVl dh ek¡x dk çLrko ikl fd;k x;kA 12 eghus ds Hkhrj bl ek¡x dks Lohdkj djus ds fy, dgk x;k vkjS ;fn ,ls k u fd;k x;k rks dkxa lsz etcjw gkds j i.w kZ vktk+ nh dks viuk mí's ; cuk ysxhA iwjh lathnxh ls os 31 fnlEcj] 1929 dh vkèkh jkr rd bl rksgi+Qs dks çkIr djus dk bUrtk+ j djrs jgs vkjS rc mUgkuas s i.w kZ vktk+ nh dk çLrko ekuus ds fy, Lo;a dks ^opuc¼* ik;k] tksfd os pkgrs ugha FksA vkSj rc Hkh egkRek th us ;g ckr fNikdj ugha j[kh fd ckrphr ds njokt+s [kqys gSaA ;g Fkk bldk okLrfod vk'k;A fcYdqy 'kq: ls gh os tkurs Fks fd muds vkUnksyu dk vUr fdlh u fdlh rjg ds le>kSrs esa gksxkA bl csfnyh ls ge ui+Qjr djrs gSa u fd la?k\"kZ ds fdlh elys ij le>kSrs lsA 484 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

ge bl ckr ij fopkj dj jgs Fks fd ØkfUr fdu&fdu rko+Qrksa ij fuHkZj gS\\ ysfdu ;fn vki lksprs gSa fd fdlkuksa vkSj et+nwjksa dks lfØ; fgLlsnkjh ds fy, vki euk ysaxs rks eSa crkuk pkgrk gw¡ fd os fdlh çdkj dh Hkkoqd ckrksa ls csoo+Qwi+Q ugha cuk;s tk ldrsA os lki+Q&lki+Q iwNsaxs fd mUgsa vkidh ØkfUr ls D;k ykHk gksxk] og ØkfUr ftlds fy, vki muls cfynku dh ek¡x dj jgs gSaA Hkkjr ljdkj dk çeq[k ykWMZ jh¯Mx dh txg ;fn lj iq#\"kksÙke nkl Bkdqj nkl gks rks mUgsa (turk dks) blls D;k i+Qo+QZ iM+rk gS\\ ,d fdlku dks blls D;k i+Qo+QZ iM+sxk] ;fn ykWMZ bjfou dh txg lj rst+ cgknqj lçw vk tk;saA jk\"Vªh; Hkkoukvksa dh vihy fcYdqy csdkj gSA mls vki vius dke ds fy, ^bLrseky* ugha dj ldrsA vkidks xEHkhjrk ls dke ysuk gksxk vkSj mUgsa le>kuk gksxk fd ØkfUr muds fgr esa gS vkSj mudh viuh gSA loZgkjk Jfed oxZ dh ØkfUr] loZgkjk ds fy,A tc vki vius y{; ds ckjs esa Li\"V voèkkj.kk cuk ysaxs rks ,sls mís'; dh i£w r ds fy, vki viuh 'kfDr lt¡ kus s eas tVq tk;xas As vc nks vyx&vyx iMk+ okas ls xqt+juk gksxk μ igyk rS;kjh dk iM+ko] nwljk mls dk;Z:i nsus dkA tc ;g orZeku vkUnksyu [k+Re gksxk rks vki vusd bZekunkj o xEHkhj ØkfUrdkjh dk;ZdrkZvksa dks fujk'k o mpkV ik;saxsA ysfdu vkidks ?kcjkus dh t+:jr ugha gSA Hkkoqdrk ,d vksj j[kksA okLrfodrk dk lkeuk djus ds fy, r;S kj gksvksA ØkfUr djuk cgqr dfBu dke gAS ;g fdlh ,d vkneh dh rko+Qr ds o'k dh ckr ugha gS vkSj u gh ;g fdlh fuf'pr rkjh[k+ dks vk ldrh gSA ;g rks fo'ks\"k lkekftd&vk£Fkd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls iSnk gksrh gS vkSj ,d laxfBr ikVhZ dks ,sls volj dks l¡Hkkyuk gksrk gS vkSj turk dks blds fy, rS;kj djuk gksrk gSA ØkfUr ds nqLlkè; dk;Z ds fy, lHkh 'kfDr;ksa dks laxfBr djuk gksrk gSA bl lcds fy, ØkfUrdkjh dk;ZdrkZvksa dks vusd o+QqckZfu;k¡ nsuh gksrh gSaA ;gk¡ eSa ;g Li\"V dg nw¡ fd ;fn vki O;kikjh gSa ;k lqfLFkj nqfu;knkj ;k ikfjokfjd O;fDr gSa rks egk'k;! bl vkx ls u [ksysaA ,d usrk ds :i esa vki ikVhZ ds fdlh dke ds ugha gSaA igys gh gekjs ikl ,sls cgqr ls usrk gSa tks 'kke ds le; Hkk\"k.k nsus ds fy, dqN oD+r t+:j fudky ysrs gSaA ;s usrk gekjs fdlh dke ds ugha gSaA ge rks ysfuu ds vR;Ur fç; 'kCn ^is'ksoj ØkfUrdkjh* dk ç;ksx djsaxsA iwjk le; nsus okys dk;ZdrkZ] ØkfUr ds flok; thou esa ftudh vkSj dksbZ [+okfg'k gh u gksA ftrus vfèkd ,sls dk;ZdrkZ ikVhZ esa laxfBr gksaxs] mrus gh liQyrk ds volj vfèkd gksaxsA ikVhZ dks Bhd <ax ls vkxs c<+kus ds fy, ftl ckr dh lcls vfèkd t+:jr gS og ;g gS fd ,sls dk;ZdrkZ Li\"V fopkj] çR;{k le>nkjh] fopkjksa dh lku ij ØkfUr dh ryokj @ 485

igyo+Qneh dh ;ksX;rk vkSj rqjUr fu.kZ; dj ldus dh 'kfDr j[krs gksaA ikVhZ esa iQkSyknh vuq'kklu gksxk vkSj ;g t+:jh ugha fd ikVhZ Hkwfexr jgdj gh dke djs] cfYd blds foijhr [kqys :i esa dke dj ldrh gS] ;|fi LosPNk ls tsy tkus dh uhfr iwjh rjg NksM+ nh tkuh pkfg,A bl rjg cgqr ls dk;ZdrkZvksa dks xqIr :i ls dke djrs gq, thou fcrkus dh Hkh t+:jr iM+ ldrh gS] ysfdu mUgsa mlh rjg iwjs mRlkg ls dke djrs jguk pkfg, vkSj ;gh gS og xzqi ftlls volj l¡Hkky ldus okys usrk rS;kj gksaxsA ikVhZ dks dk;dZ rkvZ kas dh t:+ jr gkxs h] ftUgas uktS okukas ds vkUnkys ukas ls Hkjrh fd;k tk ldrk gAS blhfy, uo;oq dkas ds vkUnkys u lcls igyh efa ty+ g]aS tgk¡ ls gekjk vkUnksyu 'kq: gksxkA ;qod vkUnksyu dks vè;;u&dsUæ (LVMh l£dy) [kksyus pkfg,A yhi+QysV] iSEi+QysV] iqLrdsa] eSxt+hu Nkius pkfg,A Dyklksa esa ysDpj gksus pkfg,A jktuhfrd dk;ZdrkZvksa ds fy, Hkjrh djus vkSj çf'k{k.k nsus dh ;g lcls vPNh txg gksxhA mu ukStokuksa dks ikVhZ esa ys ysuk pkfg,] ftuds fopkj fodflr gks pqds gSa vkSj os viuk thou bl dke esa yxkus ds fy, rS;kj gSaA μ ikVhZ dk;ZdrkZ uo;oq d vkUnkys u ds dke dks fn'kk nxas As ikVhZ viuk dke çpkj ls 'k:q djxs hA ;g vR;Ur vko';d gSA x+nj ikVhZ (1914&15) ds vliQy gksus dk eq[; dkj.k Fkk μ turk dh vKkurk] yxkoghurk vkSj dbZ ckj fojksèkA blds vfrfjDr fdlkukas vkjS etn+ jw kas dk lfØ; leFkuZ gkfly djus ds fy, Hkh çpkj t+:jh gSA ikVhZ dk uke dE;qfuLV ikVhZ gksA Bksl vuq'kklu okyh jktuhfrd dk;ZdrkZvksa dh ;g ikVhZ cko+Qh lHkh vkUnksyu pyk;sxhA bls et+nwjksa o fdlkuksa dh rFkk vU; ikfVZ;ksa dk lapkyu Hkh djuk gksxk vkSj yscj ;wfu;u dkaxzsl rFkk bl rjg dh vU; jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa ij çHkkoh gksus dh dksf'k'k Hkh ikVhZ djsxhA ikVhZ ,d cM+k çdk'ku&vfHk;ku pyk;sxh ftlls jk\"Vªh; psruk gh ugha] oxZ prs uk Hkh inS k gkxs hA lektoknh fl¼kUrkas ds lEcUèk eas turk dks lprs cukus ds fy, lHkh leL;kvksa dh fo\"k;oLrq çR;sd O;fDr dh le> eas vkuh pkfg, vkjS ,ls s çdk'kukas dks cMs+ ieS kus ij forfjr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A y[s ku lknk vkjS Li\"V gksA et+nwj vkUnksyu esa ,sls O;fDr gSa tks et+nwjksa vkSj fdlkuksa dh vk£Fkd vkSj jktuhfrd LorU=krk ds ckjs eas cMs+ vthc fopkj j[krs gAaS ;s ykxs mÙkts uk iQyS kus okys gaS ;k ck[S kyk;s g,q gAaS ,ls s fopkj ;k rks Åytyyw gaS ;k dYiukghuA gekjk eryc turk dh vk£Fkd LorU=krk ls gS vkSj blh ds fy, ge jktuhfrd rko+Qr gkfly djuk pkgrs gSaA blesa dksbZ lUnsg ugha fd 'kq: esa NksVh&eksVh vk£Fkd ek¡xksa vkSj bu oxks± ds fo'ks\"k vfèkdkjksa ds fy, gesa yM+uk gksxkA ;gh 486 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

la?k\"kZ mUgsa jktuhfrd rko+Qr gkfly djus ds vfUre la?k\"kZ ds fy, lpsr o rS;kj djsxkA blds vfrfjDr lSfud foHkkx Hkh laxfBr djuk gksxkA ;g cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gSA dbZ ckj bldh cqjh rjg t+:jr gksrh gSA ml le; 'kq: djds vki ,slk xzqi rS;kj ugha dj ldrs ftlds ikl dke djus dh iwjh rko+Qr gksA 'kk;n bl fo\"k; dks ckjho+Qh ls le>kuk t+:jh gSA bl fo\"k; ij esjs fopkjksa dks x+yr jax fn;s tkus dh cgqr vfèkd lEHkkouk gSA Åijh rkSj ij eSaus ,d vkradoknh dh rjg dke fd;k gS] ysfdu eSa vkradoknh ugha gw¡A eSa ,d ØkfUrdkjh gw¡] ftlds nh?kZdkfyd dk;ZØe&lEcUèkh Bksl o fof'k\"V fopkj gSa ftu ij ;gk¡ fopkj fd;k tk jgk gSA ^'kL=kksa ds lkFkh* esjs dqN lkFkh eq>s jkeçlkn fcfLey dh rjg bl ckr ds fy, nks\"kh Bgjk;saxs fd iQk¡lh dh dksBjh esa jgdj esjs Hkhrj dNq çfrfØ;k inS k gbq Z gAS bleas dNq Hkh lPpkbZ ugha gAS ejs s fopkj ogh g]aS e>q eas ogh n`<+rk gS vkjS ogh tks'k o fLifjV eq>esa ;gk¡ g]S tks ckgj Fkh μ ugha] mlls dNq vfèkd gAS blfy, vius ikBdkas dks eaS prs kouh nus k pkgrk g¡w fd ejs s 'kCnkas dks os iwjs è;ku ls i<+saA mUgsa iafDr;ksa ds chp dqN Hkh ugha ns[kuk pkfg,A eSa viuh iwjh rko+Qr ls ;g dguk pkgrk gw¡ fd ØkfUrdkjh thou ds 'kq: ds pUn fnuksa ds flok; u rks eaS vkrda oknh g¡w vkjS u gh Fkk_ vkjS e>q s ijw k ;oQ+ hu gS fd bl rjg ds rjhoQ+ kas ls ge dqN Hkh gkfly ugha dj ldrsA fgUnqLrku lektoknh fjifCydu ikVhZ ds bfrgkl ls ;g fcYdqy Li\"V gks tkrk gSA gekjs lHkh dke blh fn'kk esa Fks] ;kuh cM+s jk\"Vªh; vkUnksyu ds lSfud foHkkx dh txg viuh igpku djokukA ;fn fdlh us eq>s x+yr le> fy;k gS rks os lqèkkj dj ysaA esjk eryc ;g dnkfi ugha gS fd ce o fiLrkSy csdkj gSa] oju blds foijhr] ;s ykHknk;d gSaA ysfdu esjk eryc ;g t+:j gS fd dsoy ce iQsaduk u fli+QZ csdkj] cfYd uqo+Qlkunk;d gSA ikVhZ ds lSfud foHkkx dks ges'kk rS;kj jguk pkfg,] rkfd ladV ds le; dke vk ldsA bls ikVhZ ds jktuhfrd dke esa lgk;d ds :i esa gksuk pkfg,A ;g viusvki LorU=k dke u djsA tSls Åij bu iafDr;ksa esa crk;k x;k gS] ikVhZ vius dke dks vkxs c<+k;sA le;&le; ij eh¯Vxsa vkSj lEesyu cqykdj vius dk;ZdrkZvksa dks lHkh fo\"k;ksa ds ckjs esa lwpuk,¡ vkSj ltxrk nsrs jguk pkfg,A ;fn vki bl rjg ls dke 'kq: djrs gSa rks vkidks dki+Qh xEHkhjrk ls dke ysuk gksxkA bl dke dks iwjk gksus esa de ls de chl lky yxsaxsA ØkfUr&lEcUèkh ;kSou dky ds nl lky esa iwjs gksus ds liuksa dks ,d vksj j[k nsa] Bhd oSls gh tSls xk¡èkh ds (,d lky esa Lojkt ds) lius dks ijs j[k fn;k FkkA u rks blds fy, Hkkoqd fopkjksa dh lku ij ØkfUr dh ryokj @ 487

gksus dh t+:jr gS vkSj u gh ;g ljy gSA t+:jr gS fujUrj la?k\"kZ djus] d\"V lgus vkSj o+QqckZuh Hkjk thou fcrkus dhA viuk O;fDrokn igys [k+Re djksA O;fDrxr lq[k ds lius mrkjdj ,d vksj j[k nks vkSj fiQj dke 'kq: djksA bap&bap dj vki vkxs c<+saxsA blds fy, fgEer] n`<+rk vkjS cgqr et+cwr bjkns dh t+:jr gSA fdrus gh Hkkjh d\"V dfBukb;k¡ D;ksa u gksa] vkidh fgEer u dk¡isA dksbZ Hkh ijkt; ;k èkks[kk vkidk fny u rksM+ ldsA fdrus Hkh d\"V D;ksa u vk;sa] vkidk ØkfUrdkjh tks'k B.Mk u iM+sA d\"V lgus vkSj o+QqckZuh djus ds fl¼kUr ls vki liQyrk gkfly djsaxs vkSj ;s O;fDrxr liQyrk,¡ ØkfUr dh vewY; lEifÙk gksaxhA bUoQ+ ykc&ftU+ nkckn! 2 iQ+ jojh] 1931 gekjs fy, lqugjk volj Hkkjr dh LorU=krk vc 'kk;n nwj dk LoIu ugha jgkA ?kVuk,¡ cM+h rst+h ls ?kV jgh gSa blfy, LorU=krk vc gekjh vk'kkvksa ls Hkh tYn gh ,d lPPkkbZ cu tk;sxhA fczfV'k lkezkT; cqjh rjg yrkM+k gqvk gSA teZuh dks eq¡g dh [kkuh iM+ jgh gS] ç+Qkal Fkj&Fkj dk¡i jgk gS vkSj vesfjdk fgyk gqvk gS vkSj bu lcdh dfBukb;k¡ gekjs fy, lqugjk volj gSA çR;sd pht+ ml egku Hkfo\";ok.kh dh vkjs lda rs dj jgh g]S ftlds vulq kj lekt dk it¡w hoknh <kp¡ k u\"V gkus k vVy gAS dwVuhfrK yksx Lo;a dks cpkus ds fy, ç;Ru'khy gks ldrs gaS vkjS iw¡thoknh \"kM~;U=k ls ^ØkfUr ds ck?k* dks vius ?kj ls nwj j[kus dh dksf'k'ksa dj ldrs gSaA vaxzst+ksa dk ctV lUrqfyr gks ldrk gS vkSj e`R;q ds eq¡g esa iMs+ iw¡thokn dks dqN iyksa dh jkgr fey ldrh gSA ^Mkyj jktk* pkgs viuk rkt l¡Hkky ysa rks Hkh O;kid eUnh ;fn tkjh jgh vkSj ftldk tkjh jguk ykft+eh gS] rks csjkst+xkjksa dh i+QkSt rst+h ls c<s+xh vkSj ;g c<+ Hkh jgh gS] D;ksafd iw¡thoknh mRiknu& O;oLFkk gh ,slh gSA ;g pDdj iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk dks iVjh ls mrkj nsxkA cl] ckr dqN eghuksa dh gh gSA blhfy, ØkfUr vc Hkfo\";ok.kh ;k lEHkkouk ugha] oju ^O;kogkfjd jktuhfr* gS ftls lksph&le>h ;kstuk vkSj dBksj vey ls liQy cuk;k tk ldrk gAS blds fofHkUu igyvq kas vkjS rkRi;]Z blds rjhoQ+ kas vkjS mís';ksa&lEcUèkh dksbZ fopkjèkkjkRed my>u ugha gksuh pkfg,A xk¡èkhokn dkaxzsl vkUnksyu dh lEHkkoukvksa] ijkt;ksa vkSj miyfCèk;ksa ds ckjs esa gesa fdlh çdkj dk Hkez ugha gksuk pkfg,A vkt py jgs bl vkUnksyu dks xk¡èkhokn dguk 488 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

gh mfpr gSA ;g nkos ds lkFk vkt+knh ds fy, LVS.M ugha ysrk] cfYd lÙkk esa ^fgLlsnkjh* ds i{k esa gSA ^iw.kZ LorU=krk* ds vthc vFkZ fudkys tk jgs gSaA bldk rjho+Qk vuwBk gS] ysfdu cspkjs yksxksa ds fdlh dke dk ugha gSA lkcjerh ds lUr dks xk¡èkhokn dksbZ LFkk;h f'k\"; ugha ns ik;sxkA ;g ,d chp dh ikVhZ μ ;kuh fycjy&jSfMdy esy&tksy dk dke dj jgh gS vkSj djrh Hkh jgh gSA ekSo+Qs dh vlfy;r ls Vdjkus esa bls 'keZ vkrh gSA bls pykus okys ns'k ds ,sls gh yksx gSa ftuds fgr blls c¡èks gq, gSa vkSj os vius fgrksa ds fy, cqT+kZqvk gB ls fpids gq, gSaA ;fn ØkfUrdkjh jDr ls bls xeZtks'kh u nh x;h rks bldk B.Mk gksuk ykft+eh gSA bls blh ds nksLrksa ls cpkus dh t+:jr gSA vkradokn vkb;s] ge bl dfBu loky ds ckjs esa Li\"V gksaA ce dk jkLrk 1905 ls pyk vk jgk gS vkjS ØkfUrdkjh Hkkjr ij ;g ,d nnuZ kd fVIi.kh gAS vHkh ;g egllw ugha fd;k x;k fd bldk mi;ksx o nq#i;ksx D;k gSA vkradokn gekjs lekt esa ØkfUrdkjh fpUru dh idM+ ds vHkko dh vfHkO;fDr gS_ ;k ,d iNrkokA blh rjg ;s viuh vliQyrk dk Lohdkj Hkh gSA 'kq:&'kq: esa bldk dqN ykHk FkkA blus jktuhfr dks vkewy cny fn;kA uo;qod cqf¼thfo;ksa dh lksp dks pedk;k] vkReR;kx dh Hkkouk dks ToyUr :i fn;k vkjS nfq u;k o vius n'q eukas ds lkeus vius vkUnksyu dh lPpkbZ vkSj 'kfDr dks t+kfgj djus dk volj feykA ysfdu ;g Lo;a esa i;kZIr ugha gSA lHkh ns'kksa esa bldk (vkradokn dk) bfrgkl vliQyrk dk bfrgkl gS μ ç+Qkal] :l] teZuh esa ckYdu ns'kksa] Lisu esa μ gj txg bldh ;gh dgkuh gSA bldh ijkt; ds cht blds Hkhrj gh gksrs gSaA lkezkT;okfn;ksa dks vPNh rjg irk gS fd 30 djksM+ yksxksa ij 'kklu ds fy, çfr o\"kZ 30 O;fDr;ksa dh cfy nh tk ldrh gSA 'kklu djus dk Lokn ceksa ;k fiLrkSyksa ls fdjfdjk rks fd;k tk ldrk gS] ysfdu 'kks\"k.k ds O;kogkfjd ykHk mls cuk;s j[kus ij foo'k djsaxsA Hkys gh gekjh mEehn ds vuqlkj gfFk;kj vklkuh ls fey tk;sa vkSj ;fn ge iwjs t+ksj ls yM+sa] tSlkfd bfrgkl esa igys dHkh u ?kVk gks] rks Hkh vkradokn vfèkd ls vfèkd lkezkT;oknh rko+Qr dks le>kSrs ds fy, gh etcwj dj ldrk gSA ,sls le>kSrs] gekjs mí's ; μ i.w kZ vktk+ nh μ ls ge's kk gh dgha njw jgxas As bl çdkj vkrda okn] ,d le>kSrk] lqèkkjksa dh ,d fd'r fupksM+dj fudky ldrk gS vkSj bls gh gkfly djus ds fy, xk¡èkhokn t+ksj yxk jgk gSA og pkgrk gS fd fnYyh dk 'kklu xksjs gkFkksa ls Hkwjs gkFkksa esa vk tk;sA ;s yksxksa ds thou ls nwj gSa vkSj buds xíh ij cBS rs gh tk+ fye cu tkus dh cgrq lEHkkouk,¡ gAaS vk;fj'k mnkgj.k ;gk¡ fopkjksa dh lku ij ØkfUr dh ryokj @ 489

ykxw ugha gksxk] ;g psrkouh eSa nsuk pkgrk gw¡A vk;jyS.M esa bDdh&nqDdh vkradoknh dkjZokb;k¡ ugha Fkha] cfYd ;g jk\"Vªh; Lrj ij tulkèkkj.k dh cx+kor Fkh] ftlesa cUnwo+Qèkkjh viuh ut+nhdh tkudkjh vkSj gennhZ ls yksxksa ls tqM+k gqvk FkkA mUgsa cM+h vklkuh ls gfFk;kj fey tkrs Fks] D;ksafd vesfjdh vk;fj'k mUgsa vFkkg vk£Fkd enn ns jgs FksA HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr Hkh ,sls ;q¼ ds fy, ykHknk;d FkhA ysfdu rks Hkh vk;jyS.M dks vius vkUnksyu ds viw.kZ mís';ksa ds lkFk gh lUrks\"k djuk iM+kA blus vk;fj'k turk dh X+kqykeh rks de dh gS] ysfdu vk;fj'k Jfed oxZ dks iw¡thifr;ksa ds tatky ls eqDr ugha djok;kA Hkkjr dks vk;jyS.M ls lh[kuk gSA ;g ,d psrkouh Hkh gS fd fdl çdkj ØkfUrdkjh lkekftd vkèkkj ls [k+kyh jk\"Vªoknh vkn'kZokn] gkykr ds lktx+ kj gkus s ij Hkh lkekz T;okn ls le>krS s dh jrs eas xeq gks ldrk gAS D;k Hkkjr dks vHkh Hkh vk;jyS.M dh uo+Qy djuh pkfg, μ ;fn og dh Hkh tk lds] rks Hkh\\ ,d çdkj ls xk¡èkhokn viuk HkkX;okn dk fopkj j[krs gq, Hkh] ØkfUrdkjh fopkjksa ds dqN ut+nhd igq¡pus dk ;Ru djrk gS] D;ksafd ;g lkewfgd dkjZokbZ ij fuHkZj djrk gS] ;|fi ;g dkjZokbZ lewg ds fy, ugha gksrhA mUgksaus et+nwjksa dks vkUnksyu esa Hkkxhnkj cukdj mUgsa et+nwj&ØkfUr ds jkLrs ij Mky fn;k gSA ;g ckr vyx gS fd mUgsa fdruh vlH;rk ;k LokFkZ ls vius jktuhfrd dk;ZØe ds fy, bLrseky fd;k x;k gSA ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dks ^v¯glk ds i+Qfj'rs* dks mldk ;ksX; LFkku nsuk pkfg,A vkradokn ds 'kSrku dks nkn nsus dh t+:jr ugha gSA vkradokfn;ksa us dki+Qh dke dj fy;k gS] dki+Qh dqN fl[kk fn;k gSA ;fn ge vius mís';ksa vkSj rjho+Qksa lEcUèkh Hkwysa u djsa rks ;g vHkh Hkh dqN ykHkçn gks ldrk gSA fo'ks\"kr% fujk'kk ds le; vkradoknh rjho+Qk gekjs çpkj&vfHk;ku esa lgk;d gks ldrk gS] ysfdu ;g iVk[ksckt+h ds flok; gS dqN ugha vkSj bls fo'ks\"k le; vkSj dqN fxu&s puq s ykxs kas ds fy, ljq f{kr j[kuk pkfg,A ØkfUrdkjh dks fujFkdZ vkrda oknh dkjZokb;ksa vkSj O;fDrxr vkRecfynku ds nwf\"kr pØ esa u Mkyk tk;sA lHkh ds fy, mRlkgo¼Zd vkn'kZ] mís'; ds fy, ejuk u gksdj mís'; ds fy, thuk μ vkSj og Hkh ykHknk;d rjho+Qs ls ;ksX; :i esa thuk μ gksuk pkfg,A ;g dgus dh rks dkbs Z t:+ jr ugha gS fd ge vkrda okn ls ijw h rjg lEcUèk ugha rksM+ jgsA ge Jfed ØkfUr ds n`f\"Vdks.k ls bldk iwjs rkSj ij ewY;kadu pkgrs gSaA tks uo;qod ifjiDo o pqipki (rjho+Qs ls) laxBu ds dke esa fiQV ugha gkrs ]s mudh nlw jh Hkfw edk gks ldrh gAS mUgas uhjl dkekas ls eDq r dj viuh bPNk iwjh djus ds fy, NksM+ nsuk pkfg,A ysfdu lapkyd laLFkk dks ikVhZ vkSj 490 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

ml dke ds çHkko dks] yksxksa ij mlds çHkko vkSj nq'eu dh rko+Qr dks igys gh n[s kuk pkfg,A ,ls s dke ikVhZ vkjS turk dk è;ku t>q k: tul?a k\"kZ ls gVkdj rst+ HkM+dhys dkeksa dh vksj yxk ldrs gSa vkSj bl çdkj ikVhZ dh tM+ksa ij çgkj djus dk cgkuk cu ldrs gSaA bl çdkj fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa bl vkn'kZ dks vkxs ugha c<+kuk gSA ysfdu xqIr lSfud foHkkx dksbZ JkixzLr pht+ ugha gSA okLro esa ;g rks vfxez ifa Dr gAS ØkfUrdkjh ikVhZ dh ^xkys hekj ifa Dr* ^vkèkkj* ls ijw h rjg tMq h+ gkus h pkfg,A ^vkèkkj* t>q k: o xfr'khy tu&ikVhZ dks cuuk gAS lxa Bu ds fy, èku vkSj gfFk;kj laxzg djus esa dksbZ f>>d ugha gksuh pkfg,A ØkfUr ØkfUr ls gekjk D;k vk'k; gS] ;g Li\"V gSA bl 'krkCnh esa bldk fli+QZ ,d gh vFkZ gks ldrk gS μ turk ds fy, turk dk jktuhfrd 'kfDr gkfly djukA okLro esa ;gh gS ^ØkfUr*] cko+Qh lHkh foæksg rks fli+QZ ekfydksa ds ifjorZu }kjk iw¡thoknh lM+k¡èk dks gh vkxs c<+krs gaSA fdlh Hkh gn rd yksxksa ls ;k muds mís';ksa ls trk;h gennhZ turk ls okLrfodrk ugha fNik ldrh] yksx Ny dks igpkurs gSaA Hkkjr esa ge Hkkjrh; Jfed ds 'kklu ls de dqN ugha pkgrsA Hkkjrh; Jfedksa dks μ Hkkjr esa lkezkT;okfn;ksa vkSj muds ennxkj gVkdj tksfd mlh vk£Fkd O;oLFkk ds iSjksdkj gSa] ftldh tMs+a 'kks\"k.k ij vkèkkfjr gSa μ vkxs vkuk gSA ge xksjh cqjkbZ dh txg dkyh cqjkbZ dks ykdj d\"V ugha mBkuk pkgrsA cqjkb;k¡] ,d LokFkhZ lewg dh rjg] ,d&nwljs dk LFkku ysus ds fy, rS;kj gSaA lkekz T;okfn;ksa dks xíh ls mrkjus ds fy, Hkkjr dk ,dek=k gfFk;kj Jfed ØkfUr gSA dksbZ vkSj pht+ bl mís'; dks iwjk ugha dj ldrhA lHkh fopkjksa okys jk\"Vªoknh ,d mís'; ij lger gSa fd lkezkT;okfn;ksa ls vkt+knh gkfly gksA ij mUgas ;g le>us dh Hkh t+:jr gS fd muds vkUnksyu dh pkyd 'kfDr foæksgh turk gS vkjS mldh tq>k: dkjoZ kb;ksa ls gh liQyrk gkfly gksxhA pw¡fd bldk ljy lekèkku ugha gks ldrk] blfy, Lo;a dks Nydj os ml vksj yidrs gSa] ftls os vkjth bykt] ysfdu >ViV vkSj çHkko'kkyh ekurs gSa μ vFkkZr pUn lSdMs+ n`<+ vkn'kZoknh jk\"Vªokfn;ksa ds l'kL=k foæksg ds tfj;s fons'kh 'kklu dks iyVdj jkT; dk lektoknh jkLrs ij iquxZBuA mUgsa le; dh okLrfodrk esa >k¡ddj ns[kuk pkfg,A gfFk;kj cM+h la[;k esa çkIr ugha gaS vkSj tq>k: turk ls vyx gksdj vf'kf{kr xqV dh cx+kor dh liQyrk dk bl ;qx esa dksbZ pkal ugha gSA jk\"Vªokfn;ksa dh liQyrk ds fy, mudh iwjh o+QkSe dks gjdr esa vkuk fopkjksa dh lku ij ØkfUr dh ryokj @ 491

pkfg, vkjS cxk+ or ds fy, [kMk+ gkus k pkfg,A vkjS oQ+ keS dkxa lsz ds ykmMLihdj ugha gS] oju os et+nwj&fdlku gSa] tks Hkkjr dh 95 çfr'kr tula[;k gSA jk\"Vª Lo;a dks jk\"Vªokn ds fo'okl ij gh gjdr esa yk;sxk] ;kuh lkezkT;okn vkSj iw¡thifr dh X+kqykeh ls eqfDr ds fo'okl fnykus lsA gesa ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd Jfed ØkfUr ds vfrfjDr u fdlh vkSj ØkfUr dh bPNk djuh pkfg, vkSj u gh og liQy gks ldrh gSA dk;ZØe ØkfUr dk Li\"V vkSj bZekunkj dk;ZØe gksuk le; dh t+:jr gS vkSj bl dk;ZØe dks ykxw djus ds fy, et+cwr dkjZokbZ gksuh pkfg,A 1917 esa vDVwcj ØkfUr ls iwoZ] tc ysfuu vHkh ekLdks esa Hkwfexr Fks rks mUgksaus liQy ØkfUr ds fy, rhu t+:jh 'krs± crk;h Fkha μ 1- jktuhfrd&vk£Fkd ifjfLFkfrA 2- turk ds eu esa foæksg&HkkoukA 3- ,d ØkfUrdkjh ikVhZ] tks iwjh rjg çf'kf{kr gks vkSj ijh{kk ds le; turk dks usr`Ro çnku dj ldsA Hkkjr esa igyh 'krZ iwjh gks pqdh gS] nwljh o rhljh 'krZ vfUre :i esa viuh iw£r dh çrh{kk dj jgh gaSA blds fy, gjdr esa vkuk vkt+knh ds lHkh lsodksa dk igyk dke gS vkjS blh eqís dks lkeus j[kdj dk;ØZ e cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A bldh :ijs[kk uhps nh tk jgh gS vkSj mlds çR;sd vuqHkkx&lEcUèkh lq>ko vuqlwph ^d* o ^[k* esa ntZ gSa μ cqfu;knh dke dk;ZdrkZvksa ds lkeus lcls igyh ft+Eesnkjh gS turk dks tq>k: dke ds fy, rS;kj o ykecUn djukA gesa vUèkfo'oklksa] Hkkoukvksa] èkk£edrk ;k rVLFkrk ds vkn'kks± ls [ksyus dh t+:jr ugha gSA gesa turk ls fli+QZ I;kt+ ds lkFk jksVh dk ok;nk gh ugha djukA ;s ok;ns lEi.w kZ o Bkls gkxas s vkjS bu ij ge beZ kunkjh vkjS Li\"Vrk ls ckr djsaxsA ge dHkh Hkh muds eu esa Hkzeksa dk te?kV ugha cuus nsaxsA ØkfUr turk ds fy, gksxhA dqN Li\"V funsZ'k ;s gksaxs μ 1- lkeUrokn dh lekfIrA 2- fdlkuksa ds o+Qt+Zs lekIr djukA 3- ØkfUrdkjh jkT; dh vksj ls Hkwfe dk jk\"Vªhdj.k rkfd lqèkjh gqbZ o lk>h [ksrh LFkkfir dh tk ldsA 4- jgus ds fy, vkokl dh xkj.VhA 492 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

5- fdlkuksa ls fy, tkus okys lHkh [+kpZ cUn djukA fli+QZ bdgjk Hkwfe&dj fy;k tk;sxkA 6- dkj[+kkuksa dk jk\"Vªhdj.k vkSj ns'k esa dkj[+kkus yxkukA 7- vke f'k{kkA 8- dke djus ds ?k.Vs t+:jr ds vuqlkj de djukA turk ,sls dk;ZØe ds fy, t+:j gkeh HkjsxhA bl le; lcls t+:jh dke ;gh gS fd ge yksxksa rd igq¡psaA Fkksih gqbZ vKkurk us ,d vksj ls vkSj cqf¼thfo;ksa dh mnklhurk us nwljh vksj ls μ f'kf{kr ØkfUrdkfj;ksa vkSj gFkkSMs+&njk¡r okys muds vHkkxs vèkZf'kf{kr lkfFk;ksa ds chp ,d cukoVh nhokj [kMh+ dj nh gAS ØkfUrdkfj;kas dks bl nhokj dks vo'; gh fxjkuk gAS blds fy, fuEu dke t+:jh gSa μ 1- dkaxzsl ds eap dk ykHk mBkukA 2- VsªM ;wfu;uksa ij o+QCt+k djuk vkSj u;h VsªM ;wfu;uksa o laxBuksa dks tq>k: :i esa LFkkfir djukA 3- jkT;ksa dh ;wfu;usa cukdj mUgsa mijksDr ckrksa ds vkèkkj ij laxfBr djukA 4- çR;sd lkekftd o Lo;alsoh laxBuksa esa (;gk¡ rd fd lgdkfjrk lkls k;fV;k)as ] ftuls turk rd igp¡q us dk volj feyrk g]S xIq r :i ls nkf[k+y gksdj budh dkjZokb;ksa dks bl :i esa pykuk fd vly eqís vkSj mís';ksa dks vkxs c<+k;k tk ldsA 5- nLrdkjksa dh lfefr;k¡] et+nwjksa vkSj ckSf¼d dke djus okyksa dh ;wfu;usa gj txg LFkkfir dh tk;saA ;s dqN jkLrs gSa ftuls i<+s&fy[ks] çf'kf{kr ØkfUrdkjh yksxksa rd igq¡p ldrs gAaS vkjS ,d ckj igp¡q tk;as rks çf'k{k.k ds tfj;s igys rks vius vfèkdkjkas dh mRlkgiow dZ ifq \"V dj ldrs gaS vkjS fiQj gMr+ kykas vkjS dke jkds us ds rjhoQ+ kas ls tq>k: gy fudky ldrs gSaA ØkfUrdkjh ikVhZ ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds lfØ; xqzi dh eq[; ft+Eesnkjh] turk rd igq¡pus vkSj mUgsa lfØ; cukus dh rS;kjh esa gksrh gSA ;gh gSa os pyrs&fiQjrs n`<+ bjknksa ds yksx tks jk\"Vª dks tq>k: thouh 'kfDr nsaxsA T;ksa&T;ksa ifjfLFkfr;k¡ idrh gSa rks bUgha ØkfUrdkjh cqf¼thfo;ksa μ tks cqtqZvk o isVh cqtqZvk ls vkrs gSa vkSj dqN le; rd blh oxZ ls vkrs Hkh jgsaxs] ysfdu ftUgksaus Lo;a dks bl oxZ dh ijEijkvksa ls vyx dj fy;k gksrk gS μ ls ØkfUrdkjh ikVhZ cusxh vkSj fiQj blds fxnZ fopkjksa dh lku ij ØkfUr dh ryokj @ 493

vfèkd ls vfèkd lfØ; et+nwj&fdlku vkSj NksVs nLrdkj jktuhfrd dk;ZdrkZ tMq r+ s jgxas As yfs du e[q ; rkjS ij ;g ØkfUrdkjh cfq ¼thfo;k]as fL=k;kas o i#q \"kkas dh ikVhZ gksxh] ftudh eq[; ft+Eesnkjh ;g gksxh fd os ;kstuk cuk;sa] fiQj mls ykxw djsa] çksisxs.Mk ;k çpkj djsa] vyx&vyx ;wfu;uksa esa dke 'kq: dj muesa ,dtqVrk yk;sa] muds ,dtqV geys dh ;kstuk cuk;sa] lsuk o iqfyl dks ØkfUr&leFkZd cuk;sa vkSj mudh lgk;rk ;k viuh vU; 'kfDr;ksa ls foæksg ;k vkØe.k dh 'kDy esa ØkfUrdkjh Vdjko dh fLFkfr cuk;sa] yksxksa dks foæksg ds fy, ç;Ru'khy djsa vkSj le; iM+us ij fuHkhZdrk ls usr`Ro ns ldsaA okLro esa ogh vkUnksyu dk fnekx+ gSaA blhfy, mUgsa n`<+ pfj=k dh t+:jr gksxh] ;kuh igyo+Qneh vkSj ØkfUrdkjh usr`Ro dh {kerkA mudh le> jktuhfrd] vk£Fkd vkSj ,sfrgkfld leL;kvksa] lkekftd #>kuksa] çxfr'khy foKku] ;q¼ ds u;s oSKkfud rjho+Qksa vkSj mldh dyk vkfn ds vuq'kkflr Hkko ls fd;s x;s xgjs vè;;u ij vkèkkfjr gksuh pkfg,A ØkfUr ifjJeh fopkjdksa vkSj ifjJeh dk;ZdrkZvksa dh iSnkokj gksrh gSA nqHkkZX; ls Hkkjrh; ØkfUr dk ckSf¼d i{k ges'kk nqcZy jgk gS] blhfy, ØkfUr dh vR;ko';d pht+ksa vkSj fd;s dkeksa ds çHkko ij è;ku ugha fn;k tkrk jgkA blfy, ,d ØkfUrdkjh dks vè;;u&euu viuh ifo=k ft+Eesnkjh cuk ysuk pkfg,A ;g rks Li\"V gS fd ikVhZ dNq fo'k\"s k ekeykas eas [kyq s :i eas dke dj ldrh gSA tgk¡ rd lEHko gks] ikVhZ dks xqIr ugha gksuk pkfg,A blesa lUnsg ugha jgsaxs vkSj ikVhZ dks 'kfDr vkSj çfr\"Bk feysxhA ikVhZ dks cgqr cM+h ft+Eesnkjh mBkuh gksxh] blfy, lqfoèkk dh n`f\"V ls ikVhZ dks dqN lfefr;ksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS tks çR;ds {k=s k ds fy, fo'k\"s k dkekas dh n[s kHkky djxas hA dke dk ;g foHkktu le; dh vko';drk ds vuqlkj yphyk gksuk pkfg, ;k lnL; dh lEHkkouk,¡ vk¡ddj mls fdlh LFkkuh; lfefr esa dke fn;k tk ldrk gSA LFkkuh; lfefr] çkUrh; cksMZ ds vèkhu gksxh o cksMZ lqçhe dkSafly ds vèkhuA çkUr ds Hkhrj lEidZ dk dke çkUrh; cksMZ ds vèkhu gksxkA fc[kjs&fc[kjs lHkh dkeksa ;k fc[kjkus okys rÙoksa dks jksduk pkfg,] ysfdu vfèkd dsUæh;dj.k dh lEHkkouk ugha gS] blfy, mldh vHkh dksf'k'k Hkh ugha djuh pkfg,A lHkh LFkkuh; lfefr;kas dks ,d&nlw js ls lEidZ j[krs g,q dke djus pkfg, vkSj lfefr esa ,d lnL; Hkh gksuk pkfg,A lfefr NksVh] la;qDr o dq'ky gks vkSj bls okn&fookn Dyc esa ifrr ugha gksus nsuk pkfg,A blfy, çR;sd {ks=k esa ØkfUrdkjh ikVhZ bl rjg gks μ (d) lkekU; lfefr % Hkjrh djuk] lsuk esa çpkj] lkekU; uhfr] laxBu] tu&laxBuksa esa lEidZ μ (ifjf'k\"V d)A 494 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+